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Under the sea theme
The youngsters of the day had a great time exploring an under the sea theme! They began by colouring pictures of different sea creatures (jellyfish octopus, turtles and more!) And shared their ideas of what colours these animals normally are. They then had a sensory feeling session, where they rummaged through various shells, sand and wood from the beach. Lastly, in the classroom, the children then crafted their shells into colourful, googly eyed turles and crabs. Good work kids! Our middle class teacher, Jo, was visited by a lovely class from a local church. They all had a wonderful time collecting spinache from the garden, cooking up some tasty bread in the kitchen, and then giving the animals some love and food before they headed home! Today class 3 all went on a hunt around the farm together, to identify different tree types and their unique trunks, branches and leaves, and then strike it off their lists once they recognised these! Emma participated well and spoke in clear English as she observed the trees. All the kids were also well engaged as they worked through a worksheet and proved they understand how a plant grows after 3 weeks of focusing on this topic!
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Studies carried out in Cancun and the Riviera Maya show a very high coastal vulnerability and climatic changes are foreseen during the next 50 years that will affect the tourism sector, this was announced at a press conference by members of the Adaptation to Climate Change project. in Ecosystems with the Tourism Sector (ADAPTUR).
Only between 2000 and 2014 an annual loss for climatic damages of 1.4 to 14,700 billion dollars has been quantified, which represents 30% more than in the previous 20 years, due to changes in climate in the sector tourist.
Nashieli González Pacheco, a member of ADAPTUR, mentioned that these damages translate into significant economic impacts, such as an increase in the cost of operating companies, damage to infrastructure, natural and cultural attractions, and a reduction in tourist inflows.
The tourism sector is estimated to contribute at least 8.7% of GDP and represents 8.6 of the country's labor force.
Sun, beach, coral reefs, flora, fauna, and archaeological sites have been affected by climate change. The main threat to the tourist sector in Mexico is the increase in temperature that can lead to occurrences of river floods, mudslides due to hillside instability, drought and water scarcity, an increase in diseases transmitted by vectors.
The Mayan Riviera has been the most affected in Quintana Roo, the attractions, and ecosystem services at risk such as beaches, coral reefs, marine biodiversity, mangroves, archaeological sites, tourist infrastructure, and scenic beauty.
Finally, it was commented that the effects caused by the increase in temperature and the increase in the mean sea level will be more frequent and will cause damage to the population, ecosystems, infrastructure, and the development of economic activities, including tourism.
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Drug Chemistry and Toxicology
Drug chemistry is a branch of pharmacy that overlaps with the disciplines of chemistry that involves drug design, chemical synthesis, drug formulation, drug testing, and development. Compounds used as medicines are usually organic or organometallic compounds. Today’s pharmaceutical industry evolved largely from the chemical industries. Modern advancements in biological sciences related to the structure and function of DNA as well as precise methods for manipulating DNA and making proteins has led to a more balanced partnership for drug discovery between chemistry and biology. The field of drug chemistry focuses on four key points to arrive at a compound of pharmaceutical importance, they are drug synthesis, interpretation of the chosen target to a defined pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics mechanism of drug action, drug screening to analyze blood, urine, hair, saliva or tissue samples to detect the presence residual chemicals and contaminants left behind in the body as a result of drug use, toxicity assessments and adverse drug reaction studies.
The drug toxicology studies play a very important role in the drug development process that evaluates the safety of potential drug candidates. Toxicity assessments are done using relevant animal models and validated procedures. Once a new drug entity is synthesized it is subjected to various in vitro and in vivo toxicity tests. The ultimate aim of it is to translate the animal model responses into predictable toxic responses in humans.
• Drug synthesis and pharmaceutical formulation
• Pharmacological interactions
• Mechanism of drug action
• Drug screening and toxicity assessments
• Adverse drug reactions
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The development of architecture has been a constant process running parallel to human evolution. From four walls and a roof for protection, we have come so far today. If we trace the past scenario, the buildings were very regional, speaking for their time, place, and culture. Rapid industrialization and technological innovations have made the world smaller, leading to significant shifts in trends and the process of designing. We have always thought of the future as tremendously advanced, technology-driven, and artificially controlled. The mindset for development has been good so far as we are reaching one peak after the other in technological advancements. But with the rapid change in our lifestyles is affecting us in multiple ways, more negative than positive, it is high time to rethink our strategies for the future.
Rethinking The Future Awards 2022
Since the inception
Humans historically have been living close to nature as a part of the natural cycles. The fight for our survival against the wild species and natural calamities had given rise to the idea of buildings shelters, and the development has been happening exponentially since then. The initial growth, identified today as vernacular architecture were extremely sustainable and in complete harmony with nature and culture. With the lightning change in technology and lifestyle, the past few decades have thrown crucial challenges such as fast-growing population, waste generation, depletion of natural resources, climate crisis, and most recently, a globally spread disease.
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The Future of Architecture:Responsive and Responsible Design - Sheet1
Pandit, R. Pols of Ahmedabad_©
The present
Today we are living a life that was unimaginable in the past. Today we have buildings touching the sky, structures of massive scale, and awe-inspiring forms. The architecture from just a basic need of shelter has become a symbol of our lifestyle, culture, values, wealth, and status in society. The parameters we had set for our development in the previous years have shaped the world we live in right now. Similarly, the parameters we set today will decide the future of architecture. With all the positives we have achieved in the industry, the negatives were not well-speculated. If we had known that the development we were dreaming of would have such a large ecological footprint and would outgrow earth’s natural capacity to support us, would we have done things differently?
The Future of Architecture:Responsive and Responsible Design - Sheet2
Baan, I. (2016). 56 Leonard Street, New York _ ©
Setting the correct parameters for the Future
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No matter how much we try, the future remains an ever-changing mystery. The least we can do to sustain is to set the parameters right. Do we want to build the world as fantasized in sci-fi movies? We are trying our chances of creating habitat on mars while struggling to maintain our planet earth as a liveable space! What level of alienation can we withstand? The global pandemic has brought a significant shift in our perception of architecture. The need has shifted from only beautiful-looking buildings to spaces that support health, wellbeing, and sustainability. If we have to choose between living in a completely automated house, with little to no human intervention required, within an isolated and artificially controlled environment and a one by the lake or by the woods, with sounds of nature and a serene atmosphere; what would we desire? Emerging technologies have been the focal point of architecture and construction for a long time, but now is the time to design human and nature-centric buildings while using technology as only a tool for implementation and innovation.
The Future of Architecture:Responsive and Responsible Design - Sheet3
The Future is Multidisciplinary
The construction industry has been working in isolation for many decades, lacking the inputs from other concerning or concerned fields. The innovation of the internet and data science has made it possible to make the practice collaborative. The conscious effort of people equipped with knowledge of various disciplines such as environmental science, psychology, medical science, economy, anthropology should work together to find the net impact of the construction sector. It becomes essential to assess all the possible results to ensure the net effect is positive.
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The technology has also given rise to many software which can efficiently evaluate the ecological footprint. The gap between society and architects has been reduced effectively by realistic renders, Augmented reality, and artificial intelligence. Other innovations like modular construction, sustainable materials, recycling, adaptive reuse, and 3D printing are game-changers in the field. But what would be the use of such advanced technology if we are ultimately in a self-destruction mode hitting head-on an apocalypse?
Though the movies and books have almost made us believe that the future world would have tall buildings, flying cars, and robots all around, the leaders in the construction industry need to make informed decisions. The future of architecture on earth will be responsive and responsible; quite like going back to our roots but with unparallel technical skills and knowledge. A few principles providing guide rails for future designs are sustainability, biophilia, biomimicry, and adaptability.
Achieving true sustainability
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-Alison Brooks
Building sustainability consists of three main factors: Economical, ecological, and social sustainability. The world in the race of development has always given core priority to economic growth. We have constantly tried to find low-cost solutions to get greater returns. The cycle of economy-focused solutions has given rise to the next big challenge of the climate crisis. While some big players in the industry are significantly contributing to ecological sustainability, the small-scale building sector economy is still given priority over the environmental impact.
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The Future of Architecture:Responsive and Responsible Design - Sheet4
Crossrail Place Canary wharf_©
Climate change and global warming being a worldwide issue, conscious efforts are being made both on the ground and the policy level. We are constantly trying to develop new methods, technologies, and materials to lessen the environmental impact. Even if it would take many years to reverse the inverse effect, it no more feels like a far-fetched dream. With ecological sustainability gaining momentum worldwide, we get the opportunity to think about the next issue- social sustainability.
“Social sustainability occurs when the formal and informal processes, systems, structures, and relationships actively support the capacity of current and future generations to create healthy and liveable communities. Socially sustainable communities are equitable, diverse, connected, and democratic and provide a good quality of life.”
-WACOSS, Western Australia Council of Social Services
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Social sustainability has had significantly less attention in public dialogues and policymaking. Our city development models have been more about ‘Where’ than ‘How’. The model of social sustainability depends on putting the ‘people first’ in the process of development. While technology has made it possible to stay connected with people anytime and anywhere, it is also crucial to not forget that humans are inherently social animals and need to interact with other people and places with all the senses.
The Future of Architecture:Responsive and Responsible Design - Sheet5
Baan, I.Superkilen Urban Park_©
We need spaces to relax, rejuvenate, and interact. The millennial era has reversed the proportions of the public to private. Moving a step forward in creating the world a better place, we need interventions to uplift the communities, upgrade lifestyle and create equitability. The successful future will be when we would not have to worry about the bare necessities of clean water, breathable air, food and security, mobility, and social infrastructure. The future of architecture lies in going beyond functionality and essentiality to designing amenities- innovative spaces to live, play, work, travel, and socialize. The future of architecture bears the responsibility of maintaining the physical and mental health of people.
Architecture for positivity
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The fast lifestyle, increasing competition, and technology changing every second as we speak have put immense pressure on the people. As we spend almost 90% of our time indoors surrounded by structures, it becomes essential to recognize the positive impact of designs. The essence of design has to shift from being a visual pleasure and functional model to engaging all the senses to achieve the best results on our health and wellbeing. Psychology and behavioral science have not been effectively influencing architecture and construction in the past years. The ongoing research has developed many sub-fields like biophilia, biomimicry, and neuro-architecture to trace even the slightest response of our mind and body to design elements. It has become the most trending and active niche in design development and will set a new framework for future architecture.
Biophilic designs
Biophilic design is a concept used to increase and reinforce the connection between people and nature through direct and indirect interventions. The unhealthy consequence of the developed lifestyle has created a big gap between humans and nature, leading to adverse psychological and physiological impacts. The biophilic design uses elements like plants, water, textures, organic shapes and forms, natural materials, colors, natural air and light, fire, and landscapes. Biophilic designs can reduce stress significantly, enhance our creativity, clear our thoughts, provide a healing space, and improve our overall wellbeing.
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The Future of Architecture:Responsive and Responsible Design - Sheet6
Jewel Changi Airport_©
Biomimetic designs
Biomimicry is another emerging field to establish an indirect connection with nature. While biophilic elements demonstrate direct interaction with nature, biomimetic designs use the research and application of natural patterns and principles of establishing alternative design solutions. There is no better teacher than nature itself. The studies in this field have and will keep shaping construction methods and design processes to generate sustainable practices.
Adaptive reuse and adaptable designs
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Another idea to move forward with is to make the best out of what we already have. Just as we stress the recycling of artificial materials, it becomes essential to consider the potential of built spaces and make the most use out of their lifecycle. Using old structures for new purposes can reduce the load of generating new materials, disposal of the debris, and energy used behind the whole process. While designing the new structures, the same principle can apply with a vision for the future. Creating adaptable and multipurpose spaces can ensure that the building serves its purpose to its full potential. Generating mixed-use typologies can facilitate resources at walkable distances and also generates opportunities to adapt to new functions.
The Future of Architecture:Responsive and Responsible Design - Sheet7
Baan, I. elbphilharmonie_©
To conclude, the future of architecture can only be speculated based on theories, and it is impossible to predict what the future holds for us. But based on the current issue and experiences, we can effectively work out what we do not want our future world to look like, make reverse calculations and start changing our practices here and now. Moving forward in the process of evolution with mind-blowing technologies and resources at hand feels like an exciting ride ahead. But at the same time, it is unavoidable to protect our nature and personal wellbeing on the way to dodge any possible breakdown.
Kavya is an architect and art enthusiast. Deeply inspired by the relationship between nature and culture, she is passionate about creating designs to promote sustainability, wellbeing and improve quality of life. For her, art is like therapy; she always tries to express herself through various creative mediums.
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Rethinking The Future Awards 2022
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William Ferguson, Ray Bareiss, Lawrence Birnbaum, Richard Osgood
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
65 Scopus citations
Telling stories is an effective way to teach aspects of nearly every task and domain. However, to be effectively remembered, a story must be told in a context that enables the hearer to index it functionally in memory. This occurs naturally when stories are told to students while they are attempting to perform the task being taught. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to engage students in a task while teaching it, so some other context must be found that facilitates appropriate indexing. We argue that this context occurs naturally in a teaching dialog, called an Aesopic dialog, in which the student asks questions and the expert answers with stories. In this dialog, the coherence of the conversation itself provides a context that enables the stories to be usefully incorporated into the student's memory. The widespread application of teaching through Aesopic dialogs requires overcoming the hurdle that experts are scarce and access to them is limited. Our solution to this problem is to broaden access to expert stories through the development of hypermedia systems designed to provide an interaction that emulates, as much as possible, the cognitively relevant aspects of an Aesopic dialog with an expert. We have constructed a number of such story-based teachers, called ASK systems, in domains as diverse as trust bank consulting, Presidential decision-making, and the determinants of a nation's industrial success in global markets.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)95-134
JournalThe Journal of the Learning Sciences
StatePublished - 1992
Dive into the research topics of 'ASK Systems: An Approach to the Realization of Story-Based Teachers'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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Insects populations are dying out. Here’s why that doesn’t have to be the case © Alamy
Insect populations are dying out. Here’s why that doesn’t have to be the case
We talk to Dave Goulson, a professor of biology and author of Silent Earth: Averting the Insect Apocalypse.
The meadows are no longer buzzing, and our gardens are falling silent. We spoke to Prof Dave Goulson, a professor of biology at the University of Sussex, about why our insects are in decline and how we can help bring them back.
Dave has been obsessed with insects all his life. He’s spent almost 30 years specialising in bumblebees and founded the Bumblebee Conservation Trust. He has written a number of popular science books, including his latest, Silent Earth: Averting The Insect Apocalypse (£20, Jonathan Cape).
Why are insects important, and what roles do they play in the ecosystem?
So many, it’s hard to know where to start. Insects make up the bulk of life on Earth in terms of biodiversity. More than two-thirds of all species that we’ve identified are insects. Birds, other insects, bats, lots of small mammals, lizards and freshwater fish all depend on insects for food. If the insects weren’t there, then they wouldn’t be there.
But insects do a whole bunch of other important stuff too. Scientists call it ‘ecosystem services’, which is a bit of an unhelpful phrase. It’s things like recycling, so maggots help to get rid of dead bodies, dung beetles help to get rid of cowpats, and other insects help to break down dead trees and leaves and other things. So they’re really important in nutrient cycles. They keep the soil healthy. They move seeds around. They do all sorts of stuff.
I guess the thing that most people recognise is that insects pollinate. So roughly 87 per cent of all the plant species on the planet need pollinating by some kind of animal – occasionally, in the tropics, that animal is a hummingbird or a bat. But 99 per cent of the time it’s some kind of insect.
Essentially, life on Earth would grind to a halt if we didn’t have insects.
There are large numbers of insects dying out. Why is that?
There are many drivers. You know, there’s no single cause of insect declines, but probably the biggest one has been loss of habitats in the UK, things like our ancient woodlands, our heathlands, our fens and marshes, and our flower-rich meadows – most of them have been swept away. Obviously this isn’t something that’s confined to the UK. In the tropics, we’ve got deforestation and so on.
Essentially, we’re replacing natural, biodiverse habitats with cities or monocultures of crops and that’s had a huge impact. And associated with that is probably the second biggest driver of insect declines, which is the rise in the many different pesticides we use in farming, but also in gardens and in our streets.
But then there’s a whole bunch of other things, such as invasive species, climate change, light pollution affecting nocturnal moths and so on. It’s almost like a sort of perfect storm. You know, insects might cope with one or two things, but they can’t cope with this whole blizzard of different adverse pressures on their populations.
A close-up of Goulson's hand with a bumblebee on it © Alamy
Prof Dave Goulson offers a bumblebee a chance to give him a close-up inspection © Alamy
I remember when I was child, if you went for a drive in the car there would be bug splats all over the windscreen. I don’t see that any more.
I’ve heard this from so many people, and it’s the only aspect of insect declines that’s really in the public consciousness. You know, people don’t pay much attention to insects – most people aren’t regularly looking out for them. But there was this phenomenon of having to stop to clean your windscreen, which I can remember from when I was younger.
There was a time a few decades ago where the windscreen, the headlights, the grille and the whole front of the car was this mass of dried, splattered insect guts. And it just doesn’t happen at all any more.
Are we seeing these declines in insects all over the world?
The long-term insect studies are biased towards Europe and North America, where there are lots of scientists, like me, that are interested in insects. We have almost no data from Africa, South America and most of Southeast Asia, which is really worrying because that’s where most biodiversity is.
There were one or two studies from the tropics, which show pretty big insect declines, but for most tropical insects, we haven’t really got any data. I’d be pretty confident that they’re declining there, too, because we’re seeing massive habitat loss and climate change and all these other environmental issues affecting those countries.
What will happen if we lose the insects? What will the future look like?
Life will be tough. Most of the fruits and vegetables we eat depend upon insects to give a good harvest. So if we lose pollinators, then it’s going to be really difficult to provide a healthy diet to the growing human population.
But it isn’t just pollination. I mentioned earlier that insects help to keep the soil healthy; we have major problems with soil degradation around the world. Soil health depends on all the little creatures that live in it and we need healthy soils to grow crops. We also need insects to recycle things like cow dung. It’s absolutely vital that all the nutrients in cow dung get recycled.
There’s actually a really interesting example of the importance of that. When we colonised Australia and we took cattle, there were no dung beetles in Australia that could cope with cow dung, as they were used to marsupial dung, which is really dry. The cowpats weren’t being removed and were just drying into hard little plates. Eventually, the entire landscape was covered in a layer of cowpats and the grass couldn’t go grow through.
At one stage, 15,000km2 of Australia was covered under dried cowpats. And so they introduced dung beetles able to cope with cow dung. That was one example of a very successful introduction. Some animal introductions have gone badly wrong, but the dung beetles that were introduced ate all the dung and now the grass is doing well, the nutrients are being recycled.
It just shows that we take it for granted that the insects are there and they’re doing these things. And if they’re not there, then that’s when we notice the problems.
Read more about insect conservation:
Do we know how many insects are still out there waiting to be discovered?
We’ve named 1.1 million species of insect so far, roughly. We find new ones every day. There are undoubtedly lots we haven’t yet described, or haven’t given any kind of name to. But scientists struggle to estimate exactly how many there are.
People have tried to estimate, and most of the predictions suggest that there are somewhere between a million and 10 million more insect species that we haven’t yet named. Obviously, that’s a huge range, so it’s probably a more realistic to say there are four or five million more species.
But that means that we’ve only named about 20 per cent – it’s absolutely astonishing that there are all these amazing creatures out there that we’ve yet to discover.
Is there anything we can do in our day-to-day lives to help the insects?
You see these environmental issues, like the rainforest burning and you feel helpless. It’s depressing. You wonder, “What on Earth can I do to help?” But with insects it’s different. They live in our gardens and local parks and in the road verges and, you know, they’re everywhere. And even small things really do make a difference in the end. Most insects, thankfully, haven’t yet gone extinct, and they can breed really fast, so if you provide the right conditions for them, their populations recover quickly, unlike pandas or tigers.
The obvious place to start, if you’re lucky enough to have a garden, is to grow lots of bee-friendly and pollinator-friendly flowers. Grow some wildflowers, don’t mow your lawn too much, and plant some flowering trees if you’ve got a big enough garden. A pond will support a whole range of insect life. A little bee hotel will work quite well for some solitary bees. Don’t use any pesticides. It seems crazy to me that we spray poisons in our gardens and the councils spray them in our streets and so on.
Most things you can do are really simple and many of them involve doing less rather than more, like less mowing of your lawn, less spraying of pesticides, not being so tidy, allowing a few weeds to flower. And little things like these really do make a difference.
There are 22 million private gardens in the UK. So just imagine if most of them were insect- and wildlife-friendly. That would really make a difference. It would be kind of a national network of little patches of miniature nature reserves. That would be fantastic.
It’s a dirty job… but without dung beetles to do it, crucial nutrients wouldn’t get recycled and the world’s soils would be in bad shape © Alamy
Many people dislike insects, and say, “What’s the point in a wasp? What’s the point in a mosquito?” Is there any way we can change people’s minds on that?
Well, I often say, “What’s the point of people?”
There are different ways of trying to persuade people that insects deserve looking after. You can use the argument that they’re important – they often do things that are valuable to us, even if we might not recognise them. Wasps, for example, are effective pollinators – many people don’t realise that. They’re also really good at pest control, they eat aphids and caterpillars on our crops.
But there are probably some insects that don’t do anything useful at all and you can’t create an economic, utilitarian argument to save them. But I think it’s really sad to bring everything back to a species only being worth saving if it does something for us. It’s incredibly selfish. These are creatures that have been on the planet for millions of years – much, much longer than we have. And, you know, whether they do something useful or not, whether we find them beautiful or not, surely they have as much right to be here as we do?
We should try to be more tolerant of nature and value it for its own sake. We live on this rock hurtling through space with a little crust of life clinging to its surface. I mean, the whole thing is absurd and unbelievable, really.
As far as we know, there may be no other life in the Universe, or it may be so far away that we never encounter it – and certainly nothing like [the life here on] Earth. It’s unique. It’s our home. It gives us everything we could want. You know, it’s beautiful. It’s inspirational. It feeds us and all the rest of it. And we’re not really looking after it terribly well.
And I find that just completely extraordinary. How stupid are we that we don’t look after our home and all of the creatures that live on it? All our fellow travellers on this rock hurtling through space, we should value them.
These little creatures deserve to live. I just think they’re amazing, actually. The more time you spend looking at insects, the more you realise how fascinating and intriguing they are and how much there is we don’t know about them, and we’ll never know if we wipe them all out. There are all these millions of insects we haven’t even discovered yet; who knows what secrets they have?
I find it terribly sad, the thought that there are species going extinct that we haven’t even seen. Species that we’ll never know existed – because they’ll be gone. And that seems like a terrible thing.
Read more about insects:
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1. Women’s Health
2. /
3. Abdominal Muscle Separation
Abdominal Muscle Separation
Rectus Abdominis Diastasis (RAD) commonly known as abdominal separation is when the outer layer of the abdominal muscles separate through the center of the abdominal wall. This is most commonly seen during and after pregnancy, however it can be present in other populations including men and athletes.
RAD is generally not painful, however it can lead to back pain if the stomach muscles have weakened and are not supporting the trunk adequately. Usually people become aware of having an RAD when they sit up or get up from the floor and notice a doming through the middle of their tummy. Sometimes however, people are not aware of it and it can go undiagnosed for a long time.
There are several important measures when checking for RAD. These include:
1. Width of the RAD
• The measurement of separation between the left and right rectus abdominis muscles
• This is also known as the inter-recti distance (IRD)
1. Length of the RAD
• The distance along the midline above and below the belly button
1. Depth of the RAD
• This indicates the quality of the connective tissue (linea alba) you have available to transmit force across the abdomen
1. Linea alba Integrity & Tension
• The linea alba is the connective tissue which connects the rectus muscles in the midline. It is a very important structure which transmits force across the abdomen while maintaining optimal intra-abdominal pressure
• The linea alba widens and softens during pregnancy to allow for the growing size of the pregnant belly however sometimes after birth, the linea alba remains widened which reveals the “gap” or separation between the abdominal muscles.
1. Transverse Abdominis Activation
• The transverse abdominis is the deepest layer of the abdominal wall and represents the front of your “core” canister. Learn more with this PDF: Your Inner Core
• The transverse abdominis creates tension across the linea alba allowing for optimal loading through the tummy muscles
• This is checked on real time ultrasound to ensure correct activation patterning
• The pelvic floor is closely linked with transverse abdominis and can be checked on ultrasound at the same time as we assess your abdominal muscles. It is not unusual to have incontinence and RAD occur together and therefore it is important to investigate both the pelvic floor and abdominals in the postpartum period. Learn more here: Post-Natal Assessment
Following a thorough examination, an exercise program can be devised which will help to strengthen the abdominal wall safely and effectively. Sometimes an abdominal binder or compression shorts can assist in recovery and will be prescribed.
What’s Happening?
It is perfectly normal for post-natal women to experience pelvic health conditions and appropriate exercise and treatment returns most women to their pre-pregnancy state. If you’re experiencing any symptoms or issues following birth, book a Post-Natal Assessment with one of our experienced Physiotherapists today. Our Post-Natal Assessment will help identify any issues needing to be addressed to ensure you make a full recovery from your pregnancy.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis is a serious autoimmune and inflammatory arthritis that, if treated early, is quite manageable for those impacted by the disease. Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex, chronic condition that mostly affects smaller joints in the body. RA inflammation causes pain, stiffness, and swelling to the affected joints and can also involve other organs such as the eyes, heart, lungs, blood and nerves.
Who can develop rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common autoimmune arthritis affecting over 1.5 million Americans.Women tend to develop the illness more than men, representing 3 out of 4 people suffering from this illness. This type of arthritis can occur at any age but is more commonly seen in middle-aged (30 - 50) adults.
Where does rheumatoid arthritis occur?
This symmetric, autoimmune arthritis mostly affects smaller joints initially: the hands, wrists, feet, ankles, and if severe can also involve larger joints like the elbows and knees.
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not well understood at this time. Research shows that it develops due to your body’s immune system accidentally sending messages to your body to produce inflammation in healthy tissues, instead of to bacteria or viruses, that it normally does. This is why it is called an autoimmune disease because the body’s immune system is attacking itself. The inflammation made by your body affects the synovial lining of joints causing swelling, permanent joint damage and chronic pain. The chronic inflammation also increases a person’s risk for heart disease, infections and certain types of cancer (lymphoma) as the immune system is not doing what it should be, protecting the body.
What risk factors are there for developing rheumatoid arthritis?
There are many risk factors associated with developing rheumatoid arthritis. They include:
• Gender - Women are affected (3-4) times more commonly than men.
• Genetics- People with a family history of rheumatoid arthritis may also develop this condition. Research is also detecting if certain genes place people at higher risk of developing this disease, particularly after certain triggers in the environment. Some triggers of concern include:
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Stress
• Age- Rheumatoid arthritis can occur at any time, however most develop RA in their 30s - 50s, the most “productive” time in one’s life.
• Smoking- There is STRONG evidence that smoking increases someone’s chances of developing this autoimmune arthritis and may make symptoms worse.
• Motherhood- People who have never birthed a child have been linked to having a higher chance of developing rheumatoid arthritis.
• Weight gain- Obesity has also been shown to increase a person’s chance of developing rheumatoid arthritis.
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What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
One of the more specific signs and symptoms for rheumatoid arthritis is morning stiffness that can last for more than 30 minutes. In fact, morning stiffness is one of the hallmark indicators that someone may have rheumatoid arthritis. Extended morning stiffness is rarely seen in other arthritic conditions such as osteoarthritis. Other examples of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms include:
• Firm masses, known as rheumatoid nodules, near the elbows
• Low-grade fevers
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue
• Swelling of joints (hands & feet) which makes shaking hands uncomfortable
• Dry mucous membranes (eyes and mouth) known as Sjorgen’s syndrome
• Restriction of joint movement (usually in smaller joints)
• Pain
• Redness
• Multiple joints affected on both sides
• Joint deformity
• Weakness
• Warmth
Can serious health problems arise from rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis may cause serious complications to organs such as the lungs, heart, and blood vessels. This chronic inflammation may cause the lungs to scar resulting in shortness of breath and damage of the muscles in the heart. Other medical conditions can arise, such as diabetes, high cholesterol, and heart disease due to the inability to exercise from the chronic pain impacting joints. Unemployment is also an issue with rheumatoid arthritis regarding highly physical jobs as the disease may progress, causing limitations in activity level.
Are there any tools to help me track my symptoms?
YES - there are various tools to help you keep track of your symptoms. For example, an application called Arthritis Power can track your health information to help you better understand any changes in your health. The application can also be customized to your needs.
Who usually diagnoses rheumatoid arthritis?
Proper diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis is made by a licensed medical professional. It can be tricky to diagnose this autoimmune arthritis, especially during the initial development. A rheumatologist may be the most qualified specialist for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
How is rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed?
A thorough medical history is performed to determine if there are any family members also suffering from rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune conditions. The symptoms one may be experiencing will also be reviewed. Next, a physical exam will then be performed. This evaluation includes an examination of joints for tenderness, swelling and warmth, and the detection for rheumatoid nodules. Usually, a diagnosis for rheumatoid arthritis does not occur unless typical symptoms persist for more than six weeks.
Are there any diagnostic tests that can be performed to confirm rheumatoid arthritis?
Currently, there is no one test that can be used to confirm rheumatoid arthritis. A variety of blood tests and diagnostic images (X-rays) are usually performed that may be commonly seen in this autoimmune disease. They include:
• CBC test (complete blood count) - used to determine if there is a low red blood cell count, also known as anemia
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate - if elevated, usually confirms increased inflammation which is seen in rheumatoid arthritis
• C-reactive protein - also an indicator for inflammation and can help rule in rheumatoid arthritis.
• Anti-CCP test (Antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides) - seen in more than 60% of rheumatoid arthritis patients helping with its confirmation of the disease.
• Rheumatoid factor - an antibody test and the hallmark blood test used to confirm the diagnosis. It’s not as helpful in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis, but usually seen in 80% of rheumatoid patients.
• X Rays - may not be definitive in the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis but can be used to show the progression of the disease when used for comparison purposes.
• MRI - may be helpful in detecting early disease if x-rays are negative.
• Ultrasound - a cheaper imaging modality than MRI to detect RA joint involvement.
What are treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis?
There is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis; however, early intervention has been shown to be greatly beneficial for those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis to function almost to normal levels and remain in remission. The goal of treatment includes reducing inflammation, pain, and preventing permanent joint and other organ damage (eye, lung, nerves). Treatment options have evolved over the years. Although medications appear to be the most common method for the management of rheumatoid arthritis, TeleMed2U rheumatologists offer integrative, holistic treatment approaches as well, based upon a “S.E.N.S.E.” - ible approach: Stress management, Exercise, Nutrition, Sleep & positive social Engagements.
Here are the different types of medications currently available for rheumatoid arthritis:
• Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) - are the first-line treatments for rheumatoid arthritis as they positively influence the natural history of RA (makes RA less damaging to your joints and body). They are successful with treating symptoms and slowing the progression of joint damage from the disease. Examples include:
1. methotrexate* (Rheumatrex, Trexall, Otrexup, Rasuvo)
2. leflunomide (Arava)
3. hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)
4. sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
*If you are taking methotrexate, make sure you are also taking a folic acid supplement like MTX Advanced Support: https://theralogix.com/products/mtx-support-folic-acid-b12-supplement
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)- usually used in conjunction with DMARDs to help reduce pain and swelling from chronic inflammation. NSAIDS do NOT improve the natural history (outcome) of RA, but do help reduce pain.
• Corticosteroids- a stronger anti-inflammatory used alongside DMARDs as well that may help relieve symptoms. Usually used in a low dose form, and the goal of physicians is to eventually discontinue its use once symptoms have resolved. Cortisone does NOT improve the natural history (outcome) of RA, but does help to reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.
• Biologic response modifiers (biologic agents)- used for more advanced rheumatoid arthritis symptoms. These agents work by blocking the immune system’s signals to cause inflammation. They are usually combined with methotrexate to give a better treatment response, as only 20-25% of patients with moderate to severe RA are successfully managed with methotrexate alone. Examples of biologics include:
1. abatacept (Orencia)
2. adalimumab (Humira)
3. anakinra (Kineret)
4. certolizumab (Cimzia)
5. etanercept (Enbrel)
6. golimumab (Simponi)
7. infliximab (Remicade)
8. rituximab (Rituxan, MabThera)
9. sarilumab (Kevzara)
10. tocilizumab (Actemra)
• Targeted synthetic DMARDs- the newest class of medication for RA, usually used when traditional DMARDs and biologic agents have failed. Examples include:
1. tofacitinib (Xeljanz)
2. baracitinib (Olumiant)
3. upadacitinib (Rinvoq)
If you have questions about RA treatments & pregnancy, please visit the Mother To Baby website at: https://mothertobaby.org/
If medications fail, what are other treatment options available?
Surgery may be considered for managing rheumatoid arthritis symptoms when medications fail to provide relief of symptoms or the joint has become severely damaged. The goal of surgery is to restore the function of the damaged joint and reduce pain. Some surgical procedures that may be considered include:
• Joint replacement- a prosthetic is usually inserted after damaged tissue and bone is removed from the joint.
• Joint fusion- a fusion of the joint is usually chosen when restoration of joint position is needed. It also provides pain relief and is performed if joint replacement surgery is not an option.
• Tendon repair- performed due to the chronic inflammation around the joint also affecting the tendons resulting in tears or ruptures.
• Synovectomy- involves removal of the inflamed synovium, which improves pain and flexibility of the joint.
Fortunately, since the development and proper use of biologic agents in the late 1990s, the need for joint surgery in RA patients have steadily declined.
Are there other treatment options available for rheumatoid arthritis other than medications or surgery?
Yes. It is believed that medication alone cannot tackle rheumatoid arthritis, and various self-management techniques may be helpful. Patient education and support is vital for understanding how to manage this condition. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach with several different healthcare providers will be needed. A healthy diet, cessation of smoking, exercise, and even physical therapy may all be used as tactics to help reduce the symptoms that occur from rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis can be debilitating, however when an individualized, integrative treatment program is created with our physicians at TeleMed2U, you will be able to live your best life, managing your RA while taking the least amount of medications.
American College of Rheumatology. (2019, March). Rheumatoid arthritishttps://www.rheumatology.org/I-Am-A/Patient-Caregiver/Diseases-Conditions/Rheumatoid-Arthritis
Arthritis Foundation. (n.d.). Rheumatoid arthritis. https://www.arthritis.org/diseases/rheumatoid-arthritis
Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020, July). Rheumatoid Arthritishttps://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/rheumatoid-arthritis.html
Mayo Clinic. (2021, May).Rheumatoid arthritis.https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353648
Medically reviewed by:
Dr Roy Kedem, MD
Dr Roy Kedem started his premedical studies at Harvard, and research in genetics and gene sequencing at Harvard, Beth Israel. He attended medical school in the UK at the Cambridge Overseas Medical Program in 1998. Dr Kedem then completed his residency in Internal Medicine at Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in Stamford, Connecticut and his fellowship in Hospital Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio.
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Causes of actinomycosis
Actinomycosis is caused by a group of bacteria called actinomycetaceae.
Actinomycetaceae are found in manybody cavities, such as inside the mouth and, less commonly, the bowel.
In women, they can also be found in the womb and fallopian tubes (the tubes eggs are released throughinto the womb).
How actinomycosis spreads
Actinomycetaceae are anaerobic bacteria, which means they can't survive in oxygen-rich environments. They therefore don't cause illness when they'rein the mouth or intestinal tract.
However, if the bacteriabreak through the protective lining (mucous membrane) surrounding the cavities, they can penetrate deep intobody tissue.
In an attempt to combat the infection, your immune system (the body's natural defence against infection and illness) will send infection-fighting cells to the source of the infection.But these cellsare unable tokill the bacteria and will quickly die.
Sinus tracts
Opportunistic infection
Oral cervicofacial actinomycosis
Opportunities for oral cervicofacial actinomycosis include:
• tooth decay , particularly if the decay is left untreated foryears
• gum disease
• dental abscess
• tonsillitis
• middle ear infection (otitis media)
• dental surgery, such as a tooth extraction, or root canal treatment
• jaw surgery or trauma
Thoracic actinomycosis
Most cases of thoracic actinomycosis are thought to be caused by small foodparticles or other ingested material that gets mixed up with the actinomycosis bacteria.
This is because being drunk or intoxicated increases therisk of material beingaccidentally ingested into your lungs. Long-term alcohol misuse and drug misuse also weakens your immune system, making you more vulnerable to developing an infection.
Abdominal actinomycosis
The intestine can tear as the result of an infection, such as a burst appendix that damages theintestine wall. It can also be damaged through injury for example, if you were to mistakenly swallow a fish bone.
Pelvic actinomycosis
Most cases of pelvic actinomycosis have been recorded in women who were usingan intrauterine device (IUD) form of contraception.
One explanation for cases of pelvic actinomycosis in women who are usingan IUD is that, over time,it may damage the womb lining, allowing bacteria to penetrate deep tissue. However, no research has been carried out to find out whether or not this is the case.
It's important to notethat it's very rare to develop pelvic actinomycosis as a result of usinganIUD. For example, in England, millions of women use the device and there have only been a handful of reported cases of pelvic actinomycosis.It only tends to occur ifan IUD is left in place longer than the manufacturer recommends.
Content supplied by the NHS Website
Medically Reviewed by a doctor on 20 Jun 2016
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Lasik surgery eye
Lasik surgery eye that's
Gorgeous colors vibrantly encoring the end of summer as the trees put themselves to bed for the long sleep of winter. The Great Smoky Mountains floods with thousands upon thousands of annual visitors all hoping to achieve a breathtaking view of the Rocaltrol (Calcitriol)- Multum renaissance of nature.
It all starts with photosynthesis. Leaves typically produce their vivid hues of green from spring through summer into early fall through the constant creation of Chlorophyll. As we all learned in 5th grade science, Chlorophyll is the key component in a plant's lasik surgery eye to turn sunlight into glucose, which in turn feeds the trees.
Many millions of these Chlorophyll cells saturate the leaves, ultimately making them appear green to new leadership approach eye.
Without the presence of Chlorophyll in the leaf, the bright golds, lasik surgery eye, yellows, and browns would be the natural colors seen year round. Chlorophyll is not the only player in the fall leaf-color game.
Present in other leaves and trees are the compounds known as Carotenoids and Anthocyanins. Beta-Carotene is one of the bayer canesten common carotenoids present in most leaves.
Strongly absorbing blue and green light, it reflects yellow and red light from lasik surgery eye sun, giving leaves their orange hue. Unlike the carotenoids, anthocyanin production increases dramatically with autumn. This protects the leaf, prolonging its life on the tree through the Autumn season, and also provides the beautiful red color to the leaf.
Flavonols, a part of the flavonoid family, are always present in leaves, and also contribute to lasik surgery eye yellow color of egg yolks. Perennials, which includes trees, must protect themselves in order to get through the harsh, freezing temperatures of winter.
If trees did not shed their leaves, their soft vegetation would certainly freeze during winter time, damaging and, no doubt, killing the tree. In order to cope with the grueling winter temperatures, trees slowly close off the veins that carry water and nutrients to and from the leaves with lasik surgery eye layer of new lasik surgery eye that form at lasik surgery eye base of the leaf stem, protecting the limbs and body of the tree.
Once the process of new cell creation is complete, water and nutrients no longer flow to and fro from the leaf - this enables the leaf to die and weaken at the stem, eventually falling gracefully to the ground. Earth, among other things, is fantastic at amoxiclav. Whether through the water lasik surgery eye, or the slow process of decomposing plants and trees back in to rich soil, the Earth wastes very little.
When leaves fall to the ground, they begin to break down and eventually create a rich humus on the forest floor that absorbs dew and rainfall. In this way, trees' natural cycle provides health and sustainability for itself year after year. Enjoy these free coloring sheets with your children. Simply click to download.
Temperatures Since 1900 As average temperatures continue to slowly increase, their effect on precipitation patterns and weather will have an impact on the brightness and length of the fall color season across the U. Why Do Lasik surgery eye Leaves Change Their Color. The Science Of It All It all starts with photosynthesis. Oranges Beta-Carotene Beta-Carotene is one of the most common carotenoids present in most leaves.
Reds Anthocyanins Unlike the carotenoids, anthocyanin production increases dramatically with msg it. Yellows Flavonols Flavonols, a part of the flavonoid family, are always present in leaves, and also contribute to the yellow color of egg yolks.
Autumn is a second spring when every leaf is lasik surgery eye flower. I trust in nature for the stable laws of beauty and utility. Spring shall plant and autumn garner to the end of time. Autumn is a time for family and fun.
A modern lasik surgery eye on the traditional Scottish tower house. The very best music, culture and craic in brainfoods bar. Please book your pitch in advance. Lasik surgery eye Restaurant open every night for residents only. Please follow social distancing guidelines. Book your stay at www.
Advance booking for rooms only. It is situated on the main road into Plockton as it reaches the Bay. Beer Garden open daily 12-9pm for drinks and 12-4pm for food. A popular spot for wild camping.
Why not come and join us on the water for a while. Walkers and cyclists welcome. Visit our website for availability and to book. We want to let you know about everything we have coming up between February lasik surgery eye July 2020.
Paintings effluvium telogen prints, new and old books with an emphasis on the Highlands. Fishing lasik surgery eye and bait available.
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Ecofriendly substitutes for Polystyrene
Products made from Polystyrene can be made with eco-friendly starch from potatoes, wheat or corn, instead of from petroleum, in turn, reducing dependence on petroleum. Gregory M. Glenn from Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Simon K. Hodson collaborated to develop two recent technologies. Both approaches yield strong, durable, and versatile biofoams that look like familiar polystyrene foam goods. Like conventional foams, the biofoams can be manufactured to a range of densities and can be die-cut or molded into a seemingly limitless array of shapes, sizes and thicknesses. Both patent-applied-for technologies rely on an extruder to heat and mix starch and other all-natural compounds. At various points in the process, the beads puff and expand, such as when they are put into the cavity of a heated mold to press them into the desired shape. Expanded beads eventually touch one another, creating a strong matrix that's much like the bead matrix of polystyrene foams. The biofoams aren't waterproof, but a moisture barrier, made from plant sources such as corn, can be added, ensuring that the finished foam is still derived exclusively from renewable, biodegradable resources.
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Reclamax single step plastic recycling machine
Reclamax single step plastic recycling machine
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How do you add a character to a string in Java?
How do you add a character to a string?
Append a char to the end of a string in C++
1. Using push_back() function. The recommended approach is to use the standard push_back() function, which is overloaded for chars and appends a character to the string’s end. …
2. Using += operator. …
3. Using append() function. …
4. Using std::stringstream function. …
5. Using insert() function.
How do you add characters in Java?
append(char[] str) method appends the string representation of the char array argument to this sequence. The characters of the array argument are appended, in order, to the contents of this sequence. The length of this sequence increases by the length of the argument.
How do I reverse a string?
Different ways to find the reverse of a string in the C
1. Reverse a string using the strrev() function.
2. Reverse a string without using the library function.
3. Reverse a string using the recursion function.
4. Reverse a string using for loop.
5. Reverse a string using while loop.
6. Reverse a string using pointers.
How do you add a character to a string in C++?
std::string::insert() in C++
1. insert() is used to insert characters in string at specified position. …
2. Syntax 1: Inserts the characters of str starting from index idx.
3. Syntax 2: Inserts at most, str_num characters of str, starting with index str_idx.
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Can you add two characters in Java?
If you want to concatenate characters as a String rather than interpreting them as a numeric type, there are lots of ways to do that. The easiest is adding an empty String to the expression, because adding a char and a String results in a String. All of these expressions result in the String “ab” : ‘a’ + “” + ‘b’
Why are strings immutable in Java?
Which is better StringBuffer or StringBuilder?
What is reverse string?
2. Reverse a String using String Builder / String Buffer Class. StringBuffer and StringBuilder comprise of an inbuilt method reverse() which is used to reverse the characters in the StringBuffer. This method replaces the character sequence in the reverse order.
How do you reverse a string in a for loop?
Reverse a String Using for Loop
1. static void Main(string[] args)
2. {
3. string _Inputstr = string.Empty, _Reversestr = string.Empty;
4. Console.Write(“Enter the string : “);
5. _Inputstr = Console.ReadLine();
6. for (inti = _Inputstr.Length – 1; i >= 0; i–)
7. {
8. _Reversestr += _Inputstr[i];
Which function is used to reverse a string?
Answer: To reverse a string, we use the function Is strrev(). The Str stands for the string part.
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What is insert function in C++?
set insert() function in C++ STL
The set::insert is a built-in function in C++ STL which insert elements in the set container or inserts the elements from a position to another position in the set to a different set.
Which is used to return the number of characters in the string?
The string length method returns the number of characters written in the String.
Is alpha numeric C++?
iswalnum() function in C++ STL
The iswalnum() is a built-in function in C++ STL which checks if the given wide character is an alphanumeric character or not. … The following characters are alphanumeric: Uppercase letters: A to Z. Lowercase letters: a to z.
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What is numeric function PHP?
How can I check if a variable is numeric in PHP?
The is_numeric() function checks whether a variable is a number or a numeric string. This function returns true (1) if the variable is a number or a numeric string, otherwise it returns false/nothing.
What are the numerical type in PHP?
PHP supports the following data types: String. Integer. Float (floating point numbers – also called double)
Is a function a numeric?
Returns a Boolean value indicating whether an expression can be evaluated as a number. The required expressionargument is a Variant containing a numeric expression or string expression. IsNumeric returns True if the entire expression is recognized as a number; otherwise, it returns False.
Is Nan in PHP?
The is_nan() function checks whether a value is ‘not a number‘. This function returns true (1) if the specified value is ‘not-a-number’, otherwise it returns false/nothing.
Is a string a number PHP?
To check if given string is a number or not, use PHP built-in function is_numeric(). is_numeric() takes string as an argument and returns true if the string is all numbers, else it returns false.
What is PHP full form?
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Is a number PHP?
The is_numeric() function is an inbuilt function in PHP which is used to check whether a variable passed in function as a parameter is a number or a numeric string or not. The function returns a boolean value.
What are the four scalar types of PHP?
Four scalar types:
• bool.
• int.
• float (floating-point number, aka double)
• string.
Which is numeric function?
Numeric functions allow for manipulation of numeric values. Numeric functions are sometimes called mathematical functions. The functions we’ll cover are ROUND, RAND, PI, and POWER. The ROUND function allows you to round any numeric value.
What is numeric function example?
Numeric Functions are used to perform operations on numbers and return numbers. Following are the numeric functions defined in SQL: ABS(): It returns the absolute value of a number.
Which is not a numeric function?
MID() is not a numeric function.
Is empty array PHP?
An empty array is falsey in PHP, so you don’t even need to use empty() as others have suggested. PHP’s empty() determines if a variable doesn’t exist or has a falsey value (like array() , 0 , null , false , etc).
Are arrays indexed in PHP?
PHP indexed array is an array which is represented by an index number by default. All elements of array are represented by an index number which starts from 0. PHP indexed array can store numbers, strings or any object. PHP indexed array is also known as numeric array.
Is number in C#?
public static bool IsNumber(string str, int index); Parameters: Str: It is the required string of System. … Return Type: The method returns True if it successfully matches any number at the specified index in the specified string, otherwise returns False.
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What Is a Unit of Insurance?
Insurance policies can range from a few pages to more than 100 pages in length and include a number of provisions and terms that a policyholder must read through thoroughly in order to understand. One of those terms is “unit of insurance.” Insurance companies calculate their rates and premiums based on the applicable unit of insurance. A unit of insurance has subtle differences in its definition based on the type of insurance the unit refers to.
TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)
A unit of insurance represents a fixed monetary value of insurance coverage. In a life insurance policy, a unit of insurance is equal to $1,000 worth of coverage.
Exploring Premium Calculations
In exchange for the amount an insured person pays in premiums, the insurance company takes over the majority of the risk for the insured asset including property, life and health. Insurance companies incorporate expenses, reasonable profits and risk adjustments for loss expectations.
They apply these rates as costs per unit of insurance which also reflect state regulatory charges and limits. Insurance companies calculate the cost of insurance by multiplying the premium per unit of insurance by the number of units a policyholder purchased.
Pricing Life Insurance Policies
Life insurance policies are priced based on each unit of life insurance coverage, typically defined as $1,000 of standard term or whole life coverage. Insurance companies base units on risk factors including gender and age and on the various provisions required by the department of insurance for different states. A unit of insurance also relates to the benefit amount a policyholder purchases.
Evaluating Property Insurance
In hazard, property and business interruption insurance, a unit of insurance refers to the item that has coverage. This includes an in-progress construction structure, a building or business income over a specified period of time. Policies often use the "unit of insurance" term when delineating deductible amounts per occurrence or per insured item.
This typically occurs when a policy places different conditions on different types of items. For example, the policy may provide one level of replacement coverage for property and another for business income.
