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Factors associated with the intention of Syrian adult population to accept COVID19 vaccination: a cross-sectional study
Background and objectives
With global efforts to develop and deliver a COVID-19 vaccine rapidly, vaccine hesitancy stands as a barrier to these efforts. We aimed to estimate the proportion of Syrian adult population intending to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and, principally, to assess the demographic and attitudinal factors associated with it in order to approach suitable solutions.
An anonymous online questionnaire was conducted between 23rd December 2020 and 5th January 2021 in various provinces in Syria. A total of 3402 adults were sampled to reflect the population demographic factors. Attitudinal factors included Covid-19 fears, risks, and beliefs on the origin. Vaccination hesitancy and knowledge were also measured. The intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 was the primary endpoint.
According to their statements, 1222 participants (35.92%) will consent to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Our findings indicate that male gender, younger age, rural residence, not having children, smoking, fear about COVID-19, individual perceived severity, believing in the natural origin of the coronavirus, and high vaccination knowledge were positive predictors of embracing COVID-19 vaccine when it is available.
COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate is considerably poor across Syrian population compared to populations in developed countries. Vaccine hesitancy is closely bound to the fear of side effects and doubts about vaccine efficacy. Factors such as conspiracy beliefs and myths about the vaccine lower vaccine uptake. Thus, interventional educational campaigns are increasingly required to overcome misinformation and avert low vaccination acceptance rates.
Peer Review reports
The outbreaks in human history are old and tragic. Diseases such as polio, smallpox, and rabies were once significant threats to our existence, but the discovery of vaccines was a breakthrough by reducing the incidence rates of such diseases [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), vaccination averts 2–3 million deaths a year [2]. Moreover, since 1990, there has been a 61% decline in mortality rate among children between five and nine years old due to a decline in infectious diseases [3].
Till 14th February 2021 around 107 million cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 2 million deaths have been reported worldwide [4]. This newly emerging pandemic overwhelmed medical facilities and overloaded the burden on healthcare systems. The situation is more strenuous in war-torn Syria, where the preexisting burden on the declining healthcare system surged due to the outbreak of COVID-19. The pandemic impact was prominent in terms of overloaded hospitals, insufficient resources, and poor surveillance systems [5, 6].
To lessen the COVID-19 burden on population health concerning both death rates and exhausting healthcare systems, an effective vaccine must be developed and distributed soon. Recently, multiple vaccines have been industrialized and approved for emergency use in a relatively short time compared to other vaccines developed in the past. Namely, Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines [7, 8]. Besides vaccine availability, effectiveness, and safety, it is important that the vaccine is tolerable by the targeted population [9].
Vaccine hesitancy raises challenges to public health agencies in order to achieve a sufficient degree of immunization necessary to protect vulnerable individuals [9]. The WHO defines vaccine hesitancy as the rejection or delay in vaccine uptake in the presence of an existing vaccine [2]. An example of such a challenge in public health is the report published by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States that assessed the prevalence of seasonal influenza vaccine hesitancy in up to 50% of the study population [10].
This study aims to (i) estimate the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 among the adult Syrian population, (ii) determine demographic and attitudinal factors associated with participants intentions, and (iii) measure the population’s general knowledge about vaccinations.
Sample and procedure
A cross-sectional study collected data through an anonymous online questionnaire from Social Media networks, including Facebook, Twitter, and Telegram, covering the period between 23rd December 2020 and 5th January 2021 among the adult general population, while covering various provinces in Syria. We developed a standardized questionnaire based on a literature review [11,12,13,14,15].
All questions were administered in Arabic language as Arabic is the native language of the Syrian population.
Demographic questionnaire
The demographic questionnaire collected data on age, gender, geographic location, region of residence (urban or rural), educational degree, employment status before and during COVID-19 pandemic, working in the healthcare sector, marital status, parenthood status, smoking status, and if the participant had chronic medical conditions.
Coronavirus questionnaire
This section addressed: (1) Fears about COVID-19, (2) Perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, (3) Perceived severity of COVID-19 on your life, (4) Previous COVID-19 infection, (5) Beliefs on coronavirus origin, and (6) Intention to get vaccinated when COVID-19 vaccine is available in Syria on a 5-level Likert scale: 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (undecided), 4 (agree), or 5 (strongly agree). Responders declining the COVID-19 vaccine option or undecided yet were automatically directed to a specific question addressing reasons for refusing the vaccine. Participants could choose one or more of the following statements: “Fear of side effects”, “Doubts about the efficiency of the vaccine”, “The vaccine is not important”, “This is not the right time”, “I just refuse the vaccine”, and “other reasons”.
Vaccine hesitancy
Vaccine hesitancy was evaluated using three questions: “Have you ever refused a vaccine for yourself or a child because you considered it as useless or dangerous?” “Have you ever postponed a vaccine recommended by a physician because of doubts about it?” “Have you ever had a vaccine for a child or yourself despite doubts about its efficacy” [16]. If a participant answered yes to any of these proposals, he or she was considered to be “vaccine hesitant”.
Knowledge about vaccines
This section evaluated participants’ knowledge about vaccines with nine statements, each one providing 3 options: correct, incorrect, or do not know [17]. “Incorrect” or “do not know” options were scored as zero, and “correct” was scored as one. