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Hippes - Aristophanes (approx. 445-386 BC e)
Literature of antiquity and the Middle Ages - Summary - 2019
Aristophanes (approx. 445-386 BC e)
The riders are not just horse riders: the so-called Athens estate was called the one who had enough money to keep the horse in combat. These were wealthy people, had small estates outside the city, lived on their income from them, and wanted Athens to be a peaceful, closed agricultural state.
Poet Aristophanes wanted the world; that's why he made the riders a chorus of his comedy. They acted as two half-gods and, to be funny, rode on toy wooden horses. And before them, the actors played a Shuttle parody of Athenian political life. The host of the state is an old man, a dull, lazy and survivor of the mind, and his cunning politicians-demagogues are cursing and drowning: who is more agreeable, he is stronger. On the stage there are four of them: the two are the real names, Nicky and Demosthenes, the third name is Kozhevnik (his real name is Kleon), and the fourth is called Sweatshirt (this main character Aristophanes invented himself).
Time for peaceful agitation was difficult. Nick and Demosthenes (not the comedians, but the real Athenian generals; do not confuse this Demosthenes with the famous speaker of the same name who lived a hundred years later) just surrounded the city of Pylos captured a large Spartan army, but could not break and capture him. They offered to take advantage of this to make a profitable world. And their opponent, Cleon (he was indeed a craftsman-tanner), demanded to kill the enemy and continue the war until victory. Then the enemies of Cleon offered him to take command himself - in the hope that he, who had never fought, would defeat and descend from the scene. But there was a surprise: Cleon won a victory for Pylos, led the Spartan prisoners to Athens, and after that he was completely out of politics in politics: whoever tried to argue with Cleon and to account for him, They immediately reminded: "And Pylos? and Pylos? "- and had to be silent. And Aristophanes assumed an unthinkable task: to rebuke this "Pylos", so that at any mention of this word, the Athenians remembered not the victory of Kleonov, but Aristophany jokes would not be proud, but laughed.
So, on the stage, the house of the host of the people, and in front of the house sit and grieve two of his servant servants, Nick and Demosthenes: they were at the master's mercy, and now they were thrown off by a new slave, a scarlet tanner. They two brewed a nice porridge in Pylos, and he snatched her from under her nose and brought them to the people. The one is flourishing, and the tanner throws all the tidbits. What to do Let's see in ancient predictions! War is a disturbing, superstitious time; people in a lot remembered (or invented) the ancient dark prophecies and interpreted them in accordance with the present circumstances. As long as the tanner sleeps, we steal from him the most important prophecy from under the pillow! Stole It says: "The worst defeats only the worst: there will be a canal in Athens, but his cattle breeder is worse, and his tanner is worse, and worse than his sausage". The politician-channeler and pastoralist have already been in power; now there is a leatherette;
Here is a sausage with a meat tray. "Are you a scientist?" - "Only the shreds". - "What did I study?" - "To steal and to unlock". - "What do you live?" - "And before, and behind, and sausages". - "Oh, our savior! Do you see this people in the theater? Do you want to be ruler over them all? Rid the Council, pluck in the meeting, drink and err on the rationale? One leg to stand in Asia, the other in Africa? "-" Yes, I'm a low-caliber! "-" It's better! "-" Yes, I'm almost illiterate! "-" That's good! "-" And what should I do? " - "The same as with sausages: stir more steadily, satiety stronger, sweetie sweetish, loudly call." - "And who will help?" - "Riders!" On wooden horses, riders come on stage, chasing Kleon-Tanner. "Here is your enemy: surpass his bravery, and your fatherland is yours!"
The contest begins in a boom, alternated with fights. "You are a tanner, you are a scammer, all your pillars are rotten!" - "But I swallowed a whole Pylos with one sip!" - "But first, he filled the womb with all the treasury of Athens!" - "The sausage himself himself, the piston himself himself stole!" The choir comments, podzhuzhivat, remembers the good manners of the fathers and praises the citizens of the best intentions of the poet Aristophanes: they were good composers of comedy, but one old, another drunk, but this is worth it. to listen So it was supposed in all the old comedies.
But this is a tale, the main thing ahead. An old folk goes out to the noise of the house with a wailing gait: which of the contenders loves him more? "If I do not love you, let me open on the straps!" Shrinks the tanner. "And let me put them to the stuff!" Shakes the sausage. "I want your Athens to rule over the whole of Greece!" - "So that you, the people, suffered in campaigns, and he got profit from every prey!" - "Remember, the people, how many conspiracies I saved you!" - "Do not believe him, this he himself has mutilated the water to catch the fish! "-" Here's my sheepskin to warm old bones! "-" And here's a pad under the ass, which you rub, while you are drinking with Salamin! "-" I have a whole chest of good prophecy for you. " ! "-" And I have a whole barn! "One after another they read these prophecies - a great pair of meaningless words - 'and one after another they interpret the most fantastic in an organic way: each for the benefit of yourself and evil opponent. Of course, at the sausage, it turns out to be much more interesting. When the prophecies are over, the commonly known proverbs go along with the most unexpected interpretations of the day's wickedness. Finally, it comes to the saying: "There are, besides Pilos, Pylos, but there is also Pylos and the third!" (In Greece there were indeed three cities under this name), there should be a bunch of untranslatable puns for the word "Pylos". And it's ready - the goal of Aristophanes is reached, not one of the audience will remember this Cleon "Pylos" without merry laughter. "Here is the people, the people, I'm a slave!" - "But I'm a porridge!" - "And here's a pie!" - "And I'm the wine!" - "And I'm hot!" - "Oh, a tanner, look "Yes, they carry money, you can get a profit!" - "Where? where? "The leatherman rushes to look for money, the sausage grabs his roast and delivers himself. "Ah, you are a scoundrel, Do you bring someone else from yourself! "-" And have not you and Pylos have been appropriated by himself after Nicky and Demosthenes? "-" It does not matter who fried - the honor of the bearer! "- proclaims the People. Tanneries are thrown in the neck, the sausage is proclaimed the main adviser of the People. The choir sings all these couples for the glory of the people and in the abomination of such a devil, and such a coward, and such an embezzlement, of all - under their own names.
The isolation is fabulous. There was a myth about the witch Medea, who threw the old man in a pot with potions, and the old man came out of there with a young man. That's the way the catwalk throws the old people in a boiling pot for the stage and the cat leaves the young and blooming. They walk along the stage, and the People majestically announce how good people will now live well and how bad will they pay off (and such, such, etc.), and the choir rejoices that old good times come back when everyone lived precious, peaceful and full.
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What Does Land Locked Mean?
1 Answers
Shezan Shaikh Profile
Shezan Shaikh answered
The term land locked refers to a country that is completely in land; it doesn't have a coastline to its name and is surrounded by land on all four sides. According to a survey conducted in the year 2006 there are around 43 land locked countries in the world. However being a landlocked country has its disadvantages, it can deny the country of one of the major sea resources that it fishing. But one of the major things the country is deprived of is the access to sea borne trade, which in these modern times makes up a huge amount of international trade.
Land locked countries include; Austria, Afghanistan, Andorra, Belarus, Bolivia, Bhutan, Chad, Czech Republic, Hungary, Laos, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Nepal, Paraguay, Switzerland and Zimbabwe.
Answer Question
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Sleep apnea
Sleep Apnea and Hypoapnea Syndrome (SAHS) is a very common pathology and according to the latest studies it affects more than 25% of the population.
What does
sleep apnea
Sleep Apnea is a respiratory disorder characterized by the temporary interruption of breathing in sleep for more than 10 seconds. The terms SAHS or OSAS are often used to refer to this type of pathology.
• If it is a respiratory reduction, we are referring to hypopnea
• If it is respiratory detention, it’s called apnea.
These breathing pauses of more than 10 seconds, can be repeated 5 to 30 times per hour. In cases where there are more than 30 repetitions per hour, it is considered severe apnea.
During the night
Some of the most common symptoms during the night are loud or frequent snoring, silent pauses in breathing, choking or gasping sounds, abnormal motor activity, sleep interruption, nocturia (waking during the night to go to the bathroom), gastroesophageal refluxes, sweating, convulsions, and insomnia.
During the day & other problems
Fatigue, bad mood, impatience and irritability, memory deficit, intellectual impairment, concentration difficulties, somnolence, headache, impotency, decreased libido, mouth dryness, voice alterations.
Other problems that may occur: depression, hyperactive behaviour (especially in children), arterial hypertension, leg swelling, coronary heart disease, chronic diurnal hypoventilation.
Risk factors
One of the major risk factors for sleep apnea is excess body weight. People are much more likely to develop sleep apnea if they are overweight or obese. However, sleep apnea can occur in people without weight problems as well.
Other common risk factors for sleep apnea include: Having a short underjaw, having certain palate or respiratory path shapes, a big neck and/or tongue, big amygdala or frequent face-up sleeping.
Does this
feel familiar?
Do you travel frequently for work? Or are you looking forward to travelling on your vacation but afraid of being limited?
What is Airmony?
Improving your quality of life!
A different, revolutionary CPAP
Airmony is a tubeless CPAP, portable, small, light, quiet and autonomous, improving the treatment adherence, allowing distance control of the device and the patient’s status, and provided with multi-sensors.
Airmony is compatible with a special App called AirSleepMonitor, which is a night sleep eHealth manager, that helps to improve and evaluate OSA.
The mobile application (IOS/Android) allows the control of Airmony’s functioning through bluetooth, capturing physiological parameters of the user that are sent to the cloud for its analysis and check-up by the specialised doctor.
The eHealth manager supposes an advance that provides multiple functions such as cardiac rhythm, oxygenation degree, alarm for when the mask is not placed properly, etc.
Advantages of using Airmony
Acoustic comfort
The device offers physical and sound comfort for the user and the person with whom they share a bed thanks to the low noise level. : ≤ 25 dBA
The device can be operated via bluetooth, making it a modern, state-of-the-art CPAP.
Low consumption = long autonomy (8 hours for each battery pack) allowing freedom for the user.
Seven operating modes: normal, at rest, recording, pressure ramp, teaching, adaptive, active pulsometer.
Super Portable
The absence of a tube and its small dimensions make it super portable. No need to check in at the airport.
Airmony allows the user continuous monitoring of multiple sleep parameters that can be transferred via a USB port or Bluetooth.
Optional batteries give you freedom in front of a limited current supply. It can be charged with a USB, a USB solar panel, plug it into the car’s lighter, etc.
It allows remote monitoring and it alerts you if something is wrong.
Air Filter
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Irregular perspective rendering
We investigate irregular perspective rendering. Precisely, this consists in a modification of the field of view. Instead of letting it be defined by a frustum based on the near and far planes, we define it by multiple frustums stacked on top of each other in the z-direction, and compute correct screen-space coordinates per vertex by linearly interpolating between the two planes that make up the frustum containing a considered vertex.
Furthermore, the frustum can have any size, which also allows for reverse perspective, in which objects that are far away appear bigger than nearby objects. This is implemented by reversing the regular perspective frustum with respect to the z-direction
Using our method, we can enlarge important parts of the scene, by introducing a small frustum around the identified areas, which maps an object to a large portion of the screen.
This project was implemented in C++ with OpenGL and GLSL.
This project was finished on the 1st of April, 2014
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Home Cholesterol Articles Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Health
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Health
by Rabiyya Khan
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Health
It is a known fact that excessive cholesterol in the body has a detrimental effect on the cardiovascular health. But how is it related to the heart and blood vessels? Let’s find out.
What is normal cholesterol cycle in the body?
Up to 80% of the cholesterol is usually synthesized within the body in the liver and intestines. Cholesterols are also taken up in diet. Excessive cholesterol is excreted by the liver into the bile where bile acids break down the cholesterols into constituent products, which are then eliminated from the body via stools.
What happens when there is too much cholesterol in the body?
When the cholesterol intake exceeds its consumption in the body, the excessive cholesterol starts piling up. Excessive cholesterol mainly gets deposited in the liver and the fat cells called adipocytes. Too much cholesterol also gets deposited in the walls of blood vessels in the form of plaques.
How do cholesterols cause cardiovascular diseases?
Plaque formation hardens the walls of the arteries and compromises the pliability of these blood vessels. The plaques also cause narrowing of the lumen of the blood vessels. The hard and narrowed arteries cause an increase in the blood pressure in the same way as a garden hose delivers high pressure of water when its diameter decreases.
The narrowing of blood vessels of the heart (the coronary arteries) compromises the blood supply to the heart cells. When the heart muscles don’t get enough blood, their function is compromised, leading to angina pain. When these narrowed and hard blood vessels in the heart are completely blocked by the cholesterol plaques, the heart cells start dying as their blood supply is cut off. The result is severe chest pain in the form of a heart attack.
Similarly, narrowing of the blood vessels carrying blood to the brain cells (the carotid blood vessels), compromises the blood supply to the brain. When the blood supply to a part of the brain is completely blocked due to cholesterol deposits, the brain cells function is compromised in the form of a stroke.
Heads up!
Prevention is definitely better than cure. Now that you know how cholesterol affects your heart and blood vessels, it is better to start taking preventive measures in the form of a healthy diet and active lifestyle to decrease blood cholesterol levels. Keeping the cholesterol levels under check is certainly easier than taking heart or stroke medications lifelong.
1. Kratz M. Dietary cholesterol, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. InAtherosclerosis: Diet and Drugs 2005 (pp. 195-213). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
2. Silbernagel G, Schöttker B, Appelbaum S, Scharnagl H, Kleber ME, Grammer TB, Ritsch A, Mons U, Holleczek B, Goliasch G, Niessner A. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, coronary artery disease, and cardiovascular mortality. European heart journal. 2013 Dec 7;34(46):3563-71.
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The pomegranate is a fascinating New Year symbol that goes back to antiquity. Connected to goddesses such as Persephone and Aphrodite, it was also adopted by Christianity and folk traditions. Yet this many-seeded fruit can have a deeper, esoteric meaning that's particularly relevant to our times.
I grew up in a household richly decorated with pomegranates, whether real or artificial. My mother loves the form of this fruit though she rarely eats it. It resonates with both of us. In Greece, where I live, pomegranates made of various materials have a prominent position among the Christmas’ and New Year’s decorations. Sometimes they are used as ornaments throughout the year, as well. They function as lucky charms since their wealth of seeds signifies abundance.
The pomegranate has also been a long-standing fertility symbol. Its blood-red juice and many seeds could easily turn it into a metaphor for the womb. George Thomson, an English classical scholar and Marxist philosopher who researched pre-patriarchal traditions in Greece, believed that the color of this fruit was associated with women’s blood.[1] It’s not surprising then that the pomegranate is commonly connected to goddesses.
This fruit was sacred to Hera, the Queen of Olympus and protectress of marriage. Pausanias the traveler, a Greek author who lived in the Roman Era, attests the following: her splendid statue in Argos, in southern Greece, made of gold and ivory, portrayed her majestically seated, holding a scepter in one hand and a pomegranate in the other.[2]
Aphrodite holding a pomegranate. Modern replica of ancient statue with silver pomegranate in the front. From my personal collection.
I was delighted to discover that this fascinating fruit is also associated with Aphrodite, a goddess that has always held a special place in my life. Athenaeus, a Greek writer who lived in Roman times, wrote that the pomegranate tree was “the one and only tree that Aphrodite planted in Cyprus” (Deipnosophistae 3. 84c). Cyprus was considered the homeland of the Goddess of Love. A sacred garden was dedicated to her there, revealing her connections to vegetation and fertility. (See also my essay “The Secret of the Sacred Garden”)
Yet it wasn’t only these two goddesses for whom the pomegranate held a special significance. In a well-known myth narrated in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Persephone, the goddess’s daughter, is abducted by Pluto, King of the Underworld. Eventually, he is persuaded to let her free, but before she leaves, he gives her a few pomegranate seeds to eat. Since this fruit is an emblem of Hera and Aphrodite, of marriage and love, her action means that she will return each year to spend the dark, cold months with her husband.[3]
This yearly journey symbolized the cycle of nature. Persephone represents the vegetation which disappears in the winter only to be born anew each spring. In the Great Mysteries of Eleusis her Sacred Marriage was celebrated, along with the birth of Iacchus, her Holy Child.[4]
The pomegranate retained its life-giving attributes in the modern Greek tradition. In the late 19th century Belgian geographer Henry Hauttecoeur wrote that the inhabitants of Icaria Island in the Aegean Sea used the following medication: they warmed up a pomegranate in the fire and extracted its seeds; then they rubbed them strongly on the sick person’s body. He also reported that the people of Icaria lived long, up to 100 years, without the help of doctors or medicines![5]
Another Greek custom survived up to modern times: in New Year’s Day a pomegranate was sometimes broken in front of the house door in order to ensure abundance, health and good luck for the whole year. The breaking of a pomegranate in front of the house door could also be performed at other times. For example, it was used in some places of Greece at the 1st of September, as a magical means to avert death. It was believed that on this day Kharos, the personification of Death (akin to the ancient Charon), determined who was going to die during the year. The breaking of the pomegranate was also used in the past by newly-weds, probably to ensure the couple’s fertility. It can be traced as far back as the Homeric times.[6]
Detail of the Madonna of the Pomegranate by Sandro Boticelli ca. 1487
Not surprisingly, the powerful symbolism of the pomegranate was not lost to the Christians. In the Catholic Church it’s considered as an emblem of both the Virgin Mary and the Church. It’s often used in religious decoration in fabric or metalwork. This fruit also appears in Renaissance paintings. Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, and other famous painters have placed it in the hands of Mary or baby Jesus.
In theory the pomegranate is an allusion to Jesus' death and resurrection: the seeds bursting forth from the pomegranate are likened to Christ emerging from the tomb. Yet in reality, it’s one of the many Pagan and Goddess motifs that managed to survive through the centuries. Not far from Paphos, the Cypriot city whose main goddess was Aphrodite, now stands the Greek Orthodox Chrysoroyiatissa Monastery, dedicated to Mary; its name is often interpreted as “Our Lady of the Golden Pomegranate” (although there are other suggestions about its meaning too).
Today the pomegranate is considered by many to be a kind of superfood, rich in antioxidants. Some claim that it even has the power to protect against serious diseases like cancer. Since research regarding its health benefits is limited, the growing popularity of this fascinating fruit may in fact reflect the profound symbolic meaning it has held since ancient times.
Carl Jung believed that the pomegranate, when it appears in dreams, is analogous to the phallus as an emblem of fertility and healing.[7] Yet fertility is not always something physical. It can refer to the mind and its creative powers or to the psyche, pregnant with archetypes. It can also pertain to the heart and its abundance of love. I take the pomegranate to be a very special Goddess symbol of our inner riches. Its seeds are our wisdom, joy, and the ability to bring about change. Let’s plant our seeds into the world this New Year so we can eventually transform it into a sacred garden of Aphrodite…
[1] George Thomson, Ancient Greek Society: The Prehistoric Aegean, trans. Yiannis Vistakis (Athens: Kedros, 1989), 150 (1st edition published in 1949).
[2] Pausanias 2. 17, 4.
[3] Homeric Hymn 2, 371-4, 393-403.
[4] Dimitrios N. Goudis, The Mysteries of Eleusis, 2nd ed. (Athens: Demiourgia, 1994), 48-58, 65-6. Cf. the hymn to Iacchus in Aristophanes’ Frogs.
[5] Henry Hauttecoeur, “Les îles de l’ Archipel,” 1896, quoted in Nikolaos M. Tsangas, The Island of Icaria in the European Travelers (Athens: Eleusis, 2003), 139.
[6] Stratos Theodosiou and Manos Danezis, The Year Cycle: Astronomy and Mystery Cults (Athens: Diavlos, 2004), 90, 154.
[7] C.J. Jung, The Practice of Psychotherapy, Vol. 16, The Collected Works, 2nd ed., ed. H. Reed, M. Fordham, and G. Adler, trans. R.F.C. Hull (New York: Routledge, 1966) 157 (1st ed. 1954).
Top image: Proserpine (Persephone) by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1874
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Most of Bangkok, the capital and largest urban area in Thailand, could be according to a study, submerged by water by the year 2030. Built on a swamp only two meters above sea level, the city sinks an average of two inches per year as the tides rise and the ground deteriorates, Bangkok architecture firm S+PBA has proposed a solution.
They’ve created a Waterworld-style plan for a floating city they call “Wetropolis.” The idea is for the community to live above the water with everything interconnected via walkways and roads.
Wetropolis (6)
Wetropolis (4)
Wetropolis (2)
Wetropolis (1)
A Post Diluvian Future:
While most of the world follows the standard from dust to dust, ashes to ashes cycle, Bangkok prefers something wetter: from water to water. Almost 300 years after rising from the marshy banks of the Chao Phraya, it appears Bangkok will return to its watery origins. A recent UN study estimates that much of the metropolitan area will need to be abandoned by the middle of the century. Bangkok’s population is growing by approximately 100,000 residents per year, just as the city itself is shrinking below sea level 4“ per year. While most cities in this position could simply increase urban density by building up, this would only hasten Bangkok’s subterranean slide. It is the blinding growth of Bangkok’s built environment combined with the over-exhausted aquifers 2 m below the city surface that is causing the city’s physical depression. We are left then with a Post-Diluvian dilemma currently facing many world cities: do we sink or swim, flee or float?
With the city sinking 10 cm below a sea level that is rising by 40 cm annually, the safest place to create new architecture is above water. As it happens, Bangkok is surrounded by fields of water; brackish, polluted water remaining from an oversaturated shrimp farming industry whose very growth precipitated its own demise. Erstwhile shrimp farmers, who can no longer sustain shrimp life in their polluted plots, are currently selling their water-fields to developers who bury the water in housing tracts, or to the government, who hopes to restore the once thriving mangrove ecosystem. While the government’s aspirations would yield considerable environmental benefits to the metropolis, they cannot compete with the prices developers would pay for the equivalent water field. Developers, though paying the shrimp farmers slightly more, constitute an entirely negative environmental force by encouraging urban spread and commuting, by stifling the possibility for open space, and by simply burying brown-field environments with expensive flood-susceptible, cold weather foreign architecture. Each party is thus engaged in a win-lose proposition: suburbs will impair government mangroves, water will submerge suburbs, and shrimp farmers will lose their livelihood. City dwellers, developers, shrimp farmers and the environment all lose more than they gain.
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Abolition 2000 – Global Network to Eliminate Nuclear Weapons
Commemorations in Marshall Islands, Japan and at the Clinton Presidential Library in Arkansas
Bravo nuclear test
Held on the 60th anniversary of the Castle Bravo nuclear detonation in the Marshall Islands, the most powerful nuclear bomb tested by the United States, Nuclear Remembrance Day 2014 is a date to reflect on our shared nuclear legacy, honour survivors and victims, educate the public about the global consequences of the use of nuclear weapons, and campaign for nuclear abolition.
The Bravo test, conducted on Bikini Atoll, was 1,000 times greater than Hiroshima’s. Unlike Hiroshima’s blast, which was well above the city, the Bravo blast was in-ground. It created a 20-mile-high upheaval of coral, water, animal, and plant-life, which then drifted in a huge cloud of raining fallout. It probably created between 1,000 to 10,000 times the fallout of Hiroshima which drifted across the Marshall Islands creating horrific humanitarian consequences over generations. This included increased rates of thyroid cancer, luekemia, and other radiation induced diseases:
The most common birth defects on Rongelap and nearby islands have been “jellyfish” babies. These babies are born with no bones in their bodies and with transparent skin. We can see their brains and hearts beating. The babies usually live for a day or two before they stop breathing. Many women die from abnormal pregnancies and those who survive give birth to what looks like purple grapes which we quickly hide away and bury.
Lijon Eknilang (Marshall Islands). Testimony to the International Court of Justice
The testimony from the Marshall Islands to the International Court of Justice in 1995 led to the ICJ affirming that ‘the destructive effects of nuclear weapons cannot be contained in time or space”, and helped produce the historic conclusion of the ICJ that the threat or use of nuclear weapons is generally illegal.
Commemorative events:
• Nuclear Remembrance Day 2014: Reflect. Honor. Educate
Little Rock, Arkansas, Clinton Presidential Library, The Great Hall. February 28
Speakers include: Ambassador Charles Paul (Marshall Islands Ambassador to the United States), Senator Kenneth Kedi (Rongelap Atoll), Professor Michael Gerrard (Director of the Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia University). Organised by the Marshallese Educational Initiative.
• International Forum, commemoration and rally
Shizuoka, Japan, Feb 27-March 1. Organised by Gensuikyo
Speakers include Joseph Gerson, (American Friends Service Committee), Malaya Fabros (Nuclear-free Philippines Coalition), Ikuro Anzai, Norman and Pam Haglund. Includes a special youth program Creating a Surge of Youth for a Total Ban on Nuclear Weapons toward 2015
For more on the nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands and Remembrance Day, see:
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While you’re likely using a conventional split HVAC system to maintain comfort in your James Island, South Carolina, home, another type of HVAC system may better meet your needs — the geothermal heat pump. By using the reliable temperature of the earth, a geothermal heat pump provides energy-efficient comfort that cuts costs and improves air quality.
What Is a Geothermal Heat Pump?
Geothermal heat pumps are a variation of a heat pump that exchanges heat with the ground or water rather than the air. Most geothermal heat pumps use a tube system placed in the ground to move heat from your home to the ground outside. Thanks to the relatively stable temperature of the earth, it’s a reliable source of heat transfer no matter the season. During the summer, geothermal heat pumps draw heat from your home and place it in the earth outside, while in the winter, it draws heat from the warmer ground and brings it into the living space.
Other than the heat exchange with the earth, geothermal heat pumps function much like other heat pumps. Unlike split systems, heat pumps combine the heating and cooling systems into one unit. The refrigerant pumped through the underground network is pumped back to the indoor air handler, which uses fans to blow the heated or cooled air through your duct network.
What Are the Types of Geothermal Heat Pumps?
In order to accommodate the variety of home and landscape designs, geothermal heat pumps can be installed in different ways. There are four principal types of geothermal heat pumps designed to meet your individual needs:
• Closed Loop Horizontal: This type of geothermal heat pump lays refrigerant pipes horizontally beneath your yard, about 4 feet under the surface. This type of loop network tends to be the most cost-effective for homeowners.
• Closed Loop Vertical: Vertical networks are typically installed for larger geothermal systems like ones used in commercial buildings where there may be too little land to lay the pipes horizontally. While vertical systems will take less land, they will be drilled deeper (even into bedrock sometimes), which will generally cost more money.
• Closed Loop Pond/Lake: Like the earth, water at a certain depth remains a relatively constant temperature throughout the year. Geothermal systems can also use refrigerant loops in a body of water. If you have a body of water on your property, this may be the least expensive geothermal option. These coils are placed at least 8 feet below the surface of a water body that meets a certain quality, depth, and volume requirements.
• Open Loop: Rather than relying on refrigerant pumped through a closed-loop system, open-loop systems use water from a well or a body of water as the heat exchange fluid. This water is pumped directly into the geothermal system. After passing through the heat pump, the system pumps the water back to the ground either through surface discharge, a recharge well, or a standard well. While this option is affordable, it only works with a constant supply of relatively clean water.
What Are the Benefits?
Geothermal heat pumps boast a number of benefits that make them some of the most attractive heating and cooling options on the market. Perhaps their most significant benefit is the sheer energy efficiency of their operation. Since geothermal heat pumps can exchange heat with such reliable sources, they don’t have to draw as much power to generate heat or to cool air.
That efficiency leads to lower utility costs and to a longer system life span since the unit will experience less strain and generally require less maintenance. Add those savings to the potential government tax credits you can receive for using a geothermal system and your budget will be thanking you for years to come. Thanks to that energy efficiency, geothermal heat pumps are also some of the most environmentally friendly methods of maintaining comfort in your home.
In addition to ample savings and energy efficiency, geothermal systems also tend to be quieter to run, they are safer thanks to the lack of combustion and the associated risks of byproducts generated by that combustion, and they can also improve comfort and health with dehumidification and air purification technology.
Geothermal heating and cooling systems offer a unique and cost-effective method for heating and cooling your home. To have our team install a geothermal heat pump on your property, or to get more information, call AC Heating and Air Conditioning Services at (843) 277-9928.
Image provided by Bigstock
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The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. It lies off the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by Maryland and Virginia. The Chesapeake Bay’s drainage basin covers 64,299 square miles in the District of Columbia and parts of six states: New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. More than 150 rivers and streams drain into the bay.
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Bodyboarding history
Bodyboarding originates from an ancient form of riding waves (surfing) on one's belly. Indigenous Polynesians rode "alaia" (pronounced ah-lie-ah) boards either on their belly, knees, or feet (in rare instances). Alaia boards were generally made from the wood of Acacia koa and ranged in length and shape. They are distinct from the modern stand-up surfboards in that they had no ventral finsCaptain Cook recorded seeing Hawaiian villagers riding such boards when he came to Hawaii in 1778.
The boards he witnessed were about 3 to 6 feet (0.9 to 2 m) and were ridden prone (on the belly) or on the knees. Alaia boards then evolved into the more modern "paipo" (pronounced pipe-oh) board. Paipo boards were either made of wood or fiberglass. Fiberglass boards usually had fins on the bottom
The original idea for the modern bodyboard began at Doheny State Beach in California, USA, when Tom Morey watched some young kids surfing on a couple of polyethylene foam logs held together with PVC pipe.
A surfboard builder with a background in math and engineering had left his California surfboard business to relax, play music and design on the island of Hawaii. While Tom was following his passion as a Jazz musician (this is where the term “Boogie” came from ….the boogie rhythm ) he experimented with a piece of polyethylene to enjoy a perfect day of surf at Honols on the Big Island of Hawaii.
Morey borrowed an electric carving knife and a household iron, whittled some scrap polyethylene foam into a small rectangular mat and covered it with newspaper. He found his invention (first dubbed S.N.A.K.E. -- side, navel, arm, knee, elbow) easy to produce and even easier to navigate. In 1973, he trademarked the name Morey Boogie for $10 and got together enough money to place a quarter-page ad in Surfing magazine.
Demand for Morey's boards was incredible. By 1977, he was producing 80,000 per year, mainly sold in the United States. The next year, Morey-Boogie was purchased by Kransco (and later resold to Whamo, Inc. in 1998, with Morey hired as a consultant).
Since the conception of the modern bodyboard by Tom Morey, bodyboarding has experienced rapid growth episodes, both as an industry and as an extreme sport. Although originating in America, from the mid 90’s onwards the industry of manufacturing and selling bodyboards has quickly spread, shifting from a primarily American to a global industry phenomenon.
The sport itself has also experienced a veritable transformation as a worldwide industry, with important centers in Australia, Peru, Chile, Japan, the Canary Islands, South Africa and so forth. It is a good idea to add that bodyboarding can be considered riskier than surfing, with bodyboarders typically executing a wide array of aerial maneuvers on various types of waves, some more dangerous than others.
Some bodyboarders are thought to be pioneers of some of the most difficult and heaviest surf locations ranging from Teahupo’o in the French Polynesia, to Shark Island, Cyclops, and Ours and Luna Park in Australia. Additionally, bodyboarders place a strong emphasis on aerial maneuvers executed on heavier and more sizeable sections of waves.
female bodyboarders
There are also female bodyboarders who’ve set a name for themselves. For instance, Phylis Dameron was the first person, man or woman, to ride the big Waimea Bay on a bodyboard, in the late 1970s. The most important women’s event was the 1990 first official World Championship of Women’s Bodyboarding, which was won by Stephanie Petterson.
Some major events in Bodyboarding history
1971: Tom Morey invents the bodyboard on July 9, and gives it a try at Honels, in Hawaii;
1973: Morey Boogie, the most famous bodyboard company of all time, is founded;
1976: The first Morey Boogie ( Pro/AM) contest is held in Carlsbad, California;
1977: Tom Morey sells Morey Boogie to Kransco;
1977: Phyllis Dameron becomes the first bodyboarder to ride the waves of Waimea Bay;
1979: First professional bodyboarding contest was held in Huntington Beach
1980: Pat Caldwell lands his first el rollo at Pipeline;
1982: Daniel Kaimi wins the first ever International Morey Boogie Bodyboard Pro Championships at Pipeline;
1983: Mike Stewart, the most successful bodyboarder of all time, wins his first of nine world titles;
1984: The Morey Boogie Mach 7-7, one of the most popular bodyboard models of all times, hits the market;
1986: Mike Stewart and Ben Severson surf Teahupoo, in Tahiti, for the first time;
1990: Stephanie Pettersen is crowned the world's first female bodyboarding champion;
1993: Michael "Eppo" Eppelstun lands the world's first air roll spin (ARS);
1995: Guilherme Tâmega and Claudia Ferrari win the first ever GOB World Tour;
1996: Mike Stewart follows and surfs an 8,000-mile swell from Tahiti (Teahupoo) to Hawaii (Maalaea), and then California (Newport Beach) and Alaska (Yakutat);
1997: Matt Percy wins the first edition of the Shark Island Challenge;
1998: Mike Stewart founds Science Bodyboards;
1998: The first season of the European Tour of Bodyboard (ETB) kicks off;
1999: Mike Stewart's Pro Bodyboarding, the world's first bodyboarding game, is released for PC;
1999: Surfer Magazine lists Tom Morey as one of the 25 most influential surfers of the 20th century;
2003: Damian King and Neymara Carvalho conquer the first edition of the IBA World Tour;
2009: Mike Stewart wins the Arica Chilean Challenge at 46 years old;
2011: Pierre Louis Costes wins the inaugural ISA World Bodyboard Championship, held in the Canary Islands;
2014: Amaury Lavernhe and Alexandra Rinder claim the first world titles of the APB World Tour era;
2016: Mike Stewart is the first bodyboarder to have his name and board on the Surfer Wall, in Nazaré;
2017: A group of international bodyboarders decides to celebrate the International Bodyboarding Day on November 4;
Men's World Champions
Men's world Bodyboarding champions
Women's World Champions
Womens world Bodyboarding champions
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How the FISH Technique Could Quickly Find Genetic Mutations
By Tony Wang
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are both treatments that are often used to treat cancer; however, they are also known to cause several harsh side effects in patients. These side effects can not only harm patients, but, more worryingly, may also impact their future children. This is supported by empirically-gathered data that shows that radiation and chemotherapy treatments are “genotoxic,” which means that they can not only mutate a human’s DNA, but can also damage the chromosomes in a patients’ healthy, noncancerous cells. When this occurs in a germline cell—which are egg cells and sperm cells in women and men, respectively—it can lead to very serious fetal and birth defects in their future children.
cell lines
Image Credit: Flickr @ Andy Leppard
Currently, there are no efficient, effective, and affordable tests that can be used to track a man’s germline cell health in regards to whether or not they contain any chromosomal mutations caused by chemotherapy and/or therapy treatments. This is particularly concerning, as if a man is unaware of his germline cell health, and attempts to conceive a child, they may unknowingly pass on a defect to them. But recent evidence from a study led by Andrew Wyrobek at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggests that this may soon change. According to Wyrobek, a new test that can quickly and easily identify when a sperm cell is carrying chromosomal mutations could soon be released to the public. In a paper published in the journal PLOS One, the international team reported their success in adapting an established cellular DNA analysis technique called fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to probe sperm DNA. This version of the FISH technique, known as the AM8 sperm FISH protocol, has been in the works by the research team for several decades. This method can detect balanced chromosomal abnormalities, which are genetic rearrangements with no loss or gain of genetic material. These balanced rearrangements are compatible with live birth and heritable to future pregnancies, and affected children are likely to experience reduced fertility when they want to have children of their own.
The research team evaluated the AM8 FISH approach on sperm from nine Hodgkin lymphoma patients, who provided samples before, during, and after a multidrug treatment regimen and radiation therapy. Results from the FISH protocol tests were astonishingly accurate, indicating that sperm produced during the Hodgkin lymphoma treatment had ten times more chromosomal defects compared with sperm produced prior to treatment.
However, according to Wyrobek, the sperm FISH method is still in an early research phase and it will require additional validation and commercial development before it becomes available in doctor’s offices. But although the FISH method is still not ready for commercial use yet, it does bring lots of hope for the field of chemotherapy and radiation treatments. If found to be successful, it could help prevent many tragic births, not only saving lives, but also preventing much grief.
No changes were made to the following image, https://flic.kr/p/p6YGQ, License: Creative Commons Legal Code
No changes were made to the following image, https://flic.kr/p/9z8dWi, License: Public domain
What Did You Learn?
1. Why do radiation and chemotherapy treatments cause mutations?
Mutations are almost always caused by damaged or altered DNA, which is the genetic material in living things. Radiation and chemotherapy treatments treat cancer by damaging the cancer DNA in order to keep it from dividing uncontrollably. However, the radiation and chemotherapy also affect the regular healthy cells, which is why these treatments are often very risky.
2. How does the FISH technique work?
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a laboratory technique for detecting and locating a specific DNA sequence on a chromosome. The technique relies on exposing chromosomes to a small DNA sequence called a probe that has a fluorescent molecule attached to it. The probe sequence binds to its corresponding sequence on the chromosome. The FISH technique is very cheap, effective, and easy to use, which is one of the reasons it is becoming more widely used in modern medicine.
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Planetizen - Urban Planning News, Jobs, and Education
Blog post
Land Prices and New Housing
Some commentators argue that even if cities allow housing supply to expand, more permissive zoning will cause land prices to increase, causing rents to rise rather than fall. This post disagrees.
Michael Lewyn | @mlewyn | March 28, 2017, 2pm PDT
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The law of supply and demand suggests that if zoning becomes less restrictive, the supply of housing will expand, causing housing to become less expensive. Yet some commentators argue that new supply will not be helpful, because new housing leads to higher land prices. They reason as follows: if you can build more houses on parcel X, you can get more income from that parcel. If you can get more income from parcel X, the market value of parcel X will rise. In turn, future developers will pass the higher cost of land on to homebuyers or renters.
I find this argument unpersuasive for a variety of reasons. First, the argument leads to preposterous results. If it is really the case that new housing increases prices, then prohibiting new housing would lower prices. And if prohibiting new housing lowers price, downzoning (or better yet, demolishing the existing housing supply) would lower prices even more—obviously an absurd result. In fact, aggressive downzoning has been tried in Los Angeles. In 1960, the city was zoned to support 10 million people. By contrast, today the city is zoned for roughly its current population, which means that almost any new construction will require a rezoning. Did housing prices fall? No. In fact, rents, adjusted for inflation, have risen by 55 percent, while median renter income has grown by only 13 percent. Nor did land prices fall. Land values have increased more rapidly than home prices, from just over $86,229 per house in 1984 to $483,692 in 2014.*
Second, as a matter of theory, increased land values need not lead to increased rents: if my parcel was worth $100,000 but now is worth $200,000, I can build one $200,000 unit on my land—but I can also build two $100,000 units, or increase the housing supply by building multiple units costing less than $100,000. As long as zoning does not limit housing supply, land prices may affect the size and height of housing units rather than the price of those units.
Third, the argument would make more sense if land prices were as stable as rents, because if land prices rose and fell rapidly while rents did not, it would appear that the land price/rent link is not very strong. In fact, land prices are quite volatile: in metropolitan New York City metro area, the land price (apparently per house) swung from $99,916 at the end of 1996 to $418,592 at the end of 2006, down to under $225,000 in early 2012, and up to $250,187 in 2014.* Rent was far less volatile, generally increasing over time. Thus, it appears that the link between land prices and rents is modest.
Fourth, if new housing caused rents to increase, the regions that allowed the most new housing would be the regions with the highest rents. But permissive regions such as Dallas and Houston often have pretty low housing prices. (See here for a larger dataset.)
Finally, if increased supply caused rents to increase, rents would never go down unless a city aggressively reduced the housing supply. But in fact this has not been the case; over the past year, rents have started to go down even in some pricey metro areas- even in New York. (By an odd coincidence, construction seems to have increased).
*All data on land and home prices comes from the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy database.
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Milestones on Mars: NASA rover generates oxygen for the first time
22 Apr 2021327 Views
NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover taking a selfie with the Ingenuity helicopter. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
NASA has reported two historic firsts on Mars this week, with the Ingenuity helicopter’s first flight and the Perseverance rover successfully generating oxygen.
While NASA’s Crew-2 astronaut launch with SpaceX has been postponed until tomorrow (23 April) due to weather conditions, the space agency has been kept busy this week with activity on Mars.
In two historic firsts for space exploration, its Ingenuity helicopter took its first flight on the Red Planet earlier this week and now the Perseverance rover has successfully generated oxygen for the first time.
A toaster-sized, experimental instrument aboard Perseverance, which touched down on the surface of Mars in February, has generated oxygen from Mars’ thin, carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere.
The Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE) completed the test on Tuesday (20 April) in a significant milestone for Mars exploration. It showed that technology has the potential to help astronauts breathe on the planet and propel the rockets that would carry them back to Earth.
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“This is a critical first step at converting carbon dioxide to oxygen on Mars,” said NASA’s Jim Reuter. “MOXIE has more work to do, but the results from this technology demonstration are full of promise as we move toward our goal of one day seeing humans on Mars.”
MOXIE produced 5.4g of oxygen over the course of an hour, which NASA said would be enough to keep an astronaut breathing for 10 minutes. The instrument is designed to produce up to 10g per hour and NASA will keep testing this throughout the next Mars year – the equivalent of 687 days on Earth.
A small gold box is being lowered into a NASA rover in a lab setting.
MOXIE being installed into the Perseverance rover. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Meanwhile, the second flight of the Ingenuity helicopter is scheduled for today (22 April).
Ingenuity, which was carried to the Red Planet in the Perseverance rover, had it first flight on Monday (19 April) in a test that lasted around 40 seconds. To keep itself hovering above the planet’s surface for 30 seconds of that time, Ingenuity had to spin its blades at around 2,400 revolutions per minute.
Perseverance will keep watch over the helicopter for another month before it focuses on its main geological and astrobiological missions, which include searching for signs of ancient microbial life and collecting Mars samples that can be returned to Earth for research.
Lisa Ardill is careers editor at Silicon Republic
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Julia Programming - Networking
Sockets and Servers
To deal with streaming I/O objects such as pipes, TCP sockets, terminals, etc., we need a rich interface which is provided by Julia. This Julia interface is provided to the programmer in synchronous manner despite the fact that it is presented asynchronously at system level.
The advantage is that the programmer does not need to think about the underlying asynchronous operations. Before getting deep into this, we should know the concept of well-known ports.
Well-known ports
The concept of well-known ports and networked services on them was introduced in early 1980s by Berkeley development. It was first introduced to Unix. The basic idea behind this was −
• A particular network service should associate with a particular port number.
• And the network packet should be sent tagged with that port number.
Some of the well-known ports are as follows −
• Port 21-file transfer protocol
• Port 22-SSH
• Port 25-sendmail
• Port 80-web servers to deliver HTTP content
• Port 3306-used commonly by MySQL database
• Port 28017-used commonly by MongoDB Server
• Port 6379- Stores Redis key-value
Julia’s UDP and TCP sockets
The internet protocol (IP) specified following two types of sockets −
The concept of unreliable socket rests in the fact that some requests which if not serviced, will be ignored, and retired. Example, requesting the network time from NNTP server. All these kinds of sockets are connectionless and operating via UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
The concept of reliable sockets is opposite to unreliable sockets. They are connection full and operate via TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).
Julia supports both these sockets (UDP and TCP) and the source code is provided in socket.jl and streams.jl base modules.
In the example given below, we will be creating a simple server involving TCP sockets −
julia> using Sockets
julia> @async begin
server = listen(ip"",2000)
while true
sock = accept(server)
println("This is TCP server example\n")
julia> connect(2000)
This is TCP server example
Named Pipes
Named pipes or UNIX domain sockets is a FIFO(First-in, First-out) stream and an extension to the traditional pipe mechanism on Unix and OS X. It is also available on Windows and has a specific pattern for the name prefix (\\.\pipe\). It is a communication channel which uses a special file.
