Split (1)

train · ~97.7M rows (showing the first 849k)

text stringlengths 144 682k
Heart disease gene discovered A genetic variation which increases the risk of heart disease has been identified by two teams of researchers. Scientists in the US and Canada found a section of DNA which raises the heart disease risk in people of European descent by approximately 40 per cent. Meanwhile, an Icelandic team linked the same genetic flaw to one fifth of heart attacks. A study of 23,000 people which compared the genomes of patients with and without heart disease found that those who have two copies of a particular section of DNA carried a 30 to 40 per cent greater risk of problems than those without any copies. Professor Ruth McPherson, of the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, who worked on the study, told the BBC that lifestyle choices are still important to prevent heart disease, saying: "The effect [of the gene] is less than that of smoking or having a high cholesterol level." Future research will explore whether the gene connection applies to people of different races, the scientists say. There are about 270,000 heart attacks every year in Britain, according to the NHS. ADNFCR554ID18139242ADNFCR© Adfero Ltd More from Netdoctor: Couple holding hands Stripey socks Why are some people more susceptible to mosquito bites? Smelly socks may hold the answer Gay couple sharing an intimate moment at a restaurant Sexual health This is brilliant news for the gay community Woman lifting weights painted nails We tried a 6-week strength training programme Here's what happened Woman cleaning toilet with rubber gloves and toilet brush The common mistake that makes your toilet a health hazard If you're guilty of this, you need to stop Pink Ribbon and Bra for Breast Cancer Awareness, Medical Examination Everything you should know about breast reconstruction after cancer There are a number of different options Older couple in bed Mental Health How having sex could boost brain power According to this latest study Young couple embracing Sexual health What happens when you find the idea of sex daunting Some people find physical intimacy difficult Woman using fan to cool down Is the heatwave making you cranky? According to science, summer mood swings are totally normal newborn girl laying on bed Your birth month may affect your long term health According to a study of almost 30,000 people
part of connects develops_from humerus skeletal joint elbow elbow joint A joint that connects the forelimb zeugopod and stylopod skeletons[Obol]. EMAPA:19102 FMA:35289 GAID:253 In human anatomy, the elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis MA:0000451 MESH:D004551 UBERON:0001490 UMLS:C0013770 VHOG:0000997 articulatio cubiti cubital region joint galen:ElbowJoint joint of cubital region joint of elbow uberon synovial joint forelimb joint elbow joint primordium forelimb zeugopod skeleton synovial limb joint
How to Prevent Red Eyed Tree Frog Illness Many diseases affecting the red eyed tree frog are serious and it is best to prevent them rather than try to treat them once they are established. There are several ways in which you can prevent red eyed tree frog illness. The most important thing to remember is to keep their environment clean so that they can thrive. Clean Water is Essential Of primary importance to the health of your red eyed tree frog is clean water. The red eyed tree frog absorbs water through its skin and the oxygen obtained there helps them breathe. Their skin is very sensitive and can pick up bacteria from unclean water or hazardous chemicals from water that is not thoroughly de-chlorinated. To prevent red eyed tree frog illness, keep their water supply clean by changing it regularly and making sure the water does not contain chlorine. You can purchase drops at a pet store that clear water of chlorine. Add the drops to the water 24-48 hours before you expose the frog to the water. The alternative is to simply use bottled water. Provide Proper Ventilation When you set up your red eyed tree frog tank, make sure it has thorough ventilation. It is best to purchase a tank that has a screen cover. Since the red eyed tree frog requires a humid environment, this can sometimes cause mold and mildew to form on the tank and its contents. This can cause bacterial and fungal infections, which can transfer easily to your frog. Proper ventilation and regular cleaning of the tank can prevent red eyed tree frog illness. Feed Them Right Make sure that your pet red eyed tree frog gets proper nutrition. The main staple to their diet is the cricket and these should be treated with a supplement before feeding them to the frog. This will ensure that the red eyed tree frog is absorbing the appropriate amount of vitamins and minerals. Calcium is important to the health of your red eyed tree frog and you can purchase calcium supplements to feed to the crickets. Alternately, you can coat the crickets with calcium powder prior to feeding them to your frog. This, along with regular feeding, should provide your red eyed tree frog with the nutrients it needs to stay healthy. These are the major ways in which you can prevent red eyed tree frog illness. You can also minimize the amount you handle them and make sure your hands are washed before doing so. Be sure to select healthy specimens when choosing a red eyed tree frog for a pet. Additionally, don’t overcrowd the tank because this could lead to infection and injury. Overall, taking good care of your red eyed tree frog’s habitat, providing it with supplemented food and keeping its water clean is vital to its health. By upholding these practices, you will have a healthy, happy red eyed tree frog free from disease.
Just dare it! June 18, 2017 Friedrich Nietzsche circa 1875, by F. Hartmann in Basel (public domain) “Man vergilt einem Lehrer schlecht, wenn man immer nur der Schüler bleibt. Und warum wollt ihr nicht an meinem Kranze rupfen?” (Ecce Homo, Vorwort, 1888) One repays a teacher poorly if one always remains only a student. And why would you not pluck at my wreath? (Ecce Homo, Foreword, 1888) Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher (1844-1900) All quotes in the Dictionnary of quotes. Playing Tips for Abalone by Wayne Schmittberger Playing Tips for Abalone by Wayne Schmittberger (ex-Editor of Games Magazine and avid Abalone Player) 1) At the start, advance your marbles quickly toward the center of the board Marbles in the center are much safer, and can move around more easily, than ones near the edge. And, if you can occupy the center, you will also force your opponent’s marbles to stay near the edge (unless your opponent can outwit you and take over the center). Diagram 1 best to start advancing a line of three marbles toward the center. possible opening is for white and black to make the moves shown. 2) Keep your marbles together Your marbles are strongest in a solid group. The more lines in which you have connected rows of three or more marbles, the harder it will be for your opponent to push you back toward the edge. Diagram 2 White’s strong central formation has no weaknesses, while black has no way to prevent his thin line of marbles from being pushed back and cut apart. White has the advantage, despite black’s current 2-0 lead in marbles. 3) “Divide and Conquer” Try to separate the opponent’s marbles into two or more groups. Smaller groups will be easier to push back and trap against the edge of the board, where they will be lost. 4) Plan ahead Wherever your marbles are next to your opponent’s, carefully consider the effect of each possible push. Pushes tend to create many new possibilities for each side, since as many as five marbles can change position at once (when three marbles push two). 5) Think twice before pushing an opponent’s marble off the board Early in the game, it is usually more important to keep your marbles in the center than to move them toward the edge in order to eject a marble or two. If you fall behind 2-0 or 3-1 in pushing off marbles, you can easily catch up if you have the move central position. And if an opponent’s marble has no way to escape, don’t hurry to push it off, as you will usually have a more important move to make elsewhere. 6) Abandon stragglers Don’t waste time trying to link up isolated marbles with your main group, unless you can do it in just a move or two. 7) Play patiently When you’re not sure what to do, look for your least useful marble(s), and try to improve their positions 8) The more marbles that have been pushed off the board, the more important it is to gain the lead in marbles Although a strong central position is more important that ejecting marbles early in the game, the opposite is throw after each side has lost three or four marbles. If your marbles are badly scattered around the edges after you have pushed off six of your opponent’s marbles, it won’t matter! 9) Try hard to be the first player to eject five marbles The first player to push off a fifth marble will usually have a big advantage, because the opponent will then have to look after every vulnerable marble, and answer every threat to eject a marble. 10) Late in the game, play accurately and aggressively If you see a way to eject enough of the opponent’s marbles to bring your total up to six, don’t bother to defend your own marbles unless the opponent can win before you do. Diagram 3 White leads 4-3, but needs at least three turns to eject two black marbles in to the lower right. Black, with the move, wins the race by ejecting one white marble as shown, after which black needs but two more turns to push off the trapped marbles. Wayne Schmittberger
Principality of Lower Pannonia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Balaton principality) Jump to: navigation, search Balaton Principality Realm under Koceľ Capital Mosapurc (Zalavár) Government principality Historical era Middle Ages • Established 846 • Disestablished 875 Preceded by Succeeded by Coats of arms of None.svg Avar Khaganate Principality of Hungary Flag of Hungary (895-1000).svg Today part of Hungary The Balaton Principality (Slovak: Blatenské kniežatstvo,Slovene: Blatenska kneževina) or Principality of Lower Pannonia, was a Slavic principality, vassal to the Frankish Empire,[1] or according to others[2] a comitatus (county) of the Frankish Empire, led initially by a dux (Pribina) and later by a comes (Pribina's son, Kocel). It was one of the early Slavic polities (Kocel's title was "Comes de Sclauis" - Count of the Slavs)[3] and was situated mostly in Transdanubia region of modern Hungary, but also included parts of modern Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Austria. At the beginning of the 9th century, many Carantanians were moved as settlers in Balaton Principality/Lower Pannonia, which was referred in Latin sources as Carantanorum regio or "The Land of the Carantanians". Carantanians/Alpine Slavs were the ancestors of present-day Slovenians. The name Carantanians (Quarantani) was in use until the 13th century. The Slavic settlement of Pannonia started in the late 5th century after the fall of the Hunnic tribal union.[citation needed] In the late 6th century the Slavs in the territory became subjects of the Avar tribal union (Avar Khaganate).[citation needed] Trouble by internal conflicts as well as external attacks by the Frankish Empire (led by Charles the Great) and the Bulgarian Khanate (led by Khan Krum), the Avar polity collapsed by the early 9th century. Initially, Lower Pannonia lay between the Drava, Danube and Sava rivers, whilst Upper Pannonia lay north of the Drava river. Collectively, the southeastern Slavic marches of the Carolongian empire were called the Eastland (Plaga Orientalis). During the first two decades of the ninth century, Lower Pannonia was ruled by Slavic Prince Ljudevit Posavski, a Frankish vassal. After his rebellion, Louis removed the lands from the Friuliun Duke and placed them under his son's (Louis the German) Bavarian sub-kingdom and the river Raab became the new border between Upper and Lower Pannonia, with the core and the name of Lower Pannonia moving north of the river Drava. The turmoils did not end, as in 827, the Bulgarians invaded much of Lower Pannonia, but were then pushed back by Louis the German the following year. Principality during Prince Pribina's reign, around 846 AD In the course of the creation of Great Moravia in 833 to the north of the Danube, Pribina, until then the Prince of Nitra, was expelled from his country by Mojmír I of Moravia. After several adventures, he was eventually given the Frankish lands in Lower Pannonia in 846, where he founded a principality. This was a calculated move on the part of Louis the German, who aimed to curtail the power of his prefect, Ratbod, as well as gain an ally (and buffer) against the potential threats of Great Moravia and Bulgaria. Pribina's capital was Blatnograd (Mosapurc), a city built at the Zala river near Keszthely, between the small and large Balaton lakes (Blatno in Slavic, meaning "muddy [lake]"). He greatly fortified this city, and surrounded by swamps and dense forests, it lay in a strategically powerful position. Pribina was Louis the German's dux. His state grew powerful and Pribina ruled for two decades. His state contained a retinue of followers, including Carantanians, Franks and even Slavicized Avars. Pribina allowed the Archbishop of Salzburg to consecrate churches in the area. After an attack by Carloman during his rebellion against Louis the German, Pribina's son, Kocel, fled to the court of Louis. He was soon re-instated in his father's lands. In the summer of 867, Kocel provided short-term hospitality to brothers Cyril and Methodius on their way from Great Moravia to the pope in Rome to justify the use of the Slavic language as a liturgical language. They and their disciples turned Blatnograd into one of the centers that spread the knowledge of the new Slavonic script (Glagolitic alphabet) and literature, educating numerous future missionaries in their native language. Although a Frankish vassal, it later started resisting the influence of German feudal lords and clergy, trying to organize an independent Slavic archdiocese.[citation needed][dubious ] Eventually, after Kocel's death in 876, Lower Pannonia was again made a direct part of the East Francia, ruled by Arnulf of Carinthia. During the succession strife in East Francia, in 884, the area was conquered by Great Moravia in ca. 894. After a few years of peace, Arnulf renewed his wars with Moravia, and recaptured Lower Pannonia. After he claimed the Imperial crown in 896, Arnulf gave Lower Pannonia to another Slavic duke, Braslav, as a fiefdom. Soon afterwards, in 901 it was conquered by the Magyars (Hungarians), who became the new ruling core, but retained many elements of Slavic political organization.[citation needed] The territory became part of the arising Hungarian state. Pribina's authority stretched from the Rába river to the north, to Pécs to the southeast, and to Ptuj to the West.[3] Temporary, it also included territory in the east of the Danube[4] and in the south of the Drava,[4] i.e. parts of present-day central Hungary (between Danube and Tisa), northern Serbia (Bačka, west Syrmia) and eastern Croatia (west Syrmia, east Slavonia). The capital or seat was Mosapurc (Mosapurc regia civitate),[5] present-day Zalavár (in Old-Slavonic Blatengrad, in Latin Urbs Paludarum). Monarch Reign Pribina, Nitra (2008).jpg ca. 846–861[citation needed] ca. 861–876[citation needed] See also[edit] 1. ^ Bartl 2002, pp. 19–20. 2. ^ Szőke, Béla Miklós (2007). Henning, Joachim, ed. New findings of the excavations in Mosaburg (PDF). Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: The heirs of the Roman West. Walter de Gruyter. p. 435. ISBN 978-3-11-018356-6. 3. ^ a b Luthar 2008, p. 105. 4. ^ a b Dragan Brujić, Vodič kroz svet Vizantije - od Konstantina do pada Carigrada, drugo izdanje, Beograd, 2005. 5. ^ Bowlus 1995, pp. 204–220.
Aerosol burn From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Deodorant Burn) Jump to: navigation, search Aerosol-Induced Frostbite Aerosol-Induced Frostbite.jpg Aerosol Frostbite to the hand Classification and external resources Specialty emergency medicine ICD-10 T33-T35 ICD-9-CM 991.0-991.3 DiseasesDB 31167 MedlinePlus 000057 eMedicine emerg/209 med/2815 derm/833 ped/803 MeSH D005627 An aerosol burn is an injury to the skin caused by the pressurized gas within an aerosol spray cooling quickly, with the sudden drop in temperature sufficient to cause frostbite to the applied area.[1] Medical studies have noted an increase of this practice, known as "frosting", in pediatric and teenage patients.[2][3] Adiabatic expansion causes the gas (with a low boiling temperature) to rapidly cool on exit from the aerosol applier. According to controlled laboratory experiments, the gas from a typical deodorant spray can reduce skin temperature by up to sixty degrees Celsius.[2] The form of injury is freezing of the skin, a type of frostbite. It is highly advised for those who suffer from frostbite to seek medical attention.[4] In rare cases aerosol-induced burns can be severe enough to necessitate skin grafting.[5] The most common cause of aerosol burns is patients' spraying deodorants for prolonged periods of time in close proximity to their skin. This practice is more common in younger persons such as teenagers and can be referred to as "frosting" or having a "frosty". Injuries such as these are often self-inflicted, and depression should be considered as an underlying cause.[6] However, some do it due to influence by their peers as a way of "impressing" them, with the "Aerosol Challenge" gaining popularity alongside the "Cinnamon Challenge" and "Chubby Bunny" contests as trends in dangerous peer-pressure-induced self-harm. A person can cause frostbite by accidental prolonged contact, using an aerosol on one place for too long.[7] This is often done with deodorants, but other products such as asthma inhalers are also common causes of injury. Injuries are especially common with younger children who "try it out" not knowing all the possible dermatological effects. In rarer cases aerosol burns are reported to have been caused by air fresheners and other compressed aerosol canisters exploding.[8][9] Intentional and Abuse[edit] Fluorinated hydrocarbon (fluorocarbon) aerosol propellants can be abused, as with solvents. A common form is huffing as a means of intoxication. When inhaled, aerosols can cause the same frostbite as on other parts of the body.[10][11] The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has published various resources on the internet warning of the effects of this abuse, including content especially for teenagers and young people in apparent response to the increase in incidents in this age group.[12][13][14] Some aerosol burns are intentionally self-inflicted, the reasons being emotional/psychological. Household aerosol products such as air fresheners and deodorants can be a convenient, easily available means to satisfy the compulsions. Depending on the duration of exposure aerosol-induced frostbite can vary in depth. Most injuries of this type only affect the epidermis, the outermost layer of skin. However, if contact with the aerosol is prolonged the skin will freeze further and deeper layers of tissue will be affected, causing a more serious burn that reaches the dermis, destroys nerves, and increases the risk of infection and scarring .[15] When the skin thaws, pain and severe discomfort can occur in the affected area.[16] There may be a smell of aerosol products such as deodorant around the affected area, the injury may itch or be painful, the skin may freeze and become hardened, blisters may form on the area, and the flesh can become red and swollen. An example of postinflammatory hypopigmentation (the light white patches) about one year after a severe aerosol burn. Various methods of treatment are used, depending greatly on the length of exposure and other factors. There are documented cases using both conservative and invasive treatments, including skin grafting and/or the application of nonadhesive dressing alongside topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. In some patients postinflammatory hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation may result in the months after initial injury, and ultraviolet protection such as sunscreen is essential to prevent an elevated risk of skin cancer in the damaged tissues.[5][17][18] The pain caused by these burns is often intense and can be prolonged, making a pain management plan important. This often includes short term prescriptions of painkillers. In the case of self-harm induced injury the underlying mental health aspects should be treated as with all self-inflicted injuries. See also[edit] 1. ^ "Brrrr! Aerosol sprays are a silly way to get frostbite - The Body Odd". Retrieved 2012-07-01. 2. ^ a b May, U; Stirner, KH; Lauener, R; Ring, J; Möhrenschlager, M (2010). "Deodorant spray: A newly identified cause of cold burn". Pediatrics. 126 (3): e716–8. PMID 20679305. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2936. 3. ^ "Deodorant burns on the increase - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2012-07-01. 4. ^ 5. ^ a b Lacour, M; Le Coultre, C (1991). "Spray-induced frostbite in a child: A new hazard with novel aerosol propellants". Pediatric dermatology. 8 (3): 207–9. PMID 1745629. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.1991.tb00860.x. 6. ^ Tan, J; Anwar, M. U.; Timmons, M. J. (2008). "Self inflicted aerosol burns--a disturbing development". Journal of Burn Care & Research. 29 (5): 845–7. PMID 18695608. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181848b28. 7. ^ Kale A, Shackley F (2010). "Accidental cutaneous burns secondary to salbutamol metered dose inhaler". Case Rep Med. 2010: 201809. PMC 3014811Freely accessible. PMID 21209810. doi:10.1155/2010/201809. 8. ^ Sarwar U, Nicolaou M, Khan MS, Tiernan E (2011). "Air-freshener burns: a new paradigm in burns etiology?". Int J Prev Med. 2: 291–3. PMC 3237275Freely accessible. PMID 22174972. 9. ^ Yarbrough Dr, 3rd (1998). "Burns due to aerosol can explosions". Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 24 (3): 270–1. PMID 9677032. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(97)00121-6. 10. ^ 11. ^ Kuspis, D. A.; Krenzelok, E. P. (1999). "Oral frostbite injury from intentional abuse of a fluorinated hydrocarbon". Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology. 37 (7): 873–5. PMID 10630273. doi:10.1081/clt-100102469. 12. ^ 13. ^ 14. ^ 15. ^ "Frostbite: Complications". MayoClinic. Retrieved 2012-07-05. 16. ^ "Frostbite: Symptoms". Retrieved 2012-07-05. 17. ^ 18. ^
This documentation is archived and is not being maintained. Delegate.Delegate(Object, String) Constructor Initializes a delegate that invokes the specified instance method on the specified class instance. Namespace: System Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll) protected Delegate ( Object target, string method protected Delegate ( Object target, String method protected function Delegate ( target : Object, method : String Not applicable. The class instance on which the delegate invokes method. The name of the instance method that the delegate represents. Exception typeCondition target is a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic). method is a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic). There was an error binding to the target method. This constructor is called by a compiler-generated delegate type to create a delegate based on the name of an instance method and an instance of the class that defines that method. This constructor creates delegates for instance methods only. An instance method is a method that is associated with an instance of a class; a static method is a method that is associated with the class itself. .NET Framework Supported in: 3.0, 2.0, 1.1, 1.0
ResourceManager.GetObject Method (String, CultureInfo) Gets the value of the Object resource localized for the specified culture. Namespace: System.Resources Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll) public virtual Object GetObject( string name, CultureInfo culture Type: System.String The name of the resource to get. Type: System.Globalization.CultureInfo The culture for which the resource is localized. Note that if the resource is not localized for this culture, the lookup will fall back using the culture's Parent property, stopping after checking in the neutral culture. If this value is null, the CultureInfo is obtained using the culture's CurrentUICulture property. Return Value Type: System.Object The value of the resource, localized for the specified culture. If a "best match" is not possible, null is returned. The name parameter is null. No usable set of resources have been found, and there are no neutral culture resources. The resource depends on serialization. If the resource has not been localized for the specified culture, the resource that is returned is localized for a best match (this is accomplished using the culture's Parent property). Otherwise, null is returned. If no usable set of resources has been found, the ResourceManager falls back on the neutral culture's resources, which are expected to be included in the main assembly. If an appropriate culture resource has not been found, a MissingManifestResourceException is thrown. The GetObject method is thread-safe. Caution noteCaution: This method can throw more exceptions than are listed. One reason this might occur is if a method that this method calls throws an exception. For example, a FileLoadException might be thrown if an error was made deploying or installing a satellite assembly. Performance Considerations If you call the GetObject method multiple times with the same name parameter, do not depend on the return value being a reference to the same object. This is because the GetObject method can return a reference to an existing resource object in a cache, or can reload the resource and return a reference to a new resource object. Supported in: 5, 4, 3 Silverlight for Windows Phone Supported in: Windows Phone OS 7.1, Windows Phone OS 7.0 XNA Framework Supported in: Xbox 360, Windows Phone OS 7.0 Community Additions
Loading presentation... Prezi is an interactive zooming presentation Present Remotely Send the link below via email or IM Present to your audience Start remote presentation • Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present • People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account • This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation • A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation • Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? Make your likes visible on Facebook? You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. No, thanks Nazis and Education No description on 7 October 2013 Comments (0) Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of Nazis and Education Nazis and Education What did Hitler Try to Achieve? Why did Hitler feel he had to take control of the German education system? How was it Achieved? How did schools help to indoctrinate young people in Nazi ideas? What was the appeal of Nazi Youth groups to young German people in the 1930s? What was Encouraged? The Nazis encouraged young people to take part in what sorts of activities? Sample Questions... Identify the aims of educational and youth policies in two single-party states, and evaluate the extent to which they were achieved. The Thousand year Reich!!! ... Eliminate other views and Parties Why was it accepted by the Public? Girls vs. Boys How, and why did the Nazis treat boys differently to girls? – (Kinder, Kirche, Kuche) How is all of this useful for the IB student? Propaganda machine The Indoctrination Unity of Class Loyal Nazis Morale and ideology... Tool to control Political force Get rid of the Old views Exploit the Rebelious Emphasis on: Adapted syllabus -glorified Nationalism -deliver the racial and population theory -create a conscious of being German Religious Studies- dropped More Physical education…15% school time given over Could you guess what was taught about history? Especially one particular topic... Why do you think Hitler wanted that one on the list so badly?...fit and ruthless Germans...for what purpose? Theory that would support what race? Who will it dissolve? and how was this useful to Hitler? What do you think he did at first...(hint, Hitler is a sneaky...) Were Germans concerned at all about the morale and the national pride..honor and all of that? Or the absence of it... Having control over the country was not enough...he wanted Indoctrination He wanted the Minds to be dependent on HIS decisions... Make sure no challenging views are taught Get them while they are young... The highly educated are more aware and are harder to control Wanted to reinforce equality... One quote from Hitler's lips says it all... No, I shall still continue with my presentation:) The promises of Hitler struck their chord with the youth and to them it seemed that Germany was benefiting form his rule; their parent were getting jobs and the flags and uniform parades made the youth feel part of the restoration Excited by it Mass hypnosis It was actually announced that the children were given over to the Furer, as a present…in the newspaper (talking about all the ten year old) Given to the Furer What made it so appealing It was fun Pride and part of a Great Movement Felling of Importance and Value Propaganda and Idealization of the Hitler Youth movement Element of fear or rejection.. Very psychological and attacking sensuous parts of the children's minds Parents and Children were happy to join and encourage what seemed a very nice and pleasant experience... Could thrive to be praised and aknowledged Wanted to be part of it....as exclusion meant isolation Struck a Chord... After the war maximum entertainment for children was: Kicking a can Playing on the Balcony (that is if you had one) Playing hide and seek with one or two other children While Hitler Youth organized summer trips and had caps every weekend Epic fail... Hi, Hitler...I mean Heil Hitler The Hitler Youth Flag Awards made competition ruthless Prior knowledge...or stereotypical thoughts.. Evolution of Hitler's Children At this stage it was a new movement...before Hitler came to power they had a bad reputation for being vandals After 1933 Hitler ordered to clean the image up and a new head elected that revolutionized it, making it the largest youth movement within a short period of time... Then Hitler took it to the next level, making men ruthless, women more tough...taking over the majority...forcing into the movement Now the young boys that joined the Youth were young men and were all loyal Nazis, capable of giving their life for Furer and fatherland... At least that is what I though about, no kidding...but it has a far more serious and even tragic side to it... its really the driving force that allowed Hitler to have absolute control. Petty promisses for lives of children that never really had the choice, they were simply having fun in summer camps and one day they are not playing but shooting real bullets, real flesh and no retreat...for fatherland for Furer is all they ever knew Military stance Sport clubs Hitler Schools Youth movements The role of women was returned to the traditional pre-war ideology, they were given lessons about child care and cooking....as well as Biology, there they were taught about genetics and the passing of genes, as well as the study of inferiority of other races...referring to the healthy familiy concept Women swore to Furer, loyal and determined no to let the Fatherland and Hitler....and were encouraged to give birth to as many childern as possible Reality is Cruel Other additional material.... Documentaries: Hitler's Children, Nazis To prepare future political leaders and higher class Nazis....Elite of the Elite...other branches involved even higher vigor institutions where students died during training Were mot allowed to join if not a member of the Hitler's Youth The IB student guide Book Wiemar Republic Interview of :Baldur von Schirach by Frost IF we have time...extracts of the Documentary Full transcript
Loading presentation... Prezi is an interactive zooming presentation Present Remotely Send the link below via email or IM Present to your audience Start remote presentation • Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present • People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account • This link expires 10 minutes after you close the presentation • A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation • Learn more about this feature in our knowledge base article Do you really want to delete this prezi? Make your likes visible on Facebook? You can change this under Settings & Account at any time. No, thanks Women's Rights in the 1930s Explore the path that women took to gain rights. Samantha Chiang on 29 September 2010 Comments (0) Please log in to add your comment. Report abuse Transcript of Women's Rights in the 1930s Voting Women's Rights in the 1930s Working Conditions Famous Women's Rights Advocates By the Fabulous Allen, Angela, Austin, and Samantha The 19th Amendment 90 years ago the nineteenth amendment was passed. No longer having voting be restricted to a single sex. It was on this day that all people of the United States were officially equal. This was a huge truimph for many women such was Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. They had worked long and hard , over seventy years in fact. However, it took so long that they did not live to see their hard work pay off. Cady had passed away 18 years before the amendment passed and Anthony was deceased for fourteen years already. The nineteenth amedment, which was ratified on August 18, 1920 by the Tennessee General Assembly stated, "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." But... What really happened after the 19th amendment was ratified? In Sum.... It neither dramtically changed women's lives like anticipated by both suffragists and anti-suffragists anticipated. It did not have the desired effect to liberate women and make people equal, no matter gender or race. Nor did it launch chaos into the century as antisuffragists warned others to be wary of. Many women in the 1930s were employed. Some of them were in domestic or personal service and some professional women were schoolteachers or nurses. Women in the 1930s in fact entered the workforce at a rate twice of men. Women constituted 7 percent of all workers in the automobile industry and 25 percent in the electrical industry. For the most part women worked long hours for low wages in the 1930s. Some people couldn't send their children to school because they didn' have clothes for them. In some labor camps shaving was a luxury because water cost so much. 1. Workforce 1930 census: 11 million working women (24.3% of all women) By the end of 1939: 13 million employed women Women: domestic or personal organizations, BUT... Men: controlled most public offices Women had lower wages and worked for longer hours than men did. Annual Pay (1937): $525 $1,027 So, did women achieve a higher status in the workforce? Yes No compared to the past 50 years compared to men 2. Politically Women started to vote in 1919, but did they gain true political equality with men? Men didn't listen to women's advice when the matter was about something big and important. Machinery of political parties were always in the hands of men. The fact was that women were not taken seriously by the men. "Frozen out" from any influence in men's political p arties. No actual political positions, low political status. Don't !!!!! :) :( Presented by... Allen Wang Angela Lin Women's Status Jane Matilda Bolin Jane Matilda Bolin first female to graduate from Yale Law School became first female to serve as a judge at US life was tough for her during Yale being picked by classmates gained Yale degree at 1931 first female to join the New York City Bar Association retired at 1979 Austin Yang Samantha Chiang Thank you for listening~~ Frances Perkins -first female appointed to the U.S. Cabinet -1933 Roosevelt appointed Perkins as Secretary of the Department of Labor -held this position for 12 years -held this position longer than other Secretary of the Department of Labor -created laws that benefits unemployed, child, and pensions for elder Americans -established the first minimum wage and overtime laws for American workers(40 hours/week) -resisted having American women being draft to serve in the military -she reduced the workplace accidence efficiently -help fight craft laws against child labor -1945 requested to serve on the United States Civil Service Commission by President Harry S. Truman, she accepted until 1952 which is the year she died Full transcript
Computer Hardware – Basics Many of you have heard about this word while calling your computer manufacturer to fix it. You might have heard the technical support guy talking about a part in your computer known as ” Heat Sink ” or a Heatsink. In this post I would like to help you understand a bit about this hardware and its function in your computer. Heat Sink heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device into a coolant fluid in motion. Then-transferred heat leaves the device with the fluid in motion, therefore allowing the regulation of the device temperature at physically feasible levels. In computers, heat sinks are used to cool central processing units or graphics processors. Heat sinks are used with high-power semiconductor devices such as power transistors and optoelectronics such as lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs), where the heat dissipation ability of the basic device is insufficient to moderate its temperature. RAM – Random Access Memory Random-access memory is a form of computer data storage. A random-access memory device allows data items to be accessed (read or written) in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement. Today, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits. RAM is normally associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules), where stored information is lost if power is removed, although many efforts have been made to develop non-volatile RAM chips.Other types of non-volatile memory exist that allow random access for read operations, but either do not allow write operations or have limitations on them. These include most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash. ROM– Read-Only Memory Strictly, read-only memory refers to memory that is hard-wired, such as diode matrix and the later mask ROM (MROM). Although discrete circuits can be altered in principle, integrated circuits (ICs) cannot and are useless if the data is bad or requires an update. That such memory can never be changed is a disadvantage in some applications. More recently, ROM has come to mean memory that is read-only in normal operation, but a technician using special equipment can erase or reprogram to updating firmware or to correct an error.Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM can only be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is mainly used to store firmware (software that is closely tied to specific hardware and unlikely to need frequent updates). Hard Disk Drive ( Hard Drive) hard disk drive (HDD), hard diskhard drive or fixed disk is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using one or more rigid (“hard”) rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces.Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially. HDDs are a type of non-volatile memory, retaining stored data even when powered off. CPU or central processing unit : central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The term has been used in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.Traditionally, the term “CPU” refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry. Operating System (OS Examples of modern desktop operating systems include Apple OS X, Linux and its variants, and Microsoft Windows.
German Contact Help Login Register The mediastinum is an area found in the midline of the thorax that is surrounded by the left and right pleural sacs. It is divided into the superior and inferior mediastinum, of which the latter is larger. The inferior mediastinum is further divided into the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. In this article, the borders of each section of the mediastinum and their contents will be discussed. Lastly, a pathological condition known as mediastinitis will be mentioned. Recommended video: Mediastinum Contents of the mediastinum seen from the lateral views. The superior mediastinum begins at the level of the first rib and descends to the horizontal plane of the thoracic vertebra T4. The anterior inferior mediastinum starts from the thoracic vertebra T4 and continues to the diaphragm at the level of the thoracic vertebra T9. It extends posteriorly from the body of the sternum and transversus thoracis muscle to the fibrous pericardium. The middle inferior mediastinum begins in the same area as the anterior inferior mediastinum and finishes also in the same area between the T9 and T10 vertebrae. It extends posteriorly between the width of the fibrous pericardium. The posterior inferior mediastinum again originates in the same place as the other two subdivisions but extends the deepest, to the vertebra T12. Sagittally, it runs from the posterior aspect of the fibrous pericardium to the vertebral column. The superior mediastinum contains three visceral organs including the esophagus, the trachea and remnants of the thymus. The nerves that run through this area are three and there are also two different nervous plexuses. The phrenic nerve, the vagus nerve and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve are the singular nerves, while the cardiac plexus branches and the pulmonary plexus branches make up the peripheral neurological plexuses. Arterial and venous constituents are comprised of the superior vena cava, the brachiocephalic veins, the thoracic duct and the aortic arch which includes the brachiocephalic artery, the common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. The anterior inferior mediastinum has no major contents save remnants of the thymus and some lymph nodes. The middle inferior mediastinum contains a single nerve which is the phrenic nerve, the heart and the pericardium. The vessels present include the ascending aorta, the pulmonary trunk, the superior vena cava and the pericardiacoophrenic artery. The posterior inferior mediastinum has possibly the most anatomical structures. It encompasses the esophagus, the thoracic aorta and its branches which include the posterior intercostal arteries, the bronchial arteries and the esophageal arteries. It also contains the azygos venous system, the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins, the thoracic duct, the cisterna chyli, the vagus nerve and the esophageal plexus. Lastly, the following branches of the sympathetic trunk are present: the greater splanchnic nerve, the lesser splanchnic nerve and the least splanchnic nerve. Mediastinitis is a term used to describe the inflammation of the tissue within the chest or the mediastinum. This disorder can be acute or chronic and is quite serious because the infection is in close proximity to so many essential organs and vessels. The most likely cause of this infection today is post surgical complications of cardiovascular or endoscopic surgery. This situation can become chronic, if a patient has an underlying disease such as tuberculosis or they are undergoing radiation therapy. Treatments depend on the patients case and can include therapy or even surgical decompression of the vessels. Get me the rest of this article for free Create your free account ➞ Show references • Neil S. Norton, Ph.D. and Frank H. Netter, MD, Netter’s Head and Neck Anatomy for Dentistry, 2nd Edition, Elsevier Saunders, Chapter 22 Introduction to the Upper Limb, Back, Thorax and Abdomen, Page 584 to 585. • Michael Schuenke et al., Atlas of Anatomy: Neck and Internal Organs, First Edition, Thieme, Thorax Chapter 1, 1.2 Divisions of the Thoracic Cavity and Mediastinum, 1.3 Overview of the Mediastinum and 1.4 Contents of the Mediastinum, Page 60 to 68. • Dr. Alexandra Sieroslawska • Mediastinum - Lateral left view - Yousun Koh Continue your learning Article (You are here) Other articles Well done! Create your free account. Start learning anatomy in less than 60 seconds.
From BORDERLANDS, El Paso Community College Local History Project Traditional Children's Play Games Have Disappeared, and Now The Play Is For Real! The table is set for dinner and the aroma of homemade tortillas fills the house. Outside, mama is pushing Juanito on a swing for a few last minutes of outdoor fun before papa gets home from work. On the street, the sounds of children playing escondidas (hide-n-seek) and bebe leche (hopscotch), can be heard throughout the neighborhood. This scenario has now become a thing of the past and remains only a memory for those of us over 30. Many of the games we as children used to play are not played much anymore. Those games have now died out; they lie dormant in our minds because we lack the time and will to teach them to our children. The games we played when we were kids made us happy, active children, and they reflected the neighborhood culture from which we came. Struggling to keep their heads above water, many Chicano & Black households have out of necessity “two working parents,” and in many households—only one parent to provide. Thus leaving the task of child rearing to a babysitter or worst--the gang. There are not enough hours in a working parent's day to pass on those traditional children's games that we were taught by our elders. When parents and kids get home in the evening, the parents begin the routine of ending the day by preparing diner, cleaning up and once again preparing for the next day. In the meantime, the child sits in front of the modern world's baby-sitter “the television.” In many instances, the kids are somewhere at their friends, maybe, learning and doing who knows what? "Nothing that comes back into our lives during old age is as important as having good friends and happy memories of our youth." A generation ago, children from the neighborhoods gathered outside after school to play games out in the street, from a simple game of marbles to a game of kickball, young girls spent time indoors dressing their dolls, and boys were busy outside with their tops. The boys needed strength to make their wooden tops spin off from a coiled string onto the ground, and the boy, who could spin-kick the other tops out from a circle drawn on the ground, became the champ. Many families also played board games in their homes, and these games not only provided fun, but also gave the family the opportunity to spend an enjoyable evening together before retiring. A kid’s natural creativity is being lost with todays electronics mind capturing expensive games, which have fast replaced the group games of the past. Nowadays, it seems that if a game isn't store-bought, it won't be fun or cool enough to play. When we olden ones were children, there weren’t many kids in our neighborhoods that had expensive store-bought toys, but with a stick and some imagination we could work wonders. Compared to the games that children used to play, today's toys and games seem to lack the vitality, imagination, socializing skills and innocence of the traditional group games. While the changing times have made these old traditional games appear outdated and childish, the fact was that those old kid’s games did teach children the important “socialization” skills needed to live and get along with others in any ethnic neighborhood. Can you remember those times when children ran to school early in the morning in order to have time to play a game with their friends before the class bell rang? How many kids nowadays know how to play a simple game of marbles? How many even care about learning a marbles game? Schools back in the day were filled with excitement, running, laughter and all sorts of group activities, and children used to hang around the schoolyard after the end-of-classes just to finish off games left in a tie from recess and to socialize for a while before going home. Times being what they are, kids are no longer allowed to arrive at school too early or to stay on school grounds after class. This is partly because schools are short of funds and can't afford to pay playground monitors to watch the children, but mainly because of the rising gang violence in the neighborhoods which does not respect schools or playgrounds anymore. The demands of society on the family are partly responsible for the disappearance of our traditional children's games. The sad but true fact is that we have had to trade some of our socializing culture to stay within the mainstream of our changing world. As much as some parents would like to spend time with their children to pass on parts of their Hispanic or Black cultural inheritance, our rapidly consumerist rat-race world demands something different. Maybe on some nights, dinnertime can be a little later, and the paperwork can be put off for a little while longer, so that we may go outside with our children and become kids ourselves once-again together with them, for maybe then we can begin to stop the madness taking the lives of so many of our young people who grow up too fast and live too dangerously in a world where the games kid’s play are for real. 1 comment: hunry limit said... Imperial Valley Real Estate Agent
The History of Arima Onsen Together with Dogo and Shirahama, Arima Onsen is one of Japan’s three ancient hot springs. Arima Onsen became widely known due to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Hideyoshi frequently visited Arima Onsen to bathe, and he held grand tea ceremonies with Sen no Rikyu and his followers. In the Edo period, it was visited by numerous people from all over Japan as one of the leading bathing spots. It was counted as one of Japan’s three famous hot springs, and flourished to such a degree that the town was sometimes referred to as “Arima Sengen”—the 1,000 inns of Arima. Kin no Yu Kin no Yu is a well-known open-air spring of Arima featuring “golden waters.” Enjoy your fill of this famous, original spring of Arima with a distinguished history dating back to olden times. Gin no Yu At Gin no Yu, you can enjoy the “silver waters” of a traditional hot spring. Relax to the fullest in a Japanese ambience matching the atmosphere of the Teramachi neighborhood of shrines and temples. Taiko-no-yu Museum The Taiko-no-yu Museum is a facility exhibiting relics of unearthed bathtubs, excavated items, and the history and culture of Arima Onsen, loved so much by the Taiko (Toyotomi Hideyoshi). Arima no Kobo Take a stroll through Arima, rest your feet, and relax for a moment… This venue presents the history and culture of Arima Onsen. Feel free to drop by.
Table of planets The table shows various astronomical and astrological data for planets and house cusps. The columns can be customized by the menu of settings (the third icon from the right on the top bar). The following data can be displayed: The menu allows to choose the system of rulership for triplicities, decans, terms and degrees. Table of aspects The values indicate the angular distance between the planets. The "+" sign means that distance is increasing, the "-" sign denotes decreasing distance. The "+" sign after the sign of aspect means that this is a converging (applying) aspect, the "-" denotes a divergent (separating) aspect. The index "R" means "Refranation", that is an aspect starts to dissolve before becoming exact. The sing "A" is used for antiscion, and "\|\|" for parallel of declination. Crossed sings are used for counter-antiscion and counter-parallel.
Remembering Your History to Gain Insight into Your Present Primary tabs (Please press the Play button to load the presentation above). There are many of us who went to school and were tempted to sleep through History class, thinking that a "boring" subject like History, couldn't possibly be important, as it just didn't have any bearing on the present or the future. It was not until my History teacher reemphasized a central truth - that people really haven't changed much since "ancient times" and that history often repeats itself, that I began to take my History classes more seriously. You see, technology may have made us more efficient and more effective at getting our work done and enabling a better quality of life... ...But how we think, our ability to love, be loved, our habits , who we are - the good parts - e.g. our ability to give love abundantly and the not-so-good parts - our selfish, jealous, covetous, power-hungry nature, hasn't changed since ancient times. :) A recent Scientific American article, "Fall of Ancient Empire Linked to Crisis in Syria", sheds more light on this phenomenon. The authors reiterate that the current crisis in Syria is not new and that a similar Syrian crisis led to the fall of the Ancient Mesopotamian empire in 2,200BC. Background to the Ancient Mesopotamian Empire Karte Mesopotamien (Please click map for more detail). The extent and power of Ancient Mesopotamia (known today as Asia and including the Middle East), is similar to the power wielded by the United States, Europe and China, today. These guys were big and had extensive social and trade networks that linked them with civilizations in the Aegean and middle Euphrates...yep these guys' networks extended into Europe and Africa. Moreover, according to the above article, there are parallels that can be drawn between Ancient Mesopotamia and the present-day Syrian civilizations. Militarism, violence, governmental collapse and drought, ended the reign of the Akkadian Empire - situated dead centre of Mesopotamia...the city imploded, causing similar ripple effects in and around Mesopotamia. Present-day violence, militarism and possible governmental collapse is not only threatening stability in Syria, but its neighbours who wield considerable power in the Middle East. According to the article, just as how climate change and its resultant drought added to the above problems experienced by the Akkadian empire in 2,200BC, so too is climate change today, as it is already causing severe drought in northeastern Syria, whose farmers rely heavily on rainfall. All these factors are threatening to make Syria and the Middle East implode...just as they did to the Akkadian empire and Mesopotamia in 2,200 BC. So, should you be paying closer attention to history - not just that taught in class, but history in general? The answer is a big, yes! Knowing your history and how people of ancient times responded to challenges faced, will give you great insight into how present-day populations will respond to similar challenges. It also teaches how not to repeat old mistakes. A word to the wise is sufficient! :) (I'd like to thank: 1) Lara Setrakian for the use of her video presentation above, entitled, "Syria: The Basics". NB: The video is for information purposes only. We are not soliciting help for Syria). 2) NordNordWest for the use of their Wiki Commons map, entitled, "Map of Mesopotamia", under the CC-BY-3.0 license. Sources include Article, "Fall of Ancient Empire Linked to Crisis in Syria", By Moheb Costandi and Nature magazine, February 22, 2013
Write to Learn – Art Marzano glossary – 4 columns Term Definition My own words Image 1. Teacher describes the term 2. Students note the term in their visual diary, then describes it in their own words. 3. Draw an image to represent the term Writing break in Art List 5 words to describe your artwork/sketch. What art element have you used? Explain…
Online Google Dictionary reproduce 中文解釋 wordnet sense Collocation Usage Font size: reproducing, present participle; reproduces, 3rd person singular present; reproduced, past tense; reproduced, past participle; 1. Produce again • - a concert performance cannot reproduce all the subtleties of a recording 2. Produce a copy or representation of • - his works are reproduced on postcards and posters 3. Create something very similar to (something else), esp. in a different medium or context • - the problems are difficult to reproduce in the laboratory 4. (of an organism) Produce offspring by a sexual or asexual process • - bacteria normally divide and reproduce themselves every twenty minutes • - an individual organism needs to avoid being eaten until it has reproduced 5. Be copied with a specified degree of success • - you'll be amazed to see how well halftones reproduce 1. make a copy or equivalent of; "reproduce the painting" 4. regurgitate: repeat after memorization; "For the exam, you must be able to regurgitate the information" 5. (reproduction) the process of generating offspring 6. (reproduction) recall that is hypothesized to work by storing the original stimulus input and reproducing it during recall 8. (Reproduction (economics)) In Marxian economics, economic reproduction refers to recurrent (or cyclical) processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created. ... 9. (Reproduction (The Human League album)) Reproduction is the debut album released by British synthpop band The Human League. The album was released in October 1979 through Virgin Records Ltd. 10. to produce an image or copy of something; to generate offspring (sexually or asexually); to produce again; to recreate; to bring something to mind; to recall 11. (Reproduction) The act of copying ; especially when it is significantly faithful in its resemblance to the form and elements of the original. 12. (Reproduction) New furniture which is a copy of an antique. 13. (Reproduction) A piece made to appear as an older form with no intention to deceive the buyer as to age. 14. (Reproduction) An original work of art that has been replicated by photographic or other methods. 15. (REPRODUCTION) a copy, imitation or duplication of an original object, style or structure 17. (Reproduction) Parts or complete vehicles that have been manufactured to closely follow or exceed original Specifications, materials, and performance. Also called repro or repros. These parts often are so perfect that not even a Concours judge can tell that they are not NOS or OEM. 18. (Reproduction) item made by someone other than the artist (though under licence?) resembling the appearance of the original superficially, but not necessarily its material or techniques. [e.g. reproduction Rietveld furniture] 19. (Reproduction) A copy of a map or image. 20. means the reproduction of a draft or an original by manual techniques (reproduction graphics, wood engraving) or by means of photography. 21. (REPRODUCTION) The mating system of the wolverine appears to be polygamous, which means mating with more than one of the opposite sex. Wolverine generally become reproductively active from April to August. Wolverine pairs may remain together for several days during the mating period. 22. (Reproduction) (1) The process of producing multiple copies of an original map, drawing, or other image. There are a number of reprographic methods available to produce copies of a map: printing, photography, diazo, blueprinting, Van Dyke, thermography, electrostatic, and diffusion transfer. ... 23. (Reproduction) (Repro): A copy of the original. (See also “Copy”). There are very few repros of original games, so the collector normally does not have to fear buying a fake (however, new color laser technology may change that); in the later 1900s, Milton Bradley reproduced approximately five ... 24. (Reproduction) A copy or of an item, with varying quality and similar style elements, that was produced in a prior time period.