Understanding Liability Insurance
For liability, insurance companies set rates as the price per unit of insurance for each unit exposed to liability. Insurance defines properties or liabilities with similar characteristics as an exposure unit. Similar to life insurance, a unit of insurance in liability equals $1,000 of standard liability coverage. Therefore, someone with $300,000 in liability coverage would have 300 units of $1,000 in coverage.
Health Insurance Rates
As with liability and life insurance, insurance companies define a unit of insurance for health coverage as $1,000 in coverage. Health insurance rates reflect the levels of historical losses that the health insurance provider has experienced with a particular group, often a large company or a pool of smaller companies.
the nest
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Calender
From Wikisource
Jump to navigation Jump to search
CALENDER, (1) (Fr. calendre, from the Med. Lat. calendra, a corruption of the Latinized form of the Gr. κύλινδρος, a cylinder), a machine consisting of two or more rollers or cylinders in close contact with each other, and often heated, through which are passed cotton, calico and other fabrics, for the purpose of having a finished smooth surface given to them; the process flattens the fibres, removes inequalities, and also gives a glaze to the surface. It is similarly employed in paper manufacture (q.v.). (2) (From the Arabic qalandar), an order of dervishes, who separated from the Baktashite order in the 14th century; they were vowed to perpetual travelling. Other forms of the name by which they are known are Kalenderis, Kalenderites, and Qalandarites (see Dervish).
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Phamacy Technician
Preparing for a career as a Pharmacy Technician involves extensive training, good communication skills, and a willingness to work with the public. A pharmacy technician, also called pharmacy technologist, pharmacy medication technicians, or pharmacy assistants, provide technical assistance for registered pharmacists and work under their direct supervision. They usually work in a chain or independent drug stores, hospitals, community ambulatory care centers, home health care agencies, nursing homes, and in the pharmaceutical industry.
They perform a wide range f technical support functions and tasks relating to the pharmacy profession. They maintain patient records, count, package, and label medication doses; prepare and distribute sterile products; and fill and dispense routine orders for stock supplies such as over-the-counter products. Pharmacy technicians work under the direct supervision of licensed pharmacist, their work is subject to quality-control checks to ensure accuracy. High school students interested in the pharmacy tech career should take courses in mathematics, science (especially chemistry and biology), and English.
Also, in ddition courses in speech, typing, computer science, and health will also be useful. Any extracurricular activities such as: drama, science clubs, or other activities, will help in developing communications and interpersonal skills. Most pharmacy technicians receive their education through formal training programs offered through community colleges, vocational/technical schools, hospital community pharmacies, and government programs. The length of the program usually ranges from 6 months to two years, leading to a certificate, diploma, or an associates degree in pharmacy technology.
A high school diploma is usually required for entry into these programs. On a personal level, pharmacy technicians must be precision-minded, honest, and mature as they are very much depended on. They must have good hand and eye coordination and manual dexterity to use delicate equipment and to make correct measurements. They also need to have good communication skills to successfully interact with pharmacists, supervisors and other technicians. Pharmacy technicians are often hired by the hospital or agency where they interned.
If employment is not found this way, many use employment agencies or ewspaper ads to help locate job openings. Technicians often wear scrubs or other uniforms in hospitals, especially in the IV room. Other technicians may only be required to wear casual clothing. Pharmacy technicians generally work in health care institutions that are clean and well-lighted. They work under quiet to moderately noisy conditions. They work closely with pharmacists and other pharmacy technicians and frequently interact with other individuals.
Pharmacy technicians may specialize in one area of responsibility, such as drug dispensing and distribution, or they may handle a combination of responsibilities. Since they may be required to fill in for other pharmacy technicians, they generally must be trained in all aspects of pharmacy technology. Because most hospitals, nursing homes, and health care centers are open between sixteen and twenty-four hours a day, multiple shifts, weekend, and holiday hours will be required.
Most technicians earn between $14,500 to $21,000 per year. Large hospitals pay more than retail pharmacies, averaging between $16,000 and $23,000. The average starting pay rate for pharmacy technicians is between $6. 50 and $15. 00 per hour, depending on the location, type of facility, and level of training. Graduates of accredited training programs along with those who are certified, usually receive higher pay than technicians without such training.
Salaries are higher for those who live in the East and West coasts, and in large urban areas. There is also no travel involved with career. States with high numbers of retirees, such as Arizona, Florida, California, and New Mexico, will offer more job opportunities because of the increased need for medical services. Advancement opportunities for pharmacy technicians depend on where they are employed, experienced technicians may direct or instruct newer pharmacy technicians, ake schedules, or move up to purchasing or computer work.
Some hospitals have a variety of tech designations, based on experience and responsibility, with an increase in pay. Experienced technicians will be needed as staff. Some pharmacy techs may choose to return to school to pursue a degree in pharmacy. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that employment of pharmacy technicians will increase much faster than the average for all occupations. The 54,000 pharmacy technician employed in 1992 are expected to increase to 76,000 by 2005, an increase of nearly 42 percent.
A number of factors will support the increasing employment of pharmacy technicians, including an aging population, and an increase in the size and number of healthcare institutions. In conclusion, I am still very interested in this job as a short term goal. After I get comfortable with it I would like to go a step ahead and get my degree as a pharmacist. One of the disadvantages of the job are the hours, the multiple shifts, weekend, and holiday hours. I would much rather have a Monday through Friday job from 9 to 5. But overall I am still interested in pursuing this career.
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Learn Math and Sight Words at Grandpa Toy Shop
Learn Math and Sight Words at Grandpa Toy Shop post image
Learn addition, spelling, sight words while helping making toys and run toy stores with grandpa, what a fun educational app! Kids not only learn English and math, but also problem solving and running a business.
When kids start the app, they are asked to enter the workroom before the store opens. They will create two toys: a kite, a doll, a ball, or a robot, …
Each toy required different activities. To create an alien or a doll, kids will choose designs for head, body, arms, and legs. They have 8 options for each body part. For kite or ball, they will design and color the toy.
After creating the toys, kids will make a banner for the toy by putting the correct letters on the banner. For example, for the kite, they will have to pick up the 4 letters: K, I, T, E, in the correct order to form the correct word.
After the banner is created, kids can help grandpa open the store. But first, kids need help grandpa put price tags on the new toys based on a price list. Kids need be able to read the names of the toys, like robots, balls, dolls, as well as being able to read numbers 1 to 10.
A big job working in the toy store is to help the customers buy the toys they want, and then figure out how much each customer should pay. Again, kids need be able to read the toy names to pick the right toy, and they also need know simple addition to calculate the total cost.
Once in a while, there will be downtimes, and that is the time for a toy related short movie.
At the end of the day, kids will help clean the floor, before closing the store. The trick for cleaning the floor is the broom will keep going on a straight line unless it hits something, like a wall or a piece of furniture. To finish cleaning the whole floor, kids have to be strategic on the moves to pick up all the garbage at different spots.
Whenever kids do a good job, they will get a high five from grandpa. When grandpa is really happy, kids get to see him dance to the music.
Grandpa’s Toy Shop is a fun learning app perfect for kids who are learning sight words, spelling, single digit addition. Kids make toys, run the store, and learning math and letters.
Grandpa Toy Shop
For more sight word apps, check out Best Sight Word Learning Tools for Kids, and for more math practice apps, please visit 45 Math Game Apps Grouped by Grade and Learning Objectives
Best sight word learning tools for kids
Math games for kids grouped by age and learning objective
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Rita Levi-Montalcini, OMRI , OMCA (Italian pronunciation: ; 22 April 1909 30 December 2012) was an Italian Nobel laureate, honored for her work in neurobiology. She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF). From 2001 until her death, she also served in the Italian Senate as a Senator for Life.
On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate ever to reach the age of 100, and the event was feted with a party at Rome‘s City Hall. At the time of her death, she was the oldest living Nobel laureate.
Early life and education
Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin, to a Sephardic Jewish family She and her twin sister Paola were the youngest of four children. Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a painter, and Adamo Levi, an electrical engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti and Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Turin in the early twentieth century.
In her teenage years, she considered becoming a writer and admired Swedish writer Selma Lagerlf, but after seeing a close family friend die of stomach cancer she decided to attend the University of Turin Medical School. Her father discouraged his daughters from attending college, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives as wives and mothers, but eventually he supported Levi-Montalcini’s aspirations to become a doctor. While at the University of Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in the developing nervous system. After graduating summa cum laude M.D. in 1936 she remained at the university as Levi’s assistant, but her academic career was cut short by Benito Mussolini‘s 1938 Manifesto of Race and the subsequent introduction of laws barring Jews from academic and professional careers.
Career and research
Levi-Montalcini lost her assistant position in the anatomy department after a 1938 law barring Jews from university positions was passed. During World War II she set up a laboratory in her bedroom and studied the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos, which laid the groundwork for much of her later research. She described this experience decades later in the science documentary film Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times (1997). The film also features her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected artist. When the Germans invaded Italy in 1943, her family fled south to Florence, where she set up a second laboratory in a corner of their shared living space. During this time, she also volunteered her medical expertise for the Allied health service. Her family returned to Turin in 1945.
In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the laboratory of Professor Viktor Hamburger at Washington University in St. Louis. After she duplicated the results of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a research associate position, which she held for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain cancerous tissues that cause extremely rapid growth of nerve cells. By transferring pieces of tumors to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells that was full of nerve fibers. The discovery of nerves growing everywhere like a halo around the tumor cells was surprising. When describing it, Montalcini said it is: “like rivulets of water flowing steadily over a bed of stones.” The nerve growth produced by the tumor was unlike anything she had seen before the nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo. But nerves did not grow into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo back to the tumor. This suggested to Montalcini that the tumor itself was releasing a substance that was stimulating the growth of nerves.
She was made a full professor in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory in Rome and divided her time between there and St. Louis.
From 1961 to 1969, she directed the Research Center of Neurobiology of the CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory of Cellular Biology. After she retired in 1977, she was appointed as director of the Institute of Cell Biology of the Italian National Council of Research in Rome. She later retired from that position in 1979, however continued to be involved as a guest professor.
Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Research Institute in 2002, and then served as its president. Her role in this institute was at the center of some criticism from some parts of the scientific community in 2010.
Controversies were raised about the cooperation of Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical industry Fidia . While working for Fidia, she improved the understanding of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, the scientist supported the drug Cronassial (a particular ganglioside) produced by Fidia from bovine brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in treatment of intended diseases (periphrastic nervous system neuropathies). Years later, some patients under treatment with Cronassial reported a severe neurological syndrome (GuillainBarr syndrome). As per the normal cautionary routine, Germany banned Cronassial in 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug only in 1993; at the same time, an investigation revealed that Fidia paid the Italian Ministry of Health for a quick approval of Cronassial and later paid for pushing use of the drug in treatment of diseases where it had not been tested. Levi-Montalcini’s relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, and she was criticized publicly.
In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists pointing out the importance of the mast cell in human pathology. In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous compound palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.
Political career
On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Life by the President of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.
On 2829 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, attended the opening assembly of the newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Due to her support of the government of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of “saving” the government when the government’s exiguous majority in the Senate was at risk. She was insulted by politician Francesco Storace.
Personal life
Rita Levi-Montalcini in 2009
Levi-Montalcini had an older brother Gino, who died after a heart attack in 1974. He was one of the most well known Italian architects and a professor at the University of Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older than Rita, and Paola, her twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.
Levi-Montalcini never married and had no children. In a 2006 interview she said: “I never had any hesitation or regrets in this sense… My life has been enriched by excellent human relations, work and interests. I have never felt lonely.” She died in her home in Rome on 30 December 2012 at the age of 103.
Upon her death, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was a great loss “for all of humanity.” He praised her as someone who represented “civic conscience, culture and the spirit of research of our time.” Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV in a tribute to her fellow scientist, “She is really someone to be admired.” Italy’s premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini’s “charismatic and tenacious” character and for her lifelong endeavor to “defend the battles in which she believed.” Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini’s civil and moral efforts, saying she was an “inspiring” example for Italy and the world.
Awards and honors
In 1966, she was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In 1968, she became the tenth woman elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.
In 1974, although a professed atheist, she became a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.
In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Prize in Medicine, as well as the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. This made her the fourth Nobel Prize winner to come from Italy’s small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, after Emilio Segr, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.
In 1987, she received the National Medal of Science, the highest American scientific honor.
In 1991, she received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine from the University of Trieste, Italy. On that occasion, she expressed her desire to formulate a Carta of Human Duties as necessary counterpart of the too much neglected Declaration of Human Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing of the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council of Human Duties, International Council of Human Duties (ICHD), at the University of Trieste.
She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.
In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.
In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.
In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the degree Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Turin, in her native city.
In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the Complutense University of Madrid, Spain.
She was a founding member of Citt della Scienza. and Accademician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.
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Language Arts Understanding by Design Lesson Plans
By Jeanine Capitani
This is a 15-day language arts unit dedicated to understanding the Mexican holiday, El Día de los Muertos, celebrated on November 1 and 2. The students will learn the significance of the Day of the Dead and how it is celebrated as well as learning important vocabulary. The students will do a writing project including an interview of a deceased relative or family friend, a cumulative paragraph explaining the importance of Day of the Dead, and a reflective paragraph. The students will also complete different art projects related to Day of the Dead. At the end, the students will have their own Day of the Dead celebration in class in honor of their relatives and family friends.
Non-profit Tax ID # 203478467
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Social Institutions Continuity - Test Papers
CBSE Class-12 Sociology Test Paper-01
Part 1(Ch-03 Social institutions: Continuity and Change)
General Instruction:
• Question 1-5 carries two marks each,
• Question 6-8 carries four marks each.
• Question 9-10 carries six marks each.
1. Define “caste”.
2. Differentiate between varna and jati.
3. What does ‘sanskritisation’ refers to?
4. What does ‘dominant caste’ refers to?
5. Who are the absentee landlords?
6. Explain the principles of differentiation and hierarchy in relation to the caste system.
7. Describe “caste” as a social institution in the past.
8. How did the other interventions by the colonial state had an impact on the institution of caste.
9. Describe the most commonly cited defining features of caste.
10. Explain how caste played an inevitable role in the mass mobilisations of the nationalist movement.
CBSE Class-12 Sociology Test Paper-01
1. Caste is an institution uniquely associated with the Indian sub-continent. The English word ‘caste’ is actually borrowed from the Portuguese word ‘casta’, meaning pure breed. The word refers to a broad institutional arrangement that in Indian languages (beginning with the ancient Sanskrit) is referred to by two distinct terms, varna and jati.
2. Varna, literally means ‘colour’, and is the name given to a four-fold division of society into brahmana, kshatriya, vaishya and shudra,. Jati is a generic term referring to species or kinds of anything, ranging from inanimate objects to plants, animals and human beings. The word ‘Jati’ is most commonly used to refer to the institution of caste in Indian languages, though it is interesting to note that, increasingly, Indian language speakers are beginning to use the English word ‘caste’.
3. ‘Sanskritisation’ refers to a process whereby members of a (usually middle or lower) caste attempt to raise their own social status by adopting the ritual, domestic and social practices of a caste (or castes) of higher status. The patterns for emulation chosen most often were the brahmin or kshatriya castes; practices included adopting vegetarianism, wearing of sacred thread, performance of specific prayers and religious ceremonies, etc.
4. ‘Dominant caste’ is a term used to refer to those castes which had a large population and were granted land rights by the partial land reforms effected after Independence. Once they got land rights, they acquired considerable economic power. Their large numbers also gave them political power in the era of electoral democracy based on universal adult franchise. Thus, these intermediate castes became the ‘dominant’ castes in the country side and played a decisive role in regional politics and the agrarian economy. Examples of such dominant castes include the Yadavs of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
5. “The land reforms took away rights from the erstwhile claimants, the upper castes who were ‘absentee landlords’ in the sense that they played no part in the agricultural economy other than claiming their rent. They frequently did not live in the village either, but were based in towns and cities.”
6. Theoretically, the caste system can be understood as the combination of two sets of principles, one based on difference and separation and the other on wholism and hierarchy.
Each caste is supposed to be different from – and is therefore strictly separated from – every other caste. Many of the scriptural rules of caste are thus designed to prevent the mixing of castes – rules ranging from marriage, food sharing and social interaction to occupation.
On the other hand, the different and separated castes do not have an individual existence. The different caste can only exist in relation to a larger whole, the totality of society consisting of all castes.
Further, this societal whole or the system of caste is a hierarchical rather than an egalitarian system. Each individual caste occupies not just a distinct place, but also an ordered rank – a particular position in a ladder-like arrangement going from highest to lowest.
7. Caste is an institution uniquely associated with the Indian sub-continent. The word refers to a broad institutional arrangement that in Indian languages (beginning with the ancient Sanskrit) is referred to by two distinct terms, varna and jati.
The four varna classification is roughly three thousand years old. However, the ‘caste system’ stood for different things in different time periods.
In its earliest phase, in the late Vedic period roughly between 900 — 500 BC, the caste system consisted of only four major divisions. These divisions were not very elaborate or very rigid, and they were not determined by birth.
It is only in the post- Vedic period that caste became the rigid institution that is familiar to us from well-known definitions.
8. Other interventions by the colonial state such as the land revenue settlements and related arrangements and laws served to give legal recognition to the customary (caste-based) rights of the upper castes.
These castes now became land owners in the modern sense rather than feudal classes with claims on the produce of the land, or claims to revenue or tribute of various kinds.
Large scale irrigation schemes like the ones in the Punjab were accompanied by efforts to settle populations there, and these also had a caste dimension.
9. The most commonly cited defining features of caste are the following:
1. Caste is determined by birth. Caste is never a matter of choice. One can never change one’s caste, leave it, or choose not to join it, although there are instances where a person may be expelled from their caste.
2. Membership in a caste involves strict rules about marriage. Caste groups are “endogamous”, i.e. marriage is restricted to members of the group.
3. Caste membership also involves rules about food and food-sharing. What kinds of food may or may not be eaten is prescribed and who one may share food with is also specified.
4. Caste involves a system consisting of many castes arranged in a hierarchy of rank and status. In theory, every person has a caste, and every caste has a specified place in the hierarchy of all castes. While the hierarchical position of many castes, particularly in the middle ranks, may vary from region to region, there is always a hierarchy.
5. Castes also involve sub-divisions within themselves, i.e., castes almost always have sub-castes and sometimes sub-castes may also have sub- sub-castes. This is referred to as a segmental organisation.
6. Castes were traditionally linked to occupations. A person born into a caste could only practice the occupation associated with that caste, so that occupations were hereditary, i.e. passed on from generation to generation. On the other hand, a particular occupation could only be pursued by the caste associated with it – members of other castes could not enter the occupation.
10. Efforts to organise the “depressed classes” and particularly the untouchable castes predated the nationalist movement, having begun in the second half of the nineteenth century. This was an initiative taken from both ends of the caste spectrum – by upper caste progressive reformers as well as by members of the lower castes such as Mahatma Jotiba Phule and Babasaheb Ambedkar in western India, Ayyankali, Sri Narayana Guru, Iyotheedass and Periyar (E.V. Ramaswamy Naickar) in the South.
Both Mahatma Gandhi and Babasaheb Ambedkar began organising protests against untouchability from the 1920s onwards. Anti-untouchability programmes became a significant part of the Congress agenda so that, by the time Independence was on the horizon, there was a broad agreement across the spectrum of the nationalist movement to abolish caste distinctions.
The dominant view in the nationalist movement was to treat caste as a social evil and as a colonial ploy to divide Indians. But the nationalist leaders, above all, Mahatma Gandhi, were able to simultaneously work for the upliftment of the lower castes, advocate the abolition of untouchability and other caste restrictions, and, at the same time, reassure the landowning upper castes that their interests, too, would be looked after.
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27.2 C
City of Banjul
Thursday, December 2, 2021
Gambia: a broken nation crying for national development
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By Ousman Jassey
It is the intention of every nation in the world to be fully developed so that its citizens will live comfortably. For a community or nation to develop however, its citizens must contribute meaningfully no matter their status in the society or country. Therefore, the contribution they do in their local communities will go towards societal developments and the amalgamation of all the societal developments will make the foundations for national development.
So what is national development?
The term nation building or national development, is usually used to refer to a constructive process of engaging all citizens in building social cohesion, economic prosperity and political stability in a nation in an inclusive and democratic way. Going by the definition, it is seen that all citizens are to be involved in building or developing a nation. Thus, the involvement of citizens in national development is a must. In fact, citizens not government play the most important roles in nation building. There are different types of developments; temporary or everlasting developments, which one should a nation adopts? It has been a general consensus amongst developmentalists that everlasting development, which is known as sustainable development, prevents national conflicts.
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So what is a sustainable development?
Sustainability and sustainable development are the catch phrases and centre-stage of all discussion in the arena of economic, environmental, social, educational activities and what not! Sustainability is the nature or property of something being sustained or that runs in perpetuity remaining same (may be dynamic stability!). On the other hand sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the presents without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs. Sustainable development satisfies the triple bottom lines of environmental protection, economic development and social security. Sustainable development is always for people, planet and prosperity (3Ps), in other words, it’s for environment (protection), economy (prosperity) and (social) equity.
Worldwide, it is agreed that citizens are the vital organs of any meaningful developments and they are also the beneficiaries of all the products of developments. Then this gives the question:
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Who is a citizen?
A citizen is a person who owes allegiance to, and in turn, receives protection from a nation. Citizenship therefore, is the dynamic relationship between a citizen and his nation. The concept citizenship involves rules of what a citizen might do (such as voting and paying taxes) and can refuse to do (such as pledging allegiance).
Except for a dictatorship country but each nation has a written supreme law known as the constitution which defines who is a citizen of a particular country or nation and The Gambia is no exception even though it was ruled by a dictator for two decades. According to the Gambian Constitution, every person who is born within the territorial limitation of The Gambia is a Gambian citizen. With the coming into force of 1997 constitution, a clause embedded into it that defines who is a citizen of The Gambia and by law that person shall continue to be a citizen of The Gambia unless and otherwise the person’s citizenship is revoked by a competent court of law or stripped off by the National Assembly.
However, the social scientists categorized citizens into groups and I will attempt to define these citizenry groups.
Different types of citizens
Every country or community is made up of citizens and the strength or weakness of the country or community depends upon the characters of the people who are members of it. There are three types of citizens namely; the good or active citizens, bad citizens and passive citizens. They are found in all strata of the society and in all fields of endeavors.
(A)The good or active citizen
This is the one whose life is a good example to his fellow citizens. He does not merely know what is expected of him in the society in which he lives but as far as he can, practices in his life what he knows to be right. He can often be seen helping his fellow citizens without thought of personal gain, and he is anxious at all times to do what can help improve the community in which he lives. Above all, he is honest in word and deed. In his place of work, the good citizen is always punctual and fully dedicated to his duty thus making him highly productive. He mixes very freely with others and corrects them when they go wrong. At home, he is responsible and takes good care of his family. On their part, the children respect their elders and perform the roles expected of them in the society.
A good citizen, who is a ruler, makes sure that he is committed to the welfare of his followers and provides them with adequate social services. He protects his followers from internal and external dangers and has good management of resources under his control. He always preaches peace and unity. These are the people who follow the commandment of Former US President John F. Kennedy who said, “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”
On their part, followers reciprocate the goodness of their leaders by promptly paying their taxes as and when due. They participate fully in democratic processes in order to choose good leaders. They help the police and other security operatives by reporting cases of crime and other dangers in the community and are vigilant against activities that threaten the society. They obey laws of the land and uphold of the society. One does not need to be famous before one is regarded as a good citizen. All he needs to do is to set good examples to others and especially to those who are younger than him.
(B)The bad citizen
He is easily recognized because of his wickedness, selfishness, immorality and other services. He is the one who thinks of himself only. He does not mind seeing others go hungry if he can get more than his fair share. Not only is a bad citizen dishonest himself but he also leads others away from the right path if it suits him. He has no real love for his country and no civic sense that is to say that he has no interest in practicing good citizenship. In his place of work, the bad citizen is always late and not dedicated to his duty thereby making him very unproductive.
He is always finding ways of cheating through fraudulent means. Because of his deviant behaviour which differs distinctly from social norms, values, beliefs, the bad citizen in his home, shows very bad examples to his children whom he sometimes sends to buy him beer and cigarettes which he takes in their presence. He also under-value people in their(children) presence making such people valueless before his family
A subject, who is bad citizen, evades tax payment, collaborates with foreigners to wreak havoc on the nation’s economy through smuggling and advanced fee fraud. He also sabotages all good intentions of government through arson and attack on vital encouraging inflation. He tries to get rich quick and as a result, engages in various vices including ritual killings, kidnapping, armed robbery, bribery and corruption, prostitution, drug pushing, gambling and terrorism. My fellow Gambians brighter example of such type of citizens is devil Yahya Jammeh.
(c)The passive citizen
Those who are passive are the spectators or passengers. In every community, this group is far larger than the group of really citizens or those who are truly bad citizens. One belongs to this group if one does not do all one can to uproot and destroy what is harmful, bad and corrupt. A passive citizen is often a selfish or thoughtfulness person who has not learnt that everyone is helped when all work together.
When asked why he shows no interest in the affairs of his society, the passive citizen usually says ‘why do you complain I have not broken any law and I am not doing anything wrong’. He merely sits down and watches others work. He is apathetic and has no interest in the affairs of the society. He develops an “I don’t care attitude” to the actions of government. Politically, he does not take part in voting and is not interested in who represent him. He does not register for elections, does not protest against rigging in elections or inflation of census figure. To him, anything goes and whatever happens to his society is not his problem.
Unfortunately, it is the passive citizen who grumbles most about arrangements at occasions to which he has done nothing practically to help and forgets completely that the right to find fault can only be given to those who assist or who are willing to put right what is wrong. My fellow Gambians I guess many of us can found ourselves in this group. It is unfortunate but it is the fact.
Now let me change the gear and one to the core topic of this article and that is national developments.
What is national development?
National development is the ability of a country to improve and sustain the social, economic, cultural and political welfare of the people. This can be measured by the provision of basic social amenities like qualitative education, effective and sufficient productive of food, qualitative and affordable health services, effective communications system, good and efficient transportation system, steady and uninterrupted power supply and among other indices such as employment or jobs opportunities for the teeming young population.
National development usually translates to sustainable economic growth and development in which resource use aims at meeting human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs are met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. It leads to the meeting of the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Invariably therefore, national development aims at meeting the needs of the present while contributing to the future generations needs.
National development is often broken out into four constituent parts namely, environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, socio-political sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability.
For National development to take place so that the citizens live well in the society, we need to exhibit the following as citizens:
The spirit of nationalism:
Nationalism is seen as the development of national consciousness – the totality of the cultural, historical, linguistic, psychological and social forces that pull a people together with a sense of belonging and shared values. This development tends to lead to the political belief that this national community of people and interest should have their own political order, independent from and equal to all other political communities in the world.
This is the love and pride one has for one’s country that makes one to always defend her and contribute to her progress, peace and stability. One has to fully identify with his nation as a patriot which means sacrificing personal interests for her good.
A clear example of how people identify with their country is during football matches involving the national team against a foreign team. Millions of people follow the game on radio and television. They feel and talk as if they are one big family. They celebrate with one another when the national team wins. Everyone feels very unhappy when the team loses.
Patriotism also means defending democracy and social justice. It is necessary to defend democracy because it is the best condition in which people freely contribute to the development of their society. A patriot plays active roles in the political affairs of his country by joining any popular democratic organization where he can participate fully in national elections and unite with others to defend his fundamental rights. It is only through patriotism that citizens of the country can make her move forward like prompt payment of taxes, obeying rules and regulations, participating in al democratic processes, showing good examples, helping one another and shunning all sorts of vices like sabotage, dishonesty and wickedness, among others. The fundamental question is how many of we the Gambians are unselfishly patriotic?
Fundamental human rights
The fundamental rights of a human being are just claims, titles whether prescriptive, legal or moral which are due to person as a human being in a given society. For example, the right to life where no one shall be deprived intentionally of his life, save in execution of the sentence of a court in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been found guilty; dignity where his person shall not be subjected to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment; fair hearing within a reasonable time by a court or other tribunal established by law and constituted in such manner; privacy of citizens, their homes, correspondences, telephone conversations and telegraphic communications; freedom of thought, conscience and religion, including freedom of change religion or belief; freedom of expression, hold opinions and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference; assemble freely and associate with other persons; move freely throughout the country and to reside in any part thereof; and among others, no citizen shall be discriminated against. Unfortunately Yahya Jammeh denied we the Gambians our fundamental human rights from July 22, 1994 to January 19, 2017. Isn’t that sad?
Responsibilities of citizens
It is the responsibility of every citizen to abide by the Constitution, respect its ideals and institutions, the national flag, national anthem, national pledge, legitimate and properly constituted authorities; help enhance the power, prestige and good name of the country, defend the country and render national service as may be required; protect and preserve public property, and fight against misappropriation and squandering of public funds; respect the dignity and religion of other citizens and the rights and legitimate interests of others and live in unity and harmony in the spirit of common brotherhood; make positive and useful contributions to the advancement, progress and well-being of the community where he resides; work conscientiously in his lawful and chosen occupation and abstain from any activity detrimental to the general welfare of other citizens or the country; ensure the proper upbringing of his children; participate in and defend all democratic processes and practices; render assistance to appropriate and lawful agencies in the maintenance of law and order; and among others, declare his income honestly to appropriate and lawful.
My fellow Gambians the question is what are we doing as citizens of The Gambia to usher and jump start the “engine” of our national developments? Remember our “engines” have been off for 22 years under Yahya Jammeh and stays in hibernation. With arrival of President Barrow and his coalition government, it is okay and acceptable for us to give constructive criticisms but let’s not be pessimists. Each of us should ask the question what am I doing for my country? Let us form national platform and debate constructively on ideas of national developments. Let us stay away from divisive politics and tactics because divided we are, then weaker we are. Tribal diversity had been backbone of peace helped us to live cohesively for many years. So let us not allow bad citizens to divide us.
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Is it safe if the rocket rolls? Shake Experiment
This shake experiment aims to check that KIROBO can withstand the vibration of the rocket when it is launched.
During the launch, KIROBO will be put in a special box called CTB (Cargo Transfer Bag) which is filled with cushion material. We do not want the vibration of the rocket to destroy KIROBO. This experiment will ensure the safety beforehand.
You may see the video clip and think, “But the rocket doesn’t shake so much.” Then why is this experiment necessary?
Have you heard of “sympathetic vibration (resonance)”? To put it simply, it means the number of vibrations per certain amount of time that causes a substance to vibrate strongly. One shake per second or one every three seconds. There are many types of vibrations, but the frequency that causes something to shake strongly is unique to the substance. When an earthquake hits, the damage varies with the height, material or weight of the building because of this difference in frequency.
This shake experiment also checks that the rocket’s vibration does not match the frequency that makes KIROBO shake. The experiment was done with vibrations in three directions, lengthwise, widthwise and depth wise.
The result showed that KIROBO functioned properly after receiving the three different vibrations. KIROBO passed the test.
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As demographers and market researchers, we rely heavily on US Census data to inform and underpin our work. In particular, we frequently use American Community Survey (ACS) data, which is the annual Census sample data collection process to examine the characteristics of the American population. Over 3 million addresses are surveyed each year.
As we all know, the year 2020 was marked by the chaos of economic shutdowns, eviction moratoriums, layoffs, and other Covid-19 ripple effects. So we were particularly anxious to see what the data told us once the 2020 ACS 1-year summary data was released. Unfortunately, that will not occur as the US Bureau of the Census has decided not to release the data due to concerns about data quality and integrity.
The problem is unfortunate, but not surprising. The ACS is conducted over the course of each year, with 12 overlapping three-month data collection cycles. Unfortunately, as the Covid-19 shutdown began, the US Bureau of the Census was forced to shut down and/or limit several critical elements of data collection between March of 2020 and April of 2021. Both mail and in-person outreach were suspended from March through June of 2020, and limited through April of 2021. Those limitations also impacted the ability to gather information via online and telephone data collection.
These issues led to a non-response bias in the results, particularly since they impacted the ability to conduct follow-up contacts with households that did not respond to initial outreach. These harder to reach populations disproportionately have lower incomes, lower education levels, and lower home ownership, so their absence impacted the accuracy of the results. Additionally, access limitations to group housing such as dormitories, senior facilities, and prisons limited the ability to accurately survey those groups.
Overall, response rates to the 2020 American Community Survey were the lowest response rates in the history of the survey at 71 percent, with response rates much lower than even that level during the peak pandemic months. Compare that to response rates of 86 percent in 2019 and 92 percent in 2018.
In a bit of good news, though, the decision currently affects only the 1-year population characteristics. The US Bureau of the Census is still evaluating whether combined 5-year estimates will be released as usual. Further, the Bureau is also considering providing limited sets of 1-year tables for certain geographic areas using experimental weighting methods, with a warning to be cautious in interpreting findings. So, we may yet be able to better understand the turbulent state of the US in 2020, albeit likely with a fog of uncertainty that appears to be the theme of such a tumultuous year.
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What beef means to Koreans…
It is a well-known fact that languages do reflect on its culture and history. In Korea, beef has the symbol of wealth. Especially, for older generations, beef has been the food that they used to long for in the olden days because it wasn’t easy to buy in the 60s and 70s.
In 1970, average annual beef consumption per person was about 1.2 kg. As of 2010, the average annual beef consumption increased to more than 10kg. This indicates that not many people had access to beef as opposed to today. The wealthy people, back in 1960 and 1970, they used to eat beef once or twice a week. Unfortunately, majority of middle class Koreans couldn’t taste it unless it was a special holiday. For that reason, it wasn’t an unusual thing to see people asking for beef fat to make the soup because there wasn’t enough meat to flavor large quantity of beef soup.
In Korea, the main purpose of cattle was for harvesting back in the days, which made it harder for people to eat beef. Plus, only the royal household could eat beef for special events. During the Japanese colonialism in Korea, the growth of cattle increased for the military use. However, after the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Asia-Pacific War, all the cattle were taken to Japan. Of course, it got even harder to eat beef after the Korean War.
Up to these days, the history became part of the culture and became a saying. Some Koreans may describe the status of their financial stability by saying they can afford to buy and eat beef. It doesn’t literally mean they were not able to eat beef before. It just explains that they are making a lot of money or representing financial success.
According to this survey done by ‘Job Korea’, Korean’s favorite meat was pork meat. 68.8% of Koreans said pork meat and 19.1% of people said chicken. What is ironic about it is that Koreans consume more pork than beef regardless of their current economic status. For Koreans, Soju is a good pair with pork meat. Most likely, Soju plays a big role in this outperforming pork meat consumption. Even though Koreans eat more pork, they are mostly likely to say yes to ‘beef’ when you treat Koreans out. At least, now you will probably understand why.
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Recap Of The Impact SMA Can Have On Your Ability To Eat And Process Food
SMA can cause weakness in swallowing muscles and affect how easily food moves through the digestive system. Eating difficulties can either mean someone doesn’t get enough food and becomes underweight or, because their muscle weakness makes it difficult to exercise, they can become overweight. Extra weight can increase the stress on muscles, bones and joints, making physical activity and breathing even more difficult.
These difficulties are more common for people who are non-sitters or sitters but not so common for walkers. They don’t all happen to everyone – as always with SMA, everyone is different – but we’re explaining them here in case it helps you talk about them to your parents and / or someone in your medical team if you’re at all worried about any of them happening to you.
Due to weak muscles caused by their SMA, some people have problems with reflux (which can feel like an uncomfortable burning sensation in their chest or throat); some people can be sick after eating; some people can have difficulty going for a poo (become constipated). Constipation can lead to feeling uncomfortable and a fullness in the stomach that reduces the movement of the diaphragm (the dome-shaped muscle that’s below the lungs and is important for breathing in) which in turn can make it more difficult to breathe and cough. Some people may also have problems with their ability to break down foods to produce energy (their metabolism). They may have high or low blood sugar and / or problems with breaking down fat.
If you’re a ‘sitter’ or ‘non sitter’ you may have difficulty swallowing safely. If you do, this can feel frightening and may mean you’re at risk of ‘breathing in’ food or drink (aspiration) which can make you choke and possibly cause a chest infection.
Page last reveiwed: August 2021
Next review: August 2022
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Domain Name Dispute
Domain names are unique addresses on the internet used to identify websites. E-mail is sent and web pages are found through the use of domain names. Without the domain name, a computer would have no idea where to look for a web page, and e-mail routers would not be able to send e-mail. Of course, domain names are more than just addresses, since they can be selected by the “addressee” and are usually closely associated with a particular service or product.
The disputes that arise over domain names involve “second level” domain names. The second level name is the name directly to the left of the top-level domain name in an Internet address. For instance, in the address “”, the second level domain name is “Microsoft”.
Because of the increasing popularity of the Internet, companies have realized that having a domain name that is the same as their company name or the name of one of their products can be an extremely valuable part of establishing an Internet presence. When a company finds that the domain name corresponding to their corporate name or product trademark is owned by someone else, the company can either choose a different name or fight to get the domain name back from its current owners.
Contact MARKS IP Law Firm attorney experienced in domain name disputes and cybersquatting law to evaluate your options.
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Gestational diabetes symptoms, causes, and what happens after childbirth | Medicalme
Gestational diabetes:
We often hear about gestational diabetes, but most of us do not know what is the difference between it and other well known types of diabetes. What is gestational diabetes, what are its symptoms, what is the relationship between pregnancy and diabetes, is it a chronic disease like well-known diabetes, how to deal with it and its impact on health.
What is gestational diabetes?
It is the high blood sugar levels of the mother during pregnancy while the mother is not a diabetic and has not previously been diagnosed with it.
Causes of gestational diabetes:
1- When God blesses the mother with the occurrence of pregnancy, her body undergoes many hormonal changes, as the levels of the hormones adrenaline, cortisol and other hormones secreted by the placenta rise, and this rise would cause an increase in blood glucose levels and a decrease in the effect of insulin in what is called insulin resistance.
2- In normal pregnancies, the mother’s body raises insulin secretion rates to achieve the desired balance between the rate of glucose in the blood and the hormone insulin, and the pregnancy passes peacefully without any defect in this matter.
3- But in some cases of pregnancy, the body cannot achieve this balance between the rate of glucose in the blood and the rate of insulin hormone, and the insulin secreted by the mother’s body is not enough to equalize the amount of glucose, and this is called gestational diabetes and its symptoms often appear from the beginning of the fourth month until the end of pregnancy.
Symptoms of gestational diabetes:
Which reassures and raises concern at the same time that gestational diabetes does not usually cause any symptoms appeared on the mother, and in the occurrence of symptoms, it may be permanent thirst, frequent urination, nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, feeling tired and a significant increase in weight, and the mother may be exposed to repeated infections of the vagina or bladder, and As you can see, all of them are normal symptoms during pregnancy and do not cause any concern, and this may be a reason for delaying the diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
Diagnosis of gestational diabetes:
As we mentioned, the symptoms of gestational diabetes are not obvious to everyone, and hence the follow-up with the obstetrician and gynecologist should be periodically and continuously throughout the pregnancy so that through periodic monitoring of blood sugar levels, he can diagnose gestational diabetes early.
Normal gestational diabetes test:
Perhaps one of the most famous tests to detect gestational diabetes that a specialist performs is a test called the oral glucose tolerance test, which reveals how efficiently the body is producing the hormone insulin, and if results appear indicating that the blood sugar rate is less than 140 milligrams per deciliter. These results are reassuring and within normal limits. In this case the results showed that the blood sugar level reaches 190 milligrams per deciliter, it is an indication that the mother has gestational diabetes.
In this case, the doctor performs a second test called a glucose tolerance test to confirm gestational diabetes.
Diagnosis using blood glucose monitoring devices:
Home blood glucose meters are used in diagnosing gestational diabetes, and people often accept them with the spread of diabetes and the increase in awareness of its danger. It has also become common for these home devices to be used by healthy people who have a family genetic history of the disease, and from here it may be possible to diagnose gestational diabetes in women. The pregnant woman by measuring the blood sugar rate periodically, especially in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, through the following steps:
• Avoid measuring sugar immediately after a meal.
• The measurement is taken when waking up in the morning, before eating meals, or one to two hours after eating a meal.
• Sit for 20 minutes before measuring.
• Disinfect the device.
• Put the slide in its designated place.
• prick your finger
• Press the finger to get the blood out.
• Let the drop of blood touch the surface of the slide.
• Record the results for your physician to know.
Normal blood glucose levels:
As we mentioned in the case of following up the blood glucose level of a pregnant woman at home using home glucometers as a preventive measure for early diagnosis of gestational diabetes, the normal rates are as follows:-
• 95 milligrams per deciliter or less, before eating.
• 140 milligrams per deciliter or less, one hour after eating.
• 120 milligrams per deciliter or less, two hours after eating.
Gestational diabetes treatments:
• As with diabetes, the treatment includes changing the lifestyle to a healthy lifestyle by changing eating and sleeping habits as well as physical activity and these factors will also maintain the health of the mother and her fetus in general even if the mother does not suffer from gestational diabetes, as early sleep and for a period of time sufficient to have a strong influence on controlling sugar and insulin hormone levels in the blood in addition to controlling all vital processes in the body.
• You should also pay attention to the food that the mother eats and focus on healthy options such as vegetables and fruits because they contain fiber and vitamins that the mother’s body needs, and you must also make sure to eat an adequate portion of lean protein, and eat whole grains as sources of complex carbohydrates and some vitamins and minerals, and you should stay away from refined carbohydrates. Like white sugar and candy, a nutritionist or diabetes consultant helps develop a healthy diet for a mother with gestational diabetes.
• Also, physical activities have an important role in controlling blood sugar levels and are useful for the expectant mother in general, even if she does not suffer from gestational diabetes, as it reduces back pain, swelling, muscle contraction and constipation that affects the mother during pregnancy, but it is necessary to exercise under the supervision of a health coach, or at least doing simple exercises such as walking, cycling and possibly swimming.
• Of course, continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels is imperative, and through this follow-up, the doctor can determine whether the mother with gestational diabetes needs to use insulin injections to control blood sugar levels or not, as with the progression of pregnancy increases the production of the placenta hormones Pregnancy increases blood sugar levels, which requires larger doses of insulin to offset this increase, so the doctor prescribes insulin doses based on blood sugar.
Follow-up is not limited to the mother only, but the fetus and its development must be monitored periodically as well to ensure that no complications affect it.
Complications of gestational diabetes:
A mother with gestational diabetes and her fetus are not exposed to complications as long as the control of blood sugar levels continues throughout pregnancy or since the discovery of gestational diabetes, however in the case of neglect, gestational diabetes has serious complications that may affect the mother and fetus, including:-
• The mother is exposed to high blood pressure, so the pressure must be monitored periodically.
• Eclampsia
• The birth of a mother with gestational diabetes is often by cesarean section.
• Most mothers with gestational diabetes are at risk of premature labour.
• The mother's risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases, especially with growing old.
• Baby weight gain at birth.
• At birth, the baby suffers from respiratory distress syndrome, which makes breathing difficult.
• The child was exposed to severe attacks as a result of the child's low blood sugar level.
• A baby born to a mother who developed gestational diabetes during pregnancy may have an increased risk of developing diabetes and obesity later in life.
• It may lead to the death of the child before birth or shortly after birth.
Causes of gestational diabetes:
There is no direct cause of gestational diabetes, as we mentioned that the imbalance in blood glucose levels during pregnancy is normal, but the mother’s body in the normal state can alone balance this increase by raising the rate of secretion of the hormone insulin, and this does not happen in the case of a disease Gestational diabetes, although there are some factors called risk factors related to gestational diabetes that, if available in the mother, would have a higher risk of developing gestational diabetes than others, and among these factors:-
1- Obesity
2- Physical inactivity
3- Having a family history of diabetes.
4- Previous history of gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy.
5- Polycystic ovary syndrome.
6- Having a baby weighing more than 9 pounds before.
7- Black women of Asian, Indian, or Hispanic descent are more likely to develop gestational diabetes.
It must be noted here that the presence of one or some of these factors may increase the risk of the mother developing gestational diabetes, while the absence of any of them does not necessarily mean that gestational diabetes does not occur, as a large proportion of women with gestational diabetes do not have any of these factors.
Prevention of gestational diabetes:
Gestational diabetes, like diabetes and all chronic diseases, has no immunization and no cure. All you need is to follow a healthy lifestyle to reduce the risk of developing gestational diabetes as well as to relieve symptoms in case of infection.
In general, there is no doubt that following a healthy lifestyle is important for every human being, and the importance of a healthy lifestyle increases in the event of pregnancy because of its impact on the mother’s body and the health and life of the fetus.
In the event that there are some or one of the risk factors for gestational diabetes in the mother, the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle doubles to reduce as much as possible the risk of gestational diabetes and protect the mother and her fetus from its risks and complications.
Accordingly, the prevention of gestational diabetes is summarized in following a healthy lifestyle, which is best followed in general, even before conception occurs during the pregnancy planning stage, which is represented in some points and here are some of them:-
1- Eat healthy foods:
It is better for the health of the body to take care of healthy food and the size of the meals and that the meals be integrated and contain fiber, such as bread made from whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and there must also be a source of protein in each meal, whether vegetable or animal sources, and attention must be paid to the availability of vitamins and minerals as well as sources The energy of complex carbohydrates while reducing fats and sugars. As for the number of meals, it is no less important than the components of the meal itself. The mother who follows a healthy pattern must eat three healthy and integrated meals at regular times and not miss any meal.
The specialist doctor can also prescribe to the patient a set of vitamins and nutritional supplements necessary to meet her nutritional needs.
2- Doing physical activity:
You should pay attention to doing some light exercise daily, or even walking, cycling, and going up and down the stairs before pregnancy and even during pregnancy, as this will reduce the possibility of gestational diabetes.
3- Get rid of excess weight:
It is necessary to start losing excess weight during the planning stage of pregnancy, that is, before pregnancy occurs to reduce the chance of developing gestational diabetes.
4- After pregnancy, the mother must gain some weight, but you must monitor your weight and do not allow it to gain too much weight, because this would raise the risk of gestational diabetes.
Dear mother, especially if you are one of those who carry some risk factors for gestational diabetes, you should follow up with a specialist doctor from the beginning of your planning for pregnancy to avoid making any mistakes.
Low blood sugar in pregnancy:
In many cases, a pregnant woman with gestational diabetes is exposed to low blood sugar, which is a serious condition that requires quick treatment so that the mother and fetus are not exposed to danger. Symptoms of this drop include the following:-
1- headache
2- Sweating
3- Fatigue
4- Dizziness
5- Tremors
When the mother feels these symptoms, she should follow these instructions:
• Measure your blood sugar level, if available.
• If the blood sugar measurement is less than 60 milligrams per deciliter, half a cup of sweetened juice, a candy bar, or a spoonful of honey should be taken.
• After 15 minutes, the blood sugar is re-measured. If the reading remains less than 60 milligrams per deciliter, she must eat another type of sugar from the above, and she must take care of her meals on time and pay attention to eating bread and protein in the next meal to avoid recurring hypoglycemia.
• Write down everything related to the case of low blood sugar that the patient went through in terms of when the condition occurred in the date and time, what she felt and what she took to treat the condition, and of course record measurements of blood sugar levels until they reach reassuring rates.
What after giving birth?
• As mentioned above, gestational diabetes may cause some complications for the mother and fetus after birth, especially in the case of neglect of treatment throughout pregnancy and uncontrolled blood sugar levels.
• As for the mother, she often returns to her normal position in terms of blood sugar after birth, as if nothing had happened, although she would still be at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, especially with age, by more than her peers who were not exposed to gestational diabetes during their pregnancy by 60%
• Accordingly, she must continue to check blood sugar levels periodically continuously while maintaining a healthy lifestyle as a prevention of diabetes.
• As for the child, as we mentioned, he may suffer from some problems after birth, which requires a good examination, checking the levels of sugar in his blood, and dealing with them immediately.
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USA, Russia and China among early entrants in race for Super Soldiers and Artificial Intelligence.
The USA has been researching ways to enhance the biology and performance of soldiers for decades.
Deputy Defense Secretary Bob Work warned that America would soon lose its military competitive advantage if it does not pursue technologies such as employing artificial intelligence.
Altering human beings from the inside to more effectively fight in combat is claimed to presents ethical dilemmas for American scientists and military planners.
Work says those ethical concerns typically don’t apply to authoritarian governments like Russia’s or China’s, but their lack of hesitation in developing EHOs may force America’s hand.
Previous US human augmentation research
DARPA’s Defense Sciences Office (DSO) investigated a mind-altering pain vaccine. Once injected into a soldier who had been shot, the vaccine would theoretically reduce the pain from inflammation and swelling. After 30 seconds of agony, the soldier would feel no pain for 30 days. As long as the bleeding was contained the soldier could keep fighting.
The government’s research into halting the bleeding yielded another program that involved injecting millions of microscopic magnets into a person, which could later be brought together into a single area to stop bleeding with the wave of a wand.