We can also create a named pipe server as given below −
julia> using Sockets
julia> @async begin
server = listen("\\\\.\\pipe\\testsocket")
while true
sock = accept(server)
println("This is a named pipe server example\n")
julia> connect(2000)
This is a named pipe server example
A TCP web service
The functionality of a web browser is different from that of an echo server (which we developed earlier in this section). One important difference is that the web server should be able to return different file formats (JPEG, PNG, GIFs, TXT, etc.) and the browser should be able to distinguish between them.
The following example will return a random quote as plain text from a text file −
julia> function web_server(sock::Integer)
foo = open("/Users/Leekha/Desktop/Hello.txt");
header = """HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
""" ;
wb = readlines(foo);
wn = length(wb);
@async begin
server = listen(sock)
while true
wi = rand(1:wn)
ws = chomp(wb[wi])
sock = accept(server)
web_server (generic function with 1 method)
julia> web_server(8080)
Task (runnable) @0x0000000014bae570
julia> conn = connect(8080)
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Hello, This is Tutorialspoint
TCPSocket(Base.Libc.WindowsRawSocket(0x00000000000003f8) open, 0 bytes waiting)
The Julia Web Group
The web browsers are mainly built with the property to respond to the request issued for a browser. Here we will discuss how we can interact with the Web through HTTP requests (for getting as well as posting data to the web).
First, we need to import the Requests.jl package as follows −
Next, import the necessary modules namely get and post as follows −
import Requests: get, post
Use GET request to request data from a specified web browser as follows −
get(“url of the website”)
If you want to request from a specified web page inside the website, use the query parameter as follows −
get(“url of the website”; query = Dict(“title”=>”pagenumber/page name”))
We can also set the timeouts for the GET request as follows −
get(“url of the website”; timeout = 0.2)
We can use the below command to avoid getting your request repeatedly redirected to different websites −
get(“url of the website”; max_redirects = 2)
Using the below command prevents the site from redirecting your GET request −
get(“url of tcommand he website”; allow_redirects = false)
To send the post request, we have to use the below command −
post(“url of the website”)
Using the below command, we can send data to web browser through the POST request −
post(“url of the website”, data = “Data to be sent”)
Let us see how we can send data such as session cookies to web browser through the POST request −
post(“url of the website”, cookies = Dict(“sessionkey”=> “key”)
Files can also be sent as follows −
file = "book.jl"
post("url of the website"; files = [FileParam(file), "text/julia",
"file_name", "file_name.jl"])
We are familiar with the method called AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML). The example for this method can be the process where we type in the search box and the server returns a set of suggestions and they change as the search term is refined. With this, it is clear that the overhead usage of HTTP protocols is very high.
Web Sockets, which combine the parts of UDP and TCP, are the way to overcome this problem. Hence, web sockets are message-based such as UDP and reliable as TCP. It uses normal HTTP/HTTPS ports, i.e., port 80 and port 443 respectively. They are ideal for vehicles for chat services. Julia provides a package named websockets.jl.
Julia supports the following messaging methods −
Email is one of the oldest messaging methods. Email messaging can be done in two ways −
• Sending e-mails − It happens on well-known port 25. Some other ports such as 465 and 587 can also be used for this purpose. SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) that consists of formulating a message the SMTP server can understand is used for sending emails. To:, From:, and Subject:, all together with the message should be deposited in the mail service’s outbound queue.
• Receiving e-mails − It is a bit different from sending emails. It basically depends on POP (Post Office Protocol) or IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol).
Following code can be used to send emails −
using SMTPClient
opt = SendOptions(
isSSL = true,
username = "g*****@gmail.com",
passwd = "yourgmailpassword")
body = IOBuffer(
"Date: Fri, 25 Sep 2020 19:44:35 +0100\r\n" *
"From: You <[email protected]>\r\n" *
"To: [email protected]\r\n" *
"Subject: Test_email\r\n" *
"\r\n" *
"Test Message\r\n")
url = "smtps://smtp.gmail.com:465"
rcpt = ["<[email protected]>", "<[email protected]>"]
from = "<[email protected]>"
resp = send(url, rcpt, from, body, opt)
Apart from E-mail, there are other systems that send SMS textual information. One of them is Twitter. Julia provides a package named Twitter.jl to work with Twitter API. To work with Twitter on Julia, we need to authenticate. For authentication, we need to first create an application on dev.twitter.com. After setting up the application, we will be able to access our consumer_key, consumer_token, oauth_token, and oauth_secret.
using Twitter
If you want to say hello to all your Twitter followers, use the following code −
And if you want to search the tweets containing the hashtag say #TutorialsPoint, the function call will be as follows −
my_tweets = get_search_tweets("#TutorialsPoint")
The Twitter API bydefault will return the 15 most recent tweets containing the above searched hastag.
Suppose if you want to return the most recent 50 tweets, you can pass the “count” as follows −
my_tweets_50 = get_search_tweets("#TutorialsPoint"; options = {"count" => "50"})
DataFrame method can be defined as follows −
df_tweets = DataFrame(my_tweets_50)
Cloud Services
Julia offers the following cloud services −
The AWS.jl Package
The AWS.jl package is a Julia interface for Amazon Web Services. It replaces AWSCore.jl (provided low-level) and AWSSDK.jl (provided high-level) packages. The AWS.jl package −
• Includes automated code generation to ensure all new AWS services are available.
• Keeps the existing service up to date.
We can install this package with the following code −
julia> Pkg.add("AWS")
AWS.jl package can be used with both low-level and high-level API requests. Following are the services supported −
• EC2
• S3
• SQS
• Auto Scaling
The structure of AWSEnv is as follows −
type AWSEnv
aws_id::String # AWS Access Key id
aws_seckey::String # AWS Secret key for signing requests
aws_token::String # AWS Security Token for temporary credentials
region::String # region name
ep_scheme::String # URL scheme: http or https
ep_host::String # region endpoint (host)
ep_path::String # region endpoint (path)
sig_ver::Int # AWS signature version (2 or 4)
timeout::Float64 # request timeout in seconds, Default is 0.0
dry_run::Bool # If true, no actual request will be made
dbg::Bool # print request and raw response to screen
Following are the constructors in AWS −
AWSEnv(; id=AWS_ID, key=AWS_SECKEY, token=AWS_TOKEN, ec2_creds=false, scheme="https", region=AWS_REGION, ep="", sig_ver=4, timeout=0.0, dr=false, dbg=false)
• AWS_ID and AWS_SECKEY both are initialized from env.
• AWS_TOKEN − It is by default an empty string.
• ec2_creds − It should be set to true to automatically retrieve temporary security credentials.
• region − It should be set to one of the AWS region name strings.
• ep − It can contain both a hostname and a pathname for an AWS endpoint.
• sig_ver − It is signature version and must be set to 2 or 4.
Binary Dependencies
Following must be installed before using AWS −
• libz
• libxm2
The Google Cloud
The GoogleCloud.jl is the module that wraps GCP (Google Clous Platform) APIs with Julia.
Following are some prerequisites for Google Cloud −
• Create a Google account if you do not already have.
• Need to sign in to the GCP console.
• You need to create a new project. Click on the Project drop-down menu at the top of the page.
• You need to first get the credentials from your GCP credentials page, that are associated with your project, as a JSON file.
• Save this json file to your local computer.
Interacting with the API from Julia
First install the GoogleCloud,jl package as follows −
using GoogleCloud
Now we need to load the service account credentials obtained from Google account −
creds = GoogleCredentials(expanduser("put here address of .json file"))
Create a session as follows −
session = GoogleSession(creds, ["devstorage.full_control"])
By using set_session, set the default session of an API −
set_session!(storage, session)
You can list all the buckets in your existing project as shown below −
bkts = storage(:Bucket, :list)
for item in bkts
Now let us create a new bucket named foo_bkt as follows −
storage(:Bucket, :insert; data=Dict(:name => "foo_bkt"))
bkts = storage(:Bucket, :list)
for item in bkts
You can list all the objects that are in foo_bkt −
storage(:Object, :list, "foo_bkt")
You can delete the bucket as follows −
storage(:Bucket, :delete, "foo_bkt")
bkts = storage(:Bucket, :list)
for item in bkts
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Monday 4 October 2021 (other days)
Saint Francis of Assisi
on Monday of week 27 in Ordinary Time
How wonderful is God among his saints: come, let us adore him.
Year: B(I). Psalm week: 3. Liturgical Colour: White.
St Francis of Assisi (1181 - 1226)
Francis was the son of a prosperous cloth merchant in Assisi. When his father objected to having his goods sold without his consent to pay for the restoration of a church, the bishop commanded Francis to repay the money. He did. He also renounced his father and gave back everything he had ever been given, even his garments. He began a life of perfect evangelical poverty, living by begging and even then only accepting the worst food that people had to give. He preached to all the love of God and the love of the created world; because, having renounced everything, he celebrated everything he received, or saw, or heard, as a gift. A rich man sold everything and joined him in living next to a leper colony; a canon from a neighbouring church gave up his position and joined them also. They looked into the Gospel and saw the story of the rich young man whom Jesus told to sell everything; they saw Jesus telling his disciples to take nothing with them on their journey; they saw Jesus saying that his followers must also carry his cross. And on that basis they founded an order. Francis went to Rome himself and persuaded the Pope to sanction it, though it must have seemed at once impractical and subversive, to set thousands of holy men wandering penniless round the towns and villages of Europe.
Because Francis was wearing an old brown garment begged from a peasant, tied round the middle with string, that became the Franciscan habit. Ten years later 5,000 men were wearing it; a hundred years later Dante was buried in it because it was more glorious than cloth of gold.
There is too much to say about Francis to fit here. He tried to convert the Muslims, or at least to attain martyrdom in doing so. He started the practice of setting up a crib in church to celebrate the Nativity.
Francis died in 1226, having started a revolution. The Franciscans endure to this day.
See the article in the Catholic Encyclopaedia.
Liturgical colour: white
Mid-morning reading (Terce)2 Corinthians 13:11 ©
Brethren, be joyful. Try to grow perfect; help one another. Be united; live in peace, and the God of love and peace will be with you.
Noon reading (Sext)Romans 6:22 ©
Now you have been set free from sin, you have been made slaves of God, and you get a reward leading to your sanctification and ending in eternal life.
Afternoon reading (None)Colossians 1:21-22 ©
Not long ago, you were foreigners and enemies, in the way that you used to think and the evil things that you did; but now he has reconciled you, by his death and in that mortal body. Now you are able to appear before him holy, pure and blameless.
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Celtic Cross History and Symbolism
By Stephen Walker, copyright 1996. All rights reserved.
What is the symbolism of the Celtic Cross? is a question I am often asked. As a craftsman and jewelry designer in the Celtic tradition I bring some very ancient symbols to a contemporary audience. The answer is not as straight foreword as one might hope. The history of this powerful symbol is ambiguous. There are many variations of interpretations and legends about the original meaning that are commonly repeated even today. The Presbyterian and Catholic are often startled to learn that the other considers this symbol their own. In our modern multicultural world the ringed cross is as much a symbol of ethnic heritage as it is of faith and it is often used as an emblem of ones Irish, Scottish or Welsh identity.
If you spend much time rooting around in the history of the Celtic lands you are sure to have many explanations and historical anecdotes offered to you in forms ranging from casual explanations from individuals to historical markers, tour guide banter, grandmother’s family lore and souvenir shop hang tags. This variety of sources of information is available on many topics of history, customs, superstition and when the subject is Celtic Art I have found that the popular and casual sources of information are very generous. Conversely the academic and scholarly sources of information are very cautious to the point of being truly a disappointment if your seek confirmation of the meaning of mysterious ancient symbols.
The Irish Catholic priest will have no hesitation telling you that the circle of the Celtic Cross is a symbol of eternity that emphasizes the endlessness of God’s love as shown through Christ’s sacrifice on the cross. That is unless he says the circle is a halo. He may go on to explain that the crucifixion is important not just as an event at a certain point in time but, as the circle symbolizes, as the unending mystery of how through the crucifixion and resurrection Christ continues to offer the hope of salvation to the faithful throughout all time.
At the pub when the subject comes up you might just as likely hear the explanation that the great stone Celtic Crosses were carved from the standing stones of the Druids and were originally phallic symbols, just carved into crosses to disguise their original purpose. No proof of this theory is offered and the in-your-face delivery of this information will probably intimidate you from asking for any. The barroom iconographer will swear on the graves of all his ancestors that it is true. With the rise of interest in the occult and pagan ideas in recent years you are likely to read New Age interpretations about how the cross in the circle is a symbol of the Sun that was worshipped by the Druids and that this symbol was appropriated by the Christians. Look for these sorts of explanations on the cards that accompany jewelry and head shop bric-a-brac. Born Again Pagans are enthusiastic about Celtic designs and are successfully appropriating Christian symbols back to their supposed primal meaning. Just how much of this is fantasy and how much is based in historical fact is difficult to sort out since the academic keepers of the facts are so reluctant to discuss symbolic meaning.
There is a legend of how St. Patrick when preaching to some soon-to-be converted heathens was shown a sacred standing stone that was marked with a circle that was symbolic of the moon goddess. Patrick made the mark of a Latin cross through the circle and blessed the stone making the first Celtic Cross. This legend implies that the Saint was willing to make ideas and practices that were formerly Druid into Christian ideas and practices. This is consistent with the belief that he converted and ordained many Druids to lives as Christian priests.
These and many other stories and beliefs are the sort of folk lore history that cannot be substantiated by the academic convention of looking back into the written record for early citations or for iconographic precedence that contains enough supporting evidence of what the artist is really trying to say. What we have from the modern scholars and archeologists about Celtic art from early times are careful descriptions and comparisons. The questions the scholars attempt to answer are about dates and the migration of ideas. Which came first? Who was exposed to which prototypes? Figurative panels are often easier to interpret such as the scene of a Samson striking a Philistine with the jaw of an ass as depicted on the back of the Inchbraoch Stone. The knotwork, spirals and key patterns on the carved cross side of this 7th or 8th century Pictish monument are usually treated by scholars as a subject that can be described and classified but is rarely interpreted. When the meaning of the decorative elements are attempted the academic scholar tends to be very cautious and will often cite obscure references in ways that make their text difficult to understand.
George Bain, in 1951 in the preface his excellent book Celtic Art; the Methods of Construction wrote the following about meaning:
"After consultation with an eminent prehistorical Archaeologist, his advice to publish the meanings that the evidences suggest was accepted, with the qualification that if others could bring evidences to prove other meanings, agreement to such would benefit truth. In such a way, the art which was communicative and ornamental might regain its original communicative purpose."
That statement sounds sensible enough but it is neither followed nor preceded by more than the vaguest of hints of what the original communicative purpose might have been. Frustratingly this is just about all Bain has to say that even suggests that his subject even has any meaning. Bain’s book is a text book on how to construct Celtic Art. By following his instructions the student of Celtic Art learns a lot. By learning the creative process of construction one comes to feel a sense on knowing on a intuitive level what this is all about. In this way Bain succeeds brilliantly in communicating his message. What he writes is rather typical of the scholar who is concerned about being right in a way that can be defended with the proof of facts. If the reader expects a code book to interpret ancient symbols, Bain does not offer any convenient, quotable explanations.
It seems that most people who know about Celtic Art as part of their personal heritage have the sort of knowledge that the academic cannot cite as fact since the source is mainly oral tradition. This does not prevent common knowledge from being strongly, even passionately believed nor does it mean that it is not true. Where the scholar fears to venture writers who are more interested in satisfying fantasy views of history and mysticism have fewer qualms. The popularity of Celtic images and symbols has produced plenty of blurb cards that give the buyer of gift ware designs the sort of meaning they want to hear. The scholarship and authenticity of these statements ranges from very responsible to outright quackery. Right or wrong all this information adds to the modern folk lore of what Celtic Art means.
The Cross did not become a common symbol of Christianity until the 4th century. Images of the cross were in fact quite rare before the Golden Legend became popular and the "discovery" of the "True Cross" promoted fragments of the "True Cross" as powerful relics.
There are in Britain stone monuments that may be the ancestor of the Celtic Cross. The Chi-Rho symbol, the monogram of Christ was a commonly used symbol of Christianity in the 4th century Roman Empire. The Emperor Constantine who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire used as his emblem the Chi-Rho in a laurel wreath. Thus combined were a pagan Imperial symbol of Rome with a symbol of the new faith. The diagonal cross members of the Chi were eventually conventionalized to a single horizontal cross member that made its cross with the vertical stem of the Rho and the wreath was conventionalized into a simple circle. There are examples of this where the loop of the Rho is also conventionalized into a shepherd’s crook. One can easily see how the curved crook of the staff could disappear to leave just a cross in a circle as is common in many Welsh crosses of the early Celtic Christian period which followed the Roman withdrawal from Britain.
Constantine used the Chi-Rho as a military insignia and victory symbol as well. The cross symbolizes Christ's victory. Military use of the cross as a favorite element of heraldry descends from the shields and standards of the Roman Empire.
The early circled cross stone monument as it survives in Ireland and Scotland exists in two forms, the incised slab and the free standing cross. The slab form has a cross carved in relief where the free standing cross has the stone cut away so that the shape of the ringed cross is carved in the round. In both types there are examples that range from crude and primitive to the very ornately decorated. In many cases the most highly decorated have carving on all the surfaces, even the edges of the ring and ends of the arms.
The carvings fall into several categories, with several or all of these present on any example. Human figures representing Biblical stories or the crucifixion offer the most obvious meaning. Endless knotwork, spirals, meanders and "key patterns" and zoomorphic animal patterns make up the majority of early cross carving subjects. These are the same elements that are used in much the same way in metalwork and in Gospel illumination. The term insular is used to describe this style. There are many regional variations. The Iona group crosses are distinctive in their shape. Many of the Irish High crosses of the 10th century are capped with a pitched roof or "house cap" that are similar to reliquaries made to resemble a Celtic oratory.
The stone monuments can be attributed to specific places since they rarely were moved more than short distances. Metalwork and books were portable and their places of creation are therefore more difficult to know. The surviving manuscripts were carefully cared for over the centuries. Stones from this period are usually very weathered and the best preserved examples were often buried or sheltered for many of the years since their creation and thus were spared some of the damage an wear of the centuries. The metalwork that survives from those time was likewise buried and discovered in modern times. What may have been carved in wood, ivory or embroidered has been lost to us. Surviving work from earlier than the 10th century in those materials are extremely rare. St. Adomnán writing in the 7th century reports that there were several hundred wooden crosses on Iona, but none survive today. Materials and available craft skills influence design. Often design innovations that take advantage of one material’s nature are then transferred to another material. The hemispherical bosses carved on the more elaborate stone crosses were stylistically imitating the metalwork of the time. The semicircular arm pits that narrow at the center of many crosses are a graceful design innovation that may have evolved from notches carved in simpler wooden crosses that were lashed together at the center. These notches would be an impractical weak point in a free standing stone were it not for the structural support of the ring.
The term insular is used to take into account the possibility that an object found in Scotland may well have been made in Ireland. There was no political, religious or ethnic unity in the several centuries known as the Dark Ages, after the Romans withdrew from Britain. The artistic styles that emerged were the combined heritages and innovations of several cultures. The Angles and Saxons contributed the animal motifs to this mix and adopted many of the Celtic elements most notably in Northumbria where the Lindisfarne Gospels were most likely produced in the 9th century. Thus the style is also often called Hiberno-Saxon. The period from the 7th to the 9th century when this style reached its greatest development was a time when the Celtic Church was at its greatest influence. These styles were exported with missionaries to Northern Europe. The term insular is also a diplomatic term as it avoids the ethnic associations that are likely to offend national pride. The heritage of these motifs is part of the self image of the modern Scots, Irish and Welsh. Labeling a style as Celtic, Pictish, Irish or Hiberno-Saxon places credit for these styles and motifs where another group may feel their claim slighted. An English scholar arguing that Northumbrian prototypes influenced the Pictish or Iona schools of design risks claims that he is yet another Sassunsach that is unwilling to give the Celtic people full credit for their accomplishments. On the other hand the Celtic nationalists are going to want to see their people as the true geniuses. In it's day the insular style was an international style.
The monumental stone crosses by the nature of their size and material still stand in many cases where they were placed 12 centuries ago. These often served as prototypes for newer monuments down through the ages into modern times. Styles and decorative motifs changed with time. During the middle ages foliage designs, often referred to now as Tree of Life designs became increasingly common. In old Irish or Scottish church yards most of the stone crosses are relatively modern. Some of the stone crosses even back to some of the earliest ones have inscriptions that dedicate them to the memory of certain individuals. While many of these were not specifically grave markers, some quite likely were and in this way the purpose of the monumental stone Celtic Cross has remained constant since the beginning.
What these crosses mean to us today and what they meant when Christianity was new to Celtic Britain and Ireland are in some ways the same and in some ways different. The cross either vertical or diagonal with equal length arms is a universal mark. It is so primal that it exists in all cultures as does the circle. There are no human cultures that have no art or symbols and there are no systems of symbols that do not include circles and crosses. These marks are opposites. The circle contains and is unending while the cross both reaches out and marks a specific, finite point at the center. Contemplation of this yields many possibilities and in this way temps the designer or the viewer to find personal meanings besides the traditional ones. A plain circle is often a symbol for the moon and a circle with a cross within or the arms of a cross without are universal symbols for the sun. The swastika is a related sun symbol. The Druids did indeed worship the sun and moon. These were important symbols to them. The cross by itself relates to other ideas. The four directions or the four corners of the Earth, the vertical and the horizontal coming together imply the joining of forces such as Heaven and Earth. Just as since the swastika became associated with the Nazis and became a symbol for anti-Semitism and hate the strength of that association supersedes its older meaning. The cross likewise when it became the predominate symbol of Christianity is no longer thought of by most people as a symbol for anything else. The older meanings do not entirely vanish. They are waiting to be rediscovered.
It is my opinion that the story of St. Patrick making the cross over the circular pagan symbol is in itself symbolic of the way things really happened. Celtic Christianity used symbols and ideas that were familiar to the Druids to bring them to Christ. The Celtic monks of the early Church practiced a simple life, close to nature that found joy in the love of God’s creation. This was what the Druids already sought in their worship of nature so the missionaries were able to build on what they already had in common with the Druids to convert them to Christianity.
That the cross within a circle also evolved from the Chi-Rho coincides with the emergence of the cross as a symbol throughout Christendom at a time when the Gospel was being delivered to a sun worshiping culture presents just the kind of multiple choice mystery that is characteristic of Celtic history. Which of these three possibilities are true? They all are.
The Celtic Cross is visually a very appealing shape. Unlike the crucifixes of Southern Europe that display Christ’s suffering the Celtic Cross, be it plain or highly ornamental is made to be visually beautiful. When human figures appear on the cross they are usually quite simple in contrast to highly complex and sophisticated ornamental patterns that complete the design. When the body of Christ is depicted in crucifixion it is usually robed in colobium along the Byzantine model and the overall effect is less about pain than it is about beauty. The Roman model of the corpus semi-naked in only a loin cloth occurs also but less frequently on early crosses and even then it is usually part of a larger ornamental program. On several crosses, notably the Cross of Muiredach at Monasterboice and the Cross of the Scriptures at Clonmanois, both in Ireland Christ is enthroned in Glory at the center of the cross.
If the Celtic Cross borrowed a pagan sun symbol, just as the Chi-Rho borrowed the pagan imperial laurel wreath, applying these to a Christian symbol were expressions of honor and reverence that should be seen in the context of the cultures that brought them forth. There are Christians who unfortunately see these vestiges of paganism as unholy. They ought to be regarded as the reverent tributes they were as these great cultures accepted the Gospels. The Celtic Crosses made at Iona and elsewhere from the 6th century onward were made by Christians for the Glory of God. Like much of what they did and believed, their pagan heritage influenced their art. The early Christians certainly were erecting neither phallic symbols nor pagan monuments in their own minds when they carved these splendid creations.
The circle on the ringed crosses have been explained as a symbol of eternity as long as anyone can remember. It has meant that as long as the ringed cross has had meaning as a Celtic Christian symbol. But this is only the most common of several meanings.
(c) copyright Stephen Walker April 17, 1996 All rights reserved.
Note: I am very flattered that this article has become such a popular reference on the net. Lately it has been the most popular page on my website, which is mainly an on-line catalog of my custom designed Celtic jewelry including Celtic crosses and Cl. Since I wrote this piece 10 years ago, it has been quoted extensively on other sites, in some cases even copied entirely and not always with my permission. My understanding of the subject is a work in progress. I have learned a lot in the several years since this article was first published. SAW April 18, 2006
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What is Dementia and its types.
Dementia is a condition of the brain that can affect anyone and everyone. It has no boundaries when it comes to age, your current health or your standing in society. Currently there is no cure to the condition and it is not known how or why we can get it.
Image credit
Put simply dementia is a condition where the brain is affected. It can be severely limiting to your ability to function as opposed to a person who is well. Those who have it need to have Live in Dementia carers like those at https://www.liveincare.com/services/live-in-dementia-carers/ and other health support. Sadly, it is an illness that is terminal but it is generally believed that certain changes to lifestyles can have a positive effect and may contribute to helping avoid its onset.
Image credit
Dementia takes on the form of 4 different types. Most people are aware of the first and the most widely experienced type of Alzhiemers. Here the brain shrinks creating blocks on the brain’s normal ability to function. After this is the Vascular type. This can occur after the onset of a stroke. The third is the appearance of Lewy bodies which are abnormal proteins that have a debilitating effect on brain cells. Finally there is the Frontal Temporal which is the most common in those below 65. It can come about after trauma to the head.
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Animal privacy rights
The animal rights movement is nothing new, but it’s only in recent years that veganism, the most overt form of animal rights activism, has seen itself become more mainstream. A seemingly unrelated topic, especially prevalent nowadays, is that of human privacy, particularly as it relates to data-driven machine learning algorithms. Data is the new oil in this “machine learning first” paradigm we now live in. And data is like oil, it’s true- the more data you have on someone, the better a model can “know” them. Even better if you know intimate, personal details about their lives. Data is what fuels our models. Yes, fed with more data, models will improve, generally. But is it ethical? No, say many experts and pundits in the field. But what I wonder is, when will this discussion turn to include our animal friends?
My dogs. Do they have a right to privacy?
Progress in animal rights
Testing on animals has now been banned in Canada, because it’s unethical. No rabbit or monkey actually wants to have its cheeks covered with blush, or its eyes filled with misplaced mascara and eye shadow. It violates the animal’s right to basic decency. As the argument goes, let’s treat animals like we treat humans. A human wouldn’t want to experience that sort of treatment against their will (or ever), and neither would an animal. As it should be. And now Canada recognizes that. The animal rights activists made a change, which is great.
Progress in human privacy rights
Digital privacy laws are now being put in place around the world, most notably GDPR. Privacy is a fundamental human right. And in our modern age, humans should be able to opt for privacy, to not give up their data to machine learning models and to the humans that put those models into production. It’s a work in progress, but GDPR has certainly moved the needle. So human privacy activists have made a change, and that’s great.
A voice for the voiceless
An idea that largely drives the animal rights movement is to “give a voice to the voiceless.” Animals need humans to advocate for them on their behalf. As the discussion around human privacy rights advances, I wonder how the discussion of animal privacy rights will evolve, and how humans will help give the animals a voice in our new digital age. If the goal is to treat animals like how we treat humans, then we’ll have to start discussing some idea of animal privacy rights.
Without it being defined, it’s clear that some notion of animal privacy rights is certainly important- for example, with the growing wealth of geotagged animal images, and the accuracy of image recognition systems, poachers now have access to a gold mine of information to help them with their hunting. So we know that we should at least limit do something to keep animals’ geolocation data private and away from the reach of poachers, especially those that are endangered and protected under animal protection laws. Someone will have to step up and push the idea of “animal privacy rights” through as law, at some point, in some form. If humans have a right to privacy, why shouldn’t animals?
Starting the conversation
What are privacy rights for animals? The topic is still in flux, but I believe that it’s clear that most people will agree that animals have a right to not have their location and characteristics publicized so that poachers can conveniently go and kill them, and perhaps drive them into extinction. Data scientists risk being the agents of that extinction. Just as we must take care to protect human’s privacy, data scientists must also take care of animals too.
What I really wonder is who will be the one to start the conversation. I wouldn’t say that animal rights activists come from the same group of people as digital privacy experts and data scientists. I would also go further and make a guess that these are two disjoint sets we’re talking about, two groups of people who don’t necessarily see eye to eye. Will digital privacy experts extend their arguments to animals, and become animal activists in the traditional sense as well, and eventually go vegan? Will animal rights activists extend their arguments to our new digital, data-driven age, and become privacy pundits themselves? And as long as these two groups of people remain disjoint (if I am correct in saying that they’re disjoint), will animal privacy rights, whatever that means, ever become a real concern?
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Basic Facts About Radiation Glasses
There are the individuals who suggest the utilization of extraordinary eyeglass focal point materials to shield the eyes from the potential radiogenic development of waterfalls. These would be essentially suggested for the individuals who play out various fluoroscopic systems. Ordinary eyeglasses will decrease radiation portion from fluoroscopy by around 50%.
Do Those Glasses Really Fix Colorblindness? - YouTube
Regardless of whether there is an archived need for exceptional radiation glasses is muddled. Information showing cataractogenesis from ionizing radiation is basically founded on high portion information from radiation treatment patients and cyclotron physicists. Complete portion in these cases was a lot more prominent and throughout more limited timeframes than the individuals who did operations utilizing ionizing radiation can hope to get.
The requirement for leaded eyewear might be more intense in the youthful, and furthermore might be more intense in those without satisfactory preparing and involvement with radiation security methods. Hence, a radiology inhabitant, who has not yet dominated fluoroscopic procedures, may wish to consider utilizing radiation glasses, as might a heart catheterization nurture who won’t generally realize where to stand or how color blind corrective glasses to shield herself from the bar or disperse. Radiologic technologists presumably have lesser requirement for such a thing. They have broad preparing in both radiobiology and radiation insurance and expertise to shield themselves from the bar and disperse radiation, yet might need to utilize them at any rate, with a best to be as careful as possible demeanor. In any case, no gadget ought to be viewed as a substitute for sound radiation assurance rehearses; rather, they are aides.
In spite of the fact that radiation glasses can be produced using various materials, including barium, lead is the best material and has been show to diminish portion by 98%. Regularly such glasses give 0.75mm of lead comparable assurance, and when side safeguarding is given, the side protecting normally gives 0.35 mm of lead identical security.
The focal points utilized ought to likewise be huge to give more prominent insurance. Makers offer wraparound lead glasses or glasses with side safeguards for more prominent security, radiation defensive fit-over goggles that can be worn over existing glasses, or solution defensive glasses. There are likewise strength outlines made to be very adaptable with the goal that sanctuary length and edge point can be changed. This accommodates a more exclusively fit. Since they are regularly utilized in zones where sprinkling is a worry, it is valuable if the front edge has shaped side safeguarding for sprinkle security and gives a cozy fit to the forehead to forestall liquid run-off into the eyes. Vented edges may likewise be required if misting of the focal points presents a possible issue.
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Midas History
(Greek-Roman Myth)- Midas was the king of the Mygdonians of Phrygia (ancient region in southwestern Asia Minor (in the area of present-day Turkey). Midas possesses the mystical ability to turn anything that he touches into gold. He is also extremely long-lived, having survived for over 2700 years.
He supposedly founded the city of Ancyra (Modern Ankara) and discovered both black and white lead, but became obsessed with gold. As the god Dionysus (ancient Greek god of wine and fertility) walked east to India, his companion Silenius, a satyr, walked into King Midas gardens and fell asleep there. Peasants later discovered him. They caught him and turned him over to Midas, but Midas treated the harmless old satyr graciously and hospitably. Dionysus rewarded Midas for his kindness with any gift he desired as Midas rashly asked for the gift of turning all he touched into gold. Dionysus reluctantly complied even as he realized the recklessness of the wish. As Dionysus departed, Midas began enjoying his gift and established Dionysus as a patron god in gratitude. As he transformed all he owned to gold, he also realized he could not eat or drink anything because his food and drink turned to gold. After his daughter turned to gold by accident, he began begging Dionysus to take back his gift. Dionysus responded it was not in his nature to take back gifts, but that Midas could wash off the golden touch in the nearby Pactolus River to be rid of it. After that, the sand in the river turned to gold.
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CASE Could Bring About E-Cig Ban in British
CASE Could Bring About E-Cig Ban in British
Reasons why more young adults are trying this new method are numerous. Some are worried about potential dependence on tobacco. As the prevalence of e-smoking has increased, so gets the number of tobacco users. Many adults who have not been smokers for very long are suddenly discovering just how addictive nicotine can be. With the evidence of how tobacco use damages a person’s health, it is no wonder that they are looking for a alternative.
Additionally, e-cigarette companies claim their items are less harmful than cigarettes because they usually do not contain any addictive nicotine. This can be true in some ways but there is no doubt that e-cigarette aerosols contain far better concentrations of harmful chemicals than do cigarette aerosols. A report released by the Advertising campaign for Tobacco Control and Advertising, indicates that aerosol particles are up to three times greater in size than those found in cigarette smoke. This is particularly troubling because the most chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are the result of smoking regularly. The risk of experiencing these diseases is further compounded when young adults make an effort to quit.
In addition, e Cigarettes do not cause the same amount of injury to the smoker as regular cigarettes do. E-Cigarette users do not experience as much increased blood circulation pressure or heart rate as one who smokes cigarettes. They also do not experience just as much throat irritation and mouth discomfort as those that regularly smoke cigarettes. However, there are certain drawbacks to e-Cigarettes, among which is that an individual who is trying to quit smoking may find it difficult to avoid using e-Cigarettes because of their dependency in it. Withdrawal from an e-cigarette benefits in cravings and need to smoke the product once again.
Evaluators of e-cigs declare that the easiest method to assess e-Cigarettes is to consider the effects on the lungs. Due to the insufficient tar or nicotine present in the aerosol, there is absolutely no reason to trust that e-Cigarette users are in risk of cancer. Instead, the risks which are associated with long-term exposure to the toxic chemical resveratrol, that is found in red wine, are increasingly being evaluated. Resveratrol has been proven to prevent cancer in laboratory animals.
There are two major opposing universities of thought with regards to evaluating the potential health benefits of E-Cigarettes versus cigarette smoking: the ones that are pro-eCigarette and those that are anti-eCigarette. Proponents of e-cigs declare they are safer than cigarettes since they usually do not contain any toxins. In addition they claim that electronic cigarettes have less of a prospect of addiction than traditional cigarettes. There are also those who say that the existing research shows that e-cigs usually do not help smokers stop.
In September of this past year, there was a study released about the effects of e Cigarette use on high school students. The study was done by researchers at the University of Illinois’ College of Medicine. Based on the study, higher e Cigarette use was associated with increased threat of mouth, throat and nose cancer. Those who smoked weren’t at increased risk. The study also indicated that long term e Cigarette use can result in lung disease, cardiovascular disease and other health problems.
In September of this past year, there was another study released concerning the risks of a Cigarette use. This time, the study was accomplished by the Institute of Open public Health in London. The analysis indicates that young children may be at higher risk than teenagers or adults when it comes to the harmful ramifications of E-Cig smoking. Also, teens and teens could be at more risk than adults should they do not understand the potential risks of E-Cig cigarettes.
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C órdoba is one of the eight provinces which make up the Autonomous Community of Andalusia. Its surface area of 13,723.20 km² makes it the second largest province in Andalusia and the thirteenth largest in Spain. The Guadalquivir River runs through its lands from east to west and divides it into two almost symmetrical regions.
The area to the north of the river includes the mountain range of Sierra Morena sloping down to the valley of the Guadalquivir, which are mainly used for extensive livestock farming. The lands south of the river are known as the Campiña, with rich, fertile soils which are ideal for agriculture, stretching south-west to the city of Seville. In the southernmost part of the province lies the area known as the Penibética, with its abundant vines and olive groves.
The exact historical origins of Córdoba are uncertain. Its location by the river and the fertile fields around naturally made it an ideal place for the first prehistoric settlers, who first appeared in the late Bronze Age (9th – 8th centuries B.C.). A few centuries later, after the arrival of Phoenicians and Greeks on the peninsula, the city became a major mining and trading centre as it was accessible by boat down the River Guadalquivir. This broadened the city’s horizons and favoured the spread of goods and artwork between Cordoba and all the major cities of that period.
Córdoba has been awarded four Inscriptions on the UNESCO World Heritage List: The Mosque (1984), the Historic Quarter (1994), the Courtyards (Patios) Festival as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (2012) and the Caliphate City of Medina Azahara (2018). As a result, Córdoba is the European city with the most UNESCO inscriptions, and is second in the world only to Beijing.
Centro de interpretación de visitantes y atención al turista
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Quick Answer: Can You Get Hepatitis B From Saliva?
How bad is hepatitis B?
Chronic hepatitis B is a serious disease that can result in long-term health problems, including liver damage, liver failure, liver cancer or even death.
Approximately 1,800 people die every year from hepatitis B-related liver disease..
Can hepatitis B be transmitted through breast milk?
Breastfeeding has been suggested as an additional mechanism by which infants may acquire HBV infection, because small amounts of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have been detected in some samples of breastmilk. However, there is no evidence that breastfeeding increases the risk of mother to child transmission.
Is hepatitis B curable 2020?
Can you get hepatitis from saliva?
Catching hepatitis by kissing an infected person is unlikely — although deep kissing that involves the exchange of large amounts of saliva might result in HBV, especially if there are cuts or abrasions in the mouth of the infected person.
How long is hepatitis B contagious?
What should hepatitis B patients avoid?
Does Soap kill hepatitis B?
Due to soaps’ molecular makeup, a drop of any ordinary soap in water is potent enough to rupture, dislodge or kill many types of bacteria and viruses, including the new coronavirus, HIV, hepatitis B and C, herpes, Ebola, dengue and many other bacteria that attack the intestines and respiratory tract.
Does Clorox wipes kill hepatitis B?
Clorox wipes and Lysol type products will kill many infectious organisms but will not kill blood borne pathogens.
Is hepatitis B permanent?
If the virus has been in the blood for more than 6 months, it is considered a permanent (or chronic) hepatitis B infection. About 15 to 40% of individuals develop chronic hepatitis B. Chronic hepatitis B, if left untreated, can cause serious liver injury and increase the chance of liver cancer.
Can hepatitis B be transmitted through saliva and sweat?
Can hepatitis B positive change negative?
What happens if you are not immune to hepatitis B?
What are the stages of hepatitis B?
Those with chronic HBV infection may present in one of the four phases of infection: immune tolerance, immune clearance [hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB)], inactive carrier state, and reactivation (HBeAg-negative CHB).
How do you kill the hepatitis B virus?
Treatment for chronic hepatitis B may include: Antiviral medications. Several antiviral medications — including entecavir (Baraclude), tenofovir (Viread), lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera) and telbivudine (Tyzeka) — can help fight the virus and slow its ability to damage your liver.
Can I still get hepatitis B even if I was vaccinated?
How is hepatitis B contracted?
You can get infected through contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids. The hepatitis B virus can be spread in the following ways: unprotected vaginal or anal sex. living in a household with a person with chronic (life-long) HBV infection.
Can hepatitis B go away completely?
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Name: Neptuno
Builder: Royal Dockyard, Ferrol
Launched: 1795
Fate: Wrecked on 23 October 1805
General characteristics
Class and type: 80-gun Montañes-class ship of the line
Tons burthen: 1753 bm
• 181 ft (55 m) (keel)
• 175 ft 3 in (53.42 m) (gundeck)
Beam: 51 ft (16 m)
• 26 ft 7 in (8.10 m) (afore)
• 23 ft 3 in (7.09 m) (abaft)
Depth of hold: 25 ft 6 in (7.77 m)
Propulsion: Sails
Sail plan: Full rigged ship
Complement: 715
• 80 guns:
• Lower gundeck: 28 × 24 pdrs
• Upper gundeck: 30 × 24 pdrs
• Quarterdeck: 14 × 8 pdrs
• Forecastle: 4 × 8 pdrs
• Poop deck: 4 × 18 pdr carronades
Neptuno was an 80-gun Montañes-class ship of the line of the Spanish Navy. She was built in 1795 and took part in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. She fought with the Franco-Spanish fleet in the battle of Trafalgar, and was wrecked in its aftermath.
Neptuno was built at Ferrol and launched in 1795. She entered service in time to support an attempt to unite with a French force and land troops in England, but the Spanish fleet under Admiral José de Córdoba y Ramos was intercepted and engaged by a British fleet under Sir John Jervis. Neptuno did not take part in the battle, having been sent into port beforehand. Several years later she was in a Spanish port when the combined Franco-Spanish fleet under Vice-Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve arrived, having sailed to the West Indies and back, and been engaged by a British fleet in the Battle of Cape Finisterre. Neptuno joined the fleet in her attempt to reach Brest, but the plan to join with another French fleet failed and Neptuno ended up with the rest of the fleet, blockaded in Cadiz by a British fleet under Lord Nelson.
Villeneuve came out of Cadiz in late 1805, and was engaged by Nelson in the decisive Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. As the lead ship of the line, Neptuno was initially isolated from the main fighting, though she joined in an attempt later in the day to come to the aid of Villeneuve's flagship. Instead she became trapped and engaged by two British ships and, after fighting for over an hour, surrendered. She was taken in hand by a British prize crew, but two days after the battle a sortie by some of the survivors from the battle succeeded in retaking her. She was towed towards a friendly port but, already badly damaged in the battle, was caught up in the powerful storm that struck the area and ran aground. Her crew were evacuated, and Neptuno broke up in the heavy seas.