Here’s a Brief History Of Pocket Watches Pocket Watches Brief History Of Pocket Watches The history of pocket watch probably began in late 1400s when an Italian clock maker provided a pocket clock to the Marchese di Manta. However, pocket watches initially appeared in the market in the 15th century when locksmith professionals from Nuremberg, Germany started manufacturing portable watches. In those times, pocket watches were bulkier. They were developed comparable to a little fashion jewelry box with a chain. Some were egg-shaped and rounded. That’s why early pocket watches were commonly worn around the neck. The early watch were likewise undependable since they only had an hour hand. Needless to state, ancient pocket watches were put more as decorative items. The very first appearance of business watch was recorded in the 15th century. The most popular watch makers then were the locksmith professionals of Nuremberg, Germany. The clock makers of Italy, London, and other European cities followed fit. They also began to produce watch in volumes to be offered in markets worldwide. Pocket watches in those times were developed elaborately. They were typically emblazoned in gold threads while others were customized made. Some royalties even requested that their pocket views be designed with symbols and unique signs. They were too costly also so only the elites were able to carry watch as signs of abundance, majesty, and culture. By the 17th century, spring innovation ended up being advanced and clock makers had the ability to make slimmer and smaller sized pocket time-pieces. This advancement signaled the start of modern-day designs for watch. Accuracy was also attained with the introduction of the minute hand. Luxury watch throughout those times even had smaller sized bearings to tell the seconds. Pocket watches then ended up being real pocket time-pieces. They were not used as a necklace or medallion and the egg-shaped body was replaced by round clocks that can be put inside waist coats or bust pockets. They were still pricey and those who wore them belonged to upper class. Females likewise carried pocket watches as ornamental items to complement their wardrobe. As technology advanced, clock manufacturers started to use diamonds or gems as clock bearings and oil to lubricate the clock hands. Watch became more precise and accurate and they were put thoroughly in the United States to help railroad personnel coordinate train motions. More advanced designs were made and authorities started to set standards for pocket watch designs. Up until the First World War, pocket watches were used by officers in the field. Nevertheless, throughout those times likewise, watches started its appearance in the market and began to replace the utility of watch. With the quick advancement of watches which can tell time more precisely and offer much benefit for its user, the appeal of watch started to subside. Today, watch are still in usage however more as ornamental and antique items. Watches became the norm for portable time pieces. However the tradition of watch and the splendour connected with them are still fresh in everybody’s mind. Watch now represent improvement and sophistication. Discover More Pocket Enjoys Articles
-- NOTE: This article is under construction -- 3000 BC Edit Because I'm THAT Bored The map Over 5000 years ago, there lived 4 countries. 1, the Nabaqua kingdom, situated in the most beautiful of valleys. The second, the Reddgen Empire, a strict civilised area of baige-brick cities and warm weather. The third, the Sunstrider Forest Kingdom, the home of beautiful red and gold buildings that seem like a fairy tale. And the fourth - the largest, the Byzantyl Kingdom, covering and continiously exploring the south of the land. These were developing and building up at this time, neither of them knew little about each other, apart from the forest kingdom and Nabaqua, which met each other at this time and started their special relationship... 2800 BCEdit Because I'm THAT Board 2 The world in 2800 BC, mostly unknown... For the next 200 years, little changed; each reigion had developed and grown slightly more, however more about them were known about each other. Still the only reigions that properly communicated were the Nabequans and the Sunstridians. Reddgens were getting closer to the Byzanti. Which was at that point, now an empire. Meanwhile, another nation was cropping up... 2600 BCEdit Because I'm THAT Bored 3 This was the part when the countries started to properly meet each other. The Nabqua-Sunstrider relationship was still growing. The Byzanti emperor discovered the Zai'Wan tribes and made a trade terms treaty which allowed them to trade and keep peace. However, the Reddgens rejected the treaty... 2400 BCEdit Because I'm THAT Bored 4 The Byzanti stopped growing but the border of knowledge kept expanding, and the Zai'Wan were still trading. However, the Reddgens were growing and were waging war against the Byzanti and the Nabquan-Sunstridens, or the Naquastriders. They were both on a constant border war with the Reddgens. A problem was cropping up with the Reddgens though. They here getting an uprise against it's strict policy. But it was still expanding and the empire travelled across the large river... 2200 BC Edit Because I'm THAT Bored 5 The Romaco Uprise was gathering more and more supporters, and it was eating the inside of the Reddgen Empire. Nabqua started to gain back it's land stolen by it as well and the Byzanti stood strong whilst the Reddgen were distracted, It left the Zai'Wann Peninsula as it's trading started to die down. the Ottoxine Empire was created as well. 2000 BCEdit Because I'm THAT Bored 6 By this time the Romaco were an official reigion. And the Reddgen were getting angrier as the land across the river was taken. It succesfully attacked the Nabqua and the Byzanti just when they were to organize their reputation. The Byzanti swore to protect the Zai'Wann against the Redgenn and started to build up defences northwest of the peninsula. Lathassia, Panetha and Zamtha Rus were founded. 1800 BCEdit Because I'm THAT Bored 7 The Romacans had almost taken over the entire Reddgen Empire and they started to trade with the Sunstridans and the Nabquans which had recently set their borders straight. Lanthessia was founded and more exploration was created across the river. The Byzanti had just finished building their great wall. Ad blocker interference detected!
Marks allocation for the literature component: Poem 5 marks Novel 15 marks Total 20 marks Note that candidates will only be tested on NOVEL and POEMS. Complete Guide: QWERTYUIOP Complete Guide: QWERTYUIOP Here's an extract: Miss Broome Complete Guide : The Curse Complete Guide : The Curse A Comprehensive Guide to The Curse Here is an example from the Guide: Guide to GULP and GASP Guide to GULP and GASP Complete Guide to Poems Complete Guide to Poems Sample Question and Answer Saturday, March 19, 2011 Exercise Your Grammar Muscles 2 Whether you're taking your PMR English or SPM English 1119, you can exercise your grammar muscles doing this and other grammar exercises that'll be coming your way. In this exercise, let's take a look at the use of verb + adjective pattern. Here's an example: He appeared worried when the supervisor asked him for the missing file. Alright, it's your turn. Complete the following sentences with a suitable adjective (one word). I hope you know what an adjective is. In the example above, worried is an adjective as it describes the person. Go to www.pmrenglish.com and www.spmenglish1119.com for additional resources. 1. She looked .......... (not happy)when I told her about her friend who was arrested by the police. 2. Do you feel ............(sure of your ability) about tomorrow's mathematics test? 3. You may become ...........(not well) if you eat the uncooked food. 4. Dahlia seems quite ..........(not happy or satisfied) with the outcome of the interview. 5. My brother's face turned .......... (lacking in colour) when he saw the bully. 6. At the end of the jungle trekking, we felt so .......... (in need of rest or sleep). 7. She seemed ...........(facial expression in the face of something unexpected) when I told her about her best friend's wedding. 8. The children remained ..........(not speaking) when their mother asked them about the broken vase. 9. The situation became increasingly ..........(muscles stiffen because you are frightened) when the police surrounded the protesters. 10. The little boy felt ..........(not hot or warm) as he was standing in the rain without an umbrella.
Topic Reviewed: Catrina & Mitchell Criteria-based Feedback: Mobile Phones • What do you understand about the trend itself? It's progressing and there are definitely new products and ideas being created • Why do you think the trend is important for the future? We believe that this is important for the future because it is creating a global network where everyone can share ideas. • If the actual report is written for adults, how could the project teams make the information easier for you to understand? Having more real world examples and using some simple vocabulary would help a lot. • What would you expect to find out in each trend's section? We would expect to find examples of new innovations in the technology of mobile phones and different ways of how we will end up using them in our classrooms. • How will you decide if the project team has done a good job of their trend? If it is accurate and if there is a possibility of it happening in 2-3 years. Criteria Descriptors Student Reviewer Feedback Quality of Content Does the content (writing) make sense? Yes because they're all related to the same topic with good examples and many pictures and videos to clarify meaning. Can you identify any areas which need clarification? No, but we hope you continue on with specific examples for the middle school, high school and college levels of the incorporation of mobile phones. Pose three questions that arise from your reading 1. What new technological advances do you believe will be helpful in the future of education with mobile phones? 2. Do you believe we will be able to set up networks between computers and mobile phones as external hard drives and to share documents? 3. How do you know that children will not abuse the privilege of using mobile phones in class by text messaging etc.? Look at the Discussion pages of the wiki pages - is there effective communication? Yes there is effective communication because they are talking to each other, answering each other's questions and even discussing what to do next. Do they need more? Yes they will need more communication as they progress through the project, this is because they will surely come across more problems they will need to figure out as they keep working. Are they clear in their messages to each other? Yes and that is why they are giving each other answers to the questions asked. Is there a sense of negotiation and collaboration? Yes because they are answering each others questions and coming up with ideas for their project and there is a sense of collaboration with saying, "good job" and etc. Does the work appear to be equally shared? Yes with everyone adding their own information and everyone doing a certain part, the work is equally shared. Does there appear to be any difficulties by one or more members of the team? No there does not seem to be any difficulty by any members of the group and it seems that everyone is collaborating well. Presentation - Layout and Design amount and relevance of graphics and media - comment on that With a picture for almost every paragraph and a few interesting videos that all relate to the topic of mobile phones, which means there is a lot of relevance with the graphics and media. Instead of having random groups of links (not the links throughout paragraphs) throughout the project maybe they could all be compiled at the bottom. Summary of Feedback: What do you think are the three key facts from the project? -the future of mobile phones -How mobile phones can now be use for more then just talking. -How they could be used in school/ employment/ the arts/ entertainment/ etc. Evaluate the accessibility and usability of the project (video, links, alt text, etc...)? Can you find the information easily? Is it formatted clearly? We believe that the relevent information needs to be grouped together in order to make it more clear and make some of the things easier to find, the accessibility of the project overall is pretty good with click and watch videos and links to websites. Is there anything that you would add? There may be important links or ideas that we have covered in class that you could add to this project. We would add more in depth information for each topic with more examples, and also the blue links contrast and are hard to read (we don't know if you can change this but if you can, do). Technorati Tags: hz07 horizonproject07
Self Portrait with Black Dog 7:00 AM Gustave Courbet, Self Portrait with Black Dog, 1842 Gustave Courbet, a pioneer of the Realism movement, produced numerous stunning works throughout the mid 19th century. He grew up in an established family amid the rural lands of Doubs, France. Courbet spent much of his later life in Paris, though he constantly returned to Doubs for its beautiful landscapes and inspiration. He thoroughly enjoyed the outdoors, which resonates in his art. Scenery and nature are common subjects for his works, as well as self portraits. Courbet painted numerous self portraits including El Desperado, one his most famous works. Self Portrait with Black Dog depicts himself hiking back through his homeland of Doubs. He painted this during his younger days in 1842. The image incorporates two major components of Courbet's life: his origins and the present. First, his past, which shows through the sliver of land in the distance on the right-hand side. The composition places the majority of attention on Courbet and his dog, but in the distance there lies a forest landscape. The symbolism behind this stems from Doubs, his boyhood home. He grew up in rural, farm lands in contrast to the busy, developed Paris. The reason Courbet placed the section of scenery in the distance could be because that portion of his life was in the past. It adds a unique and symbolic element to the composition, though the main focus lies in the front, which shows Courbet's present state. The formal garments he has on contrast his humble past. He depicts himself as such to demonstrate his current elite social status. The black he wears and the darkness of the dog help center attention onto him contrasting the light with the somber hues of tan and blue that encompass him. The book beside him has unknown contents, but it clearly shows Courbet's intelligence or lust for knowledge. Also, the pipe in his hand helps further stratify his social status. Courbet paints this image beautifully, using colors which help exemplify him in the middle. He possesses an aura of swagger with his posture and demeanor. His flowing hair and stern look help project him as one cool, intellectual dude, but they also make him somewhat resemble the dog. Courbet and the dog create a strange composition. They create a square or trapezoidal shape when you trace around them, which is uncommon in comparison to triangle or circle compositions. Courbet implements unique elements to help outline his life, incorporating the current and the past. All around, I found this to be his best self portrait out of the many he did. You Might Also Like
A Brief History of Time By Stephen Hawking A landmark quantity in technology writing through one of many nice minds of our time, Stephen Hawking’s booklet explores such profound questions as: How did the universe begin—and what made its commence attainable? Does time continuously circulation ahead? Is the universe unending—or are there limitations? Are there different dimensions in house? what is going to take place while all of it ends? Told in language all of us can comprehend, A short background of Time plunges into the unique nation-states of black holes and quarks, of antimatter and “arrows of time,” of the large bang and a much bigger God—where the probabilities are wondrous and unforeseen. With intriguing photographs and profound mind's eye, Stephen Hawking brings us towards the final word secrets and techniques on the very middle of creation. Show description How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming By Mike Brown The sun approach so much folks grew up with incorporated 9 planets, with Mercury closest to the sunlight and Pluto on the periphery. Then, in 2005, astronomer Mike Brown made the invention of an entire life: a 10th planet, Eris, a little bit greater than Pluto. yet rather than including yet another planet to our sunlight method, Brown’s locate ignited a firestorm of controversy that culminated within the demotion of Pluto from actual planet to the newly coined type of “dwarf” planet. by surprise Brown used to be receiving hate mail from schoolchildren and being bombarded via television reporters—all as a result discovery he had spent years looking for and an entire life dreaming about. A heartfelt and private trip full of either humor and drama, How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming is the ebook for somebody, younger or previous, who has ever imagined exploring the universe—and who between us hasn’t? Show description T. Plotner, The evening Sky significant other, DOI 10. 1007/978-0-387-79509-6_1, 1 Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC 2009 2 TheNightSkyCompanion Welcome,fellowtravelertothestars!Forthenextyearwewilltakeajourneytogetheracrossthenight sky. In those pages you'll find lunar positive aspects, planets, meteor showers, unmarried and a number of stars, open and globular clusters, in addition to far-off galaxies. there'll be astronomy historical past to discover, recognized astronomers to satisfy, and technology to benefit. You’ll locate issues right here when you get pleasure from stargazing with simply their eyes, binoculars, or perhaps the most important of telescopes! even if those watching suggestions are designed with all readers in brain, no longer every body lives within the comparable time zone―or an identical hemisphere―and definitely nobody has transparent skies each evening. yet irrespective of the place you reside, or who you're, it truly is my wish that someplace the following you discover whatever of curiosity to maintain you taking a look up! LearningtheNightSky while you're new to astronomy, it might probably look tricky to profit all these stars. chill out! It’s a lot more uncomplicated than you're thinking that. similar to relocating to a brand new urban, every thing will look strange before everything, yet with a bit aid from a few maps, you’ll quickly be discovering your manner round like a professional. when you get to grips with the constellations and the way they seem to maneuver around the evening sky, the remaining is straightforward. should you do not need maps of your personal, try out traveling your neighborhood library or one of the on-line websites thatcangeneratethem. Theygiveobjectpositionsingreatdetail,andmosthaveakeyofGreekletters that can assist you comprehend celebrity hop directions. Show description Light Pollution: Responses and Remedies (The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series) By Bob Mizon In its up to date moment version, this booklet deals useful and cheap recommendations to the world-wide challenge of wasted synthetic gentle, and emphasizes that gentle pollutants isn't just an astronomer's challenge, yet impacts every person in major methods. Show description The Space Journey: Marcus and Mariana's Adventures with Uncle Albert By Christer Fuglesang Someday, brother and sister Markus and Mariana visit stopover at their Uncle Albert. He consistently has whatever exiting occurring, yet they couldn’t think that he may construct his own spaceship. abruptly the 3 of them are capturing out into the universe, heading for Mars. The adventures on their house trip are past their wildest goals. Show description By Paul Halpern An obtainable examine the mysteries that lurk on the fringe of the recognized universe and beyond. The observable universe, the half we will be able to see with telescopes, is extremely huge. but contemporary theories recommend that there's way more to the universe than what our tools record--in truth, it may be endless. titanic flows of galaxies, huge empty areas known as voids, and different unexplained phenomena supply clues that our personal "bubble universe" might be a part of a better realm known as the multiverse. How vast is the observable universe? What it really is made up of? What lies past it? was once there a time prior to the massive Bang? may area have unseen dimensions? during this ebook, physicist and technology author Paul Halpern explains what we know--and what we are hoping to quickly locate out--about our awesome cosmos. • Explains what we all know in regards to the significant Bang, the accelerating universe, darkish strength, darkish stream, and darkish subject to envision a few of the theories concerning the content material of the universe and why its facet is getting farther clear of us faster • Explores the concept that the observable universe can be a hologram and that every little thing that occurs inside it would be written on its edge • Written via physicist and renowned technology author Paul Halpern, whose different books contain Collider: the quest for the World's Smallest Particles, and What's technological know-how Ever performed For Us: What the Simpsons Can train Us approximately Physics, Robots, lifestyles, and the Universe Show description The Eerie Silence: Are We Alone in the Universe? By Paul C. W. Davies On April eight, 1960, a tender American astronomer, Frank Drake, became a radio telescope towards the famous person Tau Ceti and listened for numerous hours to determine if he may well notice any man made radio signs. With this modest begin begun a world undertaking of probably momentous value. referred to as SETI - look for Extraterrestrial Intelligence - it truly is an amalgam of technology, know-how, event, interest and a daring imaginative and prescient of humanity's future. Drake has acknowledged that SETI is mostly a look for ourselves - who we're and what our position should be within the grand cosmic scheme of items. but with one tantalizing exception, SETI has produced merely unfavorable effects. After thousands of hours spent eavesdropping at the cosmos astronomers have detected purely the eerie sound of silence. What does that suggest? Are we in truth by myself within the vastness of the universe? Is ET in the market, yet no longer sending any messages our manner? may well we be surrounded through messages we easily don't realize? Is SETI a waste of time and cash, or should still we press forward with new and extra delicate antennas? Or glance in other places? And if a sign have been to be got, what then? How could we - or perhaps should still we - reply? Show description The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy By James Evans The heritage and perform of old Astronomy combines new scholarship with hands-on technological know-how to deliver readers into direct touch with the paintings of old astronomers. whereas tracing principles from historic Babylon to sixteenth-century Europe, the ebook locations its maximum emphasis at the Greek interval, while astronomers constructed the geometric and philosophical rules that experience decided the next personality of Western astronomy. the writer ways this background throughout the concrete information of old astronomical perform. rigorously equipped and generously illustrated, the booklet can educate readers easy methods to do genuine astronomy utilizing the tools of historical astronomers. for instance, readers will learn how to expect the following retrograde movement of Jupiter utilizing both the arithmetical tools of the Babylonians or the geometric equipment of Ptolemy. they're going to the best way to use an astrolabe and the way to layout sundials utilizing Greek and Roman suggestions. The e-book additionally includes supplementary workouts and styles for making a few operating astronomical tools, together with an astrolabe and an equatorium. greater than a presentation of astronomical equipment, the booklet presents a severe examine the facts used to reconstruct old astronomy. It contains large excerpts from old texts, meticulous documentation, and energetic discussions of the function of astronomy within the numerous cultures. obtainable to a large viewers, this e-book will attract a person drawn to how our realizing of our position within the universe has replaced and constructed, from precedent days throughout the Renaissance. Show description The Cosmic Keyhole: How Astronomy Is Unlocking the Secrets of the Universe (Astronomers' Universe) By Will Gater In the final thirty years people have probed the Universe, explored the sun approach and visited with spacecraft essentially the most excellent locations people have ever laid eyes upon. we have now improved our wisdom slowly and absolutely, yet nonetheless now purely see a glimpse of the larger photo. The Cosmic Keyhole explores the large discoveries of contemporary years and asks what’s subsequent? How prolific is lifestyles within the Universe? How a ways again to the large Bang do we probe? And what hidden treasures nonetheless look forward to us within the hidden corners of our sun System? Show description Discover the Moon By Jean Lacroux The Moon is out there to everybody. since it is simple to monitor all over the place, even in immense towns, it's a major aim for aspiring astronomers and if you are only interested by the evening sky. This easy-to-use consultant to gaining knowledge of lunar websites takes the reader via fourteen looking at periods from New Moon to complete Moon. for every night, the e-book indicates which craters, mountains and different beneficial properties should be visible, and the way to discover them. each one photo exhibits what the observer truly sees via a telescope, fixing the standard problems of orientation confronting novices. photos are proven as they seem via either refracting and reflecting telescopes. Maps imprinted on the book's back and front flaps convey the total Moon with websites as visible via a refractor, via a Newtonian reflector, or, whilst grew to become upside-down, via binoculars. Jean Lacroux has been a columnist for the French astronomy journal Ciel et Espace for 25 years. He has released 4 winning beginner astronomy books in French. Christian Legrand is an engineer and novice astronomer, who has been a passionate lunar observer because the Apollo missions. Show description 1 2 3 8
Remembering Laika – The First Traveller into Cosmos On Nov 3rd, 1957 Laika the space dog marked a symbolic impression in the quest of space exploration when it became one of the first animals to go onto space orbit. It was the early years of space exploration when both Russia and USA were battling it out to outwit each other to go beyond Earth’s orbit and thus to establish themselves as the supreme leaders in space flights. During those days returning back from a space flight was considered as an impossibility. Laika was a stray dog from Moscow and she was selected among the three dogs to take the flight in Sputnik 2 which launched into the outer space on November 3rd 1957. Everybody knew that Laika was not going to come back yet it was considered as a better alternative than to send a human as scientists believed that dogs would have a better survival rate for such kind of missions. They specifically chose stray dogs from Moscow with the assumption that the dogs had already adapted to the cold and harsh conditions and would thus endure similar conditions in space. An Image of Laika During the Testing Phase of Sputnik 2 A heart-touching article written by Becky Ferreira gives us a glimpse of the bravery of this innocent dog which through his short journey gave mankind an inlet to the vast boundaries of space. Here is an excerpt of the article. On this day in 1957, a stray mutt named Laika became the first animal ever to orbit the Earth. She was launched on Sputnik 2, a mission that reinforced the huge lead that the Soviet space program had over the Americans in the early years of the space race. Her historic voyage marked a major milestone for space exploration, and she has become an international symbol of triumph over impossible odds. But there is a darker side to this optimistically heroic image we have thrust on the most famous of the canine cosmonauts. Mere hours after she boldly went where no dog had gone before, Laika made history for a second time by becoming the first animal to die in orbit. For decades, Soviet officials lied about the time, cause, and manner of her death, claiming that she passed away painlessly several days after the launch. Some even claimed she hung on for a full week. But in 2002, Sputnik 2 scientist Dimitri Malashenkov put a near half-century of rumors to rest by admitting Laika died on her fourth circuit around the Earth, about five to seven hours after launch. And her death was, unfortunately, far from painless. Click Here for the Full Article A Postage Stamp Commemorating Laika was Released by Romania in 1959 In 1959, a Romanian postage stamp was released which had Laika along with a caption which read “Laika, first traveller into Cosmos”. A monument depicting a dog standing on top of a rocket stands near the military research facility in Russia. It was inaugurated by the Russian officials on april 11, 2008in memory of Laika. Many of the scientific breakthroughs that humanity has achieved is a result of animal testing and the competition in the space race too saw a humble stray dog become a scapegoat. Animals have been considered for various tests in the medical fields as well before the drugs can be approved for human trials. Maybe the term “survival of the fittest” suits such acts very well. But is this fair to treat animals for the sake of achievements in science and technology? Can we approve such methods as ethical? Can betterment of your own group be a justifiable reason for the lesser treatment of another? Answer the Poll below. [poller_master poll_id=”4″ extra_class=””] Subscribe to Our Newsletter
The Internet of Things We explain the term 'Internet of Things', and examine the way in which connected devices are about to change our world. Current estimates put the amount of people who use the web to be around 2.5 billion, with that figure set to rise in the next few years as the populations in developing nations come online. In the course of human history we've never been more connected to the rest of the world, but on the horizon is something that looks set to eclipse this colossus of communication. As more and more devices are arriving embedded with sensors and the ability to communicate we are experiencing the birth of a new type of network. One that promises to usher in an automated future that will see the internet of people surpassed by the internet of things. See also: Arm promotes Internet of Things development platform. Internet of things: what it is The idea of this new system is a reasonably simple one, but the applications can become incredibly complex depending on how many devices are involved. In its basic form the internet of things incorporates devices that can communicate with other devices remotely. So if you've ever been out and about, remembered that you didn't set the PVR to record Game of Thrones, used the Sky+ app on your mobile phone to instruct your Sky+ box to do so, then returned home to find it ready and waiting, you have interacted with the internet of things. 'Today computers—and, therefore, the Internet—are almost wholly dependent on human beings for information' writes Kevin Ashton, the British technology pioneer who coined the term Internet of Things. 'Nearly all of the roughly 50 petabytes (a petabyte is 1,024 terabytes) of data available on the Internet were first captured and created by human beings—by typing, pressing a record button, taking a digital picture or scanning a barcode. 'We need to empower computers with their own means of gathering information, so they can see, hear and smell the world for themselves, in all its random glory.' See also: Today, the Internet -- tomorrow, the Internet of Things? The total automation of a superpower's force? Now before you yell 'Skynet!' and start hoarding arms in the deserts of Mexico, it should be made clear that these decisions are more mundane than the total automation of a large superpower's military force. A well used example is one of a washing machine and dishwasher. The owner loads both but then goes out and relies on the smart machines to talk to a national grid device which will tell them when the demand across the grid is at a low rate and therefore the most environmentally friendly time to commence their duties. Public transport services are also prime locations for smart connected devices. In London the iBus system works with information from over 8,000 buses that are fitted with GPS capabilities alongside various other sensors which relay data about the vehicle's location and current progress. This data informs the electronic signposts at bus stops, which displays details of when the bus will arrive. It's also sent to the Control Centre where it can trigger priority requests for traffic signals if the bus is behind schedule, thus keeping the route on time. Internet of things: healthcare While many of these ideas are still in their infancy the rapid advances in technology we're seeing now is making them a real possibility. There are still large hurdles to overcome, such as the protocol that these devices will use and the threat to privacy that this much identifiable data presents, but the potential gains make this an area that is seeing incredible levels in investment from major corporations. It's estimated that by 2020 there will be over 50 billion connected devices on the planet, that's around six per person. If we can harness this power and build a communication framework to support it, then what seems like the realms of science fiction now could be a reality that we see in just a handful of years. See also: IBM launches an appliance for the 'Internet of things'
Additional Information Site Information Loading... Please wait... High Blood Pressure What is high blood pressure? High Blood Pressure · 1stChineseHerbsA person is said to have high blood pressure (also known as hypertension) when their blood pressure numbers are greater than 120/80. As the heart pumps the blood though arteries, the blood presses against the walls of the blood vessels. When arteries harden and constrict in arteriosclerosis, the blood is forced though a narrow passage way which leads to blood pressure elevaton. According to the National Institute for Health, one in three US adults has high blood pressure. What are the symptoms of high blood pressure? Some people experience no symptoms of high blood pressure while others experience a wide range of symptoms. Symptoms of high blood pressure might include headaches, irritability, flushed complexion, and dizziness. How can I avoid getting high blood pressure? There are several things you can avoid to lower your risks of getting high blood pressure. Talk to your doctor to get more recommendations. Don't Smoke: Smoking can severely increase your risk of developing high blood pressure. Avoid Stress: Being stressed can lead to high blood pressure. Make sure you take time to unwind and decompress, especially if you are usually stressed out. Exercise has also been proven to keep stress levels down. Maintain a Healthy Body Weight: Obesity can lead to high blood pressure along with many other health problems. Avoid Caffeine: Excessive caffeine use can contribute to the development of high blood pressure. Examine Medications: Some medications have high blood pressure as a side effect. Talk to your doctor if you think one of your medications is the cause of your high blood pressure. • Buist, Robert. Food Intolerance: What It Is & How to Cope with It. Sherbourne: Prism Alpha, 1984. Print. • Pfeiffer, Carl Curt. Nutrition and Mental Illness: An Orthomolecular Approach to Balancing Body Chemistry. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts, 1987. Print.
DNA barcoding From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search DNA barcoding is a taxonomic method that uses a short genetic marker in an organism's DNA to identify it as belonging to a particular species.[1] It differs from molecular phylogeny in that the main goal is not to determine patterns of relationship but to identify an unknown sample in terms of a preexisting classification.[2] Although barcodes are sometimes used in an effort to identify unknown species or assess whether species should be combined or separated,[3] the utility of DNA barcoding for these purposes is subject to debate.[4] The most commonly used barcode region for animals and protists is a segment of approximately 600 base pairs of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI). This differs in the case of fungi, where part of Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) between rRNA genes is used, and again in plants, where multiple regions are used. Applications include, for example, identifying plant leaves even when flowers or fruit are not available, identifying insect larvae (which may have fewer diagnostic characters than adults and are frequently less well-known), identifying the diet of an animal, based on its stomach contents or faeces[5] and identifying products in commerce (for example, herbal supplements, wood, or skins and other animal parts).[2] Choice of locus[edit] A desirable locus for DNA barcoding should be standardized (so that large databases of sequences for that locus can be developed),[6] present in most of the taxa of interest and sequenceable without species-specific PCR primers,[6] short enough to be easily sequenced with current technology,[7] and provide a large variation between species yet a relatively small amount of variation within a species.[8] Although several loci have been suggested, a common set of standardized regions were selected by the respective committees: • For animals and many other eukaryotes, the mitochondrial COI gene • For plants, the concatenation of the rbcL and matK chloroplast genes.[6][9] These provide poor resolution for land plants,[10][11] and a call was made for regions to be assessed that could complement rbcL and matK.[11] Mitochondrial DNA[edit] DNA barcoding is based on a relatively simple concept. All eukaryote cells contain mitochondria, and animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has a relatively fast mutation rate, resulting in the generation of diversity within and between populations over relatively short evolutionary timescales (thousands of generations). Typically, in animals, a single mtDNA genome is transmitted to offspring by each breeding female, and the genetic effective population size is proportional to the number of breeding females. This contrasts with the nuclear genome, which is around 100 000 times larger, where males and females each contribute two full genomes to the gene pool and effective size is therefore proportional to twice the total population size. This reduction in effective population size leads to more rapid sorting of mtDNA gene lineages within and among populations through time, due to variance in fecundity among individuals (the principle of coalescence). The combined effect of higher mutation rates and more rapid sorting of variation usually results in divergence of mtDNA sequences among species and a comparatively small variance within species. A 658-bp region (the Folmer region) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was proposed as a potential 'barcode'.[13] Exceptions, where mtDNA fails as a test of species identity, can occur through occasional recombination (direct evidence for recombination in mtDNA is available in some bivalves such as Mytilus[14] but it is suspected that it may be more widespread[15]) and through occurrences of hybridization.[16] Male-killing microorganisms,[17] cytoplasmic incompatibility-inducing symbionts (e.g., Wolbachia[17]), as well as heteroplasmy, where an individual carries two or more mtDNA sequences, may affect patterns of mtDNA diversity within species, although these do not necessarily result in bar-coding failure. Occasional horizontal gene transfer (such as via cellular symbionts[18]), or other "reticulate" evolutionary phenomena in a lineage can lead to misleading results (i.e., it is possible for two different species to share mtDNA). In particular, mtDNA seems to be particularly prone to interspecific introgression [19] probably due to difference between sexes in mate-choice and dispersal. Additionally, some species may carry divergent mtDNA lineages segregating within populations, often due to historical geographic structure, where these divergent lineages do not reflect species boundaries.[20][21] As of June 2017, the Barcode of Life Data Systems database included nearly 5,500,000 barcode sequences from over 265,000 species of animals, plants, and fungi. Identifying flowering plants[edit] Kress et al. (2005[2]) suggest that the use of the COI sequence "is not appropriate for most species of plants because of a much slower rate of cytochrome c oxidase I gene evolution in higher plants than in animals". A series of experiments was then conducted to find a more suitable region of the genome for use in the DNA barcoding of flowering plants (or the larger group of land plants).[7] One 2005 proposal was the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region and the plastid trnH-psbA intergenic spacer;[2] other researchers advocated other regions such as matK.[7] In 2009, a collaboration of a large group of plant DNA barcode researchers proposed two chloroplast genes, rbcL and matK, taken together, as a barcode for plants.[6] Adding the nuclear internal transcribed spacer ITS2 region was proposed to provide better resolution between species.[22] As of 2015, the search for better DNA barcodes for plants continues, with the proposal that the chloroplast region ycf1 may be suitable.[10] Artificial DNA[edit] The use of artificial DNA sequences introduced into foodstuff[23] offers an alternative application of DNA barcoding. While the read-out technologies stay the same, this approach enables the barcoding of non-natural properties, such as foodstuff manufacturer.[24] Vouchered specimens[edit] Case studies[edit] Identification of birds[edit] Identification of fish[edit] The Fish Barcode of Life Initiative (FISH-BOL),[28] is a global effort to coordinate an assembly of a standardised DNA barcode library for all fish species, one that is derived from voucher specimens with authoritative taxonomic identifications.[29] The benefits of barcoding fishes include facilitating species identification for all potential users, including taxonomists; highlighting specimens that represent a range expansion of known species; flagging previously unrecognized species; and perhaps most importantly, enabling identifications where traditional methods are not applicable. An example is the possible identification of groupers causing Ciguatera fish poisoning from meal remnants.[30] Since its inception in 2005 FISH-BOL has been creating a valuable public resource in the form of an electronic database containing DNA barcodes for almost 10000 species, images, and geospatial coordinates of examined specimens.[31] The database contains linkages to voucher specimens, information on species distributions, nomenclature, authoritative taxonomic information, collateral natural history information and literature citations. FISH-BOL thus complements and enhances existing information resources, including the Catalog of Fishes, FishBase and various genomics databases . Delimiting cryptic species[edit] The next major study into the efficacy of DNA barcoding was focused on the neotropical skipper butterfly, Astraptes fulgerator at the Area de Conservación de Guanacaste (ACG) in north-western Costa Rica. This species was already known as a cryptic species complex, due to subtle morphological differences, as well as an unusually large variety of caterpillar food plants. However, several years would have been required for taxonomists to completely delimit species. Hebert et al. (2004b[32]) sequenced the COI gene of 484 specimens from the ACG. This sample included "at least 20 individuals reared from each species of food plant, extremes and intermediates of adult and caterpillar color variation, and representatives" from the three major ecosystems where Astraptes fulgerator is found. Hebert et al. (2004b[32]) concluded that Astraptes fulgerator consists of 10 different species in north-western Costa Rica. These results, however, were subsequently challenged by Brower (2006[33]), who pointed out numerous serious flaws in the analysis, and concluded that the original data could support no more than the possibility of three to seven cryptic taxa rather than ten cryptic species. This highlights that the results of DNA barcoding analyses can be dependent upon the choice of analytical methods used by the investigators, so the process of delimiting cryptic species using DNA barcodes can be as subjective as any other form of taxonomy. A more recent example used DNA barcoding for the identification of cryptic species included in the ongoing long-term database of tropical caterpillar life generated by Dan Janzen and Winnie Hallwachs in Costa Rica at the ACG.[34] In 2006 Smith et al.[35] examined whether a COI DNA barcode could function as a tool for identification and discovery for the 20 morphospecies of Belvosia [1] parasitoid flies (Tachinidae) that have been reared from caterpillars in ACG. Barcoding not only discriminated among all 17 highly host-specific morphospecies of ACG Belvosia, but it also suggested that the species count could be as high as 32 by indicating that each of the three generalist species might actually be arrays of highly host-specific cryptic species. Mwabvu et al. (2013) observed a high level of divergence (19.09% for CO1, 520 base pairs) between two morphologically indistinguishable populations of Bicoxidens flavicollis millipedes in Zimbabwe, and suggested the presence of cryptic species in Bicoxidens flavicollis.[37] Marine biologists have also considered the value of the technique in identifying cryptic and polymorphic species and have suggested that the technique may be helpful when associations with voucher specimens are maintained,[25] though cases of "shared barcodes" (e.g., non-unique) have been documented in cichlid fishes and cowries[21] Cataloguing ancient life[edit] The Moorea Biocode Project[edit] The software back-end to the Moore Biocode Project is Geneious Pro and two custom-developed plugins from the New Zealand-based company, Biomatters. The Biocode LIMS and Genbank Submission plugins have been made freely available to the public[39] and users of the free Geneious Basic software will be able to access and view the Biocode database upon completion of the project, while a commercial copy of Geneious Pro is required for researchers involved in data creation and analysis. DNA barcoding has met with spirited reaction from scientists, especially systematists, ranging from enthusiastic endorsement to vociferous opposition.[40][41] For example, many stress the fact that DNA barcoding does not provide reliable information above the species level[citation needed], while others indicate that it is inapplicable at the species level, but may still have merit for higher-level groups.[20] Others resent what they see as a gross oversimplification of the science of taxonomy. And, more practically, some suggest that recently diverged species might not be distinguishable on the basis of their COI sequences.[42] Due to various phenomena, Funk & Omland (2003[43]) found that some 23% of animal species are polyphyletic if their mtDNA data are accurate, indicating that using an mtDNA barcode to assign a species name to an animal will be ambiguous or erroneous some 23% of the time (see also Meyer & Paulay, 2005[44]). Studies with insects suggest an equal or even greater error rate, due to the frequent lack of correlation between the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome or the lack of a barcoding gap (e.g., Hurst and Jiggins, 2005,[18] Whitworth et al., 2007,[20] Wiemers & Fiedler, 2007[45]). Problems with mtDNA arising from male-killing microorganisms and cytoplasmic incompatibility-inducing symbionts (e.g., Wolbachia)[17] are also particularly common among insects. Given that insects represent over 75% of all known organisms,[46] this suggests that while mtDNA barcoding may work for vertebrates, it may not be effective for the majority of known organisms. Moritz and Cicero (2004[47]) have questioned the efficacy of DNA barcoding by suggesting that other avian data is inconsistent with Hebert et al.'s interpretation, namely, Johnson and Cicero's (2004[48]) finding that 74% of sister species comparisons fall below the 2.7% threshold suggested by Hebert et al. These criticisms are somewhat misleading considering that, of the 39 species comparisons reported by Johnson and Cicero, only 8 actually use COI data to arrive at their conclusions. Johnson and Cicero (2004[48]) have also claimed to have detected bird species with identical DNA barcodes, however, these 'barcodes' refer to an unpublished 723-bp sequence of ND6 which has never been suggested as a likely candidate for DNA barcoding. DNA barcoding software[edit] The Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) is a web based workbench and database supporting the acquisition, storage, analysis, and publication of DNA barcode records. By assembling molecular, morphological, and distributional data, it bridges a traditional bioinformatics chasm. BOLD is the most prominently used barcoding software and is freely available to any researcher with interests in DNA barcoding. By providing specialized services, it aids the assembly of records that meet the standards needed to gain BARCODE designation in the global sequence databases. Because of its web-based delivery and flexible data security model, it is also well positioned to support projects that involve broad research alliances. See also[edit] 1. ^ Paul DN Hebert, et al. (2003). "Biological identifications through DNA barcodes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270: 313–321. PMC 1691236Freely accessible. PMID 12614582. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2218. 2. ^ a b c d e Kress WJ, Wurdack KJ, Zimmer EA, Weigt LA, Janzen DH (June 2005). "Use of DNA barcodes to identify flowering plants". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (23): 8369–74. PMC 1142120Freely accessible. PMID 15928076. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503123102. Supporting Information 4. ^ Seberg O, Petersen G. (2009). Stout, Jane Catherine, ed. "How Many Loci Does it Take to DNA Barcode a Crocus?". PLoS ONE. 4 (2): e4598. PMC 2643479Freely accessible. PMID 19240801. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004598. open access publication – free to read 5. ^ Eeva M Soininen, et al. (2009). "Analysing diet of small herbivores: the efficiency of DNA barcoding coupled with high-throughput pyrosequencing for deciphering the composition of complex plant mixtures". Frontiers in Zoology. 6: 16. PMC 2736939Freely accessible. PMID 19695081. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-16. 6. ^ a b c d Chase, Mark W.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Morgan, David; Les, Donald H.; Mishler, Brent D.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Price, Robert A.; Hills, Harold G.; Qiu, Yin-Long; Kron, Kathleen A.; Rettig, Jeffrey H.; Conti, Elena; Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Manhart, James R.; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Michaels, Helen J.; Kress, W. John; Karol, Kenneth G.; Clark, W. Dennis; Hedren, Mikael; Gaut, Brandon S.; Jansen, Robert K.; Kim, Ki-Joong; Wimpee, Charles F.; Smith, James F.; Furnier, Glenn R.; Strauss, Steven H.; Xiang, Qui-Yun; Plunkett, Gregory M.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Swensen, Susan M.; Williams, Stephen E.; Gadek, Paul A.; Quinn, Christopher J.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Golenberg, Edward; Learn, Gerald H.; Graham, Sean W.; Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Albert, Victor A. (1993). "Phylogenetics of Seed Plants: An Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences from the Plastid Gene rbcL". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 80 (3): 528. ISSN 0026-6493. doi:10.2307/2399846. 