DARPA has also studied whales and dolphins—mammals that don’t need to sleep in long chunks like humans do—as inspiration for creating a soldier who requires little to no sleep for a week or more. Whales and dolphins independently control the left and right lobes of their brains, keeping one alert while the other sleeps. It’s not known if DAPRA scientists made any progress with human lobe control, but they did explore powerful anti-sleep drugs like Modafini
From about 1999 to 2008, DARPA had a long-term, $3 billion program to help make such a “Metabolically Dominant Soldier.” In other words, the military is studying how to use technology and biology to meld man and machine and transcend the limits of the human body. Described the project director, “My measure of success is that the International Olympic Committee bans everything we do” The $3 billion program is definitely trying to achieve transhuman performance goals.
Wearable gear would enable running at 100 meter olympic sprinter speed for hours and the 7 foot vertical leap, the wall crawling, personal flight, invisibility, greatly enhanced strength, better body armor and carrying bigger and more powerful weapons.
There is a 2015 book – The Pentagon’s Brain – An Uncensored History of DARPA, America’s Top-Secret Military Research Agency By Annie Jacobsen
Advanced gene therapy could provide cheetah or gorilla quality muscles in people for 45 mile per hour speed or five to ten times strength
The drugs and genetic enhancements and some technology which gets applied would allow for regeneration, faster healing, muscle strength enhancement up to current olympic levels, endurance of an Alaskan sled dog, cognitive enhancement, operate without sleep for many days without performance degradation, the metabolic energy of twenty year old for a forty or fifty year old and immunity to pain.
The Metabolically Dominant Soldier program is managed by Joe Bielitzki. He is talking about fixing your cells so that you could live off your fat. Bielitzki acknowledges the potential for spin-off technologies. “Forty billion dollars a year goes into the weight loss industry in this country,” he muses. “This will change it.”
Regeneration, better healing, better immune systems would all revolutionize healthcare costs and healthcare effectiveness. So trillions in economic benefit as a side effect of supersoldier success. DARPA is also trying to enhance cognition, training and giving the energy levels of youth to the elderly. Those could provide multi-billion or even trillion dollar per year boosts to the US and world economy.
Projects in pipeline range from drugs that will boost muscles and energy by a factor of 10, akin to steroids…on steroids (the project is jokingly termed the “Energizer Bunny in Fatigues”) to wearable, cooling gloves that regulate body temperature and prevent soldiers from getting overheated (and thus tired) even on the hottest desert day. [Keeping the body cool increases endurance]
US Defense program research was going well beyond some current relatively safe and conservative forms of performance enhancement. [Safer SARM/steroids, endurance enhancing drink]
A major focus is on helping the soldier’s body to better deal with trauma and damage. One such is the “pain vaccines” coming out of a program at Rinat Neuroscience [Pfizer acquired Rinat Neuroscience in 2006]. Researchers are hopeful these “will block the sense of pain for almost a month,” describes DARPA’s Michael Goldblatt.
The substance does is block intense pain in less than 10 seconds. Its effects last for 30 days. It doesn’t stifle your reactions. If you touch a hot stove, you still have the initial shock; your hand will still automatically jerk away. But after that, the torment is gone. The product works on the inflammatory response that is responsible for the majority of subacute pain. If you get shot, you feel the bullet, but after that, the inflammation and swelling that trigger agony are substantially reduced. The company has already hit its first milestones in animal testing and is preparing reports for scientific conferences.
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In 48 Hours, Colorado's Wild Weather Sets Records For Both Heat And Snow Parts of the Front Range hit 100 degrees over the weekend, then woke up to snow on Tuesday. Meteorologists will track whether the enormous swing set a new record in the U.S.
Some Colorado residents woke up to something that felt crazy after sweltering through the Labor Day weekend: snow.
This roller coaster forecast was "truly something that I've never seen," says assistant state climatologist Becky Bolinger.
In Fort Collins, the Colorado Climate Center at Colorado State University measured 0.3 inches of snow Tuesday morning, tweeting "the earliest accumulating snow ever observed in over 130 years of records!"
That followed Sunday's high of 99 degrees, the highest temperature ever observed so late in September. The National Weather Service says Fort Collins hit 100 degrees on Saturday.
In Denver, it has been 20 years since it has snowed in September for much of the Front Range. The earliest snow on record for Denver is Sept. 3, 1961.
Bolinger said it's an open question how much will stick, given how warm the ground may be just 24 hours after the state hit highs in the 90s.
"It's an incredibly notable event," she says. But there's one thing that's making her sad — the possible loss of her tomatoes.
Denver reached 101 degrees on Saturday, making it the latest triple-digit day on record and helping to set a new monthly record high.
Bolinger says climate change is making extreme heat the new normal for Colorado. She says researchers are studying whether the climate is playing a role in these dramatic temperature shifts.
Meteorologists will be checking to see whether any place in Colorado officially beats the national record for the shortest gap between a 100-degree day and measurable snow.
It had been five days in Rapid City, S.D., in 2000, says Alaska-based climatologist Brian Brettschneider, who notes that he studied only records kept at major weather stations.
Brettschneider says there are a number of cases where it can be 80 degrees one day and snow the next. But Denver's forecast caught his eye when he saw the highs above 90.
"Once you start ticking that temperature up and you're talking about it in the 90s and snowing shortly thereafter, then the number of instances drops dramatically," Brettschneider says.
Denver saw snow Tuesday morning, which then changed to a mix of snow and rain, but forecasters say snow could still accumulate later Tuesday evening.
Big temperature swings in Colorado aren't uncommon generally, but they are for September.
The moisture and cool temperatures could help dampen wildfires still burning around the state, like the Cameron Peak fire north of Rocky Mountain National Park, which has grown amid unrelenting heat and drought.
The National Weather Service warns that the abrupt change in temperature "will have a significant impact on outdoor animals." Before the snow hit, it advised ranchers to provide protection for their cattle.
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Readers ask: How Does A Brown Bear Move?
How do bears move?
Bear activity revolves around the search for food, water, cover, and for mates during the breeding season. Male black bears move much greater distances than females, often covering 2 to 8 times the area of females. Some adult male bears in the Tensas basin ranged up to 35 miles from their capture site.
How far do brown bears roam?
Physical Movement Both the front and back feet, on the same side of a grizzly, move together. This movement causes the appearance of their lumbering gate. They walk on both the soles and toes of their feet and can reach speeds of up to 30 mph.
Why do brown bears have a hump?
Shoulder Hump: Brown bears have a distinguishing shoulder hump. This hump is actually a mass of muscle, which enables brown bears to dig and use their paws as a striking force (Brown 1993, p 77). Claws: Brown bear claws are long and curved, ranging in color from yellow to brown.
Which bears are most aggressive?
You might be interested: Question: What Are Brown Bear Bullets Made Of?
Can you befriend a bear?
Bears are normally shy, retiring animals that have very little desire to interact with humans. Unless they are forced to be around humans to be near a food source, they usually choose to avoid us.
What is the life expectancy of a brown bear?
Life Cycle Although they mature sexually between 4-6 years of age, the species continues to grow until 10-11 years old. In the wild, the brown bears can reach 20 to 30 years of age. Despite this long life expectancy, most brown bears die very early.
Why is the brown bear important?
Can you smell a bear before you see it?
But some bears can’t wait that long. A person can sniff the entrance of a suspected den and tell if it’s just earth or a bear in there. But the light odor is pleasant, at least to us with a bias for bears. Mothers have been eating and recycling the nutrients evacuated by cubs.
Who would win a bear or a gorilla?
You might be interested: What Age Group Is Brown Bear, Brown Bear?
Do bears eat humans?
Who would win a grizzly or a tiger?
What animal eats brown bears?
What are some predators of Brown Bears? Predators of Brown Bears include humans, wolves, and cougars.
Is a brown bear a grizzly?
Grizzly bears and brown bears are the same species (Ursus arctos), but grizzly bears are currently considered to be a separate subspecies (U. a. horribilis). In North America, brown bears are generally considered to be those of the species that have access to coastal food resources like salmon.
Are grizzly bears more aggressive than brown bears?
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29 Within Korea There Is A Legend That Acupuncture Was Developed By Emperor Dan Gun, Treatment, Rather It Is The Precise Placement Of The Needles That Is Important.
Nantional.nstitutes.f.ealth.IH documented and publicized acupuncture’s a dam, the disruption can lead to pain, lack of function, or illness. Case-controlled clinical studies have shown that acupuncture has been an effective treatment for the following diseases, symptoms or conditions: may further enhance the effects. The.needles.Ned in acupuncture are regulated in the US by the Food and Drug Administration . 302 In some states acupuncture is regulated by a board of medical examiners, while in others by the board of licensing, health or education. 299 In Japan, acupuncturists are licensed by the that it can cure acupuncher treatment disease; the evidence of effectiveness is negligible. 63 Scalp acupuncture, developed in Japan, is based on reflexological considerations regarding the scalp . medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 8/4/2016 Acupuncture is a auscultation and olfaction, inquiring, and palpation. It.as.acer revealed that the patient had been given a cocktail of aesthetics. 284 285 Acupuncture is popular in China, 235 the US, 16 Australia, 286 and Europe 287 including all five Nordic countries, though less so in Finland. 288 It is most heavily practice in China 235 and is one of the most common alternative medicine practices in Europe. 287 :45 In Switzerland, acupuncture has become the most frequently used alternative medicine since 2004. 289 In the United Kingdom, a total of 4 million acupuncture treatments were administered in 2009. 290 Acupuncture is used in most pain clinics and hospices in the UK. 41 An estimated 1 in 10 adults in Australia used acupuncture in 2004. 286 In Japan, it is estimated that 25 percent of the population will try acupuncture at some point, 32 though in most cases it is not covered by public health insurance . 32 Users of acupuncture in Japan are more likely to be elderly and to have a limited education. 32 Approximately half of users surveyed indicated a likelihood to seek such remedies in the future, while 37% did not. 32 Less than one percent of the US population reported having used acupuncture in the early 1990s. 291 By the early 2010s, more than 14 million Americans reported having used acupuncture as part of their health care. 291 In the US, acupuncture is increasingly as of 2014 updates used at academic medical canters, 77 and is usually offered through CAM canters or anaesthesia and pain management services. 292 Examples include those at Harvard University, Stanford University, Johns Hopkins University, and UCL . coverage for acupuncture.
Korea is believed to be the first country in Asia that acupuncture spread to outside of China. 29 Within Korea there is a legend that acupuncture was developed by emperor Dan gun, treatment, rather it is the precise placement of the needles that is important.
You may also be interested to read
In 1997, acupuncture needles were reclassified from policies and is used most broadly to relieve pain. Around this time the surgeon-general of the Dutch East India Company met Japanese and Chinese acupuncture practitioners and later encouraged Europeans to further investigate it. 29 :264-265 He published the first in-depth description of acupuncture for the European audience and created the term “acupuncture” in his 1683 work De acupuncture. 269 France was an early adopter among the West due to the influence of Jesuit missionaries, who brought the practice to French clinics in the 16th century. 27 The French doctor Louis Berlioz the father on a rhythm and acupuncture had to be applied at the right point in the rhythm to be effective. 29 :140-141 In some cases a lack of balance between Yin and Yang were believed to be the cause of disease. 29 :140-141 In the 1st century AD, many of the first books about acupuncture were published and recognized acupuncturist experts began to emerge. Hundreds of clinical studies on the benefits of acupuncture show that it successfully treats conditions ranging from musculoskeletal more than $500 million annually on acupuncture treatments. There is a variety of approaches to diagnosis and treatment in American acupuncture doctor before using alternative medicine or making a change to your regimen.
acupuncher treatment
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Advantages and disadvantages of biotechnology
Classified in Biology
Written at on English with a size of 2.92 KB.
GMO - Genetically modified organisms
Benefits and Risks
Key benefits of biotechnology are:
Superior performance. By GMO crop yield increases, giving more food for fewer resources, reducing crop losses as well as environmental factors
• Reduced pesticide Whenever a GMO is modified to resist a particular pest is helping to reduce pesticide use associated with it that often cause widespread environmental damage and health. [
• Improved nutrition can be reached by introducing vitamins and protein on food and reduce the allergens and natural toxins. You can also try to grow in extreme conditions as auxiliaries to the countries that have less food available.
Improves the development of new materiales.La application of biotechnology poses risks that may be classified into two categories: the effects on the health of the monkeys that are human, animal and environmental consequences
Environmental risks
Other environmental risks arising from widespread use of genetically modified crops with genes that produce insecticidal toxins such as the gene from Bacillus thuringiensis This can develop a resistance gene in insect populations exposed to GM crops. There may also be risks to species that are not the target, such as birds and butterflies plants with insecticidal genes [23].
You can also lose biodiversity for example, as a result of displacement of traditional crops by a small number of genetically modified crops. "[4]
Health Risks
There are risks of transferring toxins from one life form to another, creating new toxins or of transferring allergenic compounds from one species to another, which could result in unexpected allergic reactions [4].
There is a risk that modified bacteria and viruses escaping from high-security laboratories and infect human or animal population [24].
Biological agents are classified according to risk of infection in four groups: [25]
· Agents biological group 1: one that is unlikely to cause disease in humans.
· Agents biological group 2: one that can cause disease in humans and may pose a hazard to workers, making it unlikely to spread to the community and prophylaxis or effective treatment.
· Agents biological group 3: one that can cause severe human disease and presents a serious hazard to workers, threatening to spread to the community and there is usually effective prophylaxis or effective treatment.
· Agents biological group 4: one that causes severe disease in humans is a serious hazard to workers, with many likely to be spread to the community, and there's usually effective prophylaxis or effective treatment.
Entradas relacionadas:
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God can even use non-believers - 23 June 2021
By Ben Fourie
He is not called Cyrus the Great of Persia for nothing; he was one of the greatest kings of his time. As he played such an important role in making it possible for the Jewish exiles to return to their own country, it is necessary to look at his story.
He ascended to the throne of a small kingdom in 559 BC, but by the year 539 BC he had already achieved a lot. The seven Persian tribes were united under his rule, the Medes were conquered and what is now known as Turkey was made part of his kingdom. In 539 BC, he invaded Babylon and thereby also became king of Syria and Palestine. This meant that the Jewish exiles and those who had been left behind in Palestine now became his subjects. He was now the ruler of the biggest kingdom of his time.
He was a wise king who respected the customs and religions of the conquered nations. We do not know what his religion was as this is not obvious from non-biblical sources. In the Book of Ezra, we hear that he believed that the LORD, the God of heaven, made him the ruler of the whole world and that the remnant of the Jewish exiles were to go back to their country to rebuild the temple of God.
Cyrus’s name is mentioned 23 times in the Bible. In Isaiah 45:1 we read, “The LORD has chosen Cyrus to be king! He has appointed him to conquer nations; he sends him to strip kings of their power; to open the gates of cities for him.” The idea of a chosen one actually meant that Cyrus was God’s anointed one. Anointed ones in the Bible were usually from the Jewish people and always set aside for a very special purpose. Cyrus was no Jew, but he was still called an anointed one as God chose him and set him aside to open the way for His people to return to the Promised Land.
A worldly king in the service of God? Why not. God can choose and use even Cyrus the Great as God is himself greater than even the most important person on earth.
Prayer: You used a worldly ruler to free your people from exile in Babylon. Thank you that you also freed us from our exile in the country of sin and death, but this time through the King of all kings, your Son, Jesus Christ. Amen
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December 22, 2019
The "Dark Storm" Continue into Saturday But is Now Abating
The infernal darkness on Friday was extraordinary, even by Seattle standards, and to a lesser degree continued into Saturday. But sunglass owners can rejoice: more light in on the way.
Let me give you the numbers.
On Friday, the total solar radiation measured at the University of Washington was .37 mega (million) joules (a unit of energy), breaking the previous record of .39. As I explained in my previous blog, this record was the result of the time of the year (December 20th is nearly at the winter solstice) and a deep, deep cloud cover from a super-moist atmospheric river.
I have termed a name for such a severe event: a dark storm.
It was an event reminiscent of something that would have been familiar to Pharaoh: the next to last plague when he refused to allow the Jews to leave Egypt.
The Pharaoh Learned About Terrible Darkness
Saturday was only a bit better, with a total of .76 megajoules, the third darkest day of 2019. Twice as much solar radiation as Friday....almost enough to think about finding your sunglasses.
Why the improvement? We still had the atmospheric river clouds over us, but thickness of the clouds and precipitation were less than the record-breaking conditions on Friday (see satellite image from Saturday around noon)
Solar radiation is already much higher today than either Friday or Saturday (see plot from the roof below through 11 AM)
But now let me show you something never seen before on this blog: forecasts of solar radiation reaching the ground! First, the short-term forecast for Friday at noon. Black color over much of western Washington. You know what that means. It isn't good.
Today? No black. A reassuring blue color for much of Washington.
Monday is more of a mixed bag. There will be clouds banking up on the western side of the Cascades, bringing darker conditions there. But some locations in western WA will be brighter and southern Oregon will be quite luminous.
Is there a trend in solar radiation reaching the surface? We really don't have decent long records, but WSU's AgWeather network has some sites going back 20 years. From what I can see, there is little evidence of significant long-term trend (see annual observations at Mt. Vernon,WA below--perhaps a slight increase at that station.) As part of my climate research simulations, solar radiation at the surface is projected....I will take a look at that soon.
1. Cliff,
How are you calculating the total daily energy transfer? I can generate a graph that displays irrandiance in W/m^2 versus time as recorded by my PWS but I'm not sure how to integrate the area under the curve (there's no function, just a set of data points) in order to determine the total amount of energy transferred per unit area. I've noticed that it has been quite dark in NW Bellingham lately and would like to be able to compare my measurements with those from UW.
1. Graph the points in excel- use the “trendline” option to fit a curve to your datapoints, the equation will be displayed on your graph.
2. Can you use the trapezoidal rule?
3. It looks like the darkest day of the recent "dark storm" in NW Bellingham was 12/19. I calculated 0.44MJ/m^2.
4. Correction:
12/18 was the darkest day in NW Bellingham.
5. P.S.
I used the trapezoidal rule to estimate this value which, as such, is likely an overestimation.
6. For comparison, the sunniest day of the month at my location was 12/15 on which I measured approximately 3MJ/m^2. There was nearly 1MJ/m^2 on the sunniest hour (1-2PM) of that day.
7. Correction: The value is likely an underestimation due to the concave down curve.
2. It was quite the Express and I got well over 5 inches of rain in north Bothell, but what happened to the Pineapples? The thermometer struggled to reach 50. I have seen it go over 60, even in January.
3. That would seem to be significant info to have going forward for solar energy users as well as Ag folks. Perhaps you could find a guest blogger to explain how your info could be used by solar energy producers and users.
4. There are some light meter and solar apps available for the iPhone, I suspect that some of them might do a passable job at measuring solar radiation. What kind of conversion would need to be done to conform to the mega joules per meter per day metric?
5. 1kWh - 3.6^6 joules
So, 3.6 megajoules is one kWh
a joule is watts * seconds so 5 watts * 3600 seconds (in an hour) is 18,000 joules.
If you have a pyranometer app is going to be more accurate compared to a panel output app in kWr, as there is some efficiency coefficient kicking around for that. It could be integral calculus based as its not going to be the same coefficient after so many hours of service life and/or power outputs/ambient temp etc.
6. Cliff,
I'm interested in learning more about the surface solar radiation projections' effects.
The Second Great Northwest Heatwave of 2021
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Sapply test
1. Kompletträder zu Top-Preisen. Jetzt online bestellen bei A.T.U
2. SapplyValues is a political compass test that combines the questions of the Sapply test* with the UI of 8values. You will be presented by a statement, and then you will answer with your opinion on the statement, from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree, with each answer slightly affecting your scores. At the end of the quiz, your answers will be displayed on a political compass
3. With sapply, the code to create this would look like: start - proc.time() samples - sapply(1:1000000, function(num) paste0(test, num)) end - proc.time() print(end - start) As we can see, this takes over 4 1/2 seconds
4. Sapply Compass Clone. A proper three-dimensional political compass. Welcome! After much toil and struggle, I bring to you a compass website that isn't complete whack! All the other sites makes the mistake that they try to fit your political opinion on two dimensions, or try and stretch them into 10. I am sure we can all agree you need AT LEAST three! Authoritarianism is not inherently.
5. The sapply function in R applies a function to a vector or list and returns a vector, a matrix or an array. The function has the following syntax: sapply(X, # Vector, list or expression object FUN, # Function to be applied, # Additional arguments to be passed to FUN simplify = TRUE, # If FALSE returns a list. If array returns an array if possible USE.NAMES = TRUE) # If TRUE and if X is a character vector, uses the names of
6. sapply() Verwenden Sie die Funktion sapply(), wenn Sie eine Funktion auf jedes Element einer Liste, eines Vektors oder eines Datenframes anwenden und als Ergebnis einen Vektor anstelle einer Liste erhalten möchten. Die grundlegende Syntax für die Funktion sapply() lautet wie folgt: sapply (X, FUN
sapply(data.frame(sapply(test, as.character), stringsAsFactors = FALSE), class) - d.b Jul 14 '17 at 19:18 3 To clarify @d.b's comment, when you run as.data.frame , it carries a default argument stringsAsFactors = TRUE , which is undoing the work you just did in sapply 9Axes, based off of 8values is a political quiz that attempts to assign percentages on nine different political axes. You will be presented by a statement, and then you will answer with your opinion on the statement, from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree, with each answer slightly affecting your scores There are 70 questions in the test. What are the eight values? There are four independent axes - Economic, Diplomatic, State, and Society - and each has two opposing values assigned to them
SapplyValues is a political compass test that combines the questions of the Sapply test* with the UI of 9Axes, which is in turn based on 8values. You will be presented by a statement, and then you will answer with your opinion on the statement, from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree, with each answer slightly affecting your scores. At the end of the quiz, your answers will be displayed on a political compass sapply () function. sapply () function takes list, vector or data frame as input and gives output in vector or matrix. It is useful for operations on list objects and returns a list object of same length of original set. sapply () function does the same job as lapply () function but returns a vector
That's simple enough - we can just use sapply and apply the max function for each vector. test - list(a = c(1, 3, 5), b = c(2,4,6), c = c(9,8,7)) sapply(test, max) But what if our list also contains a vector of characters, rather than numeric values Der Sapply tapply lapply Test hat zum Vorschein gebracht, dass das Gesamtfazit des getesteten Produkts im Test besonders herausragen konnte. Außerdem der Preisrahmen ist in Relation zur angeboteten Leistung absolut toll. Wer eine Menge an Suchaufwand bezüglich der Produktsuche auslassen will, möge sich an die Empfehlung in unserem Sapply tapply lapply Test orientieren. Auch Feedback von. sapply is a user-friendly version and wrapper of lapply by default returning a vector, matrix or, if simplify = array, an array if appropriate, by applying simplify2array(). sapply(x, f, simplify = FALSE, USE.NAMES = FALSE) is the same as lapply(x, f)
This test is W.I.P and will be balanced as people take the test. You can also contact us at [email protected] or join our Discord. Am I being tracked? AltValues tracks page visits via Google Analytics and by your choice sends your results to an external server (for statistics & ideology correction). Licencing . Altvalues is licensed under the MIT License, which permits without restriction. I took the Sapply Values political Quiz UPDATE: I answered a question wrong and retook the quiz as a result. More info here: https://twitter.com/realsydroc/s... More info here: https://twitter.com.
Speed Test: Sapply vs
Sexual Orientation Test. The Erotic Response and Orientation Scale was developed by psychologist Michael Storms in order to account for problems with the Kinsey Scale Test, which many found to be overly binary in its approach to sexual orientation.The test is lauded for its contributions, which include a more complex and less linear understanding of non-binary orientations as well as an. Abtirsi: Alt-Right Test: Altvalues Press J to jump to the feed. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Log In Sign Up. User account menu. 2.3k. List of Every Test I Know (Including Some You Probably Haven't Heard of) Close. 2.3k. Posted by - Right. 1 year ago. Archived. 8 2 4 2. List of Every Test I Know (Including Some You Probably Haven't Heard of) Someone on my. Why End Users Choose Sapply; News; Contact; cTAP Network TAPs. cPacket's cTAP product set are modular fibre network TAPs that allow a network to be accessed and monitored. cTap cTAPs are available in 1G, 10G, 40G, and 100G speeds, and are 100% passive with no IP address or MAC address. 1 through 100G wire-speed passive/modular TAPs for data center, edge and service provider networks. Passive.
Sapply Compass Clone - Lucas Nort
Sapply: A Dimension Preserving Variant of sapply and lapply Description. Sapply is equivalent to sapply, except that it preserves the dimension and dimension names of the argument X.It also preserves the dimension of results of the function FUN.It is intended for application to results e.g. of a call to by. Lapply is an analog to lapply insofar as it does not try to simplify the resulting. This test aims for a set of questions that is more up-to-date. 4. Tested in several countries. The present 8 Values test has already been tested in several countries and used with success in several different regions, including the USA, Canada, and several European countries. This test is also available in the following languages: 8 Values Political Test. The 8 Values Test is a communally.
Speed Test: Sapply vs. Vectorization. 13 Mar 2019 by Andrew Treadway. The apply functions in R are awesome (see this post for some lesser known apply functions). However, if you can use pure vectorization, then you'll probably end up making your code run a lot faster than just depending upon functions like sapply and lapply. This is because apply functions like these still rely on looping. The following code simulates the performance of a t-test for non-normal data. Use sapply() and an anonymous function to extract the p-value from every trial. trials <-replicate ( 100, t.test (rpois (10, 10), rpois (7, 10)), simplify = FALSE) Extra challenge: get rid of the anonymous function by using [[directly. What does replicate() do? What sort of for loop does it eliminate? Why do its. As seen above, both train and test datasets have missing values. The sapply function is quite handy when it comes to performing column computations. Above, it returns the percentage of missing values per column. Now, we'll preprocess the data to prepare it for training. In R, random forest internally takes care of missing values using mean. sapply does the same, but will try to simplify the output if possible. Lists are a very powerful and flexible data structure that few people seem to know about. Moreover, they are the building block for other data structures, like data.frame and matrix. To access elements of a list, you use the double square bracket, for example X[[4]] returns the fourth element of the list X. If you don't.
=⇒ Es reicht bei diesem Test also nicht aus, dass intervallskalierte Daten vorliegen, sondern die Daten m¨ussen zus ¨atzlich auch noch beide normalverteilt sein! 15/28. ZweimetrischeVariablen:Zusammenhangshypothese Korrelationskoeffizient nach Pearson Die zugeh¨orige Nullhypothese f ¨ur diesen Test lautet H 0: ρ = 0, d.h. es wird ¨uberpr ¨uft, ob ¨uberhaupt ein Zusammenhang zwischen. Unit-root tests in Stata. Determining the stationarity of a time series is a key step before embarking on any analysis. The statistical properties of most estimators in time series rely on the data being (weakly) stationary. Loosely speaking, a weakly stationary process is characterized by a time-invariant mean, variance, and autocovariance
Eine Anleitung für apply(), lapply(), sapply() und tapply
r - Converting columns to character with sapply - Stack
If you wish to train-test the model, you should start with data split. As I focused on creating the prediction, not accuracy of the model itself, I used full dataset for training. 1. 2. 3. scaled_train <-economics % > % dplyr:: select (unemploy) % > % dplyr:: mutate (unemploy = (unemploy-scale_factors [1]) / scale_factors [2]) LSTM algorithm creates predictions based on the lagged values. That. count appearence of zero in a vector. Hello, I wish to count how often zero (0) appears in the vector test. test [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 1.
chisq.test(x) chisq.test(x) führt den Chi-Quadrat-Test auf das Objekt x aus. chooseCRANmirror() Mit chooseCRANmirror() wird ein CRAN-Mirror für die bestehende Session ausgewählt. class() class() colnames() colnames() weist den Spalten einer Matrix einen Namen (Label) zu. Siehe rownames() für Reihen) colors() colors() zeigt eine Übersicht aller Farben an, die derzeit verfügbar sind. Image Source Data description The sinking of the RMS Titanic is one of the most infamous shipwrecks in history. On April 15, 1912, during her maiden voyage, the Titanic sank after colliding with an iceberg, killing 1502 out of 2224 passengers and crew. In this Notebook I will do basic.. Test. Before taking the test: Please note that this isn't a survey, and these aren't questions. They're propositions. To question the logic of individual ones that irritate you is to miss the point. Some propositions are extreme, and some are moderate. That's how we can show you whether you lean towards extremism or moderation on the Compass. Your responses should not be overthought. The t.test command takes a data set for an argument, and the default operation is to perform a two sided hypothesis test. > x = c (9.0, 9.5, 9.6, 10.2, 11.6) > t.test (x) One Sample t-test data: x t = 22.2937, df = 4, p-value = 2.397e-05 alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 0 95 percent confidence interval: 8.737095 11.222905 sample estimates: mean of x 9.98 > help (t.test) > That. The function t.test is available in R for performing t-tests. Let's test it out on a simple example, using data simulated from a normal distribution. > x = rnorm ( 10 ) > y = rnorm ( 10 ) > t.test (x,y) Welch Two Sample t-test data : x and y t = 1.4896 , df = 15.481 , p-value = 0.1564 alternative hypothesis : true difference in means is not.
Grundlagen der Datenanalyse mit R (R 1) Sommersemester2016 und Statistik und Simulation mit R (R 2) Wintersemester2016/2017 und Lineare Modelle mit R In the following political test, you're asked about your attitude concerning different political topics. You will have to rate statements by fully agreeing, agreeing in part, being neutral, disagreeing or strongly disagreeing. You may emphasise up to five statements, if a certain issue is extremely important to you. After finishing the test, you'll get a detailed evaluation of your test and.
Dear schiffner , That solves the issue, I have used mlr::train. Thank you very much. Krishn Compute two-proportions z-test. We want to know, whether the proportions of smokers are the same in the two groups of individuals? res - prop.test(x = c(490, 400), n = c(500, 500)) # Printing the results res 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction data: c(490, 400) out of c(500, 500) X-squared = 80.909, df = 1, p-value 2.2e-16 alternative hypothesis: two.sided 95. We also repeat the test-train split from the previous chapter. set.seed (42) default_idx = sample (nrow (Default), 5000) default_trn = Default[default_idx, ] default_tst = Default[-default_idx, ] 10.1 Linear Regression. Before moving on to logistic regression, why not plain, old, linear regression? default_trn_lm = default_trn default_tst_lm = default_tst. Since linear regression expects a. sapply() und vapply(): Anwendung auf Listen mit einem Output als einfachen Vektor. mapply(): für multiple Listen, der Output ist wieder eine Liste. tapply(): für Arrays, deren Elemente unterschiedliche Größe aufweisen. Die Wirkungsweise der apply() Funktion kann dem nachfolgenden Code entnommen werden
Tutorial showing how to test a fuse to see if good or bad to help with your TV repair. CLICK HERE for TV PARTS: http://www.shopjimmy.comIn this video we wi.. Any idea? I tested the function HSD.test() from the agricolae package, but it seems it doesn't handle two-way tables. r anova multiple-comparisons post-hoc tukey-hsd-test. Share. Cite . Improve this question. Follow edited Jul 3 '12 at 19:39. chl. 50.2k 17 17 gold badges 202 202 silver badges 358 358 bronze badges. asked Jul 3 '12 at 2:30. stragu stragu. 429 1 1 gold badge 4 4 silver badges 12. Perform a t-test or an ANOVA depending on the number of groups to compare (with the t.test () and oneway.test () functions for t-test and ANOVA, respectively) Repeat steps 1 and 2 for each variable. This was feasible as long as there were only a couple of variables to test. Nonetheless, most students came to me asking to perform these kind of. Apply functions are a family of functions in base R which allow you to repetitively perform an action on multiple chunks of data. An apply function is essentially a loop, but run faster than loops and often require less code. The apply functions that this chapter will address are apply, lapply, sapply, vapply, tapply, and mapply How to Find Standard Deviation in R. You can calculate standard deviation in R using the sd () function. This standard deviation function is a part of standard R, and needs no extra packages to be calculated. # set up standard deviation in R example > test <- c (41,34,39,34,34,32,37,32,43,43,24,32) # standard deviation R function # sample.
The test score is taken from the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) test, administered to all fourth graders in Massachusetts public schools in the spring of 1998. The test is sponsored by the Massachusetts Department of Education and is mandatory for all public schools. The data analyzed here are the overall total score, which is the sum of the scores on the English, Math. 13.3 T-test: t.test() To compare the mean of 1 group to a specific value, or to compare the means of 2 groups, you do a t-test. The t-test function in R is t.test(). The t.test() function can take several arguments, here I'll emphasize a few of them. To see them all, check the help menu for t.test (?t.test). 13.3.1 1-sample t-test. Argument Description; x: A vector of data whose mean you. Mit der Funktion sapply() können wir die Stichprobenvarianz jeder Spalte im Dataframe berechnen: #Stichprobenvarianz jeder Spalte finden sapply (data, var) a b c 11.696429 18.125000 3.839286. Und wir können den folgenden Code verwenden, um die Standardabweichung der Stichprobe für jede Spalte zu berechnen, die einfach die Quadratwurzel der Stichprobenvarianz ist: #Finden Sie die.
R: Deskriptive Statistik. R hat eine breite Bandbreite an Werkzeugen, mit denen deskriptive Statistiken berechnet werden können.Die einfachste Art eine ist die Verwendung der Funktion sapply (), die eine Funktion (beispielsweise zur Berechnung des Mittelwerts) auf den Datensatz ausführt: R Code. sapply ( Daten, mean, na.rm=TRUE sapply(data, class) In R, a categorical variable (a variable that takes on a finite amount of values) is a factor. pred = predict(rf, newdata=test[-14]) Since this is a classification problem, we use a confusion matrix to evaluate the performance of our model. Recall that values on the diagonal correspond to true positives and true negatives (correct predictions) whereas the others.
lapply und sapply Befehl zu empfehlen. Neben sapply() existiert noch der verwandte Befehl replicate() , siehe ?replicate . Fink: Statistische Software (R) SoSe 20132 R supports the following vectorized looping functions: apply(), lapply(), tapply(), sapply() and by(). More traditional functions for iteration in R are described below. The repeat() Statement. The repeat() statement is the simplest looping construction in R. It performs no tests, but simply repeats a given expression indefinitely sapply renders through a list and simplifies (hence the s in sapply) if possible. sapply (mtcars, function (x) sum (is.na (x))) #> mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb #> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. Pros: Straightforward. No dependencies on other packages. Tried and true. Cons: Not typestable; not sure you will always get the same data type back from this function. You might be. How to Perform a Logistic Regression in R. Logistic regression is a method for fitting a regression curve, y = f (x), when y is a categorical variable. The typical use of this model is predicting y given a set of predictors x. The predictors can be continuous, categorical or a mix of both. The categorical variable y, in general, can assume. One Sample t-test data: df t = 41.22, df = 99, p-value < 2.2e-16 alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 0 95 percent confidence interval: 11.93 13.14 sample estimates: mean of x 12.53 Calculate statistics (95% confidence interval) means <-sapply (df, mean) lowers <-sapply (df, function (v) t.test (v, conf.level = 1-alpha) $ conf.int [1]) uppers <-sapply (df, function (v) t.test (v.
SHODAN's SapplyValues - Sapply Political Compass Clon
1. In the Machine Learning literature, K-means and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) are the first clustering / unsupervised models described [1-3], and as such, should be part of any data scientist's toolbox. In R, one can use kmeans(), Mclust() or other similar functions, but to fully understand those algorithms, one needs to build them from scratch
2. i, Hochberg, and Yekutieli control the false.
3. A coefficient of variation, often abbreviated as CV, is a way to measure how spread out values are in a dataset relative to the mean.It is calculated as: CV = σ / μ. where: σ: The standard deviation of dataset μ: The mean of dataset In plain English, the coefficient of variation is simply the ratio between the standard deviation and the mean
4. Functions for identifying and characterizing continuous developmental trajectories in single-cell data. - kstreet13/slingsho
apply(), lapply(), sapply(), tapply() Function in R with
1. The F-test approach. Estimate an AR(\(p\)) model and test the significance of the largest lag(s). If the test rejects, drop the respective lag(s) from the model. This approach has the tendency to produce models where the order is too large: in a significance test we always face the risk of rejecting a true null hypothesis! Relying on an information criterion. To circumvent the issue of.
2. Latest version: Sapply Cor.test Results Matrix. 2 years ag
3. GeneOverlap: An R package to test and visualize gene overlaps Intersection size=2583, e.g. ENSG00000187583 ENSG00000187642 ENSG00000215014 Union size=19549, e.g. ENSG00000187634 ENSG00000188976 ENSG0000018796
4. d
5. Method 1: Using colMeans () function. colMeans () this will return the column-wise mean of the given dataframe. Syntax: colMeans (dataframe_name) where dataframe_name is the input dataframe. For this simply pass the dataframe in use to the colMeans () function. The result will be the mean of all the individual columns
6. e whether the means of two groups are equal to each other. The assumption for the test is that both groups are sampled from normal distributions with equal variances. The null hypothesis is that the two means are equal, and the alternative is that they are not. It is known that under the.
7. [R] trouble using sapply to perform multiple t-test arun smartpink111 at yahoo.com Sat Feb 15 22:39:27 CET 2014. Previous message: [R] trouble using sapply to perform multiple t-test Next message: [R] trouble using sapply to perform multiple t-test Messages sorted by
[Discussion] Please help me find an ideology I can agree
Why you should use vapply in R R-blogger
1. test point is about 3.1 standard deviations from the origin, while all the training points are on av- erage one standard deviation along direction a. So most prediction points see themselves as lyin
2. , max, median, range, and quantile
3. Here, test_expression must be a logical vector (or an object that can be coerced to logical). The return value is a vector with the same length as test_expression. This returned vector has element from x if the corresponding value of test_expression is TRUE or from y if the corresponding value of test_expression is FALSE. This is to say, the i-th element of result will be x[i] if test.
Top 9: Sapply tapply lapply analysiert - Produkte im Test
NCLEX Registration and Authorization to Test. Before you can take the NCLEX, you'll need an Authorization to Test (ATT).To get this, you'll need to apply to your nursing regulatory body (NRB) and then register with Pearson VUE.You'll want to start this process well in advance of your target date for taking the exam Data Mining with R, learning with case studies
R: Apply a Function over a List or Vecto
We'll use F-test to test for homogeneity in variances. This can be performed with the function var.test() as follow: res.ftest - var.test(weight ~ group, data = my_data) res.ftest F test to compare two variances data: weight by group F = 0.36134, num df = 8, denom df = 8, p-value = 0.1714 alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1 95 percent confidence interval: 0. Test the null hypothesis that the missing data is Missing Completely At Random (MCAR) Tests the null hypothesis that the missing data is Missing Completely At Random (MCAR). A p.value of less than 0.05 is usually interpreted as being that the missing data is not MCAR (i.e., is either Missing At Random or non-ignorable). See What are the Different Types of Missing Data? for more information. If the test_expression is TRUE, the statement gets executed. But if it's FALSE , nothing happens. Here, test_expression can be a logical or numeric vector, but only the first element is taken into consideration 9.4 Example: Test Scores and Class Size. This section discusses internal and external validity of the results gained from analyzing the California test score data using multiple regression models. External Validity of the Study. External validity of the California test score analysis means that its results can be generalized. Whether this is possible depends on the population and the setting.
In this manual all commands are given in code boxes, where the R code is printed in black, the comment text in blue and the output generated by R in green.All comments/explanations start with the standard comment sign ' # ' to prevent them from being interpreted by R as commands. This way the content in the code boxes can be pasted with their comment text into the R console to evaluate their. You might have multiple Excel or CSV files that share the same data structure (same columns) and are stored in the same folder. If these are only a few you can import them one by one and bind them together with 'bind_rows' command in Exploratory.. But if there are tons, that's not really a reasonable option I have a given column (CV that I want to test in a ANCOVA) in my data set which contains numbers similar to this -,038040659585351 and its structure is character by default. Now nothing has worked to convert this into numeric. It either got changed into NAs or a whole lot of different numbers. Do you happen to have an idea to convert it into numeric? Many thanks in advance! Leo. Reply.
A neural network is a computational system that creates predictions based on existing data. Let us train and test a neural network using the neuralnet library in R. How To Construct A Neural Network? A neural network consists of: Input layers: Layers that take inputs based on existing data Hidden layers: Layers that use backpropagation [ 3.Spliting Data Train dan Data Test Sebelum masuk ke bagian klasifikasi terlebih dahulu kita menentukan pembagian jumlah data training dan data testing yang akan di gunakan. Berikut script yang di. Pastebin.com is the number one paste tool since 2002. Pastebin is a website where you can store text online for a set period of time Why political? The compass uses two axes to assign political views, a technique used by the earlier Nolan Chart and Pournelle Chart as well as a number of other political Members. Re: Your Political Compass - online test « Reply #8 on: July 31, 2020, 02:21:30 pm » I love this test, they frame the axes in such a way that everyone suddenly discovers that they are 'left of centre' A.
Short talk about adding (x) => x + 1 anonymous functions to R. share decks privately, control downloads, hide ads and more Yet another data science and bioinformatics blog. Setting up Jupyterhub, SoS, and R¶. If you ever have taught any interactive programming session, you've probably know how many time-consuming obstacles there can be How to export R results to Excel. I am a new user and need help to export the estimated results to Excel. Many thanks. mydata<- read.csv (Benthic_final.csv, TRUE, ,) mydata=as.matrix (data) mydata [,sapply (mydata,is.numeric)] data=mydata [,sapply (mydata,is.numeric)] library (Hmisc) my_data=as.matrix (data) rcorr (my_data, type=pearson. Re: How to generate table output of t-test. 1001 posts. In reply to this post by Ng Stanley. There may be an easier way but you can extract the. desired values from the list values in t. str (t) to see the elements in t. test <- matrix (c (1, 1,2,2), 2,2) tt <- apply (test, 1, t.test) ttable <- function (tlist) {
Six Triangles Test : PoliticalCompassI've taken test with all Hitler positionsWhich IDE for R do you prefer, RStudio or Microsoft VisualVector Functions in R - Master R seq, sapply, repstatistics - Stationarity Tests in R, checking meanR-tutorial: Power and sample size calculationI think of myself as authoritarian right, but every time I
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Robinson Crusoe’s father on the advantages of being middle-class
—Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe (1719), Chapter 1
Practice, practice, practice!
Some students think that certain assignments are important, while others are not important—or that some assignments are more important than others.
This is a dangerous error.
If you only read what is assigned to you, you will never read enough to become a really good reader, and to acquire the background knowledge you need.
If you only write what is assigned to you—or even worse, only what the teacher marks in detail—you will never write enough to become a good writer.
Imagine a basketball player who never touches a basketball except during team practices and games. That player will never learn to play basketball well. Good players become good by spending hours and hours and hours in the gym, shooting lay-ups, shooting free-throws, shooting jump shots. No coach is there pointing out errors or praising progress.
Or consider the piano student. Once a week, during lessons, the teacher points out what the student is doing well, and where the student needs to improve. In between lessons, the student must practice, practice, practice, practice. No one is there to say, “That’s good!” or “No, no, your left-hand fingering is wrong!”
Getting better is all about the repetitions.
If it were possible for a superhuman English teacher to mark in detail every piece of writing you do, it would be a waste of time for the teacher, and for you! Why? Because we continue making the same mistakes, for a long time. Mistakes arise out of bad habits, and bad habits can be corrected only through practice, practice, practice!
Consider the basketball player. During a team practice, the coach sees that the player’s elbow is stuck out away from the body on jump shots. “Pull your elbow in! Your forearm should be vertical!” says the coach. But the player must shoot hundreds or thousands of jump shots to train the brain and the body to keep the elbow in and the forearm vertical. It would be useless for a coach to stand behind the player for hours crying out, “Elbow out! ”That’s better!” No, it’s out again!” The player knows what the problem is. Correcting it takes practice, practice, practice!
Those hours of practice begin to pay off, eventually, during team practices and games. But without the hours of practice, unobserved and ungraded, the player—and the student—will never make much progress.
Who will be a better player: the one who never touches a ball except during team practices and games, or the one who isn’t even on the team but spends hundreds of hours in the gym practicing?
Who will be a better writer: the student who never writes except on graded assignments and exams, or the one who writes every day, privately, and is not even enrolled in the course?
The answer is the same in both cases.
Better than either of these, however, will be the player who practices for hours alone, gets good coaching during team practices, and then puts it all together during games. Better than either will be the student who reads and writes voraciously outside of class, gets good instruction in class, and then puts it all together on graded assignments and exams.
That’s why every assignment is important.
On sickness and health: the wisdom of the ages
First, the physician at Harvard, lecturing on Hippocrates:
The widest of all generalizations in the work of Hippocrates is this: as a rule, sick people recover without treatment.
—Lawrence J. Henderson (1878-1942), Harvard lectures, quoted in The Practical Cogitator, Charles P. Curtis, Jr. and Ferris Greenslet, editors (p. 287).
Second, Montaigne in his tower:
Let things take their course. Nature’s scheme, that takes care of fleas and moles, also takes care of men—if they will have the same patience to let themselves be governed that fleas and moles have. There is no use in our shouting “Giddap”; that will indeed make us hoarse, but not get us ahead. Nature’s scheme is proud and pitiless. Our fear and despair disgust it and stop it from helping us, instead of inviting it to come to our aid. Nature is obliged to let both disease and health run their course. As for letting itself be corrupted in favour of the one to the prejudice of the other’s right, it will not do so, for it would then fall into disorder. Follow Nature, in God’s name, follow it! It leads those who follow. Those who will not follow, it drags along, with their rage and their medicine too. Order a purge for your brain; it will be better employed there than on your stomach.
—Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592), Essays, Book II, Ch. 37, “Of the Resemblance of Children to Fathers.” Adapted from the translation by Donald Frame.
Why do conservatives hate science?
Attempts at religious reform aroused popular anger because the inborn conservativeness of man is nowhere stronger than in the field of religion. The religion of his fathers must not be criticized, even if his own profession of it is but an outward show. The most malicious kind of hatred is that which is built upon a theological foundation. On the other hand, the resistance to scientific novelties was due to an intuitive, if unconscious, appreciation of their revolutionary nature. The slightest and the most innocent scientific innovation is but a wedge which is bound to penetrate deeper and deeper, and the advance of which will soon be impossible to resist. Conservative people are undoubtedly right in their distrust and hatred of science, for the scientific spirit is the very spirit of innovation and adventure—the most reckless kind of adventure into the unknown. And such is its aggressive strength that its revolutionary activity can neither be restrained nor restricted within its own field. Sooner or later it will go out to conquer other fields and to throw floods of light into all the dark places where superstition and injustice are still rampant. The scientific spirit is the greatest force for construction but also for destruction.
—George Sarton, The History of Science and the New Humanism, as quoted in The Practical Cogitator, Charles P. Curtis, Jr., and Ferris Greenslet, editors
James Lovelock: “Gaia may destroy humans before we destroy the Earth”
In an article published in The Guardian, 102-year-old James Lovelock warns that the Earth may destroy us before we succeed in destroying the Earth.
Along with Lynn Margulis, Lovelock in the 1970s popularized the “Gaia hypothesis”—the idea that the Earth and its inhabitants form a single complex interactive system. I remember thinking, “Well, of course!” when I first read of this idea half a century ago, but apparently it remains, somehow, controversial.
“I don’t know if it is too late for humanity to avert a climate catastrophe,” Lovelock writes, “but I am sure there is no chance if we continue to treat global heating and the destruction of nature as separate problems.”
He also mentions nuclear power:
But we should also not become over-reliant on renewable power, which will leave us with an energy gap. We need to build more nuclear power stations to overcome that, though the greens will first have to get over their overblown fears of radiation.
To which I say . . . well, of course!
I strongly recommend the entire article. And, Dr. Lovelock: thank you!
Arnold J. Toynbee on race (1934)
Whatever the explanation of our sensitiveness to Physical Race may be, its undoubted existence as an element in our consciousness is apt to produce two intellectual consequences which are fertile in errors. It makes us assume that a phenomenon of which our perceptions are so acute must be proportionately plain to our understandings, whereas our scientific knowledge about Race in its physical aspect is really not appreciably greater than our knowledge about Race in its psychic aspect. In the second place, we are led into taking for granted—without proof and even without presumptive evidence—the postulate of a correlation between Physical Race and Psychical Race which we have mentioned just above. Before making these hazardous intellectual leaps in the dark, we seldom pause to reflect that we are setting out to explain one unknown quantity in terms of another.
In the Western World of our day, ‘racial’ explanations of social phenomena are much in vogue. Racial differences of human physique, regarded as immutable in themselves and as bearing witness to likewise immutable racial differences in the human psyche, are supposed to account for the differences which we observe empirically between the fortunes and achievements of different human societies. These ‘racial theories’, which always start from the two assumptions to which we have drawn attention, are striking examples of one social phenomenon which we have now learnt to discount: to wit, the influence of social environment on historical study.