Construction and commissioning
Neptuno was built at the Royal Dockyard at Ferrol as one of the Montañes-class of 74- and 80-gun ships of the line, a design developed by Romero Landa and based on his earlier San Ildefonso class of 1785.[1] Among her sisters were the Argonauta and Monarca, both of which fought alongside Neptuno at Trafalgar.[1] She carried twenty-eight 24-pounder guns on her lower gundeck, thirty 18-pounders on her upper deck, fourteen 8-pounders on her quarter deck and four 8-pounders on her forecastle.[1] By 1805 she had been fitted with four 18-pounder carronades on her poop, while the 18-pounders on her upper deck had been replaced by 24-pounders.[1] Overall work on the ships of the Montañes class was overseen by Julién de Retamosa, and Neptuno was launched at Ferrol in 1795.[1][2]
There then followed a period of fitting out and carrying out sea trials during 1796, after which she was assigned to the Spanish Mediterranean fleet at Cartagena under Admiral José de Córdoba y Ramos.[1] Shortly afterwards Spain allied with Republican France and entered the French Revolutionary Wars against Britain and her allies. The Spanish Navy was assigned to support the planned invasion of Britain.[1]
Alliance with France
Neptuno put to sea on 1 February 1797 with the rest of Córdoba's fleet, consisting of 27 ships of the line, twelve frigates, one brig and several smaller craft. They sailed from Cartagena and passed through the Strait of Gibraltar on 5 February.[1] Córdoba had orders to deliver a number of gunboats to Algeciras to support the bombardment of Gibraltar, safely escort a convoy of four urcas carrying mercury from Málaga to Cadiz, and then sail to Brest to link up with the French.[3] The first part of the operation went smoothly, and Neptuno was detached with the 74-gun ships Bahama and Terrible, the 34-gun Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe to take the gunboats into Algeciras.[1][3] Neptuno and Bahama remained at Algeciras, while Terrible sailed to rejoin Córdoba.[3]
Strong easterly winds prevented Córdoba from making port at Cadiz, and his ships were scattered to the west, before they could make sail back to the Spanish coast.[3] As they approached Cadiz on 14 February his fleet was tracked down off Cape St Vincent by a British force under Sir John Jervis.[1] Neptuno and her consorts took no part in the action that followed, during which the Spanish were defeated.[1][2]
Approach to Trafalgar
Portrait of Cayetano Valdés y Flores, commander of Neptuno at Trafalgar, painted by José Roldán y Martínez, Sevilla, 1847
By 1805 Neptuno was based at Ferrol, under the command of Captain Don Cayetano Valdés y Flores.[1][2] There she was joined in late July by ships of the combined Franco-Spanish fleet under Vice-Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve. The combined fleet had recently arrived in European waters from the West Indies, where they had evaded a British fleet under Lord Nelson, but had failed to carry out any attacks on the British colonies in the Caribbean. The fleet, hotly pursued across the Atlantic by Nelson, had been intercepted by another fleet under Robert Calder that had been positioned off Cape Finisterre in expectation of their arrival.[4] Calder captured two of Villeneuve's ships in a confused action, after which Villeneuve withdrew to Ferrol and Corunna.[4] He sailed again on 9 August, taking the Spanish ships he had found in those ports, including Neptuno, with him, hoping to rendezvous with the French Rochefort squadron under Zacharie Allemand.[1] The hoped-for rendezvous failed: the two French fleets supposedly mistook each other for the main British fleet and, instead of joining, attempted to escape from each other, with Villeneuve fleeing to Cádiz.[5][6]
After spending several months there, watched by the blockading British fleet under Nelson, Villeneuve decided to put to sea in mid-October. Valdés prepared Neptuno for sea, and the fleet sailed from Cadiz on 19 October.[1] Neptuno was initially the rearmost ship of the combined fleet as it sailed southwards, but as the British approached on the morning of 21 October, Villeneuve formed the line of battle and ordered it to come about heading northwards, with Neptuno now the lead ship of the van.[1][2] She was ahead of the 74-gun French Scipion, and formed part of the squadron under Rear-Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley, which had previously been intended as the rear of the fleet.[1]
Initially isolated by the British strike at the centre and rear of the combined fleet's line, Neptuno was ordered to hug the wind to allow the other ships to get to their stations.[1] Neptuno was fired upon by the 64-gun HMS Africa, which had arrived late to the battle and sailed southwards parallel down the line, exchanging broadsides with the ships of the fleet.[1] Africa's long range fire caused little damage.[1] At 2 pm Dumanoir brought the van around and headed south to support the beleaguered centre, trying to fight his way through to Villeneuve's flagship, the 80-gun Bucentaure. With Dumanoir in the attempt were Neptuno and four French ships, the 80-gun Formidable, and the 74-gun ships Scipion, Duguay-Trouin and the Mont-Blanc.[1] Neptuno fought her way through to Bucentaure, with Valdés hoping to use her boats to recapture the flagship. The plan came to nothing when he discovered the boats had been destroyed by gunfire.[1][7] Neptuno herself was soon in trouble; at 4 pm she was cut off by the two rear-most ships of Nelson's weather column, the newly arrived 74-gun ships HMS Minotaur and HMS Spartiate.[1]
Neptuno fought both of them for the next hour, having her mizzen mast shot away, and her rigging badly damaged.[1] Valdés, who had already been wounded twice during the battle, was hit in the head and neck by falling debris from the collapsing mizzenmast and lost consciousness. He was taken below to be treated, and command devolved to his second, Joaquín Somoza.[1][7] After an hour of fighting Neptuno lost her fore topmast, the foretop, foreyard and foreshrouds, followed by her main topmast and the main stay.[1] Valdés' successor, Somoza, was also wounded, and First Lieutenant Antonio Miranda took command.[8] Neptuno struck her colours at 5.10 pm, becoming the last of the combined fleet to surrender.[1][2] Accounts of her casualties vary but they appear to have been relatively light, with 38 to 42 dead and 42 to 47 wounded.[1][2] She had by now been isolated from the rest of the fleet, and may have surrendered due to declining morale as a result.[9] The British had been aiming high, in order to disable Neptuno and prevent her from escaping.[8] A boarding party of 48 men from Minotaur, led by Marine Second Lieutenant Thomas Reeves arrived on board to take Neptuno's surrender.[9] Valdés was undergoing treatment in the cockpit, so First Lieutenant Antonio Miranda went aboard Minotaur and submitted his sword to her captain, Charles Mansfield.[9] Reeves took off a lieutenant and twenty-five men out of Neptuno and sent them to Minotaur, secured the prisoners aboard Neptuno, locked away the firearms, and placed a guard on the magazine.[8]
Storm, and wreck
Minotaur took Neptuno in tow at 3.30 am the next day, and at daylight work began to clear away the wreckage of battle.[9][10] As the storm rose, the towline snapped, putting Neptuno in danger of running onto a lee shore and being wrecked.[9] The battered mainmast collapsed on 22 October, smashing through the captain's cabins below the poop, crushing to death Spanish paymaster Diego de Soto as he slept, and killing one of the British prize crew.[9] Now completely dismasted the crew struggled to shore up the decks to prevent them from collapsing, and tried to jury rig sails.[9]
On 23 October French Captain Julien Cosmao and Commodore Enrique MacDonell [11] made a sortie from Cadiz with some of the more seaworthy ships that had escaped the battle, in an attempt to retake some of the captured prizes.[12] Cosmao's squadron consisted of two French 80-gun ships, Neptune and Indomptable, the 74-gun French Pluton, and two Spanish ships, the 100-gun Rayo and the 74-gun San Francisco de Asis.[12] Also with the ships of the line were the smaller French ships that had been present at the battle but had not taken part, the frigates Cornélie, Thémis, Hortense, Rhin and Hermione, and the brigs Furet and Argus.[12] In preparation for the counter-attack the British cast off several of the prizes and formed a defensive line. While Cornélie, Hortense, Thémis and Rhin harassed the British, Hermione took Neptuno in tow, while the Spanish crew rose up and took back their ship.[9] The British prize crew were sent below to work the pumps, while Neptuno made anchor in Cadiz Bay. During the night the storm rose again, and Neptuno dragged her anchors and ran onshore.[9]
Lines were quickly passed between the ship and shore, and rafts were constructed to take men off the stricken ship. One raft made several trips to and from the shore, until it capsized, drowning several men.[9] Over the next few days the remaining men, including the wounded Captain Valdés, were taken off by rafts and fishing boats. The abandoned Neptuno was soon pounded to pieces in the heavy seas, with the loss of around 20 men in her wreck.[9][13] Neptuno was not the only ship to suffer this fate, a number of the captured British prizes were scuttled or left to be wrecked, while several of the ships that had accompanied Cosmao's sortie were lost. The Indomptable was lost after she grounded off Rota, as was the San Francisco de Asis, in Cadiz Bay. The Rayo attempted to anchor off San Lucar and ride out the storm, but rolled out her masts in the heavy seas. HMS Donegal came up, and being unable to resist, Rayo surrendered to her, but was driven on shore on 26 October and wrecked.[12] Cosmao managed to retake only one other prize aside from Neptuno, the 112-gun Santa Ana. Unlike Neptuno, the Santa Ana made it back to Cadiz.[14]
The remains of the French fleet were bottled up in Cadiz under Rear-Admiral Rosily, trapped there by the British blockade.[12] The remaining ships were seized by the Spanish after they entered the war against France in 1808. One of the French ships taken was the 80-gun Neptune, which had fought at Trafalgar; the Spanish took her into their service, renaming her Neptuno, as a replacement for the ship lost in 1805. This new Neptuno served with the Spanish Navy until being broken up in 1820.[12][15]
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Goodwin. The Ships of Trafalgar. p. 222.
2. ^ a b c d e f Adkin. The Trafalgar Companion. p. 349.
3. ^ a b c d Adkin. The Trafalgar Companion. p. 156.
4. ^ a b Adkin. The Trafalgar Companion. pp. 56–7.
5. ^ Adkin. The Trafalgar Companion. p. 57.
6. ^ Mostert. The Line Upon the Wind. p. 470.
7. ^ a b Clayton & Craig. Trafalgar: The Men, the Battle, the Storm. p. 248.
8. ^ a b c Clayton & Craig. Trafalgar: The Men, the Battle, the Storm. pp. 249–50.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Goodwin. The Ships of Trafalgar. p. 223.
10. ^ Clayton & Craig. Trafalgar: The Men, the Battle, the Storm. p. 280.
11. ^ Craig, Phil; Clayton, Tim (2012-06-07). Trafalgar: The men, the battle, the storm. ISBN 9781444719772.
12. ^ a b c d e f Goodwin. The Ships of Trafalgar. p. 172.
13. ^ Adkins. Trafalgar: The Biography of a Battle. p. 240.
14. ^ Adkins. Trafalgar: The Biography of a Battle. p. 235.
15. ^ Adkin. The Trafalgar Companion. p. 369.
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Design Engineer – A Lucrative Career in Structural Designing
Are you thinking about becoming a Civil Engineer? Then, this article will add a lot to your knowledge. Probably you will aspire to become a Design Engineer in the future. We are talking about structural design here. In this article, you will learn what you need to do to become a Design Engineer and what the prospects will be for you. A Design Engineer, as the name implies, is an engineer who does structural designing. In simple terms, the Design Engineer shapes a structure and puts the various parts and elements together so that they collectively becoming a strong, functional, and aesthetically pleasing structure.
Design Engineer
To achieve this, a Design Engineer has to collaborate with the client and an Architect. The client tells the Design Engineer his/her requirements. The Architect works together with the Design Engineer to design the structure in a way that all architectural requirements are fine, and the building is structurally safe and strong. The need to design a structure arises from the various risks that a building is exposed to. A Design Engineer has to make the structure strong enough to withstand and resist a load of earthquakes, strong and high-speed wing, and other effects of weather and temperature. Along with that, the Design Engineer also has to ensure that the materials for construction are suitable to lend the structure the strength it needs and for it to finish on time.
It may mean adding admixtures to concrete to increase its setting time so that the subsequent columns and slabs can be cast soon after that. The Design Engineer may also have to add admixtures to concrete to make it set rapidly in the winter season because the cold temperature tends to prolong the setting time. So, a Design Engineer has to consider all such factors while designing each element of the building.
How To Design the Structure?
The first step in designing a structure is getting the requirements of a client. Every client has unique requirements. People want to have the homes of their dreams, so they must sit with the Design Engineer to tell their expectations.
The Design Engineer notes the requirements and works out if they are practicable and realistic. Accordingly, he/she may devise certain alterations in the expectations. The Design Engineer, together with the Architect, makes a plan and elevations of the structure. Alongside that, the Design Engineer decides what materials the elements will be constructed of.
Different countries can have different requirements for an Engineer to approve a design. In most cases, the Design Engineer has to be a licensed Professional Engineer to approve a design. A Registered Engineer may have to get the design he/she creates approved by a Professional Engineer.
How Can a Student Become a Design Engineer?
The knowledge of structural design is imparted in the program of Civil Engineering. After high school, a student should prepare to be enrolled in a college offering a Civil Engineering degree. The courses that a Civil Engineering degree constitutes are as follows
• Strength of Materials
• Survey
• Geological Studies
• Hydraulics
• Structural Mechanics
• Structural Design
• Steel Structures
• Concrete Structures
• Structural Analysis
The list goes on. A Civil Engineering degree typically consists of eight semesters. All students enrolled in a Civil Engineering program study the same courses. However, students form groups, each constituting four to five students in the final semester. The groups are assigned projects by research supervisors. Students have to research a Civil Engineering topic and may have to come up with a design of a structure when given a set of weather and environmental conditions. The final-year project tests the knowledge and practical field skills of the students. Students are awarded grades on the basis of their performance in the final-year project.
What Happens After Completing a Civil Engineering Bachelor’s Program
The Bachelor’s of Civil Engineering is the minimum requirement for a Design Engineer to be hired in any design firm. However, after completing the Bachelor’s program, a student has two choices — either the student starts a job in a design firm, or he/she pursues further education to obtain a Master’s in Structural Design. Students choose either of the two pathways depending upon their personal preferences and ambitions in life.
Students who join a design firm are exposed to real-life situations and meet clients. They design structures for them and get firsthand experience of the structural design. They may not be very polished Design Engineers in the beginning, but with experience and hard work, they get very professional and expert in structural designing. On the other hand, students who pursue a Master’s degree in Structural Design and Engineering get further knowledge about structural design. They are introduced to the latest techniques, tools, and equipment used in structural design. Doing a Master’s in Structural Designing is recommendable right after completing a Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering.
A new graduate has fresh knowledge of Civil Engineering so he/she can easily connect the dots when the student is exposed to new information, tools, and equipment. Besides, a student is more likely to pursue education right after completing the Bachelor’s program in Civil Engineering because the mind and lifestyle are tuned to education. Getting back in college after spending a few years in the field seems difficult and requires a major shift in the existing lifestyle of an individual.
What Happens After Completing the Master’s Degree?
design engineer career
A student again has two options after doing the Masters in Structural Engineering. One way is to continue education up to the Ph.D. level, and the other is to get into the field. Most students with high grades in education prefer pursuing a Ph.D. degree. A Ph.D. degree involves complex research work. You can consult a good science homework helper to assist you with the writing of the report on your research project. However, you will have to collect the data and analyze it.
Students aspiring to obtain a Ph.D. have research interests in a defined field of structural design and engineering. They write a research proposal and share it with interested supervisors. Many students find scholarships for Ph.D. studies. They find supervisors with similar research interests. The supervisors sponsor the Ph.D. researcher taking funds from the institution they work for. Sometimes, certain clients, including factories and companies, approach them for research and development purposes. In such cases, they sponsor the Ph.D. research of the candidate.
Students who start jobs after completing the Master’s in Structural Design and Engineering are likely to get more than the employees with B.E. in Civil Engineering degrees. Prospective employers like to hire highly educated engineers because they can devise solutions to complex problems using their knowledge and skills.
In either case, the career is quite rewarding as the salaries for Design Engineers are higher as compared to many other professions. On the negative side, the Design Engineering profession can be very demanding. Many engineers spend most of their time in the field.
What Kinds of Works Can a Structural Design Engineer Expect?
A Design Engineer may need to design all kinds of structures. An engineer designs a bridge, a dam, a multi-story building, and houses in addition to other structures. The design requirements of two similar structures can differ on the basis of geological conditions of the places they have to be built in as well as the prevalent laws and regulations.
A Design Engineer should be familiar with the construction rules and regulations of the place the structure has to be constructed on. Likewise, a Design Engineer should know how to read, interpret, understand, and explain soil reports and surveying and leveling because they mark the start of any construction project.
Is Design Engineering a Career in Demand?
Yes, it is! Construction is an on-going process. It is one of the busiest industries all over the world. Every day, millions of projects start across the world: some, related to the construction of new buildings, while others are related to demolition or rehabilitation of old and existing structures. It is why Design Engineers find plentiful employment opportunities.
Many projects Design Engineers work upon are about existing structures. Structural strength and integrity wane over time. Constant exposure to extreme weather conditions and changes in the geological makeup of land and water-table causes the existing structures to weaken. Many structures are affected by earthquakes and floods. They have to get reconstruction in part or as a whole after they have suffered from a major calamity.
A Design Engineer should be able to test the strength and life of a structure. Alongside that, he/she is to devise suitable, quick, and cost-effective ways of rehabilitating the existing structures. Building and maintenance is a continuous process, so the construction industry keeps producing job opportunities for the Design Engineers.
Many Design Engineers work abroad. For example, the Middle Eastern countries employ a big construction workforce that originates in South East Asia. Hundreds of thousands of engineers go from India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan to Saudi Arabia and Dubai every year to work there. They get foreign work experience, high salaries, and a high standard of living, and they also send remuneration to their home countries. They majorly contribute to the financial prosperity of their homelands.
Can I Open My Company After Becoming a Design Engineer?
Yes, why not! That will be a very good step because that will give you work-life balance as well as an opportunity to lead and manage a team of workers. You should get a license to open a construction company. Open an office so that people can approach you for the design of a structure. People will need all kinds of construction services from you. Some will approach you for making a plan or a set of drawings, while others will consult you for cost estimation and construction.
To accommodate the needs of prospective clients, you will need a construction team in your company. You need a team of design engineers, a construction manager, a project manager, surveyors, and construction labor, including masons, carpenters, and laborers.
Also, you will need machines and equipment. If you don’t have them or lack the funds needed to purchase them, you can hire or rent them. Things may seem difficult in the beginning, but with experience, you will have a boost in your confidence, and you will take up complex projects more confidently and with a can-do attitude. You can grow your construction company with time.
Design Engineer – Final Words
To sum it all up, becoming a Design Engineer is the right step to take particularly if you are interested in construction work. A Design Engineer finds plentiful opportunities to work. It is a demanding but rewarding profession. Just study hard to develop the concepts, and then you can do a job or establish your own company.
Zoey Peregrine
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English to German Meaning :: sharp
Sharp :
scharf, spitz, steil, pünktlich, heftig, hart, gut, scharfsinnig, sprunghaft, genau, schneidend, stechend, herb, schrill, schroff, schlau, grell, säuerlich, jäh, durchdringend, gerissen, clever, schneidig, groß, beißend, sauer, aufgeweckt, empfindlich, hitzig, raffiniert, gewieft, nagend, rassigKreuz - ScharfscharfsharpedschärfenzugespitztSchärfungsharpensschärfersharpersschärfstensharpingsharpishscharfSchärfescharfes S
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Show English Meaning
Noun(1) a musical notation indicating one half step higher than the note named(2) a long thin sewing needle with a sharp point
Adjective(1) (of something seen or heard(2) ending in a sharp point(3) having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions(4) marked by practical hardheaded intelligence(5) harsh(6) having or emitting a high-pitched and sharp tone or tones(7) extremely steep(8) keenly and painfully felt; as if caused by a sharp edge or point(9) having or made by a thin edge or sharp point; suitable for cutting or piercing(10) (of a musical note(11) very sudden and in great amount or degree(12) quick and forceful
Adverb(1) changing suddenly in direction and degree
Show Examples
(1) She got out of the shower lazily, and had a sharp feeling in her stomach that something would happen today.(2) It's a great feeling to define in sharp crisp outlines what you believe in, and what you stand against.(3) These involuntary contractions can be either dull or sharp and intense.(4) Pick it up, flip through it, dip into the story at any point and you will come away better informed and surprisingly entertained by his sharp mind and punk sense of humour.(5) She keeps her stand-up sharp by hitting the Provincetown comedy circuit every summer.(6) I gingerly moved to sit up, but a sharp pain shot through my body.(7) All in all, not much got done until Mikhail's aunt Meredith came in and silenced them all with a sharp whistle.(8) In reality, it was ordinary citizens and not the sharp operators who stored their wealth in banknotes.(9) Her fingernails grew long and sharp , able to pierce the skin of a creature in a matter of seconds.(10) The sharp detail and good contrast control offer a good look at the few interesting things that happen in the mostly darkened production.(11) Exports have been hit also because of the sudden and sharp increase in the value of the euro against the dollar and, most importantly, against sterling.(12) I felt a sharp hope rising in me and I quelled it immediately.(13) Monday's sharp stock market plunge and uncertain world events may have you longing for a secure place to stash your savings.(14) She said a few sharp words, which the boy returned with a fallen face.(15) But everyone else was also entering into dangerous enemy territory, so Cat and her comrades had to stay sharp or else get left behind.(16) The traditional short-covering by speculators that usually followed a sharp downward movement was no longer present to instill some recovery.
Related Words
(1) sharp pain ::
stechender Schmerz
(2) sharp knife ::
scharfes Messer
(3) sharp edge ::
scharfe Kante
(4) sharp rise ::
starken Anstieg
(5) sharp blade ::
scharfe Klinge
(6) sharp turn ::
scharfe Kurve
(7) very sharp ::
sehr scharf
(8) sharp tongue ::
scharfe Zunge
(9) be sharp ::
scharf sein
1. keen ::
daran interessiert
2. excruciating ::
3. tangy ::
4. loud ::
5. cold ::
6. harsh ::
7. intense ::
8. distinct ::
9. sudden ::
10. hairpin ::
11. steep ::
12. perceptive ::
13. smart ::
14. incisive ::
15. tart ::
16. abrupt ::
17. crisp ::
18. shrill ::
19. astute ::
20. acute ::
21. precisely ::
1. blunt ::
2. dull ::
3. obtuse ::
Different Forms
sharp, sharped, sharpen, sharpened, sharpening, sharpens, sharper, sharpers, sharpest, sharping, sharpish, sharply, sharpness, sharps
Word Example from TV Shows
You're a SHARP little thing, aren't you?
Game of Thrones Season 2, Episode 6
Blond hair,
sharp tongue, short man.
Blond hair, SHARP tongue, short man.
Game of Thrones Season 1, Episode 5
Drew Sharp?
Uh, that\
Drew Sharp? Uh, that's the kid on TV?
Breaking Bad Season 5, Episode 9
A knife perhaps, a good, sharp one,
A knife perhaps, a good, SHARP one,
Game of Thrones Season 1, Episode 2
She looks sharp.
She looks SHARP.
Game of Thrones Season 3, Episode 9
English to German Dictionary: sharp
Meaning and definitions of sharp, translation in German language for sharp with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of sharp in German and in English language.
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What is the role of nuclear energy in human history? Are the more pros or cons of it?
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13. Прочитайте и переведите текст, ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. When and where was Ernest Rutherford born?
2. Where did he receive his early education?
3. What college did he graduate from?
4. At what laboratory did he work?
5. What books did he publish?
6. What did he invent during his first spell at the Cavendish Laboratory?
7. What scientific problem did he work on with H. Geiger?
8. What was devised in conjunction with H. Geiger?
9. How did he show that the inner structures correspond with a group of lines which characterize the elements?
10. What is the Rutherford’s greatest contribution to physics?
Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford is often called the Father of Nuclear Physics
Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871, in Nelson, New Zealand, the fourth child and second son in a family of seven sons and five daughters. His father James Rutherford, a Scottish wheelwright, immigrated to New Zealand with Ernest's grandfather and the whole family in 1842. His mother, née Martha Thompson, was an English schoolteacher, who, with her widowed mother, also went to live there in 1855.
Ernest received his early education in Government schools and at the age of 16 entered Nelson Collegiate School. In 1889 he was awarded a University scholarship and he proceeded to the University of New Zealand, Wellington, where he entered Canterbury College. He graduated M.A. in 1893 with a double first in Mathematics and Physical Science and he continued with research work at the College for a short time, receiving the B.Sc. degree the following year. That same year, 1894, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science Scholarship, enabling him to go to Trinity College, Cambridge, as a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J. Thomson.
Rutherford published several books: Radioactivity; Radioactive Transformations,; Radiation from Radioactive Substances, with James Chadwick; The Electrical Structure of Matter; The Artificial Transmutation of the Elements; The Newer Alchemy.
On his arrival at Cambridge his talents were quickly recognized by Professor Thomson. During his first spell at the Cavendish Laboratory, he invented a detector for electromagnetic waves, an essential feature being an ingenious magnetizing coil containing tiny bundles of magnetized iron wire. He worked jointly with Thomson on the behaviour of the ions observed in gases which had been treated with X-rays, and also, in 1897, on the mobility of ions in relation to the strength of the electric field, and on related topics such as the photoelectric effect. In 1898 he reported the existence of alpha and beta rays in uranium radiation and indicated some of their properties.
At Manchester, Rutherford continued his research on the properties of the radium emanation and of the alpha rays and, in conjunction with H. Geiger, a method of detecting a single alpha particle and counting the number emitted from radium was devised. In 1910, his investigations into the scattering of alpha rays and the nature of the inner structure of the atom which caused such scattering led to the postulation of his concept of the "nucleus", his greatest contribution to physics. According to him practically the whole mass of the atom and at the same time all positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a minute space at the centre. In 1913, together with H. G. Moseley, he used cathode rays to bombard atoms of various elements and showed that the inner structures correspond with a group of lines which characterize the elements. Each element could then be assigned an atomic number and, more important, the properties of each element could be defined by this number. In 1919, during his last year at Manchester, he discovered that the nuclei of certain light elements, such as nitrogen, could be "disintegrated" by the impact of energetic alpha particles coming from some radioactive source, and that during this process fast protons were emitted.
1. Голицынский, Ю. Б. Грамматика : сб. упражнений / Ю. Б. Голицынский, Н. Голицынская. – Изд. 5-е, испр. и доп.– СПб. : Каро, 2007. – 544 с.
2. Крылова И. П. Практическая грамматика английского языка. Учебное пособие / И. П. Крылова, Е. В. Крылова. –М. : «ЧеРо», «Юрайт», 2001.–292 с.
3. Слепович, В. С. Курс перевода (английский↔русский язык)=Translation Course (English↔Russian) : учеб. Пособие для студентов вузов / В. С. Слепович. – Мн. : ТетраСистемс, 2005. – 320 с.
4. The Physics of Plasmas. T. J. M. Boyd, J. J. Sanderson. Cambridge University Press. 2003.
Eisenbach I. English for Materials Science and Engineering: Exercises, Grammar, Case Studies. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 2011. — 109 pages.
5. http://www.ask.com/wiki/State_of_matter.
6. http://www.alleng.ru/mybook/3gram/6verb_non-fin_ger3.
7. http://www.american-inventor.com/charles-goodyear.aspx.
8. http://study-english.info.
9. http://www.answers.com/topic/heike-kamerlingh-onnesю
10. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/377665/meta..
11. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/182915/elec.
12. http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/dictionary-online.
13. http://www.ldoceonline.com.
14. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458757/physics.
15. http://www.theguardian.com/education/physics.
16. http://scitation.aip.org.
17. http://www.thefreedictionary.com.
18. http://archimedespalimpsest.org/about/history/archimedes.php.
19. http://physics.aps.org.
21. http://www.nobelprize.org.
22. https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/physics.
23. http://njnj.ru/refgram/participle1.htm.
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Tesla Roadster may crash back into Earth, but not so soon
SpaceX launched Elon Musk’s Tesla Roadster in space as a payload on Falcon Heavy rocket which created a history. The Tesla was sent on an elliptical Mars orbit which could last for a probable billion years. But there have been talks that this Tesla might actually come crashing into the Earth, when it passes by in the year 2020.
In a study by Orbital Dynamics Expert Hanno Rein, Daniel Tamayo and David Vokrouhlicky, they outlined the real probability and chances of this Tesla crashing into Earth. The research paper is titled “The random walk of cars and their collision probabilities with planets” and the scientists highlighted that chances of this event are really minute, actually only 6 percent.
This car will go on orbiting around the Mars for about another million years and then maybe crash into anything.
Learn more about Tesla and Starman
February 18, 2018
Elon Musk’s Tesla Roadster can be tracked with this website
Lead author of the study, Mr Rein, said: “Earth is the most likely place the car will crash, followed by Venus, and then the sun.” According to the expert, the Roadster will come “relatively close” to its home planet every 30 years, and its trajectory will shift slightly every time.
The Roadster is expected to make its next close encounter with Earth in 2091, when it approaches at a distance similar to that between the planet and its moon.
At its farthest distance from Earth, the roadster will be 1.67 times Earth’s distance from the sun.
The three researchers from the University of Toronto ran countless simulations to come to the conclusion that there is a 6 percent chance of the Roadster crashing into Earth and a 2.5 percent chance of hitting Venus.
Mr Rein said:
We’ve not seen any single collision with Mars in 240 simulations, though we continue to run them and see what happens. The likely outcome is that it will crash, in tens of millions of years, into Earth or Venus or the sun.
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China’s huge rocket that fell from space highlights the debris risk of uncontrolled reentries.
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Topic outline
• General description
The content of Management Information Systems (NAM) is intended to provide students with knowledge of the solid relationship between management, information systems, and ICT. To achieve this goal, the core curriculum strives to answer the following questions: How did information systems evolve and what types? What are the decision support systems, their components, types and characteristics? How can we create a new information system or transform a paper information system into an electronic information system? How can we manage information resource systems, what administrative processes are required, and what quality standards should be applied? Finally, how do we ensure the security of information, and what are the foundations on which the information security system is based? The security of the information system is no longer a "Closet and lock on documents", but it has become a science and ISO standards should be applied!
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Staphylea trifolia, American Bladdernut.
Staphylea trifolia, American Bladdernut according to Daniel Moerman's Native American Ethnobotany (1998), the Iroquois used powdered bark for facial sores. The Meskwaki used a bark infusion as a wash to keep children from crying. Seeds were held sacred and used in gourd rattles for medicine dance. Seeds of the European species S. pinnata used to make rosary beads. This widespread shrub in the Staphyleaceae of eastern North America usually grows in rich soils near water. The seeds contain a sweet oil and are eaten like pistachios. Poorly researched, several of the two dozen species in the genus have been shown to have significant antioxidant, immunomodulating, and anti-inflammatory activity. A decoction of the fruits of one species is used in traditional Chinese Medicine for coughs; fresh roots to refresh blood after delivery.
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Selenium Dioxide (Properties, Uses)
Selenium dioxide is a pungent sour-smelling white or creamy-white volatile lustrous crystal or crystalline powder. The chemical compound with the formula SeO2 is what it is. One of the most commonly found selenium compounds is this colorless solid. When selenium is burned in oxygen, it forms a long, straight polymer with a chain that alternates between selenium and oxygen atoms, unlike other oxides. This means that each selenium atom, with the exception of those at the chain’s ends, is bound to three oxygen atoms, one with a double bond that runs perpendicular to the chain and a pair on either side with single bonds.
When selenium dioxide is heated with carbon and other reducing agents, it is reduced to selenium metal. Selenium dioxide forms selenium, nitrogen, and water when heated with ammonia:
3SeO2 + NH3 → 3Se + 2N2 + 6H2O
Solid SeO2 is a one-dimensional polymer with alternating selenium and oxygen atoms in its chain. Each Se atom is pyramidal and has an oxide group at the end. Selenium dioxide is a powder or crystals that ranges from yellowish white to reddish in color. It is hygroscopic and soluble in water, absorbing moisture or water from the air. Heavy oxidizing agents, reducing agents, strong acids, ammonia, organics, and phosphorus trichloride are incompatible with selenium oxide.
Structure of selenium dioxide
When heated to around 350°C, selenium dioxide transforms into a greenish yellow vapour with a distinct odor that has been characterized as vile and smelling like rotting horseradish. It forms selenous acid when dissolved in water, which is how the oxide is commonly used in reactions. By heating selenium with oxygen and nitrogen dioxide, selenium dioxide can be produced. In the presence of excess oxygen, nitrogen dioxide would be converted to pentoxide, but selenium dioxide would be converted to trioxide:
2Se + 3O2 + 4NO2 → 2SeO2 + 2N2O5
The oxidation of selenium by nitric acid can also produce selenium dioxide. The terminal Se-O gap is 162 pm, and the bridging Se-O bond lengths are 179 pm. Along the polymer chain, the relative stereochemistry at Se alternates (syndiotactic). In the context of glassmaking, selenium dioxide is a striking colorant. The material is white to yellowish pink in color, but it gives glass a rich, red tint. When applied to the melt in small amounts, it can counteract the blue tint caused by traces of cobalt in the silica used to make the glass, and on a larger scale, it can give the glass a glorious deep red color.
Selenium reacts with oxygen to form a variety of white or colorless crystals, as well as certain selenium compounds that are gases. Ingestion of the compound is poisonous. The symptoms of selenium dioxide poisoning are close to those of selenium metal poisoning. The vapors of selenium dioxide are extremely irritating to the skin, nose, and respiratory tract. Selenium dioxide exists as dimers and other oligomeric species in the gas phase, although it is monomeric at higher temperatures. With a bond length of 161 pm, the monomeric shape has a bent structure similar to sulfur dioxide.
Selenium dioxide (SeO2) is made by burning selenium in an air or oxygen stream and, optionally, passing it through a catalyst or oxidizing it with nitric acid to selenous acid, then heating it to dryness. The trimer (Se(O)O)3 is formed when SeO2 is dissolved in selenium oxydichloride. a single molecule The dipole moment of 2.62 D points from the midpoint of the two oxygen atoms to the selenium atom, making SeO2 a polar molecule.
If selenium dioxide, SeO2, can be made by heating selenious acid, H2SeO3, the compound can also be made by heating the element with oxygen enabled by passage through HNO3. Selenium dioxide is easily reduced to elemental selenium by SO2 at 315–317 °C (599–603 °F). When a selenium dioxide solution is combined with concentrated sulfuric acid, it releases Mecke reagent, which is used by a number of organizations to provide spot checks for a variety of illicit drugs, including LSD and morphine (as well as more common substances including codeine and sugar), since it undergoes a color shift that suggests the presence of the drug.
Selenium dioxide is made by burning selenium in air or reacting it with nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide, but the dehydration of selenous acid is perhaps the most convenient method. Added to etching baths, decorative paint forming on galvanized iron and nonferrous metals and alloys, and corrosion-protective coatings in magnesium alloys; drug synthesis; used in the manufacture of cortisone and nicotinic acid (niacin).
Downeyite, a natural source of selenium dioxide, is a very rare mineral. It’s just present in a few burning coal dumps. Selenium dioxide (SeO2) is used in lubricating oils and grease as an oxidizing agent, a catalyst, and an antioxidant. Selenium dioxide has been used in the manufacture of selenide semiconductor nanocrystals, which have exciting potential applications in the formation of quantum dots: semiconductors small enough to undergo quantum effects and being studied for use in quantum computers, specialist transistors, and tiny lasers and LEDs.
Selenium dioxide is used to make selenium compounds, as an oxidizing agent, in paint and ink pigments, in metal “blueing” and etching, as a chemical catalyst, in photographic toners, in electric and photoelectric components, and more. The starting material for selenium is reduced to selenium, which precipitates as a red amorphous solid that can be quickly filtered off. The appearance of selenium in the urine and a garlic-like odor on the breath are also signs of selenium absorption. Dust inhalation can cause bronchial spasms, asphyxiation symptoms, and pneumonitis. Sternal discomfort, cough, nausea, pallor, coated tongue, stomach disorders, nervousness, and conjunctivitis are some of the acute symptoms of ingestion. Contact with the eyes irritates them.
Inorganic oxidizer selenium dioxide reacts violently with reducing agents including hydrides, nitrides, alkali metals, and sulfides. When exposed to strong acids, toxic hydrogen selenide gas can be released. It’s used in small amounts to mask the color caused by iron impurities, resulting in (apparently) colorless glass. It produces a deep ruby red color when used in greater amounts. Some cold-bluing solutions contain selenium dioxide as an active ingredient.
Information Sources:
4. wikipedia
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Why Ants Invade Tampa Homes & How To Keep Them Out
April 28, 2021
Of all the common pests out there, some of the most difficult to fully prevent are ants. These tiny insects can find all sorts of ways indoors and they are attracted by factors found in every single human home. That’s why it’s important to identify those factors and work to prevent ant infestations before they have a chance to grow and hunker down.
ants crawling on fruit
Types Of Common Invasive Ants
Most invasive ant species are relatively harmless to people, but some can be quite dangerous. No matter if it’s a nuisance species or a harmful one, all ants can contaminate food sources and attract other kinds of pests, like spiders, to your property. It’s important to be able to identify different types of common ant species:
• Pavement Ants: While they are commonly found outdoors, pavement ants are also common home invaders. They are small, black, and segmented, probably the image you conjure in your head when you picture a basic ant.
• Odorous House Ants: Another common home-invader, these ants result in foul odors when they are stepped on.
• Fire Ants: Known for their bright red color and painful stings, fire ants aren’t as harmless as the other varieties we’ve mentioned. They are both dangerous and even harder than other species to eliminate.
How Ant Infestations Start
The only way to identify an ant problem correctly and prevent one from moving into your home is to know where and why ants are drawn in. The vast majority of ant populations start outdoors, forming tunnel systems below the soil that they use to transport themselves to various areas around a property. They come inside because they are attracted to things like food, water, and shelter, but an ant’s actual preferred habitat is out in the dirt. Whether they make it inside or not, the reason an ant infestation is so hard to fully account for is precise because of their colonizing ways. They hide their reproductive queens deep within their tunnels, so everyday elimination methods won’t even affect the pests that are the main source of the problem. That’s why the first thing you should do if you notice any kind of infestation is call the professionals. Only trained experts can accurately identify and address the root of a pest problem.
What Attracts Ants To Homes?
Now, aside from being able to locate where ants are coming from, you also need to know how to identify attractants that might be making your home into a magnet for pest activity. The biggest factors to address around your own home are:
• Food: Smart food storage is the primary concern for keeping pests out, and ants can detect chemical traces of food from far away. Don’t leave food out and deep clean your home regularly.
• Trash: Another easy source of food for ants is the kind that’s found inside your trash can. Ants can easily access even secured bins with lids, thanks to their small size.
• Water: The other main attractant, besides food, is water. Ants need it to survive just like we do, so they are attracted to moist areas.
Be Bold: Take Care Of Pests Right Away
Even with relatively harmless ant species, you don’t want to simply leave them alone. All ants can lead to larger issues and no one likes seeing insects crawling around their home. That’s why it’s always better to be proactive than to simply wait for a problem to present itself before you worry about it. For overall protection from ants and other invasive pests, Bold Servicing is your best bet. We can inspect your home right away and make sure that ants aren’t around -- or that the factors that may attract them aren’t being addressed. Contact Bold Servicing today.
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Young boy brushing his teeth
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Fluoride Dangers: How Much Is Too Much?
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Why should you be a fluoride fan? As the American Dental Association (ADA) notes, fluoride is often called ""nature's cavity fighter,"" especially for developing teeth. The good news is that you've probably been getting the right amount of fluoride, and all its benefits, without even trying! Fluoride from water, food or supplements helps build strong tooth enamel, which is better able to resist decay. After the teeth have erupted, fluoride helps rebuild enamel and can even reverse the earliest stages of tooth decay.
However, like most things in life, getting too much — or too little — of something can be an issue. Fluoride is an excellent example of the importance of balance. Overall, the mineral is safe and effective against cavities, but you should be aware of the minor risks of too much fluoride consumption. Most of these concerns stem from taking in too much of the mineral, particularly at a young age, which can cause dental fluorosis.
What Is Dental Fluorosis?
According to the ADA, dental fluorosis, also known as mottled teeth, occurs when children consume too much fluoride over too long a period of time while their teeth are developing. Most cases of fluorosis result from young children taking fluoride supplements or swallowing fluoride toothpaste when the water they drink is already fluoridated. Streaks, spots or pits may develop on the surfaces of the teeth once they come up above the gums. In severe cases, the enamel can develop brown, black or grey spots and the teeth can become pitted.
Don’t worry! It won't have a negative impact on your child's dental health. These streaks and spots are treatable and often reversible. Often, the condition is so mild that only a dental professional can detect it.
How to Prevent Fluorosis
The chance of developing fluorosis exists until about age eight because teeth are still forming under the gums. Here are some helpful guidelines concerning safe fluoride use for babies and kids.
Infant to three years old:
• Breastfed infants are unlikely to develop fluorosis, since breast milk is very low in fluoride. Even if they're drinking fluoridated water, nursing mothers and pregnant women don't pass large quantities of fluoride to their babies.
• Mothers who feed their babies formula should mix low-fluoride or fluoride-free water with powder or liquid concentrate. Ready-to-feed formula is also an option, since it contains minimal amounts of fluoride.
• When teeth come in, use only a smear (no bigger than a grain of rice) of fluoride toothpaste for twice-daily brushing.
• Spit it out! As soon as they are able, children should be taught to spit out toothpaste when brushing.
Ages three to eight:
• Continue brushing teeth thoroughly twice a day with a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste.
• DO NOT use fluoride mouth rinses for children under six unless advised to do so by a dentist or other health professional. Children younger than six haven’t fully developed their swallowing reflex and may swallow more than they spit out.
Remember, most fluorosis cases are preventable. Remind children to not swallow toothpaste while brushing. Speak to your dentist if you have concerns about the amount of fluoride your children are exposed to.
Fluorosis Treatment Options
In the developed world, fluorosis isn't associated with a medical condition that causes cavities or jeopardises your child's health. Some dental fluorosis cases are minor enough that treatment isn't necessary, especially if it occurs on the back teeth. However, there are treatment options such as teeth whitening if you're concerned.
Dietary Fluoride Supplements
Use dietary fluoride supplements only as prescribed by a doctor or a dentist. Fluoride supplements are recommended for children between 6 months and 16 years old living in areas where water is non-fluoridated and who are at high risk of developing tooth decay.
Fluoride in Your Drinking Water
According to the ADA, the recommended level of fluoride in water for dental health is 0.7 parts fluoride per million parts water. Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires public water systems to notify its customers if the natural occurring fluoride exceeds recommended levels.
If you live in an area where naturally occurring fluoride levels in drinking water exceed .7 parts per million, you should consider an alternative water source or home water treatments to reduce the risk of fluorosis for young children.
While the EPA does not have the authority to regulate private drinking water wells, it recommends that private well water be tested once a year. If your home is hooked up to a private well, it’s a good idea to have the fluoride level of the well tested yearly, especially if there are young children in the home. Naturally occurring fluoride levels can vary greatly from location to location. Provide your dentist and doctor with the results of the well water test so that they can provide you with accurate information on your family’s fluoride needs.
All in all, fluoride is safe when used as directed and has major benefits for your child's dental health. Don't worry, while some parts of teaching proper oral care aren't easy, making sure your kids get the right amount of fluoride is pretty simple. If you have questions, your dentist, paediatrician or family doctor can help you determine the proper amount of fluoride for your child.
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Hologram mummies reveal their insides at German museum | Culture| Arts, music and lifestyle reporting from Germany | DW | 28.06.2018
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Hologram mummies reveal their insides at German museum
Mummies no longer walk among us, but now we can walk among them — at the Roemer and Pelizaeus Museum in Hildesheim, that is. There, technology is being used to strip away a mummy's layers, uncovering its very bones.
You might have seen a mummy before, perhaps lying under glass in a museum, its skin taut on its bones. But few people can claim to have ever looked inside a mummy.
Starting June 30, visitors to the Roman and Pelizaeus (Roemer- und Pelizaeus) Museum in Hildesheim, a small city in Lower Saxony, will be able to do just that when they visit the exhibition Ta-cheru: A journey in the inside of a mummy.
Read more: Atacama mummy mystery solved: Alien-like skeleton was a human
A hologram of a child mummy
An animated hologram shows the inner details of a child's mummified body
Using high-resolution computer tomography, which produces digital cross-section images, the museum has been able to create 3D holograms of mummies that float in the air, allowing the visitor to examine them from all sides.
The technology allows for an even deeper look, as animated sequences then strip back, one by one, the layers of the mummified figure. Wrappings and bindings, skin, muscle — each layer is peeled away, revealing the finest of details until the skeletal system is finally exposed.
"The visitor gets a deep and real-life glimpse in the inside of a body that appears to be real," the museum said in its exhibition description.
In the case of the exhibition's namesake mummy, Ta-cheru, a 2,500-year-old woman from the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes, even her three remaining teeth and her fossilized skull will be visible, according to an April article in the Hildesheimer Allgemeinen Zeitung.
"Except for at one trade show, this has never been seen anywhere else before," Regine Schulz, the director of the museum, told the paper.
The museum's mummy experts worked with the University of Heidelberg's hospital to create the layered 3D-images. Digital reconstruction was also used so visitors can see the faces of the long-dead individuals on screens.
Read more: Syphilis-ridden Swiss mummy identified as Boris Johnson's ancestor
A mummy hologram floats in a clear pyramid structure
The museum experts did numerous CT-scans on various layers of the mummies to create the holograms
The exhibition also includes displays on how mummy research has changed our understanding of the eras when the individuals lived, as well as further information we could potentially learn from them in the future.