7. ^ a b c Kress WJ, Erickson DL (2008). "DNA barcodes: Genes, genomics, and bioinformatics". PNAS. 105 (8): 2761–2762. PMC 2268532Freely accessible. PMID 18287050. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800476105. 8. ^ Renaud Lahaye; et al. (2008-02-26). "DNA barcoding the floras of biodiversity hotspots". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105 (8): 2923–2928. PMC 2268561Freely accessible. PMID 18258745. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709936105. 9. ^ Hollingsworth, P. M.; Forrest, L. L.; Spouge, J. L.; Hajibabaei, M.; Ratnasingham, S.; van der Bank, M.; Chase, M. W.; Cowan, R. S.; Erickson, D. L.; Fazekas, A. J.; Graham, S. W.; James, K. E.; Kim, K.-J.; Kress, W. J.; Schneider, H.; van AlphenStahl, J.; Barrett, S. C.H.; van den Berg, C.; Bogarin, D.; Burgess, K. S.; Cameron, K. M.; Carine, M.; Chacon, J.; Clark, A.; Clarkson, J. J.; Conrad, F.; Devey, D. S.; Ford, C. S.; Hedderson, T. A.J.; Hollingsworth, M. L.; Husband, B. C.; Kelly, L. J.; Kesanakurti, P. R.; Kim, J. S.; Kim, Y.-D.; Lahaye, R.; Lee, H.-L.; Long, D. G.; Madrinan, S.; Maurin, O.; Meusnier, I.; Newmaster, S. G.; Park, C.-W.; Percy, D. M.; Petersen, G.; Richardson, J. E.; Salazar, G. A.; Savolainen, V.; Seberg, O.; Wilkinson, M. J.; Yi, D.-K.; Little, D. P. (2009). "A DNA barcode for land plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (31): 12794–12797. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2722355Freely accessible. PMID 19666622. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905845106. 10. ^ a b Dong, W.; Xu, C.; Li, C.; Sun, J.; Zuo, Y.; Shi, S.; Cheng, T.; Guo, J.; Zhou, S. (2015), "ycf1, the most promising plastid DNA barcode of land plants", Scientific Reports, 5: 8348, PMC 4325322Freely accessible, PMID 25672218, doi:10.1038/srep08348 11. ^ a b China Plant, B.O.L.G.; Li, D.-Z.; Gao, L.-M.; Li, H.-T.; Wang, H.; Ge, X.-J.; Liu, J.-Q.; Chen, Z.-D.; Zhou, S.-L.; Chen, S.-L.; Yang, J.-B.; Fu, C.-X.; Zeng, C.-X.; Yan, H.-F.; Zhu, Y.-J.; Sun, Y.-S.; Chen, S.-Y.; Zhao, L.; Wang, K.; Yang, T.; Duan, G.-W. (2011), "Comparative analysis of a large dataset indicates that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) should be incorporated into the core barcode for seed plants", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (49): 19641–19646, JSTOR 23059547, PMC 3241788Freely accessible, PMID 22100737, doi:10.1073/pnas.1104551108 12. ^ Fungal Barcoding Consortium (February 24, 2012). "Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi". PNAS. 109 (16): 6241–6246. PMC 3341068Freely accessible. PMID 22454494. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117018109. 13. ^ Hebert PD, Cywinska A, Ball SL, deWaard JR (7 February 2003). "Biological identifications through DNA barcodes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1512): 313–321. PMC 1691236Freely accessible. PMID 12614582. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2218. 15. ^ Tsaousis AD, Martin DP, Ladoukakis ED, Posada D, Zouros E (April 2005). "Widespread recombination in published animal mtDNA sequences". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (4): 925–33. PMID 15647518. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi084. 16. ^ Melo-Ferreira J, Boursot P, Suchentrunk F, Ferrand N, Alves PC (July 2005). "Invasion from the cold past: extensive introgression of mountain hare (Lepus timidus) mitochondrial DNA into three other hare species in northern Iberia". Mol. Ecol. 14 (8): 2459–64. PMID 15969727. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02599.x. 17. ^ a b c Johnstone RA, Hurst GD (1996). "Maternally inherited male-killing microorganisms may confound interpretation of mitochondrial DNA variability". Biol. J. Linnaean Soc. 58 (4): 453–70. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01446.x. 18. ^ a b Hurst GD, Jiggins FM (August 2005). "Problems with mitochondrial DNA as a marker in population, phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies: the effects of inherited symbionts". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 272 (1572): 1525–34. PMC 1559843Freely accessible. PMID 16048766. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3056. 19. ^ Croucher PJ, Oxford GS, Searle JB (2004). "Mitochondrial differentiation, introgression and phylogeny of species in the Tegenaria atrica group (Araneae: Agelenidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 81: 79–89. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00280.x. 20. ^ a b c d e Whitworth TL, Dawson RD, Magalon H, Baudry E (July 2007). "DNA barcoding cannot reliably identify species of the blowfly genus Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 274 (1619): 1731–9. PMC 2493573Freely accessible. PMID 17472911. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0062. 22. ^ Chen, S.; Yao, H.; Han, J.; Liu, C.; Song, J.; Shi, L.; Zhu, Y.; Ma, X.; Gao, T.; Pang, X.; Luo, K.; Li, Y.; Li, X.; Jia, X.; Lin, Y.; Leon, C. (2010), "Validation of the ITS2 Region as a Novel DNA Barcode for Identifying Medicinal Plant Species", PLoS ONE, 5 (1): e8613, PMC 2799520Freely accessible, PMID 20062805, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008613 23. ^ Puddu, M.; Paunescu, D.; Stark, W. J.; Grass, R. N. (2014). "Magnetically Recoverable, Thermostable, Hydrophobic DNA/Silica Encapsulates and Their Application as Invisible Oil Tags". ACS Nano. 8 (3): 2677–2685. doi:10.1021/nn4063853. 24. ^ Bloch, M. S.; Paunescu, D.; Stoessel, P. R.; Mora, C. A.; Stark, W. J.; Grass, R. N. (2014). "Labeling Milk along Its Production Chain with DNA Encapsulated in Silica". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62 (43): 10615–10620. PMID 25295707. doi:10.1021/jf503413f. 25. ^ a b Schander C, Willassen E (2005). "What can Biological Barcoding do for Marine Biology?" (PDF). Marine Biology Research. 1 (1): 79–83. doi:10.1080/17451000510018962. 26. ^ a b Scott E. Miller (2007-03-20). "DNA barcoding and the renaissance of taxonomy". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104 (12): 4775–4776. PMC 1829212Freely accessible. PMID 17363473. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700466104. 27. ^ a b Hebert PD, Stoeckle MY, Zemlak TS, Francis CM (October 2004). "Identification of Birds through DNA Barcodes". PLoS Biol. 2 (10): e312. PMC 518999Freely accessible. PMID 15455034. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020312. Supporting Information open access publication – free to read 28. ^ Ward RD, Hanner R, Hebert PD (2009). "The campaign to DNA barcode all fishes, FISH-BOL.". Journal of Fish Biology. 74 (2): 329–356. PMID 20735564. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02080.x. 29. ^ Steinke D, Hanner R (2011). "The FISH-BOL collaborators' protocol". Mitochondrial DNA. 22 Suppl 1: 10–14. PMID 21261495. doi:10.3109/19401736.2010.536538. 30. ^ Schoelinck, C.; Hinsinger, D. D.; Dettaï, A.; Cruaud, C.; Justine, J.-L. (2014). "A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning". PLoS ONE. 9: e98198. PMC 4122351Freely accessible. PMID 25093850. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098198. open access publication – free to read 31. ^ Becker S, Hanner R, Steinke D (2011). "Five years of FISH-BOL: brief status report". Mitochondrial DNA. 22 Suppl 1: 3–9. PMID 21271850. doi:10.3109/19401736.2010.535528. 32. ^ a b Hebert PD, Penton EH, Burns JM, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W (October 2004). "Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (41): 14812–7. PMC 522015Freely accessible. PMID 15465915. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406166101. Supporting Information 33. ^ Brower AVZ (2006). "Problems with DNA barcodes for species delimitation: 'ten species' of Astraptes fulgerator reassessed (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)". Systematics and Biodiversity. 4 (2): 127–32. doi:10.1017/S147720000500191X. 34. ^ "Database homepage for ACG caterpillar (Lepidoptera) rearing databases". Retrieved 2007-08-12. 35. ^ Smith MA, Woodley NE, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Hebert PD (2006). "DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (10): 3657–62. PMC 1383497Freely accessible. PMID 16505365. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511318103. 36. ^ Smith MA, Wood DM, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Hebert PD (2007). "DNA barcodes affirm that 16 species of apparently generalist tropical parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) are not all generalists". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (12): 4967–72. PMC 1821123Freely accessible. PMID 17360352. doi:10.1073/pnas.0700050104. 37. ^ Mwabvu, T.; Lamb, J.; Slotow, R.; Hamer, M.; Barraclough, D. 2013. Is millipede taxonomy based on gonopod morphology too inclusive? Observations on genetic variation and cryptic speciation in Bicoxidens flavicollis (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae). African Invertebrates 54 (2): 349–356.Abstract & PDF 38. ^ Lambert DM, Baker A, Huynen L, Haddrath O, Hebert PD, Millar CD (2005). "Is a large-scale DNA-based inventory of ancient life possible?" (PDF fulltext). J. Hered. 96 (3): 279–84. PMID 15731217. doi:10.1093/jhered/esi035. 39. ^ LIMS Made Freely Available to DNA Barcoding Community - Bio-IT World 40. ^ Rubinoff D, Cameron S, Will K (2006). "A genomic perspective on the shortcomings of mitochondrial DNA for "barcoding" identification". J. Hered. 97 (6): 581–94. PMID 17135463. doi:10.1093/jhered/esl036. 41. ^ Ebach, M.C.; Carvalho, M.R.d. (2010), "Anti-intellectualism in the DNA Barcoding Enterprise", Zoologia (Curitiba), 27: 165–178, doi:10.1590/s1984-46702010000200003 43. ^ Funk DJ, Omland KE (2003). "Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial DNA". Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 34: 397–423. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132421. 44. ^ Meyer CP, Paulay G (December 2005). "DNA Barcoding: Error Rates Based on Comprehensive Sampling". PLoS Biol. 3 (12): e422. PMC 1287506Freely accessible. PMID 16336051. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030422. open access publication – free to read 45. ^ Wiemers M, Fiedler K (2007). "Does the DNA barcoding gap exist? – a case study in blue butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)". Front. Zool. 4 (1): 8. PMC 1838910Freely accessible. PMID 17343734. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-4-8. 46. ^ "Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World" (Press release). A.D.Chapman, Australian Biological Resources Study. April 2007. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2007-09-11. 47. ^ Moritz C, Cicero C (2004). "DNA Barcoding: Promise and Pitfalls" (PDF fulltext). PLoS Biol. 2 (10): 1529–31. PMC 519004Freely accessible. PMID 15486587. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020354. open access publication – free to read 48. ^ a b Johnson NK, Cicero C (May 2004). "New mitochondrial DNA data affirm the importance of Pleistocene speciation in North American birds". Evolution. 58 (5): 1122–30. PMID 15212392. doi:10.1554/03-283. 49. ^ Will KW, Mishler BD, Wheeler QD (2005). "The Perils of DNA Barcoding and the Need for Integrative Taxonomy" (PDF). Syst. Biol. 54 (5): 844–51. PMID 16243769. doi:10.1080/10635150500354878. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-16. 50. ^ Gregory TR (April 2005). "DNA barcoding does not compete with taxonomy" (PDF). Nature. 434 (7037): 1067. PMID 15858548. doi:10.1038/4341067b. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-03. 51. ^ Desalle R (October 2006). "Species discovery versus species identification in DNA barcoding efforts: response to Rubinoff". Conserv. Biol. 20 (5): 1545–7. PMID 17002772. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00543.x. 52. ^ Rubinoff D (August 2006). "Utility of mitochondrial DNA barcodes in species conservation". Conserv. Biol. 20 (4): 1026–33. PMID 16922219. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00372.x. 53. ^ Rubinoff D (October 2006). "DNA barcoding evolves into the familiar". Conserv. Biol. 20 (5): 1548–9. PMID 17002773. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00542.x. External links[edit]
Bare wires In the last couple of years, I have made good use of the “bare wire” lab for electric potential difference. I first learned a version of this lab in the Modeling curriculum for electricity and magnetism. In this activity, students measure the potential difference of bare wires connected to a battery pack, but not connected to anything else. Lab2_Quiz_Quest1 This is extremely helpful in developing the idea that a wire can have zero potential difference along its length. And in developing the idea of potential difference being a difference between two different points. Then, students connect a long bulb and a round bulb to the battery and repeat their measurements. Finally, they make a graph of potential versus position. About marcreif I live and teach high school physics in the town I was born in, Fayetteville, Arkansas. My professional interests include modeling instruction and Advanced Placement courses. I also work as a College Board Workshop Consultant, which means I read Pre-AP and AP Science Teacher workshops. Lately I've also been leading a fair amount of student review sessions for the National Math and Science Initiative. I have a website for students ( and another for AP Summer Institute participants ( I tweet infrequently (@marcreif). This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
The frightened are more easily ruled, and it is possible to frighten most people with imaginary enemies, as children being told of the ‘bogey man’. The theme of the imaginery threat as a means of mass control was central to George Orwell’s novel, 1984, in which the populations of two opposing alliances, Eurasia and Oceania, were frightened into following their regimes’ dictates by being told they were about to be invaded by a ruthless enemy. Orwell was describing the classical strategy that dictatorships use as a means of opinion moulding, and of justifying repressive laws, that restrict individual freedom, on the lie of protecting the greater good – the strategy of tension. Although this strategy is as old as language, its modern manifestation was shaped after World War II, when the intelligence arm of NATO, the CIA, recruited right-wing thugs, including ex Nazis, to ferment trouble in Western Europe, which could be blamed on “communist sympathisers” of Russia, the intended ‘bogeyman’. That acts of terror, such as the Bologna train station bombing of 1980, in which 85 people were killed, were not carried out by communists is suggested by the conviction of Licio Gelli, an Italian secret service agent, and head of the P2 Masonic Lodge, in connection with this attack. Ganser Daniele wrote of the Piazza Fontana massacre that took place in Milan, in 1969. He reported the contention of General Giandelio Maletti, former head of Italian counter intelligence, that the massacre had been carried out by Italian rightwing terrorists, on the orders of the CIA, in order to discredit Italian Communists. (1) The strategy of the CIA was summed up by Vincenzo Vinciguerra, an Italian neo-fascist, and former member of the Ordine Nuovo (New Order), who is serving a life-sentence for the murder of three policemen – “The reason was quite simple. They were supposed to force these people, the Italian public, to turn to the state to ask for greater security. This is the political logic that lies behind all the massacres and the bombings which remain unpunished, because the state cannot convict itself or declare itself responsible for what happened”. (2) Gladio is the term usually given to the CIA unit that recruits, funds, and trains right-wing terrorists, who are instrumental in organising ‘colour’ Revolutions in countries such as Ukraine, and overthrowing democratically elected governments. The destabilising efforts of Gladio were complimented by CIA funded organisations, such as the NATO-Ukraine Commission (NUC), established in 1997, which spawned the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan, which kept: ‘under review cooperative activities developed in the framework of Ukraine’s participation in the Partnership for Peace’. The CIA strategy was failing, however, as a petition, in 2008, called for a referendum on the Ukraine’s CIA- sponsored government’s proposal to join Nato. When the more Russian-friendly government of President Yanukovych was elected in 2010, and rejected Ukraine’s integration into NATO, the way was open for the full involvment of Gladio in Ukrainian politics, and the consequent attack on East Ukrainian “insurgents” and “terrorist”, who, the Western media constantly implied, were tools of Russian The CIA are charged with procuring Ukraine’s natural resources, and its network of oil and gas pipelines vital to Europe. They recruit, train, and fund Ukranian Nazis to realise this objective, and likewise dictate which of their political puppets control the Ukranian government. The National Endowment for Democracy in Ukraine is typical of right-wing ‘think tanks’ which are embedded in most European countries. Their aim is to produce a constant flow of propaganda that can be uncritically repeated by State media agencies, such as the BBC. There is a similar constant flow of misinformation about the so-called Free Syrian Army and ISIL. The latter was a splinter group of ‘Al-Qaeda in Iraq’, and was formed by the CIA to overthrow the Syrian government. Thierry Meysan summarised how ISIL’s membership is being shaped by the CIA: ‘According to records seized in Sinjar, 41% of foreign terrorists members of the “Islamic Emirate of Iraq” were Saudi nationals, 18.8% were Libyans, and only 8.2% were Syrians … For the past two weeks, a purge is affecting Maghreb officers. Thus, Tunisians who took the Raqqa military airport on August 25 were arrested for disobedience, judged and executed by their superiors. The “Islamic Emirate” means to put its Arab fighters in their place and promote Chechen officers kindly provided by the Georgian secret services … Another category of jihadist has emerged: the Chinese. Since June, the United States and Turkey have transported hundreds of Chinese fighters and their families to northeastern Syria. Some of them immediately became officers. They are mostly Uighurs, Chinese from the Peoples Republic, but Sunni Muslims and speakers of Turk. In 2000,the neocon ‘think tank’, Project for the New American Century, disclosed the aims of American imperialism, to ‘discourage advanced industrial nations from challenging our leadership or even aspiring to a larger regional or global role’. It proposed that Great Britain* was ‘the most effective and efficient means of exercising American global leadership’. (*Airstrip One, formerly known as Great Britain). It targeted China for regime change, declaring: ‘it is time to increase the presence of American forces in SE Asia’. It called for the total control of the internet. It suggested developing biological weapons ‘that can target specific genotypes [and] may transform biological warfare from the realm of terror to a politically useful tool.’ This is the blueprint which the Pax Anglo Saxona follow. When Pax Anglo Saxona claim to be bombing ISIL, they are not telling the truth; they are bombing what is their own creation, designed to overthrow the Syrian government, and which allied itself to disaffected Sunnis in northern Iraq. The Maliki government of Iraq was criticised for not being “inclusive”, of not allowing Sunnis, defeated in the American ‘oil war’, a share of power. Including disaffected Sunnis in a new government became the central strategy of the CIA. To this end, Ali Hatem Suleiman, an influential Sunni tribal leader, was courted by the new (American) Iraqi government. He is one of the leaders of the Sunni armed factions, an amalgam of Sunni tribesmen, nationalists, Baath regime loyalists, and military veterans, and their Sunni ISIL allies, which have captured most of northern Iraq’s largest Sunni cities. He is seen as an old solution to an old problem. It is hoped disaffected Sunnis can be persuaded to combat ISIL in tandem with the Shiite-led government, in the same manner as they assisted to end an al Qaeda insurgency in Iraq between 2006 and 2009. Most disaffected Sunnis are not extremists. Ali Hatem Suleiman expressed his distaste of the ISIL ultimatum to Mosul Christians – that they should convert, leave, or be killed. The dilemma for the CIA is one of whether to include all of the Sunni armed factions in setting up a de facto Sunni State in northern Iraq (the price to be paid for Sunni assistance), or to resort to ‘divide and rule’, and allow autonomy for some Sunnis, and not to Baath regime loyalist, who would oppose American ownership of oil fields, the real reason for the overthrow of Iraq’s Baathist government. This would seem to be the most likely choice, as America will only make accomodations with those who do not threaten their economic hegomony, but it is a policy of unending conflict. Nor is it clear that all Sunni factions would wish to accomodate the Shiite-led government of southern Iraq. Al Jazeera reported on the treatment of Sunni prisoners in Bagdhad prisons: “They made some other inmates stand barefoot during Iraq’s summer on burning concrete pavement to have sunburn, and without drinking water until they fainted. They took some of them, broke so many of their bones, mutilated their faces with a knife and threw them back in the cell to let the others know that this is what will happen to them”. The Al Jazeera report includes an account given by Yousef Abdul Rahman, who was detained in 2011 and spent four months in: “the worst of prisons” … “I was kept in a Maliki prison, where they dumped cold water on me and used electricity on me … “Many of the prisoners with me were raped. They were raped with sticks and bottles. I saw the blood on their bodies, and I saw so many men this happened to”. (4) Al Jazeera quoted Lisa Hajjar, a professor of sociology at University of California Santa Barbara, who said: “When people are tortured or there are extrajudicial executions, the purpose is to dissuade others. The goal is to create a visible spectacle, and the purpose is to terrorise communities into quiescence”. The ‘dissuasion tactic’ also applies to women, of course. A report by Human Rights Watch gives many accounts of abuse, one being: “I heard three voices. At first they didn’t ask me anything. One of them immediately beat me on my face, breaking my tooth, and I fainted. They beat the hell out of me, and when I fainted again they took me to solitary confinement. I heard one of them say, “Take her away. We’ll enjoy ourselves with her tonight”. (5) Why does the Western media report on the lack of inclusivity of Sunnis in the Iraqi government as the primary source of civil conflict in Iraq? This bullshit ignores the atrocities commited by the CIA-sponsored, Shiite-led government. Why is the British Parliament not discussing the terrorist abuses committed by a ‘government’ it seeks to uphold by bombing its enemies? Another report by Human Rights Watch revealed: ‘security forces and militias affiliated with the government appear to have unlawfully executed at least 255 prisoners in six Iraqi cities and villages since June 9, 2014. In all but one case, the executions took place while the fighters were fleeing Islamic State of Iraq and Sham (ISIS) and other armed groups. The vast majority of security forces and militias are Shia, while the murdered prisoners were Sunni. At least eight of those killed were boys under age 18′. This report quotes Joe Stork, deputy Middle East director at Human Rights Watch: “Gunning down prisoners is an outrageous violation of international law. While the world rightly denounces the atrocious acts of ISIS, it should not turn a blind eye to sectarian killing sprees by government and pro-government forces”. (6) The CIA’s military front, NATO, is a device to divide Europe into halves, with the American half being disguised as the European Union, which implements economic and political policies, dictated by the CIA, which favour American corporations – the privatisation of State assets, anti-labour laws, low wages; the stigmatisation of welfare claimants, so as to detract attention from their other policies. European weapons manufacturers rely on NATO (North American Totalitarian Operations), and their stooge governments in the Middle East, to keep them supplied with orders. NATO forces are controlled by the commander of American forces in Europe. It is the CIA that recalled the British Parliament to pass a vote for British forces to join the “alliance against ISIL”, which was warmly appreciated by American spokesmen as a sign of the “special relationship” between the American master and its British slave. A transatlantic call of appreciation to the British leader might have been: “Well thank you Cambo for bringing your peashooter to the li’l ol’ game; the reply being: “Kay, massa, you just tell ol’ Cambo what to do, an’ ol’ Cambo, he do it massa”. America condemns ISIL in public, whilst funding and shaping its membership in private. Stupid or evil politicians talk of supporting the Free Syrian Army, as if it is a seperate entity from ISIL. Western newspaper and tv hacks constantly pass on this ‘message’. The duped public believe this. The end game has always to be to install a puppet regime in Syria, and to divide Iraq into three separate and compliant states. It is training ISIL to conduct terrorist activities in China and Russia – the counties that threaten its domination – which will emerge with different names, but will commit Gladio-style acts of terror, which will be blamed on the Chinese and Russian governments. CIA front organisations, such as The National Endowment for Democracy in Russia/China, Will be lavishly funded, and internal conflict will be encouraged. The Western public will be made to despise and fear the Russian and Chinese “communist” governments, though the term “communist” is not apt in either case. Yet, their ultimate survival will depend on it being more apt. They will only survive by reaching into their past and invoking the spirit of their country’s revolutionary founders, with the Red Army of Russia and the Peoples’ Army of China uniting to confront American imperialism, about which Mao Tse-tung once said: “In appearance it is very powerful but in reality it is nothing to be afraid of; it is a paper tiger. Outwardly a tiger, it is made of paper, unable to withstand the wind and the rain. I believe that it is nothing but a paper tiger”. (7) lenin nightingale 2014 (1) NATO’s Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe, Contemporary Security Studies, 2005. (2) The Washington Post, 1990, ‘CIA Organized Secret Army in Western Europe’. (3) Thierry Meyssan, Who Makes Up the “Islamic Emirate”?, Voltaire, 2014. (4) Al Jazeera, ‘Maliki’s Iraq: Rape, executions and torture’, 2013. (5) Human Rights Watch, ‘No One is Safe, Torture and Sexual Abuse in Interrogations’,2014. (6) Human Rights Watch, ‘Iraq: Campaign of Mass Murders of Sunni Prisoners’, 2014. (7) Mao Tse-tung (July 14, 1956).”U.S. IMPERIALISM IS A PAPER TIGER”. About leninnightingale Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
What Is Digital Advertising? Before the rise of (broadband) Internet, when people were being asked about “What is advertising?” most people would think of how traditional media work such as—print ads, commercials, or billboards, in which for decades, it’d used to be just another name for marketing. — Seth Godin (2012) In retrospect, advertising still has the same purpose—to make our clients famous by all means creative as respectfully as using a necessary evil, i.e., the power of money, as needed to leverage anything that helps to get the job done—to exceed beyond the perceived value of people’s imagination. However, the old culture of Mad Men era is inevitably adapting to the new culture of #AllThingsDigital—“the connection era” (Godin, 2012), in which marketing is now the first thing we do, not the last. In other words, there is a difference between marketing and advertising. Yet, many people don’t know jack about advertising—or, the difference between paid media and earned media. Advertising is essentially about creating awareness, whereas marketing such as SEO is about building credibility (PR)—“the art of stotrytelling that resonates with your audience and then spreads (Godin)”—as to, for example, improving quality score can lower the costs of advertising when running PPC ad campaign. Nowadays, data-driven approach in online marketing enables us to focus on “knowing” (pulling) users’ AIDAS in a S.M.A.R.T manner, whereas digital advertising enables us to narrowly focus on “doing” (pushing) things (brand message) based on those reasonings analyzed by marketing, which is an intricate part of today’s advertising. For example, the ad placement can be now dynamically changed in real-time based on geo-demographics data or browsing history for the current users on the web, e.g., re-marketing. Interestingly enough, the future of advertising looks very promising in a new way. For example, there is a new mobile app called, GetLocket, that just released its beta version for Android-based smartphone. This app basically allows its users to earn money or monetary value of kinds such as special coupons or gift cards for seeing ads whenever they can simply swipe to unlock the lock-screen of their smartphone. ❝ Rather than make you pay to get rid of ads, it make it so (relevant) brands pay you to display their ads.❞ — GetLocket As there are millions of online channels and mobile app to choose from, such a new way of earning viewersattention by foraying into uncharted territory of mobile screen seems to hint at a notion about how the data revolution keeps challenging advertising agencies to leverage data to inform creative and strategic solutions for their clients who also care about ROI—as in Return on Influence—because unlike Don Draper day of advertising, digital analytics of marketing should be placed at the forefront as equally as they should value the importance of creativity to drive the continued success of today’s advertising industry.
Il blog dedicato ai Paleontologi !!!! Nuove considerazioni su “Lucy” Lucy, the 3.2 million-year-old fossil, is a key piece in evolution’s puzzle Some 3 million years or so after her descendants arrived in the Pacific Northwest, Lucy represents just how far we have come from those days of wandering the savannas of Africa, scavenging for food, avoiding predators and awaiting the rapid expansion of a brain that today allows us to, among other things, ponder our origins. She wasn’t human. But she wasn’t really an ape, either. She was, for many, a hint of humankind to come. “Lucy is simply phenomenal,” said Patricia Kramer, an anthropologist at the University of Washington. “You can see yourself in her.” You can, perhaps, as long as you are among those who can imagine having evolved along with chimpanzees, gorillas and other primates from a common — and now extinct — ancestor many millions of years ago. Not everyone can so easily imagine this, of course, whether because of conflicting religious beliefs or just that vague “sense” we have of human beings as somehow different, special, compared with the rest of creation. However the metaphysical debate of our place in the cosmos may some day get resolved, there’s little debate within the scientific community today as to the significance of Lucy’s role in human evolution on Earth. “She occupies a pivotal place on the human family tree,” said Donald Johanson, the American paleoanthropologist who, with his colleagues, discovered the fossil in 1974 near the northern Ethiopian community of Hadar. “We now know that one of the first significant things our ancestors did was to stand up, to walk on two feet instead of four.” Lucy is still one of the most complete fossils from an early group of hominids (pre-humans) to routinely walk on two feet. This may sound like no big deal to us 21st century bipeds. But scientists say this was a key evolutionary adaptation probably caused by climate change, which forced our ancestors to shift from forest skills to operating on the savannas. It appears to have triggered other critical changes in our physique and behavior that led to modern humans. More on those changes later. First, why is the fossil named Lucy? “After the discovery, we kept listening to The Beatles’ song ‘Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds’ in camp and a girlfriend of mine suggested we call her Lucy,” said Johanson, who neglected to mention the much-documented celebratory partying that also took place that night. “The name just stuck. I’m amazed at how this helped to make her into this popular icon for human evolution.” But it wasn’t just The Beatles who lent Johanson’s discovery such prominence and recognition. “Lucy forced us to rewrite much of the science,” said Gerry Eck, a retired UW anthropologist who worked with Johanson in Ethiopia on expeditions after Lucy was uncovered. “Evolutionary history is basically a puzzle with a lot of missing pieces. Lucy helped fill in a big piece of the puzzle.” Technically, Lucy is a fossil member of a class of hominids, or proto-humans, known as Australopithecus afarensis who lived between 3.9 million and 2.9 million years ago. Scientists use a lot of confusing Latin names for (and frequently argue about) labeling members of the human evolutionary family tree. For simplicity’s sake, human evolution can be broken into three phases — early and very apelike hominids, Australopiths such as Lucy and our genus Homo. Lucy and her ilk occupied a critical phase in the evolutionary process that scientists believe led to a variety of other pre-modern human species such as Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis (the Neanderthals) and eventually to us, Homo sapiens. Australopithecus is Latin for southern ape. Lucy’s species name A. afarensis means she is the southern ape who hails from Afar, the region in Ethiopia where she was discovered. She stood about 3.5 feet tall, but still had a very small brain. Back in the 1970s, scientists were still arguing over what came first in human evolution — growing a much bigger brain or moving from four-legged to two-legged walking. Unlike most such ancient fossils, Lucy was more than just a piece of skull, femur or jaw. She was 40 percent intact, including much of her skull and most of her pelvis. It was her pelvis and leg structure that nailed it: Bipedalism clearly had preceded the boom in brains. “There was no question that we were bipedal millions of years before our brains got big,” said the UW’s Kramer. “It was a spectacular find,” Eck agreed. This caused a bit of a fuss, he added, because Johanson was a relative newcomer to the field and, based on Lucy, was introducing a revolutionary new interpretation of how we evolved. Put brutally simply, here is a quick summary of how Lucy’s bipedalism contributed to human evolution: • Standing up freed our hominid hands to eventually allow for tool use. • Tool use led to greater success in hunting or otherwise acquiring meat in the diet. • A diet rich in meat provided more of the basic biochemical building blocks needed for brain development. • Someone, at some point, learned how to use fire. Someone started talking. Someone started writing. • It’s an absurd abbreviation of our story, of course, and of the scientific evidence. The complete story of human evolution, like the human brain, is too incredibly rich and complex to be so simplistically boiled down to such a short description. What makes Lucy so special is that, to some extent, she represents a stage in our prehistory, our evolutionary development, that we can comprehend. There are still many mysteries, many gaps and unresolved issues to this story. Why did the Neanderthals disappear some 28,000 years ago? Did they really disappear or did they interbreed with us? Do the diminutive fossils dubbed the “Hobbits” recently discovered on the Indonesian island of Flores represent a new branch of Homo that lived contemporaneously with modern humans? What does it really mean to be human? Lucy certainly can’t answer all the questions, but she did answer some of the most significant ones for human evolution. As such, she likely will forever be regarded as a crucial turning point in our ongoing search to understand who we are, how we got here and, perhaps, where we are headed. “Lucy really is the link, the common ancestor, between the older, more apelike creatures and the hominids that gave rise to us,” Johanson said. “The field of paleontology is still quite young and we are in for an enormous number of further surprises. But Lucy will always be a touchstone.” other links (news) : SA academic called on to solve fossil mystery Independent Online – 4 ore fa By Shaun Smillie They died suddenly in an Ethiopian riverbed – killed by a single catastrophic event that claimed babies, and possibly their mothers and ‘Lucy’s Legacy’ holds treasures for all ages at the Pacific Seattle Post Intelligencer – 15 ore fa By DOREE ARMSTRONG For such a little girl, she sure has had an enormous impact on the world. The 1974 discovery of 3 1/2-foot-tall Lucy, the oldest and most Lucy on display with controversy Seattle Times – 2 ott 2008 Lucy, the world’s most famous fossil, goes on exhibit in Seattle this week. But some scientists say the fragile bones should never have left Ethiopia. Ethiopia’s rich heritage: Lucy’s birthplace is globally significant Ethiopian Review – 19 ore fa By TOM PAULSON SEATTLE, WASHINGTON – It is fitting that one of the most signature discoveries of humankind — a finding that has helped define a big part of settembre 30, 2008 - Posted by \| - Primati, Africa, P - Paleoantropologia, Paleontology / Paleontologia, x Terziario \| , , , , , , , , Non c'è ancora nessun commento. Stai commentando usando il tuo account Chiudi sessione / Modifica ) Foto Twitter Foto di Facebook Google+ photo Connessione a %s... %d blogger hanno fatto clic su Mi Piace per questo:
Tuesday, June 27th 2017 Soul’s Code Trivia Quiz – What’s so scary about Friday the 13th? Some refuse to go to work, others refuse to dine out, and almost no one will get married on Friday, the 13th. From The Flood to King Phillip IV of France, we have traced the spiritual origins of this superstition. No one can say for certain when and why Western culture first began to associate Friday the 13th, and especially the number 13, with bad luck and misfortune. There are more than a few theories. Some say the suspicion dates back to the Pagans, the Norse or the early Christians. Some say it derives from unfortunate historical events or from Biblical events. We invite you take a break from your work day, if indeed you were brave enough to venture out today, and test your knowledge of the number 13 and all things Friday. 1. What is the name of the condition that describes fear of Friday the 13th? [caption id="attachment_12477" align="alignright" width="205" caption="Witches\' Sabbath - Goya"]Witches' Sabbath - Goya[/caption] 2. Which day of the week was known by early Christians as the "Witches' Sabbath?" 3. How many Friday the 13th's are there in 2009? 4. How many witches are in a coven? 5. On which day of the week was Christ crucified? 6. The lunar calendar has 13 months. True or false? 7. Which culture nearly expunged the number 13 from its language? 8. How many disciples attended the Last Supper? 9. According to legend, what will happen if 13 people sit down to dinner? 10. On what day of the week did Eve tempt Adam with the apple? 11. Beginning on Friday, Octover 13, 1307 and continuing for 7 years, King Phillip the IV of France imprisoned and tortured members of which ecumenical group? 12. On what day did the Great Flood begin? 13. On what day did God create Man? If this spoke to you, here are five similar articles. Related Posts One Comment on “Soul’s Code Trivia Quiz – What’s so scary about Friday the 13th?” 1. Hi Leave a Reply
Thursday, July 28, 2016 "When someone bigger than you says something, you don't Contradict them" A child opened the blinds. Her grandfather told her that it was still dark, and to open them more to let more sun in. The 4-year-old said that she thought it was already pretty light in here. Her father interrupted, "when someone bigger than you says something, you don't contradict them." I was very bothered by that. When someone bigger than you is wrong, of course you contradict them! It brings up the idea of authority, and where it comes from. The father taught his daughter that authority comes from bigness. But men are bigger than women, does that give men authority over women? Does Arnold Schwarzenegger have authority over the president, Jesus, and Gandhi because he's bigger than them? We shouldn't take the father so literally. More likely he meant, "someone older than you". But does authority come from age? Should I tell my wife, "don't contradict me, I'm older than you?" But maybe older means at least a generation older. We can test that. Must a young adult not contradict an older man? An old man says Jewish people are the scourge of the earth, should we not contradict him? Maybe he means we shouldn't contradict those further up the family tree. Authority comes from familial generation. Well then I feel sorry for those born with wrong parents. Many spend their time trying to argue others out of the traditions of their parents, and these same people have kids and then say authority comes from parenthood. But maybe authority comes from familiar generation only in regard to children. A child must not contradict an older generation relative, but once the child is old enough contradiction is fine. Again, what makes the older generation relative right, or his opinion so supreme that they ought not be contradicted? Many parents teach their children wrong things, and we wish this child would contradict the parent. Suppose the parent tells the child that a Pikachu is a ground type pokemon, is it improper for the child to say, "no, Pikachu is an electric type"? So why is the child allowed to say that? Because authority in fact, comes from insight. The child has insight about Pokemon, just as his father may have insight about the workings of a car. What insight the grandparent has over the child about whether it was light enough in the room to be called a lit room, I don't know. That's why I remain bothered by it. Reason, of course, rules individual insight. When someone with insight says something that doesn't make sense, you don't believe it. But sometimes we don't have information or sufficient exposure to a topic to find the correct answer. So we ask those with information and exposure to the relevant topic for their insight, and thus we give them authority. If you want to know about firemen, you ask a fireman. The only insight a parent has by being a parent is insight into having sex. Parenthood and age ought to be connected with insight, but it isn't always. Some people have spent their lives without gaining insight, often because they themselves were pressured not to contradict their un-insightful parents. Many false beliefs are rooted in superstition that, generation after generation, they were taught not to contradict.
The Amount of Sleep Your Kids REALLY Need—And How to Help Them Get It Featured Article, Health and Safety Kids need the the right amount of quality sleep It’s common knowledge that adults should aim for about eight hours of sleep each night. But when it comes to kids’ sleep, those figures can get a little fuzzy. How many hours of sleep are children supposed to get each day? And what do you do if your child is a sleep-resister rather than a happy snoozer? The National Sleep Foundation recently updated its sleep recommendations for kids ages 17 and under, including naps for babies and young children, and they are as follows: • Newborn (0–3 months): 14–17 hours of sleep per day • Infant (4–11 months): 12–15 hours of sleep per day • Toddler (1–2 years): 11–14 hours of sleep per day • Preschool (3–5 years): 10–13 hours of sleep per day • School Age (6–13 years): 9–11 hours of sleep per day • Teen (14–17 years): 8–10 hours of sleep per day Now, knowing how much sleep children need is one thing, but making sure they actually get their ZZZs is another. Here are five expert tips for sending kids drifting off to Dreamland in no time. 1. Make sleep a priority. Sleep should be a “family value,” says Terry Cralle, RN, MS, a clinical sleep educator and co-author of the children’s book Snoozby and the Great Big Bedtime Battle. When kids and their parents are sleep-deprived, their mood, cognitive function, performance at school and work, physical wellbeing and safety can all be negatively affected. “Parents need to teach children about sleep and be sleep role models,” Cralle says. “Everyone respects each other’s need for sleep. If someone’s taking a nap, respect that. Stick to bedtimes and schedules because that’s the healthy habit.” 1. Create a sleep-friendly environment. Children’s (and adults’) bedrooms should be sleep sanctuaries, says Cralle. The first step should come as no surprise, but it can be a tough one to enforce: Do not allow electronic devices—cell phones, tablets, TVs, laptops—in kids’ bedrooms at night. For starters, the light that emanates from devices has been shown to disrupt sleep. “The light of the screen wakes our brains very effectively. It’s true for adults, too. Even if kids use their phones just to check the time, it’s like a little shot of caffeine to their brain,” says Deborah Gilboa, MD, a pediatrician and author of Get the Behavior You Want … Without Being the Parent You Hate!. In addition, kids’ sleep can be interrupted by incoming text messages and social-media notifications. Phones and other devices should be charged overnight in another room. Use regular alarm clocks so kids don’t need to use the alarms on their phones to wake up in the morning. Next, dim the lights close to bedtime, and use window coverings to make the bedroom dark. “Bright bedroom and bathroom lights are so alerting and stimulating, and suppress melatonin production,” Cralle says. “Dim lights are a clear indication that it’s time for bed. It helps transition the mind and body for sleep.” Cralle also recommends investing in high-quality mattresses and bedding for children. Keep TV volumes and other household sounds as low as possible to minimize wake-ups. If kids tend to get out of bed to play with the toys in their room, relocate their playthings to another part of the home. 1. Stick to a routine. A calming, consistent bedtime routine can make bedtime go more smoothly and allow kids to fall asleep more easily. “Routine helps, as long as it’s a screen-free routine and is predictable and repeatable most nights,” says Gilboa. “Our bodies respond well to habits. If you want your child to be in the habit of going to bed and falling asleep, then you need to give them other habits to connect that habit to.” But there should also be a “pre-routine” before the baths, books and lullabies. Nix any roughhousing or vigorous physical activity about two hours before bed, says Robert S. Rosenberg, DO, FCCP, a board-certified sleep-medicine physician and author of Sleep Soundly Every Night, Feel Fantastic Every Day. “We want the core body temperature to drop, and we do not want children over-stimulated close to bedtime,” he says.” He also recommends turning off TVs, video games, tablets and other devices 90 minutes before heading to bed. 1. Make going to bed a positive experience. Cralle says that bedtime can seem like a “giant time-out” to some kids. They might not like the idea of having to stop playing with their toys or being away from the rest of their family for the night. “We have to be very careful about how we approach bedtime,” says Cralle. “In some families, if you misbehave, kids are sent to their rooms or sent to bed early. You really have to treat sleep and bedtime positively. Never use it as a reward or punishment. Don’t say, ‘You’ve been good today, so you get to stay up late.’ We don’t want that mixed message.” Give kids some choices so bedtime doesn’t become a battleground, Cralle advises. Kids can pick the books for storytime, the sippy cup they want to fill with water and the pajamas they want to wear. When kids feel some sense of control and ownership of the process, they’re less likely to exert control by acting out or refusing to go to sleep. Routines and consistent bedtimes help kids understand parents’ expectations when it comes to sleep. So can education about the importance of sleep, especially with older kids and teens. Explain how sleep—and the lack of it—impacts the mind and body and that getting enough of it can help them perform better on a test or in the swim meet. “Talk to your kids about why they [should be] motivated to get a good night’s sleep,” says Gilboa. “This isn’t about rules; this is about learning their bodies and being resilient and healthy—not because we tell them to, but because it will get them closer to their goals.” 1. Watch what they eat and drink. Giving kids a bedtime snack is usually unnecessary, Gilboa says. In fact, she says, it “can set them up for obesity later in life.” Unless they’re famished after, say, an intense evening sports practice and their hunger could affect their sleep, kids don’t need a snack. Additionally, certain foods can disrupt sleep. Spicy foods eaten within three hours of bedtime can cause acid reflux and increase body temperature, says Rosenberg. Certainly caffeine should be avoided prior to sleep, but so should sugary foods. “They stimulate the production of excessive amounts of insulin, which in turn causes the release of stress hormones such as cortisol, which is incompatible with sleep,” Rosenberg says. If kids want to take a drink to bed, it should be only water. “They shouldn’t have a cup, a bottle or a sippy cup of juice, formula, milk or anything else,” Gilboa says. “It’s bad for their teeth, and it’s bad for their health.” %d bloggers like this:
Tuesday, July 1, 2008 The future RAM HP RESEARCHERS have developed a working unit of a once-theoretical memory circuit called a memristor, which may someday re place RAM and make PCs smarter. Memristor technology could enable PCs to make decisions by understanding patterns of collected data, much as ahuman brain collects and understands data on a series of events.For example, a memristor could adjust a microwave’s heating time for a potato based on whether the oven overcooked a potato the last time, says HP senior fellow Stanley Williams. Memristors could reach the commercial semiconductor market in five years, he says.A memristor circuit uses lower voltage and turns on faster than memory types such as DRAM and flash. Denser cells allow memristor circuits to store more data than flash memory, too. The memristor is the fourth basic circuitry element, joining three, the resistor, the capacitor, and the inductor. That science has known about for 150 years,Williams says. 1 comment: meika said... Apparently someone else made one first out of polymers! Spread the word. I've written a short story about memristors too.
Medical students : please flow with the times 20130618-201241.jpgMedical textbooks used to be the treasure chest of knowledge. However since the digital era, this is no longer the case. The Internet has revolutionised the way information is disseminated. So, it is a wonder that medical students continue to hold on to textbooks. Some fault lies in the medical educators themselves who remain archaic and infer that the Internet is not to be trusted. Wikipedia seems to get the brunt of it with many medical students informing me that they have been warned to stay away from Wikipedia . This is perplexing when Wikipedia is still well referenced. The social media has painted an ugly picture for the Internet sowing the seeds of distrust. Conversely, many have used it to their advantage , gathering information at the speed of light, while forming a network which was never possible before. Apps like Evernote has enabled sharing of information which is more efficient and organised. Gone are the days where physical notes are shared and photocopied. There is also no worry about losing your notes or the ink fading with time. Illegible handwriting is also a thing of the past. Video conferencing capabilities that the Internet offers can also allow students to discuss remotely or to have a conversation with their teachers at more convenient times. Devices are becoming portable. The ease of use also allows most technophobic individuals to master important functions. Prices are also comparable to the many medical textbooks that is otherwise needed. So all a medical student needs is a device with the necessary apps to carry along. Lose those medical handbooks that may not be up to date and make searching for information such a painful task.