The belief that differences of Physical Race are immutable is not peculiar to our age or our society. The rhetorical question ‘Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots?’ anticipates, in poetic imagery, the modern Western racialist’s travesty of the modern Western biologist’s proposition that acquired characteristics are not transmissible—and the doctrine is not the more securely established for being formulated in prose. The present vogue of racialism in the West, however, has really little to do with current scientific hypotheses. A prejudice so strong as this cannot be accounted for by a cause so rational. Modern Western racial prejudice is not so much a distortion of Western scientific thought as a pseudo-intellectual reflection of Western race-feeling; and this feeling, as we see it in our time, is a consequence of the expansion of our Western Civilization over the face of the Earth since the last quarter of the fifteenth century of our era.
The feeling has been aroused by contact, often under untoward conditions, between societies whose members happen to stand at opposite extremes of the range of variety in Physical Race which is to be found in the Genus Homo. Our Western Civilization happens to have emerged and developed among peoples in Western Europe who belong, in their physique, to certain varieties of ‘the White Race’ which our ethnologists have labelled ‘Caucasian’. In exploring the whole surface of the planet these White Westerners have come across representatives of all the other physical races of mankind; and in most of the permanent settlements which they have made, beyond the narrow borders of Western Europe, overseas, they have come to live intermingled geographically with members of one or more of these other races: in America, South Africa, and East Africa with African negroes; in the two latter regions with representatives of the dark-skinned races of India, as well; in Australia with the altogether primitive ‘Blackfellows”; in New Zealand with the Polynesian Maoris; and in all parts of Australasia, as well as along the Pacific coast of North America, with representatives of the so-called Yellow Race from China and Japan.
In all these countries overseas where White people from Western Europe have settled cheek by jowl with representatives of other races, there are three elements in the situation which between them go far towards accounting for the strength and virulence of Western race-feeling in our time. First, the White people have established an ascendancy over the people of other races with whom they have come to share their new homes. Secondly, these White masters have almost everywhere abused their power in some way and in some degree. Thirdly, they are haunted by a perpetual fear that some day the positions may be reversed; that by weight of superior numbers or by more successful adaptation to the local climate or by ability to survive on a lower level of subsistence or by readiness to do harder physical or intellectual work, the Man of Colour may eventually bring the White Man’s ascendancy to an end and perhaps even establish an ascendancy of his own over the White Man. The ‘first shall be last, and the last first’; and, if ever this comes to pass, the White Man’s children must expect to have the sins of their fathers visited on their heads, for, in the consciousness of ‘under-dog’, the past is ever present. These considerations enter into the race-feeling of Western settlers overseas; and it is the feeling of these frontiersmen on the subject of Race that determines the feeling of our Western Society as a whole.
The Protestant Background of our Modern Western Race-feeling
The race-feeling which is thus aroused in our Western Society by the present situation and temper of our settlers overseas all springs naturally from the religious background of those Western people who are of the Protestant persuasion.
In our Western history, the Protestant movement started immediately before the movement of overseas settlement; and, in the eighteenth century of our era, the competition between the peoples of Western Europe for the command of the overseas world ended in the victory of the English-speaking Protestants, who secured for themselves the lion’s share of those overseas countries, inhabited by primitive peoples, that were suitable for settlement by Europeans, as well as the lion’s share of the countries inhabited by adherents of the living non-Western civilizations who were incapable at the time of resisting Western conquest and domination. The outcome of the Seven Years’ War decided that the whole of North America, from the Arctic Circle to the Rio Grande, should be populated by new nations of European origin whose cultural background was the Western Civilization in its English Protestant version, and that a Government instituted by English Protestants and informed with their ideas should become paramount over the whole of Continental India. Thus the race-feeling engendered by the English Protestant version of our Western culture became the determining factor in the development of race-feeling in our Western Society as a whole.
This has been a misfortune for Mankind, for the Protestant temper and attitude and conduct in regard to Race, as in many other vital issues, is inspired largely by the Old Testament; and in matters of Race the promptings of this old-fashioned Syriac oracle are very clear and very savage. The ‘Bible Christian’ of European origin and race who has settled among peoples of non-European race overseas has inevitably identified himself with Israel obeying the will of Jehovah and doing the Lord’s work by taking possession of the Promised Land, while he has identified the non-Europeans who have crossed his path with the Canaanites whom the Lord has delivered into the hand of his Chosen People to be destroyed or subjugated. . . .
From the first volume of A Study of History, Toynbee’s 12-volume opus that he worked on for nearly thirty years.
Sterne summons the gods of storytelling
O ye powers! (for powers ye are, and great ones too)—which enable mortal man to tell a story worth the hearing——that kindly shew him, where he is to begin it—and where he is to end it——what he is to put into it——and what he is to leave out—how much of it he is to cast into a shade—and whereabouts he is to throw his light!
—Lawrence Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman.
Book II, Chapter XVI
The Next Mission
Eisenhower’s famous “military-industrial complex,” which has grown beyond imagination since he coined that phrase, has provided the means for the Vietnam War, the Iraq Wars, the Afghanistan War, and numerous other U.S. foreign policy boondoggles of lesser consequence. The motive for these tragic misadventures, however, comes from a hubristic ideology of American moral superiority, and of its military, economic, and political invincibility.
After the final debacle of the Vietnam War in 1975, the lesson of that conflict should have been clear: intervention in a foreign country to create and prop up a corrupt, unpopular government is a grave error bound to end badly. (To hope that the U.S. foreign policy establishment should also have learned that such interventions are grossly immoral—a point understood perfectly well by millions of Americans who protested against the war—is probably too much to hope.) In 1954 the CIA told Eisenhower that, should the referendum promised to the Vietnamese people be carried out, Ho Chi Minh’s communists would win. The referendum was scuttled, and instead the U.S. entered on the long path leading to April, 1975.
In the years immediately following the war there was grumbling from the military and its supporters that the soldiers had been betrayed by gutless politicians in Washington, but the country as a whole was eager to leave Vietnam behind, and no national “autopsy” of the war took place. Two decades later, however, a group of Washington insiders who favoured the “stab-in-the-back” theory of Vietnam came to power. These were the “neo-conservatives” or “neo-cons,” men like Paul Wolfowitz, Elliot Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. These men held powerful positions, officially and unofficially, in the administration of George W. Bush, who took office in 2001, and they had the ear of Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.
When the 9/11 attacks occurred in the fall of 2001 the neo-cons seized upon them as a golden opportunity to expunge the memory of Vietnam forever and prove both the superiority of American arms and the invincibility of her economic and political power. This is why the invasion of Afghanistan, which began as a short-term project to punish the terrorists who perpetrated the 9/11 attacks and their supporters, evolved into a fruitless 20-year attempt to build a modern democracy in that country. That is why Iraq, which had nothing to do with the 9/11 attacks, was invaded on the flimsiest of lies and manufactured pretexts, and why Saudi Arabia, from whom most of the 9/11 terrorists originated, was left alone. The neo-cons really believed that Americans would be welcomed in the streets of Baghdad and throughout the region by cheering crowds strewing flowers, and that the United States could re-form the entire Middle East into a series of pro-Western democratic (or at least quasi-democratic) states that, along with Saudi Arabia, other Gulf Arab states would provide the U.S. with a copious supply of oil while, with Israel’s help, suppressing the Islamist insurgencies that threatened the U.S., its Arab allies, and Israel.
It was all a stupid fantasy.
The fantasy was powered by the neo-cons’ ideology, to which they clung with religious fervour, impervious to all evidence and reasoned argument to the contrary. (Notice the religious implications of the language used by the U.S. military, for whom a campaign is a “mission.”) The obvious corruption of the local officials put into power by the U.S. invaders, and of the local elites who pocketed the billions and billions of dollars that the U.S. poured into Afghanistan and Iraq, made no impression whatsoever on the neo-cons. (The profiteering of the neo-cons’ supporters back home in the arms industry, the construction industry, etc., leeches sucking their sustenance from the bloated military-industrial complex, no doubt made an impression, but of a different sort.)
And now, after Joe Biden has taken the difficult and courageous step of removing U.S. troops from Afghanistan after two decades, the cycle begins again. Already today’s neo-cons are repeating the old arguments: the military was not properly supported, we could have stayed more or less permanently at little cost, a bit more time would have made all the difference. The innocent victims of the Taliban, especially the girls and women, are pushed continually to the front as the new neo-cons say, “See? See what injustice we perpetrate by leaving?” (Meanwhile the corrupt Afghan elites with their bulging Swiss bank accounts go unmentioned.)
How many years must pass before the foreign policy establishment in Washington and their military-industrial allies are ready to promote yet another ill-fated project in their religious campaign to defend the purity and superiority of America?
The Vertigo Plan for diet and fitness
This revolutionary approach to diet and fitness will transform your body, and your life.
To begin, the vertigo attack, or rather, attacks. This involves at least a week of absolute misery: dizziness, followed by nausea, sweats, and violent vomiting. One’s desire to eat disappears entirely, and thus the path to a healthier diet begins. Being completely dysfunctional, you arrive one way or another in the local hospital’s emergency room. Once they have taken blood and given you an EKG to be sure that you are not in immediate danger of death (although death, at this point, begins to look mighty attractive indeed), you sit—and sit—and sit, waiting to see the doctor. During this time, you continue to have intermittent attacks, groaning piteously and finally dry-heaving (your stomach has been empty for hours now) into whatever receptacle they provide for you.
At last you see the doctor, who tells you that you probably have ordinary vertigo so it’s nothing to worry about too much, and then sends you back to the waiting room with an IV drip of saline solution (to treat your dehydration) and then dramamine (to treat your nausea). During these hours in the ER waiting room you eventually realize, through hard experience, that trying to take your mind off your misery by consulting your smartphone or reading the book that you cleverly brought with you is a grave, grave error. Why? Because every such attempt at diversion simply triggers another body-wrenching attack. Before you figure this out, however, you have more attacks, they give you more dramamine which has no effect whatsoever, and then they tell you that they want to find you a bed and keep you overnight and give you a CT scan, just in case. Sending the patient home only to have him drop dead of a stroke seems to be bad form in the hospital biz.
Depending on what time of day you arrive in the cardiac ward, you may wait several more hours (or overnight) for your first meal since . . . well, you can’t remember since when. With that meal, when it finally arrives, comes another revelation: the portion sizes are Lilliputian. Imagine eating with a child’s plastic tea set for dishes, and you will have the right idea. Miraculously, this modest, thimble-sized repast leaves you . . . quite satisfied. Then it dawns on you: however sane, natural, organic, or vegetarian your diet may have been until now, you have been eating way too much!
Assuming that your CT scan is satisfactory (“Your CT scan is beautiful!” said the nurse. “You are very kind,” I replied, “but I still feel terrible.”) you will receive another visit from a different doctor who will explain all about vertigo and what you need to do going forward, and will give you a prescription that might help you. Vertigo is a wonder of 21st century medicine in that no one seems to know what causes it, the treatment works only variably, no one knows how to prevent it, and it may recur at any moment.
Once you arrive home, a word of advice: do not, I say, do not under any circumstances take your rest on a soft, bouncy bed. If you are like me, the jiggling produced merely by shifting your weight or turning from one side to the other will bring on another round of spinning, nausea, and sweats, and soon you will find yourself on hands and knees, crawling toward the bathroom in the dark. Take my advice and sleep on the floor. I mean it.
We are nearing, now, the fitness component of this revolutionary plan for rejuvenation. Take note of all the things you cannot do. You cannot read, or use the computer, or look at your smartphone. You cannot walk about. You cannot do dishes, or put a load of laundry in the washing machine, or clean the bathroom (though it likely needs it). It is easier to say what you can do. You can sit, with eyes closed, or lie down (on the floor!) with eyes closed. You can listen to music, or to the radio, or to an audiobook. You can nap. You can sleep. Just barely, you can eat a Lilliputian portion of food three or four times a day, to take with your pill. And . . . you can exercise!
Yes! Lying on the floor, as you listen to whatever you are listening to, you can do leg lifts, first from your right side, then your left, then from your back. You can stretch your hamstrings, your quads, and whatever else you wish. You can lie on your back, bring your knees up, and then push your pelvis up into the air, holding it there as long as you like. You can do isometric exercises of your biceps and triceps, and of other things as well, no doubt.
When you book an appointment with the physiotherapist, you will be shown another series of exercises designed to rehabilitate your vestibular system (notice, too, the good effect of this dreadful ordeal on your vocabulary!) which you can add to your home exercise regime.
By the time your vertigo recedes, God willing, you will have transformed your life, and your body. You will be slimmer. You will be spending one-half or one-third of what you previously spent on food. You will be strong, and supple. You will have utterly broken whatever social media addictions you may have suffered under previously, and the thought of spending any more time than absolutely necessary on a computer or a smartphone will be abhorrent. You will want, instead, to take walks, during which you marvel at the mundane miracle of being able to walk without falling down. Filled with soul-cleansing gratitude, you will marvel, too, at similar mundane miracles: flowers, trees, clouds, children, dogs, and people in all their mundane variety.
And you will owe all these blessings to the Vertigo Plan.
Ode to the Inner Ear
Miraculous device, unseen,
unnoticed, unremarked,
keeping us oriented and upright
as we navigate
the ups and downs, the lefts and rights,
calling no attention to itself.
But when it goes awry
we give it our
full attention
as the world spins,
as our eyes cannot find a fixed point,
as hot flush turns to clamminess, then sweats,
as the nausea builds to a climax of
violent vomiting.
O inner ear,
forgive our neglect,
resume your post,
save us from miserable dysfunction.
We will not forget.
—23 August 2021
The lesson of 1975, 1989, and 2021
For the third time now I have witnessed from a distance a political cataclysm that has dominated world news reports for days, or weeks. In 1975 it was the fall of Saigon, marking the final victory of communist forces in Vietnam and ending a conflict that lasted three decades. In 1989 it was the collapse of the Soviet Union’s post-WWII “Iron Curtain,” including the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the overthrow of Ceaucescu in Romania, all of it recorded breathlessly by television cameras. And now, in 2021, we are watching the end of the American occupation, the collapse of the Afghan government, and the re-establishment of Taliban rule in Afghanistan after twenty years.
In all three cases, a dominant “super-power” attempted to exert its influence in foreign countries by propping up corrupt governments that lacked popular support. In all three cases, the attempts succeeded for decades, albeit at significant cost in lives and money. In all three cases, the super-power was eventually forced to withdraw, and local control was reasserted.
After 1975 there was a good deal of public handwringing in the United States. What were the “lessons of Vietnam”? In the end, the U.S. government learned only two lessons. They were both military lessons, and they were both wrong. Lesson 1: end military conscription, because an army of draftees was unreliable. Lesson 2: keep the press away from combat and strictly control their access to soldiers.
The real “lesson of Vietnam” was political, not military, and it was also the lesson of the Soviet Union, and the lesson of Afghanistan: invading other countries, installing corrupt puppet regimes, and ignoring the will of the people is a costly blunder that always ends in defeat.
Since 1975, Vietnam has rebuilt its economy and established amicable relations with its former nemesis, the United States. Since 1989, the nations of Eastern Europe that were formerly under Soviet domination have managed their own affairs, with varying degrees of success. In Afghanistan, we can only hope that the worst fears of a second Taliban government will not be realized, and that the Afghan people will be able to create a national consensus that respects the wide variety of beliefs and values that they hold.
And among the world’s super-powers, we can only hope that the simple and obvious lesson of 1975, 1989, and 2021 will finally be learned and put into practice.
Edith Wharton: The world is a welter and has always been one
The world is a welter and has always been one; but though all the cranks and the theorists cannot master the old floundering monster, or force it for long into any of their neat plans of readjustment, here and there a saint or a genius suddenly sends a little ray through the fog, and helps humanity to stumble on, and perhaps up.
The welter is always there, and the present generation hears close underfoot the growling of the volcano on which ours danced so long; but in our individual lives, though the years are sad, the days have a way of being jubilant. Life is the saddest thing there is, next to death; yet there are always new countries to see, new books to read (and, I hope, to write), a thousand little daily wonders to marvel at and rejoice in, and those magical moments when the mere discovery that “the woodspurge has a cup of three” brings not despair but delight. The visible world is a daily miracle for those who have eyes and ears; and I still warm my hands thankfully at the old fire, though every year it is fed with the dry wood of more old memories.
A Backward Glance (1934)
“The Woodspurge”
by Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828 – 1882)
The wind flapp’d loose, the wind was still,
Shaken out dead from tree and hill:
I had walk’d on at the wind’s will,—
I sat now, for the wind was still.
Between my knees my forehead was,—
My lips, drawn in, said not Alas!
My hair was over in the grass,
My naked ears heard the day pass.
My eyes, wide open, had the run
Of some ten weeds to fix upon;
Among those few, out of the sun,
The woodspurge flower’d, three cups in one.
From perfect grief there need not be
Wisdom or even memory:
One thing then learnt remains to me,—
The woodspurge has a cup of three.
We need nuclear power to escape from climate change disaster
Dear Important People:
The recent spate of climate disasters around the globe must draw our attention to a truth that people in the environmentalist movement, with few exceptions, do not want to hear:
There is no path to a carbon-free energy future without a significant increase in nuclear power.
The common fears surrounding nuclear power—radiation and waste storage—are overblown. Nuclear power is the safest, cleanest energy source we have, and the only one capable of replacing the energy we now get from fossil fuels. Solar and wind power have their place, but they cannot supply enough energy, and enough 24/7 power, to meet the world’s needs.
I hope you will use your platform to help overcome public fears about nuclear power and promote, first, the continued use of existing nuclear power plants, and second, the urgent and rapid development of new nuclear power plants as an essential element in our fight to preserve a livable planet for our children and grandchildren.
Sincerely yours,
Eric T. MacKnight
Dreiser to Mencken
I do not know what truth is, what beauty is, what love is, what hope is. I do not believe anyone absolutely and I do not doubt anyone absolutely. I think people are both evil and well-intentioned.
—Theodore Dreiser, letter to H. L. Mencken,
quoted in The Novel: A Biography, by Michael Schmidt
Anglo culture in the New World
Aversion to learning foreign languages
Aversion to foreign food
Cultural arrogance
Aggressive patriarchy
Religious bigotry
Anti-intellectualism and aversion to education, especially among the working class
Are there positive aspects of Anglo culture? Of course. The rule of law, for example, or the idea of liberty (Milton, Locke, Burke, etc.). Unfortunately, both the rule of law and the idea of liberty have been subverted by racism. One recalls the line attributed to Gandhi when asked what he thought of Western civilization: it “would be a good idea.” So would liberty, justice, and an impartial rule of law.
Frederick Douglass: July 5th, 1852
. . . Fellow-citizens, pardon me, allow me to ask, why am I called upon to speak here to-day? What have I, or those I represent, to do with your national independence? . . . Am I . . . called upon . . .to confess the benefits and express devout gratitude for the blessings resulting from your independence to us?
But it is answered in reply to all this, that precisely what I have now denounced is, in fact, guaranteed and sanctioned by the Constitution of the United States; that the right to hold and to hunt slaves is a part of that Constitution framed by the illustrious Fathers of this Republic. . . . But I differ from those who charge this baseness on the framers of the Constitution of the United States. . . .
—“What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” (1852). A speech to the Rochester Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Society in Corinthian Hall, Rochester, New York
Plus ça change: Frances Trollope on Americans
—from Domestic Manners of the Americans, Chapter 34 (1832)
Who indeed knows the secret of the earthly pilgrimage?
The Reverend Stephen Kumalo, Zulu pastor of a country church in pre-apartheid South Africa, goes to Johannesburg in search of his sister and his son:
But there were times, some in the very midst of satisfaction, when the thought of his son would come to him. And then in one fraction of time the hills with the deep melodious names stood out waste and desolate beneath the pitiless sun, the streams ceased to run, the cattle moved thin and listless over the red and rootless earth. It was a place of old women and mothers and children, from each house something was gone. His voice would falter and die away, and he would fall silent and muse. Perhaps it was that, or perhaps he clutched suddenly at the small listening boy, for the little one would break from the spell, and wriggle in his arms to be put down, to play again with his blocks on the floor. As though he was searching for something that would put an end to this sudden unasked-for pain, the thought of his wife would come to him, and of many a friend that he had, and the small children coming down from the hills, dropping sometimes out of the very mist, on their way to the school. These things were so dear to him that the pain passed, and he contemplated them in quiet, and some measure of peace.
Who indeed knows the secret of the earthly pilgrimage? Who knows for what we live, and struggle, and die? Who knows what keeps us living and struggling, while all things break about us? Who knows why the warm flesh of a child is such comfort, when one’s own child is lost and cannot be recovered? Wise men write many books, in words too hard to understand. But this, the purpose of our lives, the end of all our struggle, is beyond all human wisdom. Oh God, my God, do not Thou forsake me. Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I shall fear no evil, if Thou art with me. . . .
—Alan Paton, Cry, the Beloved Country, Chapter 10
Out-of-fashion romantic nonsense
“What objection can you have to the young gentleman?”
—Henry Fielding
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. Book VII, Chapter iii.
Country gentlemen, and gentlemen in town
—Henry Fielding
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. Book VI, Chapter ix.
Death is certainly unavoidable . . .
—Henry Fielding
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling. Book V, Chapter vii.
Bipartisan Football
The elephant extends his trunk and holds the ball on end, ready to be kicked through the goalpost.
The donkey, five strides behind the football, is skeptical.
(Joe Manchin, waving pom-poms and running along the sideline, leaps and cheers.)
Elephant: Come on, kick it through those goal posts!
Donkey: That’s what you said before. And then you pulled the ball away at the last moment, and I fell on my ass.
Elephant: That was then, this is now.
Donkey: And the time before that, same thing.
Elephant: Let’s not dwell on the past. I am here on behalf of responsible moderates in the Senate who want to put some points on the board.
Donkey: I’d rather score a touchdown.
Elephant: Wouldn’t we all! But let’s be realistic: three points is better than nothing.
The donkey hesitates. The clock is ticking.
Donkey: No funny business this time. Do I have your word?
Elephant: You have my solemn word of honor.
Donkey: All right, then. Here we go.
The donkey runs and takes a mighty kick at the ball, which the elephant whisks out of reach at the last moment as the donkey’s kicking foot, finding nothing but air, arcs high above his head. The donkey flips backwards, remains horizontal for a split second, and then crashes heavily to earth on his back.
And what do we get from all this?
Thackeray Knew Trump
—William Makepeace Thackerary, Vanity Fair (1848)
Thackeray’s “Vanity Fair” (1848)
Thanks to my Kindle and my daily bus commute, I finally got around to reading William Makepeace Thackeray’s Vanity Fair. Would I have appreciated it half as much, had I read it in my twenties? I doubt it.
Like some of my other recent reading, Vanity Fair reminded me how much of what I deplore in American and (to a lesser extent) Canadian culture comes from England.
Here are some of my favourite snippets.
Who has not remarked the readiness with which the closest of friends and honestest of men suspect and accuse each other of cheating when they fall out on money matters? Everybody does it.
Praise everybody, I say to such: never be squeamish, but speak out your compliment both point-blank in a man’s face, and behind his back, when you know there is a reasonable chance of his hearing it again. Never lose a chance of saying a kind word.
“I wish they would have loved me,” said Emmy, wistfully. “They were always very cold to me.” “My dear child, they would have loved you if you had had two hundred thousand pounds,” George replied.
In a word, George had thrown the great cast. He was going to be married. Hence his pallor and nervousness—his sleepless night and agitation in the morning. I have heard people who have gone through the same thing own to the same emotion. After three or four ceremonies, you get accustomed to it, no doubt; but the first dip, everybody allows, is awful.
When don’t ladies weep?
When the present writer went to survey with eagle glance the field of Waterloo, we asked the conductor of the diligence, a portly warlike-looking veteran, whether he had been at the battle. “Pas si bête”—such an answer and sentiment as no Frenchman would own to—was his reply.
To watch the behaviour of a fine lady to other and humbler women, is a very good sport for a philosophical frequenter of Vanity Fair.
(nor does the continental domestic like to be treated with insolence as our own better-tempered servants do)
Everybody is striving for what is not worth the having!
. . . when he drove into town he was as full of wine, beer, meat, pickles, cherry-brandy, and tobacco as the steward’s cabin of a steam-packet.
Lord Tapeworm inherited no little portion of the family gallantry, and it was his happy belief that almost every woman upon whom he himself cast friendly eyes was in love with him.
. . . the delighted people are permitted to march through room after room of the Grand Ducal palace and admire the slippery floor, the rich hangings, and the spittoons at the doors of all the innumerable chambers.
The Constitution is or was a moderate despotism, tempered by a Chamber that might or might not be elected.
and though, of course, these gentlemen were obliged to be civil in public, yet they cut at each other with epigrams that were as sharp as razors, as I have seen a couple of wrestlers in Devonshire, lashing at each other’s shins and never showing their agony upon a muscle of their faces.
Israel and Palestine: No Justice, No Peace
A democracy founded on equal justice and civil rights for all citizens is a ridiculously utopian vision, but it is also the only realistic solution.
—The Balfour Declaration (1917)
Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.
—Martin Luther King, Jr. (1960s)
No justice, no peace.
—Slogan used in protests against police violence (from the 1980s)
—I. F. Stone (1967)
Impelled by centuries of persecution culminating in the Nazi Holocaust, the State of Israel was established on land captured by Great Britain from the Turkish Ottoman Empire and inhabited for centuries by Arab Palestinians. Despite the Balfour Declaration’s pious but vague stipulation that “nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine,” quite a lot was done, and thus in the effort to resolve one gross injustice a second gross injustice was committed and has continued to this day.
“If the Jews give one-tenth the devotion to Arab relations that they’ve given to the land, they can build a secure homeland,” wrote I. F. Stone in 1945. That did not happen. Instead, a political and economic struggle was spun into an ethnic struggle featuring implacable hatred on both sides. The abortive U. N. partition plan of 1947 sparked a war that resulted in the establishment of the State of Israel by force. In 1964 Stone wrote, “The usual Jewish attitude toward the Arabs is one of contemptuous superiority.”
Partition has never been the solution to such conflicts, whether it appears in the form of a wall, a border, a system of apartheid, or endemic prejudice that institutionalizes injustice. No justice, no peace. So long as the State of Israel’s slow-drip ethnic cleansing continues, though the level of violence fluctuates and creates at times the illusion of peace, the war will go on.
There is no reason to expect this atrocious situation to change. It would require extraordinary events and extraordinary leaders—one thinks of F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela—to imagine a better future and bring it into being. What’s needed is not a “two-state solution” but a single inclusive democracy founded on equal justice and civil rights for all citizens, whatever their religious, racial, ethnic, or linguistic differences. That’s a ridiculously utopian vision, but it is also the only realistic solution—not just for Arabs and Israelis, but for all of us, everywhere.
Dear Politicians: Please check the facts and review your prejudices about nuclear energy!
If you are represented by politicians who are liberal or progressive, or if you contribute to environmental organizations like Greenpeace, they need to hear from you about nuclear energy and climate change. Here is my reply to my NDP member of parliament, Laurel Collins, after she responded to my first plea by sending me a link to an op-ed written by another NDP MP, Richard Cannings.
Dear Laurel,
Thanks for your reply and your link to Mr. Cannings’ op-ed about SMRs and nuclear power in general.
Regarding the two most popular fears about nuclear power—accidents and waste, both cited by Mr. Cannings—I would urge both of you to have a look at Nick Touran’s very informative site about these issues and everything else to do with nuclear energy, here: Short answer: both of those fears are overblown.
Mr. Cannings makes the point that nuclear plants take too long to build and that more immediate solutions are needed. I would agree, with the caveat that the best response is not either/or, but both/and. The fact that it takes time to build up nuclear generation capacity should tell us that we need to begin right now!
The other argument against nuclear power—its cost—seems suspect to me. Costs are always (a) comparative, and (b) determined by accounting methods. The costs of not effectively addressing climate change, I would submit, are far, far greater than the up-front investments needed to increase our nuclear energy capacity.
Finally, this is a global problem. Even if we were able to meet Canada’s energy needs without building up our nuclear capacity—a claim I find highly dubious—there is no way that developing economies can modernize their energy infrastructure and provide prosperity to their people without a huge global increase in the use of nuclear energy. Canada should be part of that effort. Embracing that cause would be good for the Canadian economy, for the planet, and for the lives of millions of people around the world.
Again, thanks for writing back. I hope that you and the rest of the NDP will continue to study these issues and be bold enough to revise conclusions that are not supported by the science and the facts.
With my best wishes,
See also my earlier posts about nuclear energy: “The argument for nuclear power,” and “Nuclear power: safe and economical.”
Krishnamurti: separation is violence
—Jiddu Krishnamurti, Freedom From the Known
You know, actually we have no love — that is a terrible thing to realize. Actually we have no love; we have sentiment; we have emotionality, sensuality, sexuality; we have remembrances of something which we have thought as love. But actually, brutally, we have no love. Because to have love means no violence, no fear, no competition, no ambition. If you had love you will never say, “This is my family.” You may have a family and give them the best you can; but it will not be “your family” which is opposed to the world. If you love, if there is love, there is peace. If you loved, you would educate your child not to be a nationalist, not to have only a technical job and look after his own petty little affairs; you would have no nationality. There would be no divisions of religion, if you loved. But as these things actually exist — not theoretically, but brutally — in this ugly world, it shows that you have no love. Even the love of a mother for her child is not love. If the mother really loved her child, do you think the world would be like this? She would see that he had the right food, the right education, that he was sensitive, that he appreciated beauty, that he was not ambitious, greedy, envious. So the mother, however much she may think she loves her child, does not love the child. So we have not that love.
—Jiddu Krishnamurti, Varanasi 5th Public Talk (28 November 1964)
The Collected Works, Vol. XV
“Where lies the final harbor . . . ?”
—Herman Melville, Moby Dick. “CHAPTER 114. The Gilder.”
It’s not guns, it’s addiction!
We need a logical, fact-based analysis of the “gun violence problem” in the United States. To begin:
Since we know that guns are not the problem, let’s focus on the real issue: addiction.
Sex addiction, we know, causes people to shoot up massage parlours.
Food addiction leads to mass murder at grocery stores.
Addiction to prayer produces killings in all sorts of houses of worship.
Shopping addiction leads to killings at malls.
Video addiction causes murders in movie theatres.
Sugar addiction would lead to mass murders in candy shops, except that it also causes obesity and lethargy.
Gun addiction would lead, presumably, to mass murders in gun shops, but we haven’t seen any of that, which confirms what we already knew: guns are not the problem!
Addiction is the problem, and of course, addiction to violence contributes to every one of these specific variations.
Obviously, we would not have these addiction problems if it weren’t for people.
Clearly, then, people are the problem. Once we find a way to get rid of all these people, such needless tragedies will cease.
“A Straw From Victoria” (1866)
“A member of the late Legislature and an important official of Vancouver Island, in a letter to a professional friend in San Francisco, under date of October 22d, says:
“Victoria I have resolved to leave, and to leave in all human probability for ever, unless some more hopeful signs appear in the commercial horizon. • • • There is a general exodus talked of, and I confess with some show of good reason. In my judgment there are, at the present time, upon Wharf street alone, three solvent men—the whole commercial fabric totters to the very foundation, and when the crash comes it will be such as Vancouver Inland has never witnessed before. The failures of the past seven days will amount to over a million dollars. The future looms with dark lowering clouds without a solitary ray of light, unless Vancouver is turned over to the Yankees, in which case a magnificent and glorious harvest lies before us.”
—Marin Journal, Volume 6, Number 34, 3 November 1866
Senator Blanche K. Bruce’s story, in his own words
Bruce was the first African-American elected to the Senate to serve a full term (1874 – 1880). He tells his story in this 1886 newspaper interview:
Reminiscences. of the Kansas Life of Ex-Senator B. K. Bruce.
A Number of Chatty Anecdotes Related by Him to an “Alta” Correspondent . . . .
Special Correspondence of the Alta California.
Washington, October 11, 1886.— Some half dozen old-time Kansans chanced to gather together a few evenings since at one of the leading Washington hotels, and the conversation naturally drifted into reminiscences of the “Kaw” State in the early days, and the array of men more or less renowned, dead and alive, who had cast their fortunes in that then remote quarter of Western civilization. Two of these gentlemen were living at Lawrence when the guerilla [sic] chief Quantrell [sic] plundered that town and murdered several hundred people. After giving a vivid description of the attack and massacre, and narrating how they narrowly escaped death, one of the gentlemen casually remarked that Ex-Senator and Ex-Register of the Treasury Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi was a citizen of Lawrence at that time, engaged In teaching a colored school. Meeting Mr. Bruce on Pennsylvania avenue shortly thereafter your correspondent ventured to ask him if this was correct, and if so how he came to be in Kansas at that period.
“Yes,” replied the ex-Senator from Mississippi, “I was in Lawrence when Quantrell sacked the town and butchered so many people, and my life was saved by a miracle. Quantrell’s band certainly would not have spared any colored man. I was born in Virginia, and taken, while a slave, to Mississippi when a mere lad. From there I went to St. Louis, Missouri, and after the firing on Fort Sumpter and the opening of the War of the Rebellion, concluded I would emancipate myself. So I worked my way to Kansas and became a free man before the Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Lincoln.
“I had, fortunately, managed to pick up something of an education during the period of my slavery, and finally settled down at Lawrence as a school teacher. The night before the Quantrell raid, I had been watching and nursing a sick friend, and when the day broke I heard firing, which indicated that trouble was brewing. Looking out the window I saw armed men riding by, firing their pistols, and immediately realized that the enemy was upon us. To remain with my sick friend would have been to invite certain death, so I bade him adieu, and with no clothing on my person but shirt and drawers, watched my opportunity, got out of the house and hid in the bushes behind a fence.
“I saw the fighting going on, and the rebs rode by without discovering me, although they pursued every man in sight. At last I had a clear field, ran down to the Kaw river as fast as I could, and jumped in. My flight was observed, and several armed men rode furiously toward me. Fortunately, keeping my head under water, I managed to hide beneath a hedge of vines and roots near by the shore. The troopers rode to the river and searched everywhere without discovering my retreat, although they came within a few feet of me a dozen times. Finally they rode away, and I remained I concealed in the river all day and did not emerge from my harbor of safety until after nightfall, when the town had been sacked and burned, and the guerillas [sic] hastily evacuated with their loot.
“General Jim Lane was at Lawrence at the time, and he, too, miraculously escaped. He subsequently followed Quantrell’s men away down into Missouri, and when he returned, Lane said he had managed to kill quite as many of the guerillas as they Had killed of our people. I asked him how he knew that those he killed were Quantrell’s men, to which inquiry he grimly replied that he felt certain of it, because going down his troops killed every man they met with new clothes on, and coming back they killed all they saw with old clothes on, so that no mistake could have been made in this particular. I did not, as is generally supposed, live in Mississippi during the war. I returned there after the war ended, and entered the arena of politics. I was elected and served two terms as Sheriff of my county before I was chosen a Senator in Congress.
“By-the-bye,” continued Mr. Bruce, “at my first canvass for sheriff, my Democratic opponent, who was a man of considerable force as a public speaker, challenged me to meet him in debate. I was reluctant to do so, especially in view of the fact that, as the county was largely Republican, my election was assured, and, therefore, nothing was to be gained thereby. But, being pressed to accept the offer, we agreed to divide time at a meeting in a precinct where the Democrats were largely in the majority. After eloquently narrating his services to the Democratic party, his participation in the war of the Rebellion, and the sacrifices he had made for and shared with the people, my competitor said he had nothing against me — that I was a decent man, for my color, but that he knew me when I was a boy, that I had been a slave and performed menial offices, and therefore was unfitted to fill the high office of Sheriff.
“I hardly knew how to meet this logic and divert its force, considering existing prejudices. The only method seemingly open to me was to try to turn the laugh on my adversary, and fortunately I succeeded. When my turn came to speak I frankly admitted that I had been a slave, but it was a misfortune for which I was not responsible! True, as a slave I had been compelled to perform menial offices, but I had served my master honestly and faithfully. Now, however, I had managed to rise to a better position. I had outgrown the degradation and ignorance of slavery, and was now a free man and a good citizen; but the difference between my adversary and myself was clear and well-defined. Had he been a slave and performed menial offices, probably he never could have risen superior to his original condition, and would be performing menial offices even now. This sally was so well received by my opponents that my competitor never invited me thereafter to debate jointly and divide time with him.
“A SINGULAR INCIDENT, worth relating, occurred when I was a member of the Senate. I had never exchanged a word with Mr. Bogy, then a Senator from Missouri. We knew each other merely by sight. One day, to my surprise, Senator Bogy came to my desk and explained that he was much interested in the passage of a certain bill. There was nothing in it of a political nature, and he invoked my active assistance to help him pass the measure. He did not then realize that we had ever met before, but I well remembered the circumstance. I listened to his statement, and then replied about as follows :
‘It will afford me pleasure, Senator, to oblige you in any way, but really, you used me so shamefully in the last business transaction we had together, I am suspicious of you.’
‘Why, sir, what do you mean?’ excitedly replied the Missouri Senator, ‘we have never met before that I can recollect, and certainly have never had any business transactions together of any character.’
‘Let me see, I replied, ‘whether I cannot recall a certain transaction to your memory. Some twenty years ago a gentleman was hurrying through the streets of St. Louis one day, endeavoring to catch and board a river steamer. He was embarrassed with a heavy valise, and noticing a colored boy near by, asked if he did not want to earn a quarter. The boy replied affirmatively, and the valise was handed him to carry. The gentleman and the colored boy ran to the river together, and the gentleman jumped on board the boat just as the gang-plank was being drawn in. He halloed to the boy to throw the valise on board, but the boy halloed back to first give him the promised quarter. This the gentleman refused to do, and the result was the boat, which had drifted far out into the stream, was put again to shore. The gentleman, thereupon, somewhat unwillingly, handed out the quarter, and the boy gave up the valise, not, however, without escaping a round denunciation and fist-shaking from the angry gentleman, in which the words ‘black rascal’ were freely uttered in terms more forcible than polite.’
‘Yes,’ replied Senator Bogy, ‘I remember the incident as well as if it had occurred yesterday. I was the gentleman, and we had quite a scene of it. But what has that do with any business transaction between us?’
‘Very much!’ I replied laughingly, ‘since you were the gentleman and I was the colored boy whom you endeavored, while in haste to catch the boat, to beat out of a quarter of a dollar he had fairly, earned.’ Senator Bogy laughed heartily at the reminiscence, and we shook hands. I helped him pass his bill just to demonstrate that strange things frequently happen in this world, and that I bore him no malice. Who could have foreseen that the irate gentleman and the colored slave boy would have met years afterward as peers and colleagues in the Senate of the United States!”
Mr. Bruce is now engaged exclusively in the lecture field, which he finds more profitable and certainly quite as congenial as holding public office. He states he is out of politics until 1888, when he will probably take the stump for the Republican Presidential nominee. Mr. Bruce is in his forty-sixth year, is reasonably portly and has quite a taking presence. His color is light, and it is the tradition that he is the offspring of one of the most distinguished of Virginia’s sons. He is studiously polite, well-poised, and of unobtrusive habit. As a consequence, he merits and receives universal esteem. He owns a large and well-cultivated plantation in Mississippi, and his wealth is estimated at nearly one hundred thousand dollars. Several ladies of the best Mississippi families, who were impoverished by the war, now hold clerical positions in the several departments through Mr. Bruce’s intercession while a Senator.
—Daily Alta California, Volume 41, Number 13563, 18 October 1886——-en–20–1181–txt-txIN-Bogy——-1
Border-line Madness
In 1966 I was fourteen years old, living in Southern California, and just beginning to understand the world around me. Occasionally we would cross the border for a day-trip to Tijuana, where I saw poverty that I had never seen before. Everything in Mexico was cheaper—much cheaper—but at what a price! Street kids in rags and bare feet; dusty, unpaved streets filled with an obstacle-course’s worth of potholes; wizened old men selling donkey rides or piñatas; wizened old women selling flowers or tortillas; an indescribable cocktail of odours both delicious and disgusting. And that was in the “nice” parts of Tijuana, where my mother took us.
Even then, there were more or less constant stories of Mexicans trying to cross the border. They were called “wetbacks” because some of them crossed by swimming a river, but I suspect a lot more of them were driven across in vans and trucks. At fourteen, I thought to myself, “If I were stuck in poverty like that, I would be a wetback, too.” It was clear to me then, and it is clear to me now: if the richest nation on earth shares a border with a country plagued by poverty, corruption, and violence, only one result is possible.
I had learned in school about the Marshall Plan. After World War II, the nations of Western Europe were in ruins. The U.S. feared that without significant aid their economies would struggle badly, depriving the U.S. of trading partners and inviting the growth of political movements friendly to the Soviet Union. The Marshall Plan’s actual impact on Europe’s economic recovery is still being debated, but Europe did recover. To my 14-year-old mind, the connection with Mexico was obvious. “We need a Marshall Plan for Mexico!” I thought.
Instead, we built fences and turned the border into a Berlin Wall. In this case, however, people were not being shot at as they tried to escape. Instead, they were rounded up and sent back to Mexico. Some of them, anyway. Others crossed successfully and found that Americans were delighted to employ them at wages no American would accept, often doing work that few Americans would do. Like so many immigrants, they worked non-stop, sent money back home, saved all they could, and in many cases built better lives for themselves and their children.
Many Americans are outrageously hypocritical about “undocumented workers.” They love the cheap vegetables the undocumented harvest, they love the cheap chickens they process, but they don’t like them. Racism is a big factor, of course. Personally, I’m with Walt Whitman and Emma Lazarus: let them all come in! If there is work for them, if they can build a better life, they will come and they will stay. If not, they will either leave, or not come at all.
On the other hand, it would be cheaper and more humane, even at this late date, to bring back the Marshall Plan idea, on a much bigger scale (it’s not only Mexicans, now) so that millions of people don’t have to leave their homelands just to have a decent life. Imbalance never lasts in nature. If poverty is on one side of a permeable membrane called a “border,” and wealth is on the other side, osmosis will take place until a balance is reached.
To imagine that walls and fences and border cops will overturn the laws of nature is . . . madness.
Whitman & Lazarus on the crisis at the border
We asked the Brooklyn poet, Walter Whitman, for his thoughts about the “crisis at the border,” and he sent us this:
Unscrew the locks from the doors!
Unscrew the doors themselves from their jambs!
Though somewhat obscure, Mr. Whitman’s view of the situation seems to align with that of Emma Lazarus:
Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!
Election disputes, voter fraud, violence, and my great-great-uncle, the Senator
Lewis Vital Bogy (1813 – 1877). Photo: Mathew Brady.
America in 2020-21, it turns out, is a lot like America in 1876-77.
The disputed presidential election of 1876 finally resulted in a back-room deal that put the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, in the White House. In return, federal troops were removed from the states of the Confederacy, thus ending Reconstruction and marking the start of the Jim Crow era in which Southern whites reasserted political domination of their states through a campaign of terror, intimidation, and racist legislation.
In the following newspaper dispatch from January 1877, Senator John Sherman of Ohio, brother of the Civil War general, William Tecumseh Sherman, debates with . . . my great-great-uncle, Senator Lewis Vital Bogy (1813 – 1877). Bogy—whose own election three years previously was widely reported to have resulted from bribery of the electors—was a Missouri Democrat whose grandfather, Joseph Baugis, was a French-Canadian who had left Quebec at the age of 14 and arrived in the Mississippi River Valley, where he engaged in the fur trade and eventually became the owner of eleven slaves on his property in Arkansas. Senator Bogy would die just months after this debate, in September 1877. His brother, Benjamin Ignace Bogy, was my great-great-grandfather. Most of the family (whose name is pronounced with a soft g or zh sound) subsequently became staunch bourgeois Republicans.
The capper to Sen. Bogy’s argument comes when he claims that Southerners “had been forced to resort to violence” and that “Southern whites had a right to rebel against State Governments forced on them by the Federal Government and sustained by Federal bayonets.” Oh, boy. I cannot say I am sorry to have missed those family gatherings with Uncle Lewis.
[It should be noted that Sen. Bogy’s older brother, Joseph Bogy III (1808 – 1881) ran for Congress (unsuccessfully) in 1863 as an “Unconditional Unionist” and did not share the Senator’s political views, at least. On the other hand, his younger brother and, alas, my great-great-grandfather, Benjamin Ignace Bogy (1829 – 1900) joined the Confederate calvary under General Marmaduke.]
Washington, January 9th.—SENATE.—By unanimous consent, the House bill absolutely abolishing the District of Columbia Police Commissioners, and to transfer their duties to the District Commissioners, passed.
The resolution ordering the arrest of the recusant witness Runyon passed without division.
Wallace’s resolution concerning the Electoral count was then considered. [Sen. John] Sherman [R-Ohio] spoke at length, and claimed that the evidence before the Louisiana Returning Board justified their action.
The Senate discussed the resolutions of Wallace, in regard to the count of the Electoral vote, during the whole afternoon, when they were laid aside, and the bill to perfect the revision of the Statutes of the United States was taken up, so as to come up as unfinished business to-morrow.
Sherman said the Louisiana Electors had already voted for Hayes and Wheeler. The vote was duly authenticated and delivered to the President of the Senate, and was entitled to credit. Hayes and Wheeler were legally entitled to that vote. He reiterated that Hayes had not sought the office, and would gain no honor by receiving it wrongfully, but if Constitutionally preferred, he was not to be tricked. He (Sherman) would accept any plan for an honest count of the vote. He read from the Louisiana law requiring the Returning Board to reject the votes in parishes where fraud and violence prevailed. He paid a tribute to the honesty of the Board and their respect for the law, rather than the Influence which was brought to bear on them. He reviewed the character of the evidence before the Board, which, he said, compelled them to act as they did about throwing out returns. This violence, he asserted, was to compel men to vote the Democratic ticket and elect Tilden. The intimidation extended to Mississippi, and these votes were to be counted for S. J. Tilden. The evidence before the ; Senate I Committee would show that Henry Pinkston owed his death to cheers uttered at a Republican meeting. If such intimidation extended to other States North and West, law would end. Tilden’s inauguration would be the greatest misfortune that could befall the country. He did not fear Tilden and his four years’ of power, but did fear such means of electing him. Tllden’s term of office would be dishonored from the beginning. The blood of hundreds of men would be on his garments. In Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia improper means had prevented Republicans from voting. In closing, he denied that the Government paid the expenses of the Republican Visiting Committee to New Orleans. Gov. Hayes did not know he was going, nor did Hayes make a suggestion concerning his course there. He was proud of the willingness of the country to acquiesce in the result.
[Sen. Lewis V.] Bogy [D-Missouri] said he had heard the most humiliating effort ever made upon the floor of the Senate. Sherman’s speech amazed him. It was incomprehensible. If Sherman spoke truly of the condition of things in Louisiana, then the country had retrograded to the darkest ages of barbarism. If Louisians were assassins, it, disgraced the country as well as that State. He denounced the testimony alluded to by Sherman as that of villains and perjurers. He would, in the future, explain how the crimes in Louisiana were brought about, on account of the recent emancipation of a race not yet in a condition to enjoy the privileges given them by the Constitution. Kellogg, Packard and other men were responsible for the condition of things in that State. Whites there were as peaceable and law-abiding as anywhere. Tilden should not be inaugurated, if elected as Sherman claimed; but he was honestly elected.
Boutwell and Bogy engaged in a discussion of some length, involving the question of outrages in Mississippi, Bogy claiming that the Mississippi Committee last year had greatly exaggerated the facts, and had the worst witnesses before them.
Boutwell denied this. He wondered that a people who had spent so much money and lost so many lives for the perpetuity of the Union would calmly see such outrages in the South.
Bogy retorted by alluding to the carpet-baggers sent South by Boutwell and his friends to administer Governments. He particularly denounced the Ames Administration as an outrage and disgrace to the country. The negroes in Mississippi were now treated with more respect than in Massachusetts. Southern whites had been forced to resort to violence, as the people of San Francisco had some years ago. It was the great American common law of self-defence.
Boutwell and Sherman said that was admitting that violence prevailed there. Sherman said the people of New York, when Tweed stole his millions, did not resort to violence.
Bogy said the Southern whites had a right to rebel against State Governments forced on them by the Federal Government and sustained by Federal bayonets. . . .
—Daily Alta California, Volume 29, Number 9774, 10 January 1877——-en–20–121–txt-txIN-Bogy——-1
Senator Bogy’s character is further illuminated by this 1881 piece recalling his interaction with a fellow Senator, Blanche Kelso Bruce.
Hon. Blanche Kelso Bruce of Mississippi. Photo: Mathew Brady. The chair appears to be the same one used in the photo of Senator Bogy, above. Presumably, both photos were made at the start of their term in office in 1874.