The Roman and Pelizaeus Museum is known for its work with mummies. In 2016 the museum displayed Germany's largest exhibition of mummies, with over 200 exhibits.
Ta-cheru: A journey in the inside of a mummy ("Ta-cheru: Eine Reise ins Innere der Mumie") can be seen at the Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum in Hildesheim from June 30 through September 30, 2018.
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World War II: Denazification
Denazification is a term used to describe the efforts made by the Allies to remove active members of the former National Socialist (Nazi) Party from official public office and influential positions in Germany after World War II.
At the Yalta Conference, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premiere Joseph Stalin proclaimed their desire to wipe out the Nazi party, institutions, organizations, laws and cultural influences from German public and cultural life once they secured the surrender of Germany. This pledge was reaffirmed in the Potsdam Declaration, which stated that "all members of the Nazi party who have been more than nominal participants … are to be removed from public or semi-public office and from positions of responsibility in important private undertakings." No guidelines were issued and the procedures and criteria were not clearly enunciated.
Denazification was carried out on the basis of questionnaires about activities during the period of Nazi rule that the suspects had to fill out. The four Powers occupying Germany - the United States, Soviet Union, Britain and France - determined varied proceedings in each area of occupation, and the results were accordingly inconsistent and served national purposes. The French used this policy to weaken their traditional enemy Germany. The British were more pragmatic and thus more lenient in their enforcement of denazification. The Americans had two conflicting tendencies: first, they had a general suspicion of all Germans and because of a sense of collective guilt, they could not easily distinguish between Nazis and others. Second, they sought to reeducate Germans for democracy, which took on added importance as the Cold War began. In the Soviet zone, the goal was to consolidate Communist rule and to eliminate capitalists and even take the property of the middle class.
The results were diverse policies serving divergent goals. At first, denazification had important consequences as those who were not "rehabilitated" were not appointed to important offices or granted specific licenses (for example, to publish newspapers). To consolidate the policies five categories were established in 1946: (1) major offenders; (2) offenders; (3) lesser offenders; (4) followers; (5) persons exonerated. As political conditions and political needs changed the commitment to denazification diminished, amnesties were declared, and enforcement was transferred to the Germans themselves.
The extent of denazification was criticized in view of the multitude of cases of people who were "rehabilitated" in spite of their Nazi past. Among them were many who were active in the war against the Jews in a variety of ways, e.g., professors P.H. Seraphim (active in the "Final Solution"), H.F.K. Guenther (the outstanding racial scholar of the Nazi period), who published antisemitic literature, and Dr. Hans Globke, co-author of the leading commentary on the Nuremberg Laws.
Still, despite the criticism, in the aftermath of the collapse of a totalitarian regime, occupying powers or successor governments look for ways to preserve the social, economic, cultural, and governmental structures of the given society while condemning the deeds and actors of a previous regime, and denazification is looked upon as an inviting precedent. It just could be that a fig leaf of procedural decontamination, however inadequate, is needed for a society to be rebuilt.
C. Fitzgibbon, Denazification (1969); R. Seeliger (ed.), Braune Universitaet: deutsche Hochschullehrer gestern und heute: eine Dokumentation, nos. 1–6 (1964–68); T. Bower, The Pledge Betrayed: America and Britain and the Denazification of Postwar Germany (1982); W.E. Griffith, The Denazification in the United States Zone of Germany (1966).
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Reviewed 5/3/2021
Stroke: Myth or fact?
Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. In fact, every four minutes an American dies from stroke, accounting for 1 out of every 20 deaths in the country. In addition, about 610,000 people have a stroke for the first time each year. Test yourself to see if you know the facts about this condition—and how to respond to it.
Myth or fact: A stroke is a type of heart attack.
Myth. A stroke is an attack on the brain, not the heart. Most strokes occur because a clot is blocking a blood vessel to the brain. Less frequently, strokes occur because a blood vessel in the brain has ruptured.
Myth or fact: It's hard to tell if someone is having a stroke.
Myth. FAST is an acronym that can help people identify when a stroke is occurring and respond quickly. It stands for:
Facial droop.
Arm or leg weakness.
Speech difficulty.
Time to call 911 to get that person to the hospital as fast as possible.
Myth or fact: After calling 911 for help, you should give an aspirin to the person having a stroke.
Myth. That instruction might be OK for a heart attack if the operator says to, but if doesn't work for a stroke. In fact, aspirin could worsen the situation if the person is having a bleeding stroke.
Myth or fact: A stroke can occur gradually, even over several days.
Myth. Strokes occur suddenly, usually without warning. If there is a warning, it comes in the form of a temporary stroke—called a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or warning stroke. Although symptoms of a TIA are temporary, you should take them seriously and see a doctor.
Myth or fact: You can recover from a stroke.
Fact. Most strokes are caused by blood clots. These clots can be broken up and blood flow to the brain restored if you get to the hospital quickly. After that, a stroke rehabilitation program can help you recover some or possibly all of the abilities affected by the stroke.
While it's possible to recover from a stroke, it's also possible to help prevent one from occurring. The first step is to find out your risk for stroke and talk with a doctor about ways to reduce it.
Learn your stroke risk
Sources: American Heart Association; American Stroke Association; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Related stories
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Synonyms of echo in English:
See US English definition of echo
See UK English definition of Echo
See Spanish definition of eco
1‘the hills sent back a faint echo of my shout’
reverberation, reverberating, reflection, resounding, ringing, repetition, repeat, reiteration, answer
2‘the scene she described was an echo of the one Lisa had always imagined’
duplicate, copy, replica, facsimile, reproduction, imitation, close likeness, exact likeness, mirror image, twin, double, clone, match, mate, fellow, counterpart, parallel
informal lookalike, spitting image, ringer, dead ringer
3‘was there even the slightest echo of the love they had known?’
trace, vestige, remains, remnant, relic, survival, ghost, memory, evocation, recollection, remembrance, reminiscence, reminder, souvenir, sign, mark, indication, token, suggestion, hint, evidence, clue, allusion, intimation
overtones, reminiscences
1‘his laughter echoed round the room’
reverberate, re-echo, resonate, resound, reflect, ring, pulsate, vibrate, be repeated
2‘Bill echoed Rex's words in a sarcastic sing-song’
repeat, say again, restate, reiterate, copy, imitate, parrot, parody, mimic
reproduce, iterate, recite, quote, rehearse, recapitulate, regurgitate
informal recap, trot out
rare reprise, ingeminate
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Socket Preservation Procedure
Preserving the Jaw Bone after Extraction
Removal of teeth is sometimes necessary as a result of pain, infection, bone loss, or due to fracture of a tooth. The bone that holds the tooth in place (the socket) is often damaged by disease and/or infection, exacerbating the defect in the jaw following tooth extraction. In addition, when teeth are extracted, the surrounding bone and gums can shrink and recede, creating unsightly irregularities and a collapse of the lips and cheeks.
These jaw defects can create significant challenges to performing restorative dentistry whether one’s treatment involves the fabrication of dentures or placement of bridges or dental implants. Jaw deformities following tooth removal can be prevented and repaired by a procedure called socket preservation. Socket preservation can greatly improve the appearance of one’s smile and increase the probability that dental implants can be placed successfully.
Several techniques can be used to preserve the bone and minimize bone loss following tooth extraction. A frequently used method involves filling the socket with bone or bone substitute after the tooth is removed. The site is then covered with artificial membrane, or tissue, which encourages and enhances the body’s natural ability to repair the socket. The gum tissue is then sutured to protect the socket preservation procedure. With this method, the socket is able to heal while eliminating shrinkage and collapse of the surrounding gum and facial tissues. The bone which is thereby encouraged to newly form in the socket, will also provide a foundation for an implant to be placed to replace the tooth. A socket preservation procedure is particularly considered when the front teeth are being replaced, and where esthetics are especially important.
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Revolutionizing hunger
Revolutionizing hunger
Revolutionizing hunger
How Palestinians faced impoverishment in the 1936 Revolt
Related Timeline Events
While land theft was the wide agenda of the British Mandate in Palestine, it also stole livelihood of which had formed a part of the identity of thousands of Palestinians. Despite the gaping hole of the loss of land that shaped Palestinian national identity for the following decades, it became at the same time a renewed cause for resistance, which continued to galvanize revolutions and Intifadas from 1936 until today.
Palestinians entered the second decade of the last century exhausted by natural disasters and global crises. Locusts devoured farmland in 1915, and in 1927 a terrible earthquake shook the country. Two years later, Palestinians felt the effects of an economic collapse resulting from the Great Depression, which lasted for many years after.1
• 1. Nakhleh, Kamel Mahmoud. Filastin wa al-Intidab al-Britani [Palestine and the British Mandate]. Beirut: 1974, p. 27.
Nablus Earthquake 1927
These successive crises fueled the British Mandate’s policies of counterinsurgency. The administration levied exorbitant taxes upon Palestinians ever since it took control over the country, collecting the taxes in the Egyptian currency without taking into consideration the prevailing miserable economic conditions.1 British authorities also tightened the screws on farmers by preventing them from using the railway to ship their crops, which in turn led to the crops’ overaccumulation and a decrease in their price. As a result farmers were unable to pay their taxes.
But this deliberate policy was not isolated to targeting tax funds. Palestinians were forced into mortgaging their own lands to Jewish moneylenders, and when the time for payment was exceeded, land ownership would be transferred to the moneylenders by court order.2
• 1. Al-Jundi, Radwan. Siyasat al-Intidab al-Britani al-Iqtisadiyya fi Filastin 1922-1939 [The Economic Policies of the British Mandate in Palestine 1922-1939]. Amman: Dar al-Karmal, 1986, p. 17.
• 2. Ibid, p. 18.
Land sale to Jews marked this era, legally and politically expedited by the British government to the point that it modified existing land laws to facilitate Jewish control over Palestinian land. Those included reforms to lands categorized as vacant, non-arable, and subject to expropriation, limiting Palestinian ownership of land and enabling British expropriation of large tracts of land belonging to peasants. Taking advantage of legal loopholes, the British deliberately sold land to Jewish companies and settlers, while Palestinians were unable to resist such systematic looting.1
• 1. Yassin, Abdul-Qader. Thawrat 1936 al-Wataniyeh al-Filastiniyya: Ma’ali Ahmad Ismat, Waqa’i al-Thawra [The Palestinian National Revolution: Ahmed Ismat, Proceedings of the Revolution]. Cairo: Markaz al-Mahrousa lil Nashr wa al-Khadamat al-Sahafiyya wa al-Ma’lumat, 2007, p. 181.
With the continuing flow of Jewish immigration to Palestine, the Mandate authorities only increased its land theft under the aegis of the new property laws, and land ownership increasingly found itself in Jewish hands. On top of that, the Jewish Agency specialized in buying hundreds of thousands of dunums from two Arab non-Palestinian owners, enabling it to purchase the lands of Marj Ibn Amer and Wadi al-Hawarath. After purchasing land from Arab owners, the Agency intensified its work to purchase land from the Palestinians themselves.1
• 1. Kabaha, Mustafa. Thawrat 1936 al-Kubra: Dawafi'uha wa In'ikasatuha [The Great Revolt of 1936: its Motivations and Implications]. Nazareth: al-Quds Library and Publications, 1988, pp. 26-27.
Britain did not stop at transferring Palestinian land to Jewish owners, fighting Palestinians for their daily provisions and pushing them into unemployment. These policies contributed to the economic crisis which befell Palestine1, reaching its zenith with the registration of over 12,000 unemployed Palestinians by the end of 1930.2 Many farmers were forced to turn to unskilled and cheap forms of labor, including cleaning and working in cigarette and tobacco companies.3
• 1. Himadeh, Said. The Economic System in Palestine. Beirut: The American Printing Press in Beirut, 1939.
• 2. Kayyali, Abdul Wahhab. Tarikh Filastin al-Hadith [The Modern History of Palestine]. Beirut: al-Mu'assasa al-Arabiyya lil Dirasat wa al-Nashr, 1999, p. 223.
• 3. Kanafani, Ghassan. The 1936-1939 Revolt: Background, Details and Analysis.” Palestinian Agency for Journalism and Publications. Jerusalem: Nasser Printing Press, p. 30.
Controlling access to Jerusalem 1936
The Mandate authorities’ unilateral decisions and clear favoring of Zionist forces in Palestine led to the growth of the Jewish economy at the expense of the owners of the land. Coupled with poor management and coordination, and the weaknesses of the Palestinian leadership, the British granted the Zionists all the privileges that enabled them to seize the wealth of the country. This seizure was carried out through the acquisition of large companies and projects, such as the Palestine Electricity project, the drainage of the Houla Lake project, and the Tel Aviv port.
By the mid-1930s, Palestinians reaching their breaking point after British colonialism and Zionist colonization stripped them of their means of survival. This set the stage for the outbreak of revolution.
Peasants in Revolt
Throughout the Mandate years, peasants and farmers were struck hard after the systematic dispossession of their lands. Unemployed, unable to provide for their families, they revolted against colonial policies.
Palestinians underwent successive periods of revolutionary upheaval starting in the 1920s. These acts of revolt were instigated and implemented by the poor and peasants, and revolutionary leaders came from this class ever since the Qassam revolution. Shaykh Izzeddin al-Qassam who was killed in the beginning of the revolution, was a peasant and vendor in Haifa. Ali Mahmoud Zarour, one of the first Qassam followers, was also a peasant and a vendor. Mohammed Salah, who was killed in the Battle of Buya in Nablus in 1938, was a peasant, and then a peddler. Other examples from the leadership include Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir, who was the owner of a small store that sold sacks, and Yusef Abu Durra and Shaykh Farhan al-Saadi.1
• 1. Hassouneh, Khalil Ibrahim. Al-Thawra al-Sha'biyya al-Filastiniyya: Thawrat 1936 Namudhajan [The Popular Palestinian Revolt: the Model of the 1936 Revolt]. Gaza: al-Markaz al-Qawmi lil-Dirasat wa al-Nashr, 2001, pp. 55-56.
These leaders and other revolutionaries worked to meet the needs of the revolution by using their own finances. They also worked to collect funds through monthly subscriptions and voluntary donations. Every candidate for the Qassam membership for example had to secure his personal weapon at his own expense. It can even be said that the revolutionaries were spending their own money on their political activity.1
The peasants and poor made up more than 90 percent of the revolutionaries of the Palestinian Revolution They were able to declare a revolution that was later joined by all segments of society, during which they managed to escalate their confrontations against the British and the Jews. Early on in the revolution, Palestinians realized the effectiveness of economic resistance and its importance in tipping the scales in their favor and achieving victories on the ground. This was especially true given the large military gap that put them at the bottom of the pyramid in terms of strength and the ability to wage a direct military war. Consequently, they declared a comprehensive strike that paralyzed all economic facilities, having little left to lose by already being dispossessed of most of their land and property.
• 1. Kanafani, Ghassan. The 1936-1939 Revolt, pp. 59-60.
With the outbreak of the revolution and the intensification of fighting against British and Jewish forces, the Palestinians began to carry out operations that targeted the resources and properties of the British and Jewish forces alike. The operations were in retaliation for the British destabilization of Palestinian economic capabilities, and sought to undermine British military supremacy on the ground. The strike directly halted governmental, agricultural and construction work. The port was also stopped in Jaffa and Jewish factories were halted by a strike by Arab workers in stone quarries.
The operations of the revolutionaries undertook strategic objectives, sabotaging transportation to the point that only British and Jewish transport remained operational with the beginning of the strike began.1
Acts of sabotage against crops and bush were carried out on the popular level, resulting in the burning of 80,000 citrus trees, some 62,000 fruit trees, 64,000 forest trees, and 4,000 acres of other crops, causing the British government losses of about 5.3 million pounds.2 Sporadic operations hit a number of major economic sites and installations, including railways and oil pipelines, and as of mid-May, tourism in Palestine was completely suspended.3
• 1. Khalifeh, Ahmad. Al-Thawra al-Arabiya al-Kubra fi Filastin 1936-1939: al-Riwaya al-Isra'iliya al-Rasmiya [The Great Arab Revolt in Palestine 1936-1939: An Official Israeli Account]. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1989, p. 18.
• 2. History of the Haganah. Volume 2, Part 2. 1959, p. 650.
• 3. Yassin, Palestinian National Revolution, p. 99.
These attacks struck at the economic foundations of the British and Jewish presence in Palestine, upsetting the balance that colonialism counted upon while Palestinians were starving. It also caused an imbalance in power, even for a short time, at the expense of the enemy, which had fortified itself over many years by military force. This was evidenced by an official British statement describing the misery in which their Mandate was engulfed at the time.
“The activities of these armed gangs included repeated attempts to paralyze transportation, cutting off telegraph and telephone lines, derailing trains, and trying to prevent the movement of traffic on public roads. This has caused great material damage, which has done massive harm to the economy of the country. Several attempts have been made to destroy the Haifa-Iraq oil pipeline and ignite the oil flowing from it. One of the strike’s important results was the closure of the Jaffa port effectively, although fortunately, the port of Haifa has so far been minimally affected.”1
• 1. Al-Asali, Bassam. Thawrat Shaykh Izzeddin al-Qassam [The Revolution of Sheikh Shaykh Izzeddin al-Qassam]. Beirut: al-Diwan, 1991, p. 157.
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SPCA New Zealand
Protecting pets from second-hand smoke
30 May 2019
Protecting pets from second-hand smoke
SPCA Chief Scientific Officer Dr Arnja Dale says people might not realise smoking can cause serious harm to pets. It has been proven that second-hand smoke increases health risks to pets and has been associated with cancers and respiratory infections, similar to the effect on humans.
Studies have shown that exposure to tobacco and second-hand smoke has been associated with certain cancers in dogs and cats, as well as eye, skin and respiratory diseases in birds, rabbits, guinea pigs, lizards and amphibians. It has also been proven to affect fish as the pollutants from smoke are absorbed into their water and can harm the fish.
The increase in the popularity of vaping has introduced new risks which pet owners may not be aware of. Ingestion of even small amounts of nicotine can result in nicotine poisoning. Nicotine poisoning is of particular concern with the liquid nicotine used in vapes as it is absorbed faster, the nicotine concentration may be higher than traditional cigarettes, and many use flavoured nicotine which makes them more appealing, particularly to dogs. If you do vape, make sure you keep the device and liquid nicotine in a safe place, out of reach of your pet.
“If you are still working through the process of quitting, don’t smoke around your pets, inside or outside. Keep both your home and car smokefree to reduce the risk of cancers and serious smoke-related health problems for your family and pets,” says Dr Dale.
Effects of second-hand smoke on cats:
Cats lick themselves when grooming and this causes them to ingest dangerous carcinogens from smoke that are absorbed by their fur. Cats in households with second-hand smoke exposure are almost 2.5 times more likely to develop malignant lymphoma as cats with no exposure. The risk increases to 3.2 times more likely in cats exposed for five or more years.
Effects of second-hand smoke on dogs:
Dogs exposed to second-hand smoke are more likely to suffer from a range of diseases, including nasal cancer, lung cancer, asthma and bronchitis, than non-exposed dogs. The shape of a dog’s head plays a role in the types of cancer most likely to develop. Long-muzzled dogs, such as collies, are 250 per cent more likely to develop nasal cancer, since their nasal passages have more surface area on which the toxins can accumulate. Breeds with short muzzles are more likely to develop lung cancer and other respiratory diseases.
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(redirected from fideists)
Also found in: Encyclopedia.
(fē′dā-ĭz-əm, fī′dē-)
Reliance on faith alone rather than scientific reasoning or philosophy in questions of religion.
[Probably from French fidéïsme, from Latin fidēs, faith; see bheidh- in Indo-European roots.]
fi′de·ist n.
fi′de·is′tic adj.
(Theology) the theological doctrine that religious truth is a matter of faith and cannot be established by reason. Compare natural theology
[C19: from Latin fidēs faith]
ˈfideist n
ˌfideˈistic adj
(ˈfi deɪˌɪz əm, ˈfaɪ di-)
exclusive reliance in religious matters upon faith, with consequent rejection of appeals to science or philosophy.
[1880–85; (< French fidéisme) < Latin fide-, s. of fidēs faith + -ism]
fi′de•ist, n.
fi`de•is′tic, adj.
a reliance, in a search for religious truth, on faith alone. — fideist, n. — fideistic. adj.
See also: Faith
References in periodicals archive ?
Nonbelievers may cast faith as the antithesis of reason and insist that beliefs are only worth holding when they grant certainty; believers, such as fideists and rationalists, may insist that faith is the acceptance of propositions constructed either from the Bible (as in the case of the former), or from reason (as in the case of the latter).
The book "Fideism", a part of which is devoted to the Kierkegaard's thoughts, also claims that Kierkegaard's thoughts can be found among the Islamic fideists who believe that intellect cannot lead us to the certainty [2].
Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century fideists reinforced this shift by stressing doctrines and propositions.
Greenblatt's Jefferson protects America from those zealous fideists who would seize the instruments of power for their purposes of destroying science, imposing a sadistic moral system on everyone, persecuting those not of the faith, and destroying our well-being by making us fear death.
As Frederick Beiser shows at considerable length in his magisterial work, The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte, skeptics and fideists advanced two related objections: first, that the logical conclusion to Kantian idealism was solipsism, the view that there is nothing beyond the circle of consciousness; and, second, that the path of Spinozistic naturalism leads of necessity to atheism.
For liberal modernists, the villains responsible for "decline" are typically "obscurantist," "anti-rationalist" currents: Sufis, Ashcaris, or Hanbali fideists. For fundamentalists (Salafis), the villains are typically the mystics, theologians, and philosophers who adulterated the "pure" Islam of the pious earliest generations with Neoplatonism, Greek logic, unbridled speculation, and popular syncretistic practices.
There are, after all, fideists and anti-evidentialists, who define themselves in opposition to reason and to belief proportioned to evidence.
Fortunately, the Christian trenches are filled not only with fideists but also with people who know by temperament, spiritual insight, and intellectual training the importance of patience and humor in the process of contesting any fixed agnostic Weltanschauung-as opposed to mere preaching or easy lambasting against the newest crowd of unbelievers coming to town (or campus).
The more so "because the Modernizers readily say that the encyclical Pascendi does not touch them, that they are neither immanentists, nor agnostics, not fideists or symbolists, or evolutionists--as if the encyclical Pascendi did not also speak of criticism, sociology, autonomism, etc.--and that consequently they alone are true Catholics, modern without Modernism." (18) What they do represent is accommodation, equivocation, conciliation, capitulation, a trafficking with adversaries of the Church.
First, Catholics are not opposed to reason or enemies of the mind, rightly used; they aren't fideists. 'Catholicism is not afraid of intelligence' (16), he writes.
There are religious fideists of various faiths who hold that moral truths cannot be known apart from God's special revelation.
This is not the language of an alien group of fideists. It is the language of Catholic thinkers and activists who are deeply involved in the essential needs of all human beings.
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Product Dumping: A Danger to Foreign Markets
Stacked Lumber
ImageSource / Getty Images
Dumping is an informal name for the practice of selling a product in a foreign country for less than either the price in the domestic country or the cost of making the product. It is illegal in some countries to dump certain products into them because they want to protect their own industries from such competition, especially because dumping can result in a disparity in the domestic gross domestic products of impacted countries, such was the case with Australia until they passed a tariff on certain goods entering the country.
Bureaucracy and International Dumping
Under the World Trade Organization (WTO) dumping is a frowned upon international business practices, especially in the case of causing material loss to an industry in the importing country of the goods being dumped. Although not expressly prohibited, the practice is considered bad business and often seen as a method to drive out the competition for goods produced in a particular market. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Anti-Dumping Agreement (both WTO documents) allow for countries to protect themselves against dumping by allowing tariffs in cases where that tariff would normalize the price of the good once it's sold domestically.
One such example of a dispute over international dumping comes between neighboring nations the United States and Canada in a conflict that came to be known as the Softwood Lumber Dispute. The dispute began in the 1980s with a question of Canadian exports of lumber to the United States. Since Canadian softwood lumber was not regulated on private land as much of the United States' lumber was, the prices were exponentially lower to produce. Because of this, the U.S. government claimed the lower prices constituted as a Canadian subsidy, which would make that lumber subject to trade remedy laws that fought such subsidies. Canada protested, and the fight continues to this day.
Effects on Labor
Workers' advocates argue that product dumping hurts the local economy for workers, especially as it applies to competition. They hold that safeguarding against these targeted cost practices will help detract the consequences of such practices between varied stages of local economies. Oftentimes such dumping practices result in increased favoritism of competition between workers, a sort of social dumping that results from making a monopoly of a certain product.
One such example of this on a local level was when an oil company in Cincinnati attempted to sell below-cost oil to diminish profits of competitors, thereby forcing them out of the market. The plan worked, resulting in a local monopoly of oil as the other distributor was forced to sell to a different market. Because of this, oil workers from the company who outsold the other were given preference in hiring in the area.
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Your Citation
Moffatt, Mike. "Product Dumping: A Danger to Foreign Markets." ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, Moffatt, Mike. (2021, February 16). Product Dumping: A Danger to Foreign Markets. Retrieved from Moffatt, Mike. "Product Dumping: A Danger to Foreign Markets." ThoughtCo. (accessed May 16, 2021).
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Organic Clothing VS. Fast Fashion
Organic Clothing VS. Fast Fashion are at opposite ends of the spectrum when we consider the effects that they both have on the environment.
What is organic clothing?
Organic clothing is produced, and often processed, using organic methods that work with the environment to prevent any negative impact.
What is fast fashion?
Fast fashion is a means of producing a high quantity of clothing, quickly, and in the cheapest way possible – factors that have an enormous impact on the environment.
Organic clothing vs. fast fashion
Fast fashion is, quite literally, costing us the earth. Fashion has been recognised as the second most pollutive industry, after oil, with it's tempting low prices destroying our planet.
The fabrics used by fast fashion are often not biodegradable, and can last up to 200 years! Cheap synthetic materials are of a poor quality, and are thought to be the main contributer of the micro-plastics plaguing our oceans and causing the death of countless marine animals. On top of this, the chemicals used in producing our fast fashion items are toxic to our environment, our water systems, and ourselves.
Did you know that just 1 pair of jeans required 7000 litres of water?! One Greenpeace study found that 400 billion metres of textiles are produced each year, of this figure, 60 billion will go to waste as scrap, with ¾ of all clothing items ending up in landfill or being incarcerated...shockingly, only ¼ of our clothes are recycled. And that is down to us!
As well as having a detrimental effect on the environment, fast fashion is infamous for the exploitation of workers. Customers of one particular brand have found notes hand stitched into their clothes stating that they are not being paid for their labour. Countless workers don't receive enough money to simply cover basic living costs, with 80% of these workers being female, underage, and from poor regions.
Luckily, there are actions that we can take to help both the environment and the workers reach a better future. Look for brands who are transparent about the process used to make their clothes and where the fabrics are sourced from. If you're unsure but want to know, you can ask them! A company who are unable or unwilling to share where they source their clothes are incredibly unlikely to be SOMETHING sustainably. Support the brands who offer up information about their sustainability without hesitation! Also check the labels of clothes to ensure that only organic materials have been used. If you're looking for items that have also been processed organically they will also need to have a GOTS label – GOTS is a worldwide standard of clothing which requires organic items to meet strict production and processing requirements. Upcycle/DIY your old clothes into new items that you can continue to wear or gift! There are also platforms which enable to you to sell/buy used clothes at a fraction of the cost. Some stores will give you vouchers for recycling your old clothes, and if none of these are available to you, you can simply donate your used clothes to charity. Download the 'Good On You' app for information about the sustainability of individual stores.
Organic clothing is produced sustainably and through ethical practice. Workers are paid a fair wage, the environment doesn't suffer, and the items themselves are of a better quality and will last longer! Organic clothing uses none of the practices of fast fashion, and despite costing a little more, this is nothing in comparison to the devastating effects of purchasing inexpensive clothing made from cheap and harmful materials. When considering organic clothing vs. fast fashion, there really is no contest!
Pre-existing brands are starting to become more sustainable, now it's down to us as consumers to increase the need for quality and environmentally friendly clothing! By investing in organic materials you are preventing damage to the environment, the exploitation of workers, and ensuring that your favourite clothes will last you a very long time.
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What is Vaping? Is it Different From E-Cigs?
What is E-Cigarette? An electronic cigarette is merely an electronic device which simulates smoking tobacco. It usually consists of a battery, an electrical power source like a battery or cell phone battery, and anatomizer. Instead of nicotine, the smoker inhales vap.
what is vaping
Therefore, an individual can still have the pleasure of smoking by inhaling vapor rather than smoke. As with smoking, there are many concerns about what is known as a safe degree of population. For example, the American Cancer Society has said that low degrees of certain carcinogens, such as secondhand smoke, are safe for vapors to exist in. However, you’ll be able to inhale very high degrees of those same compounds, particularly when the flavors used are highly sweetened like many desserts do.
Most vapor products sold in vapor stores are believed low-powered. They are typically only one or two volts of power, which is not high enough to supply nicotine to the user, but high enough to generate an aerosol. Therefore even in higher voltage electronic cigarettes, the vapor produced is normally not hot enough to trigger a reply from your body.
Due to this, it is important to remember that vapor from e cigarettes do not go through the same mechanisms that smoking does to enter the lungs and become poison. Even when an individual does inhale all the way through, the quantity of vapor that reaches the lungs is incredibly low. Many reports of individuals who have vaped note that the vapor does not lead them to feel sick or any side effects. In fact, many people claim that they don’t feel anything at all from merely puffing on one or two vapor devices.
This is important to remember due to how harmful chemicals such as propylene glycol and parabens can be in e cigarettes. These are commonly found in vapor because they are highly volatile ingredients. If they were in a good form, they would simply find yourself on the floor, triggering a chemical reaction with food and drinks, or other liquids. But because they are present in vapor form, they could be inhaled into the lungs minus the user knowing, causing serious health problems.
Another cause to be concerned about what is vaporizing is because a lot of cigarettes mimic smoking in a number of ways. For example, many are designed to look and act like a cigarette. As you would expect, since they perform basically the same manner, the burning of the paper and the heating of the metal bowl can cause some similarities between smoking and vapor production. Additionally, because the flavorings used are highly toxic, a few of the more common flavors can actually increase someone’s toxicity level if they’re consumed in any significant amount over a long period of time.
Having said that, there are two major differences between what is vaporizing and smoking. The main difference is that the vapor is inhaled whereas smoking is ingested. Because of this vapor is a far better thing to inhale than is smoke. Also, because it is vapor, there is less of it being delivered into the air. Therefore, there is no need to worry about things such as asthma becoming common.
In general, e cigarettes are great products for young people. They are cheap, convenient, they’re healthy, they are enjoyable, they’re fun, etc. Vaporizing e cigarettes is not one of those negatives. While it is true that the vapor could cause some Element Vape serious health problems in a few people, overall it is a great way to go. Not just that, but they are also a whole lot safer than conventional cigarettes. So, if you’re looking to purchase an electronic cigarette to give to a friend or a loved one, ensure that they do not have nicotine allergies and that you are over eighteen years.
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Advantages and disadvantages of programming education
2019-05-20 午後3.09.10
sponsored by LAYLA
Advantages and disadvantages of programming education
Based on the ‘Japan Revitalization Strategy 2016’, which announced by the Japan Economic Revitalization Headquarters, they have decided that programming education will be compulsory in elementary schools from 2020, junior high school from 2021, and high school from 2022.
A lot of media are taking about because this plan starts from next year.I think people who are not familiar with programming have no idea why they will be required to study.
So, in this article, I will write about the pros and cons of programming education.
Here we will introduce the benefits of programming education.
Lead to social development
For People who don’t understand programming at all, maybe they have no idea how important programming is, our daily life is surroundings by full of programming.
In addition, the Internetization of everyday items is rapidly advancing due to Iotization. Agriculture and other primary industries are likely to be more efficient and productive by using programming.
Children’s vision will be more opened
By touching programming from young helps children to have many more options for the future.
Twenty years ago, who would have imagined that programmers are in high demands? Another twenty years from now, probably, there will be a new occupation.
For that reason, there is no doubt to say that learn programming that linked to various things will be a huge benefit for children’s future.
Next, I will introduce the disadvantages of programming education.
Lack of teachers
It will be compulsory in elementary school from next year, and after 3 years it will be compulsory in every single schools in Japan.
How many teachers can teach programming? Are there enough teachers to teach hundreds of children?
Also, how many people can teach useful programming that can actually be used and high quality of it even they can teach? Even if it becomes compulsory, there is no point if they cannot maintain the quality of education.
Maybe, the low quality of programming study leads children to hate programming.
More children prefer to play inside now
The biggest disadvantage is maybe children become more indoor person.
Primary school children and junior high school students are growing a lot. And,outdoor activities and club activities help children’s body grow in healthy way.
It is also possible to have an bad effect on their health if they spend more time indoors because they become too passionate about programming.
Also, the actual physical experience may be reduced. The opportunity to actually get in touch with people may be replaced by the time that they face the computer. Programming education has both advantages and disadvantages.
However, if we don’t actually start, we never know what will happen. There is a great possibility that the future will be lighten up. So, there is no need to worry about the disadvantages only. This is a topic that you do not want to miss.
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Cut Out the Cardboard Parts
You'll need to cut out three cardboard parts to make the dreidel: the body, the lid, and the separate CPX holder. You can measure and cut them freehand, or print out the PDF template below onto copy paper and trace it onto some stiff cardboard. You can also adapt the template to use with a programmable cutter, if you have one.
Make the Body
The body of the dreidel is made up of a cube around the middle and an upside-down square pyramid on the bottom. The cube is 2 1/2 inches on each side (the length of the battery case, so it fits snugly inside). The pyramid is 2 1/8 inch high. If you are tracing the template onto your cardboard, cut around the shapes shown in gray, then skip down to the directions for cutting the letters out of the sides.
Measuring and Cutting the Body Freehand
If you want to make the dreidel freehand, measure and cut the whole body out of a piece of cardboard 10 1/4 inches wide (the width of the four squares that make up the middle, plus a little extra for a tab) and 4 5/8 inches high.
In the photo at the top of the page, I lined up the fold line between the cube and the pyramid with a fold in the cereal box cardboard. Next, I drew lines to show the edges between the cubes (not visible in the photo). Then I made marks along the bottom, in the center of each cube, to show the point of each triangle that makes up the pyramid and drew lines to connect the point to the edges of the cubes.
Make the Cut-Out Letters
The Hebrew letters nun, gimel, hey, and shin on the side of the dreidel stand for the Yiddish words that tell the player what to do. Here is what they look like and what they signify in the game:
The letter Nun stands for nisht or “nothing.” Player does nothing.
Gimel stands for gantz or “everything.” Player gets everything in the pot.
Hey means halb or “half.” Player gets half the pot (rounding up if there's an odd number).
Shin is for shtel ayn or “put in.” Player adds a game piece to the pot.
You need to cut the letters out of the sides of the dreidel to let the CPX lights inside shine through.
Draw or trace the letters on the sides of the dreidel in the order shown on the template above.
An easy way to cut them out by hand is to poke holes with a push pin all along the line.
Then use a pen or pencil to punch out the letters until the openings are wide enough to let light through.
Fold and Close Up the Body
Fold the middle of the body along the dotted lines between each square, as shown on the template. The blank side of the cardboard faces out. Fold each triangle along the bottom of each square in the same direction.
To make the pyramid bottom, match up the sides of the first and second triangles and tape them together. Continue all the way around. The tabs go inside the dreidel.
Use extra layers of tape if needed to seal up any cracks between the edges.
Make the Lid and Handle
The lid is a 2 1/2 inch square with tabs around three sides. In the center is a hole for the straw which acts as a handle.
Fold up the tabs on the sides of the lids. (Unlike my prototype, you should keep the blank side of the cardboard on the outside.)
Use the template to locate the hole for the straw, or draw two lines connecting opposite corners of the square lid to find the center.
Use a pen or pencil to poke a hole for the straw. Make it just big enough for your straw to fit through.
Cut a piece of straw about 3 inches long. Make four short snips around the bottom. Fold out the resulting tabs.
Insert the straw through the hole so the tabs are on the underside of the lid. Tape the tabs securely to the lid.
Attach the Lid
Use generous amounts of tape to attach the lid firmly to the body of the dreidel.
Then attach peel-and-stick Velcro dots around the outside of the tabs, and the inside of the body, to keep the lid closed when you are spinning it.
Important: Attach the lid to the Hey side of the dreidel.
Finish the Body
All that's left for the dreidel build is to reinforce the tip and cover the letters.
The CPX and battery pack adds a lot of weight to the dreidel, so beef up the tip by filling it with hot glue. Just squirt some glue as far down as you can reach and let it harden. I used about one small-sized stick of glue.
To make a cover for the dreidel to hide the letter cut-outs, cut a strip of plain white paper 2 1/2 inches high and about 10 1/4 inches long. Fold it in half, then fold each half in half so the edges meet in the middle.
Use a glue stick or spray-on glue to attach the paper to the dreidel. Wrap the strip of paper around the middle, keeping it as smooth as possible.
This guide was first published on Dec 03, 2018. It was last updated on Dec 03, 2018.
This page (Make the Dreidel) was last updated on May 16, 2021.
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New Telescopes
blog post by Jeremy Rigney
The most well-known telescope at the I-LOFAR site is undoubtedly I-LOFAR itself, the football pitch sized radio antenna array that lies within the grounds of the Birr Castle Demesne. The majority of the telescopes currently at the I-LOFAR site (known as Rosse Observatory) are radio antenna, observing the sky in wavelengths of light ranging from centimetres to metres.
However, earlier this year I-LOFAR took delivery of two new, smaller optical telescopes from KTEC Telescopes for education and public engagement, and supported by the Science Foundation Ireland Discover 2020 Astronomical Midlands programme. This is a good opportunity to describe how these optical telescopes work, and to discuss their differences to LOFAR and similarities to more traditional radio-dish antennae.
The Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope
A Cassegrain reflecting telescope comprises of a large concave light gathering mirror with a hole in the center. This primary mirror reflects light from the source being observed to a smaller convex mirror in front of it. This secondary mirror reflects and focuses the light through the central hole of the primary mirror and into an eyepiece lens system. A Schmidt corrector lens can be placed in front of the primary mirror to correct for spherical aberration. Spherical aberration occurs when light reflected from the edge of a concave mirror does not meet at the same point as light reflected from closer to the center. This can lead to a blurry image when the light is re-aligned through the eyepiece.
diagram of cassegrain design with schmidt corrector plate
[Left] Light rays through a Cassegrain telsecope design. [Right] The addition of a Schmidt Corrector Lens to account for spherical abberation. This is the design of the Celestron. (Image modified from
The Cassegrain design can be used in both optical and radio-dish telescopes, an example of this can be seen at the 140 foot radio telescope in Greenbank, West Virginia, USA.
I-LOFAR now has an 8-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain Celestron NexStar Evolution 8HD telescope with Starsense. We were lucky enough to obtain the 60th anniversary edition from KTEC! The primary mirror is 8-inches (approx. 20.3cm) in diameter, which allows you to see objects over 4,500 times dimmer than you can see unaided. Starsense is an automated alignment system to quickly find the desired source. This telescope came with a number of filters useful for astronomical imaging. Certain wavelengths are characteristic of processes occurring in space. For example, the Hydrogen alpha line, a red wavelength at precisely 656.28 nanometers, helps determine the rate of star formation in nebulae within the galaxy. The Celestron telescope also has a white light solar filter, allowing you to stare directly at the sun (through the eyepiece) during the day. In addition to this, I-LOFAR also now has a dedicated solar telescope.
The Refracting Solar Telescope
The Lunt LS60THa/B1200PT solar telescope is refracting telescope. It uses lenses instead of mirrors to focus the light to an eyepiece. As this telescope is looking at the brightest object in the sky (the sun is 400,000 times brighter than a full moon), a number of special filters are required to protect the observer’s eye. Many amateur solar telescopes observe the sun in the Hydrogen-alpha wavelength. Much more detail can be observed in this region, which highlights the chromosphere. Prominences, spicules, filaments and flares are all visible at this level of the sun. A special filter is used to only allow the hydrogen alpha wavelength of light to pass through. Observing with this filter reduces the intensity of the light, however an Etalon filter is also required. An Etalon filter rejects any scattered light and any other wavelengths outside the desired Hydrogen alpha wavelength range of approximately 1 angstrom, or 0.1 nanometers. Dark filters may also be used to further reduce the intensity for safe viewing through the eyepiece.
solar telescope design
The design of a solar telescope, using lenses to focus the light and filters to reduce the intensity.
I-LOFAR is very different to these traditional telescope designs. It is a radio antenna array, with no moving parts. LOFAR uses software to delay signals from its antennas, creating a ‘beam-like’ shape of sensitivity to a small region in the sky. What’s more, many of these antennas across Europe can be pointed to the same source, and their signals combined to form a telescope dish almost 2,000 km in diameter. LOFAR is also sensitive to much longer wavelengths than the optical telescopes mentioned above. It therefore observes different processes in the universe, and from the sun, that emit in radio.
Both the Celestron and solarscope were supplied by Ktec telescopes, their website is The telescopes were funded through the Science Foundation Ireland Discover programme. An excellent article on observing the sun with the same solar telescope can be read here. Another equally brilliant blog by Professor Ian Morrison can be found here His blog goes into much more detail about the internal workings of the solar telescope and best practices to achieve high resolution solar images in Hydrogen alpha. The diagram of the solar telescope is also credited from this blog
The new Celestron Scmidt-Cassegrain telsecope with a solar filter on a bright sunny day at I-LOFAR
The new solarscope outside the Education Centre at I-LOFAR
140ft Cassegrain Radio Telescope, Greenbank Observatory
The 140 ft radio telescope at Greenbank has a Cassegrain design, with the radio waves reflecting from the large concave dish to a smaller convex, then down the central barrel. It was used for scientific observations until 2001, then used as a communications link for the Specktr-R satellite until 2019.
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Quick Answer: Which Is The Term For Singing Without Instrumental Accompaniment?
What is it called when you sing?
When you serenade someone, you play or sing a song, often outdoors.
The word serenade can be both a noun — the song itself — and a verb — the act of singing or playing the song..
What does accompaniment mean?
1 music : an instrumental or vocal part designed to support or complement a melody sang the song with a piano accompaniment. 2a : an addition (such as an ornament) intended to give completeness or symmetry to something : complement a tie that’s a nice accompaniment to his new suit.
What is a song without music called?
A cappella (/ˌɑː kəˈpɛlə/, also UK: /ˌæ -/, Italian: [a kapˈpɛlla]; Italian for ‘”in the manner of the chapel”‘) (sometimes spelled “a capella” from Latin) music is group or solo performance without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way.
What does a capella mean?
What do you call a song with only vocals?
4 Answers. Even though a cappella is technically correct, I think the term you’re really looking for is vocals. If you’re trying to isolate the vocal track from the instrumental tracks of a song (which I think is what you’re doing), the result can be called: an isolated vocal track.
What is vibrato definition?
: a slightly tremulous effect imparted to vocal or instrumental tone for added warmth and expressiveness by slight and rapid variations in pitch. Other Words from vibrato Example Sentences Learn More about vibrato.
What does falsetto mean?
What are the examples of vocal music?
Other types of secular, or non-religious, vocal music include jazz vocal works and popular music like funk and rock. Pop songs by recent stars, such as Beyonce and Lady Gaga, as well as famous songs done by the Beatles and Frank Sinatra, are all examples of vocal music.
What is it called when you sing without music accompaniment?
Who can sing 5 octaves?
What’s the opposite of acapella?