Thursday, February 28, 2008 Patience verses Anger Kat chose Practicing Patience as the topic today for Parent's University. For me, to talk about patience in parenting, I must address the flip side of that coin- anger. I am not an endless font of patience (notice photo of red hair) and my response to my patience being tested is anger in a range from slight irritation to mad as a wet hen. What I know is that with any breach of patience with my children, I can see the hurt on their faces and eventually in their behavior. Patience builds trust. Impatience tears down relationship. And if my child's face no longer registers something when I show irritation, things are not as they should be. Anger is not a pretty thing, but the consequences of leaving it unresolved in parents and children leads to devastation of families. The best source I've ever read on this has been Dr. Ross Campbell in his book Relational Parenting. It's tough stuff, but check out his anger ladder. The Anger Ladder 1. pleasant~seeking resolution~focusing on source of anger~ holding to primary complaint~thinking logically 2. pleasant~focusing on source of anger~ holding to primary complaint~thinking logically Positive and Negative 3. focusing on source of anger~ holding to primary complaint~thinking logically~unpleasant and loud 4. holding to primary complaint~thinking logically~unpleasant and loud~ displacing anger to other sources 5. focusing on source of anger~ holding to primary complaint~thinking logically~unpleasant and loud~ verbal abuse 6. thinking logically~unpleasant, loud, displacing anger to other sources~expressing unrelated complaints Primarily Negative 7. unpleasant, loud, displacing anger to other sources~expressing unrelated complaints~emotionally destructive behavior 8. unpleasant, loud~ displacing anger to other sources~expressing unrelated complaints~emotionally destructive behavior~verbal abuse 9. unpleasant, loud ~cursing~ displacing anger to other sources~expressing unrelated complaints~emotionally destructive behavior~verbal abuse 10. focusing anger on source~unpleasant, loud ~cursing~expressing unrelated complaints~emotionally destructive behavior~ throwing objects 11. unpleasant, loud ~cursing~ displacing anger to other sources~expressing unrelated complaints~emotionally destructive behavior~verbal abuse~throwing objects 12. focusing anger on source~cursing~unpleasant, loud~emotionally destructive behavior~verbal abuse~destructive behavior 13. unpleasant, loud~ cursing ~displacing anger to other sources~ destroying property~ verbal abuse ~emotionally destructive behavior 14. unpleasant, loud~ cursing ~displacing anger to other sources~ destroying property~ verbal abuse ~emotionally destructive behavior~ physical abuse 15. passive aggressive behavior This chart helps me keep number one as my goal for myself and my children in every test of patience. If I don't seek patience as a lifestyle, I'll one day be facing my growing children as they exhibit negative behavior I may have taught or left untrained, God forbid. I remember: "Children have no defense against their parents' anger." –Dr. Ross Campbell There are only two ways to express anger- action or words. If anger cannot be expressed outwardly, then it turns inward. We've got to allow our children to fail and mature in expressing anger. If not, the results can be tragic. The bottom rung on the ladder, passive aggression, is the best motivator of all for me to operate in patience as a parent. A passive aggression person is someone who found no means for learning to deal with anger. The child has so disconnected from relationship in self protection that they no longer understand their own actions. If I continue to be bothered by my own child and angry with my him, I could end up with a child who is depressed, sneaky mean, or self destructive yet unaware of the "why" behind it all. Onto the pressing question of, "What if I blow it as a parent?". And I do. What if I speak to my children in an unpleasant or loud way? What if I get off focus? Or move off primary complaint into a litany of pet peeves? Here is where I apply the monastic principle of beginning again. You may have heard God's mercies are new every morning? Well, I say God's mercies are new every moment for a mom- we are simply to shake off the dust and begin again. I am to apologize and move on back up to the top of the ladder toward resolution as soon as possible. Being in the habit of self examination in the midst of conflict is not easy but worth everything. The other key is to allow myself to be accountable. Last week, a gigantic conflict appeared between one of my sons and myself, and in fear, I did not handle things well at all. I had exercised no patience or understanding, but went straight to anger. I called Buck to warn him that we'd need to have a sitdown as soon as he got home from work. The three of us huddled in the living room, and I asked my son, "Want to explain our day, or shall I?" My boy requested me to tell Buck our broken situation with the stipulation that he could take notes on all the things to share after my turn, because he was quite certain I would leave out my negative behavior. I started from the beginning being sure to bring forward every loud, unpleasant, intimidating fault of mine. In the end, my son didn't write a single thing on his paper, and I could see his relief growing as I took responsibility for my anger and apologized to him in front of my husband. I'd have damaged my child's heart further if I'd have done it any other way. Sleep, a peaceful family schedule, exercise, and healthy food remain essential to the patience equation also. Be encouraged. I didn't grasp patience vs. anger in my home growing up. Instead, I've learned by failing and learning as a parent. It's never too late. Wednesday, February 27, 2008 Early this morning when I was five minutes from shewing the children out the door for science class, Pooh Bear whined about Wise One getting more breakfast than her. She weighs a whooping 37 pounds at the grand old age of seven, so I assumed the two packages of oatmeal had filled her tummy just fine. She moped until I agreed to toast her an additional frozen waffle. "But Wise One got two waffles and a big bowl of peaches!" she exclaimed. Next she narrowed her eyes, shot me the look of death, placed her hands on hips, screwed up her chapped little lips to whimper, "And I don't think there is really such a thing anymore as the greatest mom in the world either." I turned my head to mute my giggle and hide my smile. You are so right about that one, Pooh Bear. There is no such thing, at least in this house. Tuesday, February 26, 2008 Tennessee home schoolers have a job to do. State legislature votes tomorrow on a bill(HB2795) to impose state testing of TCAPS on home schoolers. I know many home schoolers oppose testing at all, but we have our children tested with a national test every year. I use the results from the Stanford and from daily work and tests to plan goals for the next year. However, I would be discontent with a government which forces my children to take additional, unnecessary, and state-centric tests, because they want to have a thumb on my children's education. I guarantee the state does not care about the education of my child more than I do. Why would I want my children to endure three more grueling days of testing to the three they already have? Why has Tennessee stopped using national tests to gauge progress? Is it because we fall so far behind nationally? A friend Miriam brought this point to my attention. What is to be done about the results of the TCAPS? If a home schooled child gets behind, will the state demand we put the child in public school? There are multitudes of children failing in public school. Will the government demand those children be home schooled? Call or email your Tennessee reps today on this matter. Monday, February 25, 2008 Peace: Mom, I have a slight fever. My head hurts. I don't feel like throwing up or anything, but I'm really tired. What do you think it is? Me: (with a completely serious face) That is exactly what I'm told it feels like just before you die. Peace: (gets a huge grin past the pain) How do you feel, Mom? Me: Oh, I'm just fine, honey. Peace: I'm told "fine" is exactly what people feel like just before they die. Sunday, February 24, 2008 Wanna help save the Smoky Mountains? A friend who is an amazing adoption attorney has left her job for a time to lobby with integrity in Nashville. The Weeks in Review Last week had been a doosey. Buck was on the long road home from Uncle Earl's funeral when I came to the conclusion one of our milk goats just might have rabies, because she'd suddenly become aggressive. I called goat experts, my vet, UT Veterinary Hospital for advice. UT asked me to bring the goat in immediately. Buck had the van, the farm van wouldn't start, and I had a child I couldn't leave at home alone. The fleeting thought of taking a biting goat in a little old Honda did not appeal. I decided to wait till the next morning to take her and had Peace put the nanny in seclusion for the night. Of course, she cried out like a baby. I considered the fact that we drink the raw milk (no conclusive research has been done, so the route of caution would be taken), and our entire family would have to go through the rabies series at no less than $400 a shot. That's $14,400 and pain for the lot of us. The medical conclusion? After three excruciating days of waiting and observation, UT vets told us we had a goat with new behavior problems brought on because she missed Buck, the one who usually milked her. She's home now happily munching her hay, and has discontinued her aggression now that her (and my) favorite man is home on the farm. Insert an annoyed smile from me here. In the very good news department, last Sunday we got an air card to replace our dinosaur dial-up service. It works like a charm, but I can't figure out the technological parts of document sending- essential to the course I'm teaching. The update in technology will probably allow me to put my own pictures back on my blog again. Blogger paired with dial-up became downright contrary about loading photos a few years ago, so I stopped trying. Monday started this week with difficult news. The school we hoped our oldest son would attend decided against providing high school next year. Parents, including myself, were visibly shaken by the announcement. There are no schools like it in the area, and I have a very late start in finding an alternative for next year. My son, who is not scholarly by nature, needs academic minded folks around him to inspire his best work. Other choices offer godless arrogance, good hearts and intentions which graduate high schoolers to junior college, cut-throat culture, Christian Lite. Nothing fits the bill. I'm grieving the loss of an excellent choice as I wrestle through a new plan for Peace's high school years. Mid-week I attended a college reunion dinner. I knew my two favorite friends from those years wouldn't be in attendance, so I went with a bit of self conscious awkwardness. What if no one would talk to me, and I had to sit in secluded silence? "I could enjoy people watching", I told myself. What if people I liked pretended not to know me? "I'll move on", I reassured myself. Still reunions are tricky personal business for me. The first person I saw when I stepped out of my van was a friend from my church studying counseling at the college now. She put my heart at ease immediately. After we chatted, I walked over to the cafeteria where dinner was to take place. I scanned the crowd and glanced at a vaguely familiar face and read his name tag. Joyfully, it was someone who had been very good to me at time I really needed a friend in college. I walked up to him with anticipation and announced my name. I expected a hug, but got more of a look which read, "I don't really know you. I'd like it if you wouldn't talk to me." I tried my charismatic approach of questions to help him let his guard down but was unsuccessful altogether. Not a great start. My natural confidence waned. I spoke cordially in line with a few friendly people I recognized but didn't know well. I walked into the assigned reunion room and saw only one table with open seats. At that table, I spotted three faces of people who had never been my friends, and it was likely they were not especially interested in getting to know me now. I forced myself to sit down with them next to someone at that available table I couldn't quite place. Until he warmly spoke. I breathed in a sigh of relief, because I'd be able share my dinner with at least one kind and genuine gentleman, Drake, I'd connected with in college classes. The other folks at the table turned out to be interesting and funny. I discovered Drake and I share common interests in things ecumenical and contemplative, unheard of from this crowd. Everyone from our class was asked to share from their life now. I tried to fade to the background but was discovered at last. I kept my words few- an accomplishment, I know. I enjoyed a few more conversations with sundry people and even an invitation, and drove the hour back to common life as I know it. Friday and Saturday I've studied for my upcoming teaching weekend away. Saturday, February 23, 2008 This is what I've been listening to lately. It's not really a video, just the song. A worship leader at church introduced it to us about a month ago. Don't know anything else by the songwriters/singers, Brian and Jenn Johnson (misspelled on the intro), but the lyrics are intense and fabulous for me. By the way, I am of the opinion that three minute worship songs are for sissies. Wink. I admire my son, Peace. Yesterday he came in from his early morning chores before school and explained to me he'd taken care of a dead hen in the chicken house. Being a city girl, I am squeamish about thinking or touching any hurt or dead animal. I mostly let my men handle the dirty work 'round the farm. Without telling me, Peace simply took out a plastic bag from the kitchen, suited up with gloves and coat, and placed the dead body into the bag and then into the trash can. Can't throw things like that into the woods because it attracts coyotes. Have to bury things deep and put rocks on the grave otherwise which we did with our goat for the same reason. When Peace was done, he threw his coat and gloves in the laundry. How many 14 year old boys do you know in America can take care of business like this without batting an eye? I was touched by the solemn and matter of fact manner in which Peace dealt with the situation. We think it may have been Petunia, my garden digging buddy. Petunia followed behind every time I went outside to see if she could collect worms I'd uncover from flower beds or the garden. I thanked Peace for his care and teared up a bit. "Mom, it's just a chicken," he responded,"And by the way. When I die I'd prefer to be buried in a grave than put in a plastic bag in the garbage." Thursday, February 21, 2008 Time Won't Let Me Go Kat poses the question of finding personal time in the midst of parenting for Parenting University. You're not getting the typical response of "Make sure to make 'me time'" from me. I have spent too many parenting years selfishly and unsuccessfully looking for ways to make me happy. The last few years I've lived with far more intentionality and integrity. I've reformed my social grid drastically from accepting any and every invitation outside my home I could squeeze in, to carefully weighing the cost of each and choosing wisely. I used to believe that the more fun stuff I did, the better and more pleasant mother and person I'd be. It simply wasn't the case. I began to see my own children as getting in the way, and I think I was running away from any serious self examination. I'd been pouring my life into a sieve when I was under the illusion I was filling my bucket. Eventually, I did not like the shallow person I was becoming and set out to change. I cleared my calendar and began to listen to the still small voice of God inside. He helped me to lay down all the "good things" to save for "the best things". With great trepidation and a deep seated fear of loneliness, I quit book and Bible studies, teaching/speaking, attending concerts, homeschool support groups, coffee/lunch out with friends, cooking/jewelry/craft type parties, and retreats altogether for a good long while. I even limited my time on the phone and at the gym. After some reclusive months, great opportunities opened which I'd never had before, and I was at last spiritually more prepared to accept. I know those opportunities to be directly connected to obedience to God. The result of quitting the rat race? I've become introverted, introspective, sensitive, a better listener (not that I don't have much more to learn about listening), and more effective at everything I do. I work smarter. I understand the difference between cutting down the time tree with a sharp edged ax and beating it with a baseball bat. As for personal time today? I refuse to be that frantically busy person with a chaotic life again. Now I don't require enormous amounts of personal time. It's built into the day even though my family is present. When my responsibilities of the moment are fulfilled and my children feel enough enjoyable connection to me to be at peace among themselves, I can steal away to my room and read, write, and most of all, just be and remain in the True Vine. Sunday, February 17, 2008 He gets it from his dad Peace casually posed this question yesterday afternoon in conversation, "You the know the Miss Universe Pageant? It doesn't seem quite fair. Why is the contestant who always wins from Earth?" Buck retold the joke to friends at our lovely Valentine's Day dinner last evening. Someone asked from across the table, "Well, is there also a Mr. Universe?" To which Buck responded by pointing his fingertips into his chest, haughtily wagging his head, and replying, "Hello?!" Thursday, February 14, 2008 When I don't feel loved, I try to make myself feel better by thinking of my mom and dad hugging and kissing me. When I do feel loved, I feel joyful, and honorable. by Pooh Bear Vyne The Daring Book for Girls, twizzlers, a Star Trek movie, a necklace, a shirt, a dozen long stemmed red roses, and some pink toile pj's composed the Vyne's Valentine's Day celebration. This blogger shares a more thoughtful approach. Tonia, I admire your family's ways. Wednesday, February 13, 2008 Developing Compassion in our Children Compassion. My favorite word. Kat has made developing Compassion in our children the topic for Parenting University this week. For me as a parent, I hope to live the principle which is a far better teacher than words. I believe compassion is a gift given by God already present inside children. It's a gift something like innocence and purity. Ever seen a small child cry when she stumbles upon a dead bug? Ever had a little one gently rub your hand when you are shedding tears? So why don't all children continue to exhibit compassion? I think it has more to do with adults not preserving, even stomping out the gift in children. Tragically, I know I have done so with my own children. For example, when we lived in the city, my children cried out, "Mom! That person has a sign that says they are hungry. Aren't Christians supposed to feed the hungry?" My answer? "We don't have time for that. We're on our way to..." or "It's too risky to talk to a stranger." "We already give to..." I wrestled my conscience for a long while over these calloused positions and finally came up with doable solutions. One great remedy was pulling together bags to hand out with pop top food, napkins, and shelter phone numbers plus fifty cents for the call. Country life does not afford that kind of opportunity, but opportunities of compassion come abundantly in other forms. When my child excitedly shouts, "Hurry! Come look at the bluebird." I decide I'd better drop everything to take the time enjoy the moment with him. Otherwise, I'll diminish the importance of my child's passion. I also try to eliminate judgement from my talk in daily life as much as possible, especially about people not present. No more "He's such a creep, because...", "What a jerk!" "She deserved everything she got." "He's a bad person for all these reasons." "What a loser." Every single human being on the earth has value whether they continually make poor choices or act exactly as I'd like. We strip away compassion in ourselves and our children when we make out anyone, stranger or lover, as disposible in some way. The message of "bad guys, good guys" with no hope of forgiveness leaves everyone in a vulnerable position of moving to being unforgivable themself one day. How many times have I done just what I'd hope I'd never do? Lose my temper with a child? Use cutting and thoughtless words? Manipulate someone for selfish purposes? Use force rather than waiting for natural consequence to take it's course? I believe I owe compassion even to myself in order that I might offer it to others. Here are some quotes which tell it much better than myself. Frederick Buechner Dalai Lama "Be kind whenever possible. It is always possible." Dalai Lama Dalai Lama “Compassion will cure more sins than condemnation.” Henry Ward Beecher “Make no judgements where you have no compassion.” "Without a rich heart, wealth is an ugly beggar." Ralph Waldo Emerson Tuesday, February 12, 2008 Buck, Pooh Bear and Wise One have been gone for days to dear Uncle Earl's funeral in Pennsylvania. Uncle Earl has battled dreadfully with cancer for years now, and I know death has brought him final peace and rest. When we got word about his passing, Tater had just been diagnosed with the flu, and I volunteered to stay home with him. Peace stayed home to help me with the animals. The peditrician prescribed everyone doses of Tamiflu. Tater got better in three days, and none of us have any symptoms a week later. That's a miracle. Tater got the flu around this time of year, and everyone in the family caught a version of it following. Those were miserable days for everyone. So, I 'm feeling lucky to have avoided that same plight. Buck and the two youngest arrived home late last night after a wintery drive through snow Cincinnati to Richmond. He told me I'd have been nervous as a cat with those slippery road conditions. I could tell the long drived taxed him, but he's off to take a sick goat to the vet. Sigh. No rest for the weary here. Winter brings many things. Right now things seem dreary to me- drabness of nature, bitter cold, death, missing my husband, sickness of people and animals, difficulties with children. All these things seem to be an expression of Lent. As with seasons, even seasons of the church, things are sent to remind of what is to come. Peace and I noticed a family of cardinals which live near the top of my driveway, and another flock on down the road. The flash of brilliant red feathers darting against the browns of barren thorns and trees encourages me to look toward the bright greens, cheery yellows, and romantic pinks of warming weather. I wait for spring. I wait. Thursday, February 07, 2008 Triple Negative from the Runway As spoken to an air traffic controller with whom I am intimate: "I will be on the side of the taxiway, and I ain't gonna be no factor to no aircraft" After thoroughly dissecting the sentence .. the controller decided it was OK to proceed with business as usual. Kat has picked the subject of organization for Parenting University today. I can tell by her orderly personality she'll have some great advice to offer, but organization is not my strongest suit. However, there are two areas which work for me at this time- homeschool and meal planning. Since I have four children in four different grades, I must find a way to keep track of all the books required. Each child has the following books of his or her own: language arts, vocabulary, math, literature, practice test taking, composition, and at least three teacher's guides per child. Every student has at least one novel to read at all times apart from the textbooks. We also have several references for history, science and Bible. In the course of one school day, that comes to about twenty eight books in use. How in the world do we keep up with so many texts? I consulted with other homeschool mothers and borrowed their ideas. I've come up with a system which works for us. I've color coded each child's materials. Peace is red, because he is melancholy. Pooh Bear is purple, her favorite color. Tater is green being so very full of energy. Wise one is blue because he is serene and peaceful. According to the person's color, I've bought painter's tape at Wallyworld to match. Each child's text has a strip of colored tape across the top spine and an inch around the sides. I tape two strips of colored tape to the bottom spine and side of teacher's manuals. If I spy a book with green tape on the couch, I know to call Tater to come fetch it. If Peace leaves me something to check, I know to find the blue taped teacher's manual. Each child has a basket with a colored ribbon attached to catch sundry books and carry them around the house or out and about. It's fairly easy to take work on the road with a prepared basket. We have one assigned shelf where the baskets rest and another for books to placed in colored order when not in use or in the basket. The notebooks of paper I've purchased also match the child's color. Around 1:00 in the afternoon, children, books and papers are spread all over the house on couches, kitchen table, homeschool table, breakfast counter, living room floor, my bed, my floor. It takes about five minutes to clean up the chaos at the end of the day. Meal Planning I don't like to cook or shop. I hate to think of "What's for dinner?". I'm always looking for new ways to make this work for our family. Currently I'm subscribing to a website which masterminds a five day dinner plan, shopping list, and recipes for each meal. Once a week, I shop big for breakfast items, bread, milk, yogurt, fruit, orange juice, snacks, and the website's list, and the deed is done. The recipes are fairly easy, so cooking is not too big of a deal. There. you have my very best organizational tips. You might not want to ask about other areas of home order, because I have entirely too much stuff. I think if I was a rich woman, a library and office might solve every problem, because books and papers are the things in too great of abundance for our allowed space. Monday, February 04, 2008 My mother braved the seriously juvenille antics of Alvin and the Chipmunks with my children, so Buck and I could see There Will Be Blood in the theater. I wanted to like it, because of the brilliance of Upton Sinclair, hero and reformer of the American industry. Truth be known, I suppose I like a screenplay to be a really good and terrible tragedy or something somewhat redemptive. Neither was true of this movie. It's no spoiler to sum the plot up for you, so you don't have to sit through the tedium. Oil companies, like the main character in the film, never had and never will have any kind of heart. After a splendid weekend with Grandma, I spent the day helping a friend get her new homeschool cooperative off to a good start. I learned applied algebra from an eight year old boy and a game of dice. I admired others playing a real pirate game called "Shut the Box" which formed math equations. We looked at a map of the world to find the true size of Alaska compared to Texas. Watching children learn is a wonder. I'm grateful for the opportunity.
Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab Learn more about Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab (Redirected from Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab) Jump to: navigation, search Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab al-Tamimi (1703AD – 1792AD) (Arabic:محمد بن عبد الوهاب التميمى) was an Arab theologian born in the Najd, in present-day Saudi Arabia and the most famous scholar of the Wahhabi movement. [edit] Legacy He considered this movement an effort to purify Islam by returning all Muslims to what he believed were the original principles of Islam, as typified by the as-salaf as-saliheen (the earliest converts to Islam) and rejected what he regarded as corruptions introduced by Bida (innovation, reformation) and Shirk (idolatry). During his time, he denounced practices of various sects of Sufism as being hereticial and unorthodox, such as their veneration of saints. Although all Muslims pray to one God, Abd-Al-Wahhab was keen on emphasising that no intercession with God was possible, which was something supported by the majority of all Muslims. Specific practices, such as celebrating the birth of the Prophet Muhammad were also deemed as innovations. He is considered by his followers to be a great reformer of Islam, while the Sufis regard him a deviant. Regardless of what one's personal stance may be towards him, it is indisputable that he has had a tremendous impact on modern Islam. ibn Abd-Al-Wahhab revived interest in the works of the Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiya; The followers of this revival (see Islamism) are often called Wahhabis, but they reject the usage of this term on the grounds that ibn Abd-Al-Wahhab's teachings were the teachings of the Prophet Muhammed, not his own. Thus, they refer to themselves as Salafists or Muwahhidun, meaning, "the monotheists." He struck a deal with Muhammed Ibn Saud, a chief of desert raiders in Najd. As per the deal Ibn Saud and his house will be the chief of political administration whereas Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab and his house will be the chief of Islamic interpretation. Today the royal family of Saudi Arabia belongs to the House of Saud and Grand Mufties from the House of Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab (Aa;-Sheikh). Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab declared the rulers of Hijaz (holy Land of Arabia with holy cities like Makkah and Madinah) to be non-Muslims and therefore worthy of attack and occupation.[citation needed] Refer to David Holden's biography The House of Saud for citation (mentioned in the reference section). [edit] Biography [edit] Childhood The early life of Muhammed Ibn Abd al-Wahhab remains fairly uncertain despite the existence of several studies on the subject. Historians at the time had no interest in the life of an obscure, young scholar and most of the contemporary journals do not cover it. Thus, there are only two official histories of Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab and his religious movement, Ibn Ghannam's Tarikh Najd and Ibn Bishr's Unwan al-Majd fi Tarikh Najd. Three points should be taken into account regarding these sources for the early life of Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab. First, they rarely mention specific dates of events. Secondly, both authors were Wahhabis themselves and therefore had a political and religious agenda to consider. Finally, each was written after the death of Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab. [edit] Reforms In the year 1744, Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab began to attract followers in the small town Al-Uyayna, within the Najd region (the central region of modern Saudi Arabia). Lacking a base of support at the time, Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab's teachings were challenged by Sulayman Ibn Muhammed al-Hamidi of the Banu Khalid, the chief of Al-Hasa and Qatif. The latter threatened the ruler of the city that he would not pay him a land tax for his properties if he did not kill Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab - which he declined to do, although Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab was forced to leave. Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab made a name for himself through a series of actions. First, after he returned to al-Uyayna, he persuaded the ruler of the town to destroy a sacred tomb revered by local Muslims, citing the Prophet Muhammed's teaching that forbade idol-worship. Secondly, he ordered that an adulteress be stoned to death, a practice that had become uncommon in the area. Additionally, he practiced the Islamic concept of rihla fi talab al-'ilm, "traveling the land in order to seek knowledge." The full extent of such travels remains uncertain. It is known that Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab spent some time in Basra (within modern day Iraq), and it is assumed that as a devout Muslim he traveled to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina before traveling to Basra. Official sources on Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab's life put his visits to these cities in different chronological order. Almost all sources agree that his reformist ideas were formulated while living in Basra, where he became somewhat famous for his debates with the Islamic scholars there, and wrote the Kitab Al Tawhid ("The Book of Monotheism"). Dates are missing in a great many cases, so it would be impossible to reconstruct a chronology of his life up until 1743, when the Meccan Epistle was written. [edit] Criticisms The Egyptian Islamic scholar Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ahamd Barakat al-Shafe'i al-Azhari al-Tantawi wrote an early criticism of ibn Abd-al-Wahhab's reforms in the book, Kitab Rad` al-Dalala wa Qam` al-Jahala ("The Book of the Prevention of Error and the Suppression of Ignorance.") Oddly, Tantawi did not specifically name Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab in the text, but referred to him as 'Sheik al-Nas' (Scholar of the people). This may be seen as either an effort to not humiliate Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab or to simply not draw unwanted attention to the Wahhabi movement. Tantawi wrote that he received word of Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab's teachings through word-of-mouth and letters from local "authorities." The content of Tantawi's arguments also suggest this, as they do not appear to be based on any writings of Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab's, instead disputing his general ideas, quoting a considerable number of Qur'anic verses. Another critic of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab at the time was a major Sufi theologian, Ali al-Shafe'i al-Basri al-Shahir bel-Qabbani. A historian at the time, Ibn Turki, considered Qabbani to be among the four most prolific refuters of Wahhabism, particularly because - unlike Tantawi - he had actually read Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's writings. Qabbani wrote two texts criticizing Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, the Fasl al-Khitab fi Rad Dalalat Ibn Abd al-Wahhab ("the unmistakable judgement in the refutation of the delusions of Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab,") and the Kashf al-Hijab an Wajh Dalalat Ibn al-Wahhab ("lifting the veil from the face of the delusions of Ibn al-Wahhab,"). Qabbani later wrote a formal, anti-Wahhabis tract, citing both sources. Amongst his supporters are the late Ibn Baz and Ibn Uthaymeen of Saudi Arabia. [edit] From Death to the Present During his life, Muhammed Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab forged a pact with Najd chieftain Muhammad bin Saud, ensuring that regions conquered by the Saudi tribe would be ruled according to Ibn 'Abd Al-Wahhab's peculiar teachings on Islam. Bin Saud and his heirs would spend the next 140 years mounting various military campaigns to seize control of Arabia and its outlying regions. The most successful of these would establish the present-day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, providing the Wahhabi movement with a state. Vast wealth from oil discovered in the following decades, coupled with Saudi - and thus Wahhabi - control of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, have since fueled Wahhabi missionary activity. [edit] Commentary Perceptions of Muhammed Abd Al-Wahhab are varied. To many Muslims who reside in Saudi Arabia or whose Islamic education came from Saudi Arabian instructors (of which there are many abroad, especially in the United States, the United Arab Emirates, and other Islamic countries which have prominent Saudis), Abd-al-Wahhab is a leading luminary in the proud tradition of Islamic scholarship. A great number of Sunni Muslims regard him as a pious scholar whose interpretations of Qur'an and Hadith were nevertheless out of step with the mainstream of Islamic thought, and thus discredited. [edit] Works Books written by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab include: • Kitab at-Tawheed (The Book on Islamic Monotheism) • Thalaath al-Usool (The Three Fundamental Principles) • Kashif al-Shubuhat (Critical Study of Shirk) • Nawaaqidh al-Islaam (Things That Nullify One's Islam) • al-Qawaa'id al-'Arba'ah (Four Principles of Shirk) [edit] References • David Holden & Richard Johns, The House of Saud, Pan, 1982, 0-330-26834-1 • Gold, Dore. Hatred's Kingdom, New York: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2003. • Goldberg, Jeffrey. "Inside Jihad U.: The Education of a Holy Warrior," The New York Times Magazine. June 25, 2000. • Traboulsi, Samer. Die Welt des Islams, Nov2002, Vol. 42 Issue 3, p373, 43p; (AN 9117682) [edit] See also [edit] External links de:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab fa:محمد پسر عبدالوهاب fr:Mohamed ibn Abd al-Wahhab id:Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab nl:Mohammed ibn Abd al-Wahhaab pl:Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab Personal tools what is world wizzy?
Order Now! Att: Customer Total Pageviews Thursday, 18 April 2013 Perfectly competitive market Demand can be described economically as a desire for owning anything, ability to incur expenses for the item in terms of payment, and definitely the will to pay. More clearly, it shows willingness and ability to purchase a commodity at a certain time. It is recorded by economists on demand schedule and plotted characteristically downward slopping on a graph (demand curve). Generally every product that a consumer considers to buy, there exists a demand curve for that particular product and for that particular consumer. Demand curve of a consumer is always the equivalence of the marginal utility i.e. gain or loss attributed to an increase or decrease in consumption of a particular good or a particular service. Therefore the law of demand can be described as while everything else is held at constant as quantity of services or goods which are well defined that can willingly be bought by consumers in a particular time period and which increases or decreases as price for the service or good falls or rises (Epstein, 2005, p.116). Aggregate demand curve Aggregate demand refers to amount of goods or services which will be acquired or purchased by consumers at any given possible price level. It can be defined as the country’s Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P) when levels of inventory are static. It is described as summation of demand curves from the different economic sectors. i.e. Y = C +J +G + NX (Perloff, 2008, p.98), given that NX = Ex – Im whereby Y describes Aggregate Demand, C describes consumption, G descries Government spending, Ex describes the total exports and Im describes the total imports therefore NX describes the net Imports. Price Level decreases from p1 to p2 A decrease in price level Increase in quantity of demanded goods and services ……... Output quantity From y1 to y2 A decrease in price level In the graph above, a fall in price level to p2 from p1 leads to increase in demand to y2 from an initial y1. This is attributed to increasing wealth with a fall in the interest rates and increase in wealth. Consumption is thus stimulated with an increase in exports and investments. The above described would thus lead to higher demand for services and goods. Effect of falling demand on the number of firms and firms’ profitability Revenue derived from produced goods and services is of outmost importance to firm. Though firms may influence sales volumes, it is largely limited by demand and production capacity (Krizanova, 2006, p.221). Therefore a fall in demand will definitely cause the firms to react because this would mean a fall in their revenue collection. This fall in demand causes firms to cut back on investments and thus reduces employment. Fall in demand leaves the firms at a point whereby the cost of production of goods and services that they have at hand was high and if they are to sell those goods and services at all, they would have to lower their prices (Blanchard 1987, p.24). This coupled with a drop in marginal interests and a general increase in marginal costs affects their revenue and some of the firms’ begin running at a loss. Eventually with production cut backs and lay off of workers, the firms are left with no other alternative than to close. Declining demand for goods and services Declining firms’ profitability due to a decrease in revenue attributed from the drop in sales due to low demand for goods and services Unless the above trend is checked, with by such measures as increased spending by the government or cutting on interest rates, it could lead to a recession i.e. a general economic slowdown in all sectors of the economy. Effect of rising demand on the number of firms and firms’ profitability An increase in demand causes firms to produce more to meet the markets demand. Firms will try to employ more workers off course at a lower marginal cost and even though as per the aggregate demand curve, the prices are decreasing, the firms are enjoying large scale sales which eventually do bring in the, much needed revenues. Therefore in the short run, there will be massive investment due to the low prices and the firms will produce more to counter this overspending habit and a general feeling that the same money they had had increased its value. With inability of only the existing firms to meet the market demand for goods and services, new market players will see the opportunity and seize the moment and also start production. Though the prices are a bit low, they are encouraged by the high demand (Duetsch, 1993, p.96). In the long run, due to increasing demand, the prices will again begin to steadily rise since by now the rate of unemployment has reduced and thus the employees steadily demand more from their employers (Deustch, 1993). Since the firms do not want to incur the associated costs of employment and other marginal costs incurred, they would eventually pass down the expenses to the consumer. Despite this, the firms continually make profits from the demand and the number of firms will continue to be on the rise until there is a drop in the demand for the goods and services. Increasing demand for goods and services . . . . . . . . . . The two scenarios above give the impression that from one year to another, economic activities within the market usually fluctuates. However goods and services production increases in most years together with an increase in the overall number of firms due to increasing demand and a number of other factors. These other factors include labor force, technological advancement, and many other minor factors which eventually lead to improved economy. Unfortunately in some other years, there is a down-turn of economy when firms cannot successfully sell their goods and services thus leading to losses. To prevent further loss, they do cut on production as some people lose their jobs and when it becomes worse, firms close down. From the above assessment, it comes to a conclusion that a drop in demand for goods and services leads to drop in firm’s profitability in the short run. However in the long run, it will certainly lead to closing of some firms due to increased costs of production. Conversely, an increase in production leads to an increase in profitability of firms in the short run and a further increase in the number of firms operating in the long run due to increasing profits. Krizanova A. & Martin H. (2006). The analysis of demand and price effect on firm’s revenue. EDIS ŽU Žilina 2(11) 212-234. Epstein, R.L. et al. (2005). The Guide to Critical Thinking in Economics. South-Western: Thomson. Duetsch, Larry L. (1993). Industry Studies. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Perloff, J. (2008). Microeconomic Theory & Applications with Calculus. Pearson. Blanchard O.J & Kiyotaki N (1987) Monopolistic Competition and the effects of aggregate demand. The American Economic Review.77(4) 23-35 No comments: Post a Comment
A New Omnivore is someone who desires to eat meat, dairy, and eggs made from plants or biotechnology, so that it causes less harm to the environment, human health, and animals. Instead of conventional farming, which is responsible for intense greenhouse gas pollution, overuse of natural resources, unhealthy levels of antibiotics and hormones in food, and routine abuse of farm animals, The New Omnivore advocates consuming meat, dairy and egg products in a more sustainable and healthy way. Animal-free foods have made huge advances in the last ten years. High-quality meats made with the proteins of soy, wheat, peas and other plants can now be found in most major supermarkets, and plant-only “butcher shops” and deli’s that specialize in handcrafted, artisan plant meats are a fast-emerging food trend. On the technology front, cultured meat using animal cells grown in special lab cultures to reproduce animal flesh will alter the global food landscape significantly. Cultured meat can provide us with the most popular meat products we love without the environmental and health problems found in conventional meat production. This technology is rapidly advancing, and as the costs of production become more economical, we could see the first cultured meat become available for purchase by the beginning of the next decade. Using plants and biotechnology to create animal products can have hugely beneficial impacts on the planet, food safety, and animal welfare. Considering the grave problems posed by modern animal agribusiness, which is incredibly wasteful, inefficient, and irresponsible towards human health concerns, we must turn to new ways of making meat and animal products to enjoy them as we always have without further harming the planet and the safety of our food supply. Fortunately, we are at a time in history when we no longer need animals to make meat, dairy and eggs, and we are discovering that by making these foods ourselves, we can make them even better - in overall quality, safety, and environmental sustainability. This is what The New Omnivore is all about – eating meat, dairy and eggs in a new and better way. So join us as we promote and follow the news of the fast-growing industry dedicated to animal-free food innovation. We're really excited to have you along.
Are You Exercising Enough To Keep Your Bones Healthy? Are You Exercising Enough To Keep Your Bones Healthy?You have probably heard stories about people sustaining fractures from very ordinary-sounding accidents; slipping in the bathroom, missing a step as they climb stairs, and so on. These fractures are symptomatic of one thing, that is, poor bone health. In this post, we are going to explore the kinds of exercises that can enhance the health of your bones so that you reduce the likelihood of fractures. Bone Health and Weight-Bearing Exercises A very good way to build and maintain bone health is to engage in weight-bearing exercises. These exercises require you to work against gravity when you are in an upright position. Weight-bearing exercises fall into two categories; high intensity and low intensity exercises. High impact exercises include dancing, jogging, running, climbing stairs, playing tennis and jumping rope. Low impact weight exercises include walking at a fast pace, doing low impact aerobics, exercising on a treadmill and working out on stair-step machines. Strength Exercises and Bone Health Exercises that you do in order to gain strength in your muscles are also good for the health of your bones. The other name for these exercises is resistance training. Doing these exercises involves carrying a weight, your body or another object against gravitational forces. These exercises include working out on weight machines, lifting your body weight, lifting weights, standing on your toes, and so on. How Frequently Should You Do These Exercises? Weight-bearing exercises should be done for at least half an hour on as many days of the week as possible. Strength or resistance exercises should also be done twice or thrice each week. You also need to do other exercises to improve posture, body balance and boost general functioning of the body. These can be done daily. If you can’t do an entire 30-minute session of these exercises at a go, spread them out throughout the day. What Risks Should One Watch Out For When Doing These Exercises? If you have had fractures resulting from osteoporosis, you must avoid doing high-intensity weight training since you would be at a high risk of sustaining fractures. Any exercise regimen you start must be commenced after talking to your doctor or physical therapist. This is particularly true for high-risk people like the elderly and those that have any pre-existing conditions such as high blood pressure. In the beginning, go slow then gradually step up the intensity of exercises as your body gains strength and endurance. Your bones will become stronger and the onset of bone-mass loss will be slowed down. Are Exercises Enough? Exercise is just one part of the equation. Bone health also relies on proper nutrition to avail the nutrients from which bones are made and nurtured. Chief of these nutrients is calcium. Because of inadequate nutrients in soils, one cannot be sure that they are getting enough calcium from food (crops and dairy products). To avoid worrying about whether you are getting enough or not, take calcium supplements to complement what you get from your diet. Have you had any issues with your bones? What are you doing to boost your bone health? Let us know n the comments below! Start with a strong bone!: Shop online for building stronger bones Posted in Bone Health, Fitness • • Top Of Page Shop onlineTo order products to build your Immune system Write a comment
Bread Flour si - mtr. cup to gr converter for culinary teaching and diet. bread flour conversion Breadcrumbs: main Flours menubread flour menuMetric cups Equals: 2,071.01 grains (gr) in bread flour mass bread flour from Metric cup to grain Conversion Results: Enter a New Metric cup Amount of bread flour to Convert From Enter Your Amount : Decimal Precision : CONVERT : between other bread flour measuring units - complete list. Conversion calculator for webmasters. Convert bread flour culinary measuring units between Metric cup (si - mtr. cup) and grains (gr) of bread flour but in the other direction from grains into Metric cups. Culinary arts school: bread flour conversion This online culinary bread flour from si - mtr. cup into gr converter is a handy tool not only for experienced certified professionals in food businesses and skilled chefs in state of the industry's kitchens model. Other applications of this bread flour converter are ... One Metric cup of bread flour converted to grain equals to 2,071.01 gr How many grains of bread flour are in 1 Metric cup? The answer is: The change of 1 si - mtr. cup ( Metric cup ) unit in a bread flour measure equals = into 2,071.01 gr ( grain ) as per the equivalent measure and for the same bread flour type. Conversion for how many grains, gr, of bread flour are contained in a Metric cup, si - mtr. cup? Or, how much in grains bread flour in 1 Metric cup? To link to this bread flour - Metric cup to grains on line culinary converter for the answer, simply cut and paste the following. The link to this tool will appear as: Culinary bread flour from Metric cup (si - mtr. cup) into grains (gr) conversion.
Summary and Analysis Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk" (Josephine Die Sanngerin)" The story's double title is one of its striking outward features. Kafka attached special meaning to this, arguing that it expresses an equilibrium, a set of scales, the careful weighing between the evaluation of Josephine and the people around her. While the meaning of "singer" becomes clear, however, Kafka's decision to use the term "mouse folk" is perhaps not so clear. Apart from underlining the aspect of mass behavior of the people who adore Josephine, he could have wanted to depict the miserable situation of Jews scattered all over the world and yet, at the same time, their sense of community as an ethnically and religiously distinct group. More than any other story of Kafka's, this one reflects his growing interest in, and defense of, traditional Jewish ways above all, his positive view of the orthodox and Zionist sense of community. The enormous power Josephine wields over the people is all the more surprising because they "forgot how to sing long ago" (they do not cherish their traditional Jewish ways any more) and do not care about music. Even more surprising, they agree that Josephine's singing is not really any better than their own. We are quickly told, however, that if this should be so, it is true only in a strictly musical sense; the essential difference between her singing and that of everybody else is still there: she sings consciously, whereas the people "pipe without thinking of it, indeed without noticing it." In her piping (for this seems to be all it is), the people's main characteristic — that is, piping — becomes a conscious action. Another aspect to Josephine's singing leads to the people's identifying with her art. Not only does each individual listen to her singing as if he were listening for a message, but her singing "resembles people's precarious existence amidst the chaos of a hostile world." Totally absorbed by this tumult, they have forgotten about their true existence and have stopped singing, a reference to the secularized Jewry which Kafka came to despise. Whenever they listen to Josephine, the populace retrieves something of their short childhood, symbolizing a carefree (because less conscious) existence. The narrator, the "we" of the story, tells us that nobody would really care to listen to a highly trained singer in times of general hardship; in other words, aesthetic perfection cannot be the objective of art in times such as theirs. As Kafka puts it here, "May Josephine be spared from recognizing that the mere fact of . . . listening to her is proof that she is no singer." People flock to her performances precisely because her singing is not art in the traditional sense of the word, because "it is not so much a performance of songs as an assembly of people." Josephine, however, does not share the public's opinion of her singing. She is convinced that she creates perfect music, that her singing is infinitely superior to that of the people around her, and that nobody really understands her. She is certain the people are in need of her much more than she is in need of them. She insists that her singing takes the most decisive place in their lives and that she should therefore be exempted from all routine work. This alone would guarantee her ability to attain the highest possible artistic standard at all times. She desires nothing short of a whole-hearted recognition of her art as unparalleled and eternal. This is exactly the limit, though, to which people will Dot go. Such boundless recognition would be possible only if Josephine really stood "outside the law." If this were the case, the freedom from daily chores which people would grant her would be proof that "they are smitten by her art, feel themselves unworthy of it, try to assuage the pity she awakens in them by making sacrifices for her; to the same extent that her art is beyond their comprehension, they would also regard her personality and her desires to lie beyond their jurisdiction." Here the essence of Kafka's view of art emerges — the view, that is, which he held toward the end of his life. He wrote "Josephine the Singer" in March 1924, three months before his death, and "A Hunger Artist," which also deals with the antithetical nature of art, two years before. In both stories, the protagonist falls victim to the temptation of deeming himself among the "select few," and in both stories his conflict results from his assumption that his art is vastly superior to the forms of expression of the people around him. In both stories, his refusal and inability to feel at ease in the "vast, warm bed of the community" cause his eventual isolation and death, and in both stories, his claim to stand "beyond the law" is rejected by Kafka. Even Josephine, whose magic makes people forget their hardships, has to remain bound by the laws of human community. The reason for this is that her individual self is at the same time the self of the people who find themselves reflected in her singing: whatever she may sing is also being sung by them, and whatever vision of freedom she may create is also present in the people sharing her performances. In its most profound sense, art is never beyond the people. One may even go so far as to argue that Kafka foresees the disappearance of art in the traditional sense and, more important yet, that he does not shed a tear for its essential disappearance. "Josephine is a small episode in the eternal history of our people, and the people will overcome losing her" is only one sentence among many that reflects this view. The story is Kafka's final pronouncement on that esoteric notion that art is likely to die because it insists on being nothing but art. Everything seeking absolute perfection must necessarily refrain from becoming contaminated with life. But everything fleeing communion with life because of life's countless imperfections must die. To be perfect is to be dead. On one level, the story of Josephine is probably the story of a Yiddish singer-actress whom Kafka met in Prague in 1911, and on a higher level, it is the story of the universal artist faced with the large (mouselike) audience of our time. On still another level, it is the story of the inevitable death of self-imposed seclusion. Historically speaking, the story stands as an attack on the obstinate arrogance of official art as taught and propagated by the academies of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Rarely had art been more hypocritical, with its insistence on "higher values" and quasi-religious "purity." It is not that art cannot have these higher values and have this religious meaningfulness; it is just that in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it had long lost the metaphysical basis for such lofty claims. Josephine's last words stand as Kafka's own last words about his life. The mere fact that he prepared the story for publication from his deathbed, while requesting that all his other pieces be burned, attests to the significance he attached to it: "Josephine . . . will happily submerge herself in the numberless masks of our heroes and soon, since we are no historians, will ascend to the heights of redemption and fall victim to oblivion like all her brothers." Pop Quiz! As Gregor deteriorates, what becomes of his family? What is the exact quote in Hamlet about something being wrong in Denmark? Something smells? Something is amiss? Back to Top
January 13, 2007 Fabula, sed vera In English: A story, but a true one. I thought this would be a good follow-up to yesterday's proverb, Publica fama non semper vana, "Common gossip is not always groundless." Today's proverb is an actual defense of something so outrageous that it might sound like a made-up story, when in fact the teller wants to insist that the story is true. A fuller form of the proverb is Non ficta fabula, sed vera historia, "Not a made-up story, but a true account." In a lovely play on words, this Latin saying is also the motto of the Storey family. (There are actually many family mottoes which are based on this kind of word-play between the family's name in English and the contents of their Latin motto.) I thought this would be a good opportunity to say something about the fabulous (!) linguistic fortune of the Latin word fabula. The word means simply "story" in Latin, and it gives us many English words, such as "fable," but also "fabulous." Today people use "fabulous" simply to mean something "good, great, excellent," but originally it meant something celebrated in myth or legend, as in this 1601 translation of Pliny by Philemon Holland, where he refers to "Atlas, the most fabulous mountaine of all Africke." More important, in the Romance languages, the late Latin word fabulare, "to tell stories, to narrate," came to have a more and more general meaning until it became the standard verb of speaking, as in Spanish hablar, which is directly descended from Latin fabulare, as is the Portuguese falar. The Greek word parabola, "parable," gave rise to a similar late Latin word, parabolare, also meaning "to tell stories," and this in turn gave rise to the Italian parlare and French parler. The poor Latin loquor did not have much of a future at all, compared to the fortunes of fabulare and parabolare. In short, as the history of the words themselves can prove, telling stories is what speaking is all about, fundamentally. So, with a salute to the word fabula, here is today's proverb read out loud: 17. Fabula, sed vera. CoolCat said... Do you think maybe "loquor" sort of fizzled out because it was a (headache-inducing) deponent? I just started learning deponents, and they are, let's say, quite confusing. :P Laura Gibbs said... Hi CoolCat, you are exactly right about the problem that not just loquor faced, but all the verbs with "synthetic" passive forms - that is, when the passive is a single word formation, rather than a periphrastic combination of an auxiliary verb and a participle: loquor is a synthetic passive, but locutus est is analytical, consisting of two parts. As Latin evolved into the modern Romance languages, the verbal system is really really really similar... EXCEPT for those synthetic passive forms. They disappeared completely in the modern Romance languages! The analytic forms continued, with "to be" as the helping verb... but the synthetic forms that we see in the Latin present passive, imperfect passive, and future passive, disappeared! No more loquitur, no more loquebatur, no more loquetur, alas...! :-)
Home > Years 11-12 > Making Laws Making Laws From Bill to Act. The Northern Ireland Assembly is a Legislature. This means it makes laws, or legislation. Those elected to the Assembly are called MLAs. Laws are rules that help society run smoothly and make sure that everyone is treated equally. There are laws about everything from plastic bags to university fees. The Assembly can make laws about most of the issues that affect our everyday lives in Northern Ireland. Proposals for new laws are called Bills. Ideas for Bills come from: • Ministers in charge of different areas of government, such as Agriculture, Environment or Education; • individual MLAs; or • Assembly Committees:groups of MLAs that specialise in different areas. Making a law can be a long process. Bills must pass through several Stages if they are to become laws. Small groups of MLAs in Committees examine the Bills in detail. Then they are debated several times in the Assembly Chamber. Once a Bill has passed through all the necessary stages, it is called an Act. Do you have an idea for a new law to make Northern Ireland a better place? Can you get it passed by the Assembly?