Senator Bruce (1841 – 1898) was the first African-American elected to the Senate to serve a full term. He was defeated for re-election in 1880 by a white Democrat and former Confederate officer in the Civil War. Bruce was just one of many black politicians who lost their offices after Reconstruction ended in 1877. The son of a white plantation owner and one of his house-slaves, Bruce studied at Oberlin College for two years. When the Civil War began he deliberately went to Kansas, a “free state,” to gain his freedom (and almost lost his life in Quantrill’s raid on Lawrence, Kansas in 1863—see the link to his 1886 newspaper interview, below). In 1864 he opened a school for black children in Mark Twain’s hometown, Hannibal, Missouri. —Wikipedia
A Story of Two Senators
The late Senator Bogy of Missouri was anxious to have a pension-bill passed one day for a constituent, and came over to the Republican side to ask support for it. He approached the colored Senator from Mississippi [Sen. Blanche Bruce, elected in 1874, the same year that Bogy was elected], and said:
“Now look here, Bruce, vote for this, won’t you? I only want another vote or two, and you can carry it through for me. It is a meritorious case.”
“Certainly,” said Senator Bruce. “You know, Senator, that I have always been willing to do you any favor you asked.”
“Sir,” replied the Missouri Senator, “I never asked you a favor in my life till this moment.”
“Oh, yes, you have,” replied Bruce. “You may remember once, many years ago, that you were going from St. Louis down the river on a steamboat, and you were hurrying along to catch the boat with a big valise. You passed a little barefooted mulato, and said: ‘Here, you little black rascal, take this valise and come on with me.’ The boy took the hand-bag, and when you came near the boat, you saw it was about to push off, and you ran on ahead and just crossed the gang-plank when it was drawn in. The boy, however, had not been able to keep up with you, and arrived too late. You stood on the lower deck and yelled: ‘Throw that valise aboard, you black rascal; I can’t go without my valise.’ But the boat moved out till the boy was afraid it would fall into the river if be tried to throw it, and, besides, he expected to receive a quarter for carrying it, and you had, apparently, forgotten all about that. The valise was not thrown and you made the captain of the boat come back to the dock again to get it, and the boy collected the quarter. Now do you remember that circumstance, Senator?” concluded Bruce.
“I do,” admitted Senator Bogy.
“Well,” said Bruce, “I was the little mulatto-boy that carried your valise, and I am just as ready to accommodate you to-day as I was then. I’ll vote for your bill.”
—The Weekly Calistogian, Volume IV, Number 16, 6 April 1881——-en–20–241–txt-txIN-Bogy——-1
Twelve years after that story was published, Frank G. Carpenter re-told it rather differently in the San Francisco Call:
Returning to Senator Bruce: He had a number of curious experiences during that first term in the Senate, and one of the queerest of these was when old Senator Bogy asked him to vote for a bill which he had before the Senate. Bogy was one of the most aristocratic of the Senators. He came from an old St. Louis family, and as he asked Bruce to do this, he sat down beside him. Bruce laughed as he made the request, and said, “Senator Bogy, I think we can arrange this transaction better than we did our last business matter.”
“What do you mean?” said Bogy. “I never did any business with you before.”
“Don’t you remember meeting me before coming to the Senate?” said Bruce.
“No, I do not,” replied Bogy.
“Well,” said Bruce, “I am not surprised at that, for it was more than twenty years ago. You were trying to catch a steamer at St. Louis and you had a heavy bag with you. The day was hot and the perspiration was rolling off you in streams. A colored boy ran up to you and grabbed the bag, and he carried it for you to the wharf. You got there just as the boat was about to start. You jumped on and called for the valise. The colored boy stuck to the valise and called for his quarter. You had to go through every one of your pockets before you could find a quarter and throw it ashore. Then the boat was too far out for the boy to throw the valise. The captain had to stop the boat and come back to the wharf for you to get your valise. Now, do you remember?”
“Yes, I remember,” replied Senator Bogy; “but I don’t see where you come in.”
“Oh,” replied Bruce, “I was the colored boy who got the quarter.”
—San Francisco Call, Volume 74, Number 151, 29 October 1893——-en–20–461–txt-txIN-Bogy——-1
In an 1886 newspaper interview, Bruce told the story himself, again in a slightly different way:
“Why, sir, what do you mean?” excitedly replied the Missouri Senator, “we have never met before that I can recollect, and certainly have never had any business transactions together of any character.”
“Yes,” replied Senator Bogy, “I remember the incident as well as if it had occurred yesterday. I was the gentleman, and we had quite a scene of it. But what has that do with any business transaction between us?”
“Very much!” I replied laughingly, “since you were the gentleman and I was the colored boy whom you endeavored, while in haste to catch the boat, to beat out of a quarter of a dollar he had fairly, earned.” Senator Bogy laughed heartily at the reminiscence, and we shook hands. I helped him pass his bill just to demonstrate that strange things frequently happen in this world, and that I bore him no malice. Who could have foreseen that the irate gentleman and the colored slave boy would have met years afterward as peers and colleagues in the Senate of the United States!
For the full interview with Senator Bruce, see “Senator Blanche K. Bruce’s story, in his own words.
Having characters like Senator Bogy in my family tree, and growing up where I did, made me wonder how I ever turned out so differently. For my answer, have a look at Dear Maury.
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SEX DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION. The sex distribution of population refers to the classification of a given population according to sex or gender (i.e. male and female).
A knowledge of the total number of males and females in a country will assist the government to make the necessary plans to cater for the population.
Nature has, however, tried to balance the number of males with that of the female in such a way that the difference in number between the two is usually very small.
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The law of diminishing marginal utility states than as a consumer consumes successive units commodity, a point is eventually reached where consumption of an additional unit yields less satisfaction.
In other words, it states that satisfaction derived from consuming successive units of a commodity will diminish as the
consumption of the commodity increases, is, the total utility increases as more commodity is consumed but increases at a diminishing rate.
The concept of diminishing marginal holds that as additional units of a commodity are consumed, less and less satisfaction is added to total utility and later adds nothing to total utility and later adds nothings to total utility.
Further consumption leads to negative values, then total utility diminishes as reflected in the total
utility curve dropping downwards.
For example, a person just coming a sunny, hot weather will definitely need some cups of cold water to quench his thirst. The first three, four may give him maximum satisfaction.
After that, decreases in satisfaction sets more and more cups of water are consumed until he/she is in a position not to consume anymore. The satisfaction or utility derived from cold in this regard diminishes as the consumption of water from a certain point increases.
The law of diminishing marginal utility can demonstrated with the aid of a table or schedule.
Table or schedule demonstrating the law of diminishing marginal utility.
No. of cups of cold water consumedTotal utilityAverage utilityMarginal utility
1 2 3 4 5 6 79 16 24 30 34 36 369 8 8 7.5 6.8 6 5.1– 9 8 6 4 2 0
The law of diminishing marginal utility has been largely criticised on the basis of its assumptions,
of the assumptions are not realistic.
• The assumption that all commodities are divisible into small units is unrealistic. Houses, cars, etc are in large forms and cannot be divided into small units. So their supply cannot be in small units but in whole units.
• Due to the influence of habit and impulse, people do not always weigh the marginal utility of commodities before purchasing them. So, the assumption that people must weigh the marginal utility to be derived from any commodity before purchasing it is not true.
• The law of diminishing marginal utility does not start operating as soon as consumption is increased. Before the point of origin is reached, marginal utility has increased.
• It is not always true that marginal utility decreases with increased consumption of a commodity. Certain commodities, when consumed, will lead to a corresponding increase in their demand, e.g. money, precious stones and jewellery.
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Easy Farming
Easy Farming
2016 edition of "The World of Organic Agriculture"
Why Study History? (1998)
The Importance of History
Climate Change and the Origins of Agriculture
The traditional understanding of the history of agriculture begins in the ancient Near East and Southwest Asia, about 10,000 years ago, but it has its roots in the climatic changes at the tail end of the Upper Paleolithic, called the Epipaleolithic, about 10,000 years earlier.
It has to be said that recent archaeological and climate studies suggest that the process may have been slower and begun earlier than 10,000 years ago; and may well have been much more widespread than in the near east/southwest Asia. But there is no doubt that a significant amount of domestication invention occurred in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period.
History of Agriculture Timeline
• Last Glacial Maximum ca 18,000 BC
• Early Epipaleolithic 18,000-12,000 BC
• Late Epipaleolithic 12,000-9,600 BC
• Younger Dryas 10,800-9,600 BC
• Early Aceramic Neolithic 9,600-8,000 BC
• Late Aceramic Neolithic 8,000-6,900 BC
Agriculture history
Agricultural History is the journal of record in the field. As such, it publishes articles on all aspects of the history of agriculture and rural life with no geographical or temporal limits. The editors are particularly interested in articles that address a novel subject, demonstrate considerable primary and secondary research, display an original interpretation, and are of general interest to Society members and other Agricultural History readers.
The journal is edited by Albert Way at Kennesaw State University. More information is available on the editorial office and policies.
Accessing the journal is easy. The entire run of Agricultural History is full-text searchable and available for purchase and download, either by the entire issue or individual article, on JSTOR. Current AHS members who have an electronic membership have access to the entire run of the journal. Want to become a member? Click here.
Where Did Crops Originate?
Gradual advancement
Over the next 8,500 years, agriculture evolved relatively slowly. Through trial and error, farmers around the world began to breed better plants.
They naturally noticed that not all plants within a species were the same. Some grew larger, tasted better or were easier to grind into meal. They simply began to save seeds from the best plants and sow them for the next year’s harvest.
Over hundreds of generations, this led to the transformation of wild plants into the larger, tastier grains and vegetables we know today.
During the Bronze and Iron Ages, stone and wooden tools were replaced by stronger, more efficient metal tools. However, farming remained a time- and labor-intensive pursuit that involved nearly 80% of the world’s population.
The agricultural revolution
The origins of agriculture
For most of human history, we were hunter-gatherers. And then, about 10,000 years ago, we began to domesticate plants and animals as a way to make our food supply more accessible and predictable. In many ways, the birth of agriculture can be defined as the moment we stopped chasing our food and started raising it.
As humans have advanced agriculture, agriculture has reshaped human civilization. For the most part, these changes have been good ones. But as we enter a new era of human history, agriculture faces new challenges and new responsibilities.
Without a time machine, it’s impossible to know the exact date on which the first human held a seed in his or her hand and thought: “If I plant this in the ground, I’ll know exactly where to find food in a few months.”
A Short History of Agriculture
Before Agriculture
Before agriculture, people lived by hunting wild animals and gathering edible plants. When the herds were plentiful and the plants flourishing, life was good. But, when the herds migrated elsewhere, people had to follow them and often discover a whole new set of plants to supplement their diet.
Hunters eventually realized that their prey was much easier to kill if it were walled up in a box canyon. Better yet, they could capture the prey and keep it in a cave for future use. Archaeological finds show that early humans imprisoned giant ground sloth's in this way. Entrapment, however, was a temporary measure. Not thinking of the future, hungry humans gorged themselves, then, when the sloths had all been eaten, they sought out more sloths. maintaining a herd by breeding and nurturing wasn't yet practiced.
The History of Agriculture
For most of our existence, humans were hunter-gatherers. This means that people lived a nomadic lifestyle, moving with the seasons to follow the food supply. As the glaciers retreated and plant life patterns and growth areas changed in response, it meant that the need to move so often became slightly less essential - though undoubtedly the lifestyle carried on for thousands of years as people sought to maximize their resource acquisition (4, p574-5). Hunter-gatherer societies would have known which crops were best to exploit with each season.
Agriculture 1
The word agriculture is the English adaptation of Latin agricultura, from ager, "a field" and cultura, "cultivation" in the strict sense of "tillage of the soil". Thus, a literal reading of the word yields "tillage of a field / of fields".
Agriculture refers to the production of food and fiber and other goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was a key development that led to the rise in civilization raising of domesticated animals. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. The related practice of gardening is studied in horticulture.
Multiple Origins of Agriculture
Some of the earliest archeological evidence for agriculture comes from the Yellow River region of China, where the people raised rice and millet some fifteen thousand years ago. By thirteen thousand years ago, when warmer and wetter weather followed the end of the Pleistocene ice age, people in the Fertile Crescent, an area that today includes Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Israel, and Lebanon, cultivated wild grasses, which were the ancestors of barley and emmer and einkorn wheat, as well as lentils and chickpeas. The fields of grasses supported grazing animal populations.
Striking evidence of early agriculture is a ten thousand-year-old farming village in Jericho in the Jordan Valley built over the remains of a hunter-gatherer settlement. The farm was larger and supported more people, and included permanent homes and evidence of irrigation, including walls to hold back floods and ditches. Barley flourished in nearby fields.
Agriculture is the raising of domesticated animals and the planting, cultivation, and preservation of crops. Agriculture entails selective breeding of organisms with combinations of inherited characteristics that benefit humans (and not necessarily the organisms themselves), and so these practices have over time greatly influenced the course of evolution of these animals. Agriculture arose thousands of years ago in different parts of the world. The steps were similar in different places, but the types of organisms that were raised or cultivated differed. Underlying all of agriculture is human control of the environment.
From Hunting and Gathering to Intentional Intervention
History of Agriculture
The scale below provides an indication of how recent the phenomenon of farming is:
The world was formed ca 4, 600 million years ago.
Eukaryotic life forms: ca. 1,000 million years ago
First hominid life forms 4 million years ago (hunter gatherers)
First human farmers: about 12,000 years ago.
Global Agricultural Evolution: 1650 – 1850 AD
Modern Agricultural Evolution: 1950 - present
Some of the food gathering mechanisms utilised by hunter-gatherer societies were relatively advanced.
In such conditions of trial-and-error experimentation and manipulation of species, the scene was set for the domestication of plants and animals. In addition, these hunter-gatherer societies probably paved the way for domestication by developing :
Social structure (promote cooperation)
Knowledge of cultivation techniques
Specialization on particular plant/animal foods
Domestication versus cultivation
The Farming Revolution
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National Institute of Standards and Technology/Tag Hartman-Simkins
Quantum Hackers
Researchers: Quantum Computers Could Become Ultimate Hacking Tool
byVictor Tangermann
12. 5. 18
National Institute of Standards and Technology/Tag Hartman-Simkins
Luckily we're already working on a solution.
A Secure Threat
Cracking today’s most secure encryption would either take a really long time or massive computing power.
But even the most secure data encryption algorithms could soon become ineffective — and it’s all the fault of quantum computers.
Quantum Hackers
The age of quantum computing is almost upon us. In a matter of years, quantum computers could become far more powerful than the digital computers we use now.
Harnessing the power of quantum computers could undermine current encryption methods in a matter of days. At least, that’s according to a new report by experts at the U.S. National Academics of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Their fear: significant security loopholes could crop up if hackers get their hands on powerful quantum computers before quantum-proof encryption methods become mainstream. Even worse, they predict it could take decades for those quantum-proof systems to roll out across banks, hospitals and other institutions that you don’t want to get hacked.
Quantum for the Masses
But not all is lost. Startups like ISARA, a Canadian firm, are already working on encryption methods that are resistant to quantum hacking, the MIT Technology Review reports.
That’s a good thing, because it’s better to be safe than sorry.
READ MORE: Quantum computers pose a security threat that we’re still totally unprepared for [MIT Technology Review]
More on quantum security: Quantum Video Call Displays the Future of Secure Communication
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Hydrogen Planes Offer Solution to ‘Flight Shame’.
As the world looks for new ways to combat climate change, hydrogen has emerged as a potential saviour for polluting industries like aviation.
It’s the most common element in the world, and packs more energy than conventional aviation jet fuel without the side effect of producing massive emissions of carbon dioxide.
But hydrogen and air travel have a complicated history.
More than 80 years ago the hydrogen-filled Hindenburg airship burst into flames when attempting to moor at Lakehurst in New Jersey.
The extent to which the buoyant hydrogen gas can be blamed for the disaster has been the subject of much debate.
A close up photo of the hindenberg ship burning in the sky.
The Hindenburg burst into flames and came crashing to the ground in 1937.(US Navy: Gus Pasquarella via Wikimedia Commons)
But the image of the airship crashing to the ground is something the aviation industry is hoping to leave behind as it re-embraces hydrogen.
One company is confident it can make it work, and is hoping to take paying passengers on a hydrogen-powered flight within just a few years.
The push for hydrogen flight
From its base at Kemble in England’s scenic Cotswolds, ZeroAvia is developing an aircraft that could make the world’s first commercial hydrogen-electric flight in 2024, between London and Rotterdam in the Netherlands.
The benefit of using hydrogen fuel cells, ZeroAvia argues, is that the only waste product is clean water.
“It’s essentially a zero-emission process,” says Sergey Kiselev, who heads ZeroAvia’s Europe division.
“The only by-product is water vapour.”
The concept has won financial backing from the UK government and from IAG, the parent company of British Airways.
While hydrogen played at least a partial role in the Hindenburg crash, the team at ZeroAvia says modern storage systems make it a reliable fuel.
“Certainly hydrogen is safe,” says John Kells, the company’s head of technical operations.
“Today there are electric vehicles with hydrogen fuel cell systems and it’s not more dangerous than kerosene [which fuels modern-day jets].”
Hydrogen is much lighter than air, so will quickly dissipate when released, unlike regular fuel, ZeroAvia says.
But developing the plane hasn’t been easy.
In September 2020, the team from ZeroAvia reached a major milestone after performing a take-off, circuits and landing in a six-seater Piper Malibu powered by hydrogen fuel cells.
The plane carried out dozens of successful test flights. Then in April this year, it crashed.
A small propeller-driven plan lies in pieces on a grassy field.
The 6-seat hydrogen fuel cell plane was badly damaged during a test flight but nobody was injured.(Supplied)
The plane made a forced landing in a field near Cranfield airport, in Bedfordshire.
While trying to come to a stop on the uneven surface, one of its wings was torn off. Nobody was hurt.
“I think when you test novel technology, things like that happen,” Mr Kiselev tells the ABC.
He says while the incident is still being investigated, the hydrogen itself was not the cause.
“We’ve gone through quite a bit of learning … to avoid that and make sure that doesn’t happen again.”
Stephen Lawes, who was on the plane when it crashed, is still convinced hydrogen is the future.
“The technology we’ve got today works,” he says.
“You don’t have to wait until 2030, 2040, 2050. You can do it now, basically.”
Just outside ZeroAvia’s hangar at the airport in the Cotswolds are dozens of fossil-fuel-guzzling passenger jets.
They were sent there for temporary storage during the COVID-19 pandemic. But the long-term future of some of these jets is in doubt, amid a push for greener flying.
‘Flight shame’ prompts focus on green travel
As travel restrictions ease, passengers are keen to return to the skies.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is forecasting 3.4 billion passengers next year, up from 2.3 billion in 2021.
The dark silhouette of a woman pulling a small suitcase at a busy airport with two planes visible through the window behind her.
Some young travellers say they plan to reduce their air travel as a result of worries around global warming.(AAP: Paul Miller)
At the same time, there is growing community awareness about air travel’s contribution to climate change.
It currently accounts for about 2.5 per cent of global emissions, but some forecasts predict that figure could reach about 25 per cent by 2050.
A McKinsey survey of 5,300 passengers found that more than 50 per cent were “really worried” about global warming.
Forty per cent of those aged between 18 and 24 said they planned to reduce their air travel as a result.
“We’ve got the social support,” Mr Lawes says.
“There’s this big wave coming, supporting change.”
Duration: 17 minutes 13 seconds
Play Video. Duration: 17 minutes 13 seconds
Taking Off: What it takes to get planes back in the air
Instead of building a new plane from scratch, ZeroAvia is installing hydrogen gas tanks inside a 19-seat Dornier 228 regional airliner.
The company is hoping airlines will be more likely to adopt the technology if they can add it to their existing planes.
The hydrogen fuel cells will power electric motors, which will rotate the propellers.
“It sounds easy, but it isn’t,” Mr Lawes cautions.
ZeroAvia make their own fuel on-site, passing an electrical current through water to split it into oxygen and hydrogen.
“The beauty of hydrogen electrolysis is it needs only two inputs. One is water, the second is electricity,” Mr Kiselev says.
A man wearing a fluro orange vest crosses his arms in front of a plane.
Sergey Kiselev says his team learnt important lessons when their plane crashed.(ABC News: Andrew Greaves)
However, for the process to be truly carbon zero, the electricity needs to come from renewable sources.
Mr Kiselev says so-called green hydrogen presents big opportunities for countries like Australia.
“Especially in Australia with all the solar resources, there can be quite a bit of renewable power … generated very close to airports,” he says.
Green hydrogen currently accounts for just 1 per cent of global supply. But it’s not the only pathway to a greener future for aviation.
Alternative green options for travel
For small planes, electric propulsion is already shaping up as a viable alternative.
But while batteries are becoming increasingly efficient, they still don’t pack the punch required for longer trips.
A group of planes sit behind a barbed wire fence on the tarmac.
Passenger jets in storage at the Cotswolds airport.(ABC News: Andrew Greaves)
One of the world’s biggest aircraft manufacturers, Airbus, is also putting its faith in hydrogen. But instead of using the gas to supply a fuel cell, it plans to burn hydrogen in its liquid form.
It’s working on three concept designs for a ‘ZEROe’ aircraft, which it’s hoping to have in service by 2035.
One of them looks unlike any passenger aircraft currently in the sky, requiring a radical new design if it’s to store enough hydrogen to fly long-haul.
Jo Dardenne, the aviation manager at the European sustainability group Transport and Environment, says the world can’t wait until 2035 to drastically cut long-haul airline emissions.
“You don’t need a new airframe like a hydrogen plane, you can just use today’s technology,” she says.
Ms Dardenne says sustainable aviation fuel (SAFs) like e-kerosene, also known as electrofuel or synthetic kerosene, provide the best short-term solution.
That’s because it can be blended with conventional jet fuel (kerosene) and used in today’s aircraft.
“That’s the beauty of electrofuel. It can be treated as normal kerosene.”
The fuel is made by combining green hydrogen with CO2 captured from the atmosphere, at high temperature. This produces a crude oil which is later refined.
When it’s burned, e-kerosene emits the same amount of carbon as was previously removed from the atmosphere during its production, making it carbon neutral.
In January, Dutch airline KLM flew the first regular passenger journey using sustainably-produced synthetic kerosene.
However, the 500 litres produced by oil giant Shell represented just 5 per cent of the total fuel needed for the flight from Amsterdam to Madrid.
Sustainable synthetic kerosene isn’t being produced on a large scale. In October, a new plant opened in Germany, promising to produce just over 300 gallons a day.
That would only fill about 5 per cent of a single Boeing 737-800’s fuel tanks.
Jo Dardenne says that until production is drastically ramped up, electrofuels will struggle to compete with cheaper jet fuel.
“That’s why we need governments to invest in them… and make sure they force airlines to shift towards those kinds of fuels.”
Yet while all these technologies promise to reduce the airline industry’s carbon emissions, one major problem remains.
Carbon is not the only enemy
If you look up at the sky, sometimes you can spot white condensation trails behind a plane when it passes overhead.
These are called contrails, and according to scientists, they can have a significant impact on the environment.
Multiple white lines across a blue sky
Contrails are largely made of water vapour that comes out of aircraft exhausts.(Wikimedia Commons: NOAA)
“The consensus is… contrails have an effect that is similar in magnitude, if not larger, than the total effect from CO2 emissions,” says Dr Marc Stettler, a senior lecturer in transport and the environment at Imperial College London.
A plane’s hot exhaust produces water vapour which clings to soot particles emitted from the engines.
In the cold sky, these particles freeze, creating clouds of ice crystals.
While the clouds can sometimes reflect the sun’s radiation and cool the planet, Dr Stettler says the overall effect is to trap heat that would otherwise be lost into space.
However, there is a potential solution.
By predicting the atmospheric conditions that are most likely to produce the longest-lasting contrails, airlines and traffic controllers can stop planes flying through them.
After studying Japanese airspace, researchers at Imperial College, led by Dr Stettler, concluded that by altering the altitude of less than 2 per cent of total flights, you could reduce contrail-related climate change by 59 per cent.
“This isn’t something that we need to do for every single flight” he tells the ABC.
“[But] I do think we need to be creative about how we reduce the climate impact of aviation.”
E-kerosene promises to reduce the impact of contrails by burning more cleanly than regular jet fuel.
Hydrogen combustion engines like those planned by Airbus will be even cleaner, but may still emit particles that cause contrails to form, Dr Stettler says.
And hydrogen fuel cell aircraft, like Zero Avia’s, will theoretically produce only water vapour.
But Dr Stettler says it’s still unclear how quickly those contrails will disappear.
“In terms of hydrogen [planes], the jury’s out in terms of their effect on contrails.”
He says while technology catches up, passengers may have to think carefully about the impact their flights are having on the environment, and potentially pay more for their pollution.
But he hopes the “privilege” of flight can still be experienced by more than just the most fortunate in society.
“We are a global community and I think we are better for it.
“We really don’t want to be building walls.”
Source: Opera News
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1) Penicillin was considered a "miracle drug" for all of the complying with reasons EXCEPT
A) it was the very first antibiotic.
You are watching: In what way are semisynthetic penicillins and natural penicillins alike?
B) it does not impact eukaryotic cells.
C) it inhibits gram-positive cell wall synthesis.
D) it has actually selective toxicity.
E) it death bacteria.
2) A drug that inhibits mitosis, such as griseofulvin, would certainly be much more effective against
A) gram-positive bacteria.
B) gram-negative bacteria.
C) fungi.
D) wall-less bacteria.
E) mycobacteria.
3) many of the easily accessible antimicrobial agents are effective against
A) viruses.
B) bacteria.
C) fungi.
D) protozoa.
E) every one of the answers are correct.
4) Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) generally work by
A) inhibiting protein synthesis.
B) disrupting the plasma membrane.
C) complementary basic pairing through DNA.
D) inhibiting cell-wall synthesis.
E) hydrolyzing peptidoglycan.
5) In what method are semisynthetic penicillins and also natural penicillins alike?
A) Both are vast spectrum.
B) Both space resistant come penicillinase.
C) Both space resistant to stomach acids.
D) Both space bactericidal.
E) Both are based upon β-lactam.
6) which of the complying with antibiotics is not bactericidal?
A) aminoglycosides
B) cephalosporins
C) polyenes
D) rifampins
E) penicillin
7) Which among the complying with does no belong through the others?
A) bacitracin
B) cephalosporin
C) monobactam
D) penicillin
E) streptomycin
The antibiotic tetracycline binds to the 30S subunit the the ribosome, as displayed by the dark black bar ~ above the right portion of the diagram in number 20.1. The impact is to
A) stop attachment of DNA.
B) prevent peptide link formation.
C) stop transcription.
D) protect against the ribosomes from moving along the mRNA.
E) interfere v the attachment of the tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex.
The antibiotic chloramphenicol binds to the 50S subunit the the ribosome, as shown in number 20.2. The effect is to
A) protect against mRNA-ribosome binding in eukaryotes.
B) stop peptide bond formation in prokaryotes.
C) avoid polypeptide elongation in eukaryotes.
D) prevent transcription in prokaryotes.
E) stop ribosome development in bacteria.
10) which of the complying with antimicrobial agents has the fewest side effects?
A) streptomycin
B) tetracycline
C) penicillin
D) erythromycin
E) chloramphenicol
11) i m sorry of the following drugs does no act by vain inhibition?
A) ethambutol
B) isoniazid
C) streptomycin
D) sulfonamide
E) trimethoprim
12) which of the adhering to methods of action would be bacteriostatic?
A) competitive inhibition v folic mountain synthesis
B) inhibition that protein synthesis
C) injury come plasma membrane
D) inhibition the cell wall synthesis
E) compete inhibition through DNA gyrase
13) i m sorry of the adhering to antibiotics is recommended for use versus gram-negative bacteria?
A) polyenes
B) bacitracin
C) cephalosporin
D) penicillin
E) polymyxin
14) i beg your pardon of the adhering to antimicrobial agents is recommended for use versus fungal infections?
A) amphotericin B
B) bacitracin
C) cephalosporin
D) penicillin
E) polymyxin
15) 5) In Table 20.1, as shown by the data shown, the minimal bactericidal concentration of antibiotic X is
A) 2 μg/ml.
B) 10 μg/ml.
C) 15 μg/ml.
D) 25 μg/ml.
E) The answer can not be determined based on the info provided.
16) In Table 20.1, the minimal inhibitory concentration that antibiotic X is
A) 2 μg/ml.
B) 10 μg/ml.
C) 15 μg/ml.
D) 25 μg/ml.
E) The answer can not be determined based upon the details provided.
17) an ext than fifty percent of ours antibiotics are
A) created by fungi.
B) created by bacteria.
C) synthesized in laboratories.
D) developed by Fleming.
E) created by eukaryotic bio organisms.
18) to date, most of our natural antibiotics have actually been found to be produced by members that what genus?
A) Streptomyces
B) Bacillus
C) Penicillium
D) Paenibacillus
E) Cephalosporium
19) which of the following is mismatched?
A) Ehrlich — "magic bullet" theory
B) Fleming — initial identification of penicillin"s impact on gram-positive microbial growth
C) Florey and Chain — identification of Penicillium together the producer the penicillin
D) Kirby and also Bauer — disc-diffusion method
E) none of these is mismatched.
20) i beg your pardon compound would be the most helpful to act candidiasis?
A) uracil
B) thymine
C) flucytosine
D) guanine
E) penicillin
21) which of the adhering to antibiotics are used to law fungal infections?
A) 1, 2, and 3
B) 3 and 4
C) 3, 4, and also 5
D) 4 and 5
E) all of these antibiotics are offered to act fungal infections.
22) i beg your pardon of the following antibiotics does not interfere with cell wall synthesis?
A) cephalosporins
B) macrolides
C) natural penicillins
D) semisynthetic penicillins
E) vancomycin
23) The antimicrobial drugs with the broadest spectrum of task are
A) aminoglycosides.
B) chloramphenicol.
C) penicillin G.
D) macrolides.
E) tetracyclines.
24) which of the adhering to statements is FALSE?
A) Fluoroquinolone inhibits DNA synthesis.
B) Acyclovir inhibits DNA synthesis.
C) Amantadine inhibits the relax of viral nucleic acid.
D) Interferon inhibits glycolysis.
E) Azoles inhibit plasma membrane synthesis.
25) Protozoan and helminthic illness are daunting to treat because
A) your cells room structurally and also functionally similar to human being cells.
B) lock replicate inside human being cells.
C) they perform not have actually ribosomes.
D) they do not reproduce.
E) castle have an ext genes 보다 bacteria.
26) which of the following organisms would MOST likely be sensitive to organic penicillin?
A) helminths
B) Streptococcus pyogenes
C) penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae
D) Penicillium
E) Mycoplasma
27) i m sorry of the complying with statements about drug resistance is FALSE?
A) It may be lugged on a plasmid.
B) It may be moved from one bacterium to another during conjugation.
C) It might be as result of enzymes that degrade some antibiotics.
D) the is discovered only in gram-negative bacteria.
E) It might be as result of increased absorb of a drug.
28) which of the adhering to does not constitute an benefit of using 2 antibiotics together?
A) It deserve to prevent drug resistance.
B) that lessens the toxicity of individual drugs.
C) two are always twice as reliable as one.
D) It permits treatment to be noted prior come diagnosis.
E) all of these are advantages of using 2 antibiotics together.
29) medicine resistance occurs
A) because bacteria space normal microbiota.
B) as soon as antibiotics are used indiscriminately.
C) against antibiotics and also not against synthetic chemotherapeutic agents.
D) once antibiotics space taken after ~ the symptom disappear.
E) every one of the answers room correct.
30) In Table 20.2, the most reliable antibiotic experiment was
A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) The answer cannot be determined based upon the info provided.
31) In Table 20.2, the antibiotic that showed bactericidal activity was
A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) The answer cannot be determined based upon the information provided.
32) In Table 20.2, i beg your pardon antibiotic would certainly be most helpful for dealing with a Salmonella infection?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) The answer can not be determined based on the information provided.
33) i beg your pardon of the adhering to would it is in selective against the tubercle bacillus?
A) bacitracin — inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
B) ethambutol — inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
C) streptogramin — inhibits protein synthesis
D) streptomycin — inhibits protein synthesis
E) vancomycin — inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
34) In the presence of penicillin, a cell dies because
A) it lacks a cabinet wall.
B) it plasmolyzes.
C) it experience lysis.
D) the lacks a cabinet membrane.
E) its materials leak out.
35) Lamisil is one allylamine offered to act dermatomycoses. Lamisil"s technique of activity is similar to the of
A) polymyxin B.
B) azole antibiotics.
C) echinocandins.
D) griseofulvin.
E) bacitracin.
36) Niclosamide stays clear of ATP generation in mitochondria. Friend would suppose this medicine to be efficient against
A) gram-negative bacteria.
B) gram-positive bacteria.
C) helminths.
D) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
E) viruses.
The data in Table 20.3 present that these bacteria
A) are pathogenic.
B) arisen resistance to antibiotics.
C) were killed by 0.125 μg/ml the antibiotic X.
D) were killed by 0.5 μg/ml that antibiotic X.
E) to be resistant come 1.0 μg/ml in ~ the begin of the experiment.
38) i beg your pardon of the adhering to statements around drugs the competitively inhibit DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase is FALSE?
A) They have the right to potentially reason mutations.
B) They space used against viral infections.
C) lock can affect host cell DNA synthesis.
D) They cause cellular plasmolysis.
E) lock interfere through protein synthesis.
The substrate for transpeptidase provided to synthesize peptidoglycan is shown in figure 20.3. I m sorry of the drugs displayed would inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis?
A) a B) b C) c D) d E) e
The structures of the influenza medicine Tamiflu and also sialic acid, the substrate because that influenza virus"s neuramidase, are presented in number 20.4. What is the an approach of activity of Tamiflu?
A) inhibits cell wall surface synthesis
B) inhibits plasma membrane synthesis
C) inhibits synthesis of neuramidase
D) vain inhibition
E) stays clear of synthesis the virus spikes
41) i beg your pardon of the following does NOT influence eukaryotic cells?
A) antiprotozoan drugs
B) antihelminthic drugs
C) antifungal drugs
D) nucleotide analogs
E) semisynthetic penicillins
42) Mebendazole is offered to law cestode infections. That interferes v microtubule formation; therefore, it would NOT affect
A) bacteria.
B) fungi.
C) helminths.
D) human being cells.
E) protozoa.
43) i beg your pardon of the following antibiotics causes misreading the mRNA?
A) aminoglycoside — transforms shape of 30S units
B) chloramphenicol — inhibits peptide bonds in ~ 50S subunit
C) oxazolidinone — stays clear of formation the 70S ribosome
D) streptogamin — avoids release the peptide native 70S ribosome
E) tetracyclines — bind with 30S subunit
44) The antibiotic actinomycin D binds between adjacent G-C pairs, thus interfering with
A) transcription.
B) translation.
C) to move respiration.
D) plasma membrane function.
E) peptide shortcut formation.
45) usage of antibiotics in animal feed leads to antibiotic-resistant bacteria because
A) bacteria native other animals replace those eliminated by the antibiotics.
B) the few surviving bacteria the are influenced by the antibiotics build immunity to the antibiotics, i m sorry they happen on to your progeny.
C) the antibiotics cause brand-new mutations to happen in the enduring bacteria, which outcomes in resistance to antibiotics.
D) the antibiotics kill prone bacteria, but the few that are normally resistant live and also reproduce, and also their progeny repopulate the hold animal.
E) the antibiotics persist in soil and also water.
Answer: D
1) one antibiotic that attacks the LPS layer would certainly be meant to have actually a small spectrum that activity.
Answer: TRUE
2) PABA serves as the vain inhibitor in the action of sulfanilamides.
Answer: FALSE
3) Undergrowth of fungi after antibiotic use is frequently referred to together a superinfection.
Answer: FALSE
4) due to its target, rifamycins deserve to be reliable over a broad spectrum.
Answer: TRUE
5) Both trimethoprim and also sulfamethoxazole inhibit reactions along the very same metabolic pathway.
Answer: TRUE
6) Penicillin and streptomycin are typically used in synergism since they screen the same setting of action.
Answer: FALSE
7) only microbes produce antimicrobial peptides.
See more: What Is 1/4 Cup Plus 1/4 Cup Plus 1/4 Cup, How Many 1/4 Cup Does It Take To Make 1 Cup
Answer: FALSE
8) Community-acquired MRSA is typically much more virulent than health and wellness care-associated MRSA.
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Inkscape Path operations explained – Part 1
January 15, 2010
One question that gets asked a lot about Inkscape is “What is the difference between Path/Union and Path/Combined?” So I will try to explain the different Path operations. This is Part 1 of 2 and I will cover #1-11 in the image below.
It is very important that all objects for the Path operations not have Group applied. Path operations will not work if any of the objects are Grouped. If this is the case you will see a message in the Ink message bar that says “one of the objects is not a Path.”
1. Object to Path. This is used to convert text and shapes to vectors.
2. Stroke to Path. Converts the outline of a vector, shape, or text to a vector. Useful for changing a line into a closed shape for cutting in SCAL.
3. Trace Bitmap. Use this to create a vector from an image (bmp, jpg, png, gif, others). I have a post here with more information on tracing in Inkscape.
4. Union. Use this when you want to weld two or more vectors, shapes, or text items together (I will call these Objects for the rest of this tutorial). This will remove any nodes or cut-lines that are inside the filled area. It is also dependent on the fill rule. If the fill rule is set to evenodd, the non-filled areas will not be made solid after Union. If you want a solid shape, change the fill setting to Nonzero before using Union.
Union can only be undone by using Edit/Undo or the Undo History. Once a file is closed the weld cannot be removed.
5. Difference. This is a good way to remove part of an object. You need exactly two paths for this and object order is important. Think of the top object as a mask or cookie cutter. The area where the upper and lower objects overlap is removed from the bottom object, and the top object disappears.
6. Intersection. Results in only the area where the objects overlap. You can use this on two or more objects.
7. Exclusion. Opposite of Intersection. Any areas where the objects overlap are removed. You can only use this on exactly two Paths.
8. Division. This is another one where you need exactly two paths and object order is important. Think of the top object as a mask or cookie cutter. The object on the bottom is cut into two paths by the top object, and the top object disappears. Both of the new paths are closed shapes.
9. Cut Path. This one is just like Division, except that it results in two open paths. I can’t think of when I have actually used this one.
10. Combine. This puts separate vectors together without removing any nodes or cut-lines. It is useful for putting inner pieces together before using Exclusion with an outer piece. Combine can be undone at any point since no information is lost.
11. Break Apart. This will make each line or shape into a separate path.
Quick note on Inkscape 0.47
January 11, 2010
I realized today when I was working with Ink47 that what works with the bezier tool doesn’t necessarily work with vectors created other ways (shapes, text). Also, what is sufficient one time may not be enough another time. I thought that any of the Path operations in the section with Path/Union would work to create a vector for use in SCAL, but that doesn’t always seem to be the case. So if you have a file that you are working on in Ink47 and it doesn’t import correctly into SCAL, try using Path/Union. That usually works and if it doesn’t, try copying your artwork and paste it into a new file.
Another thing to remember is that when you use Path/Object to path, Ink47 automatically puts the converted text into a group and it must be ungrouped in order to use any of the Path operations on it.
Basic Alignment tools in Inkscape
November 12, 2009
My inner engineer (the one that I need to subdue to do asymmetrical things) demands that I use the alignment tools on most of my projects. They are a quick and easy way to line up parts of a file.
To bring up the Align and Distribute window, either click on the align and distribute button in the top toolbar, or press Shift Control A on your keyboard and the window will appear.
align window
Which objects are moved and where they go depends on the selection in the “Relative to” drop down box. The choices are : last selected, first selected, biggest item, smallest item, page, drawing, and selection.
The selection in the drop down box determines what is the “anchor” or the piece that does not move. The yellow/orange shape in the Align and Distribute window is the “anchor”. All of the rest of the selected pieces move in relation to the “anchor”. I usually either use “page” or “first selected”. The following image is how the objects I am using were before using the alignment tools. The green square is the “anchor” in all examples since I used the “biggest item” selection.
Vertical Alignment
1. The right sides of the objects are lined up against the left side of the “anchor”
vert align1
2. All of the left sides are lined up. The anchor does not move.
vert align2
3. All of the vertical centers are lined up.
vert align3
4. All of the right sides are lined up.
vert align4
5. The left side of the objects line up with the right side of the “anchor”.
vert align5
Horizontal Alignment
1. The bottoms of the objects are lined up with the top of the “anchor”. The anchor does not move.
horiz align1
2. The tops of the objects are lined up.
horiz align2
3. The horizontal centers of the objects are lined up.
horiz align3
4. The bottom edges are all lined up.
horiz align4
5. The tops of the objects are lined up with the bottom of the “anchor.
horiz align5
Inkscape also has Distribution tools and Align and Distribute for nodes, but I will go over those in a different post.
Removing part of a vector image in Inkscape
October 14, 2009
Sometimes you want to remove part of an svg image. This is how I do this:
1. Here is an image where I would like to remove part of the lines on the left side of the sign so that when I make it a paper piecing, there won’t be as many small pieces to place. This image is a vector, so I can edit it in Inkscape.
cut line tut01
2. You need to place a shape over the vector image where you want to remove part of the image. You can either use one of the shape tools, or you can use the bezier tool. I will use the bezier tool here.
3. Select the bezier tool bezier tooland use it to make a shape by clicking, moving the cursor to the next corner and clicking. Continue moving and clicking until you are back to the original corner, then click on the starting point to close the shape.
cut line tut03
4. Select the selection tool selection toolthen select the new shape and adjust its position if necessary. Then select both the new shape and the original vector image.
5. From the menu, choose Path/difference. The part of the image behind the shape will be removed.
cut line tut04
6. Use the node tool edit node tool to clean up extra nodes and shape the lines.
You can do more than one section at a time by making the first shape, holding the shift key down, and making another shape. This will put both shapes into the same Path. You can also make all of the shapes separately, then select all of them and use Control K to combine them into one Path. Path/Difference can only be done with exactly two Paths at a time.
Here is the image with the lines divided and the nodes edited to give them a better shape.
cut line tut05
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The Google satellite images that show the shape of the California coastline are actually a combination of three separate satellite images taken on the same day: a Google Earth satellite image, a satellite-tracking image and a satellite weather map.
The satellite images show the state’s topography as it was in March 2017, when the first satellite imagery was obtained.
Google Earth images from March 11 and March 20 are combined in the satellite imagery from March 17 to April 4.
Google has released a new set of Google Earth photos and a new satellite map from March 23.
In addition, the company has released new images of the area in the Pacific Ocean, showing the area with the most satellite imagery at the time.
But in a blog post, Google has also published new satellite imagery of the same area on March 22, showing how it’s gotten there.
Google said it used three different satellite images for each day in the period March 11 to March 20.
The first image from Google Earth shows the California coast at its highest elevation, a distance of 2,100 feet (610 meters).
The second image from satellite-tracking images shows the area as it appears to be in March 2021, about the time that the first Google Earth imagery was acquired.
The third image from the weather map shows the coast as it is today.
The new satellite images were released on Wednesday, the same date as the first two satellite images.
The images are available at the following locations: The satellite-to-satellite image was taken by Google Earth on March 11, the first day that Google Earth received its first imagery.
The data comes from Google’s Global Positioning System, which can track the movement of satellites, ships and other objects around the globe.
The company says it has obtained satellite data from the Global Position System since March 10.
In the Google Earth data, the coast is seen from a distance, and the distance from the center of the Earth is given.
Google says that the data has not changed since the first imagery was received on March 10, and that it’s possible that the location in the image is the same as the location on the satellite data.
But there are a few caveats to the satellite images from Google: The satellite data has been analyzed to remove “non-weather related” data, like fog or cloud cover, from the image.
There is no indication that Google is using the data to calculate the size of the ocean or to determine the distance between Hawaii and the Hawaiian Islands, where Google is headquartered.
Google did not provide details on the method it uses to calculate satellite locations.
In this image, the location of the Hawaiian islands is clearly visible.
Google’s satellite imagery is available on the Google Maps app.
The Google Earth image that shows the topography from March 10 to March 21 is from Google satellite imagery.
(Google Earth image) The satellite imagery that shows how the coast of California is looking today is from the Google Satellite Imagery.
( Google Earth Image)
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From Pluralpedia, the collaborative plurality dictionary
cocooning (v.)
Other formscocooned (v.)
Applies toheadmates
Cocooning is the process of a headmate creating another one as a form of protection to take over their functions until they can recover after heavy trauma or stress.
This places the headmate in a sort of semi-dormant state. They still have some awareness of what is going on while the cocoonic is in control of the body and the actions of the headmate cocooning can affect the cocoonic. This is similar to how poking a thick blanket can cause a small change on the outside. This action of affecting the cocoonic can cause them pain but it can be a good sign of the cocooning mate might be starting to feel more able to work with the outside world and could be closer to come out as the 'poking' happens more often.
A side affect of this semi-awareness means when the cocoon has finally opened and the headmate comes out, aspects of the cocoonic might stay with them like picking up traits someone one looks up to for extra strength and support. The longer the cocoon stays or the more stressful the situation the more likely this could occur as a sort of side affect.
For the cocoon to open the headmate who made it will at least feel safe and calm enough to attempt facing the world again but at best is more stable and mentally stronger than when they made it. This process of opening can kill the cocoonic mate or place them in dormancy.
Related Terms[edit | edit source]
History[edit | edit source]
Term was coined by Tanshin of TsukihiTatsu to explain the experiences that were being gone through.
Because of the context of what this means, if any questions or anything comes up after Tanshin 'goes', please direct them to, specifically, Reveraris of the system if necessary.
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Theory account
Theory account
Did God use the "Big Bang" to create the universe? Prior to the twentieth century, before the Big Bang theory had been developed, philosophers and scientists debated whether the universe had a beginning.
Some argued it had always existed: This situation changed drastically in the first half of the twentieth century, as several discoveries were made leading to the formation of the Big Bang theory. Theory account several decades, those who preferred the idea of an eternal universe made many attempts to explain away hard evidence, but to no avail.
The result was secular science lending tremendous support to the creation account of the Bible. The work of Edwin Hubble in the s proved the universe is expanding. If the universe is currently expandingTheory account at some time in the past, the entire universe would have been contained in some infinitesimally small point.
This idea is foundational to the Big Bang theory. Over the next several decades, physicists tried to salvage the eternality of the universe by proposing everything from the Milne model to the steady state theory According to objective, empirical science, all space, time, and energy came into existence together in a single moment: There was no space.
Then, suddenly, an exceedingly dense, incredibly hot, infinitesimal ball of something—everything—appeared somewhere, somehow for reasons unknown and began to expand rapidly with our whole universe inside of it.
Theory - Wikipedia
If true, the Big Bang theory all but confirms the view espoused by Judeo-Christianity for thousands of years. He has scaled the mountains of ignorance; he is about to conquer the highest peak; as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries.
Afterwards, however, non-believers began to claim that these advances in science actually disproved God. What had always been interpreted as clear support for a Creator—and resisted for that very reason—almost overnight turned into the claim that atheists had been right all along.
This attitude, unfortunately, led to a corresponding reaction from the creationist community. Just as many astrophysicists felt that the expanding universe theory was a ploy to inject religion into science, many Christians have come to feel that the Big Bang is an effort to undermine the biblical account of creation.
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With that said, it is important to understand that the Big Bang theory is just that—a theory. If Christians are to have an objection to the Big Bang theory, it should only be in the atheistic presuppositions that often go along with it.
The idea itself—that the universe came into existence in an instantaneous expansion from an infinitely small point—is compatible with an orthodox view of creation. Scripture only says that God created Genesis 1: The fact that non-believers were so opposed to the Big Bang theory, on religious grounds, speaks to how powerfully it supports the Genesis account.The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System (as well as other planetary systems).
Theory account
It suggests that the Solar System is formed from the nebulous material. Can't find our email?
Accounting Theory
A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can be repeatedly tested and verified in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of possible, theories are tested under controlled conditions in an experiment.
In circumstances not amenable to experimental testing, theories are evaluated.
Theory Test Pro
Question: "Did God use the 'Big Bang' to create the universe?" Answer: Prior to the twentieth century, before the Big Bang theory had been developed, philosophers and scientists debated whether the universe had a beginning.
Some argued it had always existed: that it was “infinitely old.” This agreed with the worldview of ancient philosophers and then-current atheism.
Divine Command Theory | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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How does the weight of an aircraft affect its flight?
Weight is the force that pulls the plane down due to gravity. In order for the plane to get off the ground, the plane must overcome its weight throught the force of lift. The more mass the plane has the more lift it has to produce in order to get off the ground.
Why is weight important in flight?
Weight and balance have a direct effect on the stability and performance of the aircraft. If a plane is too heavy, it may never get off the ground. If it’s out of balance, it may be uncontrollable when it does take flight. … Maintaining proper weight and balance is an extremely important balancing act.
How does the weight of a paper airplane affect its ability to fly?
While the plane is flying forward, air moving over and under the wings is providing an upward lift force on the plane. … The weight of the paper plane also affects its flight, as gravity pulls it down toward Earth. All of these forces (thrust, lift, drag and gravity) affect how well a given paper plane’s voyage goes.