What is the opposite of a capella?instrumental musicband musicorchestral musicinstrumentalmusical accompaniment
How do you spell emperor?
Correct spelling for the English word “emperor” is [ˈɛmpəɹə], [ˈɛmpəɹə], [ˈɛ_m_p_ə_ɹ_ə] (IPA phonetic alphabet).
How can you describe the song of Thailand?
It is characterized by rapid-fire, rhythmic vocals and a funk feel to the percussion. The lead singer, also called a mor lam, is most often accompanied by the khaen, also known as khene. There are about fifteen regional variations of mor lam, plus modern versions such as mor lam sing.
What does a capella mean in music?
Is it acapella or a cappella?
Why do singers vibrate their voice?
Scientists have shown that vibrato in singing is the result of the work-rest cycle of the muscles in your voice. Think about when you lift something heavy. Your muscles start to shake after a while, right? That’s because as your muscles become fatigued, certain muscles switch on and off in order to rest.
Is vibrato good in singing?
Not at all. A great vibrato is a sign of good vocal technique, because that ‘spin’ indicates a well-functioning set of vocal folds that is free of unnecessary constriction.
What is a vocal?
(Entry 1 of 2) 1a : uttered by the voice : oral. b : produced in the larynx : uttered with voice. 2a : given to expressing oneself freely or insistently : outspoken a highly vocal critic.
What do you call background music?
Why did Adam leave home free?
But ever since 2016, longtime fans of the group have had to get used to seeing baritone singer Adam Chance in the place of one of its founding members. After being with the group from the start, baritone harmony singer Chris Rupp announced he was leaving to pursue a solo career and other passion projects.
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Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The legal system consisted of higher and lower courts and had adopted a jury system, the laws were enforced by the South African Republic Police which were divided into Mounted Police and Foot Police. Beginning in , the Greek War of Independence began as a rebellion by Greek revolutionaries against the ruling Ottoman Empire. Skip to main content. In Sarie was hit by a bullet. A separate city from the late s until the s, Soweto is now part of Johannesburg, Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been separated as a residential area for blacks, who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper. She married Louis Jacobus Nel in in Pietermaritzburg.
However, the majority of prisoners of war were sent overseas, the camps were poorly administered, the food rations insufficient to maintain health, standards of hygiene were low, and overcrowding was chronic. A major hit, it was made with Vitaphone, which was at the time the brand of sound-on-disc technology. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of , square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. The origins of the song are unclear. This accounts for the reference to the Kakies af or khakis , as the Boers called the British soldiers during the Second Anglo-Boer War. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively.
Ek was so bang, dat die Kakies my sou vang En ver oor die see wegstuur; Toe vlug ek na die kant van die Upington se sand Onder langs die groot Rivier. The simplified relation between the West Germanic languages. Film industry statistics and reports. Set in a British POW campthe film concentrates on a group of Boer prisoners as they pass the time under the watchful eye of their British captors.
The Company in directed that only Dutch should be taught in the schools and this resulted in the Huguenots assimilating by the middle of the 18th century, with a loss to the community in the use and knowledge of French. The First Boer War Afrikaans: The war had its origin in the issue of slavery.
Glenda Sluga notes that The twentieth century, a time of disillusionment with nationalism, was also the great age of globalism. Another account is that the song dates from the First Anglo-Boer War Nationalism means devotion for the nation and it is a sentiment that binds marasi people zarie. Pretoria is a city in the northern part of Gauteng, South Africa. Some view the surrounding the city of Johannesburg yet more broadly than the metropolitan area, adding Ekurhuleni, West Rand and Lenasia.
Sarie Marais
When she was 16 years old, she met Jacobus Petrus Marajs – journalist and later a well-known poet who wrote under the pseudonym of Jepete in ” Ons Kleintje ” and was editor of ” Di Patriot “.
To the west, by summer the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. Classroom resources for teachers. On July 4, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power.
Shortly after this film’s release, a group of Afrikaner nationalists established a film production organisation called the Reddingsdaad-Bond-Amateur-Rolprent Organisasie Rescue Action League Amateur Film Organisationwhich rallied against British and American films pervading the country.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. She lived near the Mooi River before madais war began She was not hit by the English soldiers, but by others.
Sarie Marais (Afrikaans, DVD)
Not all belligerents have consistently applied the convention in all conflicts, before the Peace of Westphalia, enemy combatants captured by belligerent forces were usually executed, enslaved, or held for ransom. Clockwise from top left: The earliest feature-length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects, the first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer, released in October European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast.
Set in a British POW campthe film concentrates on a group of Boer prisoners as they pass the time under the watchful eye of their British captors. It is estimated that about 56, soldiers died in prisons during the war, during a period of 14 months in Camp Sumter, located near Andersonville, Georgia,13, of the 45, Union soldiers confined there died.
It too suggests the song’s origins go back to Sweet Ellie Rhee. Marqis married Louis Jacobus Nel in in Pietermaritzburg. Use film and TV in my classroom. Louis Botha Afrikaans pronunciation: Originally entitled Sarie Marais — a saarie which at the time of its first publication was synonymous with the idea of empowered Afrikaans womanhood — it was the first Afrikaans magazine to focus on the female market, with a content ranging from fashion, decor, and beauty to relationship advice and family planning.
Sarie Marais () | BFI
Over 26, women and children died in the camps during the wars, the first international convention on prisoners of war was signed at the Hague Peace Conference of Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. His enthusiasm catches on with the other prisoners, giving them hope for the future.
In aarie, Robert E. The Dutch East India Company had been formed in the Dutch Republic inin one of their ships was stranded in Table Bay, and the shipwrecked crew had to forage for themselves on shore for several months.
It should be noted there are significant differences among POW camps, internment camps. Dickson as a test of the early version of the Edison Kinetophonecombining the Kinetoscope and phonograph. Sy het in die wyk van die Mooirivier gewoon, Voor dat die oorlog begin. The British government is just like a malign crocodile—it keeps dragging one into sarue water.
jovie Daar onder langs die Grootrevier. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in Depiction of a Zulu attack on a Boer camp in February After this deputation, some reforms were granted.
Sarie Marais – Wikipedia
She was not hit by the English soldiers, but by movei. The influence of small body of immigrants on the character of the Dutch settlers was marked. This accounts for the reference to the Kakies af or khakisas the Boers called the British soldiers during the Second Anglo-Boer War.
Among the 34 U.
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Is Lacrosse a Contact or a Non-Contact Sport? Men’s VS Women’s Lacrosse
The answer to this question is that men’s lacrosse is a contact sport, while women’s lacrosse is a non-contact sport (or more specifically, a limited-contact sport).
Lacrosse is one of the most exciting and fastest-growing sports in North America today. It requires tremendous athleticism and energy and is popular in high schools and universities across the country.
It is also one of the oldest sports in the world; an early version of this game was played by Native Americans. It was originally a game that involved a lot more players and a lot more physical contact than its present form. The game was played between different tribes, and the goals could be situated miles apart. Over the years, lacrosse has been fine-tuned into the beloved game it is today.
If you’ve ever seen a lacrosse game, you’ll notice that it’s very fast-paced and that it requires a tremendous team effort. Players run around the field, lacrosse sticks are moved around with great speed, and the lacrosse ball darts around the field like a pinball.
Let’s dive right in to see what lacrosse is.
What is Lacrosse?
The two things you will notice immediately when watching a lacrosse game are the lacrosse sticks and the lacrosse ball. The premise of the game is simple: get the lacrosse ball into your opponent’s net using your lacrosse stick, and your team scores a goal. Think of the game of soccer but played with sticks and you’ll get the idea.
There are two main versions of this game: men’s lacrosse and women’s lacrosse. (There are also two other lesser played versions of this game: box lacrosse and intercrosse).
Before you play lacrosse, it’s important to have all the right equipment:
• A lacrosse stick
• A helmet
• Mouthguards
• Lacrosse gloves
• Pads for men’s lacrosse (shoulder pads, rib pads, and elbow pads)
A lacrosse field is 110 – 120 yards long and 60 – 70 yards wide. It is divided into 3 areas: the defensive area, the wing area, and the attack area.
10 players are allowed to be on the field at a given time. The 10 players are 3 defenders, 3 middies, 3 attacks, and 1 goalie. There must always be 4 players in the defensive zone and 3 players in the offensive zones. Any team that violates this rule is deemed offside.
Using the net of their lacrosse sticks, players need to catch, carry, pass or shoot the lacrosse ball into their opponent’s goal. Their team earns points when they successfully do so. A lacrosse game is 60 minutes long, divided into 4 sections of 15 minutes each. The team with the highest points at the end of the game wins.
A few other things to note: The lacrosse ball can only be passed using lacrosse sticks; it cannot be touched by hand (except for the goalie). The game must be played within the field, and the game is stopped once the ball is out of bounds. If the ball goes out of bounds, the opposing team is then granted the possession.
What is a contact sport?
A contact sport is a sport in which players can be expected to come into physical contact with other players. This means that a contact sport is intentionally designed to cause players to come into close contact with each other (and not merely by accident). The physical contact can happen between the bodies, or the playing equipment, of two or more players.
There are, however, different levels of contact that are possible in contact sports. Let’s have a look at a few of them:
1. Full-Contact
These sports allow for players to come into physical contact with each other intentionally and sometimes forcefully during the game. These sports can occasionally result in significant injury.
Examples of full-contact sports are American football, rugby, and soccer.
2. Semi-Contact
These sports allow players to come into physical contact with each other, but only during short bursts of time. These sports are slightly safer than full-contact sports as they are designed with rules in place to prevent serious injury.
Examples are taekwondo, kickboxing, and karate.
3. Limited-Contact
These sports also involve physical contact, but the difference between limited contact sports and full-contact or semi-contact sports is that the rules of the game are specifically designed to minimize contact between players. This means that if physical contact does happen, it is usually in violation of the rules.
Examples are basketball, dodgeball, and netball.
4. Non-contact
These sports involve no physical contact between players. Usually, this is achieved by players being physically apart, making it nearly impossible to come into contact with each other. In the game of tennis, which is a non-contact sport, players stand at opposite sides of the tennis court and are separated by a net, making physical contact extremely unlikely.
Examples are golf, bowling, and snooker.
What are the differences between men’s lacrosse and women’s lacrosse?
The biggest difference between men’s lacrosse and women’s lacrosse is that physical contact is allowed in men’s lacrosse and forbidden in women’s lacrosse, although some physical contact may still happen due to players being in close proximity to one another.
This is the reason that men’s lacrosse is classified as a contact sport, while women’s lacrosse is classified as a non-contact sport (although, more accurately, it is a limited-contact sport as physical contact is still likely to happen).
This means that if a player touches or knocks into another player in women’s lacrosse, it’s considered a foul.
For this reason, players in women’s lacrosse are not required to wear pads. Players in the men’s sport wear padding on their bodies, as well as helmets with masks. However, players in women’s lacrosse still have to wear gloves, goggles, and mouth guards.
There are also 12 players in women’s lacrosse compared to 10 in the men’s version of the sport. In women’s lacrosse, players additionally need to abide within certain boundaries on the field that are not required in the men’s version of the sport.
Both men’s and women’s lacrosse permit stick checking. Stick checking is the blocking or manoeuvering of an opponent’s stick by striking or applying pressure at the top of their stick. This doesn’t necessarily have to include body contact. Another example of a sport in which stick checking is practiced is ice hockey.
As we have seen, men’s lacrosse and women’s lacrosse contain different rules on physical contact, making men’s lacrosse a contact sport and women’s lacrosse a non-contact (or limited contact) sport.
Lacrosse is an exciting game to watch, and an even more exciting game to play. Playing lacrosse will improve hand-eye coordination and builds teamwork. Because it involves manoeuvering a tiny ball with the net of a stick, it is entirely different gameplay than other ball sports such as basketball or soccer.
Now that you know a little about lacrosse and its rules, why not go to a game and watch it play out yourself? Or better, why not give it a go? With its popularity across the United States, you’ll find yourself in good company. Most metropolitan areas will have multiple teams near you, so give it a try.
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MenuWorld War II: Pierre Schunck, his resistance in Valkenburg (Holland). Its Liberation by the 120th Rgt. of the 30th Infantry Division (Old Hickory) of the 19th Corps of the First US Army text, no JavaScript Log in This page in EnglishCette page en FrançaisEsta página em Portuguêstopback
Public Resistance
from: Dutch De geschiedenis van Valkenburg-Houthem (History of Valkenburg-Houthem)
If you should have any comments on my translation (I’m Dutch) or additional information, please use the contact form
Many Dutch people went out with a white carnation in the buttonhole on June 29th, 1940, prince Bernhard’s birthday. Because this was the coat of arms flower of the prince. It was the first public resistance act against the Nazi power.
Probably the Dutch people never understood better the words in the national anthem
„de tyrannie verdrijven
die mij mijn hert doorwondt“
(banish the tyranny, that wounds my heart)
than just thin these bitter occupation years. The number of resistance fighters grew gradually as a result of the obstinacy with which the Nazi ideology was imposed, the increasing lack of rights, the persecution of the Jews, the shootings of hostages, the numerous deportations to the concentration camps, the forced labor service in the German armament industry, the statement of loyalty, that every student had to sign, as well as the captivity of the Dutch army.
These and many other things nursed the resistance will. The hate for German and Dutch Nazis increased. Public resistance to the merciless oppression and the violation of fundamental human rights happened still more frequently.
Organised Resistance
The necessity to help the many people who went underground, Jews, crashed allied pilots, and former Dutch soldiers escaped from camps for prisoners of war, stimulated the need for more unity. Smaller opposition groups went to work in a larger context, namely in the L.O. (The national organization for help to people who went underground). They divided Limburg into 10 districts. Apart from this organization the „knokploeg“ (task force, thug troop), called K.P. briefly, was set up. They got hold of ID papers and food ration cards, frequently under use of force. As of the end of 1944 the complete K.P. in Limburg was under the management of Jacques Crasborn from Heerlen.
After some time in Valkenburg a K.P. was created, too. It initially consisted of two men, the teachers Jo Lambriks and Jeng Meijs, whose first was a pupil in the class of Jacques Crasborn some years before. Later George Corbey became the third member of the KP Valkenburg. The name evokes a violent thug gang, but most of the KP people were not combative, though of course sometimes they did not shrink from a forceful action, if necessary. The task of the KP was no other than to ensure the livelihood of people in hiding. (The L.O. provided the distribution). They gathered materials, illegal reading, ration cards and sometimes even German uniforms for use on the occasion of robberies. Most activities took place during the night.
Leader of the L.O. in Valkenburg was Pierre Schunck. Among others, Harry van Ogtrop and Gerrit van der Gronden were members. Of course there were more people, up to municipality officials, who cooperated now and then under a complete discretion. Thus it was the municipal Hein Cremers and especially Guus Laeven, who ensured at the end of the war that the entire register of the registry office of Valkenburg „somehow“ got lost, when the Germans had the idea to force all male inhabitants between 16 and 60 years old to work in digging trenches.
The organized resistance in Limburg started in the city of Venlo in February 1943. A primary teacher there, Jan Hendricx (alias Ambrosius), became the leader of the L.O. in Limburg, supported by father Bleijs (alias Lodewijk) and chaplain Naus. The soul of the Limburg resistance was L. Moonen (alias Uncle Leo), the secretary of the diocese. By his help they established the necessary connections all over the diocese in short time so that Limburg had a well established resistance organization by the end of the year 1943.
Active Resistance in the Region of Valkenburg
In a publication about the resistance in Limburg during the second World War one can read, that in and around Valkenburg, nothing significant happened in this regard. The small private archives of Pierre Schunck (alias Paul Simons), one of the resistance fighters in Valkenburg surviving the war, prove the opposite. Not only his personal report with notes and pictures shows this, but also a number of genuine and forged ID cards, ration coupons, notes of underground people with secret messages („from Z18 to R8“), illegally printed and stenciled matters, lists of official aid to war victims during the occupation, a file on Jewish victims.
Here are the testimonys on organized hiding aid in the region of Valkenburg during the years of German occupation, on the assistance to crashed allied pilots, the attack on the registry office, which made the deployment of men from this area in the German production process largely impossible; on the large scale manipulations of distribution records, which made it finally necessary to raid and plunder the distribution office in Valkenburg, so that falsifications not should come to light; on emptying a warehouse of radio equipment in Klimmen; on the hiding of precious liturgical vessels and chasubles from the Jesuit monastery in Valkenburg; on incidental stunts as the pillaging of a railway carriage full of eggs (decorated with a banner: „A gift of the Dutch people to the German army!“) and of a ton of butter from the dairy in Reymerstok (which worked for the Wehrmacht. With actions like this the German uniforms and the army vehicle mentioned below were very useful. A. Schunck).
The Raid on the Distribution Office
During a long time, in every period of four weeks, some officials of Valkenburg’s distribution office had been able, via various crooked tours, to obtain clandestinely between 500 and 1000 complete sheets with ration coupons for the people who went underground. However, it could not fail to appear, that this would be discovered one day to come soon (the old director, Th. van Hinsberg, had to go underground and was replaced by two young, very attentive Nazis. A.S.). First, they tried to have printed new counterfeit cards in Amsterdam, but a German raid in that print shop prevented this solution.
So they launched a daring plan. It was usual that every evening, the keys of the safe of the distribution office and such things were given to the police for storage in an envelope with five wax seals and the signature of the director. For a while, they fished the wax seals from the wastebasket every day, after much trying the signature was counterfeit on a equal envelope and gradually similar keys were bought. They prepared the envelope with its contents, the signature, and the already used wax seals and ten they just needed to wait until the right moment now, that they could hand over this envelope to the police. The moment came and the chance was used.
Some time before the K.P. stole a German army vehicle from a garage in Sittard, along with some cans of gasoline. The car was transferred to Valkenburg, fully recovered in a garage and then hided in a cave behind the monastery at the Cauberg. That night they committed the robbery using the genuine keys, while the false envelope was under the care of the police. The complete distribution records and other documents disappeared in a car towards Oud-Valkenburg and via Ransdaal to a farm in Kunrade. Later they were brought back to Valkenburg, in a car hidden under straw, because the Germans investigated all the farms in the area.
The people in hiding, to whom these documents were intended, were housed and supplied by a well-organized service. Sometimes dozens of them arrived simultaneously in Valkenburg by train, for example, when a raid had taken place somewhere. They were spread out over the various diving addresses - once even via the confessional in the church where sexton Van Ogtrop played confessor.
Young men, who had to go to Germany for an Arbeitseinsatz (forced deployment of labor), were supposed to hand in her ration coupons. In return they received a certificate with which they would get their ration coupons in Germany. When they would go into hiding they would starve, the Germans assumed. It was the LO, who often cared for and provided a new registration card.
You can read more on this raid in „The Hidden Front“ by Dr. A.P.M. Cammaert, of which you find here a summary and an excerpt (in Dutch).
Other Resistance Acts
A completely other story is, how they made disappear 1942 precious objects from the Jesuit College, which was claimed by the Germans, and kept them hidden during the whole war. Pierre Schunck and his people have taken away among others 38 goblets and pyxes, as well as historical objects and chasubles, hidden in baskets under laundry. One top sat, quite harmlessly, some of his children. Precious books disappeared under the habit of a priest living with private persons in Valkenburg. And when an English plane crashed burning between Meerssen and Berg, the wounded pilot was transported by ambulance to the hospital in Heerlen on the pretext, he would be an injured fireman. In this hospital an entire floor was „hidden“ for the occupiers, to take care for hiding and pilots! By the way, the shelter near the cave of the lime mine in Geulhem has done good services for a long time.
The excellently disguised hiding-place in the limestone wall west of the water-mill in Geulhem served as a shelter for resistance people who had to disappear for a shorter or a longer time. This wasn’t always feasible in private residences. The „residents“ of the shelter in the cave were cared for by the members of the KP in Valkenburg.
There is much to report on what happened in Valkenburg and its surroundings in the years of war. On individual help, organized help, organized resistance. Granting of food to Valkenburg’s children during the last years of war and many others, occurrences already almost forgotten again after such short time.
The Liberators are Approaching!
After the Allied Forces landed on 6 June 1944 in Normandy and they started to liberate Europe, an anxious tension reigned in Southern-Limburg. People understood that an inevitable consequence of this enormous offensive of the Allied Forces would be that our province would go to encouter a hard time of war operations. The Germans attempted to give the impression, that they felt unthreatened and started now of all times to equip a lot of Limburg mines as bombproof workshops for their industry of war. They continued working on this until the first grenades of the advancing Americans disturbed them in their work.
1944-9-14: the first American infantrymen march from the south down the Daelhemerweg street into Valkenburg. There they find a rather deserted town: the greater part of the population have put themselves in safety in the lime caves. Due to the several days lasting shelling and also as a result of the blowing of the bridge over the Geul by the retiring German troops, the center of Valkenburg is badly damaged.
Picture: Frans Hoffman
The day after D-Day, the 7th of June 1944, the first men of the 19th Corps of the US army landed on european soil. Three months and seven days later, the 14th of September, a little unit of that corps would arrive in Valkenburg.
The 120th Rgt. of the 30th Infantry Division (Old Hickory) of the 19th Corps of the First US Army was employed 1944-6-14, when they took over the central sector of the American front on the peninsula of Cherbourg. In addition to its own artillery, tanks, engineers, scouts and the like, in those days the 19th Corps still consisted of the 29th and 30th infantry division. During exactly 101 days, this corps would participate continuously in the struggle, until the 15th of October, when they contacted another division near Aachen, the first German city they reached. In these 101 days they advanced against Germany, sometimes suffering very serious losses , from their disembarkation point in Vierville-sur-Mer on the french west coast. On this way they also mopped up Valkenburg from Germans at the 14th of September.
As mentioned above, the time from the beginning of June until the middle of September 1944 was of many suspense. In the beginning, when the English and Americans granted themselves the time to settle a good bridgehead on the European continent, many feared, this situation could be going to last for a long time. In the opinion of the population, the allied offensive of course went too slow, but in fact, once it was in full swing, it went with an insane speed:
At the 6th of June more than 132.000 soldiers disembark on French soil, the battle of Brittany is long and it costs thousands of lives. Paris falls the 26th of August, at the same day the 19th Corps near Lille almost reaches the Belgian border, Brussels is liberated at the 3th of September, Antwerpen one day later. At the 2nd of September, the right wing of the allied forces, that advance against Germany, including the already mentioned 19th US Corps, already reached the Belgian town of Tournai, but was forced to wait there for a couple of days, until the lines of supply would be recovered. The 8th of September a cavalry reconnoitring unit, after crossing Southern Belgium, reached the Albert canal, near the Belgian-Dutch border. At the 10th of September the renowned fort Eben-Emael fell into the hands of the Americans without a blow. The bridges over the Maas and the Albert canal however all were blown up. The allies builded an own bridge over the Maas near Liège to avoid slowing down the advance. Also in the section of the 19th US Corps a bridge over the Maas was built. The infantry immediately put it into use. The 12th of September the Americans put the first foot on Dutch soil and dislodged the Germans from Noorbeek and Mheer. The 13th of September parts of the 30th Infantry Division, the so called Old Hickory Division, penetrate into Eysden, Gronsveld and Wijk, a suburb of Maastricht. The 14th of September Maastricht-West follows. This is the day, a historical one in the history of the little town upon the Geul, that Valkenburg welcomes the first Americans.
The Liberation of Valkenburg
In the morning of the 14th of September 1944 Valkenburg is very quiet. The approaching troops make the few, that haven’t sought safety in the caves, remain indoors.
Since several days all sorts of rumours go the round. The greater part of the German troops have been retired. Only a handful of Germans remain in Hotel Oda, to watch over the only bridge that’s not yet blown, near Den Halder Castle. Early in the morning two men in civilian clothes go up the Daelhemerweg street (→picture above). The day before they searched contact with the Americans, who invaded until De Planck at the Belgian-Dutch frontier. One of them informed the Americans on the the state of affairs in Valkenburg. Today a US patrol will come to Valkenburg. At the bench, a little bit further up than the coal-mine imitation, they will meet. The agreed password is „Steeplechase“.
On their way up they spy along the road. There is an American sitting on the bench indeed. „You want a cigarette?“, he asks.
„I like steeplechase“, Pierre Schunck (38) from Valkenburg answers. In the resistance he is only known as „Paul Simons“.
„I’m captain Sixberry“, the man on the bench says. He clearly wants to know, how many Germans remain in the little town and where they are. He has got an ordnance map upon his knees. Schunck indicates: „At this side of the Geul no one is left. This bridge is the only one, that is still intact, but it is undermined and guarded from Hotel Oda, over there. Possibly there are still some Germans left in the Casino dance-hall too, at this place. Moreover there’s still German traffic from Meerssen via Houthem to Valkenburg and then via Heerlen to Germany.“
The American is accompanied by some soldiers. They are hidden in the vegetation on the banks. Most likely their number is bigger, than the man from Valkenburg guesses now. They have the disposal of a walkie-talkie, the first one, that Pierre Schunck sees in his life. The soldiers pass on the gathered information. There-upon from the other side the briefing follows: try to gain that bridge over the Geul without damage. This should happen by surprise by means of a pincer movement.
Schunck beckons his companion l’Istelle (23), a young man from The Hague, who is in hiding at his’, to come nearer. They deliberate for a moment. The Americans retire and come back in a queue of open jeeps, with fixed machineguns. The engines are switched off, they make use of the incline of the Daelhemerweg Street to approach in total silence.
In the first one there is only a driver. The captain and his men take place, but they put Pierre Schunck in front, on the hood. Because they still don’t trust him? Later you wonder things like this. At the moment they slowly roll down towards Valkenburg, every nerve strained to the limit...
They intend to form two groups: one with Schunck, the other with l’Istelle as a guide. On the Grendel Square Pierre Schunck sends some of the people who are there past the houses with the the urgent request to remain absolutely silent and above all things not to start jubilating. Everybody abides by that.
The two platoons go ahead. Schunck and „his“ soldiers enter the medieval part of the town through the Grendel Gate. In the Munt Street they enter Hotel Smeets-Huynen (today „Edelweiss“) and leave it laconical through the back door, leaving a perplexed family Smeets. Some soldiers ascend the church-tower, in order to cover the bridge with their machineguns from there. Pierre Schunck accompanies the officer, who is equiped with a periscope. From the brewery Theunissen (later demolished) however, they don’t have enough view, due to the rather high wall of Den Halder Castle (later demolished too). Along this wall they sneak to the low wall on the bank of the Geul. With his periscope the American sees a German soldier on the bridge walking up and down. Pierre Schunck is allowed to watch for a moment too...
In the meantime a couple of jeeps, with heavy machineguns fixed and the engines switched off, are pushed forward and stand between the hotels Neerlandia and Bleesers. From there a small group of soldiers goes with l’Istelle along the back sides of the houses to the protestant church, through the gardens of Hotel Cremers (l’Ambassadeur) and the house Eulenberg (later „Texas Bar“), to Hotel Prince Hendrik. Another group tries to reach the banks of the Geul via the yard of the school at the Plenkert Street.
As soon as these two groups will reach their destination, snipers will try to surprise the Germans, in order to prevent them from initializing the blowing of the bridge.
The plan is not successful. The Germans perceive their enemies in Hotel Prince Hendrik. Perhaps they have been warned from the Pavillon dance-hall, because there are German guards as well. The last bridge over the Geul explodes with a terrible uproar. The scraps fly around Schunck and the American officer behind the little wall. The plan failed in the last moment. Now the Geul temporarily becomes front line.
The staff of the battalion, that captured Valkenburg south of the Geul, arrives in the course of the day. They settle their command post, led by Colonel Beelar, in the cellar of the shop Bours on the corner of Wilhelmina Alley and Plenkert Street. Their mission was, to advance from De Planck and Noorbeek and to cross the national highway Maastricht-Aachen towards Margraten, Sibbe and Valkenburg. There they had to cut off the way to the German traffic and after that to wait for the falling of Maastricht into allied hands.
Two days later (1944-9-16) the Americans in Valkenburg receive a wireless message, that Maastricht is free. They don’t have any immediate contacts via Berg or Meerssen. Now the Americans in Valkenburg cross the Geul and fighting they force an access into the provincial highway to Meerssen. Then Valkenburg is completely liberated. It is the 17th of September 1944.
Source: Beeldarchief Valkenburg, Collection Gemeentearchief Valkenburg
During these Liberation Days, days of tough combats in Valkenburg, the greater part of the population sought safety in the caves at the Cauberg and the Plenkert. In his booklet „Limburg in den Wereldbrand“ (Limburg in the World Conflagration) M. Kemp dedicates the following lines to the difficult and anxious days, that the population of Valkenburg had to pass through:
„Although at the 14th of September the Americans advanced untill Valkenburg, the inhabitants of this part of the Geul valley still had to go through a couple of precarious days. The misery started with the blowing of some bridges over the Geul, with so excessive charges of dynamite, that several houses and hotels were destroyed of it. Many inhabitants of the little town found a shelter in the nearby lime caves, but soon the food runned out, they had no light and an unbearable hygienical situation developed. In those days in the caves, whilst the artillery duel in the surrounding woods thundered with full power and numerous shells striked the abandoned houses, three children were born and an old man died a (natural) death. Here the hour of the liberation came not one moment too early!“
Hotel Croix de Bourgogne was destroyed, when the Germans blew up a bridge. View from the Grote Straat
Source: Beeldarchief Valkenburg, Author: Fotohuis Flindt, Valkenburg
Death of an Ancient Resistance Man
Limburgs Dagblad, tuesday 9 february 1993, Page 13
Last saturday Pierre Schunck was buried on the cemetry on the Cauberg in Valkenburg. He spent his last years in Schaesberg and died, almost 87 years old, in the hospital of Kerkrade. But his heart always remained in Valkenburg. There he was not only one of the founders, late chairman and member of the board of honour of the local public library, late chairman and chairman of honour of the wood-wind and brass band „Kurkapel Falcobergia“, but also for many years supervisory director of „Valkenburg Omhoog“. Above all things however, his name will stay well-known as a member of the Resistance Movement during World War II. In his laundry, that was situated a little bit outside the town (Plenkert street), lots of illegal „transactions“ were concluded and many persons in hiding were provided with a save shelter.
One of the american soldiers, who liberated Valkenburg and was in the jeep with Pierre Schunck (see above) specially came from Chicago to attend the funeral. Bob Hilleque, who is 66 years old now (february 9th, 1993) is the only man of the A platoon of the 119th regiment who survived the war. (In the meantime Bob died too.)
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Farm Progress is part of the Informa Markets Division of Informa PLC
Serving: United States
Does Corn on Corn Pay?
While commodity prices can change in a flash, it's still a good bet that more than 90 million acres of corn will be planted in 2008 to satisfy a strong demand. That has a lot of producers continuing to weigh the opportunities of ditching traditional crop rotations and planting continuous corn.
“A key issue for producers is whether corn on corn is a long-term or year-by-year decision,” says Jess Lowenberg-DeBoer, agricultural economist at Purdue University. “For key portions of the Midwest, the jury is still out on the economic viability of long-term corn-on-corn production.” Continuous corn production means higher production costs.
Three factors
Bruce Erickson, director of cropping systems management at Purdue University, says producers should consider three key factors if contemplating a shift to more corn: their area's (and their farm's) ratio of corn yield to soybean yield, the price ratio of corn to soybeans, and overall input costs.
“There are areas of the country that have raised continuous corn, successfully, for many years,” Erickson says. “In those areas, corn has typically done better relative to soybeans.” A typical ratio of corn production to soybean production is around 3 bu. to 1 bu. (assuming 150-bu./acre corn yields and 50-bu./acre soybean yields). In better corn-producing areas, that ratio can be somewhat higher than 3 to 1, whereas in areas that favor soybeans the ratio may be less than that.
Another ratio is the corn price to soybean price. Driving the market one year ago was a price ratio that heavily favored corn. But markets, like they always do, have adjusted to the conditions, and recently that ratio has narrowed. “Historically, what we typically observe is a 2.5 to 1 ratio,” Erickson explains. “So if corn is at $3.75, an equivalent soybean price would be $9.37.”
The final factor in the corn or soybeans decision is input costs. And with corn-on-corn production typically needing 30 to 40 lbs. of additional nitrogen per year, and nitrogen prices skyrocketing, many producers may decide to return to a corn-soybean rotation.
The Big N
It's no secret that nitrogen costs have headed skyward, and there's no indication that they will be coming down any time soon. “Producers planting corn after corn can expect to pay an average of $50 [per acre] more in fertilizer,” says Dan Froehlich, U.S. agronomy manager for The Mosaic Company.
It's important that producers look at previous yield levels and determine the level of nutrients that are being pulled off each year. Nitrogen is a key driver, but phosphorous, potassium and the many micronutrients also must be considered.
It's easy for continuous corn production to take too much phosphorous or potassium out of the soils. If that gets out of whack, corn yields can drop dramatically. “Restoring proper levels is not a simple fix, and it can be expensive,” Froehlich says. “It's important to review your yields. If you're harvesting 180-bu. corn and you've been fertilizing for 150-bu. corn, it doesn't take long before phosphorous and potassium levels can drop too far. If there's not enough, corn yields can easily drop 30 bu. an acre, and it can take a couple of years to build those nutrient levels back up. Sulfur and zinc deficiencies are becoming more common in high-yielding, continuous corn systems.”
Emerson Nafziger, agronomy professor at the University of Illinois, says early data from 2007 research plots, along with conversations with producers, show that corn-on-corn yields were quite good this year. Normally, first-year corn-on-corn production can expect about a 10% yield drag.
Part of the reason was the good growing season in much of the Corn Belt. “Conditions were optimum right after planting, which allowed for good corn emergence,” Nafziger says.
What is also fueling the good returns with corn-on-corn production is the excellent genetic packages of today's hybrids as well as traits providing corn rootworm and corn borer protection that get corn stands off to a great start.
Froehlich says that the stacked traits tended to shine in areas where the corn crop was under some amount of stress. “Root feeding, even in minimal amounts, can disrupt nutrient uptake in the plant,” he says.
More tillage, residue management
Producers must also consider that additional tillage may be necessary to deal with the tremendous amount of residue from continuous corn production.
“Managing residue may be the single biggest challenge to successful corn-on-corn production,” Froehlich says. In a typical corn-soybean rotation, a crop will produce approximately 5 tons of residue after corn, and only about 1 ton of residue after soybeans.
Erickson says that, in general, producers who plant continuous corn rely a little more on tillage to help manage the additional residue.
Another factor is the volume of grain when choosing corn over soybeans. “With corn, you're harvesting a lot more bushels,” Erickson says. “And that means more hauling, potentially more labor costs, additional storage, and perhaps additional drying costs if needed.”
Froehlich says the additional time to harvest corn increases labor as well as machinery costs. Bigger machinery might take some of the pressure off, but that also increases costs.
Then there's the extended harvest season. “More corn to harvest means a longer harvest period, which in turn subjects producers to additional risk of weather-related harvest delays and field loss,” Froehlich says. “Physically handling additional corn as it comes off the field becomes a bigger challenge.”
Greater risk
Strong commodity prices are expected to continue, which will be of great benefit in the face of the rising cost of inputs, including fertilizer, land and seed. However, these higher input costs pose a greater risk if commodity prices drop sharply.
One thing is certain: The corn and soybean market will continue to be volatile.
1. What's your farm's ratio of corn yield to soybean yield?
2. What's the ratio of corn price to soybean price?
3. What are your total input costs?
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Pernicious anaemia
Also known as vitamin B12 deficiency
Pernicious anaemia occurs when your body doesn’t have enough vitamin B12 to make red blood cells. This may be caused by an autoimmune condition, digestive difficulties or not getting enough vitamin B12 in your diet. Treatment with vitamin B12 injections is key to preventing serious health issues.
Key points
1. Most people absorb vitamin B12 from food such as eggs, diary and meat. Vitamin B12 is essential for your body to create new red blood cells, which carry oxygen around your body. It also has a role in helping your nerves and brain function.
2. Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune condition where your immune system attacks cells in your stomach that make a protein called intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is needed for your body to absorb vitamin B12 from the food you eat.
3. Without enough vitamin B12, you can feel tired, weak and lethargic. Over time, a lack of vitamin B12 can lead to serious health problems.
4. Treatment involves vitamin B12 injections.
What causes pernicious anaemia?
In pernicious anaemia, your body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn't have enough vitamin B12. This is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein made in your stomach. Without enough vitamin B12, your red blood cells don't divide normally and can’t carry out their job of moving oxygen around your body.
Other causes of low vitamin B12 include:
• digestive conditions, such as Crohn's disease and coeliac disease
• surgery to remove parts of your bowel
• some medicines that affect the absorption of vitamin B12, such as proton pump inhibitors
• not getting enough B12 from your food, eg, from having a strict vegan diet.
What are the symptoms of pernicious anaemia?
Other symptoms of low vitamin B12 include:
• sore tongue or mouth ulcers
• pins and needles or numbness
• vision problems
• unsteadiness
• depression
• confusion
• memory problems.
Severe or long-lasting pernicious anaemia can damage your heart, brain and other organs. It can also cause other problems, such as nerve damage, memory loss and gut problems. You may also may be at higher risk for weakened bone strength and stomach cancer.
Who is at risk of pernicious anaemia?
Pernicious anaemia usually develops over the age of 50. Women are more often affected than men and it tends to run in families. It occurs more often in people who have other autoimmune diseases.
Other than people born with a lack of intrinsic factor, other people most at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency include:
• vegans who don't take a vitamin B12 supplement
• breastfed infants of vegan mothers – these infants can develop anaemia within months of being born because they haven't had enough time to store vitamin B12 in their bodies
• people who drink alcohol to excess
• older adults or others who may not get enough nutrients in their diets
• people with undiagnosed gastrointestinal disorders, such as Crohn’s disease or coeliac disease.
How is pernicious anaemia diagnosed?
See your doctor if you have the symptoms listed above. A blood test can measure vitamin B12 levels. If it is low, further blood tests can check for the antibodies found in pernicious anaemia.
What is the treatment for pernicious anaemia?
Treatment for pernicious anaemia is essential to avoid long-term damage to your organs. You will need vitamin B12 injections to replace then keep up your body stores of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 injection is also called hydroxocobalamin. Usually at the start of treatment, the injections are given frequently over 2-3 weeks. This quickly builds up your body's store of vitamin B12. Thereafter, you will need vitamin B12 injections less often (every 2-3 months).
Vitamin B12 tablets are not usually recommended to treat pernicious anaemia because very little vitamin B12 is absorbed from the gut. Also, vitamin B12 tablets that have high-enough doses of vitamin B12 needed to treat pernicious anaemia are not easily available. Some pharmacies may have to order it in specifically for you. Note that vitamin B complex tablets do not contain any vitamin B12.
How can I get more vitamin B12 in my diet?
Good food sources of vitamin B12 include:
• meats such as beef, liver, poultry and fish
• eggs and dairy products (such as milk, yoghurt and cheese)
• foods fortified with vitamin B12, such as soy-based drinks and breakfast cereals.
Learn more
Vitamin B12 deficiency NHS, UK, 2019
1. Pernicious anaemia National Heart, Lung & Blood Institute, US
2. Pernicious anaemia and vitamin B12 deficiency Patient Info, UK, 2016
Reviewed by
Credits: Health Navigator Editorial Team and HealthInfo. Reviewed By: Dr Helen Kenealy, geriatrician and general physician, Counties Manukau DHB Last reviewed: 11 Mar 2020
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How Hairdressers Could Be A Secret Weapon Against Climate Change
Our stylists know things we don't.
Are we looking in the wrong place when it comes to finding champions who can turn us away from our environmentally destructive ways?
Researchers at a university in the United Kingdom believe that hairdressers, rather than politicians, scientists or celebrities, could be the secret weapon in convincing us to reduce our carbon emissions.
Given that hairdressers get up close and personal with billions of customers, they are the perfect vehicle for helping to change people’s behavior, according to Dr Denise Baden, an associate professor at the University of Southampton’s management school. Even better, they deal with many of the environmental challenges that need addressing, such as water and energy use as well as the toxins in many hair care products.
A new study by Baden shows just how much difference people can make if they change their routines.
A person who carries out a daily hair wash with two shampoos plus rinse-out conditioner creates a weekly carbon footprint of around 9 kilograms, or nearly 20 pounds of carbon emissions. But this could be cut down to just 1 kg (roughly 2 pounds) if they change to a twice-weekly hair wash using just one shampoo plus leave-in conditioner, the study says.
Her research, which is funded by the U.K. government, also shows how important it is that hairdressers educate their clients to reduce the use of heated appliances such as hair straighteners, curlers and blow dryers. Not only does taking a more natural approach improve hair condition, but it also reduces energy costs and protects the planet, according to Baden.
She and her team have now developed a carbon footprint calculator, which demonstrates the effect hair care routines have on the environment and points out five changes that can make a big difference:
1. Do not wash your hair every time you shower -- and whatever your routine, allow an extra day to go before shampooing.
2. Shampoo once rather than rinse and repeat.
3. Cut down shower time by using a leave-in conditioner.
4. Shower rather than take a bath and limit the time to four minutes.
5. Let hair dry naturally.
This is not the first time that hairdressers have been recognized for their potential to get important information to a mass audience. The United Nations Population Fund, in collaboration with UNAIDS Secretariat, back in 2009 identified barbershops and beauty salons in Guyana as information hubs to help reduce HIV.
“We’re not asking hairdressers to become sustainability consultants or to compromise on standards,” Baden said in a written statement. “Instead, we’re trying to educate businesses that less is more and to spread this message to their clients. For example ... [p]roducts such as leave-in conditioner not only save energy, time and money but are also great for giving body to fine or flyaway hair."
“Our approach has been to train the trainers so they can in turn affect the behaviour of their clients," she added. "Just one hairdresser can affect the practices of hundreds of clients.”
The next step for Baden and fellow researchers is to develop a sustainable hairdressing certificate for salons, hairdressers and training colleges.
While all this may seem like a clever approach to helping limit climate change, there is one key challenge that Baden has not yet been able to overcome. While hairdressers are often adept at chatting about topics ranging from relationships to the weather, they do not often make proactive change agents.
As Baden pointed out in a 2014 interview: "Early adopters of social innovations characteristically have more years of formal education, greater rationality, higher IQ, higher aspirations and higher status occupations than late adopters. None of these attributes are typical of hairdressers. Therefore it is unsurprising that our pilot research found no examples of hairdressers taking the lead on sustainability innovations."
But the world is changed one person at a time, and Baden points to the feedback from one hairdresser who went through a sustainability-focused training session: “Taking that approach has given me more pride in my work and in my profession as a whole. I no longer feel like 'a blonde with scissors,' I feel like a professional who is making a difference."
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Linux strings command
Linux strings command is used to return the string characters into files. It primarily focuses on determining the contents of and extracting text from the binary files (non-text file).
It is a complex task for a human to find out text from an executable file. The binary files, such as program files, contain human-readable text. These files are large-sized if we use a cat or less command; it may cause the terminal to hang up.
There can be two types of characters in a file; printable and non-printable. The alphanumeric characters, punctuation, or whitespaces are known as printable characters; except the printable character, all the characters are known as non-printable characters.
In simple words, we can say that it extracts printable characters from files so that other commands can use the strings without non-printable characters.
Here, the question arises why do we put text in executable files? When an application or software is deployed, most developer packages the binary files. But it is good to pack some ASCII text in the binary file. It will be helpful for the users and for the developers to understand more about the executable file.
So, the strings command is useful to determine the contents of non-text files.
How to use it?
Use of strings command is straight forward, just pass the file name as an argument and execute it. Let's understand it with an example.