Basilica Cistern: (Yerebatan Sarayı) basilica cistern sultanahmet istanbul This cistern, located in Eminonu district next to Hagia Sophia. It was used before as water supply for the city during the reign of Emperor Justinian I and 6th century AC. Basilica cistern is and underground chamber of 138 x 64.6 meters. There are 336 columns most of which are topped with Byzantine Corinthian capitals. Two Medusa heads were used to form bases for two columns in a far corner of the cistern. The position in which they were placed suggested that the people who put them were Christians and did not want to revere a god of a pagan period. The water inside the underground cistern is collected rain water. The carp in the water are decorative and an incidental protection against pollution. Some people even think that the Byzantines originally also raised fish in the cistern. In 1988 this cistern was restored and converted to a museum. basilica cistern sultanahmet istanbul basilica cistern sultanahmet
Clostridium perfringens Bacteria: Clostridium perfringens. SEM of Clostridium perfringens bacteria, cause of gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans. These rod-shaped bacteria are gram-positive. They are commonly found living in soil where they form spores. Clostridium perfringens is the cause of several serious human disorders. The bacteria produces an exotoxine (alpha-toxin) capable of digesting human muscle and other tissues. It is the cause of the gas gangrene in infected wounds. This bacteria can also contaminate food sources of meat, causing human blood poisoning. Credit: Eye of Science / Science Source Model Release: No, but may not be necessary File Size: up to 6.8" by 5.8" (at 300dpi) Click on any keyword to see related images: sem, scanning electron micrograph, scanning electron micrographs, sem image, sem images, micrograph, micrographs, micrography, microcgram, micrograms, bacterium, bacteria, science, biology, medical, pathology, research, health, gram positive, clostridium, perfringens, welchii, welch's bacillus, bacillus, anaerobic, spore former, bacillaceae, lecithinase, enzyme, enzymes, alpha toxin, food poisoning, toxin, alpha toxins, toxins, medicine, health wellness, clostridium perfringens, exotoxine, alpha-toxi, gangrene This image is protected under U.S. copyright law. Follow us on: gp fb tw li bl
How Does Energy Flow? by Barbara Stone, PhD, LISW, DCEP Diplomate, Comprehensive Energy Psychology My friend and mentor Barbara Stone, PhD sent a beautiful energy medicine article for me to read, and I asked if I could share the information with you. She said yes! Barbara is a gifted energy psychologist and an instructor in the Association of Comprehensive Energy Psychology certificate training program and at Energy Medicine University. She is a gifted energy healer and the developer of a very innovative and powerful energy psychology method called Invisible Roots: Soul Detective. You can preview her award winning book Invisible Roots on Amazon at ~Janet What are the proper channels of energy flow in the human energy field? Should energy flow from the head to the toes, from the toes to the head, or in some other configuration? Actually, all of the different ways energy flows in the body can get very complicated, so I’m just going to present some basic concepts of the major flows in the three vectors of the human energy field: up-down, back-front, and left-right. Polarity sets the direction of energy flow. Energy always flows from one point to another. One side of a battery sends out ions and the other end receives the ions. Conventionally, the flat side of a battery is marked negative (-) and the bump side is labeled positive (+). Ben Franklin thought that the positive side gave energy and the negative side received it. But actually, we now know that the electrons flow the other way. The bump side of a battery receives energy and the flat side gives it out. If we put a battery into a device backwards, it will not function properly. Likewise, each energy pathway in the body needs to flow in the proper direction (proper polarity) for optimal functioning. To better understand how energy works, think of how the plant kingdom operates. In plants, the roots grow down and the leaves grow up. How does a plant cell know whether to go up or down? Polarity! A plant seed does not have any polarity before germination. The technical term is that it is “apolar,” or it could be called “non-polarized.” Then when the seed gets the proper conditions of moisture, temperature, and darkness, it germinates. An etheric template then pops out with polarities set so that the end that points up will start growing leaves and the end that points down will start growing roots. The major energy flow in plants is that the roots are south-seeking, going down into the earth, and the top of the plant is north-seeking, pointing to the sky. The two energy flows go out from the base of the plant, level with the ground. But actually, energy flows both ways in the roots of the plant. The plant sends the roots deep down into the earth for one purpose—to bring up water and nutrients from the earth to nourish itself. So the roots grow down, but energy also comes up the roots. Energy also flows both ways in the leaves. The branches grow up to seek the sunlight, and then the leaves receive the energy of the sun and bring that nourishment down into the core of the plant. The human energy field is actually a scalar wave, which is a standing wave that goes out and returns back traveling on the very same vector on which it went out. A scalar wave is continuous, unlike the dissipating energy wave formed when a pebble drops into water. Although energy keeps flowing both in and out of the human body on the same pathways, the predominant direction of energy flow during waking hours turns around and goes the other way during our sleeping hours. Plants and humans are inversely paired in complementary relationships. Our blood is red, and plant blood is green. We breathe in oxygen, which plants produce, and we breathe out carbon dioxide, which the plants need. Likewise, the major pathways of energy flow in humans are the inverse of the plant kingdom. What should be the major polarity flow in a healthy human at the crown of the head? Giving or receiving? Do we want to receive the energy of the sky into our bodies to nourish ourselves, or do we want to send up our personal power to energize the sun? Obviously, we want to receive the sky energy, so the ideal polarity or major direction of ion flow at the crown of the head would be receiving. How can we measure whether or not this polarity at the crown chakra is set properly? In Energy Psychology, we use the hand to check energy flow, because the hand also has polarity. Which side of the hand does more energy come out of, the back of the hand or the palm? If you’re not sure, try shaking hands with someone by rubbing the backs of your hands together! While the palms both give and receive energy, their major polarity flow is giving. The major polarity of the back of the hand is receiving. If a person puts opposite poles of two magnets together, they will attract each other, as one side gives and the other side receives. This arrangement is a good fit. Two magnetic poles that are the same, whether they are both positive or both negative, will repel each other. Energy Psychology uses clinical kinesiology, also called muscle testing, to check proper polarity at the crown of the head by placing a palm down on top of the head. Since the palm is giving and the top of the head should be receiving, energy should flow properly with this arrangement, and this muscle test should lock. To double-check proper polarity, we then place the back of the hand, whose major energy flow is receiving, on the crown of the head. If the major energy flow at the crown of the head is receiving as it should be, then this test puts two like polarities together and should result in resistance or disruption to the energy flow which will make the test muscle unlock. Now, which way should energy flow at the feet? Do we, with our personal energy, want the primary flow of our energy to be that we nourish the planet earth? Or do we want the primary flow of energy to be that we draw up energy from the earth’s electromagnetic field to nourish our bodies? I prefer the second option, though energy flow needs to be a two-way street, and we also need to regularly send thanks to our Earth Mother for all she provides for us. A plant expands from its center. Inversely, the major energy flow in a human is drawing energy into the center. At the heart center, this nourishment we are pulling in from above and below intersects with the front- back vector of our three-dimensional human energy field (up-down, front-back, and left-right). On the front-back axis of the human energy field, proper energy flow is receiving energy from the back and sending it out the front. If you’re not sure about this direction, try hugging someone back to back! Likewise, time goes from the past (the back) into the future (the front) intersecting with the physical body in the magic of the present moment. Then the up-down energy flow into the center joins the back to front energy flow to go out from the heart center into the world and to the people we serve. The energy of the heart center, or heart chakra, has 50 times the electrical strength of the brow chakra and 5,000 times the magnetic strength of the brow chakra. That’s how important our hearts are! Of course, the heart center also has a two-way energy flow. Love is the emotional quality of the energy at the heart center. We both give and receive love energy through this center—output and input. Which one should be the major energy flow during the day, when we are shining our light into the world? Output, giving. When people are extremely depleted, their polarity becomes reversed, so the major energy flow at the heart center will be input, taking in energy. Since people with reversed polarity will suck out energy from others in their environment, they could be called “energy vampires.” As caregivers, if we feel depleted by an energy vampire, we can replenish our energy supply in the moment by consciously pulling in more energy from above and below, from the infinite sources of the cosmos and the huge battery of Mother Earth that is beneath our feet. But we also get major replenishment of our energy fields by getting proper rest. We recharge and heal our bodies at night while we sleep. After putting out energy all day, we need to recharge. The situation is like a cell phone battery that wears out after we have talked a long time and needs to be plugged into the wall outlet to recharge. Recharging is easier when we lie down so that we can draw in power from the earth and sky not just through the feet (root chakra) and head (crown chakra) like during the day, but from all five major chakras between the crown and the root: the brow, throat, heart, solar plexus, and sacral chakras. Have you noticed how much better recharging works when we are lying down than if we are standing up? Have you ever tried to sleep standing up, or even sitting up in an airplane seat? When a person lies down on the back, then the front vortex of each chakra on the head and torso will aim toward the sky and the back vortex of each of these chakras will aim toward the earth. These chakras can then pull in energy from the earth and the sky and send it to every organ and cell of the body to recharge, repair, and replenish the system. After the battery is recharged by a good night’s rest, our polarities shift from input mode back to output mode, and we awake refreshed and ready to go! Proper polarity on the left-right axis of the human energy field is receiving energy from the left side, which is also seen as the feminine side of the body, and giving energy out through the right side, which is also seen as the masculine side of the body. Likewise, in human sexual anatomy, the feminine receives and the masculine gives. You can learn more about Barbara and her work by clicking on the links below: How Does Energy Flow? — 17 Comments • Dear Rhodalyn This is a wonderful article written by my friend Barbara Stone. I am glad you found it and that your questions are answered! 1. Pingback: Human Energy \| abbysduality 2. Pingback: The Energy of Everything \| Sojourn Of The Peaceful Wanderer • Hi energy of Everything, I do the same thing. I love to watch nature respond to the rain, the sunshine etc. It is a beautiful thing. Mother Nature has so much to teach us and share with us. Wishing you a joyous 2015. I very much appreciate your comment. Warm Smiles, 3. Your explanations have helped me relate to the numerous things we do in Indian traditions to receive and gain the energy flow. Thank you so much for the article. 4. Pingback: How to Use Affirmations – Balance Your Chakras – Positive Thinking • Hi Melanie, Yes there is an energy flow in the infinity sign, the head and the heart. The infinity symbol flows balancing energy within itself and can be used to balance yourself with medicine, food, etc. We are energy beings, so all parts of our body are energy based. Energy flows through the brain to communicate with the body and the world – each time we have a thought, our neurons fire and a neuropathways is lighted up creating emotions and more thoughts. I know this is not a complete answer, but it does give you a little bit of information. Leave a Comment
1. What did Jesus say the scribes and Pharisees did and why did they do it? 2. Jesus tells us to call no one on earth what? 3. What things did Jesus tell the scribes and Pharisees that they had omitted? 4. What primary subject was Jesus teaching about when He spoke about painted graves and dirty dishes? 5. What 3-letter word beginning with “W” does Jesus use a lot in this chapter? 6. What will come upon “this generation” for scourging, killing and crucifying the wise men and prophets? 7. Why did Jesus mourn for Jerusalem? Commenting is not available in this channel entry.
You Tube Occhiata is thrilled to bring Giacomo Puccini's Turandot to schools for our 2015-16 Program (Press Release). This page includes resources for students, teachers, parents and anyone interested in the: "Icy, Firey World," of Turandot... Synopsis in English Sinopsis en Español Print version - English/Spanish Read a summary of the opera's story. Synopsis is provided in English and Spanish. In-School Presentation We believe in making the arts accessible and engaging. Its more than just opera. Check out our dynamic interactive presentations. This is how we to draw students into a whole new world of music, story, and reflection. That's opera talk for the script. All of the dialogue that is sung and the stage directions. Very cool be sure to check it out. Music Videos We know you will agree that the music of the opera is beautiful. We've currated a collection of videos of some of the key musical moments in the opera. Be sure to at least reaquaint yourself with the story by reading the synposis. Better yet as you listen to the music pieces find the words in the libretto (the script) and see how the music and words work together. Composer & History Read about the opera's composer Giacomo Puccini and some history about the opera. Occhiata's Videos We produce two special videos that are part of our in-school presentation. Be sure to check them out. Careers in the Performing Arts Explore career opportunities in opera. You'll be amazed at how many different kinds of jobs and skills are needed in the performing arts. Big Thanks to this Year's Sponsors... Synopsis of TuRANDOT China, in ancient times. Outside the Imperial Palace a mandarin reads an edict to the crowd: any prince seeking to marry Princess Turandot must answer three riddles. If he fails, he will die. The most recent suitor, the Prince of Persia, is to be executed at the moon’s rising. Among the onlookers are the slave girl Liù, her aged master, and the young Calàf, who recognizes the old man as his long-lost father, Timur, vanquished King of Tartary. Only Liù has remained faithful to him, and when Calàf asks her why she replies that once, long ago, Calàf smiled at her. The mob cries for blood but greets the rising moon with a sudden fearful silence. When the Prince of Persia is led to his execution, the crowd calls upon the princess to spare him. Turandot appears and wordlessly orders the execution to proceed. Transfixed by the beauty of the unattainable princess, Calàf decides to win her, to the horror of Liù and Timur. Turandot’s three ministers, Ping, Pang, and Pong, also try to discourage him, but Calàf is unmoved. He comforts Liù, then strikes the gong that announces a new suitor. Before the assembled court, the old emperor asks Calàf to reconsider, but he will not be dissuaded. Turandot appears. She recounts the story of her beautiful ancestor, Princess Lou-Ling, who was abducted and killed by a conquering prince. In revenge, she has turned against men and determined that none shall ever possess her. She poses her first question to Calàf: What is born each night and dies each dawn? “Hope,” Calàf answers, correctly. Turandot continues: What flickers red and warm like a flame, yet is not a flame? “Blood,” Calàf replies after a moment’s thought. Shaken, Turandot delivers the third riddle: What is like ice but burns? Tense silence prevails until Calàf triumphantly cries, “Turandot!” The crowd erupts in joy, and the princess vainly begs her father not to give her to the stranger. Hoping to win her love, Calàf offers Turandot a challenge of his own: if she can learn his name by dawn, he will forfeit his life. At night in the Imperial Gardens, Calàf hears a proclamation: on pain of death no one in Peking shall sleep until Turandot learns the stranger’s name. Calàf is certain of his victory, but Ping, Pang, and Pong try to bribe him to leave the city. As the fearful mob threatens him to learn his name, soldiers drag in Liù and Timur. Calàf tries to convince the crowd that neither of them knows his secret. When Turandot appears, commanding Timur to speak, Liù replies that she alone knows the stranger’s identity and will never reveal it. She is tortured but remains silent. Impressed by her fortitude, Turandot asks Liù’s secret. It is love, she replies. When the soldiers intensify the torture, Liù tells Turandot that she, too, will know the joys of love. Then she snatches a dagger and kills herself. The crowd forms a funeral procession and the body is taken away. Turandot remains alone to confront Calàf, who impetuously kisses her. Knowing emotion for the first time, Turandot weeps. Calàf, now sure of winning her, reveals his identity. Sinopsis en Español Acto I Cuadro I En la primera escena el pueblo de Pekín escucha la proclama de uno de los mandarines del emperador ("Popolo di Pechino..."), por la que hace saber que la princesa se casará con aquel príncipe que responda correctamente los tres acertijos impuestos por su majestad. De no hacerlo así, el pretendiente morirá. Paso seguido, se comunica que el Príncipe de Persia ha fallado; por lo tanto, morirá al salir la luna. La gente acude en masa a tal acto. Llega entonces a la ciudad un anciano ciego, acompañado por una mujer que lo guía. Entre la multitud, el ciego cae al suelo y es recogido por otro desconocido, que inmediatamente le reconoce como su padre: se revela entonces que el ciego es en realidad Timur, rey de los tártaros, quien, tras perder la batalla, fue exiliado junto a una esclava, Liú, que le sirve de guía y mendiga por él. El desconocido que le recoge no es otro que Calaf (cuyo nombre se descubre al final de la opera, conociéndose a lo largo de ella como "el ignoto"), el príncipe tártaro, quien, ante el gesto de la esclava, pregunta por qué tan noble acto, y ella responde tímidamente que porque "un día, en palacio, usted me sonrió". El verdugo Pu-Tin-Pao aparece ante el clamor del pueblo, que canta sobre la sangre derramada en el reino de Turandot, la princesa. Todo es jolgorio hasta que aparece el príncipe de Persia, joven apuesto y sereno, y el pueblo enmudece de compasión; enseguida piden piedad por su vida ("O giovanotto! Grazia, grazia..."). El desconocido príncipe que había ayudado a su padre en las calles observa con horror el espectáculo, y se une al pueblo despreciando tan cruel acto. Pero es allí cuando hace su aparición la princesa, quien, con un gesto inmisericorde, ordena al verdugo que prosiga con la ejecución, y vuelve a sus aposentos. El príncipe de misterioso origen cae completamente cegado ante la belleza de la princesa ("O divina bellezza! O meraviglia!"), de tal forma que decide quedarse allí y, sin escuchar las súplicas de su padre y de la esclava para entrar en razón, decide probar su suerte para conquistar el corazón de la princesa. Cuando se dispone a golpear el gong tres veces para entrar a la prueba, tres ministros del emperador, Ping, Pang y Pong, le cortan el paso para intentar convencerlo de que no se arriesgue por algo así, ya que, de todas formas, Turandot es solo una mujer y, siendo él tan poderoso, podría conseguir mujeres a montones. En ese momento, algunas cortesanas aparecen pidiendo silencio. Liú, la esclava, ruega otra vez al príncipe que desista, en uno de los momentos más dramáticos y cautivadores del primer acto, un aria que requiere un tono soprano muy cuidado en su modulación y ejecución ("Signore ascolta"). Pero el príncipe le dice que ya es tarde ("Non piangere Liù), y que lo hará de todas formas, por lo que le pide que acompañe a su padre antes de dirigirse al gong gigante montado en el escenario, que golpea tres veces (uno de los momentos más dramáticos de la ópera). Acto II Cuadro I Cerca del palacio del Emperador Los tres ministros, Ping, Pang y Pong, narran sus desventuras y las situaciones por las que han tenido que pasar por el capricho de la princesa, en un acto más liviano para el espectador. Hacen un repaso de los distintos pretendientes que la princesa ha tenido y los tres cantan para finalizar, poder por fin volver un poco a sus hogares para descansar, tras un final feliz con casamiento y poder lograr así un poco de paz para China. Desde el palacio les anuncian que se presenten para el enésimo pretendiente, lo que nos lleva al siguiente cuadro. Cuadro II Palacio del Emperador Llegan los ministros, y los guardias y cortesanas se aprestan a la llegada del emperador, quien preside la ceremonia, aclamado por el pueblo. Él mismo intenta advertir y detener al príncipe, deseando querer parar con el baño de sangre y no queriendo "cargar con el peso de la joven vida" por las pruebas pero recibe la negativa del solicitante. El mandarín lee nuevamente la ley impuesta al perdedor, quien deberá morir al fallar. Turandot aparece en escena y explica el por qué de su fría actitud frente a sus pretendientes ("In questa reggia..."). Una de sus antepasadas, la princesa Lou-Ling, fue violada por un extranjero y dejada por muerta. Ella desea vengarla entonces, imponiendo su prueba mortal a todos los príncipes que vienen de distintos reinos para conquistarla. Luego, Turandot misma formula los enigmas. El primero es: "En la oscura noche vuela un fantasma iridiscente. Se eleva y despliega las alas sobre la negra e infinita humanidad. Todo el mundo lo invoca y todo el mundo lo implora, pero el fantasma desaparece con la aurora para renacer en el corazón.¡Y cada noche nace y cada día muere!". El príncipe piensa y acierta respondiendo: "la esperanza". Turandot prosigue: "Surge como una llama, y no es llama. Es a veces delirio. Es fiebre de ímpetu y ardor. La inercia lo torna en languidez. Si se pierde o mueres, se enfría. Si anhelas la conquista, se inflama. Tiene una voz, que escuchas palpitante, y del ocaso, el vivo resplandor", y la respuesta al segundo enigma es "la sangre". Finalmente, temblorosa y perdiendo la compostura, formula el tercer enigma: "Hielo que te inflama y con tu fuego aún más se hiela. Cándida y oscura. Si libre te quiere, te hace más esclavo. Si por esclavo te acepta, te hace rey". Al verlo dudar por varios instantes, Turandot ríe de la suerte del concursante. Éste, al observarla directamente a los ojos y contemplar su belleza, se reincorpora triunfante y responde: "Turandot". El consejo de mandarines acepta la respuesta como correcta y el reino se regocija, vitoreando al ganador. Entonces, ella clama a su padre por piedad para que no entregue a su hija en manos de este extranjero, pero el emperador contesta que la palabra fue dada. El príncipe, al ver la resistencia de la princesa le propone un nuevo acertijo: si ella adivina su nombre antes del alba, él morirá. ("Dimmi il mio nome e all'alba morirò..."). Ella, naturalmente, acepta la apuesta. Acto III Cuadro I Noche. Jardines del Palacio Turandot ordena que habrá pena de muerte a todo el mundo que sepa el nombre del príncipe y no lo diga. Los guardias recorren las calles entonces, pidiendo que nadie duerma en Pekín. El príncipe entonces canta el aria más famosa de la ópera, Nessun dorma (Nadie duerma) en la noche, siendo la pieza más destacada de la obra. Ping, Pang y Pong se presentan nuevamente intentando convencer al príncipe otra vez para que termine con esto, intentando ofrecerle mujeres y riquezas, pero él sigue firme en su decisión de conseguir lo que se propuso. Los guardias, entonces, encuentran a su padre, Timur, y a Liú, a quien amenazan de muerte para que revele el nombre del príncipe. Llegan la princesa y Ping, quienes, a través del verdugo, empiezan a torturarla, pero Liú, entonces, declara que ella sabe el nombre, pero se niega a declararlo incluso diciendo que pueden torturarla hasta el cansancio, pero ella no cederá. Se ejecuta entonces otra importante aria dentro de este acto, cargada de dramatismo romántico en donde Turandot pregunta a Liú el por qué de su fuerza interior para soportar tal dolor ("Chi posse tanta forza nel tuo cuore?"), a lo que la esclava responde que es amor ("Principessa, l'amore!"). Le brinda entonces, según sus palabras, su amor a su señor mediante el silencio del amor inconfeso, agregando que si ella le brinda su nombre, ella le dará su amor y ya no le quedará nada. Le advierte incluso a la princesa que ella también caerá rendida a su amor, y en un acto final de sacrificio por amor ("Tu che di gel sei cinta"), toma una de las armas de los guardias a su lado y se suicida. El coro de la gente de Pekín grita "Parla! Parla! Il nome!", mientras Liú muere en brazos del príncipe, manteniendo su palabra hasta el final. Su padre, Timur, se retira junto al cuerpo de Liú, quien es trasladado por los guardias a su morada final. Perturbado por el acontecimiento, el príncipe enfrenta a Turandot recriminándole su frialdad al derramar sangre inocente ("Principessa di morte, Principessa di gelo!") y agregando que su "hielo es una mentira". Tras una larga conversación, el príncipe logra besarla, quebrando la rígida actitud de la vengativa monarca, al punto de que acepta su derrota, pidiéndole que no la estreche entre sus brazos. Finalmente, el príncipe, con resignación revela su nombre: "Io son Kalaf, figlio di Timur" (Soy Calaf, hijo de Timur). Es el amanecer, y suenan las trompetas de palacio. Cuadro II En el Palacio El Emperador se hace presente junto a toda su corte frente a su pueblo ("Diecimila anni al nostro Imperatore!"), para que su hija, la princesa Turandot revele el nombre del misterioso príncipe. Todos esperan expectantes la respuesta y cuando el momento llega, ella responde a su padre que conoce el nombre del extranjero "Il suo nome è ...Amor" (Su nombre es... amor). El pueblo estalla en alegría, exclamando: O sole! Vita! Eternità! Luce del mondo e amore! Ride e canta nel sole l'infinità nostra felicità! Gloria a te! Gloria a te! ¡Oh, sol! ¡Vida! ¡Eternidad! ¡Luz del mundo es el amor! ¡Ríe y canta bajo el sol nuestra infinita felicidad! ¡Gloria a ti! ¡Gloria a ti! La celebración se realiza dentro de un vibrante final, con todos los coros participantes de la obra cantando esta última estrofa juntos, brindando al espectador un desenlace de fuerte contenido emotivo. Click on the picture to the left or the link below to go to an external website to read the script of the opera. Notice the economy of words - that is how just a few words are used to paint a vivid picture of these characters, their backgrounds and the action of the opera. Notice how because the lines of the play are being sung we can hear the emotions of several characters at once. In this opera Puccini uses the chrous to express the stoy's emotion and move the drama along. Giacomo Puccini Biography Composer (1858–1924) Source: http://www.biography.com/people/giacomo-puccini-9448208 Italian composer Giacomo Puccini, born on December 22, 1858, started the operatic trend toward realism with his popular works, which are among the most often performed in opera history. But the fame and fortune that came with such successes as La BohèmeMadama Butterfly and Tosca were complicated by an often-troubled personal life. Puccini died of post-operative shock on November 29, 1924. A Musical Inheritance From Milan to 'Manon' The Big Three Personal Scandals Fading Success, Failing Health History of Turandot Puccini was always a fastidious and deliberate composer, but the writing of Turandot was an especially drawn out process. The idea was originally presented to him in 1920, an Italian translation of a German version of an Italian play written by Carlo Gozzi. In the succeeding four years before his death, Puccini vacillated over the number of acts, whether or not he should turn his attention to something less serious, and absolutely fixated over the final love duet that he believed was the essential, earth-shattering culmination of the entire evening. Despite these circumstances, he poured himself into the work, writing to a friend in March 1924, “I have placed, in this opera, all my soul.” source: http://www.theopera101.com/operas/turandot/ Here's a video of Turandot telling us her background story of how her ancestor over 1000 years ago was tortured and killed by a man It is the reason she will never let any man possess her. Here is a video of one of the most famous tenors of all time singing the ever popular Nessun Dorma. Enjoy the video also includes Spanish subtitles for the lyrics. And here is a video of the final moments of the opera with al of its grandeur. This video is from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York and is the same production you will see. By production we mean costumes, set, lightening, etc... Here's a short Occhiata Productions original video with all the juicy details of the opera told from the perspective of the three Chinese Ministers (Ping, Pang & Pong) in Turandot's court: And here's a one minute movie style trailer: Did you know there are a wealth of careers in the arts? There are probably things you never thought of...because careers in the arts is not limited to people who like to draw and do art...you can be very technical...or hands on...For example, what about the people who build sets? Or the people who design lighting...or the sound engineers? Please take a minute and explore career options that might not only use your gifts and talents but enable you to make money whiole doing something that you really love!! Be sure to click on the graphic below to check out a website with more information: Source - Check out this website for more infomation: Powered by Libiny Solutions
Wednesday, March 7, 2012 The Zone System - Value Scaling Ansel Adams and Fred Archer came up with a technique of developing photos to their fullest light/ dark potential called the Zone System. Every aspect of detail is captured and not lost in over-dark values nor “blown out” with too much white. In the Zone System for photography, there are eleven steps in the scale, starting from black and working up to white. Note how each step “flutes” or appears lighter at the bottom and darker at the top. I have found that 11 ‘zones’ are very good for photography, especially when photo processes are involved. However, If we were to render out each zone with pen, pencil, paint etc, we would find that “black” and “near black" are almost the same. In fact your monitor may not even display the difference of these two. Check your brightness levels if that is the case. To avoid these two values dropping into each other (without thinking in terms of gradients), I have narrowed the scale so that ten zones can be used. These are derived from computer values with regard to gray fields. Each zone is 10 percent lighter or darker than the first. Thus, white is zero or the color of your paper (as an additive value) and Black is 100%. Conversely, black is 0% as a subtractive (as in light value in Photoshop) and white is 100% or pure light from the screen. This is not exact and you can see that the “fluting” is more subtle as a result, but I do find that it works in terms of seeing the steps or values. This means that you must decide what is to be the darkest portion of your drawing whether you build up your values from white to black or not. The next and most logical step would be to know where your lightest portions are. If your darkest portions are laid in at only a middle value (50%) then you can only get lighter. The resulting image will end up looking washed out or low contrast because not all of the zones have been addressed.I have gone even further (though this information is by no means my own) and included a even further condensed scale that allows for five values, again based on computer scale. Here are five values, 5 as pure white descending down to 1 being Black. Note how little "fluting" is happening here but this scale leaves no doubt what values are available. My suggestion to students is to get used to using these five values in every work, ultimately leading you to be confident enough to work in the original value scale seen in the Zone System. No comments:
The crisis of accommodation caused by explosion in development in Hong Kong Hong Kong, officially is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. Which is an autonomous territory in the North of China and in East Asia. Since the 1st July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People’s Republic of China has took place, Hong Kong is under the principle of “one country, two systems”. It means this special administrative region has a separate political and economic system from China. Since a long time, Hong Kong is one of the world’s most significant financial centers. Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. In 2015, we estimate that its GDP is 412,300 million dollars in total, and 56,428 dollars per person (10th in the world). High Income World’s Most Dense Urban Area: Hong Kong continues to be the densest major urban area in the high-income world, it ranks the 3rd in 2011. Because there are many habitant original already, and it has many new comes because its economy force and more travail chance. This region has an 1104 square kilometers surface area in total, and has a population about 7, 3 million of various nationalities in 2014. Which means, its density is over 6600 persons in a square kilometer. Its density ranks as the 4th of the world’s most densely populated territory. However, in some small area, like Kowloon Walled city, is estimated at up to 5,000,000 per square mile or 2,000,000 per square kilometer. During 54 years, the growth of density has crease 124%. 3000 per km² in 1965, and 6958 per km² in 2015. Source: banque mondiale The buildings which has built in 15 years, the most of them are over 40 floors. hong-kong-01 ttdcfjg In Hong Kong, over 170 000 person lives in apartment subdivide. Well 171 300 person lives in 67 000 apartments subdivides. And then, there are over 30 000 of these apartment doesn’t have base installations, like the w.c independent, cuisine and so on. And unbelievably, there are always many family live in an apartment where has less than 10km² for 4 or 5 person. An apartment for a family of 4 persons Source : Sources : Laissez un commentaire
Authentication using One Time Password (OTP) technique – Part 1 Why two factor authentication? With the increase in password theft, phishing attacks and other hacking techniques, the conventional text based user name and password based authentication seem to be insufficient because of the rapid rise of network level threats. The traditional way of just memorizing the password to validate one’s identity is not enough and web sites and applications are now expecting one to possess email Id or a smartphone to communicate with another short-lived randomized password, One Time Password (OTP), as one more factor to the authentication. Here we will discuss the approach to generate the OTP and use it for the two factor authentication technique. In the next article, we’ll discuss the implementation of the OTP using the Spring Security framework. Token Generation using TOTP algorithm (RFC 6238) One Time Password, as the name suggests, can be used only once and are generally time bound. While this poses some challenge to the hackers, but, the algorithm and authentication protocol to generate and authenticate the OTP will define the real challenge. There can be various ways to generate the OTP but we’ll discuss here the standard based approach using HMAC based One-Time Password (HOTP) algorithm based on RFC 4226 to support event based moving factor. A time-based variant of the same algorithm provides short-lived OTP values based on RFC 6238 (TOTP), which are desirable for enhanced security of the application using two factor authentications. The steps to generate the OTP as per the specification are: 1. Generate a random secret key K 2. Get the counter i.e. Time of Epoch/30 as the message 3. Create Hash of the message using the key K and hash method HMAC-SHA1 or SHA-1 4. Get the least significant 4 bits of the hash as offset O 5. Get the truncated hash of 4 Bytes starting from the offset value 6. Remove the first bit of truncated hash to take the unsigned value (32 bit Integer) I 7. Token is lowest N digits of I on base 10. 8. If the Token has less than N digits, pad the token with 0 from the left to make it N digits. One can implement the RFC 6238 specification by following the above steps and generate the OTP to be used for the two-factor authentication. The alternate way could be to use the implementation provided by Google as service and generate the OTP as Google Authenticator, a six digit token. Implementation of two-factor authentication The first approach in the implementation of the two factor authentication mechanism is to authenticate the first factor using the conventional Username and Password based authentication. There needs to be an authentication manager which will authenticate against the User data store such as LDAP, database or any other service storing the user credentials. The OTP service will generate an OTP using the algorithm as per TOTP algorithm defined above which can be stored in user session or the persistent store. The generated authentication token can be sent using the OTP sender service on the smartphone or the email. The sequence diagram below depicts the entire flow of the first factor authentication and OTP generation. The flow in the above sequence diagram is: 1. LoginController handled the user requests and passes the credentials to the AuthenitcationManager for authentication. 2. On successful authentication of the user credentials, the session is established and the request to OTPService is sent to generate the OTP token. 3. The OTP token is stored in the user session or persisted in the database. 4. LoginController then sends the OTP token to the user using the registered mobile number or the email ID. 5. User is displayed the next page to provide the OTP authentication token and complete the authentication. 6. Till the time, User can be assigned a role of pre OTP authenticated user (e.g. PRE_OTP_AUTHENITCATED_USER) to allow limited access of the protected resources. The second step in the entire flow is to validate the OTP token provided by user. The OTP authentication filter authenticates the token and if the token is valid and matches against the one stored in the user session or the persistent store, it provides the access to the protected resources. The steps to complete the 2nd factor authentication flow are: 1. User provides the OTP token and submits the token to the server. 2. The OTPAuthenticationFilter validates the token and authenticates against the one stored in the user session by calling the OTPService. 3. UserDetailsService loads the details of the user in the session and the user Principal is created in security context. 4. User is assigned the role of authenticated user (e.g. AUTHENITCATED_USER) to access the protected domain resources. Two Factor flow can be implemented using any standard security framework. We’ll provide the Spring Security and JEE related implementation in the next article. Ankesh Anupam Ankesh Anupam Ankesh has been working in IT for last 15 years and played key roles in implementation of several large scale projects using various flavours of Java and JEE technologies. His interest area includes exploring new technologies and frameworks and creating reusable assets around the same. Ankesh Anupam Latest posts by Ankesh Anupam (see all) 1. Have you posted the second part to this post (Spring configuration for one time password implementation)? I am looking to implement this shortly and have been hunting around for a good guide. I am actually doing this via Grails, but using Spring Security under the covers. Thank you! Leave A Reply Time limit is exhausted. Please reload the CAPTCHA.
The Latest Buzz on Honeybees Flower beds Help honeybees by planting vacant lots to wildflowers. Photo by Kim Flottum Content Tools Another pesticide issue was not new, really, but has been looked at from a different perspective. Fungicides have forever been classified as “not a problem” for pollinators or the environment. But the effects of these newly crafted fungicides, applied directly to blooming plants, affect bee growth and colony health. Baby bees grow slowly and die young. Queens fed these chemicals go missing. Drones don’t mate. Beekeepers apply these pesticides in their hives with the hopes of putting a stop to predatory mites, but what it essentially comes down to is poison in a beehive. Who would have thought that would ever happen? These “miticides” do kill mites while sparing the bees, but they damage queens and drones, and are absorbed by the wax inside. Soon, a beehive can be inadvertently soaked in sublethal chemicals, while the beekeeper had only the best intentions. Controlling mites with nontoxic, organic acids has been shown to be effective while leaving out the other ill effects. Viruses have always been around, and with bees it’s no different. But until the mites and the pesticides came along, viruses hadn’t been much of an issue. When combined, pesticides provide a path for viruses to challenge a honeybee’s immune system, making their bodies less resistant. They go from bee to bee when they are feeding babies, queens, drones, and each other. Worst case scenario, every bee in a hive has some level of viral infection. After a time there, the bees learn to fly away to healthier homes, or they begin to die younger, and the colony collapses. No mites means no virus. Then there is Nosema ceranae, an internal parasite. It is ingested by adult bees as a spore, makes itself at home, and grows to produce more spores while continuing to spread. When combined with viruses and pesticides inside our bees, it’s even worse, eating a bee from the inside out. The only symptom is that the bee quits eating and dies. The good news is that with probiotics, essential oils, efforts to reduce mites, and enough good food, bees are much more resistant to the parasite. Which brings us to pasture. Among the acres of crops treated with herbicides, asphalt parking lots, and weed-free lawns, pollinator food does not grow here. A beehive needs acres of all types of flowers, plants, even weeds, to live. Enough blooming acres all season long will provide enough good food all of the time for every bee in the bunch. But they cannot be treated with pesticides or herbicides. Save a bee, plant a flower. All these things are going on nearly everywhere, interacting, multiplying, adding up, and piling on, and bees may see better days ahead because of the awareness. Russian honeybees may help in the fight against varroa mite in America’s hives. Kim has been Associate Publisher and Senior Editor of Bee Culture magazine for 30 years, and has been keeping bees for nearly 40 years. He has authored several books on beekeeping, including The Backyard Beekeeper and Better Beekeeping. He lives in northeastern Ohio with his wife, chickens, bees, cats, and several gardens.
previous next Te'gula, P. Lici'nius the author of a religious poem, which was sung by the Roman virgins in B. C. 200. (Liv. 31.12.) Vossius supposed that he was the same person as the comic poet C. Licinus Imbrex, but this is not probable. [IMBREX.] hide Dates (automatically extracted) Click on a date to search for it in this document. 200 BC (1) hide Display Preferences Greek Display: Arabic Display: View by Default: Browse Bar:
We have all heard the phrase “net neutrality” come up in the news as a recent topic of debate. If not, then let me just break it down for you. Net neutrality is the idea that all websites should be given equal treatment online. The internet operates under the influence of Internet Service Providers (ISPs), which navigate internet users to the specific sites that they would like to visit. Some websites may load faster than others due to the influence of “fast lanes” and “slow lanes”. Big websites and companies tend to use fast lanes because they have the financial resources to pay extra for their sites to load faster. However, smaller websites, such as your friend’s blog will not load as fast as your Netflix. The topic has sprawled a long history of court cases and legal conflicts regarding the rules of the Internet. On February 24, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Chairman wheeler, held a hearing that discussed various online rules and open internet prospects. Many opponents of net neutrality argue that the decision will initiate expensive government regulations and force major Internet Service Providers, such as Verizon to cut back on new technology investments, which will ultimately limit innovation. What’s your take on the net neutrality debate? Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
What Inspires a Novel? #video #history #MondayBlogs The Weissgerbergasse is a street in the old town in Nuremberg, Germany. It means Tanners’ Lane in English. It is the inspiration for the Tannery Row, a setting in the opening scenes of the historical novel, The Master and the Maid. This medieval street was named for its inhabitants, namely the Weissgerber. They were tanners who specialized in a tanning process using salts and alum to create soft, white leather for gloves, aprons and bookcovers. Tanneries needed a lot of water and many of the houses on Tanners’ Lane have their own wells. They also made lots of dirty water so the street is close to the Pegnitz river and downstream away from the main town. Tanning hides was a very smelly business, and judging by these townhouses, a lucrative one as well. In spite of the intense bombing of Nuremberg in 1945, the Weissgerbergasse was mostly unaffected. There are now about 20 of these painstakingly renovated half-timbered houses. They are part of Nuremberg’s Historical Mile, a tour of the city’s most important sights. Today these town houses are occupied by hairdressers, art galleries, boutiques and cafes. The Weissgerbergasse 10 has been dated by experts as 1389 and belongs to the Altstadtfreunde, an organization dedicated to historic preservation in Nuremberg. Now it's your turn... WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Samsung Vs Apple – Who is copying whom ? What does Prior Art Mean ? Accused of copying Apple, Samsung began to submit its own witness to prove that Apple did not invent the technologies that Samsung is accused of ripping off. The inventions that pre-date those that are covered by patents in a case is known as ‘prior art’ in legal parlance. So, two people were called from Samsung’s side to talk about ‘prior art’. If Samsung can prove that Apple’s technologies were not unique, it may well win the case. Sponsored link Apple vs Samsung – Compensation amount Apple wants to block Samsung from selling all its handsets and devices in the US and on top of that wants it to pay 2. 5 billion dollars in damages. If Samsung wins, it wants Apple to pay 2.4 percent of every Apple device sold. Samsung’s Proofs against Apple’s claim of patent technology Bederson, a compute scientist and professor at Maryland University said that Apple’s patented technology like ‘zooming on a mobile device’ was there even before the iPhone came into existence. To prove his point, he showed an application known as ‘Launch Tile’ an app that is used to zooming in and out of webpages, screens etc. This app is no big deal by today’s standards but it was developed on Microsoft’s Windows mobile operating system in 2004. Apple’s lawyers argued that the app does not have the ‘bounce-back ‘ technology so called because when a user scrolls beyond a webpage or edge of a picture it bounces back into picture. Adam Bogue from the Mitsubishi Electric Research Lab was the next person to show the “DiamondTouch”–which was effectively a table-top computer. The DiamondTouch’s surface had a similar technology to the iPhone to detect finger movement, but displayed pictures from a computer via through a projector kept above the table’s surface. This technology developed in 2001, was brought to Apple headquarters in 2003, said Bogue. He added that this piece of technology was shown to Apple’s hardware engineers but did not talk about the meeting in detail. Bogue showed two apps, ‘fractal zoom’ and ‘tablecloth’. Fratle zoom was a simple app that allowed people to zoom in and out of a photo with a multi-touch finger like we have today. Tablecloth was an app such that when someone scrolled beyond the edge of the picture on the screen, it would snap back into place. Apple’s lawyers argued that when DiamondTouch was brought to Apple’s headquarters, Bogue didn’t show off either the fractal touch or tablecloth applications to the Apple engineers. The lawyers also pointed out Apple had nothing to do with ‘Tablecloth’ app, stressing hat when the picture snapped back, it went back to its original position. Apple’s “bounce back,” technology, on the other hand, bounces back to the closest position that fills the screen.The US versions of Galaxy S and Galaxy S II are also involved in the case. Apple rested its case as the day ended and it seemed that Samsung was on the winning seat. Sponsored link Be the first to comment Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
NYT says Hitler was right! Predicts disastrous food shortages What he says -- correctly -- is that Hitler's Drang nach Osten was motivated by a fear of running out of resources, food resources, in particular. Hitler wanted Eastern European farms to produce the food needed to feed Germany's growing population. And I acknowledge that I did learn one thing from our historian about that. He says that concern about food supplies was motivated by the food shortages that occurred in Germany during WWI. I had never made that connection but it is obviously right. All the rest is amazingly uninsightful and ill-informed, however. He misses the obvious point that Hitler's modern successors in having panic fits over things running out are the Greenies. A reasonable person might have concluded that since Hitler was wrong about things running out, one should also question the Greenie fear of things running out. That is too obvious for our one-eyed historian, however. Greenies as Hitler's successors? Perish the thought! Instead he basically argues that Hitler was right! He says that food shortages are a real possibility if we do not do something about it. He asserts without proof that various wars in Africa were caused by competition for resources and that resources everywhere are in danger of running out because of global warming. That tribalism in Africa causes a lot of conflict he acknowledges but he thinks he can see more deeply than that. So what will happen when global warming creates worldwide food shortages? China! The millions of troops of the People's Liberation Army will descend on us all and take our land. So what is wrong with that argument? Just about everything. To take the searingly obvious, global warming would be GOOD for crops. Crops thrive in warmth. I come from the tropics and I can assure you that vegetation there almost leaps out and grabs you, it is so lush and vigorous. Leave your car outside untended for 6 months and at the end of six months you could find it covered with creepers. I have seen it happen. It's true that many pest species also thrive in warm weather but now that DDT has decisively been shown to be harmless to humans and birds, a widespread revival of DDT use would cope with that problem very easily. And warming would be greeted with frabjous joy in both Canada and Siberia. And note what a big place Siberia is. It is 5 million sq. miles versus 3 million sq. miles for CONUS. The cropland that would be produced by a warmer South in Siberia boggles the imagination. And clever Canadian farmers already produce a great bounty of grains from the chilly North. How much more they would produce if the land just beyond present useability warmed up! They would start cropping there very rapidly. And already in the world as we have it, the characteristic problem of agricultural productivity is glut, not shortage. Governments all over the developed world do various things to discourage their farmers from farming. In the USA, the Agriculture Department pays farmers to leave part of their land fallow. Why? Because, left to their own devices, farmers would produce so much that food prices would fall greatly and thus trap farmers in a sort of Malthusian trap. They would get poorer by producing more. French farmers right at this moment are mounting big anti-government protests over the fact that they get so little money for what they produce. So the whole basis of Prof. Snyder's scare is total crap. Food has never before been so plentiful and hence cheaper -- and there is no end to that in sight. The French government would fervently hope that it were but they are not going to get so lucky. And Snyder's portrayal of China's present food situation would appear not to have been updated since Mao. Under capitalism, those incredibly productive Chinese farmers have turned China from a net food importer to a net food exporter -- to the considerable grief of Australian wheat farmers. Under Mao, Australian wheat put bread on the table for a lot of China. That is no more. China now has a surplus of grains -- among many other farm products. Look at the origin of bargain cans of almost any food in your local supermarket and you will find that it mostly comes from China these days. As well as making most of the world's electrical goods, China now to a significant extent also feeds the world. It's an amazing example of what capitalism can do. One small thing that Snyder gets right is that there has been a distressing corn shortage in poorer countries in recent years -- thus bumping up the price and tending to make poor people go hungry. He shows no knowledge that it is precisely his Greenie friends who are behind that, however. Mandates to add ethanol to gasoline supplies in the USA have diverted much of the huge U.S. corn crop from export and into distilleries producing alcohol. It's an inefficient way of producing alcohol but that's another story. So Greenie meddling with the market can produce food shortages but even amid some shackles the market still produces plenty. Snyder is a complete ignoramus -- JR. 1 comment: 1. Vegetation loves warmth if there is rain with it, like in FNQ. Without rain we get deserts. If there is an issue about climate, then rainfall is likely to be of more concern than temperature. If temperatures rise, would rainfall rise? And would it fall where we need it?