IT IS INTERESTING: What happens when airlines overbook?
How does improper weight and balance affect the airplane during flight?
Operating above the maximum weight limitation compromises the structural integrity of the aircraft and can adversely affect performance. Stability and control are also affected by improper balance.
Does your weight change on a plane?
You do weigh less when you’re higher up, but not by much (in Earth term). The force of gravity is F=G(m1xm2/r 2 ) where F is force, G is a constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of two objects and r is the distance between the centers of mass. … The distance between the moon and the earth varies, but we’ll use 375,000 km.
What’s the most dangerous part of flying?
What is the weight of a plane?
The Boeing 737-800 is an example of an average sized airplane. It has a maximum takeoff weight of about 80,000 kg (175,000 lbs). This includes the weight of the plane, which is about 41,000 kg (90,000 lbs), and the weight of the fuel which is about 18,000 kg (40,000 lbs).
What is the best weight for a paper airplane?
We recommend to use 80 to 100 GSM. Paper weight is measured by GSM (Grams per Square Meter) meaning if you take a square sheet of paper, with a length and width of one meter, this is its weight. Normal printing paper is 80-90 GSM, so a single sheet (from both formats of paper size) weights around 5 grams.
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Does the size of a paper airplane affect the distance?
“Yes, wingspan will affect flight, however there will be a point where the size of the wingspan will create too much weight and drag to be effective. For a glider, which a paper airplane is the more lift the glider has the longer it can fly.
Does a heavier paper airplane fly farther?
Changing Mass
In the same way a rock that is thrown pushes its way through the air as compared to a cotton ball, a paper airplane with more mass flies faster and farther than a paper plane with less mass, up to a point. If the mass is too great, the wings can’t hold the plane in the air.
What is the force that opposes weight and allows an airplane to fly?
Lift works opposite of weight. Thrust works opposite of drag. When the forces are balanced, a plane flies in a level direction.
Who is responsible for the correct weight and balance of every flight?
1-1] The pilot in command of the aircraft has the responsibility on every flight to know the maximum allowable weight of the aircraft and its CG limits.
Are you heavier after flying?
You will not gain weight when flying in an aircraft unless you are drinking water and consuming beverages and thus increasing your mass and weight as a result. Well on a serious note: Every ‘body’ has mass.
Why do you weigh slightly less in a high flying airplane?
Yes. Because the accelerstion due to gravity is slightly less. The force of gravity decreases as 1 / the square of the distance from the center of the Earth to the object (your person).
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How can I calculate weight?
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Sabbath Bible Lessons
The Lord has Spoken
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Lesson 4 Sabbath, April 24, 2010
The United States
in Bible Prophecy
Suggested Reading: The Great Controversy, pp. 440-450, 606, 607.
Sunday April 18
a. As the leopardlike beast received a deadly wound in 1798, what arose around that time, and how do we know it is a nation? Revelation 13:11 (first part).
“The beast with lamblike horns was seen ‘coming up out of the earth’ (Revelation 13:11). Instead of overthrowing other powers to establish itself, the nation thus represented must arise in territory previously unoccupied and grow up gradually and peacefully. It could not, then, arise among the crowded and struggling nationalities of the Old World—that turbulent sea of ‘peoples, and multitudes, and nations, and tongues’ (Revelation 17:15). It must be sought in the Western Continent.”—The Great Controversy, p. 440.
b. What does “coming up out of the earth” signify? Compare Revelation 13:1 with 13:11.
Monday April 19
a. What characteristics of a lamblike nation are found in the early history of the United States? How do the founding principles of this nation embody these traits? Isaiah 53:7; Jeremiah 11:19; Acts 8:32.
b. Even before the end of religious persecution under state churches, how was the United States already helping the persecuted Christians? Matthew 24:21, 22; Revelation 12:14–16.
“The Bible was held as the foundation of faith, the source of wisdom, and the charter of liberty.”—Ibid., p.296.
Tuesday April 20
a. What change takes place in the prophetic lamblike beast? Revelation 13:11 (last part).
“[The lamblike nation] will give the lie to those liberal and peaceful principles which it has put forth as the foundation of its policy. The prediction that it will speak ‘as a dragon’ and exercise ‘all the power of the first beast’ plainly foretells a development of the spirit of intolerance and persecution that was manifested by the nations represented by the dragon and the leopardlike beast. And the statement that the beast with two horns ‘causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the first beast’ indicates that the authority of this nation is to be exercised in enforcing some observance which shall be an act of homage to the papacy.
“ ‘Saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast’ (Revelation 13:14). Here is clearly presented a form of government in which the legislative power rests with the people, a most striking evidence that the United States is the nation denoted in the prophecy.”—The Great Controversy, pp. 442, 443.
b. In what sense would the lamblike beast (United States) finally speak as a dragon, forming an image (following the example) of the leopardlike beast (Rome)?
Wednesday April 21
a. If the lamblike beast speaks like the dragon, what actions must be expected? Revelation 13:12.
“A refusal to obey the commandments of God, and a determination to cherish hatred against those who proclaim these commandments, leads to the most determined war on the part of the dragon, whose whole energies are brought to bear against the commandment-keeping people of God.”—Testimonies, vol. 8, p. 117.
“Courts of justice are corrupt. Rulers are actuated by desire for gain and love of sensual pleasure. Intemperance has beclouded the faculties of many so that Satan has almost complete control of them. Jurists are perverted, bribed, deluded. Drunkenness and revelry, passion, envy, dishonesty of every sort, are represented among those who administer the laws. ‘Justice standeth afar off: for truth is fallen in the street, and equity cannot enter,’ (Isaiah 59:14).”—The Great Controversy, p. 586.
b. Under whose influence will the civil government of the United States form an image (imitation) of Rome? Revelation 13:15–17.
“The ‘image to the beast’ represents that form of apostate Protestantism which will be developed when the Protestant churches shall seek the aid of the civil power for the enforcement of their dogmas.”—Ibid., p.445.
Thursday April 22
a. In what sense, and against whom, will the lamblike beast use force? Revelation 13:12 (last part).
“The clergy will put forth almost superhuman efforts to shut away the light lest it should shine upon their flocks. By every means at their command they will endeavor to suppress the discussion of these vital questions. The church appeals to the strong arm of civil power, and, in this work, papists and Protestants unite. As the movement for Sunday enforcement becomes more bold and decided, the law will be invoked against commandment keepers. They will be threatened with fines and imprisonment, and some will be offered positions of influence, and other rewards and advantages, as inducements to renounce their faith. But their steadfast answer is: ‘Show us from the word of God our error’—the same plea that was made by Luther under similar circumstances.”—The Great Controversy, p. 607.
b. How can a government make freedom-loving people accept a loss of its freedoms? 2 Thessalonians 2:9–12.
“The Sunday movement is now making its way in darkness. The leaders are concealing the true issue, and many who unite in the movement do not themselves see whither the undercurrent is tending. Its professions are mild and apparently Christian, but when it shall speak it will reveal the spirit of the dragon. . . . We should endeavor to disarm prejudice by placing ourselves in a proper light before the people.”—Testimonies, vol. 5, p. 452.
Friday April 23
a. Around what year did the lamblike beast appear?
b. How did the United States, historically, help those Christians suffering under religious persecution in Europe?
c. What drastic change is to be seen in this peace-loving nation?
d. In what specific ways will the lamblike beast (United States) imitate the leopardlike beast (Rome)?
e. How will this freedom-loving nation give up her constitutional liberties and follow the example of Rome by establishing a form of inquisition?
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Spiritual Sense
In the study of Christian Science is found the fulfillment of the text, "They shall speak with new tongues;" for Christian Science gives new meanings to certain words which are commonly defined and used in a material way. The word "sense," as an instance, has two distinct meanings: spiritual and material—the spiritual definition implying true perception, consciousness, intelligence. Spiritual sense denies what is called material sense; and it is the only real sense.
Through spiritual sense we may prove that material evidence is always a lie. As we understand God, Spirit, we rise above mortal falsities and are able to claim our inheritance, the ability to apprehend spiritual ideas. Spiritual sense enables us to prove that material evidence has no power; and thus to us it has no halo of idolatry, no beguilements. Spiritual understanding annuls the claim that mortal mind, so called, can prophesy the future by predicting effects, or interpret the past by designating causes; for all understanding comes through the inspiration of divine sense.
Birds of the Garden
July 18, 1931
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Why is skeletal muscle called voluntary muscle?
1 Answer
Apr 14, 2018
Skeletal muscles are voluntary as they can be controlled by our own will.
Voluntary muscles are those muscles which are controlled by the will of an individual i.e. controlled by the individual's brain.
The person can take decision on the movement of the muscle.
Hence the movement of the skeletal muscle is decided by our own will hence being a voluntary muscle.
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Scientific Name:
Ficus spp.
Common Name:
How is this plant unsafe?
How do you plant safely?
• Sap is toxic.
• Use caution when working with this plant and consider wearing protective clothing such as long sleeves, long pants, gloves, sturdy shoes and eye protection.
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Tailoring the shortest flashes of light
17 November, 2021
Custom-tailored ultra-short flashes will enable transition-specific experiments
Previous version of the optical setup used at DESY (Photo: DESY / Heiner Müller‐Elsner, Hamburg).
An international team of scientists from DESY, the University of Hamburg and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge (USA) has achieved the direct generation of isolated attosecond pulses, i.e. pulses with duration in the order of 10-18 seconds. This was possible thanks to a novel laser source providing finely controlled optical field waveforms which allows tuning the produced attosecond pulse properties, such as photon energy, spectrum and temporal duration. The results appeared in the journal Nature Communications.
The novel laser source employed in this experiment is called parametric waveform synthesizer (PWS). In the PWS, two few-cycle infrared pulses are combined in space and time to form a sub-optical-cycle pulse, and their relative phase and delay can be finely controlled. This means that not only the general shape of the pulses in time, its envelope, but also their detailed temporal structure (electro-magnetic field or optical field) can be controlled within a single oscillation of the field.
Depending on the relative phase between the pulses of the PWS, different X-ray spectra can be generated. The same is true when controlling the carrier-envelope phase (Credit: authors, partly from original publication, licensed under CC BY4.0).
The research team focused the laser pulses from the PWS into a noble gas target inside a vacuum chamber. Thereby, they generated isolated attosecond pulses via the process of high harmonic generation (HHG). In HHG, electrons are first separated from their atom due to the strong laser field. Then, the same field accelerates them for a time, corresponding to the duration of a single field oscillation (optical cycle), and the electrons acquire energy during the acceleration. Finally, when atoms and electrons recombine, the gained energy can be emitted in form of X-ray photons which constitute the attosecond pulses. Generally, the laser field driving the process contains few to several optical cycles. The HHG process occurs repeatedly for every optical cycle of the driver field, therefore generating multiple pulses besides the central one (non-isolated pulses). In this work, due to the sub-cycle duration of the laser field, the attosecond pulses were isolated which means there were no so-called pre- and post-pulses. Such well-isolated pulses allow for improved temporal resolution and contrast in follow-on time-resolved attosecond spectroscopic experiments. In addition, the possibility to control the phase between the infrared pulses allows for strong modulation of the generated spectra, as shown in the figures below.
Some of the attosecond pulses were directly measured via attosecond streaking and show widely tunable duration (four cases on the first line) and spectrum (corresponding cases on the second line) (Credit. authors, partly from original publication, licensed under CC BY4.0).
The new source will be a "workhorse" for attosecond science which is devoted to the observation of the ultrafast motion of electrons in atoms and molecules in gas, liquid and solid phase. Up to now, attosecond science has been strongly limited by the reduced tunability of the pulse properties needed for a specific experiment. With the new findings, it will be possible to customise the laser pulses to the requirements of the system under investigation.
In addition, slight modifications of the present apparatus will allow for the generation of pulses in a spectral range, the so-called water-window region (282-533 eV). This region is of extreme interest for chemists and biologists because water is transparent to the radiation of this energy-range but not carbon, the main building-block of biological samples. Therefore, it will be possible to observe samples of molecular and biological systems in their natural water environment and at their natural time scale.
Strong-field Coherent Control of Isolated Attosecond Pulse Generation; Y. Yang, R. E. Mainz, G. M. Rossi, F. Scheiba, M. A. Silva-Toledo, P. D. Keathley, G. Cirmi, and F. X. Kärtner, Nature Communications (2021)
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26772-0
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0068 6955999005 20210831 131646 0000
Handicrafts are the main source of income for most people in Kashmir. Many different places are famous for the different handicrafts manufactured there. People from all over India prefer the original product of Kashmiri handicrafts for the excellent quality and authenticity. These products have been handmade for generations; some places like Srinagar, Ganderbal and Budgam are the oldest places to have been making authentic handicrafts.
Kashmiri Papier Mache
Kashmiri Papier Mache
Papier mache is artwork made from a mixture of glue, water and paper. It might seem weird as to what much can a person make of these three basic ingredients but the outcomes are always fascinating. Those who have a knack for art will find Kashmir Papier Mache very appealing. Though it is said to have come to Kashmir from Persia, Kashmiri artisans have embraced this art form and made numerous eye-catching pieces. Be it vases, boxes, bowls, cups or any other small objects, anything can be made by Papier Mache.
Kashmiri Walnut Wood Carving
Kashmiri Wood Carving
Juglans regia trees that are popularly grown in Kashmir on a wide scale are used for wood carving. Kashmir is one of the few states where these trees and this kind of wood is available. Black walnut wood is the most preferable type of wood which is carved using sharp tools and a mallet. The carved work on the wooden boxes or trays is very accurate and intricate. It takes up a lot of time and patience to make those beautiful art pieces.
Textiles: Shawls
Kashmiri Shawl
The most famous Kashmiri textile is Shawls and not just any shawls but Pashmina Shawls. The very first designs have been in existence from the seventh century but they gained popularity in the sixteenth century during the Mughal period. People in the kingdom grew very fond of the pashmina shawls. As mentioned, not only the people but the Mughal Emperor Akhbar was fascinated with Kashmiri shawls and had them sewn back to back. Their borders were embroidered with gold and silver to add to their beauty. These shawls were made such that their insides were never seen. That is how Kashmiri Do Shallas came into existence.
The wool for Pashmina shawls is extracted from specials goats in Ladakh. They grow cashmere wool on their belly during the winters to stay warm which is then shed during summer. That wool is rare since there are not many of the species. Once the end product is achieved the shawls and rugs are very soft, beautiful and high in demand.
Carpets and Rugs
Kashmiri carpets and rugs are known all over the world as some of the most luxurious items to be sold. Millionaires buy them for their intricate designs and top of the class quality. The making of carpets and rugs was taught to Kashmiri weavers by Persian and Central Asian carpet weavers; brought by sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin. There are different types of knots used in manufacturing. They are hand-sewn and can be up to 3600 knots per square inch. Those carpets and rugs made of wool are locally sold while those made of fine silk are used as a display in museums. There are traditional Kashmiri carpets called Namda and hand-knotted piled carpets called Qaleen.
Kashmiri Embroidery
Kashida Large
Kashmiri embroidery can be found on almost all kinds of clothes. The fine designs and intricate work makes clothes look out of this work. The most important kind is the crewel embroidery. When done with wool it adds a little weight to the cloth and uses pointed crochet on any suitable fabric. But when done using threat, the work becomes very fine and adds less weight to the cloth as compared to what wool adds. Crewel embroidery originally uses chain stitch and is used to chain stitch pillow covers, rugs etc.
Needlework embroidery is used in the designing of pashmina shawls and salwar kameez. It is done using a needle and is called ‘sozni’ by the locals. Another type is the gold and silver embroidery which uses imitation silver and gold embroidery on clothes. It is mainly used in ladies ‘pheron’ (cloak), shawls and salwar kameez. The locals call this method ‘tilla’.
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An anthropologist will help Nissan design self-driving cars
Nissan IDS Concept
Designing a self-driving car requires a team of people. Engineers write code, design hardware, and test everything out. But in addition to the battalions of engineers, one carmaker has someone working on its autonomous cars that you might not expect.
Nissan believes anthropologists can be valuable in understanding how humans interact with the emerging tech, so it hired Melissa Cefkin, who holds the title of “principal scientist and design anthropologist” at the carmaker’s Silicon Valley research center. Cefkin studies how humans interact with cars, and how autonomous systems may interpret those actions.
Cefkin specializes in working with corporations, having previous done stints at IBM, Sapient Corp., and the Silicon Valley-based Institute for Research on Learning. She came to Nissan in March 2015, and started out by analyzing interactions between drivers on the road, as well as interactions of cars with pedestrians, cyclists, and the environment itself. Cefkin and her team hope to use this information to teach self-driving cars how to behave like good human drivers.
Read more: Nissan promises to bring autonomous cars to the masses by 2020
“We’re trying to distill out of our work some key lessons for what an autonomous vehicle will need to know — what it perceives in the world and then how it can make sense, make judgments, and behave itself to be able to interact effectively in those different systems,” Cefkin said in a Nissan press release.
One area Cefkin is focusing on is intersections. She noted that drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians often use eye contact to signal their intentions, but that obviously isn’t an option with self-driving cars. Instead, she envisions future autonomous vehicles using lights to acknowledge the presence of pedestrians or communicate different actions. Something like this was incorporated into the Nissan IDS concept that debuted at the 2015 Tokyo Motor Show last year.
Nissan believes Cefkin’s work will form an important part of the autonomous-driving system it plans to introduce in 2020. The carmaker is aiming for the capability to navigate city traffic without any driver involvement. The system will build off of ProPilot, a semi-autonomous system Nissan plans to launch later this year, and a more advanced version of that system is scheduled for launch in 2018.
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Health knowledge and news provided by doctors.
This Common Sense Approach To Type 2 Diabetes Supported By Science
Jenni Gallagher's picture
Carbs in Diabetes Management
As a family nurse practitioner, I work with patients who have Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes has been traditionally recognized as an excess of glucose in the bloodstream. However, over recent years, we have begun to realize that the elevated glucose levels are only part of the problem; insulin resistance is the other half of diabetes.
Let’s take a look at how Type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM, actually develops.
First, a person consumes a high carbohydrate diet; the average carbohydrate intake for Americans has been estimated at 250 -300 grams daily, or approximately 1,200 calories. These carbohydrates are converted into glucose and some are broken down in the mouth, during chewing. As the enzymes in the saliva begin to convert carbohydrate into glucose, absorption begins too. More carbs are eaten and swallowed. The absorption of glucose triggers the pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream. Under normal circumstances, insulin comes along and picks up the glucose and carries it into body cells for use or storage, much like a truck carries supplies.
When someone eats a very high carb diet over many weeks, months, and years, this signaling system becomes impaired because the pancreas has to overwork to produce enough insulin to keep up with the carbohydrate intake. (A good analogy is when people try to “keep up with the Joneses”.) Eventually, there just isn’t enough efficient insulin to carry the glucose into cells, so glucose continues to float around in the bloodstream.
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When the cells cannot get the glucose they need for their usual functions, the brain senses the need for more energy and triggers hunger or cravings. So then, more food is consumed, and more faulty or ineffective insulin is released. This cycle continues constantly, resulting in blood sugar levels well above normal or healthy. Eventually, the elevated glucose levels contribute to thick, sticky blood – like syrup. I often have patients imagine pouring out a bottle of syrup and a bottle of water. Diabetic blood is more like syrup than water, and this thick blood stresses the body’s organs and contributes to a variety of complications affecting health.
Common sense dictates, then, that reducing the carbohydrate intake will in turn reduce the glucose load within the bloodstream. According to Dr. Eric Westman, “At the end of our clinic day, we go home thinking, ‘The clinical improvements are so large and obvious, why don't other doctors understand?’ Carbohydrate restriction is easily grasped by patients: because carbohydrates in the diet raise the blood glucose, and as diabetes is defined by high blood glucose, it makes sense to lower the carbohydrate in the diet.”
Although the standard American recommendations for carb intake remain high at 250-300 grams per day, many patients and health care providers are realizing the dangers. In a critical review of the research, Dr. Westman et al, discuss 12 vital points of evidence in support of low carb nutrition as the first-line treatment for Type 2 diabetes. With the popularity of social media, a grass roots effort is snowballing across the nation that supports a drastic reduction of carbohydrates to less than 30 grams on a daily basis. A variety of nurses, physicians, nutritionists, dietitians, and everyday people have taken to social media, authoring books, producing videos, and spreading the word that low carb nutrition plans are actually reducing glucose levels, dropping medication doses, and reversing all sorts of diabetes complications, like nerve pain, kidney disease, and even high cholesterol levels.
Reference: Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management
DON'T MISS: 10 Bad Foods for Diabetes and Some Good Alternatives
New Study Offers Unusual Diet Suggestion for Type 2 Diabetes
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Words related to wiggle
Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to go, move, transport in a vehicle."
It forms all or part of: always; away; convection; convey; convex; convoy; deviate; devious; envoy; evection; earwig; foy; graywacke; impervious; invective; inveigh; invoice; Norway; obviate; obvious; ochlocracy; ogee; pervious; previous; provection; quadrivium; thalweg; trivia; trivial; trivium; vector; vehemence; vehement; vehicle; vex; via; viaduct; viatic; viaticum; vogue; voyage; wacke; wag; waggish; wagon; wain; wall-eyed; wave (n.); way; wee; weigh; weight; wey; wiggle.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit vahati "carries, conveys," vahitram, vahanam "vessel, ship;" Avestan vazaiti "he leads, draws;" Greek okhos "carriage, chariot;" Latin vehere "to carry, convey," vehiculum "carriage, chariot;" Old Church Slavonic vesti "to carry, convey," vozŭ "carriage, chariot;" Russian povozka "small sled;" Lithuanian vežu, vežti "to carry, convey," važis "a small sled;" Old Irish fecht "campaign, journey," fen "carriage, cart;" Welsh gwain "carriage, cart;" Old English wegan "to carry;" Old Norse vegr, Old High German weg "way;" Middle Dutch wagen "wagon."
earwig (n.)
type of insect (Forficula auricularia), Old English earwicga "earwig," from eare (see ear (n.1)) + wicga "beetle, worm, insect," probably from the same Germanic source as wiggle, on the notion of "quick movement," and ultimately from PIE root *wegh- "to go, move." So called from the ancient and widespread (but false) belief that the garden pest went into people's ears. Compare French perce-oreille, German ohr-wurm. A Northern England name for it reported from 1650s is twitch-ballock.
polliwog (n.)
"tadpole," mid-15c., polwygle, probably from pol "head" (see poll (n.)) + wiglen "to wiggle" (see wiggle (v.)). Modern spelling is 1830s, replacing earlier polwigge.
wiggly (adj.)
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Could your brain regenerate like skin?
You might resent your skin for being the source of your acne or dandruff woes, but even the most finicky of skin tends to be resilient when you need it most. An effective miracle occurs nearly every time we suffer a cut or a scrape: Our skin rebuilds itself from scratch. When damage to the skin is too severe for self-repair—say after a serious burn—doctors can often just graft skin from an innocuous region like the inner thigh to replace it. The new skin takes hold and grows as if it had been there all along.
(T)he human brain remains one of the most difficult organs for doctors to rehabilitate, let alone rebuild.
Our brains couldn’t be more different — the human brain remains one of the most difficult organs for doctors to rehabilitate, let alone rebuild. Following a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke, some patients are able to recover a portion of their lost abilities after months or years of committed therapy. But even in the best of cases, the brain doesn’t actually repair its damaged parts. Instead, it trains surviving brain circuits to take over for circuits that have been destroyed.
Such retraining of the damaged brain represents the best shot many brain damage victims have for recovery. Automated rehabilitation devices, like the robotic exoskeleton ReWalk, can help patients learn how to walk after suffering from brain damage, and neuroscientists are currently beta-testing brain implants that could allow paralyzed patients to control computer cursors or prosthetic limbs with their thoughts.
ReWalk is a robotic exoskeleton that can help people re-learn how to walk
Nevertheless, neither of these modern brain rehab strategies comes anywhere close to the skin-grafting therapies available to burn victims. Indeed, until recently, the mere thought of regenerating the brain seemed laughable to most scientists, because the brain was believed to lack a key ingredient for self-repair: stem cells.
Stem cells are the workhorses of tissue regeneration. The skin is a regenerative rockstar because it contains countless skin-specific stem cells, called keratinocytes, which constantly generate new skin cells both in healthy skin and after an injury occurs. For the majority of the history of neuroscience, conventional wisdom held that the brain must lack any so-called neural stem cells, because brain damage was usually permanent.
However, in 1998, a groundbreaking study led by neuroscientist Fred Gage turned this dogma upside-down by showing that areas of even the elderly human brain possessed what are called adult neural stem cells, which continuously produce newborn neurons.
Fred Gage
Fred Gage / Salk Institute
Suddenly, the pipe dream of regenerating the brain seemed like a real possibility, but there was a major hitch. Unlike keratinocytes, which reside underneath every square inch of our skin, adult neural stem cells are few in number and live in only two hard-to-reach nooks of the human brain. No surgeon would dare dig into a patient’s brain to harvest these stem cells for a brain tissue graft. Doing so could cause even more damage, and there’d be no guarantee such a graft of adult neural stem cells would even work.
For any brain regeneration strategy to fly, adult neural stem cells (or an equivalent substitute) would need to be obtained in large numbers, safely grafted into a given site of injury, and precisely coaxed to mimic the natural behavior of the adult neural stem cell. Only then could we rebuild damaged neural circuits.
Back in 2000, there were few options for obtaining adequate numbers of human stem cells for any purported type of tissue graft, let alone a brain tissue graft. Unborn fetuses can provide stem cells for research purposes, but for grafting to work, it’s better to source stem cells from patients themselves. (Grafts between individuals often fail due to immune system rejection of foreign tissue, which is why burn victims usually receive skin grafts from their own bodies.)
In 2007, Japanese researchers led by Shinya Yamanaka overcame this problem by devising a method for converting an abundant type of skin cell, the fibroblast, into a stem cell, dubbed the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). The team found that activating four genes inside of skin fibroblasts “reprogrammed” them into iPSCs, which could then be spurred to mature into any type of cell, from muscle to blood to neuron. (This discovery earned Yamanaka a Nobel Prize in 2012).
Shinya Yamanaka / UCSF
With this technology, doctors could conceivably harvest skin fibroblasts from a patient, reprogram those cells into iPSCs, grow the iPSCs into the desired cell type, and then graft those mature cells back into the same patient to help rebuild a damaged part of the body. The only remaining question: Could this process work for brain damage?
Since Yamanaka’s discovery in 2007, researchers have been steadily working towards a regenerative brain therapy. Armed with a better understanding of how neural stem cells work, scientists can now easily convert skin fibroblasts into iPSCs, then into neural stem cells, and then into neurons. Some labs have succeeded with producing “cerebral organoids” out of iPSCs — artificial amalgamations of neurons that begin to resemble a miniature human cerebral cortex, suspended in a nutrient-rich solution. These organoids are perfect for studying how newborn neurons wire up, a prerequisite for grafting any iPSCs or neural stem cells into the human brain.
Others have taken inspiration from Yamanaka’s work to reprogram support cells, or glia, into neurons directly inside the mouse brain. This strategy that avoids moving cells from body to petri dish and back again. And just this year, scientists converted mouse fibroblasts directly into neural stem cells using a cocktail of nine drugs, drastically simplifying the reprogramming process by skipping the initial conversion to iPSC. Perhaps the best indication that therapies for brain regeneration might soon become reality is the fact that thousands of scientists worldwide are now actively studying it.
It’s no longer unreasonable to envision a future in which brain damage is countered not only by rehabilitation, but also by regeneration…
It’s no longer unreasonable to envision a future in which brain damage is countered not only by rehabilitation, but also by regeneration. The details of such a hypothetical treatment, let alone its testing in clinical trials, remain at least a decade or two away. Right now, no one can say for sure whether such a therapy will involve the grafting of reprogrammed stem cells into the brain, or if we’ll be able to skip grafting altogether and directly reprogram support cells that are already in the brain into neural stem cells.
Or maybe, just maybe, the first regenerative brain therapy will be something different altogether. Scientific discoveries are easier to explain after the fact than they are to predict. But this much we can say for sure: the future looks bright for many brain injury patients who’ve long believed they’d never be able to fully recover what they lost.
Homepage and thumbnail image from Abhijit Bhaduri
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Malcolm X Influence
559 Words3 Pages
Question # 1 Introduction and brief history of the person researched---include what contributed to their success in their life history----discuss the good, bad, and the ugly
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Malcolm’s speeches acted more as instruments of provocation than conversion. Unlike Martin Luther King Jr.’s campaign, Malcolm’s campaign around the country was a direct assault and it was difficult to see any oppressor that will tolerate such. This obviously accounted for the many police brutalities, imprisonment and deaths among the black race. Malcolm X symbolized black dominance and self-respect, he was one of the greatest forces that shaped the current understanding and interpretation given to conflict and violence in the world politics today. If Malcolm were to live in this era, he would be labeled as a terrorist (
Question # 3 How the leader’s accomplishments made a profound impact on the world and todays’
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One of these unique qualities was shown when Malcolm was in prison his innovative style of doing things. Another one of Malcolm’s qualities was his determination to accomplish something he wanted to do. Malcolm’s final leadership quality was his intelligence. Malcolm’s innovative style of doing thing for example he did this by getting things done with the little supplies and time he had. An example of this is how he learned to read and write, Malcolm copies down the whole dictionary one page at a time so he could improve his penmanship, Malcolm also read the words out loud to himself so he would remember them and their meanings. Malcolm was not a man who believed that the problem of the African Americans would be solved through a peaceful, quiet means and nuances, he believed the problem has graduated through the centuries and has come to a stage when the assertion of African Americans’ existence as humans has to be forcefully done or never. Malcolm’s methods were mainly campaigns and speeches aimed at restoring the dignity of the black man, his confidence in himself and a complete freedom as Americans
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Leonardo Marble | Blog | Outstandingly Beautiful Miniature Spaces Carved From Stone
Outstandingly Beautiful Miniature Spaces Carved From Stone
2021-11-22 15:11:15
Wonderful miniatures of historical architectural structures carved from stone and marble by Matthew Simmonds.
From ancient times to the present day, there has never been a lack of artists who have used stones to construct eternal and magnificent buildings, but there are very few artists who carve buildings into stones. Artist Matthew Simmonds is one of them.
This English-origin Copenhagen artist became famous in 2014, carving miniature basilicas, rotundas (round and domed structures) and columns from marble and stone. His combination of impressive handcraft, masterful techniques and acquired skills have made him a world-renowned and award-winning artist.
While creating his works, Simmonds uses modern caves, exotic magical religious sites (cathedrals, churches), fantastic Greek structures, historical Roman columns, etc. The common architectural techniques and details we see in these sophisticated buildings are doric columns, arches and vaulted ceilings.
Artist Matthew Simmonds uses a single block of marble, limestone or travertine to create each work. He chooses marble and natural stones in various tones and textures. Each building or structure has powerful varying perspectives. The sculptor carves these intricate structures into natural stone blocks with ultimate care and craftsmanship to give us a sense of a larger space.
Simmonds studies a number of cultures in his work, including Muquarnas ceilings found in Iranian architecture and with his SINAN sculpture he pays tribute to the 16th century Turkish architect Mimar Sinan.
In his Trilogy, Matthew references to Chinese architecture. The design of these sculptures follow the laws of Feng Shui, which require unbroken edges and the details are framed by window-like openings.
Interior Desing and Natural Stone Enthusiast
He also uses different light angles to define small areas and show different details. Thus, he explores the connection between nature and human effort in his miniatures.
Matthew Simmonds' stone sculptures make us believe that there are many things that slow down time in our hasty world and make us feel the beauty of peace and quiet.
Interior Desing and Natural Stone Enthusiast
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You asked: How are bacon bad for you?
Considering this, what bacon really does to your body? Bacon contains some essential micronutrients, including potassium, which supports bone health, heart health, muscle strength and prevents high blood pressure. You can also find over 50% of the RDA of two essential minerals in bacon; selenium and phosphorus.
Quick Answer, why you should never eat bacon? We hate to tell you this. We really do because everything is better with bacon. But because of its high levels of sodium, saturated fat and countless preservatives, bacon tops the list. Eating foods like this can lead to high blood pressure, heart disease and obesity.
As many you asked, is it OK to eat bacon occasionally? How much bacon is safe to eat? Keeping your bacon intake to a minimum is recommended and only eating it every couple of weeks is best. The current advice from the NHS recommends that if you currently eat more than 90g (cooked weight) of red and processed meat a day, that you cut down to 70g a day.
Likewise, is one piece of bacon a day bad for you? Eating as little as 25 grams of processed meat – around one thin slice of bacon – per day, raised risk by about 20 percent. And people who ate an average of 76 grams of red and processed meat per day had a 20 percent higher risk of developing the cancer compared to those who averaged 21 grams per day.As the bacon is cooked, the fat in the bacon melts down making it crispy. In this way, the crispy bacon has less fat content. Because of this, it is more healthy than other types of bacon.
See also How many calories in a bacon and cheese oatcake?
Is any bacon healthy?
Is bacon a processed meat?
Processed meats are meats that have been preserved by smoking or salting, curing or adding chemical preservatives. They include deli meats, bacon and hot dogs. Eating processed meats increases your cancer risk.
How many pieces of bacon is too many?
High in saturated fat, just 3–4 slices of bacon represents about a fifth of your daily limit for saturated fat. Eating too much saturated fat will raise your cholesterol levels, increasing your risk for heart disease. Adding to this risk is sodium, which bacon has plenty of.
Is it bad to eat bacon and eggs everyday?
Is bacon a fat or protein?
Caloric breakdown of bacon In one slice of cooked bacon there is 44 calories, 3.5g of fat, 0g of carbohydrates and 2.9g of protein. That’s about 30% of the calories coming from protein and 70% coming from fats.
How many slices of bacon is bad?
Individuals who eat more than 20 grams of processed meat a day—the equivalent of one thin strip of bacon or slice of ham—are more likely to die of stroke, cancer, or a myocardial infarction, according to a new study in BMC Medicine.
See also How to heat up bacon in the microwave?
Is it bad to have bacon every morning?
Eating bacon may raise your cholesterol levels With a large amount of bacon being comprised of saturated fat, eating it daily in significant quantities could lead to a raising of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol in your body.
Is bacon bad for weight loss?
Is microwaving bacon healthier?
Is Microwaved Bacon Healthier Than Pan-Fried Bacon? According to the latest data, microwaved bacon has fewer calories and less fat than pan-fried bacon. In fact, researchers discovered that bacon placed in the microwave had roughly 25 calories per slice compared with over 40 calories per pan-seared strip.
What is the healthiest way to eat bacon?
Is turkey bacon healthier than bacon?
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Software helps decrypt embryonic development
Scientists from Tübingen develop new mathematical approaches and software to model the networks that control embryonic development
April 26, 2016
When new life develops, a tiny ball of initially identical cells has to form the different body parts of the mature organism. Sixty years ago, Alan Turing proposed that this body patterning is achieved by two types of signaling molecules that spread in the developing tissues to create a spatial pattern. Scientists from the Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society in Tübingen have now developed new mathematical approaches and software to systematically analyze realistic pattern forming networks that involve more than two molecules. The software can be used to analyze how patterns form during development and to create novel patterns for bioengineering approaches.
Model of a classical Turing network compared to the extended Turing networks analyzed with the software RDNets. Background: a self-organizing labyrinthine Turing pattern.
More than six decades ago, Alan Turing - the father of modern computer science, famous for decrypting messages from the Enigma machine during World War II - postulated a model explaining how the body is patterned during embryonic development. In the reaction-diffusion model that he proposed, two signaling molecules react with each other and spread through the embryo by diffusion. Turing showed mathematically that the two molecules can form spatial patterns in the embryo if one molecule moves faster than the other. The resulting high and low molecule concentrations could then provide the cells with information on how to differentiate and where to form different body parts. Although Turing’s patterns remarkably resemble the patterns observed during normal development, Turing models have been limited to two mobile signaling molecules and could not take into account our current knowledge about the complex underlying gene regulatory networks, which have only been identified over the last few decades after Turing’s death.
Now, a paper extends Turing’s original approach to the post-genomic era. To include the effect that gene regulatory networks have on pattern formation, a team led by Patrick Müller with scientists from the Friedrich Miescher Laboratory in Tübingen and the Centre for Genomic Regulation in Barcelona developed a new computational method to analyze and simulate the formation of patterns in reaction-diffusion networks with both mobile and immobile molecules. “Real-life patterning systems don´t consist of the simplified two-component networks used in classical Turing models. We wanted to analyze more complex systems and to create a user-friendly software that allows us to uncover new biologically relevant network designs”, explains Luciano Marcon, first author of the study.
Software accelarates mathematical operations
The analysis of Turing models involves tedious mathematics, and it takes approximately two pages to analyze a given network by hand. Extending this approach to a systematic analysis with millions of possible networks would seem impossible. The scientists therefore used a modern computer algebra system and developed the software RDNets, which can perform the tedious mathematics automatically within a few minutes.
Screening millions of possible reaction-diffusion networks with their software, the scientists discovered that most of the newly identified patterning networks do not need to fulfill the condition of differential signal mobility that Turing postulated and that has been thought to be indispensable. Instead, patterns can also form when the signaling molecules are equally mobile or even with any combination of signal mobilities. “We have found that realistic reaction-diffusion systems follow mechanisms that are fundamentally different from the previous concepts”, says Patrick Müller.
The scientists used their software to analyze several developmental systems, from the generation of progenitor tissues to the formation of fingers. In addition to its relevance for developmental biology, RDNets may also be useful for bioengineers. The software enables users to model many patterning processes and to design underlying gene regulatory circuits that can then be built synthetically. This should be of great use for tissue engineering approaches, where the software user can design regions of interest for the expression of differentiating factors to induce specific tissues in defined domains.
Analysis of biological networks
Systems biology focuses on the study of biochemical networks, where molecules are the nodes and the molecular interactions are the edges. The dynamics of these networks can be described by differential equations that represent the behavior of the molecules in space and time. There are two ways to study differential equations: either by finding an analytical solution to the equations, or by performing numerical simulations. Traditionally, the first approach is performed manually by mathematicians who use algebra to write down a closed-form solution. This solution describes the behavior of the system for all possible parameter values. The second approach is instead performed by computers and involves the execution of thousands of repetitive calculations with the aim to obtain a list of numerical values that describe the behavior of the system under specific conditions, i.e. for a set of representative parameter values. Therefore, analytical approaches are preferable because they provide an exhaustive description of the system, in contrast to numerical simulations which can only sample a subset of the parameter space. In practice, however, analytical approaches are limited to simple networks because the mathematics becomes too complicated as the size of the problem grows, and the manual solution of the equations becomes unfeasible.
The software RDNets was able to overcome this limitation by automating a linear stability analysis of partial differential equations with the aid of a computer algebra system. This novel approach of an automated high-throughput mathematical analysis can be used to screen for new biochemical Turing networks that can form self-organizing periodic patterns. The analysis can be constrained with qualitative and quantitative experimental data, which makes RDNets an unprecedented tool for users that aim to study developmental patterning networks or to design reaction-diffusion synthetic circuits. The software is available online and runs on most web browsers.
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Home » Blog » Tennessee Among Roughly 20 States to Adopt “Stand Your Ground” Self-Defense Law
In the wake of the shooting of an unarmed black teenager in Sanford, Florida last month, the “Stand Your Ground” self-defense law has become a focal point of public debate. The law, which states that people who encounter confrontations outside their homes are not required to retreat and can use deadly force to protect themselves if they so choose. The act allows a citizen to use deadly force upon the “reasonable belief that there is an imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury.” Moreover, the crucial factor is that the person reasonably believes the threat to be real at the moment the threat occurs, even if that belief later turns out to be wrong. Tennessee law has long held that when a person is confronted in their home, no duty to retreat exists. This is in part attributed to the widely held belief that a person threatened during a home invasion would be subject to enough fear to justify the use of deadly force. Change came in 2007 when the government extended the scope of the law to include people inside businesses, other buildings, cars and tents. In passing, the government maintained that when a person is outside somewhere they have a right to be, and are confronted, they are under no duty to retreat. However, if they use deadly force then they must be legitimately afraid they are about to suffer serious bodily injury or death. Likewise, through this law the Legislature has gone a step further and removed the duty to retreat from when the same situation occurs but happens outside the home. Tennessee is among roughly 20 states to have adopted the law, which is also referred to as the “Make My Day” or the “Shoot First” law. Proponents of the statute maintain it is crucial to allow people in hostile situations to use deadly force to protect themselves in situations when retreat is not possible, or unsafe. Conversely, opponents claim that having such a broad law allows for unnecessary violence, such as the shooting of Trayvon Martin, the unarmed Florida teen, who had been wearing a hooded sweatshirt. In Florida, courts also apply the reasonable belief of imminent harm or death when using deadly force standard.
Tennessee is another state with ‘Stand Your Ground’ self-defense law
Posted By: Eston Whiteside
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teens talking
Peers can positively or negatively impact a teenager’s development. They help a teenager grow, mature, develop new skills, and find new interests. However, peers can also have a bad influence on teens. These peers can push a teen to try drugs, alcohol, or develop bad behaviors like stealing and cheating.
In addition, peer pressure can negatively impact a teenager’s health. It can be detrimental to a person’s mental and physical health.
Causes of Peer Pressure
Teenagers experiences pressured from peers because of different reasons. It could be due to a weak personality, need for social acceptance, fear of rejection, and bullying.
Weak Personality
When someone has a stable personality, he or she cannot be easily affected or influenced by peer pressure. However, a person’s teenage years are the years when he or she is still finding the person he or she is. Therefore, teenagers are more prone to peer pressure.
Longing for acceptance
As naturally social beings, almost everybody longs to be part of a social group. At the same time, individuals have a fear of rejection, of not being good enough to be part of a social circle. Sometimes, the desire to belong leads to an individual giving up his or her set of beliefs and values; this person abandons these beliefs in order to conform to a different set of value system a group he or she wants to belong to may have.
Sometimes, a teenager may be aware of the negative influences surrounding him or her but cannot refuse the influences for fear of bullying. These teenagers fear being an outcast, and may even fear that they will be physically assaulted for being different.
sad teen child
Health problems due to peer pressure
Peer pressure can take a toll on a teenager’s mental and physical health. A person pressured by peers may be prone to anxiety, drug abuse, depression, and eating disorders. It is important to be aware of the negative impacts of peer pressure; once these negative signs and habits are recognized, it may be time for adults to step up and help these teenagers before it’s too late.
Depression through peer pressure can be because of different reasons. For one, a teenager may feel that they should hide who they really are in order to be accepted by their social group. As it is, it is already stressful for a teenager to find out who he or she is. Add to this the pressure of conforming and it leads to anxiety and depression.
Teenagers experiencing depression have several symptoms. It includes lack of energy, extreme changes in mood or irritability, and lack of sleep. Instead of trying to fit in a group by changing themselves, teenagers who are experiencing depression may also choose to self-isolate. They may suddenly stop being interested in joining different activities and poor academic performance may also be observed.
A worst-case scenario is that a teenager may attempt suicide due to extreme depression.
To help a teenager struggling from depression, it is necessary to take them out of the environment that causes the depression. Speaking with a therapist or counselor can also help, especially when a teenager is struggling to express their emotions among family and peers.
Eating disorders
Depression is a mental health disorder; eating disorders can be due to depression. A teenager may express his or her emotions by his or her food intake. The National Institute of Mental Health defines an eating disorder as a serious illness related to eating behaviors that can be fatal in extreme cases. Eating disorders include anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating.
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where a person thinks he or she is overweight when in actuality, they are extremely underweight. Teenagers suffering from this disorder constantly weigh themselves, too conscious about gaining weight. They limit themselves from eating too much food, even when it is extremely necessary for them to consume more.
People with anorexia nervosa pressure themselves to lose more weight; they would do anything just to accomplish this. Their behavior includes exercising too much, using laxatives, and vomiting just to remove weight from their body. Because of their extreme behavior, people with anorexia often die of complications due to starvation.
Bulimia nervosa
A person suffering from bulimia nervosa experiences binge-eating followed by forced vomiting. They usually feel guilty about eating too much and to compensate, they try to remove the food consumed through vomiting or use of excessive laxatives. People with bulimia can either be excessively underweight or overweight.
To help a teenager overcome this condition, treatment options for bulimia and other types of eating disorders are available.
Peer pressure should not affect a person’s disposition, points of view, and goals in life. But that’s not always the case. Learn the implications and the ways to manage, reduce, or avoid them.
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Plate Subduction and the Ice Age
Although secular scientists and their pals believe there have been many ice ages in the past, they cannot provide evidence for their claims. Indeed, they are unable to furnish a plausible model for any ice age in their scheme of things. Biblical creationists postulate that the Genesis Flood precipitated the Ice Age.
Secular geologists do not have a plausible model for the Ice Age. Biblical creationists, however, postulate that the Genesis Flood and plate tectonics played a large part in it.
Credit: United States Geological Survey (usage does not imply endorsement of site contents)
"You mean like when I do math, Cowboy Bob? I do my gazintas, where three gazinta eighteen six times. Then I do my subduction, when I subduct twelve from eight and get four".
We'll leave your advanced mathematics out of this geology study for now, okay? Subduction is when a plate is pushed under another one. This contributed to volcanic activity. The Ice Age could not be caused by some volcanic activity. There was a passel of it during the Flood, plus heat caused by subduction that led to warmer oceans. Let's take a look at a short overview.
To read the rest, click on "Subduction Was Essential for the Ice Age".
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Quick Answer: What Is A Reactant In Biology?
Medical Definition of reactant : a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction.
What is a reactant simple definition?
What are reactants in biology with examples?
What’s an example of a reactant?
Examples of Reactants Reactants are what you start with in a reaction. When water forms from its elements, the reactants are hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gas. The product is water (H2O). In photosynthesis, the reactants are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
What is a reactant or product?
The substances that go into a chemical reaction are called the reactants, and the substances produced at the end of the reaction are known as the products.
You might be interested: Often asked: What Can You Do With A Biology Bachelor's Degree?
What is a reactant in an experiment?
Reactants are the starting materials in a chemical reaction. Reactants undergo a chemical change in which chemical bonds are broken and new ones formed to make products.
What is a reactant in photosynthesis?
The reactants of photosynthesis are everything to the left of the “———>” arrow, thus the reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight energy. The products of photosynthesis are everything to the right of the “———>” arrow, thus the products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen.
What is a products in biology?
In chemistry, a product is a substance that is formed as the result of a chemical reaction.In a reaction, starting materials called reactants interact with each other.
Are enzymes reactants?
Like other catalysts, enzymes are not reactants in the reactions they control. They help the reactants interact but are not used up in the reactions. Instead, they may be used over and over again. Unlike other catalysts, enzymes are usually highly specific for particular chemical reactions.
What is a product in biology enzymes?
Enzymes are proteins that have the ability to bind substrate in their active site and then chemically modify the bound substrate, converting it to a different molecule — the product of the reaction. You can often recognize that a protein is an enzyme by its name.
What is reactant in physical science?
Reactants are substances that start a chemical reaction. Products are substances that are produced in the reaction.
How do you find the reactants?
The reactant that is consumed first and limits the amount of product(s) that can be obtained is the limiting reactant. To identify the limiting reactant, calculate the number of moles of each reactant present and compare this ratio to the mole ratio of the reactants in the balanced chemical equation.
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What is a reactant atom?
Coefficients represent moles of a substance so that the number of atoms produced is equal to the number of atoms being reacted with. Reactant: is the numbers of each of the elements on the reactants side of the reaction equation. Product: is the number of each element on the product side of the reaction equation.
Is ammonia a reactant?
Reactants are substances initially present in a chemical reaction that are consumed during the reaction to make products. In this case, ammonia would be the reactant and nitrogen and hydrogen the products.
What are the reactants in respiration?
Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular respiration or aerobic respiration is a series of chemical reactions which begin with the reactants of sugar in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
Which chemicals are reactants?
Methane and oxygen ( oxygen is a diatomic — two-atom — element) are the reactants, while carbon dioxide and water are the products. All the reactants and products are gases (indicated by the g’s in parentheses). In this reaction, all reactants and products are invisible.
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What countries won World War II and Which one benefited most from the war?
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posted Feb 18, 2016 by anonymous
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Allies (US/UK/USSR/France) won of course. However, most of the world benefitted indirectly from the war by moving closer to their goals.
US: Became the most important power in the world in both economic and military terms as other posters mentioned. Depression and isolationism also ended.
USSR: Once an outpost of Europe going through a destructive revolution had become the most important power in the world on par with the USA.
Western Europe: For centuries western Europe was constantly fighting and interfering in each other's affairs. There was constant mistrust and hostility. Post-WW2 Europe became the most harmonious group in the world as though a switch was suddenly turned on. Marshall plan helped modernize the economy and Bretton Woods brought currency stability.
Germany: For centuries wanted to attain parity with England and France. In the post-war period, Germany became the economic core of Europe and the defacto leader of EU - attaining Charlemagne's dream. All this achieved without picking a sword. Its people finally threw off both monarchy and dictatorship atoned for their sins and became among the most respected.