We have a system file called gyp.el. To extract the string from this file, execute the command as follows:
Consider the below output:
Linux strings command
Customize the character limit
By default, the strings command prints only the character sequence that is at least four characters long. However, we can change this limit forcefully by using the -n option. It allows us to pass the number to signify a limit.
It is recommended to use a higher limit because of the shorter number you use, the more junk you'll see.
To set the limit for two characters, execute the below command:
Consider the below output:
Linux strings command
Although the above output contains too many strings, so it is complex to identify the two character strings, but we can understand how things are working for the strings command.
Piping the limit
In case we have a file that contains a lengthy output, we can pipe it through less. It will show less output, and we can scroll and append output as our need.
To pipe a limit through less, execute the command as follows:
Consider the below output:
Linux strings command
we can append the above output by scrolling it down.
How to look through RAM using Strings command?
The strings command is not just limited to files. It allows us to look through the RAM of our computer system. We need to use Sudo privilege because we are accessing /dev/mem, which holds the blueprint of the main memory of our system . Execute the command as follows:
In the above command, we are using less to limit the output. Consider the below output:
Linux strings command
Include Whitespaces
The default behavior of the strings command contains whitespace as a printable character. Therefore if we have a string, " Javatpoint is one of the best platforms To learn technology," then the strings command would return the whole text.
It does not consider the new line characters and carriage returns as printable characters.
To print a string that recognizes new line characters and carriage returns as a printable character, execute the command as follows:
Change the Encoding
The strings command provides four types of encoding options, which are as following:
s: 7-bit byte (used for ASCII, ISO 8859)
S: 8-bit byte
b: 16-bit bigendian
l: 16-bit littleendian
The default option is 's'; a 7-bit byte.
We can change the encoding; to change it, execute the following command:
In the above commands, we specified the encoding as 'S,' which means 8 bit-byte encoding. You can specify any of the above options, simply by replacing 'S' with the encoding letter of your choice.
Reading options from file
If you are using the same options repeatedly, you don't need to specify each time. Instead, you can create a file and specify the options within that file.
To create a file for specifying the options, execute the below command:
The above command will open the vi editor. Here we are creating a file using vi editor; you can choose any editor of your choice.
Press ESC and 'i' keys for insert mode. Type the options that you want to specify as follows:
After entering the option, save the file by pressing ESC and :wq! Keys. Consider the below image:
Linux strings command
To run the strings command with the specified options, execute the command as follows:
The above command will execute the command with the specified options. The gyp.el is the filename that we are using; you can type your file name. Consider the below output:
Linux strings command
Getting Help
If you stuck anywhere while using the strings command. You can take help from your terminal by using the help option. To get help, execute the below command:
Consider the below output:
Linux strings command
you can also read the manual at any time by executing the command as follows:
Check the Strings Version
To check the version of strings that you are using, execute one of the following commands:
The above commands will display the installed version of the strings. Consider the below output:
Linux strings command
Next TopicLinux Print
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Burns are a traumatic injury, usually resulting from energy transfer to the body. Burn types include thermal, radiation, chemical, and electrical. There are three differing levels of burns – first degree, second degree and third degree. Depending on the severity of the burn, treatment options include antibiotics, keeping the skin moist, dressing the burn, skin grafts or surgery, pain relief, fluid replacement, cooling the area, herbal remedies, acupuncture, physical therapy, homoeopathy, and mind/body medicine.
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Gamma Counter
A gamma counter often is not portable. Gamma counters do just as the name implies—quantify the activity of a gamma-emitting sample. In principle, the gamma counter is like a scintillation detector with the exception that with a gamma counter the scintillation crystal surrounds the sample. The gamma rays interact with the crystal, are absorbed, and produce light. As with the scintillation detector survey meter, if the energy of the interacting photons is too low, the photons of light that are produced may be absorbed in the scintillation crystal and never be detected. If the energy is too high, the incoming photons may just pass right through without interacting. The thickness of the crystal is critical and the efficiency of the instrument for detecting certain gamma-ray energies is dependent upon the thickness of the crystal.
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Opioids vs Opiates | ViewPoint Rehab | New Mexico
What’s the Difference Between Opioids and Opiates?
opioids vs opiates
18 Oct What’s the Difference Between Opioids and Opiates?
Opioids vs Opiates
Opioid and opiate are used interchangeably to refer to a class of drugs. Originally, these drugs were split up between two groups: opioids and opiates. When it comes to opioids vs opiates this is what you need to know, opiates were made naturally by the opium poppy plant, opioids were manufactured synthetically by scientists.
However, this is where most of the differences end. Opiates and opioids work in the same way, which has led people to group them together under the ‘opioid’ label.
These drugs are depressants commonly used as pain medication. Morphine, codeine, and hydrocodone, and fentanyl are all examples of these drugs. There are also illicit forms of opioids, the most common being heroin.
These drugs relieve pain by targeting transmitters in the brain known as opioid receptors. They bind to these receptors, reducing the number of pain signals and increasing dopamine production. While they are frequently given to people experiencing pain, they can quickly become dangerous under certain conditions.
Overdose, opioid addiction, and tolerance are all risks to consider when taking these medications.
Tolerance occurs when a person uses the drug too often, thus building a tolerance to their effects. Their body learns to process the chemicals faster and more efficiently, which dulls the effect of the drug. This means they have to take more to achieve the same high they experienced the first time they took them. The same phenomenon occurs while taking any addictive substance, including alcohol.
Because tolerance dampens their experience, the person might dangerously increase the number of opioids they’re taking. This can lead to overdose. Once they have taken the drug often enough, their body will grow to depend on it. The drug changes the way the mind releases dopamine, and now the pleasure and comfort centers rely on the substance.
Users will experience withdrawal if they do not have the drug, which can be uncomfortable, even painful. If the user manages to cope with these discomforts and continue with their daily lives, part of their thinking will most likely start to focus on how they can get more. This secondary motivation can affect their lives in negative ways, impacting their careers, relationships, and reputations. This is where the drug addiction can start.
Opiate addiction requires a specific recovery process. This usually involves drug rehabilitation, where the user detoxifies and is given therapy/ counseling. Opioid addiction recovery is best handled by professionals with medical and psychology training. These people will support the user’s recovery, offer valuable coping skills, and care for the addict in safe and healthy ways.
If you know someone who might need opiate addiction recovery, speak to them about the problem. Be understanding and try to encourage them to seek help. Oftentimes, the addicted person might not understand their addiction or have personal reasons for seeking out the relief of drugs.
Once you’ve convinced them to get help for their opioid addiction, contact a reputable rehabilitation center. A trained medical staff and psychiatrists will help the addict get the care and counseling they need to achieve sobriety.
If you think you might be suffering from an addiction, consider helping yourself. Addiction can control almost every aspect of your life and can quickly ruin dreams and aspirations. Choose recovery and begin moving towards sobriety.
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Diesel Engines And Black Smoke: What You Need To Know
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Black smoke is a common problem for diesel engine owners, but this symptom is a serious issue that you cannot afford to ignore. Black smoke could point to a series of different problems, some of which could ultimately result in catastrophic damage to your engine if you don't take any action. Learn why your diesel engine is emitting black smoke, and find out more about some of the mechanical issues that can cause the problem.
What black smoke means
Exhaust from your diesel engine typically contains carbon (or soot), semi-organic hydrocarbons, sulphates (primarily sulphuric acid) and water. If the exhaust fumes contain elemental carbon, you'll also start to see black smoke.
Elemental carbon starts to appear when the combustion process inside the engine is inefficient. Generally speaking, this inefficiency occurs because the engine is unable to properly combust the fuel supplied. Reasons for inefficient combustion can include:
• Excess fuel in the engine
• Fuel passing through the combustion zone too quickly
• A lack of oxidants in the combustion zone to allow the fuel to combust efficiently
These problems can occur for several reasons. In some cases, the black smoke will worsen over time, while other mechanical issues can lead to a sudden increase in the problem, and you may see a lot of black smoke belching from the pipe.
Mechanical problems that can cause black smoke
Certain situations may temporarily cause black smoke from your exhaust. For example, if you drive up a steep hill, the throttle will open to inject more fuel, but the fuel-rich mixture in the engine may only partially burn. If this happens, you may temporarily see black smoke, which you probably don't need to worry about.
However, if you regularly see black smoke from the exhaust, you may have more serious, mechanical issues to content with. These include:
• Over-fueling. Worn or damaged diesel fuel injectors commonly cause this problem. If the nozzle hole is too big, too much fuel can get into the combustion chamber. Similarly, dirty air filters can also cause this problem because they stop enough air getting into the combustion chamber.
• Excessive oil consumption. Worn or damaged parts can increase the amount of oil that the engine needs to run efficiently. Common problems include worn valves, worn valve stem seals and worn cylinder liners. Excessive oil consumption can also occur if you use the wrong type of oil and/or fail to replace the oil often enough.
• Other worn, damaged or faulty parts. Some of these problems may depend on the age and type of engine. For example, older vehicles with carburettors can suffer from black smoke if the automatic choke doesn't function as it should. On newer vehicles, faulty sensors can cause problems with black smoke. For example, a faulty oxygen sensor may result in an imbalance between the fuel and air intake, decreasing fuel efficiency.
Prevention and cure
Don't ignore a recurrent problem with black smoke. A mechanic can often replace or adjust a relatively minor part to fix the problem, but a larger repair or replacement bill can quickly follow if you allow the issue to continue. Serious problems could cause irreparable damage to your engine. For example, ongoing issues could eventually cause the engine block to crack, and if this happens, you may need to replace the entire engine.
As such, it's important to arrange regular inspections and maintenance checks to spot the early signs of problems that could cause black smoke. Check the owner's manual for details of the suggested service interval for your vehicle. If you are a high-mileage driver, you may need to book the vehicle in more often.
Make sure you always use the right engine oil, too. Again, you can check the details in your owner's manual, or you can talk to a diesel mechanic to confirm the type of oil suitable for the make and model of the vehicle you drive.
Black smoke is a common, unwelcome problem that affects many diesel engines. Talk to your local diesel engine repair shop for information and advice about any problems you have.
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• Shtetl in Russia/Poland
• My parents emigrated from Nesvizh to U.S.
Between World War I and II, Nesvizh was a small Polish village with a population of approximately 15,000. There were about 10,000 Poles and Russians and over 5,000 Jews living side-by-side on a scant dozen streets or so that seemed more like a neighborhood of two-thirds of a mile. Such a small Eastern European Jewish community was called a shtetl. Nesvizh was just one of hundreds of shtetls in Eastern Poland, Western Belorussia and Ukraine which made up the “Pale of Settlement” dating back to the 17th century.
The Jews of the shtetl developed their own separate culture of literature, newspapers, magazines, music and dance. Yiddish was the medium of communication. The spiritual center of the community was the synagogue, and the way of life for many Jews was to follow the teachings of the Hebrew Scriptures. They mixed with the local population at the market place where Jews learned haphazard Polish and played music at Polish weddings. The peasant Poles acquired some Yiddish and Jewish lore. Polish aristocrats called upon Jews for their skills.
My parents and their respective families grew up in Nesvizh when it was under Russian control. My father fled the country in 1921, when Nesvizh reverted to Poland, because he feared retribution against Russian officials like himself since he was a commissar. He reached Brooklyn in 1926. Mother emigrated from Nesvizh to Chicago in 1910.
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Increasing demand for food supply
It is estimated that by 2050 the world will face an increase in food demand of 70%. There are two main factors involved. The first is the 26% increase in the global population that will reach 9.1 billion people by 2050.
The second is the increased demand for improved nutrition, particularly animal proteins (meat, eggs, milk) driven by a surge in per capita income in emerging markets. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) expects the global demand for animal proteins to double by 2050.
Due to natural resource constraints, such as scarcity of arable land and fresh water, 70% of this food production increase will have to come from efficiency-improving technologies.
For example, it is estimated that milk consumption will increase threefold by 2050 while the available land and water resources necessary for milk production will be shrinking.
male cow veterinarian at farm takes analyzes
This so-called “productivity imperative” is being addressed by the animal health industry in two ways:
• Provide innovative products to increase productivity
Vaccines, medicines, feed additives, improved production practices and devices assist producers with preventing diseases and optimizing the efficiency of feed-to-meat conversion and milk and egg yields.
• Provide ways to improve food safety
The use of products that prevent diseases, treat sick animals and control disease outbreaks is essential to a sustainable global food supply, helping to ensure healthy livestock and hence a healthy and well-nourished world population.
Zoonoses are diseases that are transmissible between animals and people. Bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that are carried by animals and insects cause these diseases. It is estimated that two thirds of new human diseases are zoonotic. Caring for the health of animals is the first important step in preventing zoonoses.
Although zoonotic pathogens are the most likely source of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, so far and only a small number have caused serious epidemics in the human population.
One recent example is the H1N1 flu (swine flu) pandemic in 2009-2010 that spread to many countries around the world, killing up to 0.5 million people. Fortunately, this outbreak was much less serious than the first H1N1 pandemic that occurred in 1918 and killed more than 50 million people worldwide, 3-5% of the world’s population.
male cow veterinarian at farm takes analyzes
male cow veterinarian at farm takes analyzes
Farm animals are often given small doses of antibiotics in their feed, in order to boost growth and prevent disease. There is the possibility that this increases the risk of antibiotic resistance spreading to humans.
As antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections emerged as a major concern, the United States government made it an issue of national security and the World Health Organization declared antimicrobial resistance to be a global threat.
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Производство плоскоэкранных дисплеев
Установки для LCD-промышленности
Crystec Technology Trading GmbH
Производство плоскоэкранных дисплеев
On this page, we explain the working principle of passive and active liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and their main production steps. You can find the related equipment descriptions, when you follow the links in the text. Together with our partners in Japan and Korea, we can offer equipment for almost all production steps, even if these machines are not listed in detail on our web pages.
Working principle
Liquid crystals
Liquid crystals are organic molecules that have crystal-like properties but that are liquid at normal temperatures. Because the intermolecular forces are weak, the molecules can be oriented by weak electromagnetic fields. The liquid crystal molecules used in LCDs also have an optical anisotropy (different indices of refraction for different axes of the molecule) that is used to create visible images. Depending on the orientation of the molecules, the panel is either transparent or dark.
LCD setup
Setup of a typical LCD panel: 1 - polarizer, 2 - glass substrate, 3 - seal, 4 - spacer, 5 - ITO, 6 - hard coat, 7 - polyimide, 8 - TFT
Passive LCDs
A passive matrix LCD is composed of several layers. The main parts are two glass plates, connected by seals. The polarizer is applied to the front glass plate in order to polarize the incoming light in a single direction. The light then passes through the front glass sheet. An Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) layer is used as an electrode. A passivation layer, sometimes called hard coat layer, based on SiOx is coated over the ITO to electrically insulate the surface. Polyimide is printed over the passivation layer to align the liquid crystal fluid. The liquid crystal fluid is sensitive to electric fields and changes orientation when an electric field is applied. The liquid crystal is also optically active and rotates the polarization direction of the incoming light. The thickness of this layer is determined by spacers, which keep the two glass plates in a fixed distance. When there is no electric potential from the front piece of glass to the rear piece of glass, the polarised light is rotated 90° as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. When an electric potential is applied from one plate to the other plate the light is not rotated. After the light has passed through the liquid crystal, it passes through another polyimide layer, another hard coat layer, the rear ITO electrode, and the rear glass. When it reaches the rear polarizer it is either transmitted through or absorbed, depending on whether or not it has been rotated 90°.
This technology is now also used for manufacturing of smart windows.
Active matrix LCDs
The dominant active matrix technology is using thin-film transistors (TFT) of either amorphous or polycrystalline silicon applied to the rear LCD glass plate. While the amorphous silicon TFTs are easier to produce and therefore are used for most large displays nowadays, the poly-silicon TFTs show the better performance, but require a higher deposition temperature. They are produced in tube furnaces and therefore only small displays can be manufactured, using poly-silicon technology.
Coloured LCDs
In coloured LCDs, color filters are applied to the inside of the front glass sheet. Three colours red, blue, green and a black matrix are used.
Manufacturing Process
The front glass plate and the rear glass plates are produced in different production lines. In most cases several (4-6) displays are produced on one glass plate. The rear glass plates is the substrate for the TFT production in case of active matrix LCDs. On top of the ITO layer, the transistors are created by a serious of PECVD and sputter steps. Then hard coat, polyimide and spacers are applied.
The front glass plate wears the colour filter layers, same as the rear glass plate ITO, hard coat and polyimide and the sealing.
In the assembly machine, the two glass plates are aligned, combined and fixed together, using UV hardened polymer spots. Nowadays this process is performed under vacuum conditions in the so called ODF-Process. Then the raw panels are pressed together and heated in order to cure the seals and create a stable panel structure. Then the large panels are scribed and broken to the final display dimensions. The edges are ground. Now the singularised displays are filled with liquid crystal liquid and the opening in the seal is closed. The polarizers are applied to both sides. The display is ready. Following steps are mounting of electronic and packing.
Integrated production line
Here you can see an integrated LCD-manufacturing line from Joyo. 1- Loader, 2 - Wet cleaner, 3 - PI coater, 4 - Inspection, 5 - Rubbing, 6 - US cleaner, 7 - After rubbing cleaner, 8 - Spacer Spray, 9 - Spacer Checker, 10 - Ag Dispenser, 11 - Seal Dispenser, 12 - Pre-cure oven, 13 - Assembly machine, 14 - Hot press oven, 15 - Alignment checker, 16 - Unloader
Beside the fully automatic in-line production lines, many machines are also available as single machines or integrated in smaller production clusters.
TFT production on the rear glass
TFT formation consists of several vacuum process steps, using PECVD for deposition of a-Si and the gate dielectric insulation layer and sputtering equipment for data and scan metal lines as well as for ITO layers. A typical process step series is: Deposition of gate metal (Ta, Al, MoTa), patterning, anode oxidation Ta2O5, deposition of silicon nitride, patterning, deposition of a-Si for the electrode, patterning, deposition of source and data line (Ti, Al), patterning, deposition of pixel electrode (ITO), patterning, passivation, patterning. Some companies use pre-coated ITO substrates; thus, the first step is to pattern and etch the layer.
For high performance displays a poly-silicon deposition step is used instead of the a-Si deposition. The poly-silicon deposition is done under low pressure in a tube furnace. This furnace is similar to equipment used also in the semiconductor industry.
In order to structure the various layers, the listed patterning steps use common lithographic equipment like resist coaters, steppers and dry or wet etching equipment. Dry etching can provide much better line-width control, but wet etching is the faster and cheaper method because it is a batch process.
Colour filter application on the front glass
The cover-plate colour-filter process is extremely important; it can be a very expensive process because of high materials cost and low yield. Colour filters can be applied by several methods to the front glass. Dye or pigment filter material can be spinned on the glass, which is a simple technology but produces a rather high amount of expensive waste material. A doctor blade technology can be used to deposit colour filter material on the glass. Much less waste is created. In both cases a cure process has to follow the deposition process. The third possibility is to apply colour filter foils to the front glass. The colour filters are overcoated by a protection layer.
ITO deposition
Indium tin oxide ITO is usually deposited by sputtering technology.
Hard coat
The passivation layer consisting of SiOx and SOG is printed on the substrate using flexo printer technology and is then cured and annealed in a furnace.
Polyimide (PI) layers
The polyimide layer is printed on the substrates, using flexo printing technology. The polyimide requires a proper cure process using inert gas. This can be done in clean convection ovens or on hot plates. Good temperature uniformities are required in order to create homogeneous polyimide properties.
Polyimde layer rubbing is necessary in order to create a proper LC alignment towards the PI surface. The rubbing is aligned parallel to the in the polarizer direction.
In order to create a uniform distance between both glass plates, spacers are created on one substrate. Nowadays litho spacer are used in most cases. In the past spacers have been sprayed on the substrate. These consist of small glass or plastic balls. Three main processes can be used: Dry spray which is used for high throughput and large display manufacturing, semi-dry spacer spray with is the best method for medium and small displays and not so high throughput. Wet spacer spray is not used very often anymore but gives a very nice spacer uniformity and low numbers of spacer clusters.
Seal deposition and cure
For large factories screen printing is the best method of seal deposition. High throughput and high performance can be combined with this method. For smaller production volume and higher design flexibility, seal dispensing is the best way. The seal material has to be pre-cured in an oven before the substrate glass plates is forwarded to the assembly machine. After cell assembly the final cure of the seal happens in a hot press oven. The panels are combined to panel stacks, pressed and cured in an oven. Alternatively, panels can be pressed and cured one by one.
Contact creation
The external contact are produced by printing Ag paste contacts on the substrate glass, using screen printing technology. Dispensing of silver paste is also possible.
Cell Assembly
In the cell assembly machine, both glass plates are aligned and combined. The position of the glass plates against each other is fixed by UV hardened polymer spots in the cell assembly machine. Cell assembly can also be performed under vacuum conditions when necessary.
Hot press oven
As described above already, the seal has to be final cured after the cell assembly process. This has to be done under pressure in order to make sure that the seal thickness is properly related to the spacer diameter and the calculated liquid crystal thickness can be reached with low tolerances. Hot press ovens are available as a batch process tool and as a single panel press oven. The batch oven requires previous collection of panels and preparation of a larger pile of panels which are presses all together. The pressed pile of wafers is then cured in a clean convection oven. The single panel hot press oven is easier to integrate in automatic lines and works continuously.
Liquid crystal fluid filling.
The LCD fill method is a vacuum application and today no more necessary, since in the ODF process, the filling occurs during cell assembly. The liquid crystal displays are placed in a vacuum chamber mounted above the liquid crystal fluid. The chamber is then pumped down and the empty panel is evacuated. The fill ports are lowered into the trough and the chamber is brought back to atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure forces the liquid crystal fluid into the display. After filling the panels the hole in the sealing is closed in a separate process step.
Alternatively, the liquid crystals can be dispensed on the lower glass plate before cell assembly. This technology is called ODF-technology and it requires a Vacuum Assembly Machine.
Polarizer attachment.
After proper surface cleaning the polarizer foils are attached in parallel to the rubbing direction of the related polyimide layer to the front side and the back side of the LCD panel. This is the last step of the main LCD fabrication.
Several cleaning steps are necessary during the LCD manufacturing process: Initial glass plate cleaning, cleaning before spacer spray (after rubbing), cleaning before attachment of polarizers, etc. Ultrasonic cleaning is used frequently for these applications.
Inspection of process results is required after several production phases. Most important however is the final inspection. In many cases this final inspection is done manually. However, automatic inspection machines are available now also.
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Tuesday, November 30, 2004
A Classical Discription of the Quantum World?
D Orbital
Orbitals are probability diagrams. Specifically, an orbital describes a region in space where there is a 90% change of finding an electron. The electron is never restricted to an orbital as in travels around a nucleus, but it seems to keep returning to this particular region even though its behavior is random. The concept of the orbital differs from Bohr's concept of the orbit. Bohr considered an orbit to be a path that the electron always followed much like a train stays on a track. The concept of the orbital was developed in Schrodinger's work to avoid violating the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. In the Modern Theory of Atomic Structures a picture of an orbital is also called a Probability Diagram. By agreement among chemists, the orbital is a 90% Probability Diag ram. This idea allows the electron to be found anywhere and still indicates where the electron spends most of its time.
How would one remove the uncertainty principals from the small world but to have considered the probability density distributions? Below is a link that I saw early in my investigations that I had wondered, forced me to look at what could have been happening within the cosmo with events, that would release information into the bulk?
Electron’s probability density distribution for an atom in the state; n=4, l=4, m=0.
If string theory, in the Kaluza Klein tower energy determinations could have discriptively spoken to the particle natures, why was it not possible to map the nature of these particles, in gravitational information released from these cosmological events?
If information in the bulk has been released, then this information has been geometrically defined in the gravity waves that we would percieve here on earth? Ligo would have performed its ability to then map the configurations that we see happening in that same cosmos. What made this visualization interesting is if photon release was specific to electromagnetic events held to the brane, then our perception of this energy, would have been left for us to consider in those same gravitational waves?
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The American Psychological Association (APA) has conducted an annual survey of stress among Americans for the past 12 years. For their 2018 survey, they focused heavily on stress in members of Generation Z, which is made up of young people aged 15 to 21 (or those born around the year 2000). Gen Z is a unique group, as they are the first generation to deal heavily with certain stressors, like social media, school shootings, and immigration issues.
Results of the survey indicate safety is a major stressor for Gen Zs. Of all age categories (including Baby Boomers, Gen Xers, and Millennials), Gen Zs were most likely to be impacted by school shootings or the threat to their safety in schools. Interestingly, increasing school security and safety measures did not have a significant impact on reducing this stress.
Members of Gen Z also reported stress about issues in the news, including the current political climate, separation and deportation of immigrants, and increased attention to sexual harassment and assault. These issues impacted Gen Zs more than other generations. Positively, despite these stressors, 71% of Gen Zs said they feel hopeful about their future, and 60% have taken action in the past year to help improve these social issues.
Work and money issues also caused more stress among Gen Zs than other age groups. Personal debt, housing instability, and access to food were among specific stressors in this category.
Of the different generations, Gen Zs were more likely to report mental health issues related to stress. Approximately 90% of Gen Zs in this survey acknowledged having a least one symptom related to stress in the previous month, such as feeling sad or depressed, having a loss of interest or energy, or feeling nervous or anxious. Consequently, Gen Zs are the group most likely to have received mental health treatment. Despite the potential mental health care, many Gen Zs felt they had not received adequate emotional support in the past year. While social media provided some source of support, Gen Zs also felt bad or judged on these platforms.
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The Strawberries
Strawberries are a predominantly exportable fruit product. Nearly 70% of Greek domestic fruit production from the prefecture of Aitoloakarnania, and particularly from the prefecture of Ilia, is exported between December and May.
Strawberries are very tasty, yet very sensitive to humidity. From the moment of this fruit’s harvest, up to the moment of their packaging, strawberries are transported directly to a refrigerator at a temperature of 2-3 °C. The fruit remains there for 3 to 4 hours before leaving for the individual consumer. This process is known as pre-cooling and is done in order to avoid the softening of the fruit, but also to reduce any potential chance of any infestation by fungi and bacteria.
After this process, we preserve the strawberries in chambers with high relative humidity and temperature of 3°C for a maximum of 6 days. Usually, this is the time it takes to reach the final consumer.
Strawberries are packed in vitamins, fiber, and supply your body with high levels of antioxidants. This kind of fruit is a sodium-free, fat-free, cholesterol-free, low-calorie food. Indeed, they are among the top fruits in antioxidant capacity and are a great source of manganese and potassium.
Tip for the Consumer
When you buy strawberries, place the fruit in the refrigerator. It is absolutely unadvisable to wash them before putting them in the refrigerator. This is because they will soften and lose their freshness. In order to enjoy all the aroma and flavor of a single strawberry, you may take them out of the fridge one hour before eating them and wash them thoroughly.
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US FS Misuses National Fire Plan
USA: As global warming rises, so do tree-killing
infestations of bark beetles
By Katherine Kerlin
04 April 2002
In Alaska’s Kincaid Park, just a 10-minute drive outside downtown Anchorage, the parking lot gives way to a path strewn withwildflowers, huge with the midnight sun’s constant attention. The trail winds past vistas of the Alaska Range rising behind Cook Inlet, and your chances for spotting a moose increase with the elevation. The trees tower as their needles exhale their woody scent. Interrupting this serene forest are pitiful patches of sagging, gray trees, defeated by the spruce bark beetle.
According to Ed Holsten, an entomologist with the U.S. Forest Service in Alaska, about 2 million acres of spruce forests were infested in Alaska between 1920 and 1990. Three million acres were infested during the 1990s alone, and the epidemic reached its peak of 1 million in 1996. The hardest hit was the Kenai Peninsula, where nearly 70 to 80 percent of the trees have been killed. Scientists attribute the epidemic not only to the mismanagement of forests, where crowded trees compete for light and nutrients, weakening their defenses against insects, but also to global warming. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that the average temperature in Anchorage has increased 3.9 degrees Fahrenheit over the last century, and that by 2100, temperatures in Alaska could increase by five degrees in spring, summer, and fall and by 10 degrees in winter. “In Alaska, the distribution of plants and animals is controlled by climate,” said Holsten. “Any subtle change in temperature will affect insects. Spruce bark beetles usually have a two-year cycle, but warmer temperatures can cause them to complete their cycle in one year. So a lot more are being bred at one time.”
Along with beetle infestations come forest fires. Michael Fastabend of the Kenai Borough’s Spruce Bark Beetle Mitigation Office, said that as dead trees drop needles and limbs, fuel and tinder accumulate on the ground, making conditions ripe for a fire. The EPA said the increase in forest fires due to beetle outbreaks and global warming “is of particular concern for wildlife species that make extensive use of mature and old-growth forests, such as martens, fishers, and caribou.” Holsten added red squirrels and the townsend warbler to that list but said some small mammals, such as mice and moles, thrive in affected areas where there are now fewer trees.
The federal government has allocated $10 million to the Kenai Borough and $2 million to Anchorage for forest regeneration and to protect communities from beetle-induced fires. “There is no outbreak anymore because the beetles have eaten themselves out of house and home,” said Holsten. “Now we’re just trying to pick up the pieces.”
But Alaska is not alone in its beetle battle. The spruce bark beetle’s range stretches across North America, from the eastern United States through the Rocky Mountain region and up to Canada. A report from the Forest Service says spruce beetle outbreaks in Utah in the 1990s infested more than 122,000 acres and killed more than 3 million spruce trees. “In the past 25 years,” the report continues, “outbreaks have resulted in estimated losses of more than 25 million boardfeet in Montana, 31 million in Idaho, more than 100 million in Arizona, 2 billion in Alaska, and 3 billion in British Columbia.”
British Columbia is currently facing attack from the mountain pine beetle, another bark species. Like the spruce bark beetle, the mountain pine beetle is also indigenous to North America, global warming plays a hand in its infestation, and dead trees left after epidemics are a source of fuel that may cause wildfires unless removed. The beetle attacks and kills lodgepole, ponderosa, sugar,and western white pines, and outbreaks can kill millions of trees each year. British Columbia’s newly elected Premier Gordon Campbell said the beetle has infested $4.2 billion-worth of timber in the province’s west central interior, where more than 15 million acres, or twice the size of Vancouver Island, are affected.
The Cariboo Lumber Manufacturers’ Association (CLMA) and the Northern Forest Products Association (NFPA) have joined to form the Mountain Pine Beetle Emergency Task Force to fight the epidemic. Working with the Ministry of Forestry and the Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks, the task force is trying to come up with a strategic plan for salvaging the forests and the economic stability of the area, which is highly dependent on the timber industry. The CLMA/NFPA reported that by the end of the 2000 to 2001 season, industry had spent more than $79 million fighting the beetle and the B.C. government had spent more than $18 million.
“If left to run its course,” said the CLMA/NFPA, “water quality, riparian areas, wildlife habitat, and other environmental, visual, and recreational qualities can be negatively impacted. Millions of dollars in trees, forestry, and tourism jobs can be lost, and the long-term fiber supply that supports communities can be put at risk.”
According to the U.S. Forest Service, a bark beetle leaves a tree once it has killed it, though larvae and adult beetles may still be under the bark during the first winter after infestation.This leaves the tree with three years of lumber value left. One beetle-control strategy for both Alaska and B.C. is moving logging operations into areas of beetle kill. Dan Rollert, woods manager with Weldwood Quesnel, said, “For every 100 infested trees we eliminate this year, we prevent 500 trees or more from being infested next year.”
Others, such as Paul George of the Western Canada Wilderness Committee, favor controlled burns over cutting infested areas, though most harvesters are required to replant. Measures such as silviculture and insecticides are also employed. But as Holsten said, “Noninvasive techniques like thinning stands are good to do in the beginning, but once you get an outbreak going, it’s like spitting into the wind.” Only cooler weather can stop the mountain pine beetleepidemic, said the CLMA/NFPA.
As the high-noon moon of Alaska replaces summer’s 23 hours of sun and a chill returns to the forests, firefighters and trees alike receive a winter break from the hungry bark beetle. But if the warming trend continues, so will the potential for insects, fire, and loss of forests.
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Information Security Overview
Every day, it seems there is another news story about the latest data breach, ransomware attack, or other security related threat. Please take the time to read this page in full, and implement the advice contained here. Remember, the first defense against any malware attack or identity theft is you, the user.
Account Security Email-Related Threats Identity Theft/Hacked Account Password Managers
Anti-Malware Software Adblock Clear Web Browser Cache Update Web Browser
Identity and Data Security
Account Security
Q: How do I keep my accounts secure?
A: We recommend that you use a different password for every account you have. Each password should be unique and complex. A complex password contains a minimum of 8 characters. The key to a secure password is the longer the better. You can also include at least one lowercase letter, one uppercase letter, a number, and symbol. See Secure Password Management to learn where you can store all your passwords securely and in one place.
When reading your emails, always stay vigilant. If you receive an email—and something seems fishy about it—always listen to your gut. An email may look completely legit, but a corporation will never ask for you to email them things like your password or credit card information in plain text. Look at the URLs of the links in the email. Check the sender’s email address. Never open a suspicious attachment. If something seems off, it probably is. The scam artists are getting much more sophisticated at seeming legitimate, but if you use a little bit of common sense, you should be able to catch when things don’t feel right, and act accordingly. More information about how to detect phishing attempts and how to report phishing emails can be found in Google's Gmail Help Center.
Email attachments
Never open a suspicious attachment! And generally, do not open attachments that you were not expecting, or aren’t from a trusted source. Gmail, and most webmail services have good malware scanning built in these days, but if the file is over 25MB, the scan won’t run. Be careful, and stay vigilant. Again, practice common sense.
Scam Calls / Robocalls
If you receive a phone call that seems suspicious, whether it's a computer-generated voice on the other end or a person fishing for personal information: Don't follow any directions given by the caller. Just hang up the phone. Following any prompts given by the caller may make them more likely to call again. Never give out any personal information to an unknown caller. Take down any information you remember and report the call to the FTC.
These calls often show up as being from a local phone number, spoofing of numbers is rampant among scam callers, to hide the call's origin and make the calls difficult to block.
Identity Theft/Hacked Account
Q: Help! My account has been compromised, what can I do?
A: The first and foremost thing you should do if you still have access to your account is to change all your passwords and security questions, along with anything associated with your account. Let your contacts know that your account has been compromised and to not open any suspicious emails from you. After updating your passwords and security questions, check your email settings and make sure nothing has been changed. It is not uncommon for hackers to modify your recovery email address and automatically forward your emails to them. Scan your computer for malware and viruses (See our Anti-Malware Software section). For more information on securing your account:
Password Managers
Q: There are too many passwords to remember! What can I do?
A: LastPass is a password manager for all of your devices. LastPass is great for storing passwords for websites, web services, or just about anything else. It’s more convenient and secure than your web browser’s password manager, in that you can connect on all your devices. There is a LastPast Website and web add-on, a desktop application, and a mobile phone app. This means you only need to remember one password to have access to your passwords on all your devices.
You can download LastPass from here:
Q: How do I get started with LastPass?
A: Visit the LastPass User Support Page to learn how to make your profile secure and customize to your preferences.
There are some configuration settings you will want to get familiar with:
• Master Password - the one password you will need to remember to gain access into your LastPass account.
• Account Settings - add a recovery email or phone number, manage preferences, etc.
• Auto Logout - ensure LastPass logouts of your account when you are away from your device.
For a more detailed write-up on password management software, go here.
Anti-Malware Software
Q: How do I keep my computer secure?
A: We recommend downloading an antivirus and anti-malware software. To keep your computer secure, make sure that you keep your antivirus/anti-malware software up to date.
Windows 7 and older
Windows 8 and newer
• Windows Defender - The successor to Microsoft Security Essentials, included with the operating system. You don't have to install any extra software.
• Malwarebytes Anti-Malware - Has solid malware definitions. Run when you suspect that Windows Defender missed something, although it doesn't hurt to run it more often.
Mac OS X
• ClamXAV - An antivirus software for Apple Macintosh provides full disk virus scans, scheduled scans and updates for times that suit you, automatic scanning of new downloads, quarantining infected files, and much more. Consider installing the free 30-day trial initially.
• Malwarebytes Anti-Malware - Has solid malware definitions in addition to an effective heuristics engine that will check your computer for software with suspicious behavior.
Network Security
Q: What is an adblocker and which one should I use?
A: An adblocker is a web browser extension designed to prevent ads from appearing on a web page. Adblockers are useful on websites with questionable content where clicking on an ad may result in your computer downloading malware. We recommend uBlock Origin, which is available for ChromeFirefox, and Edge.
Clear Web Browser Cache
Q: How do I clear my browser cache?
Mozilla Firefox:
1. Click the menu icon (the three stacked horizontal lines near the top right of your browser window).
2. Click History, then choose the Clear Recent History... option.
3. Select the Time Range to clear (drop-down menu).
- Select Everything to clear all cache.
4. Click Details to choose what history elements to clear.
- e.g. Cache, Cookies, and Active Logins
WARNING!: DO NOT check the Browsing & Download History or the Form & Search History boxes.
5. Click the Clear Now button.
6. Exit and re-launch the browser.
Google Chrome:
2. Hover your mouse cursor over the History menu option, then click History at the top of the expanded menu.
3. Click Clear browsing data...
4. Set the Obliterate the following items from drop-down menu to the beginning of time.
5. Check the Cookies and other site and plugin data and Cached images and files boxes ONLY. (Un-check all other check boxes)
6. Click the Clear browsing data button.
7. Exit and re-launch the browser.
Microsoft Internet Explorer 11:
1. Click the Tools icon (the gear near the top right of your browser window).
2. Hover your mouse cursor over the Safety menu option, then click Delete browsing history... at the top of the expanded menu.
3. Check the Temporary Internet files and website files and Cookies and website data boxes ONLY. (Un-check all other check boxes)
4. Click Delete.
5. Exit and re-launch the browser.
1. Open Safari.
2. Click on Safari in the upper toolbar and select Clear History...
3. Select all history from the drop-down list.
4. Click the Clear History button.
5. Quit and re-launch the browser.
Update Web Browser
Q: Why should I update my web browser?
A: It is important to always run the most updated version of your web browser. Using an outdated web browser can compromise the security of your computer and any networks to which it is connected. Web browser developers are constantly searching for security vulnerabilities and when they find them they fix them and update the software. Therefore, if you are running a later version of a browser you are leaving yourself vulnerable to malicious websites.
Do not use browsers that no longer have updates or are being retired (e.g. Safari for PCs, Internet Explorer).
Q: How do I update my web browser?
A: It is highly recommended to set up your browser to automatically update. For update instructions and how to set up automatic update follow the link for instructions for your specific browser:
• Google Chrome: this browser’s default is to automatically update
• Firefox: this browser’s default is to automatically update
• Safari: this browser updates with macOS updates
• Edge: this browser updates with Windows updates
NOTE: If the instructions outlined here do not match the menus and options in the web browser you are using, please check to be sure that you are using the most recent version of the web browser. Using an outdated web browser can compromise the security of your computer and any networks to which it is connected.
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Control a Solenoid Valve with Scratch
Written by: admin@makezilla
USB control of a Solenoid Valve using Lego Wedo Robotics and "Scratch" programming
R. Siderits, P. Mazari, C. Rimmer, D. Goodwin, W. Lecorchick, O. Ouatarra
Solenoid valves open and close with low voltage relays
We illustrate the use of the solenoid valve and a small reservoir, controlled by the graphical programming language "Scratch" ( and a solenoid valve to make the first part of an automated immunohistochemictry platform.
The first step in making an IHC platform would be to de-paraffin (wash) a glass slide with a xylene substitute.
You can download and run the Scratch control program from the scratch website.
Credit for the "Axe-uator" (linear actuator) is given in the text and is viewable on Youtube.
Step 1: Step 1: Parts List
Picture of Step 1: Parts ListSlide4.JPG
We've kept the cost of the parts to a minimum. The entire project setup is less than 20$, without the cost of the
Lego WeDo robotics kit (for use with the Scratch programming language).
Step 2: Step 2: Assemble the valve and reservoir
Picture of Step 2: Assemble the valve and reservoirSlide6.JPGSlide9.JPGIntro.jpg
Using a manifold you might be able to mix 2-6 different reagents in fairly precise ratios depending on flow valve diameter or external clamp compression of the drain lines. The check valve was a nice add on and can go inline as well as serve as a one way air inlet.
Step 3: Step 3: Attach the Solenoid Valve
Picture of Step 3: Attach the Solenoid ValveSlide8.JPGSlide10.JPG
These little solenoid valves are really very rugged. You might want to clamp it in place but a cable tie worked very well.
Two would have been better (a little more stable).
Step 4: Step 4: Make the "Bath"
Picture of Step 4: Make the "Bath"Slide14.JPGSlide15.JPG
The outflow from the "Bath" went into a waste container but the volumes that we were using were so small that this was not really needed.
Step 5: Step 5: Scratch Programming
Picture of Step 5: Scratch ProgrammingSlide18.JPGSlide19.JPGSlide20.JPGSlide21.JPGSlide20.JPG
Scratch is a surprisingly flexible Rapid Applications Development language that uses both a PicoBoard for ratiometric sensor input and the Lego WeDo Robotics kit for servo motor control plus proximity and tilt sensors.
Step 6: Step 5: Run a test
Picture of Step 5: Run a test
Once the entire apparatus is assembled, download the program IHC-valve in Scratch.
Video of the valve in action as well as an "on-screen" view of how to set up the Scratch program can be seen.
Step 7: Disclaimer
Picture of Disclaimer
Step 8: Project affiliation:
Picture of Project affiliation:
Our Experimental Pathology Team
Step 9: Future development
Picture of Future developmentSlide23.JPG
Fluid level sensor could be developed in about 10 minutes by using the WeDo tilt sensor.
Step 10: End
Picture of End
Thanks and Good Luck.
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Definitions for "Theoretical Probability"
a numerical measure of the likelihood that an event will occur; the ratio of the number or proportion of successes or favorable outcomes in the sample space to the number of outcomes in the sample space; the expected results (see also experimental probability); for example if a coin is flipped 50 times with 30 heads and 20 tails, the experimental probability of heads is 30/50 or .6; whereas, the theoretical probability for obtaining heads is 25/50 or 1/2 or .5
the ratio of the number of favourable outcomes (what you want to happen) to the number of possible outcomes (what could happen)
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Health & Wellbeing
Significant new model of COVID-19 spread influences UK & US responses
Significant new model of COVID...
A new report suggests extreme active suppression measures are necessary in the short term to reduce mortality rates and lower the impact on healthcare services
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A new report, from the world’s leading epidemic modeling group at Imperial College London, is suggesting intensive active suppression, including isolation of all cases and extreme social distancing measures, may be the most effective immediate intervention to reduce mortality and healthcare demand as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread. The new data, reportedly influencing both US and UK government policy, recommends suppression measures may have to be intermittently turned on and off over the next 18 months until a vaccine is developed and mass immunity occurs.
“The world is facing the most serious public health crisis in generations,” explains Neil Ferguson, head of the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis at Imperial College London. “Here we provide concrete estimates of the scale of the threat countries now face.”
The report presents the results of a model examining the potential effect of several public health measures on viral transmission rates and mortality. Two overall strategies are discussed in the paper: mitigation and suppression.
Mitigation involves a community working to slow the spread of the virus through measures such as isolating confirmed cases, and social distancing of the elderly and those in high-risk groups. The goal of mitigation is not to actively suppress or stop infections but rather protect those most at risk while still allowing moderate spread of the virus until population immunity builds up leading to a decline in case numbers.
Suppression, on the other hand, aims to halt human-to-human transmission through more extreme social distancing and quarantine measures. This can include shutting down non-essential services, closing schools, and keeping people separated by isolating the entire population in their homes.