Prematurity Awareness Month: How to Lower the Risks Nov. Prematurity AwarenessDid you know that one in every eight babies is born premature each year in the United States? Having a baby born premature (or preterm) means that your baby is born at least three weeks before your baby’s due date. November is Prematurity Awareness month, and although there isn’t a way to completely prevent the risk of premature birth, there are many ways to lower your risk of giving birth prematurely: 1. Quit smoking, avoid alcohol and don’t do drugs. 2. Have medical checkups before pregnancy. 3. Get prenatal care as soon as you think you may be pregnant, and keep getting prenatal care throughout your pregnancy. 4. Make sure to talk to your healthcare provider about the following things: 1. How to handle diseases such as diabetes before, while, and after your pregnancy. 2. Creating and sticking to a healthy diet along with taking the right prenatal vitamins (side note: 400 micrograms of folic acid is important to take daily before and during early pregnancy). 3. What the warning signs and symptoms of preterm labor are that will need medical attention as well as any other pregnancy concerns. 4. If you have had a preterm birth before, ask about the use of 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P). 5. Breast milk is the best food for babies, whether or not they’re premature. Be sure to ask about breastfeeding. If you have any questions about your pregnancy, premature birth, or pregnancy in general, be sure to talk with your doctor or health care provider—or call the Help Me Grow 2-1-1 line, or send Help Me Grow a text at: 302-231-1464. Help Me Grow 2-1-1 will set you up with a specialist to help answer any questions or address any concerns.
A Short History Of The Jewish People: From Legendary Times To Modern Statehood 43.18 New In stock Publisher: Macmillan/McGraw-Hill SKU: DADAX0028625862 ISBN : 9780028625867 Availability: Only 5 Left In-stock. Domestic Shipping:$3.99 Qty: - + - OR - A Short History of the Jewish People fills a gap in the literature by providing a concise, popularly written narrative account that introduces readers to all of the major political events, wanderings, cultural environments, and individuals to contribute to the shaping of the Jewish people into who they are today. Organized chronologically, the book covers the entire sweep of the Jewish experience from legendary times to the peace agreements now being negotiated in the Middle East. Each chapter covers one of the chronological units generally accepted among historians (The First Commonwealth, The Second Commonwealth, The Jews in the Age of Islamic Ascendancy, etc.). Maps, illustrations, and sidebars with entertaining stories enliven the very readable text. For general readers and students alike, A Short History of the Jewish People will satisfy the broad audience in need of a definitive history to be read in one or two enjoyable, informative sittings. Specifications of A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood AuthorRaymond P. Scheindlin PublisherMacmillan General Reference Number Of Pages224 Publication Date1998-11 Height8.75 inch. Length1.25 inch. Width6 inch. Weight0.95 pounds. Write a review Your Name: Your Email: Your Review: Note: HTML is not translated! Rating: Bad Good Enter the code in the box below:
Color Readings: Bright Earth 01 The text below are excerpts from the book Bright Earth by Philip Ball Van Gogh's portrait of Pere Tanguy who was his art dealer and colorman (via Colour by V. Finlay) The connection to chemistry was perhaps deemed less distasteful in the nineteenth century, when chemists enjoyed unrivaled respectability (even Goethe used their metaphors). An anonymous writer on artistic technique in 1810 says cautiously: "Chemistry is to painting what anatomy is to drawing The artist should be acquainted with them but not bestow too much time on either." Yet even this much may be seen as a swan song to the era when the painter was of necessity something of a chemist, when a training in art required at least as great an attention to the mechanical and practical aspects as to the aesthetic and intellectual. By the end of the nineteenth century, the artist was wholly reliant on scientifically adept professionals—"colormen"—to attend to the chemical aspects of their profession. One consequence of this rift is that the colors of some works of that period he weathered less well than the jewel-like fifteenth-century paintings of Jan van Eyck. [pg. 11] Yves Klein invites us to engage with the beauty of raw color. This goes against our training. What is brightly colored? Children's toys, the Land of Oz. And so color threatens us with regression, with infantilism. Cultural theorist Julia Kristeva claims that "the chromatic experience constitutes a menace to the 'self' . . . Colour is the shattering of unity." What else is brightly colored? Vulgar things, vulgar people. Color speaks of heightened emotions, even linguistically, and of eroticism. Pliny is not alone in xenophobically attributing strong color to a kind of decadent orientalism Le Corbusier asserted that color was "suited to simple races, peasants. and savages." He found it in abundance in his "journey to the East and was repelled: "What shimmering silks, what fancy, glittering marbles, what opulent bronzes and golds . . . Let's have done with it . . . It is time to crusade for whitewash and Diogenes"13—which is to say, for cool reason over all this unseemly passion. [pg. 13] Wassily Kandinsky - Succession, April 1935 Kandinsky's fruitless search for the emotional language of color, like the tangles of color linguistics, reminds us that it is futile to be dogmatic about color. There can be no consensus about what colors "mean" or how to use them "truthfully." Color theories can assist the construction of good art, but they do not define it. In the end, the modern artist's struggle to find form for color is an individual quest. To Bridget Riley, it is precisely this that makes color so powerful a medium of artistic expression: "lust because there is no guiding principle, no firm conceptual basis on which a tradition of colour painting can be reliably founded, this means that each individual artistic sensibility has a chance to discover a unique means of expression." [pg. 23] The visible spectrum of light revealed through refraction Scientists keen to celebrate Newton's reductionism, and artists eager to decry it overlook the strong mystical thread in his work—something that seems anomalous today, when the lens of centuries allows us to split science from magic. But it was quite in keeping with the spirit of his age that Newton saw fit to identify an arbitrary seven subdivisions of the prismatic spectrum purely to establish consonance with ideas about musical harmony: "Do not several sorts of rays make vibrations of several bignesses, which according to their brightness excite sensations of several colours, much after the manner that the vibrations of air, according to several bignesses excite sensations of several sounds?"' And so the Newtonian rainbow acquired its indigo and violet where I defy anyone to see other than a blue deepening to purple. Color comes from plucking this rainbow. Newton's analogy with music is misguided in any concrete sense but useful as a metaphor. Matter sings to many different notes and chords in the chromatic scale. When the resonances are sounded in the glare of the white "noise" that is sunlight, these notes are absorbed from the multipitched stimulus and fall silent in the echo. What we see as color is the remains, after the material has absorbed its own private and unique chime. A red berry sines to the tune of green and blue, a yellow flower to the strains of blue and red. [pg. 25] Wenceslas Hollar - The basilisk and the weasel Art conservator Spike Bucklow has suggested that some of the other pigment recipes recorded by Theophilus and Cennino can also be interpreted in terms of alchemical theory. Theophilus tells how to make a color called Spanish gold (the name immediately speaks of a Moorish, and hence alchemical, origin). Among the sound practical advice in his manual, Theophilus' prescription here seems to suffer an outbreak of pure magical thinking: "There is also a gold named Spanish gold, which is compounded from red copper, basilisk powder, human blood, and vinegar. The heathen, whose skill in this art is commendable, create basilisks for themselves in this way." He goes on to explain how these fabulous creatures emerge from hen's eggs hatched by toads fed on bread. "When the eggs are hatched, male chickens emerge just like chickens born of hens, and after seven days serpent tails grow on them." The blood, meanwhile, must come from a red-haired man and must be dried and ground. Of course. there is nothing particularly outlandish in a twelfth-century belief in basilisks, but Bucklow suggests that this can be seen as an allegory for the preparation of an alchemical elixir from a red "sulfur" (the blood) and a white 'mercury" (the basilisk ash). Certainly, the reference to the pigment as "a cold" suggests that the author saw no reason to distinguish it from the metal itself. [pg. 81] Annunciation by Simone Martini, 1333 The one color the alchemists could not conjure up for painters was the one they labored the hardest to devise. Struck by slanting rays of the sun, gold set the medieval altarpiece ablaze with light. In Byzantine churches like the sixth-century San Vitale in Ravenna, golden mosaic tiles create a dome shimmering with holy radiance. Whatever the cost of ultramarine or vermilion, gold has ancient associations that make its value transcendental. The use of gold in medieval art shows us more clearly than am-thing else how the nature of materials took precedence over any concern for realism. Until at least the fourteenth century, holy figures on altar panels are framed not by nature's skies or foliage, not by draperies or masonry, but by a golden field that permits neither depth nor shadow. In later ages this metallic sheen was pushed back onto the gilded frame that held the canvas, but for the medieval artist gold was a color in its own right. It was applied to the gessoed panels in the form of thin sheets: gold leaf. There was no need to visit the apothecary to procure this color, for it was to be found in the purse of every wealthy person. The craftsmen of the Middle Ages, unrestricted by laws protecting currency, made their cold leaf by hammering and hammering at golden coins, transforming them to sheets so thin as to feel almost weightless. [pg. 97]
Thursday, 12 June, 2014 This week the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) are holding the Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, highlighting the way that sexual violence and rape is used as a weapon during conflict – destroying lives and damaging communities. Here we take a look at sexual violence within the confines of genocide. What is sexual violence? The term ‘sexual violence’ refers to many different crimes including rape, sexual mutilation, sexual humiliation, forced prostitution and forced pregnancy. Experienced within and beyond the confines of conflict, it is a hugely traumatic and destructive violation of human rights. This animated, hand drawn video released to coincide with the launch of the FCO’s #TimetoAct campaign is a deeply moving introduction to the topic. Sexual violence is a tool of genocide When genocide takes place, ethnic groups are polarised, dehumanised and ultimately destroyed, and sexual violence often has a significant role in this. Rape and sexual violence is a common theme in genocide survivor testimony, strategically exerted upon victims as a means of intimidation and control. It meets the aims of perpetrators of genocide by destroying communities: breaking down identity and driving people from their homes in campaigns of terror. For those who survive their injuries, the aftermath of sexual violence leaves an oppressive legacy on whole communities, resulting in both mental and physical trauma, while rape often leads to sexually transmitted disease, causing further stigmatisation, shame and humiliation. The 1994 Genocide in Rwanda was one of the most prolific cases of rape used strategically in genocide. The United Nations (UN) reported that around 250,000 women and girls in Rwanda were raped and that, ‘rape was systematic and was used as a 'weapon' by the perpetrators of the massacres [...]; rape was the rule and its absence was the exception.’ Daphrose, is one of those thousands of women. In her testimony she explains how both her and her sister were raped and contracted HIV: ‘I was 12 years old in 1994. My parents and the other members of my family were killed right before my eyes. My elder sister and I were raped and through this we both contracted AIDS.’ Rwandan survivor Daphrose Rape was used as a strategic instrument of war by the Bosnian Serb military too, as part of its campaign against the country's Muslim population. There were reports in the media of detention camps specifically for the purpose of raping women and UN figures suggest that between 1992 and 1995 up to 60,000 people were raped in the former Yugoslavia. Although it has not formed part of the mainstream discussion so far, survivor testimony has attested to rape taking place in the Holocaust and under Nazi Persecution, particularly in camps and ghettos, and it has been highlighted in the book Sexual Violence Against Jewish Women during the Holocaust. The quote below is a testimony from that book by a survivor named Sara M, who was taken from her barracks to a small room where she was sexually abused: ‘There were two men there and there were some other people in the room, I think. I was put on a table. From what I remember, [it was] a table or it could have been a high table. I was very little so it seemed like it was very high up from where I was, and I was very violently sexually abused. And I remember being hit, I remember crying and I wanted to get out of there.’ Its lack of prevalence in the common understanding of the Holocaust could be due to a number of reasons. First, rape was not a part of the Nazi genocidal strategy, unlike in Rwanda and Bosnia. Racial laws stated that sexual relations between Jews and non-Jews were illegal and Nazi propaganda labelled Jewish women as ‘dirty’. Yet, rape still took place, so why did women not testify? One key issue is perhaps shame, this is something that limits accountability for rape and sexual violence in societies throughout the globe. The survivors may not have wanted to share their horrific stories because they did not want their family and friends to know. For others, they may have felt their personal suffering was too minor to mention when contrasted with the scale and enormity of the Holocaust. Jews and other victims of Nazi Persecution were subjected to other forms of sexual violence beyond rape, such as mutilation and forced sterilisation, while those women found to be pregnant were often coerced into having abortions. Some female survivors of the Holocaust found they were unable to have children after their trauma, which has been attributed to the years of malnutrition they suffered, or the medical experiments which they were forced to undergo. Today, genocide continues to take place in Darfur, and the UN believes thousands of women and girls have been systematically raped in the conflict by the Janjaweed militias, as well as the Sudanese Army. Survivor Dr Halima Bashir testifies to the shocking rape of young girls at school and later, her own experience of rape, in her book Tears of the Desert: ‘More than 40 girls were brought in to the clinic, having been raped and attacked repeatedly. There were not enough beds for them all. The youngest of the girls was just seven, the oldest 13.’ The impact of rape on those in any community is hugely destructive, but in traditional societies like the black African tribes of Darfur, rape survivors often experience further rejection by husbands, families and communities, leading to a life solitude. Sexual violence is a weapon of power, violence and control The legacy of sexual violence corrodes communities for generations Even after the end of conflict, the legacy of sexual violence continues, creating both physical and psychological scars and destroying individuals as well as communities. This is what makes it such an effective tool for genocide perpetrators. Attacking communities at their heart, sexual violence destroys group solidarity. It shames and emasculates men by demonstrating an inability to protect the women of their family, and subjects women and to a life of isolation. Indirect victims of sexual violence include child witnesses, traumatised after being forced to watch their family members subjected to such extreme violence. Complex relationships result when women are raped by the men who killed their families, leaving them pregnant with a child who carries the blood of a man who ruined their life. This was particularly the case in Rwanda, and it was not unusual for the mothers to reject their child born of rape, and in at least one case even trying to kill themSurvivors’ Fund (SURF) estimates that between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped during the genocide, and up to 20,000 children were born as a result of rape. These children are part of the legacy of the Genocide in Rwanda, and supporting them poses a huge challenge. Women subjected to rape in Rwanda also faced another devastating legacy of the violence they endured, that of HIV/ AIDS. The Association of Widows of Genocide found that among their members four in five had been raped and two-thirds were HIV positive. This was an intentional move by genocidaires who left an intergenerational legacy of mothers passing the virus on to their children. The ongoing trauma of those women who survived the Genocide in Rwanda is compounded by their probable impoverishment. Although the UN Development Programme reports that Rwanda has reduced the number of people living in poverty by 13% between 2008 and 2012, some of the poorest citizens are female genocide survivors, many of whom still suffer in the aftermath of sexual violence. Women and girls are not the only victims of sexual violence Although sexual violence is more commonly experienced by women, the experience is not unique to them. Pierre Seel was persecuted for being gay by the Nazis. He was tortured and raped. He says in his book I, Pierre Seel, Deported Homosexual: Male survivors of sexual violence often experience a double stigmatisation as their gender role within the family unit is perceived to be that of the protector – many end up fleeing from their communities due to shame. Bearing witness to the women of a community being raped can also have grave effects on the husbands, sons, fathers forced to watch. Seeing their loved ones fall victim to sexual violence without being able to protect them may leave the men ridden with guilt, ruining their reputation within the community. While the emotional damage caused to the men cannot be compared to the suffering of the direct victims, it illustrates the all-encompassing nature of sexual violence on the communities it affects. The problems in prosecuting sexual violence Rape and sexual violence are the worse crimes you can even imagine but they are not inevitable Prosecuting sexual crimes often brings specific challenges. Evidence can be lacking and survivors who have experienced rape are often stigmatised, rejected by their families and silenced by the community, which discourages them from pursuing justice. In post-genocide Rwanda, communities were left to prosecute their own perpetrators through the gacaca community-based court system. This left restorative justice to local village elders who passed judgement on each case. The arrangement has been problematic at addressing the taboo subject of rape. Testifying against such crimes involves women giving evidence in front of their communities. This process, which involves public humiliation and the possibility of reprisals against already vulnerable individuals, has deterred many victims of rape from seeking justice. However, progress is being made to bring perpetrators of rape during genocide to justice by ending stigma and encouraging women to come forward. ‘Rape is still a taboo subject... but people are starting to talk about it. Things are changing even if there is still a long way to go,’ Samuel Munderere of SURF told the AFP news agency. In 1998 the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda became the first international court to find an accused person guilty of rape as a crime of genocide, while the first instance of a conviction of rape as a crime against humanity was made by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in 2001. These are significant steps towards demonstrating that rape and sexual violence during conflict will not be ignored. This week This week the Foreign Secretary William Hague and Angelina Jolie, Special Envoy for the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, are co-chairing the Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict. The event at ExCel London will be the largest gathering ever brought together on this subject, with a view to creating irreversible momentum against sexual violence in conflict and practical action that has an impact on the ground. The summit is a global call for all countries to help end the use of rape as a weapon of war. It puts the survivors of sexual violence at the centre of war crime investigation, shifting the stigma of shame away from survivors and onto the perpetrators of these horrendous crimes. Get involved Watch the campaign film and show your support by sharing it on Twitter and Facebook using the hashtag #TimetoAct. You can also get involved by addressing the subject of sexual violence when marking Holocaust Memorial Day (HMD). On HMD we remember the experiences of all whose lives were lost or irreversibly changed during the Holocaust and genocides in Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia and Darfur. Photo credit: ©i-Images Picture Agency Further reading and references
Personal finance is all about managing, investing and saving money. Other than these, one other thing needed is to know the exact value of your money because various external factors can have an impact on the value of your money. Another reason is that gains and losses are not simple functions and can change under different circumstances. Therefore, it is important to know how to calculate certain figures to understand the actual worth of an investment. One of the quite popular forms of investment in Kenya is fixed deposit. Before investing on fixed deposits, the depositors should be aware not only of nominal interest rates but also of how nominal rates are used in calculating total interest amount. Sometimes, calculations may be done in a different way or using a different formula. Even the same formula can be used differently to arrive at a certain result. By definition Fixed Deposit (FD) is an investment product which allows you to invest a lump of money for a fixed time period and at a fixed rate of interest. When you open a fixed deposit with bank then you are lending money to the bank and it pays you interest. Applicable interest rates will be given as on the date of receipt of the funds by the bank and is fixed for the specified duration. The interest amount paid on the fixed deposits directly depends not only on the rate of interest applicable to such deposits but also on a number of other factors, including the method used to calculate the same. Though there has been a lot of discussion in the literature on the quantum of the rate of interest, there appear to be no discussions on the method of calculating such interests. This could be because it was thought that the method of calculation should have been one and only one. The methods of calculating interest described here are some of the more common methods in use. They indicate that the method of interest calculation can substantially affect the amount of interest paid, and that depositors should be aware of this to avoid dispute arising on the payment date. The three most common day count methods are outlined below. • Actual/actual, is the most intuitive and precise day count scheme. To determine the number of days between any two dates, the actual number of days, including the effect of a leap year, is counted.This method is highly recommended by International Capital Market Association(ICMA) rule 251 on accrued interest calculation. • The Actual/365 (fixed) method counts the actual number of days of a FD, but the denominator (used to calculate a daily interest rate) will exclude the extra day in a leap year. Thus, a daily interest rate is always the yearly rate divided by 365. • Actual/360 is a slightly odd method, which counts the actual number of days during which a FD is outstanding and calculates the interest rate based on a 360-day year this type of count obviously benefits the lender. The first step lets calculate how much you will earn on on six month fixed deposit of KES 1,000,000 effective 17th Dec 2015 at a rate of 9% p.a. The actual days per year are counted (leap year 366 days, “normal” year 365 days). If a contract runs over one years (one of them being a leap year), the interest calculation is divided into two parts, over the actual number of days the Deposit runs. Factor= Days not in Leap Year/ (365) + Days in Leap Year/ (366) Principal Amount Basic rate Tenure(Days) Calculated Amount * 1,000,000.00 9% 182 44,764.20 * Subject to deduction of 15% withholding tax. Based on the calculations we realized a variance as shown in the below table;basis of comparison is actual/actual. Method Variance Actual/365 (112.51) Actual/360 (735.80) In conclusion the method used in calculating the accrued interest will affects the amount paid to the customer.
Tuesday, November 22, 2011 The Women of the Civil Rights and Black Power Movement by Kilaika Anayejali Kwa Baruti Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee was founded in 1960. Sparked by young people leading sit-ins were its primary initiation by four college students in Greensboro, North Carolina on Feb 1st. It was Dr. Martin Luther King’s vision for SNCC to serve as the youth wing of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. They were to independently develop and use their own creative youthful strategy and planning to move the movement of Civil Rights and get the youth involved, but a slightly different approached was taken that conflicted with the whole non-violent approach and it created an ideological divide, nonetheless SNCC still served under SCLC, but with a bit of friction. Ella Baker was also one of the primary initiators of SNCC. A veteran organizer of SCLC, she invited with a turnout of over two hundred college students to Shaw University of Raleigh to get involved in the work. She asked them to carry their own line and so they did. She seen it was going to take a bit more than turning the other cheek and the students with their youth and vitality would be strong enough to carry the burden of what was to come. Dr. King however was still struggling with the students to remain and dig deeper into the practice of being non-violent, but they consistently were not convinced. In May of 1960 SNCC declared itself a separate entity and carried forth the work still with the Freedom rides, which was a movement to end segregation in transportation. From Alabama to Mississippi riders were viciously attacked, at their best they would try and fight back, but this was again a very vicious battle. With the consistent Freedom rides the law was eventually changed in 1963. Below you will read about courageous women who played a role in that. The JFK Civil Rights Bill was the bill to end this segregation, but SNCC confronted it and said it was “Too Little Too Late” They still seen they had issues that were unresolved and they chanted, “We want freedom and we want it now”. The chant call sparked a revolution. Our dear sister and without a doubt frontline revolutionary, Fannie Lou Hamer, organized the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the Mississippi Summer Project, which was instituted to win seats in the 1964 Democratic National Convention. This position they wanted to occupy was strongly inconvenient to the Johnson Administration and the Goldwater Campaign, which wanted to keep a firm grasp on the South. What they so strongly opposed they allowed, which were two seats, because the Spokesperson herself, Fannie Lou Hamer was so brutally beaten by officers. This could not be justified. So, in public eye, to make them seem somewhat humane they allowed two seats in the convention. Through consistent struggle, SNCC begin to notice they were at a different phase of organizing and some changes had to be made. One of those key changes were to expel white members from SNCC, they felt that they should center this movement around the self-determination of their own and on their own. Shortly after was the Watts Riot, these were two key elements that made SNCC call for “Black Power” under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown. Stokely Carmichael was Chairman in 1966 and H. Rap Brown Chairman in 1967. The brutal assassination of Dr. King was the final straw in 1968, where James Forman uttered the words, “I don’t know how much longer we can stand to be non-violent.” They then changed their names from Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee to Student National Coordinating Committee and as their struggle increased it was clear that they were not protected by law enforcement. Not only that but they were attacked by the FBI’s COINTELPRO’s agenda. As police brutality increased so did the need for what was originally called The Black Panther Party of Self-Defense, which was formed in 1966 until 1982. It was founded in Oakland by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale on Oct. 15th 1966. Initially set up to protect the people from police brutality it grew in ranks and it grew in practice and ideology. They begin to see the need to develop not only defense but also a socialist and d communist ideology and reality. They did things like publishing their own newspaper, which was first published in 1967. The same year they marched on the capital of the state of California in a protest on select ban of weapons. The newspaper alone circulated up to 250,00 copies. By the year 1969 The Black Panther Party of Self-defense had over 10,000 members from New Orleans, Chicago, Los Angeles, Detroit, Denver, and many other cities. They developed The Ten-Point Program. This program pushed for the development of black people having their own land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, and peace to name just a few ideas needed for self-determination and freedom. They more strongly converted in seeing the black peoples struggle as the peoples struggle and focused very strongly on socialism. They were known for their armed citizens patrol, which evaluated the behavior of police officers, and they were very consistent and respected for their free breakfast for children program. J. Edgar Hoover called the party the greatest threat to the internal security of the country, go figure, and that is when he invented The Cointelpro operation. Below we will visit a couple of those encounters when we visit the stories of the courageous women of the Black Panther Party. The Civil Rights Movement, SNCC, and The BPP - The Courageous Women Who Paved the Way Bernice Johnson Reagan was a member of the Freedom Singers, which was created and organized by the SNCC. Born the daughter of a minister and raised in Georgia music was always her life. She was a member of the sweet and harmonious sounds you may know as Sweet Honey and the Rock. She is none for the quote that goes, “Life changes are not suppose to paralyze you, they’re suppose to help you discover who you are. She married Cordell Reagon another member of SNCC’s Freedom singers in 1963, because of their contribution with music it gave the Civil Rights movement a very strong voice to be reckoned with. Ruby Doris Smith Robinson worked in the early 1960’s till her death in October of 1970. She was an activist in the field and served in administration for SNCC Atlanta, Georgia’s Central Office. Ruby Robinson acted as The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Executive Secretary in 1963. At the time she was the only woman to serve with such responsibility, succeeding James foreman. She was a great successor. She was born in a predominantly black neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia called Summerhill, the year of 1942. Being the daughter of a Baptist minister some would consider this family of seven children, Ruby the second oldest, a very well off and educated middle class family around that time. She was a graduate of Prince High school and then became a student of Spellman. She grew up never really having a social life with whites where she was from, because of segregation of course. The only thing she said she could pretty much recollect of her memory about them was throwing rocks at them. Ruby parents were proud parents of a graduate from Spellman the year of 1959. She soon became a woman of her own. She was first inspired to be a part of the movement of Civil rights when she observed the Greensboro, North Carolina lunch counter sit-in and from that point forward she was involved in a massive number of sit-ins and underwent many arrests. In February of 1961, she joined the national movement of freedom rides and voter registration demonstrations. Mrs. Robinson left her position as executive Secretary of SNCC and became a campus coordinator of the organization instead. She was the creator of the “Jail, No Bail policy”. She discovered that the system had to be beat on all fronts. If they kept bailing each other out of jail, that would be just feeding the system and making them economically fatter and stronger, so to weaken their position, it was clear-cut that anyone who got arrested would not bail the others out. Everyone for the most part was in harmony with the policy and understood the consequences were ones of great sacrifice. So, just as all freedom riders she was attacked, she was beaten, and arrested. One particular time she was arrested in Jackson, Missisippi and she served 45 days in Parchment Prison. As Executive Secretary for SNCC, she took the lead in organizing the Sojourner Truth Fleets, which provided civil rights workers transportation. She had a hardcore line for SNCC; she wanted them to maintain black people being the leading force of their movement because of the growing support from Europeans around them. She did not want the lines to be a blur that this was a struggle that African people must come to dominate themselves. One day headed to Africa with other members of SNCC the group was denied permission to board the plane with the excuse that they were overbooked. She knew this was a lie. The determination in her pushed her to go and sit on the jet way until they were granted to make the flight and so they did. Upon returning back from Africa she said from this point forward I am a Black Nationalist. Diane Judith Nash was another fierce woman leader of the Civil Rights Movement. She was born in Chicago, Illinois on May of 1938 and just like every other place in America she was not spared the harsh realities of what it was like to be African in America during this point and time. It all was very clear that you were not deemed as a human being and were treated as such. This was fortunately unjust in her eyes and something she absolutely would not allow. This made her a hardcore 24/7 activist. She was involved with founding SNCC out of the Civil Rights Movement, organized in the Freedom rides, and participated very heavily in the Selma Voters Rights Movement, which resulted in African people throughout the South getting the voting right in the South and it forever changed the course of history. It disgusted her that people lived segregated and all it’s immoral acts upon her people, so she became a full-time activist at Howard University then later transferred to Fisk where she did the same thing. Seeing the separate bathrooms in the South was the blow that opened her eyes to it all. She began to involve herself in student workshops that practice Mahatma Gandhi techniques of how to be non-violent and started to implement the training unto the fields. What made her more recognized as a leader was her ability to so clearly and authoritatively speak to the press. At age 22 she was called a leader of the Nashville sit-ins, of course throughout this process she just like Ruby endured countless arrest and so firmly denied bail. She was a part of the historical Rock Hill Nine, a group of nine students that were arrested for sitting in. One day she asked the mayor of Nashville in front of a whole nation of people does he think it’s wrong to discriminate? He said yes and three weeks after the lunch counters in Nashville were serving those people that they deemed not worthy. All in the same year she helped to found the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and quit school to lead the direct action ring. The year of 1962 she was pregnant and arrested for her political activity, she was sentenced to two years and releases on an appeal after serving a shorter term. She and her husband then moved to Georgia to work with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. She always said, “We will not stop this is our outcome”, which was freedom. She believed in self-determination. Despite all the threats and terrorizing phone calls she continued the struggle. She was awarded the Rosa Parks Award for her courageous and undying efforts to defeat segregation and prejudices that were detrimentally evil to her livelihood and everyone else that looked like her and for this she will remain an African warrioress. Carlotta Walls is another name we must never forget. She was the youngest of the Little Rock Nine, the first group of young blacks to ever attend Little Rock Central High School. She was the first black female to ever graduate from that school. To make it possible she had to face on her first day an angry mob of over 400 people, supposedly protected by the National Guard. Then the National Guard was removed and replaced by the local police, who may just have been worse as the mob. Three weeks into this process the mob grew into numbers of thousands and President Dwight D. Eisenhower brought in U.S. Army troops. The troops were placed there for the rest of the school year even thought he incidents of violence ceased a bit outside of the school it still occurred more heavily inside. Carlotta was spit on amongst other things that we probably couldn’t wrap our brains around if it were we. On December 18, 1942 this young girl was born not knowing these conditions that were to be place in front of her, but to achieve the realization of being treated as a mere human being equal to any other, this is what she had to endure. A pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement, Claudette Colvin was the first person, yep the first to resist bus segregation in Montgomery, Alabama nine months before the incident with Rosa Parks. Her court case in the U.S. District court ended bus segregation in Alabama, but it was a very peculiar case not really spoken upon for different reasons. Well, she was pregnant and unmarried during this occurrence. The NAACP, did not want to use her as a representative of the movement because of the immoral values they thought it would not be a pretty picture of the face of Africans in America. Also, the fact that she whole-heartedly resisted arrest, which they tried to say she assaulted an officer in the process, but was later, charged with disorderly conduct. This was the trial, Browder vs. Gale, that took place May 11, 1956. In result of this trial bus segregation was declared unconstitutional in December of the same year. She faced many challenges after this point in history. The baby she was pregnant with was very light skinned and because of it her peers accused her of having a white baby. Not only this, but because of the trial gaining public attention, it made it very hard for her to find work in her town. She packed up and moved to New York to start a new life. Resistance was her middle name and for it we are thankful. Now this little sister soldier was six years old. Her name was Ruby Nell bridges. She was born on Sept 8, 1954. Following the orders of her parents little Ruby responded to a call by the NAACP to participate in the integration of the New Orleans School System. Known as the first African-American child to attend an all white school this was not an easy task for a six year old, and remembers this is the South. The school being William Frantz Elementary spring of 1960. She initially passed a test of acceptance to see if she would first be “good enough” to be integrated in the school and she did. The court ordered integration on November 4th 1960. Little Ruby recalls on that first day and she said that when she saw the crowd of angry mobsters out in front of the school she thought it was Mardi Gras. She never cried, shook, or whimpered. Teachers at William Frantz refused to teach class with her there and parents took their children out of school. A lady by the name of Barbara Henry was brought in to teach little Ruby and this went on for over a year where little Ruby was the only student in the classroom. Ruby’s parents had to send her to school with lunch that they only prepared because of poison threats. Her most frightening moment is when she saw a protester with a small black baby doll in a coffin. As a result of little Ruby’s bravery and consistency going to school every day, her father lost0 his job and her grandparents who were sharecroppers were turned off their land. A lot of sacrifices indeed were made. A name you hear quite often in the history of the Black panthers, but her story is too often misrepresented, is Assata Shakur. Born July 16, 1947 as Joanne Deborah Byron, then married becoming Chesimard, she was a vital instrument in the Black Panther movement and also the Black Liberation Army. She is so often not spoken of when it comes to her contributions to the struggle, but more spoken of when the media and papers talk about alleged crimes she was apprehended and hunted for. She is the step aunt of the infamous rapper Tupac Shakur, sister of his stepfather revolutionary Mutulu Shakur. Born in Jamaica queens, New York where she lived for three years, but she spent most of her childhood in Wilmington, NC. She spent her teen years attending the City College of New York and she became heavily involved in political activity. Her first arrest was in the year of 1967 in a protest at Manhattan Community College for lack of black studies and faculty. She married Louis Chesimard that same year as was married for three years. She then became at the age of 23 a member of the Black Panther Party Harlem Branch and heavily helped coordinate the School Breakfast Program. Assata then left the Black Panther party, changed her name from Joanne to Assata Shakur and joined the Black Liberation Army. In 1971 she joined ranks with the Republic of New Afrika. That same year Assata was shot in the stomach in an incident at the Staler Hilton hotel on April 6, 1971. It was then she said, “I am no longer afraid to be shot again.” The FBI called her the Revolutionary mother hen. Any and every incident that involved a woman in some type of crime they would try no link her to it. There are countless incidents. Hoover and the FBI classified her as a domestic terrorist and offered a million dollar reward for her capture. They also issued in 1973 a search and destroy mission for her and others in the BLA. In 1973 Shakur was involved in a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike where a state trooper was killed and a BLA member Zayd Malik Shakur. She was charged with murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, bank robbery, and kidnapping. She was convicted of first-degree murder and seven other felonies related to the shoot out. She escaped from prison victoriously in 1979 and has been living in exile in Cuba ever since. There have been countless attempts to extradite her. Her consistent bravery and undying love for the people I a story that should always be told and one we should learn from especially when it comes to examples of strength and courage. Other names that are not so commonly heard of that participated in sit-ins, Freedom rides, and the Selma Voters’ Campaign are Donna Richards, Fay Bellamy, Gwen Patton, Cynthia Washington, Jean Wiley, Muriel Tillinghost, Fannie Lou Hamer is name we all should know. We visited her story in our previous article in the AWRO, Annie Pearl Avery, of course Ella Baker who we also visited in the previous article of AWRO. Victoria Gray, Unita Blackwell, Betty Mae Fikes, Joyce Lander, Dorie Lander, Glorie Richardson, Prathia Hal, Judy Richardson, Martha Prescod, Ruby Sales, Endesha Ida-Mae Hollard, Eleanor Holmes Norton, Anne Moody, who wrote coming of age in Mississippi in 1970 she was a member of SNCC and CORE. We visited Kathleen Cleaver who served as a militant in The Black Panther Party, but prior to that the served as Communications Secretary in 1968 for the SNCC in our previous article in the AWRO. Black Panther Women of honorable mention also include Erica Higgins, Angela Davis, Regina Davis, and Betty van Patter, and Elaine Brown. Be sure to check out the previous articles on Women in the struggle at http://piccawr.blogspot.com/2011/10/african-women-throughout-world-and.html Part 1 and http://piccawr.blogspot.com/2011/10/african-women-throughout-world-and_18.html Part 2 0 Response(s):
59,927 Pages Timeline for 1729 18th century \| 1720s • 1724 • 1725 • 1727 • 1730 • 1732 • 1733 • 1735 In 1729, Alexander Monro purchased an unusual hand, which could copy data from his body and slowly became a clone. This clone was named Alexander Monro II. (PROSE: The Many Hands) Ad blocker interference detected!
Monday, 20 July 2015 Garfield. Typography and Texture Examples of the use of textures in Garfield's name. Examples of student's artwork Llorenç Morey Monday, 6 July 2015 "Do yu really see when you look!!!" 1. Observe carefully the picture for 2 minutes. 2. Open the link and answer the questions. You are not allowed to go back to the picture till you have finished the test!!!! Ana loves to ride her skateboard down the sidewalk. As Peter watches, he is unaware as she is of the 7 things that are wrong around them. Can you see whay tey are? Native American Art Create a composition with 3 of the following Native American Symbols Sunday, 5 July 2015 Good craftsmen and artists were appreciated in ancient Egypt, but they were not allowed to sign their work. Artists had a special way of drawing and painting people. You would be very uncomfortable if you tried to stand in the same position artists painted people!: • The Egyptians drew heads, eyes, legs, and feet as if you were looking at them from the side. • They drew shoulders and chests as if you were looking at them from the front. • Men were usually drawn with dark colors and women with light colors. EXERCISE: Draw your version of an Egyptian wall painting and write your name following their writting (Hieroglyphics) Students Examples Gabriel Valdez Matt Fulkerson Colour Theory: Practising What happens when we mix the three primary colours? Andreu Ferrer Xavi Martín Alicia Pascual Rocío García Clara Egea Students practising and having fun!!!! You can tell a lot about a student just by observing the way they paint and organise the composition. Friday, 3 July 2015
Monday, 17 January 2011 fort wagner Tlhesaesasae First BThe First Battle of Fort Wagner, occurred on July 11, 1863. Only 12 Confederate soldiers were killed, as opposed to the Union's 1330 losses.[1]The first battle of Fort Wagner, occurred on July 11, 1863. Only 12 Confederate soldiers were killed, as opposed to the Union's 1330 losses The Second Battle of Fort Wagner, a week later, is better known. This was the Union attack on July 18, 1863, led by the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, one of the first major American military units made up of black soldiers. Colonel Robert Gould Shaw led the 54th Massachusetts on foot while they charged and was killed in the assault.Shaw was born in Boston to a prominent abolitionist family. His parents were Francis George and Sarah Blake Sturgis Shaw. The family lived off an inheritance left by Shaw's merchant grandfather, also named Robert Gould Shaw (1776 – 1853). Shaw had four sisters: Anna, JosephineFile:Josephine Shaw Lowell 1869.png, Susannah and Ellen. He moved with his family to a large estate in West Roxbury, adjacent to Brook Farm File:Brook Farm08.JPGwhen he was five. In his teens, Shaw spent some years studying and traveling in Switzerland, Italy, Hanover, Norway, and Sweden. His family moved to Staten Island, New York, settling there among a community of literati and abolitionists, while Shaw attended the lower division of St. John's College, the equivalent of high school in the institution that became Fordham University. From 1856 until 1859, Shaw attended Harvard University, where he was a member of the Porcellian Club, but he withdrew before graduating. He was a member by primogeniture of the Society of the Cincinnati Although a tactical defeat, the battle of Fort Wagner saw action for black troops in the Civil War, and it and it spurred additional recruitment that gave the Union Army a further numerical advantage in troops over the South The Union besieged the fort after the unsuccessful assault. After enduring almost 60 days of heavy shelling, the Confederates abandoned it on September 7, 1863.There were diverse units of black soldiers, another was the first carolina below The main reason the fort was abandoned was fresh water. The bodies of the Union troops (54th Massachusetts and many white troops) were buried close to the fort and the decomposition of the bodies poisoned the fresh water well within the fort. Continuing bombardment and interception of food/water supplies by boat from Charleston made holding the fort difficult. When the fort was abandoned in September 1863, the CSA forces left behind a large amount of gunpowder in the bomb proof. Two drunk Union soldiers were exploring the bomb proofs and set off the gunpowder, killing and injuring another 300 Union Soldiers stationed within the fort but Johnson Hagood below said different After defeating Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment at the second Battle of Fort Wagner, commanding Confederate General Johnson Hagood returned the bodies of the other Union officers who had died, but left Shaw's where it was, using the logic of most Confederate officers that the African American soldiers were fugitive slaves and that the attack of the fort was a slave revolt led by Shaw. Hagood informed a captured Union surgeon that ordinarily his body would have been released for burial, but as was the case, "We buried him with his niggers.After the war, Hagood resumed planting, but became incensed by the alleged misrule and corruption of Radical Republicans during Reconstruction. He actively campaigned for fellow Confederate general Wade Hampton in the 1876 gubernatorial contest and himself was elected on the Democratic state ticket as Comptroller General. He served a term until 1880 when he was nominated by the state Democrats for Governor. Hagood easily won the gubernatorial election that fall and his major achievement in office was the reopening of The Citadel in 1882.Hagood died in Barnwell and was buried at Episcopal Churchyard. For his loyalty and commitment to The Citadel, Johnson Hagood Stadium was named in his honor. Hagood, South Carolina is named for him, as well as several streets throughout South Carolina. File:Johnson Hagood.jpg No comments: Post a Comment
Results for: Karl-von-clausewitz Why did Samuel siegfried Karl ritter von basch name the sphygmomanometer a sphygmomanometer? The reason is the following: sphigmos means pulse in Greek; therefore sphigmomanómeter means the measurement of the pulse; in fact the concept of blood pressure appeare (MORE) What did Baron Karl von Drais invent? He invented the velocipede (he called it the draisienne). It's basically a steerable wooden bicycle without pedals that the rider sits on and propels himself by pushing ag (MORE) Who was Karl Beethoven? You may refer to Karl Beethoven who was Ludwig van Beethoven's younger brother, or Karl Beethoven who was Karl's son. Karl's son, Karl (Jr.), attempted suicide by shooting him (MORE) Who was Carl von Clausewitz? Carl Von Clausewitz (1780 - 1831) was a Prussian soldier best knownfor his military treatise, 'Von Kriege' (On War) and the famousquote, "war is the continuation of politics b (MORE) Who was Karl silberbauer? Karl Josef Silberbauer was the SS man who arrested the Franks and the other occupants of the secret annexe. Thanks for the feedback! Thanks for the feedback!
On War Quiz \| One Week Quiz A Buy the On War Lesson Plans Name: _________________________ Period: ___________________ This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Book 5, 'Book 7' The Attack : Chapter 1, Various Aspects of Attack. Multiple Choice Questions 1. What does Clausewitz says of the people that can deal with friction? (a) They will show up when they are needed. (b) Military genius. (c) They are very rare. (d) Scholars are usually among them. 2. What can attack and defense be transformed into according to Clausewitz? (a) Into an all in situation. (b) Their opposites. (c) Into pure attack. (d) Into chaos. 3. Who does Clausewitz say fares best at war with the consequences of friction? (a) People who are smart enough to foresee the friction. (b) People who are not smart enough to realize the problem. (c) People who don't care. (d) People with an iron will. 4. What clouds a soldier's objectivity concerning war according to Clausewitz? (a) How much he has been worn down by war. (b) How much money he made during the war. (c) If he his still active. (d) His country of origin. 5. What does Clausewitz call the moment of a battle where there is opportunity for a decisive victory? (a) Culmination of the attack. (b) The end of the struggle. (c) The turning point. (d) Height of the engagement. Short Answer Questions 1. What is the populace trained to do according to Clausewitz? 2. What brings value to a strategy according to Clausewitz? 3. What does Clausewitz say dictates how much control an official must maintain over others? 4. According to Clausewitz, what does the power of the attack and the defense do over time? 5. What does Clausewitz say influences the answers provided by men about the war? (see the answer key) This section contains 291 words (approx. 1 page at 300 words per page) Buy the On War Lesson Plans Follow Us on Facebook
Request a Consultation Breast Asymmetry Breast asymmetry is a condition in which one breast is different from the other, either in terms of size, shape, or position on the chest wall. The asymmetry tends to become most noticeable during puberty, and in many cases will resolve as the breasts complete their growth. In some cases, significant differences between the breasts can persist, and may require surgical correction. There are several possible causes for breast asymmetry, and these include congenital breast asymmetry, such as the tuberous breast deformity, in which the breasts are different from birth or puberty; degenerative asymmetry, in which the breasts are initially the same size, but one may change as a result of a localized condition; acquired asymmetry, secondary to infection, pregnancy, breastfeeding, surgery, or weight gain or loss; and deformities of the chest wall, such as Poland’s syndrome, which affect the overlying breast tissues. Differences between the breasts can be very distressing for young women in particular, and may make it difficult to find clothing that fits properly. Surgical correction of breast asymmetry is guided by the underlying reason for the difference between the breasts. In some cases, more than one surgery may be required. Frequently, one breast may be augmented while the other is reduced or lifted. In some cases, only one breast requires surgery. If just the nipple-areolar complexes are different, surgery may be restricted to this region alone. Surgery is typically performed as an outpatient procedure, and takes between 2-3 hours to perform depending upon the degree of complexity. Patients may shower and perform light activities that day, but heavy exercise and sexual activity should be restricted for 2 weeks after surgery. In some cases, a second operation will be required 6-12 months later for additional correction of the underlying asymmetry. Correction of breast asymmetry does not reduce the risk of breast cancer, and all patients are encouraged to continue their regular self-examinations and screening mammograms.