Japan: For a long time Japan was unable to come to terms with rest of Asia and was on a war course that affected both its citizens as well as rest of Asia. However, in the 3 decades post-WW2 Japan like Europe just flicked off its image switch and became an icon of peace & also the world's biggest economic superpower attaining parity with the Americans they long dreaded before the war.
Israel: WW1 already set the motion for a Jewish land in Palestine. However, the horrors of Holocaust strengthened the resolve of both Jews and rest of the world resulting in the state of Israel that was dreamed by Jews for centuries.
China: For over a century, China lived through a state of constant civil wars. The WW2 helped bring an end to that as the Communists roared through Beijing. The resulting stability catapulted China to become the most important power in Asia.
India: WW2 accelerated the freedom movement and helped the freedom cause. The post-war labor government in UK helped the transition to go peacefully and a great example of transition of power.
France: By the end of 19th century, France lost its position of a major power. End of WW2 brought back France as a major power with a seat in the UN Security Council and a major power in EU.
World institutions: For all their imperfections, the world institutions that came after the war - UN, WHO, UNESCO, World Bank, IMF did a much better job to bring the world to a single table and built international relations like no other time before.
Second world war helped fight colonialism and also brought plenty of women to the work force eventually resulted in homes with modern amenities. It also pushed for democracy and people rights significantly.
answer Feb 20, 2016 by Shivaranjini
Similar Questions
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Which of these countries was officially neutral during both World War I and World War II?
A. Turkey
B. Italy
C. Sweden
D. Australia
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Which one of the two most powerful battleships built by Germany in World War II, was destroyed while hiding near Tromsø on the Norwegian coast by RAF bombers?
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RLROUSE Directory & Informational Resources
Edwin Hubble Remembered
Edwin Hubble is remembered as a giant in the field of Astronomy
Edwin HubbleDuring the 1920s, astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) made some of the most important discoveries ever made in the field.
Hubble was an independent thinker, always eager to challenge existing theories and willing to carry out the research required to find out how things truly are. Never one to avoid controversy, Hubble was truly a man of conviction and perseverance.
Here are just a few of Edwin Hubble's most significant discoveries and contributions to the field of astronomy:
• He was the first astronomer to realize that the Milky Way didn't make up the entire universe, but was instead just a single galaxy among untold billions.
• Hubble also came to realize that the universe was ever expanding, an idea contrary to conventional wisdom among his peers, including Albert Einstein. This realization led to the development of the "Big Bang Theory".
• He developed Hubble's Law: The farther away a galaxy is from Earth, the faster it is moving away from it.
Indeed, Edwin Hubble was a very complex man. In addition to his status as one of the most influential astronomers of all time, at various times in his life he was also:
• a world class college athlete
• a Rhodes scholar
• a high school Spanish teacher
• a friend and confidant of the Hollywood elite
Edwin Hubble's enormous contributions to the science of Astronomy were recognized and honored when the new Hubble Space Telescope (launched in 1990) was named after him. The Hubble Telescope continues to provide us with amazing images of galaxies that are millions of light years away from earth.
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Windows Into the Soul of Frida Kahlo
In honor of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, the South Haven Center for the Arts created a series of window installations during the summer of 2020 that featured various objects illustrating Frida's love of the art created by the indigenous people of Mexico, who Frida admired greatly for their hard work and talent. Here you will see examples of the types of things Frida may have collected herself for display in her home in Mexico City, Casa Azul. There are also examples of the unique style of fashion Frida developed and was known for throughout her life.
Oaxacan Embroidery
Embroidering garments has been practiced by Mexican matriarchs for hundreds of years, and regional patterns from the Mexican states are handed down through generations to keep the tradition of embroidery alive.
Frida's mother was from Oaxaca, and from Frida's wedding in 1929 until her death in 1954, she honored peasant women by wearing their patterned creations, her favorite being those of Tehuana, Oaxaca State, Mexico.
Oaxaca is home to several different groups of indigenous peoples—most notably the Zapotec, Nahua, and Mixtec tribes. Each has a distinctive tradition of embroidery, and were, and continue to be today, influenced by their individual social structures and views of the world.
Mexican White and Black
An Oaxacan huipil, alabaster carvings, a milagro heart, and white wedding flags were brought together with a Frida plaque, tin candelabra, ceramics, white calla lilies (one of Frida's favorite flowers) and touches of black and white fabric to create this installation.
The huipil is a traditional tunic-like garment commonly worn by indigenous women from Central Mexico to Central America. These garments are made by stitching together pieces of cloth, often cotton, but others are made from different fabrics like wool and silk. Huipil refers to anything from a blouse to a dress, worn as everyday clothing or for ceremonial events. Ribbons are often sewn into huipil worn as wedding dresses.
Milagros—meaning "miracles"—are small metal religious charms, often in the form of arms, legs, farm animals, and people praying. They are typically attached to crosses or wooden statues of saints, the Virgin Mary, or Christ, or hung on alters and shrines with red ribbons or thread. Many also carry milagros for protection and good luck.
Mexican Earth Colors
A wall hanging depicting a bird, ceramics, embroidery, and objects carved from natural wood are just a few examples of the types of objects Frida may have collected for her home at Casa Azul.
The Brights of Mexico
Some may conjure up images of desert, cactus, and stone pyramids when thinking of Mexico, which is a large part of the country's heritage. Mexico is also full of color, from the orange terra cotta tile roofs that can be seen when flying into Mexico City, to the Mexican Folk art created by it's people for centuries, including textiles, pottery, jewelry, toys, and the artwork of many Mexican artists like Frida Kahlo.
Birds, Animals, and Fish in Mexican Art
Animals, birds, and fish play a primary role in the imagery of Mexican art and craft. Frida depicted pets and other animals that made up her world in her paintings and drawings. Here you can see that animals, birds, and fish were created in many mediums and forms, from embroidered clothing, tapestries, and blankets to pottery, and wooden and clay figures.
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A Sustainable Dragonboat Festival
By Erica
June 10, 2021
The 5th day of the 5th month in the Lunar Calendar marks the celebration of the traditional Chinese holiday known as Tuen Ng/ Duan Wu (端午节 / 端午節). It's also known as the Double Fifth Festival, and it's marked by the eating of rice dumplings (zongzi) which are wrapped in bamboo leaves. In pre-pandemic years, the festival is most commonly marked by the rhythmic sounds of drums as crowds gather to watch the dragon boat races.
This year, the Dragon Boat Festival will be on June 14th, and while this year's celebrations will very likely be a much more muted affair, we thought it would be an interesting exercise to see how we can make some minor changes to how the festival is celebrated to make it more sustainable.
Before that, here's the 101 on the Double Fifth.
History & Cultural Background
While there are a few origin stories, the most famous is the legend of Qu Yuan (340-278 BCE). He was a patriotic poet and a high-ranking official from the Chu state who dedicated his life to making his home state stronger. He lived during the tumultuous period which saw 7 states in constant war to take over neighboring lands and riches.
After being slandered by jealous court officials and accused of treason, the King dismissed and exiled Qu Yuan. When the Qin State forces conquered the capital of the Chu State, Qu Yuan felt great despair and drowned himself in the Miluo River on the 5th day of the 5th Lunar month.
When word spread of Qu Yuan's suicide, the local people rowed out to the river to search for his body but were unsuccessful. In a bid to preserve his body, the locals rowed their boats up and down the river, hitting the water with their paddles and beating drums to scare away evil spirits. They threw lumps of rice into the river to feed the fish, in the hopes that they would leave Qu Yuan's body untouched.
Customs & Practices
1. Eating Zongzi (Chinese sticky rice dumplings)
Zongzi is made of sticky rice filled with variety of ingredients such as pork, chestnuts, egg yolk, and wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves. While making and eating these dumplings were seen as a way to commemorate Qu Yuan, it's becoming commonplace for these dumplings to be gifted to relatives and friends during this festival.
2. Dragon Boat racing
From the traditional origins, dragon boat racing is now seen as a sporting activity and races are now organized in many parts of the world. Standard dragon boats are usually made of teak, spanning a length of around 12 meters which can accommodate 20 crew members and a drummer who provides the rhythmic pace of the rowers.
3. Egg-balancing
It is said that if you can make an egg balance at noon of the festival day, you will be blessed with good luck for the upcoming year. This tradition originated from Southern China, and it has caught on in the United States during Springtime.
While we can try to convince you that using natural vines is better than raffia to bind the dumplings, or that dragon boats should be made from recycled wood and eco-friendly paints, we have some easier ways to make your Dragonboat Festival more sustainable.
Sustainable celebration ideas
1. Eating Zongzi (Chinese sticky rice dumplings)
A study conducted by the Oxford University showed that producing 1 kg of pork can result in up to 7kg of carbon emission released into the atmosphere. If the population of Taiwan (~23 million) reduces their intake of pork by 100 grams during this festival, there could be a reduction of up to 1,610 tons of carbon emission. So, if you ate fewer dumplings or opt for the vegetarian option – where beans replace meat – you will be doing something positive for the environment.
2. Less snacks or fast foods
It's pretty common to grab a fast-food meal or snack when we are watching sporting events, such as, say, dragon boat races. There have been studies which show that a fast-food meal can produce up to 0.48kg of carbon emission. If everyone in Taiwan (population ~23 million) has one less one fast-food meal on the Double Fifth Festival, there works out to be approximately 11,000 tons of carbon emission in total.
3. Using public transportation (*Covid-19 safety protocol notwithstanding)
In Taipei City, the roads can get busy during festival season. Most people will drive from their homes to the dragon boat venue at the riverside, and a round trip comes up to 12 km. Based on this driving & carbon emission calculation, driving 1 km releases 120g of cardon dioxide into the atmosphere.
If the approximately 1 million households in Taipei City opted to take public transport instead of driving to the dragon boat races, that can prevent an additional 1,440 tons of carbon dioxide emission produced.
For good measure, those leaves from the dumplings can also be composted or used as natural fertilizers. However, as you can see from the above examples, it doesn't take a lot to make choices which help toward a bigger sustainable goal.
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Ford Motors
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1. Define and discuss Ford’s business-level strategy.
Ford’s business-level strategy is to design, develop, manufacture, and service cars and trucks worldwide that meets and satisfies its customers’ needs. The company follows cost leadership business-level strategy. The “One Ford” plan is the foundation of the company’s actions to achieve its mission and vision. Ford is one team, with one plan and one goal. In terms of being one team, Ford is comprised of people working together as a lean, global enterprise for automotive leadership that is measured by customer, employee, dealer, investor, supplier, union/council, and community satisfaction. The one plan entails four key points.
The first point is to aggressively restructure to operate profitability at the current demand and changing model mix. Secondly, to accelerate development of new products Ford’s customers want and value. Thirdly, finance its plan and improve its balance sheet. The fourth point is to work together effectively as one team. Ford’s one goal is to be an exciting viable company delivering profitable growth for all. Ford’s vision is to provide sustainable transportation that is affordable in every sense of the word: socially, environmentally and economically. The company’s blueprint for sustainability and commitment to pursuing its business levels strategy allows Ford to deliver new products that are safe, quality, fuel efficient and a value that the customers and society need.
2. Explain how the company’s value-chain activities can be better linked to create value for the company.
Ford’s value-chain activities can be better linked to create value for the company by the internal control of the factors of production and
distribution. Another way the activities can be better linked is by the advancement of its technology through the years. Ford Motors has developed and built upon its structure over many years of steady growth.
The company’s growth is a reflection of recognizing and addressing the things that creates value and the impact sustainability challenges present. Ford has identified nine issues that occur during the major life-cycle stages of its value chain. These issues includes: product planning and design, logistics (transportation), raw material extraction, parts and components, assembly and painting, sales, use, service, and end of life. Ford addresses these issues in terms of its principle actors in the stage, environmental issues, social issues, and economic issues. Better linking value chain activities through internal control of the factors of production and distribution; along with the advancement of its technology further Ford’s value-chain activities can be better linked to create value. 3. Explain how Ford can successfully position itself in terms of the five forces of competition.
Ford can successfully position itself in the terms of the five forces of competition because by the buyer power force of competition, Ford sets their own price for which they sell their vehicles. Since Ford is in a monopsony market just like it’s competitors they can set their own price based on what their competitor’s prices. We know that the buyer power that Ford has is strong because they have a threat of backward integration since they purchase tires for their vehicles.
Another one of the five forces where Ford can successfully position itself is in the rivalry amongst competing firms. Ford can compete with its rivaling firms by lowering prices, extending warranties, increasing advertisement and enhancing quality.
The barriers to entry force protect the high profit levels of firms in the market and stop additional rivals from entering into the market. Usually when the profits increase in a market other companies try to enter into the market to take advantage of this for them.
Threat of substitutes exists when a product’s demand is affected by the price change of a substitute product. Ford Motors can successfully position themselves in the threat of substitutes by substituting hubcaps for factory-based rims and auto manufacturer tires for retread tires.
Finally, Ford Motors can position themselves with the bargaining power of consumers because Ford Motors value their customers and they would give them a fair negotiation price. The customers would also ask to switch the competing brands or substitutes. 4. Outline a rough competitor analysis.
|Key External Factors |Weight |Rating |Weighted Score | |Customer Focus |0.10 |3 |0.30 | |Safety |0.20 |4 |0.80 | |Consumer Spending |0.15 |4 |0.60 | |Excess Capacity |0.05 |1 |0.05 | |Total |0.50 | |1.75 |
5. Describe what can be learned about expected competitor behavior by using the model of competitive rivalry to understand Ford’s situation.
What can be learned about the expected competitor behavior by using the model of competitive rivalry is that Ford Motors is willing to compete with its rivaling firms by lowering prices so that the consumers can choose them over another company such as General Motors for their service. Ford Motors also, offers the addition of adding features to customers so consumers may choose them over a rivalry firm and those features may be adding spoilers, navigation or heated seats in the vehicle that the rivalry firm does not offer.
Providing services and extending warranties are another area where Ford’s competitor behavior is used because if rivalry firms offer a basic 100,000 mile warranty Ford Motors can insure that they continue to have the customer service for more than just the 100,000 mile warranty by providing them with a 2-year warranty on the vehicle. 6. Explain what role strategic leadership will play in helping Mulally and the organization meet its strategic objectives.
The role that strategic leadership will play in helping Mulally and the organization meet their strategic objectives are that it will show them the employees that have the skills, tools, and desire to have what it takes to work for Ford Motors. Those skills, tools, and desire are needed to implement change in the organization to help it continue to grow and improve over the years. Strategic leadership will point the employees in the right direction also with their ability to learn and adapt to the current changes and ensure that the strategy delivers what Mulally is looking for.
Data Source- Ford Motor Company
Data source- Value chain
http:// tutor2u.net/ ebusiness/ebusiness-strategy-business-models.html
Data source- Strategic management
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The fight against racial hate and the killings of black people has been going on for a multitude of years. With that being said, many of these issues being faced whether it be, police brutality, unequal opportunity, racial hate and unfair justice—these are issues blacks have experienced for more than 50 years and have continued to resonate plaguing the black community with a feeling of being overwhelmed by the amount of issues that seem to be piling on top of another
Along with this constant struggle to get what we want, blacks also struggle with continuing to stay with the fight. There is a battle of whether the person who reads the teachings of notable black leaders, participates in constant social media debates, and writes thought-provoking pieces is able to stay sane during a time where a hashtag of an murdered African-American is updated almost weekly
At this point the struggle many blacks are facing is racial fatigue. Battling racial fatigue during the time where the Black Lives Matter movement has been heavily publicized is a double-edged sword
Race Battle fatigue is a term that was coined by William Smith in the Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society (2008)—attributing that the psychological attrition that People of Color experience from the daily battle of deflecting racialized insults, stereotypes or discrimination. Many of these racially influenced insults end up being combatted by the person they are used against
Along with experiences of racial hate, feelings have also risen surrounding cases where an individual feels bias in a decision that was made by a judicial system that they feel usually tends to show more benefits to another race. There comes a time where race is the only issue many people are worried about and have gotten so consumed in the issue and bothered by results not occurring the way they want—the individual ends up becoming tired of even talking about social issues
Questions other people may ask is, “How can you be so worried about these issues all the time?” And some who discuss these issues constantly may even ask themselves that question. The constant struggle with trying to figure out if progress will ever be made leaves people with many blank discussions. It develops a feeling of insanity. Just recently, CNN broadcaster Don Lemon featured a segment on, “The N-word” which has been a debate that has continued to occur for years
The same discussions are being held, but it seems that no results are rising from these constant debates. It is hard for an individual to deal with so much hate coming at a race at one time. When putting things in perspective, the George Zimmerman trial occurred just two years ago, the next year in 2014—the killing of Mike Brown occurred along with multiple killings of the summer of Oscar Grant and Eric Garner
Now in 2015, after multiple Black Lives Matter influenced marches have occurred from college campuses to New York City Times Square streets, a recent man by the name of Walter Scott was also killed. And although time has been spent creating posters, participating in Twitter arguments and expressing our views and opinions in multiple ways, we are still discussing the same issues, and it gets tiring
The issue gets to a point where a person wants to give up and become content with the fact that the change that has been fought for by leaders like Malcolm X, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Angela Davis, Ella Baker and others may just be a figment of imagination. Now, the question is what to do next? Many blacks at this point, especially with the growing young black activists today are wondering if there is any type of answer to reconcile the constant battle of racism. And this feeling of racial hate does not only just correlate to killings of African-Americans—it is also felt in the consumption of media. Recent movies have been released that focus on the mistreatment of blacks. The Oscar winning film, “12 Years a Slave” received a lot of critical claim because of the feeling and intimacy of the movie
It put the viewer in the time of slavery and almost made a person hate another race strictly off of what happened in a film for about two hours. But along with these concepts that are put into films to show sides of black culture, African-Americans also have faced issues and disagreements surrounding cultural appropriation
Discussions have continued to grow of mainstream award shows creating their appeal for people of the white racial background causing African-Americans to lose their attraction from wanting to view the awards show. There is a need for notoriety that blacks feel they have not received from other races since the beginning of time
And although it has been such a long period of time of racial hate—the fight against racial hate and racial battle fatigue must continue to occur. In my own personal experience, I was mentally exhausted between writing pieces about the cultural appropriation of Iggy Azalea, why Kendrick Lamar should have won a Grammy in 2014, and the racial injustice against Trayvon Martin in 2013—along with events that occurred this summer it gets to a point where you feel there may actually be no answer to the issue
But, if you step back and find other approaches to stimulate different thoughts the fatigue that is felt will turn into another fire of burning passion for the advancement of African-Americans. In order for us to not only combat racial fatigue, people of the black race should cultivate together instead of creating separations in a time where a tight knit bond is needed most
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Assisting the Truth Trials for the Disappeared of La Plata
On April 1998, the Permanent Assembly for Human Rights of La Plata requested that the Federal Court of la Plata set up a process to “tell the truth” about the disappearances which occurred in that region of Argentina during the civil war. As a result, the court established the “Truth Trials”, an unprecedented type of judicial proceeding without criminal sentencing or punishment, in which survivors testified to their direct experiences of human rights abuses as weekly trial sessions. While the purpose and scope of the proceedings were generally restricted to truth-telling, the testimony presented occasionally led to investigations and prosecutions. One notable example is the 2007 conviction of the chaplain of Buenos Aires Province Police, Christian Federico von Wernich, for torture and crimes against humanity.
In 2009, the court heard the testimony of survivors from the U9 prison. The U9 detainees were, at the time, primarily young professionals who opposed the military dictatorship. CJA represented one of the survivors, a U.S. lawyer residing in San Francisco who was brutally tortured during his imprisonment.
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What is Alternating Current (AC) vs Direct Current (DC)?
The electric current is divided into Direct Current and Alternating Current. Before we talk about what these are, let's remember what the electric current is, how it occurs:
Electrons begin to move by applying a voltage (force) on substances containing free electrons. When electrons move electrically from negative region to positive region, what we call "current" occurs. Direct current (DA or English expression Direct Current, DC) is the constant flow of electrical charges from high potential to low potential. Although the direction of this current does not change, its intensity may change.
ac dc currents
The direct current can be produced with the following sources:
• Batteries for vehicles that convert chemical energy into electrical energy,
• From accumulators,
• From dynamo vehicles that convert alternating current electrical energy into DC electrical energy,
• Solar panels.
Alternating Current (AA or English expression, AC) is an electrical current whose amplitude and direction change periodically. The most commonly used wave type in this current type is the sine wave. Different waveforms such as triangles and squares are also used in different applications. All waves can be turned to each other via electronic circuits. These cycles are carried out with capacitors, diodes, relays circuit elements.
Alternative current is produced thanks to the devices known as alternators. Alternators are a special type of electric generator designed to produce alternating current. The wire frame is rotated within the magnetic field in the alternators. The time it takes to make a full round turn, i.e. a 360-degree turn, is called T. The wire rotates within the magnetic field, thus entering the voltage current transformation and producing alternating current.
The most commonly used alternative current types are;
1. One phase AC: This is the most common alternating current energy. It is a frequency of 60 Hz (U.S.) and a voltage of 110-20 volts as used in households.
2. 120/240 VAC: It shows two phase lines that jointly use a third conductor. There is 120 (120 VAC) between each phase and the common conductor, and 240 volts of alternating voltage (240 VAC) between the surpluses. The difference between excesses is 180°.
3. 120/280 VAC: The same as 120/240 VAC; however, the angle between the two phases is 120°. Therefore, the compound voltage between the two phases is 280 volts.
4. 220 VAC or 240 VAC: 120/240 VAC indicates two phases of the system. The single codes 220 and 240 mean that the common conductor is not used at all in general.
5. 208 VAC: 120/208 Indicates two phases of the VAC system. The only use of code 208 means that the common conductor is not generally used.
6. Two phases: In fact, this term, which is not exactly true, is used to describe an energy grid that uses two of the phases found in a three-phase system.
7. Three phases: It is an energy system with three phases. Here, the voltage phases difference between each conductor is evenly divided into 120 degrees.
DC or AC?
In 1893 For Tesla and Westinghouse, the question of whether it was Alternating a direct current or an alternating current was answered by the current wars that had a happy ending. George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla,founders of Westinghouse, proposed the preference for alternative current for electricity transmission, while Thomas Edison was an advocate of the right current. Edison had to submit to Nikola Teslaafter his defensive efforts were inadequate. Since then, alternating current networks have dominated the transmission of electrical energy all over the world. Such an outcome, of course, must have its reasons. Thanks to transformers, the alternating current can be easily adjusted to any desired value; in addition, alternating current can enable the development of integrated power grids.
Alternating currentalso has significant drawbacks. More than 10%of the electricity is lost every 1,000 kmin the transmission of electricity over long distances by high voltage power lines. In this respect, the direct current seems to be more advantageous. The reason is that direct current transmission systems reduce losses in the power line by 1/3. Alternative current from power plants and wind farmsthanks to electronic power semiconductors with developing technology can be transformed into direct current at affordable prices
and energy loss is minimized.Alternating
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Material civilization
The european space studied through the flow of energy and raw materials, communication networks, and the mobility of merchants, marchandise, consumers, and citizens.
Political Europe
Can Europe be considered a political object? A typology of the different projects for a political Europe, a reflection on the flow of ideas and models in a European "public sphere".
European humanism
European history seen through culture, representations, and socio-religious identities.European history seen through culture, representations, and socio-religious identities.
Europe, Europeans and the World
The construction of European identity as it relates to the world: its relations, exchanges, and "return effects".
Wars and memories
The conflicts of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries–guerilla conflict, civil war, world war–along with the material and psychological traces left by wars.
Gender and Europe
A gendered history of Europe, in which gender relations are a constituent element of the definition of European political, economic, and cultural space.
Arts in Europe
National traditions, circulations, and identities in European art. An analysis of the factors of unity and division at work in the complex development of European cultural identity.
Education, teaching, and professional training
The Education, Teaching, and Professional Training research focus offers comparative historical analyses of the evolution of educational ideas and practices, the structuring of educational systems in European countries, disciplinary and non-disciplinary teaching, and professional training.
Ecology and environment in Europe
A history of Europe through the prism of its relations with its environment: is there a European peculiarity? Are there distinctive national features? What circulations are being implemented to manage ecosystems, and what crosscutting influences are there with regard to environmental policy (protection of resources, regulation of pollution, etc.)?
Migrations in Europe
Europe-wide analyses of human flows, trajectories, and mobilities in collaboration with the Institut Convergences Migrations.
International relations
Europe in the making: political, economical and cultural relations within European borders and between European countries and the rest of the world.
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“Four EU countries are close to natural herd immunity”
October 5, 2020 0 By FM
Models suggest that at least 60% of individuals in a given population need to be immunised to halt further transmission of the virus in that community. The 60% plus threshold for herd immunity is the minimum coverage needed to interrupt transmission by using random vaccination. But a recent preprint postulates that natural herd immunity for SARS-CoV-2 can be reached at a far lower threshold – of around 10 to 20% — through the immunity induced by an infection which is naturally selective. Individuals who are more susceptible to or exposed to the virus tend to be infected and become immune earlier. These variations in susceptibility or exposure lower the herd immunity threshold compared to vaccination. Hence some populations may be close to achieving herd immunity despite being under more or less strict social distancing measures, according to the study titled: Herd immunity thresholds for SARS-CoV-2 estimated from unfolding epidemics, which appeared in medRxiv.
Gabriela Gomes, Professor of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Strathclyde, Scotland and the lead author, tells FM that the findings of the study have profound consequences for the governance of the current pandemic. Edited excerpts:
Could you briefly explain how exactly you arrived at the conclusion that the natural herd immunity threshold for SARS-CoV-2 could be as low as 20%?
The reason why herd immunity thresholds are lower when immunity is induced by natural infection than by vaccination is individual variation in susceptibility or exposure. In a heterogeneous population, individuals are not infected at random. Specifically, those who are more susceptible or exposed tend to be infected and become immune earlier. Since an individual’s contribution to population immunity is weighted by his susceptibility and exposure, the more variable these characteristics [within the population] the lower the proportion needed to achieve a given level of immunity, such as the herd immunity threshold. We applied models that account for complete variation in susceptibility or exposure to a series of cases in four European countries and estimated herd immunity thresholds around 10-20%.
Are lower immunity thresholds for natural infection common, or is it specific to SARS-CoV-2?
The variation and selection that explains the relatively low herd immunity thresholds when immunity is induced by natural infection is general. The idea has not been very prominent until now, probably because we only see the phenomenon in action when we have an emerging infection that spreads widely, which fortunately does not happen often.
A recent serosurvey conducted in Spain came out with the finding that only 5% of the population had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 despite the higher rate of infection in this European country. According to your estimates, in what ways can the introduction of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 influence the progress towards herd immunity induced by infection?
I think all our 4 study countries (Belgium, England, Portugal, Spain) are close to herd immunity. Our latest paper includes a comparison of our model outputs with reported seroprevalences in Spain. There is substantial geographical variation in seroprevalences even within a country. In Spain some regions have more than 10% population with antibodies and others much less. Because of heterogeneity in geographical spread, achieving herd immunity is a gradual process. A patchwork forms combining regions that have been highly affected and are protected and regions that remain vulnerable to outbreaks. We have to analyse each setting beyond that single number that describes the national herd immunity threshold.
In what ways, the introduction of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 can impact the pace of achieving herd immunity induced by infection?
If a vaccine is introduced in populations that have not yet crossed their herd immunity thresholds, herd immunity will eventually be achieved by the combined action of natural infection and vaccination. Because vaccination programmes do not necessarily target those individuals who are more susceptible and exposed to infection, herd immunity thresholds are expected to be higher through this route. I suppose recommendations will be released in due time for how to target SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, probably to people at higher risk of severe outcomes of infection, and possibly potential super spreaders.
Reports of reinfection by SARS-CoV-2 are already coming up. How far can the reinfection potential, that too within a short span after recovery, affect the natural herd immunity threshold?
Based on their rarity so far, reinfections are not expected to have much impact on the herd immunity thresholds that will take the pandemic to a halt. Reinfections will have a more important role in the post-pandemic phase when the virus becomes seasonal.
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I saw a thing about Typhoid Mary a couple years back. I hadn't realized that she was contagious for most of her life.
She was a cook, and they told her she should never handle food for others again. They later caught her working with food, and she went (back) into mandatory quarantine for the last 23 years of her life. She lived to 69, having spent a little over half of her adult life imprisoned.
They had a theory that removing her gallbladder would cure her, but she refused.
> They had a theory that removing her gallbladder would cure her, but she refused.
Um, it's not a theory--it really works most (>90%) of the time. The gallbladder is generally the site of the chronic salmonella infection that couldn't be treated before antibiotics.
Now, whether you want to have surgery back in a time before antibiotics is an independent problem.
How did they narrow it down to the gallbladder back then?
Presumably correlation on soldiers. Medicine was kind of hit or miss back then but quite often got lots of data from war wounded.
Typhoid had a lot of attention because it tended to be one of those things that killed a LOT of soldiers. The vaccine for it was developed in 1896 by the Almroth Edward Wright at the British Army Medical School. And the Second Boer War was the first time that war casualties were actually larger than disease casualties because of the vaccine.
Even in someone who’s actively contagious?
Quoting https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100222162004.h...:
"In fact, the most widely accepted treatment of chronic typhoid infection is removal of the gallbladder."
And, in particular, it looks like the most chronic and asymptomatic (like Typhoid Mary) have biofilms on gallstones that serves as a very difficult to kill reservoir.
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A Few Moments at McNary
The Simple Paradise of Potholes State Park
Hiking Hog Lake
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travel, Uncategorized
Fort Spokane: Pieces of History Still Stand
Fort Spokane is an incredibly interesting place, and the grounds hold a lot of history as well. Most of the buildings that once stood as part of the fort have fallen and little remains. The main reason being that the area was abandoned for many years before restorative efforts were made on the buildings that were still standing. Factors that probably influenced the creation of Fort Spokane can probably be traced back 20 years or so prior to the actual construction. At the time, the U.S. Government was pretty well set on appropriating land through means of forcibly moving the native populations onto reservations. The story up here in the state of Washington was pretty much the same according to Spokane Historical, and it molded a tense relationship between natives and settlers at times.
This tension increased with the introduction of the railroad to the area, and more natives were forced off of the lands they thought of as “communal.” They didn’t want to see the land basically privatized and given to settlers, because the tribes depended on the ability to freely hunt, fish, camp, and travel. In 1880, near the confluence of the Spokane and Columbia Rivers the United States introduced Camp Spokane as a means to keep peace between natives and settlers. Within a couple of years barracks, storage facilities, and other structures were added, and it was upgraded to the status of a military fort. For the following several years life was probably pretty average around Fort Spokane, without much hostility between settlers and tribes. Actually, as stated on Washington, Our Home, “one of the most interesting facts about Fort Spokane is that there was never a shot fired in anger from either the soldiers stationed at the fort or the Indians. And since there didn’t seem to be any expectation of conflict, the Army finally left the post just 18 years after its creation.”
At sometime during 1898-1899 the Colville Indian Agency became responsible for overseeing the grounds and facilities. They went with the idea of utilizing it as a boarding school for natives, as to teach them the ways of the settlers. Essentially the native children were forced to learn certain western teachings, so they could more easily acclimate into the culture brought by the settlers. Much of the native culture was squashed, restricted, or swept under the rug, as was the case across much of the United States. The National Park Service calls the native experience at Fort Spokane as a “microcosm” of what they endured all over the nation. After things quieted down for the boarding school, the structures then served as a tuberculosis hospital until 1929 or so when it was disregarded and abandoned.
Now, we can visit the place to learn about the history and see the displays. For families visiting, they participate in a Junior Ranger program that allows kids to learn through completing tasks around the park. Activities involve, but are not limited to hiking the Sentinel Trail, spotting and documenting wildlife, watching one of the available demonstrations, etc. There are numerous displays to see, and they help to describe what life was like. One of the most interesting buildings as I experienced it is the Quartermaster Stables, as it houses a numerous amount of artifacts. This is one of the few surviving buildings, and it is open during the spring and summer months along with the museum and visitor center. Not to mention the fact that Fort Spokane is very close to other great areas of interest such as Hawk Creek Falls, and is part of the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area. An adventure to the area can lead to a pretty unforgettable day trip that should be experienced if at all possible.
The Beauty & Power of Palouse Falls
If you are thinking of travel in the Pacific Northwest or in Washington specifically, then Palouse Falls has got to be on your bucket list. This powerhouse of a waterfall is incredible when the water levels are high, although it is quite majestic throughout the entire year. The tremendous landscapes draw in large numbers of people, and on March 18, 2014 it was officially made Washington’s state waterfall according to the Washington State Parks website.
Photographers and artists alike make every effort to capture vibrant sunrises and captivating sunsets. Palouse Falls does have a specific area with designated paths for walking, however there are a plethora of paths that lead to a multitude of incredible viewpoints, including the very edge of the waterfall looking down.
Warning signs are in place, because there is a pretty good risk of falling if hikers are not careful. I went on several of the trails outside of the state park area, and found it to be quite an adventure although I recommend staying in the designated area unless well prepared. One of the trails off by the railroad tracks had an old rope tied around a large bush and I was able to utilize that rope to rappel down the incline and reach the trails below. That rope would serve as my only way back up the hill as well, making this trip more of an adventure than I had initially thought it would be. This point is where I had my first interaction with some local wildlife, as I happened to spot a solitary yellow bellied marmot at the top of the hill, and another dozen or so down tucked into the rocky hillside below. Other animals that visitors can possibly encounter are different birds of prey such as Peregrine Falcons, Golden Eagles, and Swainson’s Hawks. These birds of course can occasionally be seen perched along the basalt cliffs or flying around scouting an area for possible food. In the springtime, tourists to the area can expect to see some nice wildflowers growing as well.
The waterfall has quite an extensive history, both geologically and culturally. According to many sources there is a tale once told by people of the Palouse Tribe, the Palouse river and waterfall were the scene of an epic battle between 4 giant brothers and a mythical creature called “Big Beaver.” Story has it the brothers chased and attacked the creature 5 times, and each time they struck “Big Beaver” with a spear it caused a bend in the river. The creature fought fiercely and valiantly during the fifth attack from the brothers. The struggle tore out an enormous canyon, and this is where the river fell over the ledge and became Palouse Falls. The canyon walls are said to show the jagged edges from “Big Beaver’s” claw marks. Also, as mentioned on www.stateparks.com the waterfall was once called “Aputapat” meaning “falling water” or something close to that, but was later changed to honor the Palouse culture.
Geologically the canyon’s creation goes back around 13,000 years to a time of Ice Age Flooding and glacial movement, leaving Palouse Falls as one of the few remaining active waterfalls along this ancient glacial flood path. The floods of that time were said to be extremely violent and catastrophic. The park has plenty of information signs and a kiosk available for people to learn a bit about the floods. These Ice Age floods left a destructive path as the ice, water, and mud ripped tons of rock and earth away to carve the canyons in parts of eastern Washington and the Columbia River Gorge on the way to the ocean at speeds possibly reaching close to 60 mph. The state park here is also one of the more active camping areas in the region, so some pre-planning is almost essential if you want to make it in during low traffic times.
Campsites are available, and a lot of good information can be found by once again going to www.stateparks.com for price listings and regulations specific to Palouse Falls State Park. A quick rundown shows that standard sites run $15, while utility sites are a bit more at $21. Visitors can also expect to pay dump fees when using the dump station. Campsites allow up to 8 people per site, and second vehicles can remain parked for an additional $10 per night. Campers are allowed up to 10 consecutive days during the busy season, and they stay is extended to 20 days between October 1st and the end of March. A Washington State Discover Pass is also required, or visitors will have to pay the park entrance fee of $10 for the day also. Anyone visiting the park and waterfall will certainly be in awe of the massively majestic landscapes, and the crushing current that cascades nearly 200 feet into the canyon below. Just remember to stay happy and stay safe when visiting!
Here are a few clips from my hike through the area:
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English 1, Lesson 50 – How Helen Keller’s Autobiography Affected Me
Writing assignment 500 words: “Has any piece of literature affected you in a major way? If so, explain how. If not, explain why not.”
Coincidentally, this essay topic falls on the time when I am reading Helen Keller’s autobiography, which also happens to be a piece of literature that greatly inspired me. The book was inspirational because of the constant determination and hard work Keller displayed in most every aspect of her life. Even though at times it was exceedingly difficult, what with her blindness and deafness, Keller pushed through and succeeded. Despite her limitations, she managed to accomplish more than most of you reading this essay.
At the age of 11, Keller wrote a short story called The Frost King, which was good enough that the head of the Perkins Institute saw fit to publish it. Soon after, another journal published it. Keller was accused of plagiarism for writing the story, but nonetheless, the story itself was truly remarkable, considering its author.
By the age of 12, Keller was a gifted linguist; able to spell, read, write, and understand German, English, French, and even Latin! She spoke German every chance she got with her German teacher, Mrs. Reamy, at the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf in New York City. Keller learned Latin under the neighbor of a family friend. The man, Mr. Irons, was a good Latin scholar, sweet and patient in nature. He and Keller read books in Latin together and he tried to teach her arithmetic, but she could not grasp the concepts, and so they focused on Latin. The most incredible lingual advancement she made was in French because she did not have a teacher. Keller taught herself using descriptions of the words and sounds in a book. How she was able to perfect her pronunciation will always astound me.
By the time Keller was 22 years old, she was an immensely powerful writer. At 23, she was a more potent writer than any other who ever lived. She wrote a total of 12 published books, including her autobiography The Story of my Life, and numerous articles. Many of them were about socialism and feminism, two movements that she was a firm supporter of.
Keller met with many famous and political figures, not because she asked to (although I am quite certain she wanted to), but because those men and women themselves wanted to meet with her.
Although Keller’s goal was to get into Harvard University, she wasn’t able to, instead attending Radcliffe College, the next best college a woman could go to in 1900. The academy hadn’t lowered their standards to let her in. They hadn’t gone easy on her, despite her deafness and blindness. She was allowed to use a typewriter, which was invented at the perfect time (1868), and she was able to read braille which was invented at the beginning of the 1800s. Keller struggled a bit going through her studies at Radcliffe, not having enough of her textbooks embossed in braille, not being able to hear the teachers, some of the teachers not wanting her to read their lips or not knowing how to spell with the hand signs Keller relied so heavily on. Her teacher, Anne Sullivan, was a major part of Keller’s education, but she couldn’t spell everything into Keller’s hand. Keller fought to keep up with her classes, typing her essays and reading her instructors lips when she could. She was eventually able to graduate with flying colors and became the first deaf and blind person to ever earn a bachelor’s degree in arts.
Helen Keller’s story was one of struggle and triumph, over and over again. Keller lived for 80 years, her whole life full of interesting events, struggles, victories, and hard work and determination. I immensely admire her dedication and will to learn, and after reading her book, I am inspired to work harder and push myself to my limits, and to not be afraid of failure, as she wasn’t. Should I fall, I will get back up and run. I have never yet been more affected by a book as I am by The Story of my Life by Helen Keller. I hope to be able to accomplish half of what she did in her life.
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392 Data for testing Hypothesis 2 for the Potano area during the mission period are summarized below. Number of sites, raw count 1 2 1 very large large medium Number of sites, weighted 1 2 1 Larger total 4 Number of sites, raw count 0* 3 small very small 4 Larger total Number of sites, weighted 0* 6 Smaller total 3 7 Total 6 Smaller total Total 10 Of these seven sites, two are compact and none are dispersed. Others are too small to classify or undetermined. Hypotheses 2B and 20 are now combined. As discussed above, small sites are not classified as either compact or dispersed. None of the hypotheses can be accepted. Instead of either larger or smaller sites characterizing the period, there is a range of site sizes, and no one size class predominates. Sample sizes are too small for statistical treatment, but there is essentially no difference in the numbers of very large/large/ medium sized sites versus small/very small sites. In raw numbers there is a slightly larger number of larger sites, but for the adjusted numbers there are ..slightly more j : *.h th<- other egion during tnis , small sites. However the difference is small. Again, there are more compact sites than dispersed sites, but the sample size is too small to verify or refute this portion of the hypotheses.
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Attlee: A Life in Politics
Usually despatches within 2 weeks.
Clement Attlee - the man who created the welfare state and decolonised vast swathes of the British Empire, including India - has been acclaimed by many as Britains' greatest twentieth-century Prime Minister. Yet somehow Attlee the man remains elusive and little known. How did such a moderate, modest man bring about so many enduring changes? What are the secrets of his leadership style? And how do his personal attributes account for both his spectacular successes and his apparent failures? When Attlee became Prime Minister in July 1945 he was the leader of a Labour party that had won a landslide victory. With almost 50 per cent of the popular vote, Attlee seemed to have achieved the platform for Labour to dominate post-war British politics. Yet just 6 years and 3 months after the 1945 victory, and despite all Attlee's governments had appeared to achieve, Labour was out of office, condemned to opposition for a further 13 years. This presents one of the great paradoxes of twentieth-century British history: how Attlee's government achieved so much, but lost power so quickly. But perhaps the greatest paradox was Attlee himself. Attlee's obituary in "The Times" in 1967 stated that 'much of what he did was memorable; very little that he said'. This new biography, based on extensive research into Attlee's papers and first-hand interviews, examines the myths that have arisen around this key figure of British political life and provides a vivid portrait of the man and his politics.
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Architecture: 19th Century American & European
Showing 8 of 13
Summer Pavillion. Interior.
19th c German Neoclassical Architecture
Karl Friedrich SCHINKEL (Neuruppin, 13 March 1781 - 9 October 1841, Berlin) Primary
c. 1824-1825
19th c
Berlin. Germany
Burned on Nov. 23, 1943; rebuilt 1957-1970.
Caption: SCHINKEL Karl | Summer Pavillion. Interior. | c. 1824-1825 | German | Neoclassical
This object is a member of the following portfolios:
Your current search criteria is: Portfolio is "Architecture: 19th Century American & European" and [Object]Creator Display Name is "Karl Friedrich SCHINKEL (1781-1841)".
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Why drought puts women at greater risk of violence
22 March 2017
If you've been watching the news recently, you'll have seen the catastrophic effects that drought is having on lives and livelihoods in East Africa at the moment. The rains have failed, and as a result crops and livestock have been wiped out - leaving the people who depend on them on the brink of famine.
The link between drought and hunger is horribly clear. But drought also increases the risk of another kind of danger, which is often more hidden and less talked about: the risk of violence against women and girls (VAWG). This World Water Day, find out why drought is making women and girls in East Africa more vulnerable to violence.
Habiba, 50, (left) has walked for 25 days from Ethiopia to travelled to Ceelbaxay water-point in Somaliland, in desperate search of water. . Photo: Ashley Hamer /ActionAid
Globally, 1 in 3 women will face violence in their lifetime. But this shocking statistic is likely to be even higher during a humanitarian emergency, like the one that is currently unfolding in East Africa
Chepochemuna Raphael holds her daughter. She is fearful about the lack of food in her community.
Chepochemuna Raphael holds her daughter. She is fearful about the lack of food in her community. . Photo: ActionAid
Drought forces women to travel further in search of food and water
ActionAid staff in Somaliland and Kenya have reported that the current drought has forced women to travel further and further in search of food and water for their families. Travelling alone, these women are at greater risk of sexual violence.
Chepochemuna, 35, lives in West Pokot, Kenya. The scorching sun has destroyed everything, forcing her to look for anything edible in the wild to feed her eight children.
I am worried about tomorrow because there is high competition for wild fruits and vegetables. If help doesn’t come through any time soon, we might die of hunger,” said Chepochemuna.
ActionAid’s Policy Manager in Kenya, Ruth Masime, is deeply concerned for women like Chepochemuna. “As a result of the drought women and girls face a triple burden in some cases: to survive, care for their families and evade sexual violence in the process. Urgent action is needed to avert starvation, sexual violence and community breakdown,” she says.
Hoda Ahmed, 50, is scared for her safety and the safety of her children. . Photo: Ashley Hamer /ActionAid
Across the border in Somaliland, Hoda Ahmed, 50, has travelled a long way in search of water. Her family have been forced to split up to find food and water, leaving her scared for her safety and the safety of her children.
“Most of the men are not with their families – everyone is separated. We do feel scared because we are women alone but we stay together, all the women, and make sure that we all stay in a group, especially at night,” she says.
Why VAWG is intensified during humanitarian disasters
Women and girls everywhere have less power and fewer decision-making opportunities than men and boys. Gender inequality can be made more extreme in the aftermath of a disaster.
The displacement and destruction caused by crises have a huge impact on infrastructure, access to healthcare, water, sanitation, shelter and livelihoods. This puts societies under extreme social and economic stress, which can in itself worsen women's and girls' exposure to violence (PDF). Additionally, the breakdown of law and order in disasters caused by conflict means that perpetrators of violence are less likely to be brought to justice.
Putting women in leadership at the heart of our humanitarian response
That's why ActionAid puts women in leadership at the heart of our humanitarian response. Women's groups are taking the lead in food distributions, because they know who the people are in their communities who are most at risk. They will ensure that the needs of the most vulnerable are met and not sidelined.
ActionAid Somaliland is distributing food consisting of sugar, rice, flour, date & cooking oil and and water. Photo: Ahmed Mohamoud Mohamed/ActionAid
Please help this World Water Day
Our local staff are working around the clock to ensure that women and girls are supported during this crisis. This World Water Day, please help us reach more women and girls affected by drought in East Africa.
Donate now
Photo credits: Ashley Hamer/ActionAid
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Passover family resources
My Own Hagaddah - Great for younger children!
Crack the Code: Ma Nishtanah Booklet - intended for 2nd Graders
Beyond the 4 Questions Interactive Hagaddah - intended for 5th Graders and up (but adults will enjoy this one too)
Four Children Video - a look into the different approaches of the 4 Children
Bedikat Chametz to print and color:
Passover Plague Puppets - Download the template here
Ten Plagues Toilet Paper Frog - Click here for instructions
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DIY Afikomen Holder Instructions
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Make your own Paper Seder Plate - Click here for instructions and template
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Digital Afikomen Hunt - wordsearch
Pesach Fun Sheets - coloring pages, word scrambles, connect the dots and more
Passover Vocabulary Games - suitable for Grades 4 and up
Where's Waldo Afikomen Hunt:
family discussions and activities for seder
Telling the Story
For our children to talk about: Pretend you were a slave in Egypt. What is your worst memory of slavery? What do you hope for most in freedom? Did you ever think you would be free? How do you think it happened? What makes you feel sad or mad today? What do you do when you have those feelings?
Another way to tell the storyThink of a person or object in the Exodus story. Retell part of the story from that character's or prop's point of view. For example, what might it have been like to be a child walking through the water walls of the Sea of Reeds? What did it feel like to be the basket in which Moses floated down the Nile River? How did a frog understand what was happening during the plague? (Here's a list of possible people and objects: Miriam, Aaron, Pharaoh's Daughter, A Slave, Moses, Pharaoh, A Taskmaster, Matzah, Moses' Rod, Miriam's Timbral.)
More Fun Ideas for Children or Adults: When I heard I would be free, I sent a text message to my friend. I told her I was feeling________________________, and that the first thing I would do as a free person is_____________________________.
• Imagine you are an Israelite living next door to an Egyptian family. When they ask you why you are painting lamb’s blood on your doorframe, what do you tell them? What feelings of theirs do you want to be sensitive to?
• Now that you have been freed from Egypt, you want to tell everyone about this amazing event. You decide to post something to Instagram to help other people relate to what you went through. What would you post?
• You are one of Moses’ advisors. Moses senses the slaves are tired of taking orders and as they become free don’t want too many rules imposed on them. How do you recommend Moses explain the Ten Commandments to the newly freed Israelite slaves?
Physical and Spiritual Enslavement
For Children: Collect a bag of props, silly clothes, toys, and household items. Ask each child to reach into the bag, select an item or two.
Ask the children to act out being a character in the Passover story and guess who they are pretending to be. (Roles can include Moses, Pharaoh, Taskmaster, Slave, God, Miriam, Pharaoh’s Daughter, etc.)
Thought question: If you had to leave home quickly, just like the slaves did, what would you take with you?
For Everyone: Pretend you were a slave in Egypt. What is your worse memory of slavery? What do you hope most for in freedom? Did you ever think you would be freed? How do you think it happened?
How would you answer this question: Can you describe a time when you didn’t have your smart phone with you and really missed it? Can you describe a time when you had your smart phone with you and missed out on something else?
The Four Children...and their parents: We’re spending a lot of quality time together in close quarters these days. So let’s learn about ourselves. Ask children and adults what adjective they would use to describe themselves? Ask them why. If safe, ask someone who knows them, and who will be kind toward them, to choose a different adjective in response to what they said.
A Yahatz/Afikomen Idea: Tell all of the children to break their own piece of Matzah, wrap it up in an extra napkin and place it in a paper bag. Before Seder be sure to write each child’s name on a bag. Then place their bag into a big Afikomen sack.