The challenge governments around the world currently face is finding the most effective balance between these two general strategies. The big finding coming out of the new report is that the most optimal mitigation strategy may still result in an overwhelming load on healthcare systems and large volumes of fatalities.
“In the most effective mitigation strategy examined, which leads to a single, relatively short epidemic (case isolation, household quarantine and social distancing of the elderly), the surge limits for both general ward and ICU beds would be exceeded by at least 8-fold under the more optimistic scenario for critical care requirements that we examined," the report concludes. "In addition, even if all patients were able to be treated, we predict there would still be in the order of 250,000 deaths in GB, and 1.1-1.2 million in the US.”
So, more active suppression strategies may be necessary, however, the obvious question for these kinds of more stringent measures is, how long can they be maintained?
The modeling in the report affirms that major suppression strategies can work to reduce viral transmission. These measures include closing schools and universities, and instituting mass social distancing by keeping the majority of the population at home in isolation. The problem is that the modeling suggests the epidemic will spike again as soon as these measures are relaxed. And with a vaccine potentially 18 months away, the social, economic and psychological costs of long-term mass population quarantine is obviously immense.
The ultimate recommendation from the report is that major suppression measures must be instituted initially, in order to slow the spread of the virus. While it is unfeasible to continue these strident measures indefinitely, the report suggests active local monitoring of confirmed cases will inform when to loosen those measures and when to tighten them back up, in a strategy analogous to turning a tap on and off.
“To avoid a rebound in transmission, these policies will need to be maintained until large stocks of vaccine are available to immunize the population – which could be 18 months or more,” the report suggests. “Adaptive hospital surveillance-based triggers for switching on and off population-wide social distancing and school closure offer greater robustness to uncertainty than fixed duration interventions and can be adapted for regional use (e.g. at the state level in the US). Given local epidemics are not perfectly synchronized, local policies are also more efficient and can achieve comparable levels of suppression to national policies while being in force for a slightly smaller proportion of the time.”
While the report certainly concludes, with no doubt, that “epidemic suppression is the only viable strategy at the current time,” the researchers are clear in stating these recommendations can swiftly change as we learn more about how the virus functions, and how we can effectively fight back.
Countries such as China and South Korea are also noted as important examples of suppression measures working effectively in the short term, however, researchers are watching those nations closely to monitor the broad effects of loosening those extreme measures. China, in particular, has demonstrated major success with extreme suppression measures but it is yet to be seen whether the disease will spike again once those measures are relaxed.
CNN reports this comprehensive modeling study has been passed on to both UK and US governments. The White House Coronavirus Task Force is reportedly currently discussing the contents of the report. The UK government, on the other hand, has swiftly shifted its overall approach based on some of the modeling in the report.
The UK’s government’s initial response to the virus was one of lighter mitigation measures. The plan was to allow certain spreads of infection in order to speed up the process of herd immunity. However, in response to this new report, the UK government is now rapidly rolling out social distancing measures, calling for those in the highest risk categories to self-isolate.
“We have to accept that COVID-19 is a severe infection and it is currently able to spread in countries such as the US and the UK,” says Steven Riley, a professor of infectious disease dynamics working on this latest report. “In this report, we show that the most stringent traditional interventions are required in the short term to halt its spread. Once they are in place, it becomes a common priority for us all to find the best possible ways to improve on those interventions.”
The report ultimately makes clear this global pandemic will need dynamic long-term management. The current model hypothesizes active suppression measures may be necessary for two-thirds of the next 12 to 18 months until a vaccine appears.
In a March 9 address, the Director General of the World Health Organization stressed how each country will need to institute its own tailored response. And that response will not simply be based on a binary choice between trying to contain the virus and trying to mitigate its impact. Instead, the most likely outcome is a dynamic interplay responding to local ups and downs in infection rates.
“Different countries are in different scenarios, requiring a tailored response,” said the Director General. “It’s not about containment or mitigation – which is a false dichotomy. It’s about both. All countries must take a comprehensive blended strategy for controlling their epidemics and pushing this deadly virus back.”
The new modeling report is available here.
Source: Imperial College London
Bob Stuart
If there are carriers with no symptoms, like Typhoid Mary, things get a lot trickier.
How come Chloroquine is not _ALL OVER_ the news?
No one in the UK is talking about use of convalescent plasma or anti-virals. Isn't it time to stop waiting for results of clinical trials? There will be a huge cohort of people on whom to test these regimes so what are we waiting for. Better to try these things than wait for regulatory approval and the like, surely??? For anyone interested there's an interesting article in The Lancet. Go here:
A big thing that can also be done is to get China and other countries that have densely packed wild and domestic animals in close proximity in large markets to stop this practice. They appear to be the breading grounds for these new and dangerous viruses.
I think this article merits examination.
It examines the available statistics, and questions that they justify the extreme measures of social distancing and lockdown. In addition, there is the fear that infections will simply increase when the extreme measures are relaxed. Hence the suggestion that they must remain until a vaccine has been developed. Can they be maintained for at least 12 months? Are the extreme measures justified in relation to the likely severity of the economic damage?
Not quite sure where you're going with Chloroquine, a malaria treatment...?...But it would be detrimental to anyone with any danger of lung problems as it can cause bronchospasms, and that would bout do it for ya at that point.
KeithW, you are on the money on convalescent plasma- a procedure used for almost a hundred years. It has received scant mention here in the USA, as well.
The virus is terrible but I'm curious what will be left of the economy and the world after we are done putting the whole world on house arrest for 18 more months. Families are separated etc. This will be hard and for all of the effort we still won't stop the virus. Maybe we need to put more work into scaling up medical facilities instead of scaling down the rest of the world. There aren't enough Ventilators for the people that need them so why hasn't government ordered private sector companies to manufacture more of them like they do with weapons in time of war? They should have been given contracts and begun tooling months ago. Hospitals should have started standing up new facilities when they saw Wuhan needing to build 2 new hospitals in a week. Certainly if it's a big enough deal to put the entire world on hold it's important enough to put these things in motion before now.. right?
They are forbidden in China now.Strictly.
Theodore41 - I've read that this ban in China is widely being ignored. It's been in force for a while now, since the last nasty little virus emerged from this part of the world - the original SARS. Despite the totalitarian approach of the Chinese state it is clear that they don't have as much social control as they would like to think they do. How long until the next mamalian borne plague hits us. Not long I would bet.
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How was mental illness treated in early history?
How was mental illness treated in the 1800s?
How was mental illness treated in the 1700s?
The exorcism of Carlos II of Spain, 1661-1700
In the 18th century, some believed that mental illness was a moral issue that could be treated through humane care and instilling moral discipline. Strategies included hospitalization, isolation, and discussion about an individual’s wrong beliefs.
How mental health was viewed and treated in the past?
IT IS INTERESTING: What is high cognitive complexity?
How was mental illness treated in the 1960s?
What were insane asylums like?
People were either submerged in a bath for hours at a time, mummified in a wrapped “pack,” or sprayed with a deluge of shockingly cold water in showers. Asylums also relied heavily on mechanical restraints, using straight jackets, manacles, waistcoats, and leather wristlets, sometimes for hours or days at a time.
Who founded mental illness?
Early History of Mental Illness(1)
In the 5th century B.C., Hippocrates was a pioneer in treating mentally ill people with techniques not rooted in religion or superstition; instead, he focused on changing a mentally ill patient’s environment or occupation, or administering certain substances as medications.
Do asylums still exist?
When were asylums shut down?
Effects of Deinstitutionalization
When was the first appearance of mental illness?
IT IS INTERESTING: Where do somatic cells come from?
Can a mental illness be cured?
How is mental illness treated today?
Why is mental illness not taken seriously?
Perhaps because mental illnesses are simply not as concrete as physical illnesses, they are often not taken as seriously. Contrary to this popular belief, mental illnesses are actual diseases that must be treated as seriously as a physical disease, such as cancer or heart disease.
How mental health has changed over the years?
Mental health has been transformed over the last seventy years. There have been so many changes: the closure of the old asylums; moving care into the community; the increasing the use of talking therapies. They have all had a hugely positive impact on patients and mental health care.
Kind psychologist
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Essay On Free Will Vs. Hard Determinism (Philosophy) Introduction To Philosophy/Bellarmine University Essay
815 words - 4 pages
Circumstances: Self-Made or Natural?
Many people have wondered throughout the world, why am I in the position I am right
now? How did my life go so wrong/right? Some may answer that their circumstances are a result
of their own decisions, while others may say the reason is because of the “universe”. To
understand both perceptions, Richard Taylor’s Agency Theory and Baron d’Holbach’s Hard
Determinism Theory will be analyzed. By comparing, contrasting, and examining the two
the superior theory.
Deliberation is when people think about which action to take, this or that. Deliberation is an
example of free will because it involves one making up his/her own mind. Second, Taylor brings
up a point that we often overlook. He brings up the feeling that it is up to the person about what
he/she will do and he uses the example of one’s want and ability to move his/her own finger any
which way he/she wants. Taylor’s theory can easily take on other theories such as simple
indeterminism and soft determinism. Simple indeterminism states that many things people do
happen at random. With that said, simple indeterminism means that the vast majority of human
activity would have no meaning and be highly unpredictable. Soft determinism states that human
behavior and actions are wholly determined by causal events, but where human free will does
exist it is still shaped by external factors such as heredity, society, upbringing, etc. However,
when looking at a person-by-person analysis it does not hold up. For example, if you were to
look at a person who was raised in the inner city in an impoverished neighborhood where there
are drugs and a high crime rate you would expect that person, according to soft determinism, to
either be involved with drugs or crime. While that may be true for some individuals, how does
that explain people like Ben Carson who was raised in government-subsidized housing and
raised by a single mother in an area riddled with crime, but is today one of the best
neurosurgeons in the country and in 2016 was a candidate in ...
hard determinism: true or false - philosophy philosophy 101 - essay
An Analysis of the Free Will Problem - UNT - Philosophy - Psychology
1506 words - 7 pages , in context of an ever-expanding pool of choices and options of human development, does exist, allowing for contextualization and creativity to function in tandem with one another. To begin this argument, there is an importance to be put on the three main argumentative stances. Fully understanding each position’s main points of contention is key to developing a fully fleshed out perspective of what free will is and is not. First, we will discuss
Examine the main concepts of Hard Determinism - School - Essay
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Last summer, what began to be peaceful protests against racism and police brutality soon turned into violent riots in several cities across the US. With demonstrators vandalizing and trying to remove some historical monuments in cities, city authorities considered removing those monuments considered controversial over their links to slavery.
After several historical monuments were demolished, vandalized or damaged across the US, the statue of Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus at Arrigo Park, Little Italy in Chicago was preemptively removed out of safety concerns, and this year the Joint Civic Committee of Italian Americans has demanded it be returned to its historic location, Fox News Chicago reported on Thursday.
"To have anyone’s ethnic group challenged. Their heros and traditions challenged. There isn't an ethnic group anywhere that would allow their ethnic group to be dictated to them," the group's president Ron Onesti is quoted in the report as saying.
In a letter to Chicago Park District Board, Onesti stipulated that a contract negotiated nearly 50 years ago between the Chicago Park District and the Columbus Statue Committee states that all parties must decide on the statue's future.
"The agreement shows that we have a stake in the fate of this statue," said Onesti.
However, Onesti noted in a letter that since the city's two other Columbus statues were managed by the city, the organization could not influence its decision.
A peaceful demonstration in Grant Park in the summer of 2020 devolved into violent clashes with Chicago police over the Christopher Columbus statue. The statue was temporarily relocated, according to Mayor Lori Lightfoot, and the city of Chicago has begun a study of statues and sculptures considered controversial.
Stephen Douglas Park, which was named after the slave owner, was reportedly voted to be renamed by students in North Lawndale. Former slave and abolitionist Frederick Douglass and his wife Anna were honored with the renaming of the park and public library.
The death of Black man George Floyd in police custody in the US state of Minnesota triggered a national movement against racially motivated police violence, which sparked mass demonstrations in the US and other countries last year. Some of the demonstrations were marred with violence and looting, including damaging public property and harming local businesses.
According to the US media, one of the possible reasons why Columbus statues have been vandalized is that some anti-racism activists believe Columbus is to blame for the genocide of Native Americans.
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Digital payments are the payments which are made digitally. The payments which are done in digital form are known as digital payments. Now-a-days digital payments are made useful by almost everyone. The payments made digitally saves time of the people. The digital payments are made simple for the people. The usage is also very simple and easy. Government of India has started adopting digital payments in implementation of Bhim UPI and many more projects, digital payments are considered to be modern age technology saviors.
The Government of India has been taking several measures to promote and encourage digital payments in the country. To put it in, simple words, a digital payment occurs when goods or services are purchased through the use of various electronic measures. Digital payment is the payment which is made digitally which the help of technology. There is no use of cash or cheques in this type of payment method, a cashless economy wherein all transactions are carried out using different types of payment method and does not involve the physical use of money for the purchase of various goods and services. As part of ‘Digital India’ campaign, the government aims to create a ‘digitally empowered’ economy that is paperless, cashless.
Please note that digital payments can take place on the internet as well as on physical premises. For example, if you buy something from Amazon and pay for it via UPI, it qualifies as a digital payment. Similarly, if you purchase something from your local Kirana store and choose to pay via UPI instead of handing over cash, that also is a digital payment.
What are the different methods of digital payments?
After the launch of Cashless India, we currently have ten methods of digital payment available in India. Some methods have been in use for more than a decade, some have become recently popular, and others are relatively new.
1. Banking Cards
Indians widely use Banking cards, or debit/credit cards, or prepaid cards, as an alternative to cash payments. Andhra Bank launched the first credit card in India in 1981.
Cards are preferred because of multiple reasons, including, but not limited to, convenience, portability, safety, and security. This is the only mode of digital payment that is popular in online transactions and physical transactions alike. Nowadays, many apps are being launched with the sole purpose of managing card transactions like Cred, Square, etc.
2. Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD)
USSD was launched for those sections of India’s population which don’t have access to proper banking and internet facilities. Under USSD, mobile banking transactions are possible without an internet connection by simply dialing *99# on any essential feature phone.
This number is operational across all Telecom Service Providers (TSPs) and allows customers to avail of services including interbank account to account fund transfer, balance inquiry, and availing mini statements. Around 51 leading banks offer USSD service in 12 different languages, including Hindi & English.
3: Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AEPS)
AEPS is a bank-led model for digital payments that was initiated to leverage the presence and reach of Aadhar. Under this system, customers can use their Aadhar-linked accounts to transfer money between two Aadhar linked Bank Accounts. As of February 2020, AEPS had crossed more than 205 million as per NPCI data.
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I suppose you've heard the news about Thomas Jefferson. DNA tests were just conducted on one of his descendants (actually one of his uncle's descendants) and on a descendant of a son of Sally Hemings, one of Jefferson's slaves. The tests say there's about a 99 percent probability that Tom fathered Sally's son.To which many African-Americans are saying, so what else is new? If you didn't know slavery worked that way, why didn't you?Some historians are saying, told you so, while other historians are saying, 99 percent is not 100 percent and a distant descendent of Jefferson's uncle is pretty thin Jefferson.Democrats are saying, see, if they'd impeached HIM, we would never have done the Louisiana Purchase, and the nation would end at the Mississippi.As for me, my heart goes out to Tom. I've believed the Sally Hemings story all along. It hasn't stopped me from being an ardent admirer of Jefferson, of his writing, his scientific curiosity, his devotion to education and democracy, and above all, his gardens. The first time I saw the gardens at Monticello, I felt a sympathetic identification with Mr. J., though I knew those gardens had been maintained by slaves.I've been trying to explain that sympathy to my students, who are outraged that the author of the Declaration of Independence was a slave owner. He who called slavery "this great political and moral evil." He who wrote, "The whole commerce between master and slave is a perpetual exercise of the most boisterous passions, the most unremitting despotism on the one part, and degrading submissions on the other." He who penned the thundering sentence, "Indeed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just: that his justice cannot sleep forever." Did he mean those great words? If so, how could he have kept slaves? How could he have fathered children with a slave woman?I've read most everything Jefferson wrote and many biographies of him. I think he meant his anti-slavery words from the depth of his soul. His struggle to live those words in a society that fiercely opposed them is what most endears him to me.Sally Hemings was the half-sister of Jefferson's wife Martha. When Martha's father lost his third wife, he took a slave as his mistress, a "mulatto" house servant named Betty Hemings. (If you didn't know slavery worked that way, why didn't you?) She bore him six children, one of whom was Sally, who came into Jefferson's household when he married Martha. After Martha died, the lonely Jefferson turned to Sally. He brought her to Paris when he was Ambassador to France. He educated her, bought fashionable clothes for her, and eventually freed her brother and her children. She was freed by Jefferson's daughter after his death.I assume that Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson loved each other. It was a love that could never be acknowledged. He could not claim the children she bore him. Living a lie must have been excruciating for them both, especially when his political enemies caught on to the story and mocked him in ways that make today's press look surprisingly civil.So he treated her well. Still she was a slave. And what about his other slaves?He had to have them if he were to farm Monticello, and he loved Monticello. "I have often thought," he wrote, "that if heaven had given me choice of my position and calling, it should have been on a rich spot of earth, well watered, and near a good market for the productions of the garden. No occupation is so delightful to me as the culture of the earth."If you were a Virginia planter back then, you had slaves. Though you despised the very idea, it was an idea that ran the economy. To refuse to go along with it would have meant losing your livelihood, your farm, your society, your culture.I am as passionate a gardener as TJ, and I also have slaves. They are not people, they are a tiller, a tractor, a chainsaw, a farm truck. I also fly on planes, I drive a car, I heat my house partially with oil. If I'm an average American, I consume in fossil fuel the energy equivalent of 80 full-time slaves.At the same time I believe with all my heart that emitting greenhouse gases, exuding toxins, and driving species to extinction is immoral. I could say as passionately as Jefferson, "Indeed, I tremble for my planet, when I reflect that Nature is inflexible: that her response to our abuse cannot sleep forever." I'm sure that future generations, coping with the messes we are making, will look back at us with revulsion and ask, "how could they LIVE that way?"Like Jefferson, I do my best to mitigate my sins, to use my energy slaves kindly and efficiently, to reduce my load on the groaning earth. But to do that entirely would be to lose my livelihood, my farm, my society, my whole culture.I could wish that both Jefferson and I were more radical. I could argue that his gradualism permitted decades of suffering and so does mine. But neither of us are violent revolutionaries; we fight with words; we try to change minds; and who knows, maybe that's the fastest path. Watching oil companies admit to global warming, watching the invention of new solar energy devices, watching people yearn for a more sane way of living, I can easily join old TJ in hopefulness about the effectiveness of ideas.His hopefulness was not borne out: "I think a change already perceptible, ... the spirit of the master is abating, that of the slave rising from the dust, ... the way I hope preparing ... for a total emancipation ... to be with the consent of the masters, rather than by their extirpation."Maybe we can do better.(Donella H. Meadows is an adjunct professor of environmental studies at Dartmouth College.)
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Answered 2009-11-03 22:29:34
pumpkins are asexual.
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Related Questions
Is budding a method of asexual reproduction?
Yes, Budding is a method of asexual reproduction.
Is ginger reproduction asexual?
Yes. the reproduction method of ginger is asexual.
Asexual method of reproduction in yeasts?
type of reproduction
What is the method of reproduction called in yeasts?
asexual reproduction
What is a sentence using the term asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction is the most common method of reproduction among bacteria.
Which is not a method of asexual reproduction?
What is the reproduction method for green Chile?
the method of reproduction of green chilli is asexual reproduction as it does not require a partner for its fertilisation.....
What method of corn in asexual reproduction?
What is the difference in the method of reproduction in amoeba and yeast?
The difference in the method of reproduction amoeba and yeast, is that whereas the method of reproduction in Amoeba is binary fission, the method of reproduction in yeast is budding. The type of reproduction is called asexual reproduction.
Is mitosis a form of asexual reproduction method?
What asexual method of reproduction is used by bacteria?
Is reproduction a sexual or asexual method?
Depends. for cells, its asexual. for multicellular organisms its sexual
What method of asexual reproduction involves a growth forming on the parent organism?
Budding is the method of asexual reproduction in which a bud forms on the parent plant and gets detached when it is fully grown.
What methods of reproduction are used by protists?
Asexual reproduction is the most commonly used method
Both bacteria and yeast reproduce by asexual method but how does this method differ in them?
reproduction in bacteria is only asexual by means of fission or fusion
What organism produces by binary fission but not mitosis?
Binary fission is asexual method of reproduction. Some fungi and protists and many bacteria do that
What method of reproduction does a flower use?
A Flower uses asexual and sexual reproduction the type of asexual reproduction would be Parthenogenesis. and the method of fertilazation is internal reproduction (: and your very whalecum <33 goodbye and hopefully you get it right because i know its right (; Im in my science class bhaha
Asexual reproduction is represented by?
The method of reproducing offspring by only one parent is called asexual reproduction. All of the genetic information comes from a single organism. This is represented by vegetable and plant reproduction.
Is sporulation a form of asexual reproduction?
Not necessarily. It's a mechanism to increase the longevity of the "seed" produced. The method of reproduction (asexual or sexual) on the normal reproductive cycle of the species.
What is the criteria for fungi?
Fungi are classified by their method of reproduction (both sexual and asexual).
What are two principle method of reproduction?
asexual (the organism clones itself) and sexual.
What is the method of reproduction of mollusks?
Depends on the mollusk. Most use sexual but some snails are hermaphrodites and can perform asexual reproduction.
What form of asexual reproduction?
Bacteria divide asexually in a method called binary fission.
Asexual reproduction of hydra?
yes, hydas reproduce asexually by a method called "budding"
Which asexual reproduction method involves the splitting of an organism into 2 halves?
binary fission
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Could Captive Portal Protection Have Prevented the Solar Winds Breach?
Minute Read
In late 2020, the discovery of the SolarWinds breach rocked the cybersecurity world, affecting thousands of private companies across the world, as well as the several branches of the US Federal Government. A few months on from the attack, much remains unclear. Despite reasonable speculation, nobody fully understands exactly how the breach happened.
The SolarWinds breach went undetected for months, exploited high-profile targets, and (according to the FBI) was executed by sophisticated hackers likely backed by foreign governments. The breach was related to SolarWinds Orion Products, a suite of IT infrastructure and management products used by large organizations to monitor their IT stacks.
Were you impacted by the breach? Check out this resource from Attila: Support for SolarWinds Orion Security Issues.
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Hardware VPN Resource Center
Visit the Hardware VPN Resource Center.
One possible explanation for the attack is that the SolarWinds breach first occurred through a captive portal. Captive portals are very common, but the implications of using them are not particularly well understood, and a lot of cybersecurity firms don’t provide effective ways to secure them. Read on to learn more about what a captive portal is, why it may represent an ongoing cybersecurity concern and what you can do to protect your sensitive data and business operations.
What is a Captive Portal?
In essence, a captive portal is the technology that guest users use to connect to a public WiFi network. Captive portals are commonly used at hotels, restaurants, offices and countless other places. Typically, a user inputs some identifying information, like their email address or room number, agrees to terms and conditions, and is then connected to the WiFi network.
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Are Captive Portals Secure?
Captive portals are notoriously insecure, and provide a vulnerable entry point where attackers can leverage access to a user’s device to gain access to an entire corporate network. There are several ways bad actors can exploit captive portals. It is possible that SolarWinds could have been vulnerable to various types of captive portal attacks.
The standard approach to cybersecurity around captive portals is to install virtual private networks, or VPNs, on employee’s smartphones, laptops and other work devices. Traditional methods for this are far from foolproof. VPNs take as long as three minutes to connect to a network and start functioning. That’s more than enough time for a malicious actor to access the user’s device and compromise the whole network.
There’s really only one way to effectively mitigate the risks of captive portals, and there’s no way of knowing if Solar Winds employed this strategy.
Captive Portal Isolation
Captive portal isolation uses a combination firewall and a hardware VPN with a built-in stateless sandboxed web browser. This combination of cybersecurity tools prevents the captive portal web page from ever actually loading on the user’s device. Instead, the stateless sandbox browser facilitates the connection, and the combination firewall prevents any malicious actors from accessing the connecting device.
Attila GoSilent Cube: a Superior Solution for Cybersecurity
While we’ll likely never know for sure exactly how attackers breached the SolarWinds Orion platform, it’s entirely plausible that they could have accessed the network through a captive portal attack. Captive portals remain a major vulnerability for all kinds of organizations and many cybersecurity firms are doing little to address this. As companies and organizations across the world embrace remote work, it’s more crucial than ever that they take every action possible to defend themselves against these types of attacks.
For many companies, the solution is found with the Attila GoSilent Cube. This hardware VPN requires little to no configuration and is a plug and play solution with sophisticated results. Get security over any connection, secure multiple devices at once and connect from anywhere. This is security you can trust. Go here to learn more.
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What is Trabeculectomy?
A trabeculectomy is drainage surgery used in the management of glaucoma.
The term Trabeculectomy refers to making a hole in the drainage area of the eye, to allow fluid from inside the eye to be released, thereby lowering the intraocular pressure.
Why do I need a Trabeculectomy?
Most glaucoma is treated by medical therapy in the form of eye drops. In most cases the eye pressure is sufficiently lowered by the eye drops to reduce the risk of vision loss from glaucoma. In some cases the pressure lowering is not sufficient and requires further treatment. The current options are tablets, laser or drainage surgery. Generally, tablets are only used in the short-term for pressure control as they are associated with side-effects. Laser, also, does not generally have a long-term effect and is utilised mainly if surgery is not safely possible.
What is involved with Trabeculectomy?
Trabeculectomy is performed as Day Surgery and does not require overnight admission. It is necessary to stop aspirin, warfarin, anti-inflammatories, fish oil or any other blood thinning medications 7 days prior to surgery. Local anaesthesia with sedation is preferred as it is safer for the patient and provides more rapid recovery. General anaesthesia can be performed in certain patient indications. The procedure takes one to one and a half hours, depending on the complexity of the glaucoma.
The aim of the surgery is to create a one-way flap valve from the inside of the eye to under the conjunctiva of the eye. The fluid subsequently passes from this small reservoir (bleb) back into the blood vessels of the conjunctiva. It does not result in more tearing from the eye as there is no external drainage of the fluid. During the operation anti-scarring agents such as Mitomycin C are used to optimise the long-term drainage of the fluid from the eye.
What happens after the operation?
A pad/shield is worn on the first night. As the eye can be uncomfortable due to the nature of the surgery, it is advised to rest and take oral analgesia if required. It is advised to sleep slightly elevated on two to three pillows during the first night to prevent overdrainage of fluid. No eye drops need to be administered on the first night.
The next day your eye will be reviewed. The eye pad will be removed, the eye cleaned and the trabeculectomy site checked. If you bring your post-operative eye drops, the first dose will be put in for you.
The first 3-4 weeks are critical in establishing the flow through the trabeculectomy site. We may need to see you twice a week during that period in order regulate the flow. This may involve massaging your eye and possibly removing sutures.
It is expected that your vision will fluctuate in the first few weeks, due to the variable drainage of fluid, but will eventually stabilise.
What are the side-effects of Trabeculectomy surgery?
For any eye surgery there is the risk of infection, bleeding, loss of vision and the potential for retinal problems. Trabeculectomy surgery, in particular, can be associated with problems of under or over drainage following the surgery either due to loosening of the sutures or wound leak. Occasionally, if the drainage is not controlled, then the trabeculectomy may need to be revised, which involves going back to the operating theatre. This does not occur frequently but if required, it is in the best interest of your eye.
Patients generally have 1 week off work depending on how the eye is healing and the nature of their work. More physical work (lifting more 10kg or involving prolonged bending over), especially in dusty or dirty conditions, should be avoided in the first month. It is wise to wear sunglasses during the day and a shield at night.
The ultimate goal of trabeculectomy surgery is to reduce the pressure in the eye to a level that will slow the vision loss. Due to the progressive nature of glaucoma no current treatment cures the condition, however, achieving lower stable eye pressures gives you the best long-term chance to maintain a functional level of vision.
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Four ways you can help your kids deal with a natural disaster
A man holds a young boy who looks sad.
Children might be upset by or worried about natural disasters after seeing them on the news or experiencing wild weather firsthand.
Every year, Queensland prepares for another summer season hoping for the best and preparing for the worst. We're a state that's been home to fires, flooding, hail storms, cyclones, and other natural disasters that can result in property destruction, displacement, and loss of life. But even when we’re prepared for the physical effects of extreme weather, we’re not always prepared for the toll it takes on the thoughts and emotions of our youngest residents.
We all need support after a major disaster or loss, but it can be much harder when you're a child who hasn't experienced a major disaster before and can't articulate your fears or concerns. Instead, these concerns manifest as sleep difficulties, nightmares, being hyper-alert for signs of danger, or by displaying behaviour often expected of a younger child (like an older child throwing tantrums), in addition to the anxiety, irritability, and sadness usually displayed by adults.
For parents going through a natural disaster with their kids, the experience can be an additional source of worry. The urge to protect your kids is strong, and there's a natural desire to protect them from the emotional aftermath just as much as the physical effects.
So if you're a parent going through a disaster with your kids for the first time, what is it that you should do? Here are four things worth keeping in mind, when it comes to building up your kid's emotional resilience after a natural disaster has occurred.
Look after your own mental health
Hard as it may be, you need to think of your own mental health in the aftermath of a disaster like the oxygen masks on an airplane. Just as it’s best to make sure your own mask is secure before helping someone else, you want to make sure you're managing your own feelings of fear and frustration before you can help your young person respond.
Acknowledge that a level of distress is natural after a disaster, and make sure you turn to other adults when you need to discuss your feelings rather than having these conversations with your children.
Aim to model calm and confidence when you're around your kids. Reassure them that while a natural disaster is dangerous, it is an infrequent, tragic event and that this sort of thing is extremely rare. Reassure them that the world is not always a dangerous place, and that things will return to normal once the disaster has passed.
Let your kids express their feelings
It's normal for kids to feel some distress or shock after a natural disaster, but those feelings will normally resolve themselves over time. You want to give your kids the space to express any distress that they're feeling, and it’s important you don't pretend that nothing has happened or shut down any conversation your child attempts to have about the event.
You do need to strike a balance here - talking too much about the event can be as problematic as talking about it too little. Try to avoid frequently taking your child's emotional temperature and asking if they're okay repeatedly, but let them know it's okay to discuss their feelings and take the time to normalise their response without dismissing or minimising them.
Put media coverage in context
Disasters attract media coverage and ongoing conversations within the community, which tends to last for days or even weeks after the event. To have the disaster as the focus of so much attention can be confusing, so you might want to take the opportunity put the ongoing interest in the disaster in context.
Take the time to let your kids know that natural disasters are rare, and the fact that they happen infrequently is why they attract so much attention. People are interested because it is out of the ordinary, not a regular occurrence.
A mother sits and talks to her young song on the couch, making him smile.
Be prepared to answer questions and explain what's happened
It isn't always easy for young children to articulate their feelings, or understand the unpredictable and chaotic nature of natural disasters. Be prepared to answer questions about what has happened several times and provide ongoing opportunities to talk.
Find out what your kids already think they know before you start answering, and take the opportunity to correct any misinformation or misunderstandings. Sometimes the memories of disaster, or the playground chatter that follows, can create a far more frightening image than the reality.
When you do answer questions, be honest and stick to the facts. Use language that's appropriate to your children's age and development, and don't provide any more detail than they ask for.
Getting professional help
For most children, the distress associated with a natural disaster will resolve with the passage of time, and your role as a parent is to watch for opportunities to talk and model the response you'd like your kids to have.
If you're concerned that any symptoms associated with their distress are not reducing, particularly around 2-3 months after things have returned to normal, seek out help.
Most children won't require psychological assistance to recover from shock and distress of a disaster, but if you're concerned that there might be a problem, help and information is available through a number of resources:
Birdie's Tree
Birdie's Tree is a set of resources developed by Children's Health Queensland to help infants and children understand and cope with natural disasters. Resources, games and storybooks for young people can be accessed through the Birdie's Tree webpage and used be parents, carers and teachers.
Information in this post has been adapted from resources prepared by Dr Vanessa Cobham, Advanced Psychologist, Child and Youth Mental Health Service (CYMHS), Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service (CHQ HSS), Senior Lecturer University of Queensland.
Last updated: 22 November 2019
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Desjardins Canal Disaster
How the accident was first discovered
Desjardins Canal disaster, 1857
The Toronto Railway train breaking through the tressle bridge over the Des Jardines Canal, falling sixty feet into the gulf below. From a sketch by Col. Frank Foster, of Philadelphia. (Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 4 April 1857: 265.)
There is but one small house, belonging to the poor woman who behaved so nobly by the Doyle children near the fallen bridge; and she was looking out of the window as the train approached. She says the catastrophe made little noise. The train seemed to sway to one side, and then all disappeared. It is probably the swaying was the first passenger car overturning. She says she saw a man leap from the locomotive immediately before it disappeared. This was likely the engineer, as he was found with his neck broken on the ice. At the same time one of the workmen at the station house - it is about a mile distant from the broken bridge - who was watching the train coming in saw the steam suddenly stop, and a sort of dust arise. In a second there was no train to be seen. The alarm was at once given; and we believe that all persons connected with the railroad have exerted themselves most assiduously since, to render all the assistance they could. The crash was not heard at the depot.
("The Calamitous Railroad Accident at Burlington Bridge! Over the Des Jardines Canal, Canada." Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 4 April 1857: 277-278.)
Collection of Desjardins Canal Disaster Illustrations
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Secure Embedded Systems: Concepts and Issues
Secure Embedded Systems: Concepts and Issues
Ali Ahmadinia (California State University – San Marcos, USA) and Ahmed Saeed (COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan)
Copyright: © 2018 |Pages: 15
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-5510-0.ch010
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As computing devices have become an almost integral part of our lives, security of systems and protection of the sensitive data are emerging as very important issues. This is particularly evident for embedded systems which are often deployed in unprotected environments and at the same time being constrained by limited resources. Security and trust have also become important considerations in the design of virtually all modern embedded systems as they are utilized in critical and sensitive applications such as in transportation, national infrastructure, military equipment, banking systems, and medical devices. The increase in software content and network connectivity has made them vulnerable to fast spreading software-based attacks such as viruses and worms, which were hitherto primarily the concern of personal computers, servers, and the internet. This chapter discusses the basic concepts, security attacks types, and existing preventive measures in the field of embedded systems and multi-core systems.
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2. Vulnerabilities In Embedded Systems
Typically, embedded systems are categorized based on the design methodology followed, processor architecture, assigned workload and other characteristics such as area, power consumption, and performance. There are two important key characteristics that make such embedded systems prone to the security attacks. Firstly, the simplified processing capabilities and limited power resources expose such systems to a number of possible security attacks. Secondly, the network connectivity to the outside world, without any inbuilt protection, also leaves such systems vulnerable to security attacks. Overall, these characteristics lead to the following vulnerabilities.
Due to constrained computational resources of an embedded system, typical security solutions cannot be deployed that are used to prevent security attacks in conventional computer systems (e.g., firewalls, anti-virus, intrusion detection system).
Due to the limited power supply, the embedded systems can only allocate limited resources in terms of power consumption to provide system security. For example, it is not feasible to implement complex encryption algorithms as security features, which are computationally intensive and consequently consume more power.
Embedded systems being deployed at remote locations (e.g., public location, remote field location), cannot be monitored all the time. Therefore, such embedded systems are more vulnerable to physical attacks. Examples of sensitive data that should be protected are cryptographic keys or information stored on a smart card.
For embedded systems, the network connectivity, either wireless or wired, has become usual. Such network access is essential for remote configuration, information collection and applying updates. Specifically, where the embedded system is connected to the public network, vulnerabilities in the system can be exploited remotely from anywhere. For example, in a video surveillance system, an altered video feed can be attached to a security camera. Similarly, in an electricity meter, the data can be overwritten through unauthorized access.
Peripherals or sensor devices attached to the embedded systems are also vulnerable to attacks. Damaging the peripherals may also cause incorrect operation of the system such as tampering with the calibration of a sensor may lead to erroneous output.
Typically, embedded systems are designed to work in good operating conditions. As such systems may be installed in a hostile environment, the attacker can overheat the system in order to stop it from working properly or even cause other environmental damages.
These kinds of vulnerabilities in the embedded systems can be exploited by an attacker to steal private data, drain the power supply, destroy the system, or modify the system behavior for other than its designed purpose. Therefore, security-awareness is becoming a primary design objective to be considered at each level of the software and hardware platforms design for future SoC embedded devices. In fact, it is very likely that an attacker might choose weak points of the system instead of using complex methods (e.g. brute force attacks) in order to get access to the protected information.
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Study using geo-tagged bottles unravels plastic pollution
Plastic pollution by a river (Source: IWP Flickr photos)
Plastic pollution by a river (Source: IWP Flickr photos)
Plastic pollution can travel thousands of kilometres in just a few months, finds new study using geo-tagged bottles
As per a new study, researchers used GPS technology to follow plastic bottles through the Ganga river system into the Bay of Bengal. The team found that the bottle that travelled the longest distance moved across 2,845 kilometres in 94 days. The researchers created a new system that used GPS tracking devices placed in 500 mL plastic bottles. The so-called “bottle tags” were designed to mimic plastic beverage bottles traveling through natural environments. The study will significantly improve our understanding of plastic litter movement through rivers and into oceans and provide new insights into where plastic litter is most likely to accumulate. (
Gram Sabha passes resolution to declare heritage lake a wetland
A unanimous resolution to declare a 6.16-hectare (ha) heritage lake as a wetland has been passed by the Gram Sabha of the Jamsar Hamlet in Palghar’s Jawhar taluka, located around 134 km from Mumbai. According to a member of the Centre’s National Wetland Committee (NWC), this is the first in India where a governing body of a village has expressed its interest to declare a natural site a wetland. The villagers, who have been working from one year on the declaration of the lake, believe that there is a need to create a conservation model for the lake which is at least 600-700 years old. The state government has provided assurance to initiate the necessary proceedings in this regard. (Hindustan Times)
Chennai authorities to make use of the uprooted trees in Cyclone Nivar
The Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC) has tied up with a private company to convert the logs close to 400 tonnes of fallen trees collected from different parts of the city into useful products for industrial purposes. Earlier, the trees were removed and stored in dump yards and later sold, by following a tendering process. The shells of tender coconuts will be converted into coir and pith blocks and the wood converted into briquettes. Coir and pith blocks will be used for agriculture purposes, while briquettes will be used as bio-fuel for boilers (The Hindu)
Bihar plans a festival to raise awareness about migratory birds
As part of its initiative to save migratory birds that arrive in the state in large numbers every year, the Bihar government, for the first time, is holding a bird festival. The festival is being jointly organised by the Bhagalpur forest division, non-profit Bombay Natural History Society and the local Mandar Nature Club. With an aim to enhance people’s participation for conserving migratory birds, the programmes will prompt common people to take care of birds and preserve them in the interests of society and environment. (Down to Earth)
In 20 years, 50,000 hectares of land in Uttarakhand deforested
From March 2000 to November 2020, the state has witnessed a loss of over 50,000 hectares of forest cover to commercial activities. With the loss of 8,760 hectares of land, mining activities have caused highest deforestation in the state, followed by road construction, power distribution lines and hydropower plant projects. The district-wise data shows that Dehradun has experienced the highest amount of loss of 21,303 ha, followed by Haridwar, Chamoli, Tehri and Pithoragarh. (The Times of India)
This is a roundup of important news published between December 1 - 9, 2020. Also, read policy matters this week.
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Animals Rule!
Komodo Island.
Komodo Island. (Image credit: Andrey Gudkov/Barcroft)
An island of cuddly bunnies! A cay populated by swimming pigs! An isle of diseased monkeys!
Okay, maybe that last one isn't so appealing.
Islands are like evolutionary bubbles. Animals and plants on islands can't easily hop to another home, so they remain isolated, splitting into separate species to fill ecological niches. It's probably no coincidence that Charles Darwin's ideas about the evolution of species crystallized on islands (the wildly diverse Galapagos, to be exact).
On some islands, though, a particular species dominates, whether as an accident of evolution or thanks to human meddling. Here's a look at nine islands where animals rule.
Bunny Love
Japan's bunny island.
Japan's bunny island. (Image credit: Chris McGrath/Getty)
Cuteness reigns supreme on Okunoshima, a Japanese island that was once the site of chemical weapons' manufacturing and is now home to hundreds of cuddly, friendly bunnies.
How bunnies came to dominate the tiny island, which is in Hiroshima Prefecture in the Inland Sea, is a bit of a mystery. Rabbits were used for chemical weapons' testing on the island during World War II, but those bunnies were probably euthanized after the war. Ellis Krauss, a professor of Japanese politics at the University of California, San Diego, told The Dodo that the current rabbit crop probably descends from pets released by schoolkids or tourists.
There are no natural predators for the rabbits on the island, and rabbits breed like, well… rabbits. As a result, there are around 700 of the hoppers hanging out on the island, according to estimates by the island's tourism sites. Visitors feed them and even leave them bottled water, since the water on the island is contaminated from the munitions factory.
Lab Animal Island
Lab Chimp Island.
Lab Chimp Island. (Image credit: Vice/Youtube)
Human-released animals dominate on another set of islands, a chain of six off the coast of Liberia. An abandoned medical research facility called the New York Blood Center used wild chimpanzees in its vaccination research starting in the 1970s. When the research facility shut down in 2005, the 66 remaining chimps were set free on a small land mass soon dubbed "Monkey Island," and human caretakers paid to bring them food and water.
Monkey Island is far from a paradise for the chimpanzees (which, despite the island's moniker, are apes, not monkeys). In March 2017, the New York Blood Center stopped paying the chimps' caregivers, Motherboard reported. Conservationists and the Human Society scrambled to raise funds to keep the chimpanzees from dying of starvation and thirst. A GoFundMe continues to raise funds to bring the chimps a nutritious diet.
Pig Beach
Pig Beach.
Pig Beach. (Image credit: Shutterstock)
If you see something strange swimming toward you in the water on Big Major Cay, don't scream "Shark!" It's probably a pig.
Better known as "Pig Beach," Big Major Cay is a tiny uninhabited spit of sand in the Exuma district of the Bahamas. About 20 pigs live there, swimming out to passing tourists' boats in hope of a handout. No one is sure how these non-native pigs came to the cay. They may be the descendants of escapees from a long-ago shipwreck, or perhaps their ancestors were left on the island by sailors as a sort of living food cache. Today, the pigs don't have to worry about becoming bacon. They're a tourist attraction instead.
Rat Island
Rat Island.
Rat Island. (Image credit: Adobe Stock)
Sailors are to blame for the moniker of an Aleutian island in Alaska: "Rat Island." The rugged island was colonized by ship's rats when a Japanese ship ran aground there in the late 1700s. Rats promptly set about devastating the local ecosystem, chowing down on the eggs of the birds that roost on the island.
The rat reign of terror ended in 2008, when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service joined with several conservation agencies to drop rat poison across the island and wipe out the invasive rodents. The mass poisoning worked: By 2010, Rat Island was rat-free.
The island was subsequently renamed Hawadax, and 2016 research found that bird populations were bouncing back without the pressure of the predatory rodents.
Cat Island
Cat island.
Cat island. (Image credit: Darius Anton/Unsplash)
Too bad Rat Island couldn't be moved next door to Cat Island. In 2014, WIVB reported that a small island in the Niagara River near Buffalo had been overrun with feral cats. Locals estimated that hundreds of cats were living on the 85-acre Tonawanda Island, befouling the area with feces.
But feral cats are a fixable problem — literally. As of 2014, locals were trapping cats from the island. Kittens were put up for adoption, while adults were spayed or neutered and returned to the island to live out their lives without creating more cats.