All You Need To Know About Kanyakumari Loni, Ghaziabad The existence of the historic town of Loni dates back to the times of Lord Rama. It is believed that a demon named Lavanasur was killed by Shatrughan, the younger brother of Ram at this place. Going by another legend, the town was founded by a king called Lonnkaran who also built a fort and named it Loni. The fort lasted until 1789 when it was destroyed by Muhammad Shah who used its bricks and other building material to build a garden and pond. According to historians, Loni was part of the kingdom of the warrior King Prithviraj Chauhan. The remains of a fort built by him are still visible to the tourists. The city boasts of three large groves that were set up during the Mughal period. They were called Kharanji Bagh, Uldipur and Ranap groves. The first two groves were sown by Zinat Mahal, the wife of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. The British government seized these groves and sold them to Shaikh Ilahi Baksh of Meerut. The boundry wall of the third grove, Ranap which was popularly called Abadi Bagh Ranap by the residents of the area, still remains visible. Share this on your social network Please Wait while comments are loading... Other Ghaziabad Attractions
The Theatre in Sparta The Theatre The theatre was rebuilt during 1st century B.C. The huge wooden public structure is supported with two large walls. It is assumed that it had 16,000 guests for each performance. The walls were composed of limestone while the center and the stage were white marble. But much of the marble that formed the seats was removed to use it for the building of Mistras. Today, only the orchestra, the stage and few other excavations have been of it excavated and it is no longer in good condition.
Originally the Ohakune Old Coach Road was part of a network of trails used by the tangata whenua for hunting birds. By 1889 the track was suitable for horses, and by 1895 it was improved to a dray road suitable for pulling a simple cart or wagon, at a cost of 1131 pounds. John Rochfort began surveying the new railway route in 1883,using nothing more than axes to force their way through the thick undergrowth, a theodolite and chain. He also used the bridle track described above before it was upgraded into The Ohakune Old Coach Road. In spite of resistance from local Maori who were opposed to the railway going through their land (at one point they took him prisoner for several days) he finished the job in Feb. 1884. The modern railway runs very close to his first surveyed route. Clicking the above picture will take you to our photo gallery where you can view larger versions The Hapuawhenua Tunnel. Was constructed of cast concrete for the sides, and large concrete blocks for the ceiling, all still visible. First used in 1908. When the line was modernised in 1987 to provide a straighter route for faster longer modern trains, the tunnel became obsolete. In addition it didn’t have enough head room for modern trains. The ensuing earthworks and cuttings done with modern machinery were bigger than those originally done by hand and made the old Hapuawhenua Viaduct and tunnel, Taonui Viaduct and Haeremaere Bridge obsolete. The Hapuawhenua Viaduct. It was built in ten months with no construction machinery as we know it today. All materials came in by pack horse and via a purpose built tramway at the bottom of the gully, and were hauled up with steam engines. However steam engines weren’t reliable enough to hoist the trusses and girders into place: this delicate operation had to be done by hand. Construction occurred in the following stages: - Built an access road - Built a bridge across the Hapuawhenua stream - The site was cleared of vegetation - Work platforms were built The finished viaduct was - 286 m long, - had used a total of 688 tons of steel - 27,000 cubic metres of jarrah - 27,000cubic metres of ironbark - its unique curved shape - the delivery of materials by hoisting the from the individual piers The Taonui Viaduct After Peter Hay’s death in 1907, Frederick Furkert took charge of building the remaining Taonui Viaduct. Like the Hapuawhenua Viaduct, it was commissioned in 1908 and decommissioned in 1987. It was constructed largely of steel, which was a relatively new material then, forming three braced towers up to 35 m high. 1908: Early in 1908, only 48kms separated the northern and southern railheads. In Feb, the Tourist Dept was issuing travel itineraries which showed only the difficult 29km stetch between Ohakune and Waimarino (National Park) requiring coach transport. This involved a journey of just under four hours, including a brief stop for lunch” (New Zealand Yesterdays.) By 1908 political pressure was mounting to finish the railway. That year the US Navy was to visit Auckland on a world tour and NZ Prime Minister Joseph Ward wanted a parliamentary party to travel from Wellington to Auckland on the new railway to greet it. The “Parliamentary Special” did arrive on time on 8 Aug 1908,with 60 MPs and their families and officials being coached up The Old Coach Road .They then resumed by train at Raurimu down the just-completed Raurimu Spiral and on to Auckland. The coaches continued to carry train passengers over the gap via the Ohakune Old Coach Road until 6 November 1908, when the last spike was driven in by Sir Joseph Ward thus officially completing the Main Trunk Line. The Ohakune Old Coach Road, now no longer needed by the New Zealand Railways Dept, fell into disuse. Although used by locals as a shortcut to Horopito, over the ensuing decades it became hidden under a covering of forest mulch, grass and fallen trees.
Sentence Examples • The word "kennel," a gutter, a drain in a street or road, is a corruption of the Middle English canel, cannel, in modern English "channel," from Latin canalis, canal. • Generally it is either dried, after being separated from the wash water, by means of common salt, upon a layer of which the moist nitroglycerin is gently run and allowed to drain or filter through, or it is filtered through a mass of dry sponge or similar dry and porous material. How would you define drain? Add your definition here. comments powered by Disqus
Benzocaine And Blood Disorders The Food and Drug Administration is warning that benzocaine–an ingredient found in many over the counter pain gels and liquids–can be dangerous for infants. Benzocaine is a local anesthetic that’s in products like Anbesol, Orajel & Baby Orajel, Orabase, and Hurricaine. The FDA cautions that using benzocaine products to stop mouth and gum pain can cause a rare and sometimes fatal condition called methemoglobinemia. Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder that occurs when the oxygen that’s delivered through blood gets to low levels that can cause severe injury or even death. The FDA reports that since 2006 there have been 29 reports of benzocaine gel-related cases of methemoglobinemia. Nineteen of those cases were in children. Fifteen of those nineteen were children under the age of 2. The FDA has identified various symptoms to watch for. Those can include pale, gray, or blue-colored skin, lips and fingernail beds, shortness of breath, headache, light-headedness, and rapid heart rate. Adults can also be affected by methemoglobinemia. Adults who smoke or those with heart disease or respiratory problems like asthma, bronchitis or emphysema are at increased risk of complications of methemoglobinemia. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s %d bloggers like this:
Edward IV Strengths and weaknesses of Edward IV's reigns. HideShow resource information Edward IV - Financial Policy 1 of 12 • Died solvent in 1483 where as Henry VI had died £372,000 in debt. This meant he wasn't reliant on Parliament, he had full control over his finances. • Customs revenues - Increased them by 40% through his reign, from £25,000 to £35,000. In 1466,73,74 he appointed special commissioners to investigate the collection of custom duties and stamp out corruption and abuses. • Trade treaties with the Hanseatic League in 1473, France in 1475 and Burgundy in 1478. This brought in more money to the crown lands. • Benevolences - collected £100,000 from the Laity and £77,000 from the Church after 1471. • Taxation - Between 1472-75 he collected more money Per Annum than any King since Henry V. • French Pension - Agreed in 1475 and resulted in £85,000 Per Annum from France in the last 7 years of his reign. • Crown Lands - Brought in around £30,000 Per Annum through forfeitures, Wardship, Judicial fines, and 113 Acts of Attainder. In 1478 he confiscated Clarences Land. 2 of 12 Edward IV - Woodville's Links to Foreign Policy and Nobility. 3 of 12 Woodville's - In 1464 Edward revealed he was already married to Elizabeth Woodville despite Warwick having spent months in negotiations with France. Elizabeth Woodville was a Lancastrian widow and was not of aristocratic rank. She already had 2 children from her previous marriage and a quick succession of marriages amongst her siblings left the Woodville's connected to some of the most powerful families in the country. If Edward had followed Warwick's advice and married the French Princess, they would have gained a more secure Kingdom as he would have had an alliance with one of his most threatening enemies. He also would not have given power to the Woodville's who grew in power throughout his reign. Foreign Policy - Could have created a marriage alliance with France. Nobility - Made Warwick feel left out and pushed away as well as undervalued as his advice and work was ignored. It was also hated amongst his general Government. 1466 - Earl Rivers became treasurer of England in the place of Lord Mountjoy, Warwick's uncle. 4 of 12 Edward IV - Foreign Policy 5 of 12 French or Burgundian alliance - Edward decided to ally with Burgundy and this alliance was later secured with the marriage of Edward's sister to Duke Charles the Bold. This meant Edward was now preparing for war with France. However, after Warwick's rebellion in 1469 - which was spurred on by Edwards mistreatment of Warwick and the rising power of the Woodville's and Neville's, as well as Henry VI once more gaining the throne - he was instead forced to battle with Warwick in the Battle of Barnet 1471 in which Edward rose to victory and Warwick was killed. This meant Edward's government was much weaker - Warwick's ability to put Henry VI back on the throne showed Edward was weak, however the Battle of Barnet helped him to gain back some of his previous image of a good warrior. It also affected his finances as going to war is always expensive, however his effective handling of expenses meant this did not impact the second half of his reign too severely. 6 of 12 Edward IV - Nobility 7 of 12 Woodville Faction - instead of marrying the French Princess he married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464. This was unwise as not only would a French marriage alliance have been extremely beneficial, but it also meant a previously unknown and powerless family were given new positions such as chancellor. Warwick - He was continuously pushed out and ignored by Edward IV. He had spent months organising a French truce but Edward went behind his back anyway and married Elizabeth Woodville. This lead to him revolting in 1469 and helping to restore Henry VI to the throne, as well as allying with Margaret of Anjou and Louis XI. Others - Gave Richard of Gloucester control of the North and was allowed to raise an army without the Kings permission. Gray brothers ruled the South/West and Prince of Wales/Earl Rivers ruled the West Marches. Woodville power! Second Reign - By this point Edward IV had learned from his mistakes. He was no longer being too lenient or trusting with the wrong people. This meant his Government was more successful as he had loyalty to himself, rather than to the crown. 8 of 12 Edward IV - Administration of Government 9 of 12 Gave power to certain people - Richard Duke of Gloucester was in charge of the North, however this allowed him to collect a power base and eventually lead to his ability to kill the Woodville's after Edward IV died. Lived off his own - he was not reliant on Parliament, unlike Henry VI. This independence allowed him to make his own decisions about his own Kingdom. Personally active in Imports and Exports - made sure his money was going to the right places and the right people. This meant he had more control over his money and Government. Gave opportunities to redeem yourself - Earl of Oxford was restored to his land, showing him to be kind and therefore secured him more loyalty. However, it did lead to his nobles being able to take advantage of his kind nature. 10 of 12 Edward IV - Battles and Treaties 11 of 12 1462 - Margaret of Anjou attacked from Scotland. She had French approval, therefore she lost her support in England. In 1463 they made a treaty with France which meant they had to withdraw support from the Lancastrian's. This also meant Margaret of Anjou lost their support. 1464 - Battle of Hexham. This was a Yorkist victory and many prominent Lancastrian supporters were killed (Duke of Somerset), during or after the battle. 1465 - Henry VI was captured after spending a year on the run. He was locked in the Tower of London, however Edward did not want Henry killed. This solidified Edwards role as it turned the public against Henry. 1469 - Battle of Edgecoat. This was a Lancastrian victory as Edward ordered his soldiers to flee the Battle which led to his capture and imprisonment. 1470 - Warwick's rebellion. Warwick defeated Edward and he fled abroad. This led to the restoration of Henry VI and showed Edward to be weak. 1471 - Battle of Barnet. Warwick and Henry defeated and killed, MoA captured. 12 of 12 No comments have yet been made Similar History resources:
Friedrich Nietzsche "Beyond Good and Evil" - Essay Example Only on StudentShare Author : irosenbaum Name Institution Date Friedrich Nietzsche “Beyond Good and Evil” Friedrich Nietzsche was a philosopher from Germany, a poet, a composer, as well as a classical philologist. He is famous for writing critical texts on religion, science, mortality, philosophy, contemporary culture and for displaying a fondness of aphorism and irony (Nietzsche34)… Extract of sample Friedrich Nietzsche "Beyond Good and Evil" The main ideas explored by Nietzsche include the death of God, the will of power, Urbermensch, amorfati, perspectivism and the eternal recurrence. The idea that is central to his philosophy is the life-affirmation idea involving an honest questioning of all manner of doctrines that drain the expansive energy of life. This paper explores Netzsche philosophy cutting across his terminologies, as well as his philosophical reasoning. The paper discusses Netzsche’s philosophy of “Beyond good and Evil” with the major focus on Prejudices of life. Nietzsche used many terminologies in his quest to explain his philosophical reasoning. Among them include Nihilism, Master morality and slave morality, Ubermensch, Amorfati and the eternal recurrence. Nietzsche viewed nihilism as what comes out of repeated frustration while looking for the truth. He saw nihilism as latent presence in the foundations of the culture of Europeans, seeing it as a requirement for approaching the destiny. He talks about the cruelty ladder of religion which suggests Nihilism emanating from the intellectual Christianity conscience. Nihilism involves sacrificing the meaning brought about by God in our lives for the object truth. Netzche claims that there exist two types of morality (Nietzsche 56). ... Download paper Related Essays Nietzsche and Asceticism Before interpreting the essay, one should also put it into context. This essay was written when Nietzsche himself was sick. He was a medical orderly in the Franco-Prussian War and he contracted several diseases during his duty. As his health declined, his works became more prolific, probably because he had more time to think. It is worthwhile to note that Nietzsche was the father of “nihilism”. With Germany unified at his time, it was understandable that his nation was quite optimistic about science and knowledge and their future. Nietzsche prophetically noted that the German’s fanatic… 7 pages (1757 words) Due to the teachings of the church’s religion during his time, Nietzsche saw that morality existed and was divided into two. This was between the Master Morality and Slave Morality. In the master morality, Nietzsche held that the good was meant to be what is noble in the sense of with a soul of high quality, and evil meant to be the soul of weak or poor character. In Nietzsche’s opinion, the master morality is the model of what he calls the ubermensch, which is the German term for the “over-man” or the superman. By contrast, the slave morality originates with the lowest elements of… 3 pages (753 words) How Do Nietzsche and Freud Differ in Their Evaluation of Civilisation? 6 pages (1506 words) The Application of Nietzsche's Principles to Society Nietzsche's "evolution of morality" points out that morality has been defined differently in different period of history and that different people living at different periods in history have influenced the current meaning of morality. This paper argues that the current meaning of morality has been shaped by traditional views of justice or theories of justice that are shaped and molded by human nature. By this, I mean that if human beings we able to put their natural tendencies aside, then morality and justice, including all the theory and the modern justice system could be unnecessary. If… 8 pages (2008 words) In response to Nietzsche 3 pages (753 words) Morality. The Genealogy of Morality by Nietzsche. The second dimension that Nietzsche discusses is morality relating to slaves or priests, and this primarily deals with Jewish beliefs. This dimension believes that priests loath warriors and call their desire for power an evil act, and they believe that their own poverty or simple state is called good. These two beliefs are called slave and master morality. Slave morality seems to be much more refined as compared to master morality and it is driven by a feeling of anger or resentment. It was born of Christianity as Christian love is due to hatred and therefore it is in accordance with slave… 5 pages (1255 words) Nietzche's Philosophical Understanding of Truth However diverse the interpretations of the different scholars may be, they all agree that Nietzsche's philosophy is perspectival. Nietzschean thought claims that there is no singular truth or absolute truth. There is instead a multiplicity of truths. His philosophy states that there is no singular platform or vantage point from which absolute truth could be seen. However, there is also a multiplicity of perspectives, each with their distinct way of presenting the truth. Many scholars have searched for solutions to what appear to be cnradictions arising from Nietzsche's works. This paper… 14 pages (3514 words)
Aristotle & Hume - Term Paper Example Only on StudentShare Author : catherineratke Name Subject Instructor Date Philosophy - Aristotle & Hume Hume argues that reason cannot combat a passion. How do you think Aristotle would respond? How would you continue this conversation? Introduction Hume is a philosopher who interpreted passion and reason in a distinctive manner than other philosophers… Extract of sample Aristotle & Hume Passion is a feeling which has no boundaries, if aroused naturally and authentically in an individual. Hume understands the concepts and elements of life as he is a deep thinker and has contemplated on life and human psychology in various ways. Here the intention is to comprehend the statement of Hume and interpret it with one of the greatest Greek philosophers the world has seen, Aristotle. The view of Aristotle is distinctive and unique and can be contradictory or resembling to that of Hume. The attempt here is to argumentatively interpret the statement by Hume and convey how Aristotle would converse regarding this issue. Passion being a natural feeling cannot be influenced or affected by other qualities or personality traits of human being. People can analyze the feeling and reciprocate on it in varied ways, but it really depends on the philosophical perspective and reasoning ability of a philosopher. Here the perspective and argumentative stand of Hume and Aristotle would bring about more of depth to the thinking ability and philosophical values of both. Arguments Passion is natural and contradictory to reasoning Aristotle, as an intellectual thinker and philosopher, connects virtue to feelings. Passion is an aggressive and intense feeling of human being. ... Download paper Related Essays A person of great stature can be a tragic hero not anyone else and these guidelines were followed by almost all the great writers, this goes to show a lot about Aristotle and his achievements. William Shakespeare also incorporated Aristotle’s guidelines in his tragedies. Hamlet is a classic example of the same, Hamlet suffers all along in the tragedy, he was the tragic hero because he was a person with great stature, the Prince of Denmark. Aristotle also wrote about tragic flaws and how the same affected the tragic hero. This paper will shed more light upon the life and the philosophy of one… 10 pages (2510 words) 3 pages (753 words) Plato versus Nehamas & Kant versus Hume Majority of critics in art and literature have not only been enthralled by Plato’s views on the ‘Republic’ but also questioned on the validity of mimesis in art. Other critics have opted to understand the reliability of Plato’s mimesis by criticizing his works. In his work on ‘Republic’, part three, Plato banishes some of the imitations used by Aristotle but agrees to their use in other ways of imitation of good men in the society. Contradictory, in ‘Republic 10’ he agrees to Socrates banishment of imitation of the ideal society. … 3 pages (753 words) The views of Plato with Aristotle on the nature of universals He maintained that general ideas (universals) have a real existence, while the individual things that appeared to people really existing did not exist in fact. Ideas composed a special world, the reality of which was permanent and immobile. The ideas were the true cause of all things, their properties, relations, and, simultaneously, their goal. The general was dying in the individual specific things. Aristotle criticized Plato’s concept. Of the crucial importance for Aristotle was the fact that general was manifested only through the individual that was given through the sense experience.… 3 pages (753 words) Aristotelian Ethics: Emotion and Moral Virtue Aristotle is on the side of virtue ethicists. Aristotle argues that moral virtue is about right emotion and right action. The moral individual is generally situated in the middle as regards both. Hence Aristotle explains the premise: the virtuous individual feels “both fear and confidence and appetite and anger and pity and in general pleasure and pain… at the right times, with reference to the right objects, towards the right people, with the right aim, and in the right way” (Broadie 100). Simply put, to have emotions that are controlled and nurtured at the aforementioned ways is a… 5 pages (1255 words) p.)Aristotle reaches the threshold of spirituality but stumbles there. He is unable to cross the final hurdle to the land of the divine, where bliss alone reigns. It is the conflict –free land of peace, with no secular dualities. The question is how to reach the level of eternal and universal truth? Aristotle’s ethical theory is incomplete and creates a vacuum. How can an ethical man know about the correctness of a moral decision? His theory does not explain how to act morally and it suffers from lack of specifics. There is a “brain” behind the working and functioning of this entire… 5 pages (1255 words) He posited that the citizenship of the people should not be classified on the basis of their possession of wealth but other features like their age. For example the older experienced lot would be the ones with mature thinking and the younger people would be those who are yet to pass through the stages of development. Thus according to Aristotle the older people who had more experience would be having a superior position as the citizen rather than the younger people. The older people would be wise enough to take the right decision in construction and execution of the government. He also… 5 pages (1255 words)
The History and Folklore of Gemstones There are numerous myths and legends associated with gems. Some tell of cursed stones; others of stones with special healing powers, or that protect or give good luck to the wearer. Some of the the largest known diamonds have legends associated with them that have been told and re-told over centuries, and many now lost, are surrounded by tales of intrigue and murder. Some mines are thought to be cursed – probably a rumour spread by the mine-owners to keep unwanted prospectors away. In Burma, for instance, where all gemstones belonged to the monarch, the belief that anyone who took a stone from a mine would be cursed may have been deliberately cultivated to curb losses of valuable national asset. Since Greek and Roman times, balls of polished rock crystals have been used to see into the future. The difficulty of finding a flawless piece large enough to be polished adds to the mystique. Certain gems have traditionally been associated with different months of the year and thought to be lucky or important for people under their “influence”. This probably stems stems from the ancient belief that gems came from the heavens. Many cultures associated gems with the sign of the Zodiac, and others with the months of the year, but the selection varies from country to country, perhaps influenced by availability of gems, local traditions and fashions. The custom of wearing birthstone jewellery started in the 18th -century in Poland and has since spread throughout the world. It is also believed that gems have healing properties and that when the light reflected of the stones are placed on vital nerve points, it is absorbed by the body and supplying the body with healing energy. Throughout times it is clear that there are more to gemstones than just their beauty.
Sulcus Vocalis or Vocal Fold Scarring What is it? Scarring of the vocal folds can be very problematic to voice production, especially if the scar damages the fine, layered microstructure. The superficial lamina propria, which is the layer just under the surface of the vocal folds, is responsible for voice production and may be thin or absent if there is scarring. Sulcus vocalis is a disorder where there is complete loss of the superficial lamina propria. Voices are often raspy and strained because the vocal fold is not soft and cannot generate the normal wave responsible for voice production. How is it treated? Vocal fold scar is very difficult to treat, and treatments vary depending on the nature and extent of scarring. Some patients can optimize their voices with therapy. Some patients may improve with expansion of the superficial lamina propria with an injection, whereas others may attempt to undergo scar removal or other reconstructive techniques in the operating room to restore vocal function.
2,236 views 1 year ago Weekuri Lake (sometimes referred to as Waikuri) is an incredible salted water lake located near Mandorak, south-west Sumba. Water is constantly flowing in and out of the lake with waves coming from the ocean through holes underneath the rocks that separate the lake from the ocean. Because of that, there is no stagnating water in the lake. The shallow parts of the lake are sandy but sea life is quite abundant in the deepest part (2 to 3 meters) where some corals, crutaceans and fish can be found. The ecosystem is however very fragile and tourists are asked to be extremely cautious not to litter or walk on corals. The property for sale starts starts from the north shore of the lake and goes to another lake with fresh water some 250 meters northward where monkeys can be found in the surrounding trees. The rest of the land is flat with some rocks, grass and cactuses. The oceanfront side of the land boasts an amazing sunset that you can see from the 10-15meters cliff. Every morning swarms of dolphins can be seen jumping around in the ocean. Turtles hatch lay their eggs on Mandorak beach nearby. There is a direct access government road that come directly to the land. Airport is a mere 45 minutes drive and probably less when the roads upgrade program will be completed (by the end of 2015 according to the Bupati) Sumba on wikipedia: Before colonization by western Europeans in the 1500s, Sumba was inhabited by Australian and Polynesian people.[citation needed] In 1522 the first ships from Europe arrived, and by 1866 Sumba belonged to the Dutch East Indies, although the island did not come under real Dutch administration until the twentieth century. Jesuits opened a mission in Laura, West Sumba in 1866. Despite contact with western cultures, Sumba is one of the few places in the world in which megalithic burials, are used as a ‘living tradition’ to inter prominent individuals when they die. Burial in megaliths is a practice that was used in many parts of the world during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, but has survived to this day in Sumba, and has raised significant interest from scholars. At Anakalang, for instance, quadrangular adzes have been unearthed. Another long-lasting tradition is the sometimes lethal game of pasola, in which teams of often several hundred horse-riders fight with spears. Danau Weekuri (kadang disebut juga Waikuri), adalah sebuah danau air asin yang sangat luar biasa di dekat Mandorak, Sumba Barat Daya. Air mengalir keluar masuk danau secara konstan dari laut, lewat celah bebatuan yang memisahkan danau itu dengan laut. Bagian terdangkal danau ini berpasir, sementara di bagian terdalamnya (2-3 m), kaya dengan kehidupan laut seperti koral, udang-udangan dan berbagai jenis ikan. Ekosistem di danau ini cukup rapuh. Para pengunjung selalu diminta untuk berhati-hati untuk tidak membuang sampah atau menginjak koral. Properti yang dijual terletak persis di danau bagian utara, dan memanjang ke arah danau air tawar di dekatnya, 250 meter ke utara, di mana masih berkeliaran monyet-monyet di pepohonan. Show less Read more to add this to Watch Later Add to Loading playlists...
Two Persuasion Techniques in Action Getting under Someone Else’s Skin How did you find using "SWAY"©? For those readers who may have missed the article on this model of persuasion, a very brief recap: 1. ‘S’ is for ‘Significance‘ where you investigate the interest and need of your audience – whether it’s one individual or several people – around the matter you want to influence them over. The challenge there is to ask the right questions to open them up. 2. ‘W’ is for ‘Way of being‘ where you decode your audience’s way of functioning, how they behave, what kind of personality they are. Here it’s about really listening to the words people use and not assuming that we are all the same even if we use the same words. 3. ‘A’ is for ‘Adapt‘ because, once you know what your target audience is interested in and how they function, you need to adapt your communication to match their need and style. The challenge in this stage is to get your mind to shift enough that you can effectively do that. 4. Finally, ‘Y’ is for ‘get readY‘ (so you see how creative I can be!). This final stage covers a number of activities to finely hone your message once you know how to pitch it. The challenge here is to cover all bases in order to come out with a very sleek communication. For more on "SWAY"©, go to the dedicated video and article by clicking here. The interesting thing is that, once you really have assimilated "SWAY"©, it becomes second nature and you naturally pay attention to people, listen better and communicate better. The model works just as well for a big project where you need to get many stakeholders’ sponsorship as it does for a meeting where you’re trying to get enough people to subscribe to your point of view. In the case of the big project, you can use "SWAY"©in a very elaborate manner while during the meeting you can just use it in your head and quickly decode people and use their words in your own sentences. So let’s look at two examples of using "SWAY"©: You’re at the ‘W’ stage and trying to make sense of another person. You are sitting with someone talking about all the impediments of a computer infrastructure. They go on about the errors, the delays and the costs. This person is a "problem talker". When they look at a situation, they see its shortcomings and their brain hungers for fixes. This kind of person will use words like "problems", "issues" and "concerns". They will worry about things going wrong. Conversely, consider the vocabulary of the "achiever": it will all be about "possibilities", "opportunities", "expectations" and "results" – the language of goals being set, pursued and attained. Does this help? So what I’d like you to do after you’ve watched this article is start paying more attention to your colleagues’ words: can you spot the different personalities in your team? Now let’s move on to the ‘A’ stage where you want to use what you learnt to make sure you adjust your communication to your audience. Going back to the example of the "problem talker", their mode of operation means that you will need to talk about cost savings and risk reduction, in short you will focus your comments on the solutions which your project will bring, the issues it will solve, and the problems it will fix. Conversely, to the person who is sharing with you their commercial ambitions and is all about achieving more, you will pitch all the exciting new things which the project will enable, all the benefits for the future – such as straight-through processing, more robust reports, and more up-to-date information. Like them, your language will be that of goal attainment, showing that you share the person’s mindset and ambitions. With the problem talker, your words would have echoed his concerns and the need for remediation. Do you see how different you might make your pitch? So another thing for you to go and try out. See what you think you’ve learnt about someone and then practice persuading them: adapt your communication style to what you think the person will welcome rather than what you would ordinarily do. And see what happens! I hope these two practical illustrations of "SWAY"©will be useful to you. Influence and persuasion are crucial to get ahead in the corporate world because they make you politically-savvy (rather than political). Do let me know what you thought by leaving a comment on my website or emailing me directly at Print Friendly 1. Flora Crest says: Some really helpful blog posts on this website, saved it to favorites. Speak Your Mind
The Creation Wiki is made available by the NW Creation Network From CreationWiki, the encyclopedia of creation science Jump to: navigation, search Bioluminescence is an extraordinary capability utilized by many insects, plants, bacteria, and underwater creatures. Their luminescence can function as a form of communication or aid in functions such as hunting or mating. Bioluminescence occurs as result of a chemical process including two molecules, luciferin and luciferase. These two components can be represented differently in different luminescent creatures; i.e. marine animals versus insects. Due to its unique abilities, bioluminescence has been widely recognized by the scientific community. Scientists have now found ways to treat infections, bacteria, and even cancer. This miraculous process, which many evolutionists would claim to be a masterful result of evolution, in fact strongly supports the concept of a creator. There is no conceivable how or why bioluminescence would occur spontaneously or through a long drawn-out process over millions of years. Therefore, it strongly supports the words of the Bible, describing how a powerful God created the universe and all creatures, plants, etc. therein.[1] Bioluminescence Displayed in Nature The Jack O'Lantern Mushroom is difficult to capture a picture of because it only glows at certain intervals during its lifecycle. There are many plants and animals on earth that produce their own light for various purposes. The vast majority of these organisms are aquatic deep sea creatures, but also includes numerous bacteria, insects, and fungi. The following is a list of some of the more well-known bioluminescent creatures on earth. It is important to remember that this includes only a small percentage of such creatures and that there are most likely still many more creatures that have bioluminescent characteristics that have not yet been discovered. • Eukaryotes: bacteria (i.e. Shewanella hanedai and Shewanella woodyi) • Fungi: mushrooms (i.e. ghost fungus and the jack o’lantern mushroom) • Aquatic creatures: • Fish: anglerfish, cookie cutter shark, flashlight fish, gulper eel, lantern fish, midshipman fish, and viperfish • Invertebrates: sea pens, coral, jellyfish, octopus, sea starts, sea cucumbers, krill, clams, nudibranchs, and squid • Arthropods (bugs): glow worms, fireflies, click beetles, centipedes, millipedes, and mycetophilid flies • Mollusks: land snails (i.e. Quantula striata)[2][3] These intriguing creatures utilize their bioluminescence for a variety of purposes. Some creatures, such as fireflies, use their vibrancy to attract a mate. Others, like the cuttlefish, use their illuminating abilities to communicate with one another through a series of light flashing patterns and colors. Starfish, nudibranchs, and other types of aquatic creatures use their bioluminescence to blend in with their surroundings or the moon light from above them. The intimidating lantern fish lures its prey in with its overhanging light before snatching up its meal with razor sharp jaws. It is suggested that some forms of fungi, among other organisms, ward away predators or warn of dangerous poisons with their glow.[4][1] How Bioluminescence is Produced Bioluminescence is different than the typical light that people think of in their homes. When a person thinks of light, he or she thinks of a lamp or flashlight, or perhaps of a flame. All of these forms of light are called incandescence and include the production of heat. Bioluminescence is unique in that the light is not produced from extreme heat, but rather from the combining of two chemicals in a process called luminescence. Luminescence, unlike incandescence, produces no heat while still emitting a vibrant glow, much like a glow stick.[4] Bioluminescence in plants and animals, as aforementioned, occurs through the process of two chemicals combining, which ultimately produces light in addition to other byproducts. The reaction begins with the two molecules, luciferin and luciferase. The luciferin is a type of light producing substance that is affected by a catalyst. The catalyst, a type of luciferase, sometimes a protein called photoprotein, initiates the reaction in coordination with a crucial charged ion. Different luciferins and luciferases are employed in different types of bioluminescent creatures. Coelenterazine is the luciferin used in marine bioluminescence, while photosynthetic dinoflagellates use a luciferin that resembles chlorophyll. Sometimes, other substances are also necessary for this reaction to occur, including oxygen or ATP (adenosine triphosphate). After the chemical reaction occurs, products remain such as light, oxyluciferin, and water.[4] Bioluminescence and Science These medical drip bags are filled with bioluminescent algae that will glow when disturbed. Like all animal characteristics, bioluminescence originates in DNA. This fact has become extremely useful for scientists in the medical field. They are now able to attach bioluminescence characteristics to the DNA of bacteria and other infectious substances. Some scientists have used this process to trace the progression of bacteria in lab mice. Because of the bioluminescence connected to the bacteria, such as salmonella, they were able to track the progress of the infection and, by the reaction of the bacteria, determine what antibiotic will be most effective in its removal. They have attempted this same process with AIDS DNA but it is more difficult due to the small size of the bacteria. Some scientists hope to be able to trace alterations and effectiveness of gene therapy with the help of bioluminescent effects. One of the most effective ways that firefly bioluminescence is aiding scientists in the medical field is by identifying the quantity of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in bacteria cells. This innovative process is extremely helpful because the amount of ATP in bacteria is directly proportional to the amount of bacteria present. Jellyfish’s bioluminescent characteristics are utilized in the same way to identify amounts of calcium present in a substance.[5] Potentially the most important way that scientists are employing the bioluminescence of organisms in the medical field is in the treatment of cancer. Scientists utilized plasmids with bioluminescent DNA as vectors to transfer the aforementioned genes into targeted cells, giving them the ability to produce the luciferase enzyme which gives fireflies their ability to glow. Patients are then administered an injection of a photosensitizing agent which makes all of the cells in the body sensitive to light. Eventually, the effects of the injection will wear off but linger longer in the cancer cells. While only the cancer cells possess the sensitivity, the patient is treated with laser lights causing a chemical reaction which releases luciferin toxins to kill the cancer. This new approach to treating cancer is extremely favorable because it does not include the negative effects of chemotherapy. However, these light lasers are only able to penetrate through up to three centimeters of tissue, meaning that cancer deep inside of the body cannot be treated with this method. This new form of photodynamic therapy has been affectionately titled BLADe, which stands for BioLuminescence Activated Destruction (of cancer). Unfortunately, humans have not yet been able to be treated with this method because scientists have not been able to find a way to deliver only to the cancer cells and not harm other essential cells in the process. With this in mind, two other vectors are being tested, a targeted liposome and an adenovirus vector, to safely treat humans specifically.[6] [7] Like any topic in the scientific community, or any topic in modern society for that matter, evolutionists attempt to push their concepts of evolution onto people. However, it is evident to see through creation that a divine creator was responsible for all of the magnificent creatures, organisms, and systems in the universe today. Most of these examples can be found in animals and creatures, such as the organisms responsible for the phenomenon of bioluminescence. The process of producing bioluminescence is extremely involved and complicated. Creation scientists have explored this process and intelligently concluded that there is no way that the process of bioluminescence could have evolved. It is essential to many creatures for the purposes of hunting, mating, increasing vision, communication, etc. There is no use for a partially developed bioluminescent system; if anything, it would prove to be a hindrance to a functioning organism. There is no way that bioluminescence could have evolved spontaneously through a long time period or spontaneously at a random instance. For such a complicated system to occur spontaneously is inconceivable, especially considering that the majority of colors that are produced, specifically for undersea creatures, are the essential color for traveling the optimum distance through water. These facts are solid reinforcements for the theory of an ultimate creator god. Thankfully, this creator is not an aloof mystery to his creation, but rather reveals himself through the evidences of creation, the works of His spirit, and His word, the Bible. [8] [9] Michelangelo's interpretation of the creation of man from Genesis as depicted on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Feature star.jpg Featured Article Recognized for exceptional quality and value. See also other featured articles. 1. 1.0 1.1 Bioluminescence Steven Haddock, last edited 25 February 2011. 2. Interesting Orgonisms Biological Sciences – University of California Santa Barbara, 2010. 3. Bioluminescence Wikimedia Foundation Inc., last edited 16 May 2011. 4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 How Bioluminescence Works Tracy V. Wilson, April 2011. 5. Uses of Bioluminescence Tracy Klug, last edited 17 July 2002. 6. Fireflies and Cancer The Osgood File last edited 31 December 2006. 7. Firefly Light Helps Destroy Cancer Cells; Researchers Find That The Bioluminescence Effects Of Fireflies May Kill Cancer Cells From Within Science Daily, last edited 21 April 2003. 8. The Matrix- Life’s Support System Dr. Joe Francis, last edited 15 May 2008. 9. Octopus suckers: glowing in the dark Jonathan Sarfati, last accessed 20 May 2011. 10. Genesis 1:21-31 The Bible, New International Version (2011). Additional Information
If you are close to people who choose to cut or burn themselves, it can be really tough to cope with, and hard to understand. The reasons people harm themselves are complicated. Self-harming usually does not mean that a person wants to commit suicide or that they are looking for attention. Usually when people harm themselves, they are suffering a great deal inside. What is self-harming?Edit Self-harming is when people cause themselves physical pain that alters their mood state (how they feel inside). Some people harm themselves because they feel disconnected and isolated from everybody, and hurting themselves is the only way they feel real or connected. Self-harming behaviors can include: • cutting their skin with knives or any sharp object • burning their skin • hitting their body with an object or fists (like punching the wall) • deliberately falling when doing something like extreme sports • picking at their skin • swallowing pills or sharp objects • Pulling at their hair (hair pulling can also be a habit). Eating disorders, alcohol and drug addiction are other ways that people harm themselves physically and mentally. Why do people start harming themselves?Edit Self-harming can be a way that people deal with feelings of: • helplessness, despair and low self-esteem • anger, loneliness, shame and guilt • not having control over their life • Being 'out of it' – so the only way to feel 'real' is to cause physical pain to themselves. Some self-harm is related to severe emotional pain. When people have experienced abuse or violence, it often re-appears as emotional pain in later life. Some people have said that: • When they hurt themselves physically, it helps take away the emotional pain. • Self-harm makes internal pain visible on the surface. It is showing that there is a problem that needs to be addressed. • Self-harm is a way that people punish themselves for something. People who harm themselves... • May have difficulty expressing their feelings verbally • May dislike themselves and their bodies • May do it because of difficulties with relationships • May do it because of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety or stress. It is important to understand that whatever the reason for self-harming behavior, there are more positive ways of dealing with the troubling feelings. Why do do people keep harming themselves?Edit Some people say that self-harming is an addictive behavior. • Behaviors, when they become addictive, can be just as hard to give up as an addictive drug. • When people get into a cycle of self-harming behavior, it can become their main way of dealing with problems, and can start to have very negative impacts on their lives. Myths about self-harm One myth is that people who self-harm do it for attention. Research suggests that about two thirds of young people who self-harm don't even tell anyone, so they can't be looking for attention. Another myth is that people who self-harm do it because they have a mental illness. Some do have a mental illness like depression, but again about two thirds of young people who self-harm do not. One more myth is that people who self-harm do it because they want to commit suicide. This is also false as most self-harmers do not attempt suicide. In fact many feel that it protects them from suicide. The risks of self-harmEdit • By expressing themselves in this way, they may not be dealing with the underlying issues, such as depression or emotional pain. • People usually do it when they are on their own, and this can be a really isolating experience – they may not get the support they need to work it out. • There is a risk that one day, without meaning to, they may go too far, and die. • If they don't feel that people would understand, they may have to lie and cover up their cuts or burns. A lot of young people find this secrecy really difficult to maintain and stressful to deal with. • Cuts can become infected if not looked after, and can cause permanent scars. It is important to recognize that self-harming is not well understood in society, and is not seen as an acceptable way of coping with problems. • This could make things more complicated, as they may have to lie and cover their cuts up. • They will also have to deal with the disapproval of other people who don't understand what they are going through and who make hurtful comments like, "Pull yourself together", or "Ignore her, she's only doing it for attention." • We are often judged by the way we look, and others may not understand why some people have cuts or scars on their body. How can I help my friend?Edit Finding out that someone you care about is deliberately hurting themself can be very distressing. It is hard to understand why someone would want to hurt themself in this way. Don't take it personally – your friend is not doing it to make you feel bad or guilty. Even if it feels like your friend is trying to manipulate you into feeling a certain way, it may not be the reason he or she hurts themself. • Educate yourself – find out as much information as you can, and talk to a professional about what you can do to support the person. • Be supportive without reinforcing the behavior – let your friend know that you are there if he or she wants to talk. Make the initial approach, but don't push your friend to disclose information. • Take care of yourself – recognize that this is a difficult situation, and you need time to adjust and make sure you are taking care of your own needs as well as the person you care about. Everyone has to make their own choices, you can't make choices for your friend you can only help them to find ways to make better choices. • Be clear about what your limits are – if you feel uncomfortable with the self-harming behavior, be clear with your friend and come to an agreement about what you can and can't cope with. Even if the thought of your friend self-harming causes you to feel uncomfortable, try to understand what the issues behind the feelings may be, and how you can support your friend to find more positive ways of coping with the pain. What your friend could tryEdit It is very difficult to stop self-harming without having other ways of coping to replace it. Changing any kind of behavior is difficult, and deciding to change is a decision that only they can make for themselves. As with any kind of addiction, they must be kind to themselves and understand that they may fall back into old patterns of behavior from time to time – but this does not mean they have failed or that they should give up trying. 'Yet' is a very important word, they could try saying "I haven't managed to give up YET." Then try again! What is important is that they do keep trying, and that they get the support they need to get through it? Some of the things that might help them are: • Taking themselves away from risky situations - something as simple as removing themselves from the presence of knives and razors works for some people. • Trying to focus on something around them, rather than the pain they may be feeling. • making a list of supportive people that they can talk to, who understand their situation - people like parents, other relatives, teachers, friends of the family and close friends who know them and their situation well. • If they are not getting the help they need and nothing is changing, and then talking to a professional – e.g. a counselor, doctor, psychologist and psychiatrist. • Thinking about their alcohol and drug use - is it too much? Are they more likely to hurt themselves if they've been drinking or using drugs? • Trying deep breathing and relaxation - see Stress –learning to relax. • Writing in a journal – recording how they feel and the reasons why they might want to harm themselves. • Looking at the reasons why they harm themselves and asking themselves the question, "Can I do something about this or does something else need to change?" • Remembering that self-harming is something a person chooses to do, but it is not an effective way of dealing with a problem - the problem will stay until it is dealt with once and for all. • Trying something like, holding ice cubes in their hand – cold causes pain but is not dangerous to their health. • Wearing a rubber band on their wrist and snapping it when they feel the need. • Using a red pen to draw on the areas they might normally cut. • Working it off with exercise. • Learning to confront others, making their feelings known. - Check out our topics Assertiveness – what it means, and Assertiveness – stick up for yourself. • Making a list of reasons why they are going to stop cutting, and set themselves some realistic goals to help stop it. • Calling a crisis line if they feel that their behavior is becoming dangerous - see our list of numbers at the end of this topic. Looking forwardEdit When everything seems too big to handle and you can't see any way out, it can be hard to think about the future. When you or your friend feels this way, there are some things you can try to concentrate on. • Problems that seem unsolvable will change. Life is always changing and nothing lasts forever, neither good nor bad. • You do have choices about what happens and how you react to your surroundings. There are people who can help, who want to hear what you and your friend have to say. Self-harming is destructive and stops people dealing with their pain. There are better ways to deal with the way you feel, and the first step is to reach out and talk to someone and see the future you have ahead. Ad blocker interference detected!
Online Google Dictionary manual 中文解釋 wordnet sense Collocation Usage Font size: Of or done with the hands, 1. Of or done with the hands • - manual dexterity • - manual hauling of boats along the towpath 2. (of a machine or device) Worked by hand, not automatically or electronically • - a manual typewriter 3. Using or working with the hands • - a manual laborer 1. A book of instructions, esp. for operating a machine or learning a subject; a handbook • - a computer manual • - a training manual 2. A small book • - a pocket-sized manual of the artist's aphorisms 3. A book of the forms to be used by priests in the administration of the sacraments 4. A thing operated or done by hand rather than automatically or electronically, in particular 5. An organ keyboard played with the hands 6. A vehicle with a manual transmission 1. of or relating to the hands; "manual dexterity" 2. a small handbook 3. manual of arms: (military) a prescribed drill in handling a rifle 4. requiring human effort; "a manual transmission" 5. manual(a): doing or requiring physical work; "manual labor"; "manual laborer" 6. (manually) by hand; "this car shifts manually" 8. A manual is a keyboard designed to be played with the hands on a pipe organ, harpsichord, clavichord, electronic organ, or synthesizer. ... 9. The Manual (How to Have a Number One the Easy Way) is a 1988 book by The Timelords (Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty), better known as The KLF. It is a tongue-in-cheek step by step guide to achieving a No.1 single with no money or musical skills, and a case study of the duo's UK novelty pop No. ... 10. Handbook; A booklet that instructs on the usage of a particular machine; A keyboard for the hands on a harpsichord, organ, or other musical instrument; A manual transmission; a gearbox, especially of a motorized vehicle, shifted by the operator; A vehicle with a manual transmission; Performed ... 11. (Manual S) A process for selecting proper equipment. 12. (Manual S) Procedure to select and size heating and cooling equipment to meet Manual J loads based on local climate and ambient conditions at the building site. ... 13. (MANUALS) We keep a copy of all the user manuals available to us, should you lose your instruction manual then let us know because there is a high chance we can provide you with a replacement copy. 14. (MANUALS) The LDS church provides manuals for every church organization and activity. These manuals are excellent sources for discovering what is being officially taught in the church. 15. (Manuals) Guides and instructions on proper installation and service 16. (Manuals) Technical or best practice documents that provide more detailed information, examples,; and other direction for employees carrying out specific types of duties or functions. (02) 17. (Manuals) The reference literature published by the franchisor which specifies the method of operating the business under the mark. The operations manual(s) enables the franchisor to alter and evolve the business. 18. (Manuals) This is the organ term for the keyboards. 19. (Manuals) are more technical documents usually providing very practical advice on implementation of the above documents. Examples: 20. (Manuals) give instructional / how-to information on a subject. 21. (manuels)–Manuals used by employees of a government institution to carry out its operations, activities, or programs. 22. Usually a BMX or mountain-biking skill where you lift the front wheel and ride a wheelie to more smoothly and quickly get over obstacles or certain types of terrain like rollers. 23. A style of electronic cigarette battery that has a button (usually on the top or side of the battery) that activates the heating element. When the user wishes to use the device, the button must first be depressed in order to produce vapor from the atomizer. ... 24. Capable of being operated by a person. 25. A mechanical movement in which winding is performed by hand.