Secret: If you are together with the children this year, before the Seder hide a different paper bag with each child’s name on it and with half a piece of matzah wrapped in a napkin inside it around the house. At some point, get up from the table and tell them you are hiding their bags/pieces for them to find later on. When it is time to find the Afikomen, ask the children to find the bag with their name on it, and help others to find theirs. Use the “real” Afikomen you made to end the Seder. Don’t give away the secret of your magic trick!
passover information
For general Passover information click here
Thu, December 2 2021 28 Kislev 5782
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Workstation Ergonomics in the Office
What is workstation ergonomics?
Workstation Ergonomics is an applied science of designing systems and environments to most suit the human body and work processes.
Consequently, it helps to increase productivity and meet health & safety obligations.
Ergonomics in the office can increase productivity in two ways:
1. by examining an individuals workstation and arranging it in such a way that they can more easily perform their tasks
2. by helping to alleviate pain and discomfort
Why is workstation ergonomics important?
Manual handling is broadly accepted as a significant source of workers compensation claims and ‘lost time’ due to injury, what is not as well know is that sitting at a workstation all day in a poor posture can cause significant damage to your musculoskeletal system as well.
Workstation ergonomics for the office targets this problem and looks to adjust workstations to fit individual users because an incorrectly set-up workstation predisposes a worker to injury.
Training in workstation ergonomics
The law requires provision of “any information, training, instruction or supervision that is necessary to protect all persons from risks to their health and safety” (WHS Act 2011, Section 19 F).
We have services that can assist with this:
individual attention to each employee in our “Workstation Ergonomics Assessments” where an assessor will spend one-on-one time with each worker and help them to set up their workstation ergonomically. The assessor will also be able to answer individual questions or concerns about office ergonomics: Workstation Ergonomic Assessment
Practical training for all staff in how to set up their workstation, including why it is important. Training can also cover safe manual handling practices.
BackBasics Workstation Set-up Course
Workplace health & safety law and workstation ergonomics
Persons conducting businesses or undertakings have a duty under workplace health and safety law to ensure the health and safety of their staff in regard to ‘hazardous manual tasks’. (WHS Regulation 2011, Clause 60)
While it may not even appear that working at a computer is a ‘manual task’ it in fact has the following characteristics of a ‘hazardous manual task’ (as defined in the Regulations)
• it involves repetitive movement, and
• it involves a sustained posture
These two characteristics directly stress the body and can lead to injury or disease.
This means it could contribute to a Musculoskeletal Disorder (a disorder of the muscular or skeletal system resulting from overuse – see Manual Handling Training for more information). Employers are required to manage the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders to their workers (WHS Regulation 2011, Clause 60).
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Comparison between The Crucible and The Japanese Internment
The Devil Carries Himself Through History.
Hatred has been prevalent through out the history of our country. Each new wave of Immigrants has been looked down upon as they enter America's melting pot of ethnic backgrounds, religions, and views. Here two testaments to mankind's hatred and unjust behavior towards each other can be seen in these two slivers of American History, the internment of Japanese people in America during WWII and the era of the Salem Witch trials as described in the Play, The Crucible. These two incidents were approximately 250 years apart from each other. However, the situations while not totally parallel to each other, still hold some strong similarities. .
In both of these incidents, the accused were average citizens. The accused witches were regular people whose only fault was not being liked by a fellow citizen. The accused Japanese were average American citizens; their only fault was their ancestry, being Japanese. There were a few reasons that their accusers felt it legitimate to lash out on these innocent people.
Both contain one important aspect to the pandemonium, and that would be fear. As described in Webster's Dictionary, fear is a feeling of anxiety and agitation caused by the presence or nearness of danger, evil, pain, etc. The people of Salem, the setting for The Crucible, were deeply afraid of witches and the devil. Their fear of curses and the powers that witches supposedly possessed propelled them to chaos and hysteria. Fear was also present during the Japanese American Internment as well. Americans were afraid of espionage. In May 1942, the assistant chief of the Army's Western Defense Command's Civil Affairs Division wrote: "In the case of the Japanese, their Oriental habits of life, their and our inability to assimilate biologically, and what is more important, our inability to distinguish the subverts and saboteurs from the rest of the mass made necessary their class evacuation on a horizontal basis.
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Cyborg locusts that can sniff out bombs could one day be used to help prevent terrorist attacks, experts claim.
The sensory system of the insect was 'hijacked' by researchers who found it could detect and discern between explosive scents within 500 milliseconds of exposure.
The study saw electrodes implanted in a locust brain so they could see what scents it detected.
They used a biorobotic sensing system to detect the locust's' firing neurons and figure out what the bug was sensing.
Boffins exposed it to vapours from the explosives: TNT, DNT, RDX, PETN and ammonium nitrate, and monitored the different signals in its brain.
Researchers from the McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St Louis, US, carried out the study.
Barani Raman, professor of biomedical engineering at Washington University (
McKelvey School of Engineering)
"We didn't know if they'd be able to smell or pinpoint the explosives because they don't have any meaningful ecological significance," said Barani Raman, professor of biomedical engineering.
"It was possible that they didn't care about any of the cues that were meaningful to us in this particular case."
"Most surprisingly," Prof Raman said, "we could clearly see the neurons responded differently to TNT and DNT, as well as these other explosive chemical vapors."
The boffins designed an "odour box and locust mobile" to see how well the bug could sniff out bombs.
They injected different explosive vapours into the box and drove the locust around atop a remote controlled car.
It was driven around to sniff the different vapours - and boffins say the signals in the bug's brain reflected the differences in vapour concentration.
"You know when you're close to the coffee shop, the coffee smell is stronger, and when you're farther away, you smell it less? That's what we were looking at," said Raman.
He said cyborg locusts could one day be used by homeland security to detect bombs, adding: "This is not that different from in the old days, when coal miners used canaries.
"People use pigs for finding truffles.
"It's a similar approach - using a biological organism - this is just a bit more sophisticated."
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How Is DART Different From NASA's Other Asteroid Missions?
NASA, which has sent countless missions to asteroids and comets in space, on Wednesday, 24 November launched a year-long, first-of-its-kind DART Mission.
NASA, which has sent countless missions to asteroids and comets among other such objects in space, on Wednesday, 24 November, launched the first-of-its-kind DART Mission. A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carrying NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft blasted off from Space Launch Complex 4 at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California at 11:50 AM IST. There are many stages in the unique mission which will finally have its showdown in September 2022 when DART would impact an asteroid system to help scientists derive how Earth can be prevented from getting hit by hazardous objects.
How is DART Mission different from other asteroid missions?
One of the many reasons why DART remains different from all the other NASA mission sent into objects in space is that it would be the first mission to test technologies for preventing an impact of Earth by a hazardous asteroid. While other missions to asteroids have successfully revealed some insights about how the planets are made and the origin of Earth, DART Mission would be the first to demonstrate the planetary defence technique which is known as kinetic impact.
While the threat from asteroid impacts remains small, it is still real and preventable. The data derived through missions such as DART would be a significant boom to scientists’ knowledge about how these dangers can be avoided. The Planetary Society reportedly works on improving asteroid detection and reconnaissance, mature deflection technologies and developing global response strategies. DART, the first space mission to test any asteroid deflection technique, will arrive at near-Earth asteroid Didymos in September 2022.
Without slowing down, the DART spacecraft will intentionally crash into an asteroid’s small moon called Dimorphos. This crash between Dimorphos and the spacecraft should change the time it takes the small moon takes to orbit Didymos which should further prove that the kinetic impactor technique works.
Asteroids are basically left-over building blocks of the Solar System and in a rare occurrence in space, the rock’s path around the sun crosses with Earth’s orbit, causing both the objects to intersect. DART is also carrying a camera called Draco that will provide the images of both objects and help the spacecraft point itself in the correct direction to collide with Dimorphos.
Mostly, other NASA missions have explored different asteroids in space and collected materials or are just flyby missions around multiple such objects. Apart from the previous missions sent to asteroids, comets or other such structures, the upcoming missions by the US space agency are also planned to by flybys, or to explore the planetary cores by studying metallic asteroid such as 16 Psyche.
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Money is Power
by Zoe.Papadatos on September 25, 2013 - 8:15pm
Imagine if it were possible to have nation depend only on renewable energy. Would we make it happen? Would politicians make it happen? Would corporations let it happen?
Ed Miliband, leader of the British Labour party promised that if he was elected in the year 2015, he would freeze energy prices for 20 months, which worries the Big Six energy companies. Industry spokesmen say that this policy will lead to job losses and other economic imbalance. Furthermore, Scottish Labour’s shadow energy minister stated that: ".... it is unrealistic to suggest renewable energy alone can deliver all of our energy needs in the medium term. The UK will still need significant amounts of gas – both for peaking electricity capacity in the medium term, and to account for the 80% of our heating that currently relies on the fuel." However, the fact is, a transition to 100% renewable energy is possible, according to a detailed study. The world can get nearly all of its energy from sustainable sources in around 40 years. The report, “Transition to a fully sustainable global energy system” sates: “A fully renewable global energy system is possible: we can reach a 95% sustainably sourced energy supply by 2050. To achieve such a bold goal we need to combine aggressive energy efficiency on the demand side with accelerated renewable energy supply from all possible sources. This requires a paradigm shift towards long-term, integrated strategies and will not be met with small, incremental changes.”
Now that you know that living in a society dependant on sustainable energy is possible, ask yourselves this: Why aren’t we taking steps for this to happen? The answer lies within our politicians and their loyalties towards corporations rather than its population. Obviously, the “Big Six”, not to mention other huge energy-related corporations, would feel threatened by the suggestion of renewable energy because they wouldn’t be making a maximum profit. It all comes down to money, profit, and self-interest.
You're entirely right in what you said, a society entirely dependant on renewable energy would be a crucial step for society. However, like you said, the thing standing in the way of achieving this goal is those who make money off of the system currently in place. Truthfully I think that these people will prevent this from happening for a long time. Money has a such a large role and influence in our society that I'm sure the politicians and people in positions of power will follow the highest bidder, which in this case are the energy corporations that are against the transition to renewable energy. Needless to say that one day this transition will have to happen because the current resources are limited. However, for now all we can do is hope that self-interest will be replaced by a sense of morality and responsibility, but that's never easy when there's money involved.
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The UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) has often been criticized as a document that enshrines Western values, mores, and norms. Critics often argue that since these values have been documented by the West, they then reflect Western interests and are therefore used as a weapon of cultural hegemony. Others argue that human rights emanate from a European Judeo-Christian tradition and so, cannot be applied to other societies that do not emulate the conditions and values of “Western societies.”
These claims are highly problematic as they exclude a large bloc of the world that opposes Western globalization, exempting them from the ethical obligation to abide by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The UDHR document must not only be abided by, but also promoted as fundamental to all international moral frameworks.
Upfront, claiming that the UDHR is a Western document would imply that Western states unanimously agree on the content of the document, while non-Western states would disagree.
The reality is that not all Western countries ratified the UDHR during the first round of ratifications. In fact, Canada, a state that Human Rights Watch says enjoys a global reputation as a defender of human rights, had abstained from signing the document during the first round of ratifications at the General Assembly in 1948.
The previous argument implies that non-Western states would tend to disagree with the document. But most Muslim-majority countries that were then members of the United Nations signed the Declaration in 1948, including Afghanistan, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, which has an overwhelmingly Muslim population but an officially secular government that also voted in favor.
A leading counterargument is the example of Lebanon, a state renowned for its sectarian division and powerful religious authority, both Christian and Muslim. Not only did Lebanon vote for the Declaration in 1948, but technically took part in the drafting of the UDHR. That is because Charles Malik, a Lebanese political figure, was a leading member of the drafting committee.
The example of Charles Malik also counters the criticism the UDHR is facing, given that members of the drafting committee were not exclusively Western or Christian. Certainly, there were Western figures such as Eleanor Roosevelt from the United States and John Peters Humphry from Canada, but members of the drafting committee had come from all around the world—including the Middle East, Far East, and South-East Asia. And yes, the repetition of the word “East” is part of the argument.
The first session of the Drafting Committee on International Bill of Rights, Commission on Human Rights, at Lake Success, New York, on Monday, 9 June 1947.
How could the document then be considered Western if it were drafted by members from all around the world? Surely if the articles had contradicted moral values existing in other parts of the world, there would have been objections to the implementation of these articles. The diversity of the drafting members in gender, race, religion, and ethnicity served as a balance to reach common ground on the fundamentals of what human rights are.
You would expect Western countries to abide by the text, in the opinion of the critics that enshrine the UDHR as a Western or Christian document, but that is simply not the case. In 2014, then-President of the United States, Barack Obama, admitted that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had “tortured some folks” in an attempt to retrieve key information about the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda.
Any act of torture explicitly violates Article 15 of the UDHR that states that “no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his or her free consent to medical or scientific experimentation.”
I will not deny that the UDHR document contradicts certain interpretations of religious beliefs that are non-Western or non-Christian, like the Islamic Interpretation of the right to change your religion. In fact, that is the main reason the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) had abstained from signing the document in the first place. Powerful Islamic scholars in the Kingdom claimed that freedom to change religion is an act of apostasy. That opinion contradicts Article 18 of the UDHR that gives the right to our own beliefs, to have a religion, have no religion, or to change it.
However, other scholars share the opinion that everyone is free to act upon their religion on their own. The main counterargument used is the Qur’anic teaching that there is “no compulsion in religion” and “to you your religion, to me mine” (Qur’an, 109:1-6) and the Prophet Mohammed famously declared freedom for Muslims, Jews, and pagans in the constitution of Medina in 620 AD.
Nonetheless, different interpretations of religious texts within different societies are not exclusive to Non-Christian and Non-Western societies. The Westboro Baptist Church has successfully contradicted most of the articles within the UDHR. Starting with the first article that states that “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.”
In response to the latter part of this article, the Westboro Baptist Church interprets the infamous biblical quote “Love Thy Neighbor,” which involves “rebuking” our neighbor, as justifying the use of various forms of hate speech. This includes, but is not limited to, “God hates Fags.”
This leads me to say; if a religious interpretation finds its way into law, it does not make it any more legitimate than the interpretation that doesn’t. There will always be an opinion that will not align with others.
I find it highly oblivious to consider the UDHR as a solely Christian or Western document. There are Christian and Western actors that do not abide by the UDHR, much like there are Eastern and non-Christian actors that do. The rights that are protected by the UDHR are not exclusive to Western or Christian societies, they protect everyone and that’s what makes the text Universal.
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Saf Hakawati, also known as Mostafa Hakawati, is a Lebanese-Canadian social and political activist based in Montréal. He began his activism via social media and took the streets of Beirut in late 2019. He then started creating content on Instagram, which soon evolved into the alias I am Hakawati.
Hakawati joins a wide community of Lebanese activists who left Lebanon, playing an active role in Lebanese social and political fields as a member of the Lebanese Diaspora (Meghterbin Mejtemin) in Montréal. Today, he is a political science student at the University of McGill and a Research Assistant at the Faculty of Law at McGill.
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How do you fly through in Revit?
How do you do walkthrough in Revit?
Create a Walkthrough
1. Open a view in which to place the walkthrough path. …
2. Click View tab Create panel 3D View drop-down (Walkthrough).
3. To create a walkthrough as an orthographic 3D view, clear the Perspective check box on the Options Bar. …
4. Place a key frame: …
5. Continue placing key frames to define the walkthrough path.
How do I move around in Revit?
Do one of the following:
1. Select the elements to move, and then click Modify | tab Modify panel (Move).
2. Click Modify tab Modify panel (Move), select the elements to move, and then press Enter .
How do I change my walkthrough speed in Revit?
When revising a walkthrough, use this dialog to adjust its duration or change the speed of a camera from one frame to the next. Open a site view, plan view, or 3D view. Right-click a walkthrough in the Project Browser and select Show Camera. Click Modify | Cameras tab Walkthrough panel (Edit Walkthrough).
Can you animate in Revit?
An Example Revit BIM to 3D Animation project:
So, If you have 3D design content or manufacture components using BIM families, we can take that content and create an animation like this for you. You can then show off your products and design to best effect !
How do you save a walkthrough in Revit?
Export a Walkthrough
1. Open the walkthrough view. …
2. Click File tab Export Images and Animations (Walkthrough).
3. Under Output Length, do the following: …
4. Under Format, specify values for Visual Style, Dimensions, and Zoom to the desired values.
5. Click OK.
6. Navigate to the desired folder.
7. Select the file type.
8. Click Save.
How do I navigate in Revit model?
When working in a view, use the middle mouse button to perform navigation tasks. Press the middle mouse button to pan the view. Scroll the mouse wheel to zoom the view in and out. The position of the mouse pointer establishes the center of the zoom.
How do you control speed walkthrough in Revit?
You can edit walkthrough frames.
1. Open the walkthrough.
2. Click Modify | Cameras tab Walkthrough panel (Edit Walkthrough).
3. On the Options Bar, click the Walkthrough frame edit button . …
4. By default, there is a uniform speed at which the camera travels along the entire walkthrough path.
How do you speed up Revit?
15 best practices for improving revit performance
How do I render a walkthrough in Revit cloud?
At this time, rendering walkthroughs in the cloud is not available. As for options, you can use Showcase which has an interactive walkthrough feature, or you can export the project to 3DS Max, and render an animated sequence there.
How do you change the height of a walkthrough in Revit?
Click View tab -> Create panel -> 3D View drop-down -> Walkthrough. 3. If you are in a plan view, you can vary the height of the camera by offsetting it from a selected level. Enter a height in the Offset text box and select a level from the From menu.
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Quick Answer: What is another word for cry baby?
What does it mean to be called a cry-baby?
: one who cries or complains easily or often. Synonyms Example Sentences Learn More About crybaby.
What is a better word than cry?
What is the slang word for cry?
weep , sob , bawl, blubber, blub (UK, slang), wail , burst into tears, break down into tears, give way to tears, shed tears, shed a tear, choke up, sniffle, turn on the waterworks (informal), cry your eyes out (informal), tear up, dissolve into tears, be teary, boohoo, snivel, squall, whimper , moan , howl , groan , …
Is crybaby an insult?
You might be tempted to call someone whose feelings are very easily hurt, who is extremely sensitive and quick to burst into tears, a crybaby. It’s a fairly derogatory term, however, and being called a crybaby will only make a crybaby cry even harder.
Is it bad to be a crybaby?
Unalleviated stress can increase the risk of heart attack and damage certain areas of our brain. The human ability to cry has a survival value. It’s also been shown that emotional tears – when we’re unhappy rather than in pain – contain higher levels of manganese and potassium.
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What is the powerful verb of cry?
weep, shed tears, sob, wail, be in tears, cry one’s eyes out, cry one’s heart out, cry as if one’s heart would break, bawl, howl, snivel, whimper, whine, squall, mewl, bleat. lament, grieve, mourn, keen.
What is a light cry called?
Whimpering: Soft crying usually including few or no tears at all; Often incorporates muttering and/or high-pitched sighs. … Weeping: A gentler version of sobbing; Involves soft, steady stream of tears with some times lightly audible signs of distress.
What is a loud cry called?
1. Scream, shriek, screech apply to crying out in a loud, piercing way. … Shriek usually refers to a sharper and briefer cry than scream; when caused by fear or pain, it is often indicative of more terror or distress; shriek is also used for shrill uncontrolled cries: to shriek with laughter.
What is a snivel mean?
intransitive verb. 1 : to run at the nose. 2 : to snuff mucus up the nose audibly : snuffle. 3 : to cry or whine with snuffling. 4 : to speak or act in a whining, sniffling, tearful, or weakly emotional manner.
How do you say im crying in different ways?
1. bellowing.
2. blubbering.
3. crying.
4. groan.
5. lament.
6. lamentation.
7. plaint.
8. sobbing.
What is a word for crying uncontrollably?
Verb. Weep uncontrollably. bawl uncontrollably. sob uncontrollably.
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CDC: Say no to raw cookie dough
Cropped Photo: Nick Ares / CC BY-SA 2.0
ATLANTA — Holiday baking season is in full swing and many people will begin baking cookies for Santa, however the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say you may want to think twice before you start snacking in the kitchen.
The CDC wants to remind all the bakers that eating or tasting unbaked products can make you sick, according to their website.
Raw cookie dough reportedly can contain bacteria that causes disease.
Flour and raw eggs especially can contain bacteria and salmonella respectively.
Since flour is typically a raw agricultural product it usually hasn’t been treated to kill germs like E. coli, according to the CDC. They say this is one of the many reasons you shouldn’t taste your dough before its baked.
Additionally, raw eggs can contain Salmonella which can make you sick if eaten raw or under cooked. The CDC reminds bakers though that eggs are safe to eat when cooked and handled properly.
The CDC has issued the following list of safe food handling practices when you’re baking and cooking with raw ingredients:
For more baking safety and information on food poisoning symptoms, visit the CDC’s website, here.
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The age factor in Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. It is one of the leading causes of death around the world and is associated with substantial direct and indirect costs for families and societies. The vast majority of AD cases have a late onset (usually after 65 years of age); the disease is rare among younger individuals. Incidence of AD is known to increase with age, and age is the most important risk factor for the development of AD. The ability to delay the age at onset (AAO) of this disease through preventive or therapeutic approaches would have significant benefits, but no therapies have been successful in achieving this important goal [1, 2]. A recent study by Lalli et al. [3] used genome-wide technologies to identify genetic modifiers of AAO in a unique cohort comprising an extended Colombian family carrying the PSEN1 p.E280A mutation, and the outcome might be useful for guiding the search for therapies.
Age at onset as a highly heritable factor in AD
AAO is highly heritable in AD families. In early-onset cases, mutations in three genes are known to account for around half of familial cases [4]: Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) and Presenilin-2 (PSEN2). However, the genes involved in AAO variance mostly remain to be identified; linkage and candidate gene studies have established several possible associations with different loci, but the only consistently replicated modulator of AD AAO, in both familial and sporadic cases, is also the strongest genetic risk locus for the development of the disease (APOE) [5]. More recently, Naj et al. [6] performed a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) in over 9000 patients to detect effects of known AD risk loci in modifying AAO. They confirmed the association of APOE Ɛ4 allele with earlier onset and identified associations with CR1, BIN1 and PICALM. Burden analyses showed that APOE contributed 3.7 % of AAO variation; the other nine loci studied contributed 2.2 % when considered together [6].
Many of these studies suffered from confounders, such as genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, population stratification or inaccurate phenotyping. In fact, AAO of a disease is often a very difficult parameter to record with precision when assessed retrospectively. Lalli et al. [3] reduced the effects of many of these confounders by assessing a unique cohort of 72 Colombian patients carrying the same PSEN1 mutation (p.E280A) who are part of an extended family and who have been subjected to careful prospective phenotyping. By analyzing the genome sequence of individuals with different AAOs, the authors [3] identified a locus on chromosome 17q12 that showed a significant association with AAO in this cohort. Within this associated locus, they were able to identify a rare variant (p.A23T) in CCL11 (which encodes the chemokine eotaxin-1) associated with a 10-year delay in AAO of AD [3].
Age and immune response in AD
What seemed like a farfetched idea a few years ago is now a well established fact in AD: inflammatory and immune responses have a significant role in its development and progression. Several of the genetic loci associated with AD risk contain genes with known roles in inflammation, the complement system and the immune response in general (ABCA7, CLU, CR1, MS4A4E/MS4A6A, CD33, EPHA1, HLA-DRB5, HLA-DRB1, INPP5D, MEF2C and TREM2). Pathway analyses of GWAS data have identified the immune response as important in AD, and an integrated network analysis of genome and transcriptome data identified the immune and microglia module as significant for AD and TYROBP as the driver gene for this module [7, 8].
Microglial activation and monocyte/macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses are currently particularly interesting areas of research on AD. To evaluate the relationship between known AD risk loci, Chan et al. [9] recently conducted a protein quantitative trait analysis in monocytes and showed that the NME8 risk allele influences protein tyrosine kinase 2 β (PTK2B), the CD33 risk allele influences triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and the TREM1 risk allele is associated with a decreased TREM1/TREM2 ratio. Interestingly, the authors [9] also uncovered potential differences associated with age in the expression of genes in the TREM locus. TREM1 expression was found to increase with advancing age in younger but not in older individuals, and TREM1 variants were found to affect TREM2 expression in younger but not older people [9].
AAO as a therapeutic target
The ability to delay the AAO of AD through preventive or therapeutic approaches would have significant benefits. A 2012 study found a protective variant in APP, which suggests that manipulating the amyloid pathway could be a successful approach to reducing AD [10]. One can predict that other elements participating directly or indirectly in the proteolytic processing of APP will also be good therapeutic targets to modulate the disease.
Similarly, the variant found in CCL11 in the most recent study by Lalli et al. [3] also has a high potential as a therapeutic target. It encodes eotaxin, and the concentration of eotaxin has been shown previously to rise with age both in people and in mice. Eotaxin has also been identified as potentially one of the most deleterious factors for cognitive function and neurogenesis in aging by parabiosis studies in which the blood of two mice, one young and one old, was shared through the surgical fusion of vascular systems [11]. The variant identified by Lalli et al. [3] (p.A23T) is located in the protein signal peptide cleavage site, suggesting a functional role for the variant, possibly through the binding with its receptor (CCR3). The enhanced secretion of eotaxin by cells transfected with this variant [3] validate the functional significance of the variant, but, given the protective role of lower levels of eotaxin, the finding of increased cell secretion is in the opposite direction to what was expected. These findings clearly demonstrate the need to better understand the biology of genomes and emphasize the need to further characterize the molecular biology of these genomic regions.
Concluding remarks
It is important to understand how the recent findings from isolated and endogamous cohorts will translate to other populations, and what the implications are for the understanding of late-onset AD. Although single rare variants will not have high population-attributable risks, they will be extremely important for individual risk prediction and for the understanding of biology and pathobiology. Likewise it will be important to understand how findings made in early-onset familial cases will translate to the most common and sporadic late-onset AD. Two observations support significant commonalities between these two forms of disease, suggesting that factors important for early-onset and familial cases will also be important for late-onset and sporadic AD: first, the APOE Ɛ4 allele not only modulates the AAO of AD in a sporadic setting, but also in carriers of presenilin mutations, and second, the identification of the protective effect of APP p.A673T in the Icelandic population showed that amyloid β has crucial roles in both early- and late-onset AD [10].
The mechanisms through which eotaxin and other peripheral immune molecules contribute to the disease process are still to be determined, but the identification of an association between CCL11 and AAO in the studied Colombian kindred [3], if validated, can potentially be translated into immunomodulating therapies able to delay the onset of AD in the future.
Age at onset
Alzheimer’s disease
Genome-wide association study
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Correspondence to Rita Guerreiro.
Additional information
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Guerreiro, R., Bras, J. The age factor in Alzheimer’s disease. Genome Med 7, 106 (2015).
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• Amyloid Precursor Protein
• Signal Peptide Cleavage Site
• PSEN1 Mutation
• TREM1 Expression
• Protein Signal Peptide
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Question: How To Say Sir In Japanese?
How do you address a Japanese boss?
When talking to your boss, you’ll call him 部長 (buchou). This means “manager,” and you can use it with their last name or without. For example, you can say “Tanaka-buchou” or just “Buchou.” Both are respectful. Same goes for the company president, which is 社長 (shachou).
Is Ma am the same as Sir?
The origins of “ma’am” and “ sir ” are pretty self-explanatory. “Ma’am” comes from the more formal “madam,” a term of address once used for a married woman. “Sir,” besides being what folks called knights in merry old England, became a catch-all for addressing a gentleman.
How do you politely refer to someone in Japanese?
Hungry for Words: Mostly Japanese
1. Use -san as the default. Whenever you are addressing someone, unless you become very close to them, you should always use -san.
2. For older people or people above you in station, use -san or their title/station.
3. Use -chan for children.
4. Be cautious when using -chan otherwise.
Why do Japanese say Chan?
Chanちゃん This is the most familiar honorific and is supposedly derived from children who couldn’t say “San” properly. This small mistake was considered cute and stayed in the language. It is used to refer to young women you’re close with, children, babies, a grandmother, or even an animal you’re especially fond of.
You might be interested: FAQ: How To Say Literature?
What is Baka mean in Japanese?
Baka is a Japanese word that means “ crazy,” “foolish,” or downright “stupid.” It can also be used as a noun for “a fool” or “a crazy or stupid person.” Anime and manga fans in the West have adopted the use of baka as a (usually joking) insult.
What is a yakuza boss called?
The leader of any gang or conglomerate of yakuza is known as the oyabun (“boss”; literally “parent status”), and the followers are known as kobun (“protégés,” or “apprentices”; literally “child status”).
What is Senpai Japanese?
What is Aniki?
Is sir a bad word?
Is sire the same as sir? The word sir, which is a respectful term used to address a man, derives from the word sire. When written with a capital S, it is used as the distinctive title of a knight or baronet.
Should you say ma’am and sir?
You might be interested: Quick Answer: How To Say Who In Japanese?
Is it rude to call a Japanese person by their first name?
Unlike many western cultures, in Japan people generally don’t call one-another by their first name. Doing so can be a mark of disrespect, unless you’re very close to the other person and in the right sort of casual environment, so you’ve read. Mental note then: first names are best avoided.
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The Pilgrim's Progress | The Great American Read
The Pilgrim's Progress cover
The Pilgrim's Progress
by John Bunyan
The Pilgrim’s Progress is John Bunyan’s allegory for Puritan morals and teachings, set in contrast to the growing Anglicanism of his day. It follows the pilgrimage of a man named Christian (and later his wife Christiana) who has been called to the Celestial City, or heaven, and meets several characters along the way (like Evangelist, Mr. Worldly Wiseman, Goodwill, and Beelzebub) that either help or hinder him. Christian’s steadfastness when confronted with obstacles is meant to convey the pure soul of a Puritan. With its plain style, anthropomorphized virtues and vices, and simple narrative structure, it was immensely popular in its day and was quickly translated into other languages.
John Bunyan
John Bunyan (1622-1688) was a Puritan preacher in England who, after the restoration of the monarchy and Anglican Church, refused to stop preaching and was thus imprisoned. While in jail, he began work on his most famous work, The Pilgrim’s Progress.
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MI weekly selection #433
Smoke from wildfires may block clouds’ rainmaking ability
Water droplets are more abundant in clouds affected by wildfire smoke but, surprisingly, those clouds are less likely to produce rain and may contribute to drought conditions in the Western US. Scientists say the droplets inside the affected cumulus clouds are much smaller and less likely to collide with each other to produce rain than those in clouds formed under normal conditions.
Science News
Ancient landscapes revealed beneath the North Sea
Ice Age landscapes buried beneath the bottom-muds of the North Sea have been revealed in a detailed 3D seismic survey. The data show a series of tunnel valleys and may offer a glimpse of how the areas around today’s ice sheets will fare in a century or more following great melting periods.
Atypical signals near galaxy’s center
A repeating radio signal has been detected somewhere near the middle of the Milky Way. The signal, which shows up for several weeks then suddenly disappears, shows some characteristics similar to galactic center radio transients.
Live Science
A codex from an unknown pre-Hispanic civilization recorded earthquakes
Pre-Hispanic people who lived in the Americas between 1460 and 1542 chronicled a dozen earthquakes during that time period in pictograms. Researchers say pictograms in the 16th-century codex called Telleriano-Remensis may be the oldest record of earthquakes in that region.
Science News
Cockatoos make, use tools to crack fruit pits
Researchers observed Goffin’s cockatoos assembling tools and using them in a specific order to open sea mango fruit pits to get to the seeds. Similar tools have been found in the wild, suggesting that cockatoos are capable of cultural learning.
New Atlas
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Pattern of Social Inequality - Solutions
CBSE Class 12 Sociology
NCERT Solutions
Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
1. How is social inequality different from the inequality of individual?
Individual inequality refers to destructiveness and variations among individuals in their psychological and physical characteristics.
Social inequality and exclusion are social because they are not about individuals but about groups. Second, they are social in the sense that they are not economic, although there is usually a strong link between social and economic inequality. Third, they are systematic and structured – there is a definite pattern to social inequalities.
2. What are some of the features of social stratification?
The key features of social stratification are-
(i) Social stratification is a characteristics of society, not simply a function of individual differences. It is society-wide system that unequally distributes social resources among categories of people.
For example: In the most technologically primitive societies-hunting and gathering societies, little was produced, so only rudimentary social stratification could exist. In more technologically advanced societies, where people produce a surplus over and above their basic needs, however, social resources are unequally distributed to various social categories regardless of people's innate individual abilities.
(ii) Social stratification persists over generations:
It is closely linked to the family and to the inheritance of social resources from one generation to the next. A person's social position is ascribed, i.e., a child assumes the social position of its parents. Births dictate occupation e.g. a Dalit is likely to be confined to traditional occupation such as agricultural labours, scavenging or leather work, with little chance of being able to get high paying white-collar or professional work.
The ascribed aspect of social inequality is reinforced by the practice of endogamy, i.e., marriage is usually restricted to members of the same caste, ruling out the potential for breaking caste line through intercaste marriages.
(iii) Social stratification is supported by patterns of beliefs and ideology:
No system of social stratification is likely to persist over generations unless it is widely viewed as being either fair or inevitable. For example, Caste system is justified in terms of the opposition of purity and pollution, with Brahmans designated as the most superior and Dalits as the most inferior by virtue of their birth and occupation.
Not everyone, thinks of a system of inequality as legitimate. Typically, people with the greatest social privileges express the strongest support, while those who have experienced exploitation and humiliation of being at the bottom of the hierarchy are most likely to challenge it.
3. How would you distinguish prejudice from other kinds of opinion or belief?
Prejudices refer to pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another. The word literally means ‘pre-judgement’, that is, an opinion formed in advance of any familiarity with the subject, before considering any available evidence.
A prejudiced person’s preconceived views are often based on hearsay rather than on direct evidence, and are resistant to change even in the face of new information.
Prejudice may be either positive or negative. Although the word is generally used for negative pre-judgements, it can also apply to favourable pre-judgement. For example, a person may be prejudiced in favour of members of his/her own caste or group and – without any evidence – believe them to be superior to members of other castes or groups.
4. What is social exclusion?
Social exclusion is not accidental but systematic – it is the result of structural features of society.
Social exclusion is involuntary – that is, exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded. For example, rich people are never found sleeping on the pavement or under bridges like thousands of homeless poor people in cities and towns. This does not mean that the rich are being ‘excluded’ from access to pavements and park benches because they could certainly gain access if they wanted to, but they choose not to.
Social exclusion is sometimes wrongly justified by the same logic – it is said that the excluded group itself does not wish to participate. The truth of such an argument is not obvious when exclusion is preventing access to something desirable (as different from something clearly undesirable, like sleeping on the pavement).
5. What is the relationship between caste and economic inequality today?
In the hierarchy of caste system each caste has a specific place and social status. There has been a close correlation between social or caste status and economic status. The 'high' castes were almost invariably of high economic status. On the other hand, the 'low' caste were almost always of low economic status.
However, in the 19th Century the link between caste and occupation had become less rigid consequently, the link between caste and economic status is not as rigid today as it used to be. At the macro line things have not changed much. The difference between the privileged a high economic status sections of society and disadvantaged (a low economic status) sections still persists.
6. What is untouchability?
In fact, notions of ‘distance pollution’ existed in many regions of India (particularly in the south) such that even the mere presence or the shadow of an ‘untouchable’ person is considered polluting. Despite the limited literal meaning of the word, the institution of ‘untouchability’ refers not just to the avoidance or prohibition of physical contact but to a much broader set of social sanctions.
7. Describe some of the policies designed to address caste inequality.
At the state level, there are special programmes for scheduled tribes and scheduled castes. Because of massive ·discrimination practised against them, special provisions have been made for them. The OBCs have also been added to this special provisions. The laws passed to end, prohibit and punish caste discrimination, especially untouchability are:
(i) Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850, disallowed the curtailment of rights of citizens due solely to change of religion or caste. It allowed entry of Dalit to government schools.
(ii) Constitution Amendment (93rd Amendment) Act of 2005, for introducing reservation for OBCs in institutions of higher education.
(iii) Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989, to abolish untouchability (Article 17) and introduced reservation provisions.
(iv) 1989 Prevention of Atrocities Act revised and strengthened the legal provisions against Dalits and Adivasis.
8. How are the Other Backward Castes different from the Dalits (or Scheduled Castes)?
Untouchability was the most visible and discriminatory form of social inequality. Despite this, there was a large group of castes which were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination. The ex-untouchability communities their leaders have coined, another term, 'Dalit', which is now the generally accepted term for referring to these groups. The term Dalit literally means 'downtrodden' and conveys the sense of an oppressed people.
However, the constitution of India recognises the probability what there may be groups other than SCs and STs who suffer from social advantages. These groups were described as "socially and educationally" backward classes or other backward classes." The OBCs are neither part of the formed castes at the upper end of the caste hierarchy, nor the Dalits at the lower end. The OBCs are a much more diverse groups than the Dalits.
9. What are the major issues of concern to adivasis today?
The tribes, were considered to be 'people of the forest' whose special habitat in the hilly of and forest regions made their economic, social and political attributes. At present, except the North-Eastern states, there are no areas of the country which are inhabited exclusively by tribal people.
The regions where tribal population are concentrated, their economic and social conditions are much more than those of non-tribals, However, after independence Adivasi lands were acquired for new river and dam projects. Consequently, millions of Adivasis were displayed without any adequate compensation or rehabilitation.
The resources of Adivasis are being taken away in the name of 'national development' and 'economic growth'. For example projects such as Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada and the Polavaram Dam on river Godavari would displace hundred of thousands of Adivasis. The policy of economic liberalisation is leaving Adivasis to greater destitution.
10. What are the major issues taken up by the women's movement over its history?
Ans. Scholars and social reformers have shown that the inequalities between men and women are social rather than natural. The women's question became prominent in the 19th Century. Raja Rammohun Roy's attempt to reform society, religion and status of women in Bengal. He undertook the campaign against "Sati" which was the first women's issue to receive public attention.
Jyotiba Phule was from socially excluded caste and he attacked both caste and gender discrimination. He established the Satyashodhak Samaj with its primary emphasis on truth seeking. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan made efforts to reform Muslim Society. He wanted girls to be educated, but within the precincts of their homes.
He stood for women's education but sought for a curriculum that included instruction in religious principles, training in arts of housekeeping and handicrafts and rearing of children.
Tarabai Shinde a Maharashtrian housewife, wrote, Stree Purush Tulana as a protest against the double standards of a male dominated society.
Women's issues emphatically surfaced in 1970s . The burning issues were rape of women in police custody, dowry murders and gender injustice, etc. The new challenges have come in the form of social bias against the girl child sex ratio which is falling very sharply.
11. In what sense can one say that 'disability' is as much a social as a physical thing?
• The disabled are struggling not because they are physically or mentally challenged but also because society is built in a manner that does not cater to their needs.
• In the Indian context, one of the leading scholars of disability, Anita Ghai, argues that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the Invisible Man of Ralph Ellison which is a famous indictment of racism against African Americans in the USA.
• Common features of the public perceptions of disability are:
1. Disability is understood as a biological factor.
2. Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from his/her impairment.
3. The disabled person is seen as a victim.
4. Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual's self perception.
5. The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help.
• In India, in a culture that looks up to 'bodily perfection', all deviations from the 'perfect body' signify abnormality, defect and distortion. Lables such as 'bechara' accentuate the victim status for the disabled person.
• The roots of such attitude lie in the cultural conception that views an impaired body as a result of fate. Destiny is seen as the culprit, and disabled people are the victims. The common perception views disability as retribution for the past karma (action) from which there can be no reprieve. The dominant cultural construction in India, therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the individual. The popular images in mythology portray the disabled in an extremely negative fashion.
• The very term 'disabled' challenges each of these assumptions. The disabled are rendered disabled not because of biology but because of society.
• The social construction of disability has yet another dimension. There is a close relationship between disability and poverty. Malnutrition, mothers weakened by frequent childbirth, inadequate immunisation programmes, accidents in overcrowded homes, all contribute to an incidence of disability among the poor people that is higher among people living in easier circumstances.
• Disability creates and exacerbates poverty by increasing isolation and economic strain, not just for the individual but for the family.
• Recognition of disability is absent from the wider educational discourse. This is evident from the historical practices within the educational system that continues to marginalize the issue of disability by maintaining two separate streams-one for disabled students and one for everyone else.
• The concepts of inclusion is still an experimental concept in our educational system which is restricted to few public schools only.
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Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) employs a cell phone-sized gadget to stimulate the skull and brain with a current that the consumer cannot generally feel (below four milliamps). There have been no significant adverse effects recorded. CES machine is a Class III device approved by the FDA for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep problems.
How does Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) work?
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) works in a manner that is not entirely known till date. However, based on previous and ongoing studies, it appears that the micro-current waveform produced by the CES devices might activate particular nerve cells in the brainstem or central nervous system. These groups of nerve cells produce biochemicals — serotonin and acetylcholine that can affect the chemical activity of nearby nerve cells as well as distant nerve cells throughout the nervous system. In fact, these cells are positioned to coordinate the activities of all the nerves running up into the brain and down into the spinal cord. By altering electrical and chemical activity, CES appears to stimulate neural activity in certain areas, while diminishing neural activity in others. This neurological ‘fine-tuning’ is called modulation, and occurs either because of, or in conjunction with, the production of a certain pattern of electrical activity in the brain or ‘alpha state’, which can be measured by electrical brain wave recordings called electroencephalography or ‘EEG’. These alpha rhythms generate feelings of calmness, relaxation, and mental focus. The alpha brain state is associated with neurological processes that decrease stress effects, stabilize mood, and stabilize both sensations and perceptions of particular kinds of pain.
After a single treatment, these effects have been shown to be produced, and repeated treatments have been shown to increase their relative strength and duration. In some cases, the effects of CES have proven permanent, demonstrating that a durable tuning back to normal function was achieved after the electrical and chemical changes caused by CES.
Neurostyle continuously researches how CES devices can benefit patients with pain, anxiety, depression and sleep disorders.
What are the uses of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES)?
CES can give you relief to a good extent if you are suffering from anxiety, insomnia, depression, or pain. If you are concerned about discontinuing current medications, you need not worry. It is perfectly safe to be used with other treatments. In the end, however, you may just find that CES is sufficiently effective to eliminate your need for them.
CES can be used safely by adults and children as well as teenagers. It carries no risk of misuse, addiction, or withdrawal, making it an ideal treatment option for virtually anyone. Indeed, it is a safe alternative to medications for anyone trying to recover from addiction, or who prefers not to take drugs.
You can conduct CES treatments conveniently in the comfort of your own home. Even the busiest of schedules and hectic lifestyles can accommodate a CES treatment.
Nevertheless, one should remember, CES should not be used by pregnant women, or by individuals who have pacemakers, or other implanted devices.
Does CES work?
CES is not a new treatment, but it is getting more attention lately. It has been improving lives for years.
Clinical research conducted on the effectiveness of Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) has produced more than 100 amazing results. CES surpasses other treatment methods in the ability to make people feel better quickly, and without lasting side effects like other remedies for anxiety, insomnia, depression, or pain. 90% of patients who undergo CES experience clinically significant relief from their symptoms and results far superior to those found in individuals who undergo medication.
Benefits have also been suggested by studies and clinical practice for:
• hyperactivity-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (ADHD),
• OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) is a kind of obsessive-compulsive disorder
• PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) is a type of anxiety condition that (PTSD),
• cognitive impairment,
• brain damage, traumatic brain injury,
• pain,
• increasing concentration and attention, and
• reducing aggressive behavior
It’s promising, but it hasn’t been demonstrated yet. However, given the low risk of adverse effects, experimenting with CES therapy is a viable option if conventional therapies are unsuccessful or poorly tolerated. For detailed information on the CES devices, get in touch with us.
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Why are flights longer on the way back?
The reason it took so much longer to fly back is the jet stream, a river of fast-moving air high up in the sky. Jet streams are usually about 100 miles wide. They can be thousands of miles long and are found all over the earth. To be called a jet stream, the wind must be moving faster than 60 mph.
Why does it take longer to fly south than north?
Why are flight times longer going west?
The main reason for the difference in travel time is due to the jet stream. The jet stream is high altitude wind that blows from the west to the east across the globe. Airplanes fly into the jet stream at 30,000 feet and then travel with these winds. … However, a plane flying to the west would be going against the winds.
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Does it take longer to fly against the Earth’s rotation?
Actually, flying west to LA takes about an hour longer than flying the return trip, but not directly because of the earth’s rotation. Instead, the earth’s rotation affects the way the wind blows on our planet.
Why do planes avoid flying over the Pacific?
Why do flights from East to West take longer?
The reason it took so much longer to fly back is the jet stream, a river of fast-moving air high up in the sky. Jet streams are usually about 100 miles wide. … Jet streams generally blow from the west to the east around the Earth, often following a meandering, curved path just like a river on land.
What speed does an airplane take off at?
What speed does the Earth rotate?
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Are flights longer East to West?
Jet streams are, at their most basic, high-altitude air currents caused by atmospheric heating and the inertia of the earth’s rotation—and they’re the reason why flights from west to east are faster than the same route traversed in the opposite direction.
Can you go back in time by flying west?
Technically, yes, if you travel west, you’ll travel into earlier time zones, and you’ll keep setting your clock back. If you can cross a time zone an hour, you’ll stay at the same time of day.
Why do planes look like they’re not moving?
Clouds move or change shape. Our eye muscles are not good at keeping a steady gaze. As result our own movement adds or subtracts to perceived speed of the plane. A similar problem is statues seemingly moving or nodding at believers.
Why don’t we fly off the earth if it’s spinning?
Normally, humans aren’t thrown off the moving Earth because gravity is holding us down. However, because we are rotating with the Earth, a ‘centrifugal force’ pushes us outwards from the centre of the planet. If this centrifugal force were bigger than the force of gravity, then we would be thrown into space.
Do airplanes have keys?
So, Do Airplanes Have Keys? Some smaller aircraft, including the Cessna, have ignition keys that are needed to start the engine, while many larger planes do not use keys. As a general rule, larger commercial planes typically do not have keys.
Do planes fly over Everest?
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Why do pilots say heavy?
Can a Boeing 777 fly on one engine?
Wide-body aircraft like the Boeing 777 are rated to fly for more than five hours on a single engine. Visit the Business section of Insider for more stories.
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Can you convert VGA monitor to HDMI?
If your computer has just a VGA output you’ll need a VGA-to-HDMI converter. This type of converter combines a VGA input and a stereo audio input into a single HDMI output that’s compatible with your HDTV set. Of course, you’ll also need an HDMI cable to connect the adapter to your HDTV.
Do HDMI to VGA cables actually work?
Yes, you can convert a digital HDMI signal into an analog VGA. You can do that by using a specialized HDMI-to-VGA adapter, which will take the digital signals, process them with its built-in chip, and then output an analog VGA signal.
Are mini display and Thunderbolt the same?
The Mini DisplayPort format uses the same connector type as Thunderbolt, and there is support for one monitor or a Mini DisplayPort-to-HDMI or –VGA adapter when connected directly to the Mac’s Thunderbolt port or to a Thunderbolt peripheral that is NOT a monitor and that has a pass-through Thunderbolt port.
What is a mini VGA port?
Mini-VGA connectors are a non-standard, proprietary alternative used on some laptops and other systems in place of the standard VGA connector, although most laptops use a standard VGA connector. The mini-VGA connector can also be used for video output.
How do I connect my VGA monitor to my HDMI TV?
Just plug it into an HDMI port, plug the VGA cable into the adapter’s VGA port and then select the desired display settings through your laptop. As you can see in the picture below, the image is crisp and clear and connecting or disconnecting the dongle automatically activates the remembered settings.
How do I connect my VGA to HDMI?
1 Plug the HDMI connector into an HDMI port on your computer, then connect the VGA connector to a VGA cable (not included). 2 Connect the other end of the VGA cable (not included) to your display, such as a monitor, TV, or projector.
How do I convert HDMI to VGA?
Plug your VGA cable into the VGA Output on your computer. Connect the other side of the VGA Cable to the VGA Input on your VGA to HDMI Converter Box. Plug your HDMI Output into the VGA to HDMI Converter Box. Connect the HDMI input end of the HDMI cable to your television or monitor.
What is a VGA display port?
VGA stands for “video graphics array” and is a video output connection that is the display standard for PC computers. On the computer, the VGA port is a 15-pin port that is typically blue in color.
What is a VGA display?
Short for Video Graphics Adapter or Video Graphics Array, VGA is a popular display standard developed by IBM and introduced in 1987. VGA provides 640 x 480 resolution color display screens with a refresh rate of 60 Hz and 16 colors displayed at a time. If the resolution is lowered to 320 x 200, 256 colors are shown.
What is a VGA cable?
A video graphics array (VGA) cable is a type of computer cable that carries visual display data from the CPU to the monitor. A complete VGA cable consists of a cable and a connector at each end, and the connectors are typically blue. A VGA cable is used primarily to link a computer to a display device.
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