Island living for diseased monkeys
Monkey Island
Monkey Island (Image credit: Shutterstock)
Plenty of Caribbean islands have monkeys, but Cayo Santiago in Puerto Rico is different. Humans made this lush tropical paradise a primate Shangri-la in the 1930s as a way to study monkeys without having to travel all the way to Africa and Asia.
According to a 2015 NPR report, the monkeys — rhesus macaques — have been very useful to researchers studying genetics, behavior, development and related topics. But they naturally carry herpes B. The virus doesn't bother the monkeys much, but it can cause inflammation of the brain and spinal cord in humans. That means death or serious disability, so researchers try to avoid getting peed on, according to NPR. On the flip side, though, tourists or fishermen coming to the island could easily wipe out the entire macaque population with their diseases.
Christmas crabs
Christmas Island.
Christmas Island. (Image credit: Christmas Island Tourism Association)
Christmas Island is a tiny Australian territory in the Indian Ocean, 1,615 miles (2,600 kilometers) from Perth. People live there, but the most famous resident of Christmas Island is Gecarcoidea natalis, the Christmas Island red crab.
For every one of the 2,000 or so people on Christmas Island, there are 25,000 red crabs. The 50 million or so of these crabs are hard to miss: They measure about 4.5 inches (116 millimeters) across, according to the Christmas Island Tourism Association, and are a brilliant scarlet hue. Every year around October or November, adult red crabs abandon their forest homes inland and march to the coast, where they breed en masse and send their eggs into the sea.
Isle of dragons
Komodo Island.
Komodo Island. (Image credit: Andrey Gudkov/Barcroft)
Living alongside 200-pound (90 kilograms) predatory lizards might not seem like anyone's idea of a good time, but some people pull it off. Indonesia's Komodo National Park is famous for its dangerous Komodo dragons, which have been known to attack and kill people. Still, according to Time, a few thousand villagers live alongside the lizards.
To stay safe, the locals treat the lizards like a Montanan might respond to a grizzly bear: Shout, act big, throw rocks and sticks if the animal appears threatening. But Komodo dragons truly rule the archipelagos of Komodo National Park in a way that grizzlies no longer rule the Rockies: They can be seen snoozing under buildings and wandering contentedly along beaches, sometimes very close to people.
Snake Island
Ilha da Queimada Grande, also called Snake Island.
Ilha da Queimada Grande, also called Snake Island. (Image credit: Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures/Newscom)
Why'd it have to be snakes? Humans are generally not allowed on Ilha da Queimada Grande, a small island off the coast from São Paulo, Brazil, and for good reason: The landscape is dominated by golden lancehead pit vipers (Bathrops insularis).
These rare snakes, found only on the island, are a beautiful mottled golden color, with a pointed nose and a deadly bite. Lanceheads in general are the most dangerous snakes in South America, courtesy of their hemotoxic venom that destroys blood and muscle. The snakes can climb trees, which comes in handy for hunting their main prey, birds.
Local legend has it that there are five snakes per square meter on Ilha da Queimada Grande, but one biologist told Atlas Obscura that a more reasonable estimate was probably more like a mere one snake per square meter
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Endangered Mexican Gray Wolves Born at Brookfield Zoo
New litter marks a major milestone in conservation of endangered species
Officials of a suburban Chicago zoo say the birth of a litter of Mexican gray wolves marks a major milestone in the conservation of an endangered species.
The two pups emerged Tuesday from their den at the Brookfield Zoo's wolf habitat and romped through their lush woodland enclosure. They were born in May.
Chicago Zoological Society vice president Bill Zeigler says the birth of the litter is part of a successful international program for the recovery of Mexican gray wolves in North America.
Because the puppies are candidates for future release to the wild when they are adults, they will have minimal contact with humans.
Zoo officials say the puppies will remain at Brookfield at least until a second litter is born next year to parents Zana and Flint.
Copyright AP - Associated Press
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How Can We Prevent Zika From Becoming The Next “Fearbola”?
The sudden rise of the Zika virus in the Americas has led to concern. But a lack of evidence may hinder public health officials' ability to maintain calm.
Two and a half months after the announcement of the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil, concern over the effects of infection seem to be spreading faster than the virus. This incredibly rapid rise of worry is justified as the virus continues to demonstrate potential links to a variety of serious conditions. In the last few weeks, in addition to the original reports of microcephaly, the virus appears to be implicated in the potentially fatal Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Now there is evidence of the virus in saliva and urine, suggesting human to human transmission may also occur.
Despite the reports, public health officials can do little to offer much comfort. Though the virus has been recognized for close to 70 years, the number of investigations into the virus, its pathogenesis, route of spread, and possible secondary consequences has been low. Unlike some viral infections such as Ebola, Zika posed little threat to global health and as such, did not deserve significant attention.
With last week’s announcement of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization, finding answers is now a global effort. To attain this goal, theories are being proffered in the hopes of developing research streams to find critical evidence in as short a time as possible. But these actions may not be sufficient or rapid enough to control a potential pandemic of fear.
Consider the American perspective during the Ebola epidemic. While the risk of actually acquiring the infection was limited to a small room in a Dallas hospital, public concern over the virus became in itself an epidemic. Eventually, the widespread worry was given its own name, “Fearbola“. The hype became so great as few as 7 percent of the population trusted what public health officials were saying.
Public concern over Ebola became an epidemic in itself
What makes the case of “Fearbola” so troublesome lies in the fact Ebola was not a new or even odd virus. It had been causing outbreaks for nearly 40 years and research on the virus had provided all we needed to know. Yet, even with all that information, officials could not stem the spread of dread in the public. In light of the fact Zika is almost entirely unknown, the potential for yet another psychological epidemic is excellent and without answers to come, we may once again see it happen.
For public health officials, this post-Ebola reality means bridging a very wide gap between evidence-based solutions and reliance on anecdotal information. When it comes to Zika virus, most of the knowledge comes from the latter. While this may offer the baselines for future research projects, for those in charge of keeping the public calm now, the task may be a losing battle.
In terms of what is known about Zika, studies from the 1950s reveal the virus is capable of infecting the nervous system of mammals, as shown in experiments using mice as a model. Thanks to a willing volunteer in 1956, we also know based on immunological evidence the virus has about a 7-10 day incubation period and tends to stick around in the blood for 21 days with apparent clearance by Day 28. In 2013, the virus offered evidence of persistence in men as one case suggests the virus can reside in the genital region for up to three months. Other experiments from last year reveal the virus can also survive in saliva and urine.
As for the microcephaly cases, which are the basis behind the PHEIC, there are no answers, period. To have any idea as to how the virus could cause this condition requires an examination of other similar viruses, such as Chikungunya virus. Although it is not part of the same genus as Zika, there may be enough similarity in pathogenesis to at least provide some perspective on timelines and possible guidance for women who are either already pregnant or intending to be in the near future.
While the information collected to date is useful and makes for great citations in grant proposals and theory-based articles, in terms of calming public fear, there is simply not enough evidence to make any general conclusions. Yet in light of an impending “Fearbola,” guidelines and recommendations are necessary. This means authorities are forced to develop documents knowing full well they may require alteration or removal some time down the road. To ensure the fear of Zika does not overtake the actual virus in terms of infection, this needs to be conveyed in a delicate way so the public understands the dynamic situation regarding this virus.
Answers will come but it will take time. For those who need to know right now, the guidelines and recommendations are based on the best evidence possible. Should any of the information change, there needs to be a clear explanation behind the shift. If both sides do their part, we may be able to see the end of Zika without having to deal with yet another epidemic due not to a virus, but hype.
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Double Net Lease: What Is It and how Does It Work?
National -
The double net lease, which is also called the “NN” or “net-net” lease is a type of lease agreement where the tenant is responsible to pay premiums to insure a building and property taxes. Unlike the single net lease, which is one that only requires the tenant to pay the property taxes, this option passes more costs to the tenant in the form of insurance payments.
While this is true, with commercial real estate that utilizes the double net lease, the landlord is still responsible for the structural maintenance costs. Every month, the landlord will receive the rent from the tenant, along with the other payments specified in the lease.
How Do Double Net Leases Work?
A net lease is similar to owning property, but the person does not have the legal title for it. Instead, they are lease agreements between tenants and landlords where the tenant covers the cost for the rent, along with other costs related to the property. The agreement can include one or several expenses, including (but not limited to), repairs, maintenance, utilities, property taxes, insurance, and other types of operational costs. Usually, a landlord will accept a much lower rent payment due to the costs related to net leases.
The double net lease is commonly found in cases of commercial real estate. For a commercial property that has several tenants, like shopping malls, insurance fees and taxes could be assigned to each tenant based on their proportion of use of the building. Even when building insurance premiums and property taxes are considered to be the tenant’s responsibility, commercial property owners need to have the property taxes passing through themselves to make sure they know about any payment issues that arise.
Double Net Leases Compared to Other Net Lease Types
With a single net lease, the tenant or lessee is responsible to pay the property taxes. These are not common.
There is also a triple net lease or NNN. With this, the lessee or tenant agrees to pay all the building maintenance, insurance, and real estate taxes. They are also expected to pay the normal costs based on the agreement, including rent, utilities, etc. With this lease, the lessee or tenant will also be responsible for all associated costs for repairs and maintenance that are needed for common areas. This type of lease is typically seen with freestanding commercial buildings. However, it can also be used with a single-family, residential rental lease.
If the maintenance costs wind up being higher than what is expected, the tenants with a triple net lease may try to get out of the lease or to receive rent concessions. As a result, many landlords prefer to have a bondable net lease. This is a type of triple net lease that stipulates that termination cannot occur before the date printed on the agreement and that the amount of rent is unable to be altered, at all.
Understanding the double net lease may seem challenging at first but gaining knowledge about what it is and how it works can be beneficial for both landlords and tenants. Be sure to keep the information here in mind to know if this type of lease should be used, regardless of if someone is a landlord or if they are a tenant.
Next articleHow To Increase Your Loan Eligibility Chances of Getting a Personal Loan/Home Loan and Car Loan?
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Product Application
Solutions for 洗碗機
Dishwashers are great helpers in modern kitchens because they save time and water. The latest dishwashers are designed with smart features such as intuitive touch screens and wireless connectivity for remote control. As water gets heated in the dishwashers, it dissolves the detergent, and cleans and sanitizes dishes better. Drying dishes is another function that consumers are looking for. Some dishwashers utilize condensation technologies to improve the drying results. At the final rinse stage, water is heated higher than 65°C to make the dishes very hot. This will enable heat exchange and achieve condensation drying. Therefore, accurate temperature sensing is crucial for regulating the pre-defined water temperature to complete washing and drying task. THINKING offers a range of NTC temperature sensors for dishwasher to help measure and monitor water temperature.
The latest smart dishwashers are designed with more convenient features such as touch screens and wireless connectivity. The increased number of electronics makes associated circuit protection more complex and critical. In addition to temperature sensors mentioned above, THINKING offers a broad line of circuit protection components to protect the complex and sensitive circuits and recommends the following protection technologies for use in the applications.
THINKING Solutions
1. Heating & Drying
NTC temperature sensor potted in a plastic case is perfect for the wet environment because of its moisture resistance. Moreover, the sensor is tested to withstand higher voltage (3750V AC) for its great insulation and long-term safety. The suggested temperature sensor usually comes with RAST 2.5 connector for easy installation. THINKING can also customize NTC temperature sensor for specific applications. Electrical characteristics, structures, connectors, housing and cable lengths of sensors can be customized to meet the application needs.
2. Door Lock
Modern dishwashers usually equip with door lock to ensure user safety and to prevent the door from being opened while water is spraying. An innovative door interlock design incorporates PTC stone, also known as PTC heater, to enable the interlocking mechanism. When the door is shut, the PTC stone in the door interlock assembly is electrified to heat up and bend the bimetallic strip, and which then activates other mechanical parts to keep the door locked.
3. Control Board & Power Input
THINKING’s Metal Oxide Varistors (MOV) protect power input from voltage surge and lightning events, and the NTC or PTC inrush current limiters effectively suppress inrush current. Components on the control board such as MOSFET and ICs are vulnerable, and they are also suggested to be guarded by MOV device. Some designers may choose TVS diodes to protect the circuits from the threat of voltage transients.
4. Inverter/ Motor Drive
• Motors often risk from the damage of overload, stall, and overheating. Ceramic PTC thermistor is suggested to be installed to prevent the motors from the damage of overcurrent. An NTC temperature sensor is also recommended for monitoring the temperature to prevent the motor from overheat.
5. Display & Touch Panel
• Like the portable consumer devices, dishwashers equipped with touch screens and wireless connection systems are exposed to the threat from electrostatic discharge (ESD). A multilayer varistor (TVM-G series) or an ESD TVS diode is recommended to attenuate the energy.
6. Valve & Pump
The constant switching on and off actions of valve and pump may cause voltage transients and damage the vulnerable circuits. A transient voltage suppressor (TVS diode) can be employed to protect electronic components from induced voltage transients.
Thanks to smart home technologies, more and more dishwashers can be monitored and controlled remotely. THINKING’s product portfolios, covering overcurrent and overvoltage circuit protection components, can help support the most advanced dishwashers to operate stably and safely. Both THINKING's standard and customized NTC temperature sensors measure temperature accurately and help dishwashers achieve precise water temperature control.
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Brytyjscy posłowie wzywają rząd do obrony Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia
A cross-party committee is furious as the WHO’s inaccurate insistence that vaping is as dangerous as smoking, despite the scientific data indicating the contrary. w rzeczywistości, to date there are countless peer reviewed scientific studies indicating the effectiveness of safer nicotine alternatives such as e-cigarettes and snus, as harm reduction and/or smoking cessation tools.
W 2018 informacja prasowa, Public Health England (PHE) had released findings from a major e-cigarette review conducted by leading independent tobacco experts. This release had updated the organization’s original 2015 vaping raport, confirming that vaping is at least 95% bezpieczniejsze niż palenie.
The WHO keeps ignoring the concept of tobacco harm reduction
The APPG for Vaping is calling on the Government to quit funding the WHO “drastically” due to its irresponsible non scientific stance on vaping, which could cost lives
Sadly ignoring all this scientific data, the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), has become synonymous with a forbidding stance which completely disregards the concept of tobacco harm reduction. Na domiar zlego, the WHO commends countries which have endorsed their framework and ideology, despite failing to obtain their smoke-free objectives as a result (such as India), and criticizes countries which have not, despite having achieved record low smoking rates.
A recent WHO report fails to link the use of safer alternatives to the positive strives forward in reducing smoking rates. Przeciwnie, it declares the products as the new enemy.
“E-cigarettes and other novel and emerging nicotine- and tobacco-containing products, such as heated tobacco products (HTPS), are the next frontier in the global tobacco epidemic. While the latter is a tobacco product, e-cigarettes do not contain tobacco, and may or may not contain nicotine. Niemniej jednak, there is clear evidence that these products are addictive and harmful to health. HTPs expose users to toxic substances and chemicals, similar to those found in cigarette smoke, many of which can cause cancer, while e-cigarette use increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and lung disorders.”
Britain can use its new-found Brexit freedom to dissociate from the WHO
W międzyczasie, given that Britain is no longer bound by EU laws and can therefore carve out its own regulatory path, a report by local MPs is urging the Government to use its new-found Brexit freedom to do precisely that. Ponadto, it calls on the Government to quit funding the WHO “drastically” due to its irresponsible anti-science stance on vaping which could cost lives.
“There is no doubt that the WHO has developed a negative stance in relation to vaping over recent years. We wanted to evaluate whether it remained fit for purpose in an evolved landscape where new technology has enabled new harm reduction strategies,” said MP Mark Pawsey, the chairman of the APPG for Vaping.
“One of the founding pillars of the Treaty the UK signed up to nearly 20 years ago was that of harm reduction. If the WHO is opposed to adhering to this and continues to pursue an agenda-driven approach to ban less harmful alternatives to smoking, then the UK should consider dramatically scaling back our funding," on dodał.
“The UK has a unique opportunity to champion its progressive, udane i oparte na dowodach, polityki krajowe na arenie globalnej. We are a world leader in tobacco harm reduction, i wzywamy rząd do obrony podejścia Wielkiej Brytanii, wezwać WHO do wycofania się z zakazu wapowania, i pomóż przywrócić FCTC do jej fundamentalnego filaru, jakim jest redukcja szkód ”.
Czytaj Dalej: Express
Źródło: VapingPost
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9.4 Label Format
The MPLS header is a 4-byte header, located immediately before the IP header. Many people simply refer to the MPLS header as the MPLS label, but the label is actually a 20-bit field in the MPLS header. You may also see this header referenced as an MPLS shim header.
Table MPLS Head
Field Length (Bits) Purpose
Label 20 Identifies the portion of a label switched path (LSP).
Experimental (EXP) 3 Used for QoS marking; the field is no longer used for truly experimental purposes.
Bottom-of-Stack (S) 1 Flag, which when set to 1, means that this is the label immediately preceding the IP header.
Time-to-Live (TTL) 8 Used for the same purposes as the IP header's TTL field.
The 20-bit Label is usually listed as a decimal value in show commands. The MPLS EXP bits allow for QoS marking, which can be done using CB Marking. The S bit is used when packets hold multiple MPLS headers, this bit allows an LSR to recognize the last MPLS header before the IP header. Finally, the TTL field requires a little more examination, as covered in the next section.
9.4.1 The MPLS TTL Field and MPLS TTL Propagation
The IP header's TTL field supports two important features: a mechanism to identify looping packets, and a method for the traceroute command to find the IP address of each router in a particular end-to-end route. The MPLS header's TTL field supplies the same features-in fact, using all defaults, the presence or absence of MPLS LSRs in a network has no impact on the end results of either of the TTL-related processes. MPLS needs a TTL field so that LSRs can completely ignore the encapsulated IP header when forwarding IP packets. Essentially, the LSRs will decrement the MPLS TTL field, and not the IP TTL field, as the packet passes through the MPLS network. To make the whole process work, using all default settings, ingress E-LSRs, LSRs, and egress E-LSRs work as follows:
• Ingress E-LSRs- After an ingress E-LSR decrements the IP TTL field, it pushes a label into an unlabeled packet and then copies the packet's IP TTL field into the new MPLS header's TTL field.
• LSRs- When an LSR swaps a label, the router decrements the MPLS header's TTL field, and always ignores the IP header's TTL field.
• Egress E-LSRs- After an egress E-LSR decrements the MPLS TTL field, it pops the final MPLS header and then copies the MPLS TTL field into the IP header TTL field.
Example of MPLS TTL Propagation
The term MPLS TTL propagation refers to the combined logic as shown in the figure. In effect, the MPLS routers propagate the same TTL value across the MPLS network-the same TTL values that would have occurred if MPLS was not used at all. As you might expect, a truly looping packet would eventually decrement to TTL 0 and be discarded. Additionally, a traceroute command would receive ICMP Time Exceeded messages from each of the routers in the figure, including the LSRs.
However, many engineers do not want hosts outside the MPLS network to have visibility into the MPLS network with the traceroute command. SPs typically implement MPLS networks to create Layer 3 WAN services, and the SP's customers sit outside the MPLS network. If the SP's customers can find the IP addresses of the MPLS LSRs, it may annoy the customer who wants to see only customer routers, and it may create a security exposure for the SP.
Cisco routers can be configured to disable MPLS TTL propagation. When disabled, the ingress E-LSR sets the MPLS header's TTL field to 255, and the egress E-LSR leaves the original IP header's TTL field unchanged. As a result, the entire MPLS network appears to be a single router hop from a TTL perspective, and the routers inside the MPLS network are not seen from the customer's traceroute command.
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Does the E-Cigarette Taste Bad?
Does the E-Cigarette Taste Bad?
An electric cigarettes is an digital camera which basically behaves like tobacco smoking. It contains an atomizer, a power power source such as a rechargeable battery, and a casing like a bottle or container just like a cartridge. Instead of tobacco, the smoker inhales only vapor from a plastic tube. As such, utilizing an electronic cigarette is frequently described as “smoking” rather than “smoking tobacco”.
Electric cigarettes have several advantages over traditional ones. They’re usually smaller than tobacco cigarettes, have an inferior dependence on a heating element (battery-powered), produce much less smoke and so significantly less of it can be harmful to your health when compared to volume of liquid inhaled. Smokers also won’t need to hold the cigarette within their mouth while smoking it. This reduces the need for people to carry their cigarettes while smoking and avoids the problems connected with smoking while holding the standard “hookah” or finger cigar.
However, electric cigarettes do have several disadvantages which make them less appealing to lots of people than smoking regular cigarettes. They’re usually lighter weight, less powerful, produce less nicotine and don’t produce any of the other tar and toxic substances found in regular tobacco. Many people also report tooth erosion when smoking regular cigarettes sufficient reason for electronic cigarettes this issue is increased. Also, they don’t release just as much of the toxic smoke in to the air as does a cigarette.
Furthermore, another study demonstrates using these products can in fact increase a smoker’s chances of developing gum disease and/or cancer. The substance propylene glycol used in these cigarettes is addictive and contains been associated with conditions such as depression, diabetes, obesity and pancreatic cancer. It is believed to be among the possible ingredients in a few anorexia drugs. Propylene Glycol can be used in rat poison.
Research has shown that long term use of these e cigarettes can lead to tooth loss in adults and changes to the proteins in the tooth. Some experts believe it has a link to the onset of chronic tooth disease. Nicotine is very harmful to our body because it increases the level of a toxin called homocysteine in the blood stream. A high degree of homocysteine is associated with heart disease and other health issues.
Although many e-cigarette companies claim that their products are safe, a recent study suggests that this may not be true. A battery-powered device produces aerosol and not vapor which is often harmful if inhaled in large quantities. Also, many e-cigarette users do not understand how to correctly work with a battery-powered product.
A recent study has shown that some e Cigarettes contain a lot more nicotine when compared to a conventional battery-powered product. The higher level of nicotine is found in the liquids that are used to inhale the vapor, while the lower level of nicotine is found in the solution used to generate the aerosol. An e-Cigarette which has a higher quantity of nicotine may taste unpleasant, while a liquid which has higher levels of nicotine may be irritating to the throat.
E-Cigs have been popular for quite some time but recent reports show that there is a significant increase in the amount of youth that are becoming regular users of e-Cigs. Youth who begin using e-Cigs at age 18 have an increased risk of being smokers within five years. These teenagers appear to have a less strenuous transition into smoking since they curently have a fondness for vaporizing liquid. Vaporizing is much less expensive than inhalation. It is cheaper to get e-Cigs than to get cigarettes. Many e-Cig users do not seem to mind the taste of the liquid they are smoking, whereas smokers often complain concerning the taste of traditional cigarettes.
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Yag Laser
The Nd:YAG laser is a solid-state laser that emits in the infrared frequency and that is frequently used for ophthalmology treatment.
It is an outpatient procedure in which the patient is administered anesthetic drops in the eye.
It is performed in the doctor’s office with an equipment similar to the slit lamp (used by the ophthalmologist in each patient’s visit.) The patient is asked to sit down and to place their chins and foreheads on the microscope, which is connected, through optical fiber, with the source that emits the “YAG LASER” laser beam. The patient is told to focus the other eye on a light, and to follow the instructions given by the ophthalmologist. Finally, the patient is administered some drops in the treated eye in order to prevent a potential intraocular pressure increase. The Yag Laser emits two convergent beams. When these beams cross, they destroy the molecular structure of matter without increasing the temperature. In this way, the laser cuts tissue.
YAG LASER Posterior capsulotomy involves opening the opaque posterior capsule, which is behind the intraocular lens implanted in the cataract surgery, through laser shots.
Through this process, it is possible to get back the visual intensity of the eye which was lost before the opacification of the posterior capsule.
When treating glaucoma, different procedures are possible. The choice depends on the type of glaucoma and its acuteness.
Yag Laser Iridotomy involves a hole in the iris, creating a new drainage path for the aqueous humor, controlling intraocular pressure and preventing acute glaucoma. It is used in the treatment of narrow angles and narrow angle glaucoma.
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Background: Identification of liver flukes, by morphometric parameters is not always reliable due to the overlapping measurements
Background: Identification of liver flukes, by morphometric parameters is not always reliable due to the overlapping measurements. and Africa, while isolates from different parts of the world shared high similarities. and are responsible NS-304 (Selexipag) for fascioliasis in humans and animals (1, 4, 5) with a higher severity for the second option species because of its larger size and the higher body mass (6). In Iran, fascioliasis can be an endemic disease of herbivores with prevalence which range from 1.18% to 50% in various geographical regions (7C10). Chlamydia can be of the bigger prices among pets in the south from the nationwide nation, while most human being cases happen along the Caspian Ocean littoral in the north. During 1988C1998, two significant outbreaks struck Gilan Province, infecting 15000 people (11, 12). The Caspian Ocean littoral has continued to be a spot for the condition. In the western and northwest, in Kermanshah and Ardabil provinces, human being NS-304 (Selexipag) fascioliasis shows up sporadically with limited outbreaks in the previous one (13C15). Furthermore, in the certain specific areas with high prices from the disease among regional livestock, e.g., Lorestan, and Boyer-Ahmad and Kohgiloye, serology recognized anti-antibodies in human beings (16, 17). The flukes, and so are commonly identified predicated on morphologic and morphometric guidelines (11). Nevertheless, intermediate forms, hybridizations of both varieties presumably, are barely distinguishable by this process (2). Reviews of intermediate forms can be found from different Asian countries, including China NS-304 (Selexipag) (18), Korea (19), Japan (20), Vietnam (21), and Iran (11, 22), as well as Egypt in Africa. Today, various molecular markers, e.g., ITS1, ITS2, 28S rRNA, are available for molecular identification of spp. (2, 4, 18). Due to the conserved and variable regions and high copy numbers, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) has proved as a discriminating tool for identification of species (2), whereas mtDNA sequences with higher mutation rates, lack of recombination and maternal inheritance serve as biomarkers for phylogenetic studies and genetic variability (23). In this study, by using the molecular markers, ITS1, and spp. Specimens were obtained Table 1: Data of spp. isolates obtained from different regions of Iran and the climate profiles flukes from different infected livestock, including sheep (n=29), goat (n=11), cattle (n=27), and Buffalo (n=20) slaughtered in the six provinces. The flukes were transferred to the Laboratory of Helminthology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, extensively washed with PBS and preserved in 70% alcohol, and kept at room temperature until used. DNA extraction Genomic DNA was extracted from a portion of the apical zone of the flukes. The tissue was ground using a surgical blade, and DNA extraction was performed by a commercial DNA extraction kit (Bioneer Corporation, Daejeon, South Korea) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The extracted DNAs were stored at ?20 C Mouse monoclonal to CD53.COC53 monoclonal reacts CD53, a 32-42 kDa molecule, which is expressed on thymocytes, T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes and granulocytes, but is not present on red blood cells, platelets and non-hematopoietic cells. CD53 cross-linking promotes activation of human B cells and rat macrophages, as well as signal transduction until used. ITS1-PCR and RFLP analysis A 680 bp fragment of ITS1 locus was targeted by using the primers (Table 2) designed by others (19) and synthesized in a commercial company (Macrogen Corporation, Seoul, South Korea). The 25 l reactions contained 1 l of the template DNA, 10 l of master mix (0.2 U DNA polymerase, 2 mM MgCl2, 400 pM dNTPs and the buffer system (Ampliqon, Skovlunde, Denmark), 200 pM each of forward and reverse primer, and double-distilled water (DDW) to the final volume. The PCR amplification programmed for an initial denaturation of 10 min at 94 C followed by 25 cycles of 94 C for 90 sec, 58 C for 90 sec, and 72 C for 90 sec with a final extension of 10 min at 72 C. Amounts of 3 l from amplicons were run on 1.5% gels at 90 V for 90 min, stained with 2% DNA NS-304 (Selexipag) safe stain? (Pishgam Biotech Co., Tehran, Iran) and visualized under UV (Syngene, Cambridge, UK). In all amplifications, DNA from a previously determined fluke (24) and DDW had been included as negative and positive controls, respectively. Desk 2: Primers useful for amplification of It is1 and COXI fragments with this research and varieties was performed with a limitation fragment polymorphism (RFLP) assay using the enzyme (Fermentas, Waltham, USA) as referred to somewhere else (25)The reactions included 5 l of PCR item, 5 l from the enzyme, 2 l NS-304 (Selexipag) from the buffer, and DDW to your final level of 22 l. The blend incubated overnight at 37 C accompanied by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gels and staining with 2% DNA safe and sound stain..
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The Good and the Bad of Brevard Childs’s Canonical Criticism
chilsdIn his book Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture, Brevard Child’s explains his approach to canonical criticism, a term he does not like (82), but one that generally describes his approach to interpreting Scripture in its final form. Among critical scholars, i.e., those who employed historical-critical methods of interpretation, Childs championed a new (and better) approach to the Bible.
Instead of looking for the sources behind the text (e.g., Julius Wellhausen) or certain forms in the text (e.g., Herman Gunkel), or traditions running through the text (e.g., Gerhard Von Rad), Childs advocated an approach to the Bible which studied the final form of the text. In the academy, this approach turned the corner towards studying the unity of the Bible and not just its diversity. His work spurred on others to read the Bible canonically, and his labors helped turn the corner towards what is known today as TIS, the theological interpretation of Scripture.
Therefore, its worth considering what he said on the subject of reading the Bible in its canonical form. From his chapter on “Canonical Criticism,” here are a few insightful quotations, listed under five summary statements.
(Spoiler Alert: At the end, I’ll outline a few reasons why Childs approach may not be helpful as some think.)
1. The Bible should be read as sacred scripture and not just another work of literature.
A general hermeneutic is inadequate to deal with the particular medium through which this experience has been registered. The study of the canonical shape of the literature is an attempt to do justice to the nature of Israel’s unique history. To take the canon seriously is to stress the special quality of the Old Testament’s humanity which is reflected in the form of Israel’s Sacred scripture. (71)
2. The goal of interpretation is found in the text and not brought to the text by our theological presuppositions. (But hopefully our theological presuppositions, over time will be informed by Scripture).
The major task of a canonical analysis of the Hebrew Bible is a descriptive one. It seeks to understand the peculiar shape and special function of these texts which comprise the Hebrew canon. Such an analysis does not assume a particular stance or faith commitment on the part of the reader because the subject of the investigation is the literature of Israel’s faith, not that of the reader. (72)
3. The goal of interpretation is understanding what the text says, not what we can find behind the text. This is the key point where Childs critiques and challenges the previous century of higher-criticism.
Canonical analysis focuses its attention on the final form of the text itself. It seeks neither to use the text merely as a source for other information obtained by means of an oblique reading, nor to reconstruct a history of religious development. Rather, it treats the literature in its own integrity. Its concern is not to establish a history of Hebrew literature in general, but to study the features of this peculiar set of religious texts in relation to their usage within the historical community of ancient Israel. To take the canonical shape of these texts seriously is to seek to do justice to a literature which Israel transmitted as a record of God’s revelation to his people along with Israel’s response. (73)
4. A canonical approach to the Bible requires rigorous attention to every word of Scripture.
To understand the canonical shape requires the highest degree of exegetical skill in an intensive wrestling with the text. It is to be expected that interpreters will sometimes disagree on the nature of the canonical shaping, but the disagreement will enhance the enterprise if the various interpreters share a common understanding of the nature of the exegetical task. (73)
5. Childs’ canonical criticism retains vestiges of historical-criticism, which includes dis-ease about the supernatural and tradition as the final authority.
The concern with canon plays both a negative and a positive role in delineating the scope of exegesis. On the one hand, its negative role consists in relativizing the claims to priority of the historical critical method. It strongly resists the assumption that every biblical text has first to be filtered through a set historical critical mesh before one can even start the task of interpretation. On the other hand, its positive role seeks to challenge the interpreter to look closely at the biblical text in its received form and then critically to discern its function for a community of faith. Attention to the canon establishes certain parameters within which the tradition was placed. The canonical shaping serves not so much to establish a given meaning to a particular passage as to chart the boundaries within which the exegetical task is to be carried out. (83)
Notice, when speaking of canonical criticism, Childs does not seek to eliminate the tools of historical criticism, he only seeks to “relativize” it. Likewise, he sees his approach to Scripture not as a tool for determining divine meaning, i.e., the meaning of the original author. Rather, he states that a canonical approach sets “certain parameters within which the tradition was placed.” In these statements, we can see how his approach should differ from a robust, Reformed reading of Scripture.
Assessing Childs: Much Good, But Not All
Compared to other critical scholars, Brevard Childs is a breath of fresh air. He takes the unity of Scripture seriously and makes many important observations on the Bible. That said, his canonical approach the Bible does not shed the tools of higher criticism. For example, in his commentary on Jonah in the same book (pp. 417–27), he defines the story as “parable-like” and spends much of his time explaining the source history of the book. In this way, he sidesteps the question of historicity and spends his time attending to critical issues of genre. To be sure, genre matters, but not when it is used as a tool for evading the historicity of a biblical story. Ultimately, Childs explains the book through the process of multiple sources being redacted into one final form, and only gives a literary and theological reading that ignores the factuality of the events.
In the end, his canonical approach is fundamentally different from that of a Geerhardus Vos or Graeme Goldsworthy, conservative biblical scholars who, respectively, preceded and followed Childs. Because of their theologically-conservative views on Scripture, these scholars do not suffer from the strain of historical-criticism. In other words, for all the help Childs gave to the study of Scripture, he cannot eclipse the output of the Reformed tradition. His amalgamation of approaches makes his biblical theology better than that of Rudolph Bultmann, but substandard compared to those like Vos and Goldsworthy who have continued to read Scripture as God’s inspired Word.
This is the same weakness, maybe “meh-ness,” found in the TIS movement. The theological interpretation of Scripture has greatly served the academy which has for centuries rejected the unity of the Bible. But it has only made limited improvements on the traditions that have for centuries read the Bible as God’s inspired and authority Word.
In truth, Childs view of the Bible is deficient. He believes Scripture is the church’s book and can be, when it seems fitting, emended or discounted in order to fit with the modern standards of higher criticism. Therefore, in reading Childs approach to canonical criticism, we can find much to commend and much to be thankful for, but ultimately his approach is critically lacking.
I am thankful for Childs observations on Scripture and the way his scholarship has prompted others to pursue a canonical approach to the Bible. But the doctrine of Scripture matters deatrly, and on that note Childs doctrine and method of interpretation are lacking—a fact that should be considered when studying and sourcing him.
Soli Deo Gloria, ds
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Critical on Maps
Rotating globe
Why all maps of the world are wrong. Or in other words: Why do all maps of the world present a wrong, distorted image.
Why do we use maps? How can we present the globe in two dimensions? What challenges do we face?
Start with one of the first two videos and then move on to the second one. The latter is spoken fast and uses a wide, scientific vocabulary.
The only correct representation of the world is a globe. Every projection serves a specific purpose. It’s interesting to explore the different projections and their use and purpose throughout history. It appears that projections and perpectives change over time and place and are culturally bound.
To get a good impression use the tool ‘The True Size. This tool makes it possible to drag a chosen country over the world and compare its (true) size with that of other countries. Visit the website
This topic can be addressed from many different angles: geography, politics. history, mathematics, ethics….
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Neuronas que codifican la dirección del sonido
Translated title of the contribution: Neurons that encode sound direction
Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review
1 Scopus citations
Introduction. In the auditory system, the inner ear breaks down complex signals into their spectral components, and encodes the amplitude and phase of each. In order to infer sound direction in space, a computation on each frequency component of the sound must be performed. Development. Space-specific neurons in the owl's inferior colliculus respond only to sounds coming from a particular direction and represent the results of this computation. The interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD define the auditory space for the owl and are processed inseparate neural pathways. Theparallel pathways that process these cues merge in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus where the space-specific neurons are selective to combinations of ITD and ILD. How do inputs from the two sources interact to produce combination selectivity to ITD-ILD pairs? A multiplication of postsynaptic potentials tuned to ITD and ILD can account for the subthreshold responses of these neurons to ITD-ILD pairs. Examples of multiplication by neurons or neural circuits are scarce, but many computational models assume the existence of this basic operation. The owl's auditory system uses such operation to create a 2-dimensional map of auditory space. The map of space in the owl's auditory system shows important similarities with representations of space in the cerebral cortex and other sensory systems. In encoding space or other stimulus features, individual neurons appear to possess analogous functional properties related to the synthesis of high-order receptive fields.
Translated title of the contributionNeurons that encode sound direction
Original languageSpanish
Pages (from-to)265-271
Number of pages7
JournalRevista de Neurologia
Issue number3
StatePublished - Feb 1 2002
Externally publishedYes
• Auditory system
• Binaural cues
• Map of space
• Sound localization
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Clinical Neurology
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The Future of Studies: In What Way Future Students Should to It
The educational system is being modified faster than we assume. If learners used to attend school with no other purpose than to hear what professors had to say and note down the most important things, at this point the educational system is reciprocal. They should show initiative, express opinions, and give presentations. Hence, the instructor is not the vital character in the classroom; the learner is.
Today’s education is much different when we compare it to the times of our teachers and parents. The practices through which students locate, remember, and share news has been changed by technology. From inactive receivers of knowledge, students have evolved into leaders and researchers.
You may be accustomed to the imposed expectations of the contemporary education processes, but it’s evident that its progression doesn’t pause here. Every single school continues implementing new technology and teaching processes. In some cases the learners are architects of the changes, but most of the time they need to act with the flow. Continue reading and you’ll get tricks that will make you flexible, even if the system is constantly presenting new challenges.
The Progress of Learning: What Should We Expect?
Clearly, the evolution of the system will be founded on educational technology. These are only some of the predictions, founded on thorough reasoning of the current tendencies and anticipated evolution of technology:
• Professors will be more skilled with tech tools. We’ll get access to upgraded applications, online tools, smartphones, and tablets. Still, their application in the classroom will depend on educators. No matter what progress we come across to in technology, the purpose of the teacher can never be replaced by technology. When the high proficiency and skill set of current mentors are infused with new technology, we’ll get a more effective method of educating that requires active participation of students. The human element will clearly be crucial.
• The schooling system will be based on the interests of individuals. Today’s educational trends are already inspiring learners to emphasize their individuality. mentors are paying attention to the needs, interests, and capacity of every learner in the group, and they are trying to create an appropriate method that would inspire all every student to flourish. The Modern trends predict that in future, mentors will be more concerned about students’ individual personality aspects such as communication skills, intellectual capacity, independence, and creativity. Today teachers accept the fact that personality characteristics have major influence on the learning process, but they do not have a detailed educational method that allows them to take the traits of all individuals into consideration. Although teachers come across to many problems to modify their approach to keep up with the requirements of each student, the efforts to reach that goal persist.
• Essay assignment will be even more important. If you have any questions about these activities, find out more about my custom writing. The future of education is focused on becoming research institutions. The responsibility of a student goes beyond learning and solving tests; they should become academics, scientists, researchers, and innovators. The process of innovating starts during school years, and the students showcase it through the many essays, research papers, and other types of projects. This trend is not going to end anytime soon. Indeed, students will continue showcasing research skills, knowledge, and style of expression through a a great deal of assignments, essays, research papers, etc.
• Smaller classes. The classes will continue getting smaller in future. When the teacher stands in front of a smaller group of students, they can adapt their approach in a way that meets the needs of every student. Furthermore, they can start more engaged collaboration and discussion in the classroom. Every student gets freedom to showcase their advantages.
• The price will go up. The tuition that colleges impose is getting higher and higher. Currently, the cost of the influential U. S. colleges is more than $40, 000 on an yearly basis. Students are paying more than ever, even though we haven’t seen an increase in the staff or their pay. Even public educational institutions are not as cheap as we would like them to be. Unfortunately the trend with progressive tuitions is nowhere near its end. With the increased need to implement technology into the educational processes, colleges and universities have larger investments, which will further increase the fees.
• Learning through games. During the last decade, games have been proven to be an encouraging method for learning. Through them, teachers can provoke enthusiasm and boost the concentration in the classroom. Moreover, games encourage creative and critical thinking skills, and communication and problem-solving skills. Today, massively multiplayer online games are getting popular. They will improve the social and collaborative skills of students.
5 Main Skills Learners Are Expected to Elevate
1. Budget management. Education is not getting any cheaper, so all you can do is learn how to manage money if your goal is to attend college.
2. Cooperation. Collaboration, communication, participation, and teamwork will be the key elements of the evolving educational system. Additionally, professors will force you to present your opinions and projects and take part in elaborate conversations. Practice your communication skills; you can only benefit from them.
3. Academic writing. Keep working on your writing skills every day! Essays will get more complex than ever. Written projects won’t be the most important element of education, since you’ll still need to attend classes and take tests. However, essays, theses, dissertations, and other projects are an important part of the grade, so commit to the development of your writing talent sooner or later.
4. Effectiveness. An increased number of classes, a huge number of essays in a single term, and no free space for yourself. You will need to have superb time management skills to be successful in the education you have your eye on. Start taking Take your to-do lists with great enthusiasm!
5. Potential to adapt to changes. All we can do is assume what the future of education will bring. Nevertheless, we can never predict it with complete clarity. Future students need to be flexible for unforeseen transformations of education. They should be adaptable to changes, because they can only create all projects and make all effort the universities demand.
A great deal of leadership, higher involvement, and improved inventiveness – those are the expectations the schools are going to require. Whatever future you find yourself in, one thing will be certain: schooling is not about achieving great results on exams and top grades. It’s all about learning! Focus on that factor, and you’ll be okay.
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Puerto Rican Crested Toad
[Peltophryne lemur (Bufo lemur)]
The Puerto Rican Crested toad is a small toad (2-4 inches long), with the female being the larger of the two sexes. Coloration is brown marbled with a yellowish-tan or white color, and darker raised lumps along the back and legs. Males show more yellow than females on their back. Females are larger than males, and more robust. They have horny ridges on their head and their toes are webbed.
Location: The RainForest Amphibian Exhibits
The range of the Puerto Rican Crested Toad is the north and south coasts of Puerto Rico and British Virgin Islands.
The habitat of the Puerto Rican Crested Toad is wetland ponds, pools, ditches, forests and rocky areas.
Conservation Status
Primary Threats
Human Wildlife Coexistence
Metamorphosis can occur as soon as 14 days
Clutch size: Up to 15,000 eggs
Puerto Rican Crested Toads are a nocturnal terrestrial species that live in excavated burrows and semi-arid rocky areas in evergreen forests.
Puerto Rican Crested Toads use seasonal ponds during the rainy season to reproduce, and return to the rocky limestone areas after laying their eggs in long black strings. It takes about 18 days for the eggs to mature into toadlets in the wild. Even though reproduction is sporadic it occurs throughout the year.
Wild Diet
Snails, worms, beetles and other bugs
Zoo Diet
Earthworms, beetle and wax moth larvae, crickets
External Links:
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Violin Players would Prefer New Violins than Old According to Experiment
The largest blind testing experiment shows that violin players would prefer new violins than the old ones. The new experiment indicates that the old violins project sound less effectively than the new violins. Researchers, experts and test participants of this experiment can attest that new violins have better sound projection than the violins made by Stradivari and other old violins.
There was also an experiment last 2014 but the result was that violin soloists are unable to distinguish the difference between the new and the old violin in terms of sound projection. A few years back, in 2012 a similar research has been conducted by Claudia Fritz an acoustic expert and Joseph Curtin a US violin maker along with Fan-Chia Tao who is an expert of strings. The result was similar to the 2014 experiment.
After a period of five since the aforementioned research was conducted, a largest ever blind testing experiment has been conducted along with experts and test participants. After a series of tests, results reveal that new instruments garnered higher overall scores compared to old instruments such as Stradivari which rank as second to the last.
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