Presentation is loading. Please wait. Presentation is loading. Please wait. “Abnormal” N-heterocyclic carbenes- from discovery to isolation of C-4/5 imidazolylidene Yiming Qian. Similar presentations Presentation on theme: "“Abnormal” N-heterocyclic carbenes- from discovery to isolation of C-4/5 imidazolylidene Yiming Qian."— Presentation transcript: Yiming Qian 2 What are carbenes? Reactive intermediates that defy octet rule 6 valence electrons on carbon (electron deficient) Highly reactive and short lived, prior to 1960, thought to be too reactive to be isolated Classical carbenes: Methylene, difluorocarbene, diarylcarbene, etc. 3 Reactions of classical carbenes Insertion reactions Cyclopropanation Ylide formation 4 Singlet vs triplet carbenes If the carbene unit werw linear, it should have two degenerate p orbitals, and Hund’s first rule would predict a triplet ground state where each orbital has one electron and electrons are of the same spin. When the carbene unit is not linear, the two orbitals become different. The orbital prependicular to the plane defined by the three atoms is designated as p, while that parallel to this plane is called sigma, the sigma orbital will acquire s charater and thereby become stabilized while the p remains largely unchanged Most carbenes are not linear, the ground state multplicity depends on the relative energy of the singlet and triplet states Triplet has two The magnitude of energy difference between triplet and singlet is roughly equal to the electron repulsion minus the energy required to promote an elecron from sigma to p orbital When Energy separation between sigma and p increases, the promotion energy becomes large enough to overcome the repulsion energy-singlet ΔGst=E(electronic repulsion)-E(electron promotion) Dependent on electronic and steric factors of R’s Singlets are like carbocation and carbanion in one Triplets are diradicals 5 More than a century ago, we wanted to isolate carbenes! In 1835 and 1839, Duma and Renault attempted to dehydrate methanol by means of PO5 or conc. H2SO4 In the late 19th century,Nef announced that stable carbenes will be available in the near future It has been the dream of carbene chemists to isolate free carbenes so we can understand and harness this reactive intermediate Ann. Chim. Phys. 1835, 58, 28 Ann. Chim. Phys. 1839, 71, 427 Ann. 1897, 298, 202 6 First isolated free Carbene Not until about 100 years after Nef’s ambitious announcement, in 1991,Arduengo et al. produced the first crystalline carbene: also a very stable N-heterocyclic carbene (mp.241degree)--IAd. No insertion reactions,no dimerization, no cyclopropanation, sensitive to air and moisture J. Am. Chem.Soc , 3122 7 What are N-heterocyclic carbenes? Persistent diamino carbenes with the carbenic carbon being part of a N-containing heterocycle NHCs are singlets! Large ΔGst~80kcal/mol (due to small angle and electronics of N) Conjugate bases of corresponding azolium salts Salts are weak acids, so they are strong (neutral) bases Examples include: NHC are singlets because the geometry is bent, and according the fleming, N highers the 2p orbital of the carbene thus increases the gap between p and sigma orbitals 8 Why is Arduengo’s imidazolylidene bottle-able? NHCs are mainly electronically (orbital overlay) and partially sterically stabilized Thermodynamically stable and kinetically protected Heteroatom N’s act as σ attractor and π donor (push-pull system) Aromaticity is not required for stability (but it helps) Crystal structure shows both N-Ccarbene are longer than C=N and the N-C-N angle is more acute than its imidazolium precursor (from 109 to 102 degree) The carbene is planar, but the J. Am. Chem.Soc , 3122 9 Quantitatively Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997,36, 10 NHCs as organocatalysts NHCs are nucleophilic: inaccessible “vacant” 2p orbital of carbene Benzoin condensation J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 11 Pyruvate decarboxylation First the thiamine pyophosphate gets activated by base to yield the carbene, then carbene attacks the beta-ketone of pyruvate to yield this structure on the right, this intermediate then decarboxylates to form A which resonates to give B, which then undergoes elimination of the thiazolylidene to give acetaldehyde The organic chemistry of biological pathways 179 12 N-heterocyclic carbenes as metal complex ligands 1960, Wanzlick investigated NHCs’ reactivity and stability and came tragically close to isolating the free carbene Reported the first application of NHCs as ligands for metal complexes Vii does not react with electronic olefins (nucleophilic) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1962, 1, 75-80 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1968, 7, 13 NHCs vs phosphines Neutral donors Neutral donors Weaker σ-donors P-Rs point away from metal Changing R’s induces change in both sterics and electronics Cannot be used as ligand of oxidizing complexes Prone to degradation of P-C Neutral donors Stronger σ-donors N-Rs point towards metal Sterics and electronics can be fine tuned independently Stable towards oxidizing conditions Backbone sub gives electronic tuning, wingtip sub gives steric tuning 14 NHCs form complexes with a majority of the elements From early earth metals to late transition metals to non-metals and lanthanides One of the hardest lewis acids Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997,36, 15 NHCs as ligands for high oxidation state metal complexes First cationic Mo(IV)complex First examples of NHC-metal-oxo Complexes charaterized by x-ray Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997,36, 16 The NHC-Metal bond Generally, single bond of σ bond character mainly with limited π back donation Charge deposition analysis (CDA) d NHCMetal σ donation b MetalNHC π back donation d/b ratios: for Pd-NHC; for Au-NHC; for Ag-NHC (*good transmetalating agent) Due to the fact that silver is an antibiotic, NHC-silver complexes been extensively studied in medicine J. Organomet. Chem. 2006, 691, 3797–3805. Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 4153–4165. Chem.-Eur. J. 2008,6646–6655 17 Examples of NHCs metal catalyst ligands Heck Reaction: 1st catalytic application of Pd-NHC complexes by Herman et al. A standard for new palladium systems (reactivity and stability: long rxn times/harsh conditions) R.T and short reaction times with aryl diazonium salts Talk about how phosphine degrade under same conditions and requires large excess Angw. Chem Int. Ed. 1995, 34, 18 Examples of NHCs metal catalyst ligands Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation: -Broad scope of substrates Single NHC ligand able to withstand the aerobic oxidation conditions (higher temperature 60 degree) Despite numerous cycling between Pd(II) and Pd(0),catalyst still active This suggests the ligand does not dissociate from the palladium centre J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 19 Grubbs II vs Grubbs I Grubbs 1 is more substrate-tolerating than Shrock catalyst 3, but not as active with electron poor and sterically hindered olefins NHC has higher trans effect, which labilizes the trans phosphine, resulting in an increased catalytic activity and stability of 2 than that of 1 and 3 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 2546. 20 Formation of NHCs Deprotonation of imidazolium Desulfurization Thermolysis Photolysis J. Am. Chem.Soc , 3122 Synthesis-struttgart Angew. Chem. Int. Ed , 1021 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed , 1709 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1962, 1, 75-80 21 Synthetic strategies to NHC-metal complex several strategies used to form NHC-metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev , 596–609 22 C-2 vs C-4 imidazolylidene Due to lower pKa, C-2 are usually carbene centres Crabtree discovered an iridium metal hydride complex that contains a C-4 metalated abnormal NHC How does this happen? Kinetic or thermodynamic product? [2.100(6) Å] Chem. Commun , 2274 23 How can the wrong-way bonding occur? Theoretical calculations reveals that the free carbene at C4 lies 20kcal/mol above the expected C2 carbene Computations show C4 metalated complex is higher in energy than normal C2 complex (aNHC complex should be the kinetic product) pKa difference of C2-H and C4-H is large (pKa C4 proton 33 is 8-9 units higher than C2 proton 24) Agostic interaction is a term in organometallic chemistry for the interaction of a coordinately-unsaturated transition metal with a C-H bond, Chem. Commun , 2274 24 Evidence of oxidative addition If it was oxidative addition, there should be an higher oxidation state of Ir intermediate at least during the reaction J. Am. Chem. Soc , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 444 –447 25 Counteranion effect and wingtip R group sterics in abnormal bonding mode Eq 1 The anion used during the synthesis decides the ratio, not the anion subsequently added J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 26 Regioselectivity of metalation Ir(I) complex’s ability to oxidatively add to C4-H BF4 Counterion is insensitive to H-Bonding, disfavouring heterolytic C2-H abstraction Sterically bulky wingtip groups hinders C2, favouring C4 Abnormal and normal bondiong go through entirely different mechanisms 27 After the discovery of aNHC… It is not safe to assume the formation of NHC-metal complex, especially when the activation of NHC from its imidazolium is in situ However, the σ-donor ability of aNHC is experimentally found to be significantly larger than their normal counterparts by Tolman electronic parameter v(CO), where the IR stretching frequency (wavenumber) of CO trans to the ligand in question is inversely proportional to the donor strength Recall: donor strength aNHCs>NHCs>phosphines Catalytic applications? J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 28 Heck olefination 2004, Nolan et al. made Catalyst 2 (aNHC-catalyst) via direct palladation Proton abstraction method (Cs2CO3) gave only normal catalyst 1 Note: When weaker base (dimethylaniline) was used, catalyst 2 was the major product Indicating an oxidative addition mechanism of the aNHC metalation Weak base is unable deprotonate eaither protons J. Am. Chem. Soc 29 Catalytic hydrogenation aNHC NHC Change example please!! Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6293 –6296 30 aNHC vs NHC Stronger σ donor, even less π backbonding Metal centres are more electron rich However the C-M bond is weaker, more dissociable aNHC-metal complex are hard to generate Few compounds have been characterized 31 Research on aNHC-metal complex A structural database search was conducted to get an approximate measure of the relative abundance of abnormal NHC complexes in the second half of the d-block, Fig. 10. It is notable that iridium has the greatest prevalence of abnormally bound carbene chemistry in a relatively small number of complexes. A high number of ruthenium and palladium complexes have been reported, although the structurally characterised carbene complexes are most numerous for rhodium and palladium. It remains unclear as to whether the large number of homogeneous cata- Coord Chem Rev , 596–609 32 Methods of forming aNHC-metal complexes Block C-2 with an aryl or hindered alkyl, then abstract C-4 proton with strong hindered bases Oxidative addition (C-H, C-halogen) Transmetalation by Ag-aNHC complex Direct metalation of carbene (attractive and cost effective, but requires free isolable carbenes) Are aNHCs too reactive to be isolated? 33 Towards isolable aNHC This N is not stablizing the carbene to the same extent due to delocalization 1 C1-C9 bond is A longer than the C1=C9 in 1 (1.354 A) Lassselaa saw the opportunity to generate an abnormal carbene by blocking normal C-2Lasselate isolated Rh-aNHC complex also supported that aNHC are more like carbene instead of ylides. J. Am. Chem. Soc , 3290 34 Isolation of the first metal free aNHC Not many think aNHCs are isolable, until four years later… Bertrand et al. inspired by Lassaletta’s work and the fact that these aNHC are merely 17kcal/mol higher People did not think aNHC can ever be isolated Chem. Asian J ,1555 Science , 35 Synthesis of Bertrand’s abnormal NHC Deprotonation of bf4 salts all failed, Li crown Too reactive to be isolated? Science , 556 36 Crystal structures of precursor and aNHC Both are planar, indicating delocalization. 1.383Å 1.417Å 1.368Å 1.355Å 101o 108o Science , 37 FMO proof of enhanced donor ability/basicity HOMO aNHC HOMO-1 aNHC Homo is sigma type lone pair at C5, second highest Homo is pi bonding at C4-C5 and antiboding at the phenyl ring aNHC HOMO ( eV) and HOMO-1 ( eV)are higher in energy than their normal counterparts with C-5 protected with phenyl group ( eV for HOMO and eV for HOMO-1) Can the electronics be tuned with such an all-substituted NHC? -The phenyl groups are not sterically hindering and participates in the HOMO-1 of aNHC, so we can vary substituents on the ring to tune the electronics of the carbene heterocycle Science , 38 Potential use in organocatalysis and metal catalysis aNHC behaves similar to their normal cousins, due to their enhanced basicity they are likely to promote both metal catalysis and organocatalysis Research continues…. Science , 556 39 Summary Background of carbenes History of isolation of first singlet carbene N –heterocyclic carbenes and their structures and reactivities Discovery of aNHC and their use as metal ligands Endeavor to isolate aNHCs 40 Concluding Remark “Somehow, I can’t believe that there are any heights that can be scaled by a man who knows the secret of making dreams come true. This special secret, it seems to me , can be summarized in four Cs ; they are curiosity, courage, confidence and constancy. And the greatest of all is confidence, when you believe in a thing, believe in it all the way implicitly and unquestionably.” -Walt Disney Hideo Tomioka isolated first triplet carbene 41 Acknowledgements Professor John Pezacki Lab Members Neda Nasheri Ardakan Sylvie Bélanger Dr. David Blais Jenny Cheng Dana Danielson Mohamed El-Salfiti Dr. Robert Faragher Matthew Goodmurphy Kelly Hoop Dr. David Kennedy Kasia Kieliszkiewicz Dr. Roger Koukiekolo Rodney Lyn Craig McKay Dr. Joseph Moran Yanouchka Rouleau Dr. Selena Sagan Ragunath Singaravelu Ingrid van der Wiel Ellen Wakarchuk Guangsheng Yuan ...& everyone in attendance Similar presentations Ads by Google
Articles on Extreme weather Displaying all articles Understanding tornadoes: 5 questions answered More tornadoes occur in the United States than in any other country, mainly in the Great Plains, the Midwest and southern states. Two meteorology professors explain what causes these dangerous storms. Climate change’s signature was writ large on Australia’s crazy summer of 2017 The US environmental movement needs a new message Why are hurricanes forming in January? People stand on a pier as waves crash into the beach as the beginning effects of Hurricane Sandy are felt in Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York, USA, 29 October 2012. US President Barack Obama urged residents to follow warnings from local officials as hurricane Sandy barrels toward the East Coast. Many areas from the mid-Atlantic to Northeast have declared a state of emergency as Sandy is expected to bring flooding and widespread power and commuication outages. EPA/JUSTIN LANE Frankenstorm Sandy wreaks havoc on NYC, floods cities Superstorm Sandy has flooded seven subway tunnels in New York City and flooded cities after killing at least 69 people in… Top contributors
Results for: Magyar Explain why German Viking and Magyar tribes contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire? Only the Germanic peoples contributed to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. They did so by invading Gaul, Spain, Portugal and Africa, which were part of this empire. The (MORE) Value of 1997 magyar koztarsasag forint coin? You are asking about a Hungarian coin ("Magyar Koztarsasag" means "Hungarian Republic") produced in 1997. On the assumption that you are referring to the brass One Forint coin (MORE) How much is a 1901 Magyar 2 cent coin worth? How much a 1901 Magyar 2 cent coin is worth depends on the condition of the coin. In average circulated condition, such a coin is worth 1 US dollar. In fully uncirculated (MORE) How is Thomas Magyar rated? Hungarian Violinist, concertmaster by the Chamber Orchester of Concertgebouw Amsterdam, 2-nd laureate with in Paris in the year 1935 on the Wineawsky-contest, Hungary, B (MORE) How do Magyars look? The original Magyar conquerors (Árpád, etc.) looked similar to Russian Türkic peoples (like Tatars or Crimeans). Hungarians today are physically indistinguishable from (MORE) What is the origin of magyar? Good question, no one know that for sure but at least there are slightly controversial historical theories, results of various genetic researches and etnographical results (MORE)
1600 Penn Why the First 100 Days Concept Is Bogus Trying to assess a presidency so quickly is crazy. It “hangs over the West Wing like the sword of Damocles as the unofficial deadline to find their footing—or else,” according to a fascinating story this week by POLITICO’s Shane Goldmacher. Story Continued Below Why? Because it marks the 100th day of Donald Trump’s presidency. And, according to one White House official, “One hundred days is the marker, and we’ve got essentially 2½ weeks to turn everything around.” Really? What happens if, in the next 18 days or so, Obamacare isn’t repealed, the new travel ban isn’t upheld and investigators don’t discover that President Barack Obama wiretapped Trump Tower? Do impeachment proceedings start? Do prominent Republicans launch primary challenges to Trump’s renomination? The inane 100 days tradition is rooted in the breathless start of FDR’s presidency in 1933. As New Deal historian Adam Cohen recalls, “dire” does not begin to describe conditions. With banks collapsing by the hour, “people who came down for the inauguration literally could not pay their bills when they were checking out of their hotels. The banking system had collapsed. Unemployment was at 25 percent. The stock market had plunged. So everyone agreed that there had to be bold action.” What followed was the rapid enactment of 15 laws that changed the scope of the federal government; from tighter supervision of the banking system to a program that saved American farmers from disaster to public works programs that put thousands of the unemployed to work. It was after this ad hoc, seat-of-the-pants “revolution” was done that, in Cohen’s words, “when people looked back they saw that he had done a lot in 100 days, but it was never the plan. The plan was just to do a lot.” Over time, that time frame has entrapped every succeeding president, often to their dissatisfaction. John F. Kennedy was exasperated enough to make sure to disavow it in his very first minutes in office. His Inaugural Address cautioned that his agenda “will not be finished in the first 100 days. Nor will it be finished in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this administration … but let us begin.” There is, however, a much bigger issue than the inability to complete an ambitious set of policies in little more than three months. It’s the relentless lessons of history. Look back on any presidency you choose, and what are the chances that the first 7 percent of its first term offered a useful guide to the rest? As my former colleague Dan Rather would have put it, “slim and none and Slim has just left town.” The obvious point, though not obvious enough to mute the “100 Days” frenzy, is that events will often alter the core assumptions of a president. Kennedy came to office with speeches that bristled with Cold War assumptions about the domino theory and the need for America to design new tools to take the offensive in guerrilla warfare. After coming perilously close to nuclear annihilation during the Cuban Missile Crisis, his premises changed radically. By the time of his assassination, he was embarked on an effort to tamp down the Cold War and find common ground with the Soviet Union. Compare his American University speech of June 1963 with his 1960 campaign rhetoric, and it’s hard to believe it’s the same man talking. George W. Bush came to office calling for “humility” in foreign policy, and warning against the overreach of nation-building. In the wake of the September 11 attacks on New York and Washington, Bush migrated to a policy that promised a wholesale flowering of democracy throughout the Middle East; by his 2005 Inaugural, he was proclaiming that “it is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world”—a policy that outdid Woodrow Wilson in its promise and that proved just as illusory as Wilson’s had been almost a century earlier. The list of the utterly unpredictable is stunning. Did Nixon’s first 100 days offer a clue that he would be toasting the health of Mao Zedong in Beijing a few years later? That Ronald Reagan would be strolling through America with the leader of the Soviet Union? That Barack Obama, who led his party to a smashing triumph in 2008, would preside over the implosion of the party at every level over the next eight years? When you add to this mix the fact that our current president is thoroughly, breathtakingly clueless about what policies (as opposed to impulses) he possesses, the idea that we should divine his intentions by what he has so far said or tweeted is a fool’s errand. I admit that, should the president send nuclear missiles to Pyongyang or announce that he will replace Obamacare with “Medicare for All,” these first 100 days will have told us something genuinely significant. The more likely result is that, once again, the political media will take on their accustomed role as kids in the back seat who, as the car pulls out of the driveway on the way to vacation, begin to demand: “Are we there yet?” No. We’re not.
Spine Cancer/Tumor by Stella Jane Daniel Cancer is not a word that any of us take lightly; oftentimes the term equals death in our minds, despite the strides that have been taken in medicine in treating cancer. The disease is caused by rapid and abnormal cell divisions that result in a tumour, which ends up choking the organ, and eventually, the body. A benign tumour — like a large mole on the skin — is not life-threatening, whereas a malignant tumour continues to grow and brings about death, if treatment is not sought. Cancer can occur in any part of the body, and though there is treatment for these cancers, not all are effective. Certain organs, like the liver and pancreas, are harder to treat and cure because they are such crucial organs to life, and they are also easy targets for metastasis. The metastasis of cancer essentially means the movement of cancer cells from the primary site of growth to other parts of the body through the bloodstream, causing secondary tumours, and even, tertiary ones. Spinal Cord The spinal cord is another such organ. In a healthy human, the spinal cord monitors, collects and sends information from the body to the brain for processing. Together, the brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system. This delicate structure is protected by the spine, which is made up of vertebrae and the skull. Cancer can occur in the spine either as a primary cancer, or through metastasis, which results in a secondary cancer. Cancer of the spine requires urgent attention. If left untreated, the cancer cells can destroy the spinal bones (vertebrae), causing enormous pain, and also, instability of the spinal column. In some cases, collapse of the vertebrae is a possible result. When this happens, the cancerous mass may compress the spinal cord or the spinal nerves, resulting in pain, paralysis, sensory failure, and loss of bowel or bladder control. A World of Pain Spinal cancers can be extremely painful in the late stages. According to Baltimore-based healthcare service provider Lifebridge Health in the US : "For the patients who develop symptoms, understanding the treatment options and choosing the most appropriate one can be very stressful and confusing." Depending on the type and stage of the spinal cancer, various forms of treatment modalities are available today, ranging from chemotherapy and radiotherapy aimed at destroying the cancerous cells to surgical treatment. When combined together, surgery plus radiotherapy can potentially give the best possible outcome to some patients. In an autopsy study, spinal metastasis was found in nearly 90% of cancer patients. When metastasis occurs, the spine is an easy target. Symptoms of spinal cancers include mild to excruciating pain, which is typically pain that can wake you up from sleep. Sometimes, this type of pain can be mistaken for arthritis or muscular spasms. Cancers of the spine can result in the patient having compressed nerves or (compression of the) spinal cord; (vertebral) bones become destroyed from the cancer and can not hold the person's body upright anymore. This results in the patient being immobile, either from pain or from being paralysed due to the spinal cord compression. They can also feel a lot of pain and the patient has a very poor quality of life. Moreover, if the cancer is detected late, and it is in its advanced stage, surgery is usually not recommended by doctors. Most treatment at this point is for pain management and keeping patients as comfortable as possible. At present, some doctors are of the opinion that as the cancer is incurable, carrying out the surgery is a waste of time and money. Besides, the know-how to do so is limited to particular medical centres. But with the increase in cancer occurrence, including cancer of the spine, more and more people are facing the decision of whether (or not) to opt for surgery. Vertebroplasty Surgery Currently, when a patient comes with a simple compression fracture from spinal metastasis, doctors would suggest the use of a brace, a short course of radiotherapy, or sometimes, a simple surgical procedure called a vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty. In this procedure, cement is injected into the destroyed vertebrae through small needles inserted into the spine, using X-rays for guidance. The injected cement has 2 functions, to make the diseased bone stronger and to relieve pain. For spinal cancer patients who suffer from paralysis due to spinal cord compression, and eventually, the destruction of the spinal column, surgery may be done to remove the compression from the spinal cord. Most doctors use titanium metal implants to stabilise the column. The surgery can be performed via the traditional open method or using minimally-invasive spine surgery. In the latter, metal implants are inserted via small incisions, utilising special instruments. After the surgery, patients are normally scheduled to undergo a short course of radiotherapy. If the patient is fit for surgery and the money is available, patients should consider undergoing surgical treatment to improve their quality of life. To be able to sit up and walk, even if it is just around the house, is a great boost for the patient. Furthermore, pain is also reduced, and their bowel and bladder can be controlled, which is a big improvement for the patient. High Cost High quality innovative spinal implants are available in Malaysia, but the cost of the titanium implants can be expensive. Patients and their family will have to weigh the cost carefully. However, for civil servants and pensioners, the Government will bear the cost of the implants for procedures done at public hospitals, like UKMMC. There is no specific data regarding spinal cancer in Malaysia. However, according to LifeBridge Health, spinal metastasis occurs in about 70% of cancer patients. In the United States, about 18,000 cases are diagnosed with spinal metastasis annually. More info on SPINE CANCER here. Jom bincang artikel di atas... Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger... Lagi Info Semasa di FB SihatSelalu
During the 1930s the Nazi Regime had a stranglehold on Germany. Hitler’s obsession with the classic straightforward style, later on led him to despise Modern Art. The problem was, as he resolutely clung to the past, Avant-Garde taking Europe by storm, with new ideas, energy and dynamic shapes and colours. As these movements took off, Hitler’s own art was left behind. When he finally had absolute power, Hitler banned all Modern Art from Germany. His men confiscated thousands of Avant-Garde works and many artists such as Max Beckman and Wassily Kandinsky fled Germany to go to Europe and America. One artist, Emil Nolde, who had previously been a supporter of the regime, had over a thousand pieces taken, and was banned from buying art supplies or working at the university. However, he chose to stay in Germany and paint in secret, swapping his oil paints for watercolours so the police would not smell them – he called these ‘unpainted pictures’. Hitler ordered two exhibitions to be arranged. The first would show ‘degenerate’ art, specifically the banned Avant-Garde pieces, to educate people that this was improper and vulgar. The sculptures and paintings were messily hung up around the room and shoved into corners, with messages painted on the walls. Image Degenerate Exhibition The second would show what he considered to be excellent upstanding examples of art that were straightforward and traditional. Unsurprisingly, this did not work as well as he planned. The Degenerate Exhibition took in at least three times as much as the Classical exhibition. However, Hitler did manage to use some modern art to his own advantage. He recruited Leni Riefenstahl to create nationalistic films from the 1936 Olympic Games in Germany. Her pro-propaganda films became internationally famous. They were very powerful films, returning to the idealised form of the Roman and Greek physique. They glorified death, strength and power. Even the company Hugo Boss produced the uniforms for the SS, based on the traditional uniforms.
GEOG 496/596: Location-Aware Systems Location-aware systems are the foundation of today’s easy access to geospatial information for everyone. A smart phone that knows where you are can provide you with an appropriate map of your surroundings without searching. Location-awareness also allows your phone to access location based services, e.g. for finding restaurants or shops in the vicinity. Location based services may also feed advertisements to your phone directing you at shops or special opportunities nearby. Geofencing applications may even reach out to you as you pass by a store or restaurant with targeted offers. Moreover, location-aware social networking apps allow you to connect with people around you or to track your friends’ or children’s locations. The collected geospatial movement information about a growing number of users world-wide poses up to now unknown potential for analysis of massive geospatial data about human behavior. All these are exciting technological developments, but there are also many challenges and caveats, the most obvious being privacy and the potential for abuse of spatial data for criminal purposes, such as burglary when the house owners are on vacation. This course, on the one hand, introduces the technical fundamentals of location-aware systems including the smart phone technology making location-awareness possible, the spatial models and data structures developed to manage locations as part of a computer network, and the operation and structure of location-based services as supported by GI systems; on the other hand, it discusses ethical challenges of the different technologies, in particular how to protect user privacy both technically and legally. Download preliminary syllabus. Skip to toolbar
What Will Happen As Our Skyscrapers Get Lighter And Taller In the 1890’s Vladimir Shukhov came up with a genius way to make buildings using what he called a Diagrid design. To simplify it, a Diagrid is basically just a structure made up of lots of diamond shapes (or, diagonally intersecting beams for those who like a more technical definition). There are three major advantages to using a Diagrid design. First, the structure is so strong that it does not need supporting column’s inside the building. With no need for clumsy columns, you can essentially design whatever crazy open plan space you like inside. Second, the fact that you don’t need columns inside also means that you don’t need half as much steel or concrete to build it. That’s pretty great for the environment and your wallet. And third, the diamond like design lets you build all kinds of weird and wonderful shapes. Fancy building a giant Gerkin shaped building? How about a circle building? Or a planet shaped building? Its all possible with Diagrid design. But before you get too excited, there is a catch to making tall buildings lighter. The wind makes them Sway. Designers have come up with some pretty clever ways to reduce the sway of buildings.But if tall buildings are expected to cope with wind and earth quakes without falling over, they kind of have to sway a little. Think of it this way, if you try to bend a solid ruler it will only go so far before it snaps. But if you bend a ruler designed to a flexible, it simply bounces back. With many cities running out of space, the number of skyscrapers and high-rises is only going to increase. For those unlucky enough to experience a storm or an earthquake in a skyscraper, it is a pretty terrifying thing. (Just take a look at this video to see for yourself > http://tinyurl.com/zekbyvk). But if we can’t get rid of sway all together, how exactly should we deal with it? Well, in answer to this it seems there are three main things being done already. First, psychologists and engineers are teaming up to design and test interiors that might trick our senses into thinking the sway isn’t as bad as it seems. This is probably the most ambitious solution. Second, designers are looking for a way to measure the effect of different levels of sway on our happiness and work performance. Its no good having a building that terrifies everyone and makes them too uncomfortable to work. We have to find the point were its just not worth making the building any lighter or taller. And finally, designers are looking for the most convincing way to tell us that the sway is safe and necessary to stop the whole thing collapsing on us. Would you worry about getting your watch wet if you weren’t 100% sure it was water proof? I think not. As someone passionate about psychology, I am definitely convinced there are plenty of ways we can tweak our thoughts and perceptions to help us live with sway. The question is, is it cheaper to reduce sway, or to change our perception of it. diagrid_clements_page_1.jpg Is There A Way To Get Local Towns To Ditch “Proper Houses” For The High-Rise Life bosco-verticale-00 (1) As the UK becomes more densely populated we will have to make a choice. Dig up more countryside to build houses, or build more high-rise apartments. Though most city dwellers think high-rises are great, high-rises have generally gained a bad rep in towns. High-rises may have started out as a symbol of futuristic town living, but as a townie, I can tell you that they are seen as anything but now. To make a sweeping statement, to a Brit, “a man’s home is his castle”. It is a private space that he can take full ownership of and put his own unique stamp on. If we look instead at the traditional high-rise, this couldn’t be more different. Sure you can decorate your inside space as uniquely as you want, but essentially, to everyone looking in your flat is always going to be an indistinguishable part of a bigger whole. What I am trying to say is that the high-rise as we know it lacks many of the things that make a “proper house”. Sheds, wacky water features, giant palm trees in tiny gardens, fancy cars on the drive, gnomes, veg plots. These are the things that give a place character. These are the things that give us a sense of individuality and pride. A house isn’t just a place to sleep, it’s a blank canvas that lets us show people who we are. A house is identity. So I think its time to say goodbye to traditional high-rise design. What we need now are homes in the sky. We don’t need one shape and size of flat within a high-rise, we need many. We don’t need fixed and formless exteriors, we need hanging gardens and veg plots 50 meters off the ground. We don’t just need cost effective and efficient places to sleep, we need buildings of character that allows us to visibly express who we are both inside and out. But what else can we do to make the high-rise feel like a desirable and “proper home”? Well, if you troll through the work of environmental psychologists they will tell you that the two things that always seem to make us happy are plants and water. However we manage to do it, one thing is certain, if we are going to switch to living in the sky, we better find a way to bring our wacky water features and gardens with us. To end on a positive note, of all the high-rise designs I have seen, the Bosco Verticale high-rise in Milan standouts out to me as the best illustration of what I have been talking about. With different shaped apartments and planted forest gardens towering up all sides, it is as beautiful as it is full of identity. With a generation of young people like me desperate to avoid the rent trap, there is a prime market for high-rise investors in towns. So, to all investors reading this I say one thing, stop building flats and start building homes in the sky. Why Is The UK So Slow To Adopt Sustainable Habits? Recycle, get energy efficient light bulbs, turn unused electricals off at the switch, drive less, switch to a more energy efficient boiler, get cavity inhalation, have double glazing installed, invest in solar panels. We all know how to live and buy sustainably, so why do so few of us do it? To give you the simple answer, psychologists think that there are two main reasons for this. 1st, sustainable behaviour just isn’t common enough to be seen as normal in the UK. Its the kind of thing other types of people do. And 2nd, energy use is pretty much invisible, sure it becomes visible on our gas bill, but we only see that 4 times a year. We can’t be expected to change our behaviour effectively when we don’t have feedback on it. Thinking about solutions to this problem, I feel the ENLITEN project deserves a special mention here. Unlike traditional projects, ENLITEN brought together engineers and psychologists to create an app for phones and Ipads that gives you clear and easy to understand feedback about your energy use. What makes the project even cleverer, by also letting you compare your energy saving to your neighbours, the ENLITEN project has basically found a way to reinforce the idea that it is not just you being green. http://tinyurl.com/zbysfxa or http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/enliten/ So lets look to the future with optimism. With a little reshaping of our environment we might just start changing the way we use our energy for good. Juan Enriquez: The power of reprogramming DNA From regrowing lost limbs, to bringing back extinct species, to programming bacteria to produce fuel; Juan Enriquez highlights the importance of mapping DNA and how it is helping to build a strange but better future. Body Language 101. Seeing Past The Words. Top Gravity Defying Behaviours Include: 1 Genuine Smile 2 Thumbs up 3 Toes/foot pointed up 4 Standing tall and straight 6 Dancing “Fronting” (Body Language 101)
Don’t Go The Extra Mile! Research shows that humans generally use one of two basic methods to find their way: a route-based system, where an individual relies on a series of turns and perhaps landmarks, or a map-based system, where the person imagines looking down on the route from above. Each has its advantages, and knowing which you tend to use will help you learn what you need to pay attention to. For instance, can you envision the route perfectly once you’ve seen it on a topography map, or can you recall every switchback and odd-looking boulder you’ve passed on the trail? Being aware of these styles can help you reinforce natural strengths or work on your weaknesses. Maybe it’ll even help you understand why your spouse continues to get lost despite your impeccable directions! Our last Afternoon Alert described strategies you can use to improve your natural navigation ability on your own turf. Today, we’ll give you some strategies for keeping your bearings when you’re out on the trail. Resist the urge to charge down the path. Pause, and orient yourself by noting the general compass direction you’ll be heading. Check to make sure it matches what you see on the map. Physically point back toward the trailhead once you reach a campsite. Research has shown that people are more likely to guess correctly and remember directions if they physically point in the correct direction. Practice “learning” directions by pointing and guessing, then confirming or correcting with a compass and map. Recite aloud the prominent landscape features that you pass on your travels, especially when you’re off-trail or in an area where markings are few. For example: “Lake on the left, hill on the right, walking through aspen grove.” Studies have shown that verbally expressing this information helps store it in your memory more effectively than simply reading and observing. Put on a blindfold in camp, and have someone lead you in a random direction and accompany you as you try to find your way back unblindfolded. This helps you use your other senses-smell and hearing, in particular-to memorize the route. While blindfolded, use everything you have. You can even keep track of where you’re going by memorizing your muscular movements. The sensory receptors in your leg muscles would tell your brain which direction you’re turning. Stay focused on the terrain; don’t let conversations or daydreaming distract you. Take a mental snapshot every 10 minutes as you hike. To find your way back, simply reverse the images. Remember, we’re all in this together, Derek Paulson Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
Gentoo Linux Localization Guide Alexander Holler Steven Lucy Benny Chuang Lars Weiler Tobias Scherbaum Flammie Pirinen This guide should help users localize their Gentoo Linux distribution to any European locale. It uses Germany as a case-study, since it is translated from the German doc. Includes configuration for use of the euro currency symbol. 1.24 2005-11-25 Time zone In order to keep time properly, /etc/localtime must contain the correct time zone data file. Look around in /usr/share/zoneinfo/ and pick your timezone or a near-by big city. Please avoid the /usr/share/zoneinfo/Etc/GMT* timezones as their names do not indicate the expected zones. For instance, GMT-8 is in fact GMT+8. # cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin /etc/localtime # date Sun Feb 16 08:26:44 CET 2003 Hardware Clock In most Gentoo Linux installations, your hardware clock is set to UTC (or GMT, Greenwich Mean Time) and then your timezone is taken into account to determine the actual, local time. If, for some reason, you need your hardware clock not to be in UTC, you will need to edit /etc/conf.d/clock and change the value of CLOCK from UTC to local. Locale system What are locales? Environment variables for locales Variable name Explanation Even though most programs work with LC_ALL only, some of them misbehave if LC_ALL is set but LANG isn't. If you want to play safe, set them both. export LANG="de_DE@euro" There is also additional localisation variable called LINGUAS, which affects to localisation files that get installed in gettext-based programs, and decides used localisation for some specific software packages, such as kde-base/kde-i18n and app-office/openoffice. The variable takes in space-separated list of language codes, and suggested place to set it is /etc/make.conf: # nano -w /etc/make.conf (Add in the LINGUAS variable. For instance, for German, Finnish and English:) LINGUAS="de fi en" Generating Specific Locales # export LANG="en_US.ISO-8859-15" The userlocales USE flag Now specify the locales you want to be able to use: Keyboard layout for the console Keyboard layout for the X server The keyboard layout to be used by the X server is specified in /etc/X11/xorg.conf by the XkbLayout option. Section "InputDevice" Identifier "Keyboard1" Option "XkbLayout" "de" # Option "XkbVariant" "nodeadkeys" For KDE you have to install the kde-base/kde-i18n package. Kde-i18n respects LINGUAS variable described earlier. The Euro Symbol for the Console The Euro Symbol in X Most Applications (in your home directory) # xrdb -merge .Xresources The Euro symbol in (X)Emacs The symbol in the []s is the Euro symbol. The current app-office/openoffice (or -ximian) source ebuilds support LINGUAS variable for selecting installed GUI language packs. The current stable app-office/openoffice-bin binary ebuilds do not yet support LINGUAS variable, however, so in order to use localised OpenOffice.Org you must either install the source version, or, with your discretion, the unstable binary version. To see status of GUI translation, hyphenation, spell checking and other localisations on your language, please refer to OpenOffice.Org localisation web site.
Meat, Heart Disease, Iron, and LDL Oxidation Oxidation of blood lipids, particularly LDL, is increasingly being recognized as a very important risk factor in cardiovascular disease (41,42,43). So what is the role of meat in an oxidation resistant diet? Generally speaking, meat fatty acids are much more stable less prone to oxidation than polyunsaturated fat and studies typically support this (9,12). Two studies found that consuming monounsaturated fat produced LDL that was more resistant to oxidation in vitro than saturated fat (9,12). Since olive oil was used, the effect on LDL oxidation resistance may have been mediated by antioxidants in the olive oil. This is supported by studies in which virgin olive oil consumption was more beneficial to LDL oxidation resistance than refined olive oil (10) and high oleic sunflower oil (11). At this point it is unclear whether monounsaturated fat itself would produce more oxidation resistant LDL than saturated fat. Monounsaturated fat does, however, seem to result in more oxidation resistant LDL than eating carbohydrates (45,46,47,63). Of the prior studies, one found that consuming saturated fat, on the other hand, produced lower TBARS levels compared to monounsaturated fat (12) and the other study noted no difference (9). Measuring TBARS (or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) is a method of determining the amount of lipid peroxides, or damaged fats, in the blood and serves as a marker of oxidized LDL in the blood. In 2000, Madeleine J. Ball et al. performed a study where subjects were fed diets with either lean red meat or tofu and various markers of health were examined after one month (44). By the end of the study, those consuming soy had LDL that was more resistance to LDL oxidation in vitro. Previous research suggests this was likely not due to a beneficial effect of soy’s fats (48) or isoflavones (49), so what was it? Other than the possibility that a copper 2+ induced in vitro LDL oxidation resistance test isn’t as predictive as a TBARS test (55,56), my suspicion is that iron was the important factor here. You see, red meat is rich in iron and eating it often raises plasma ferritin levels, a marker of the amount of iron in the blood (50). On the beginning of the next page we see data on the ferritin levels of subjects in trial similar to the tofu v. red meat study, but instead of tofu it was carbohydrates (mostly grains): Picture 15 The black bar represents the high carb group, the white bar the meat group. As you can see the ferritin levels jumped up in the meat group. So why is this important? Well, high blood iron is seen as a likely casual factor in LDL oxidation (51,52,53) and lowering ferritin levels increases LDL resistance to oxidation (54). So should we avoid meat, or at least red meat, because it raises our iron levels? Not quite. First, not everyone will see elevated blood iron from eating red meat (I didn’t). Furthermore, we can control our iron levels pretty well. If you choose to eat a lot of red meat and should you risk raising it too high you can get your ferritin level measured and reduced via blood donation/phlebotomy, or you can eat your meat with compounds that reduce iron absorption. These compounds include: • Phytic acid (57), found in seeds, nuts, and whole grains. • Polyphenols (58), found in tea, coffee, wine, and chocolate. Additionally, vitamin C taken with iron appears to increase its absorption (59,60,61), so one should avoid consider the hypothesis that concurrent consumption of red meat and vitamin C rich foods may increase blood iron levels. I think too much iron is far and away the main negative thing that can be encountered from eating any significant quantity of red meat. One thought on “Meat, Heart Disease, Iron, and LDL Oxidation 1. polardörren November 24, 2013 / 11:30 am We are glad to be a visitant of the sodding internet site!, bye for this rare details!. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s
What are the key characteristics of Romeo and Juliet's relationship? 1 Answer sciftw's profile pic sciftw \| High School Teacher \| (Level 1) Educator Emeritus Posted on I would say that a key characteristic of Romeo and Juliet's relationship is that it is powerful. In the beginning of the play Romeo is pining for Rosaline. He is basically being a whiny teenage boy who can't be with this girl he really likes. Granted, it is because she took a vow of chastity, but that does not change Romeo's sappy lament to Benvolio. The reason I say Romeo and Juliet's relationship is powerful love is because of what it drives them to do. To the two star crossed lovers, their relationship is more important than their relationships with their families. This can be supported by Juliet's line: "Deny thy father and refuse thy name, or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, and I'll no longer be a Capulet." Their love is more important than long time friendships, as illustrated when Romeo bails on Mercutio and Benvolio to be with Juliet. Romeo even comes back to try and be with Juliet after being banished by the government. The power of love in their relationship is the cause of the play's tragic end as well. They both love each other so deeply that they each can't bear the thought of living without the other. Another characteristic of their relationship is that it is based on the concept of love at first sight. They meet, they instantly fall deeply for each other, and die in other's arms. That could lead to another characteristic of their feelings for each other. They both believe that love is eternal and that there is a single "one and only."
Send to Choose Destination See comment in PubMed Commons below Brain Behav Evol. 2001;58(5):250-75. Adult neurogenesis and neuronal regeneration in the central nervous system of teleost fish. Author information School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom. In contrast to mammals, teleost fish exhibit an enormous potential to produce new neurons in the adult central nervous system and to replace damaged neurons by newly generated ones. In the gymnotiform fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus, on average, 100,000 cells, corresponding to roughly 0.2% of the total population of cells in the adult brain, are in S-phase within any 2-h period. As in all other teleosts examined thus far, many of these cells are produced in specific proliferation zones located at or near the surface of ventricular, paraventricular, and cisternal systems, or in areas that are likely derived from proliferation zones located at ventricular surfaces during embryonic development. The majority of cells born in such proliferation zones migrate within the first few weeks following their generation to specific target areas. In the cerebellum, where approximately 75% of all brain cells are born during adulthood, cells originate from the molecular layers of the corpus cerebelli and the valvula cerebelli partes lateralis and medialis, as well as from the eminentia granularis pars medialis. From these proliferation zones, the young cells migrate to the associated granule cell layers or to the eminentia granularis pars posterior, respectively. In the course of their migration, the young cells appear to be guided by radial glial fibers. Upon arrival at their target region, approximately 50% of the young cerebellar cells undergo apoptosis. The remaining cells survive for the rest of the fish's life, thus contributing to permanent brain growth. At least some cells differentiate into granule cell neurons. The potential to produce new neurons, together with the ability to guide the young cells to their target areas by radial glial fibers and to eliminate damaged cells through apoptosis, also forms the basis for the enormous regenerative capability of the central nervous system of Apteronotus, as demonstrated in the cerebellum and spinal cord. A factor involved in the cerebellar regeneration appears to be somatostatin, as the expression of this neuropeptide is up-regulated in a specific spatio-temporal fashion following mechanical lesions. Besides its involvement in neuronal regeneration adult neurogenesis in Apteronotus, and possibly teleost fish in general, appears to play a role in providing central neurons to match the growing number of sensory and motor elements in the periphery, and to establish the neural substrate to accommodate behavioral plasticity. [Indexed for MEDLINE] PubMed Commons home PubMed Commons How to join PubMed Commons Supplemental Content Full text links Icon for S. Karger AG, Basel, Switzerland Loading ... Support Center

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.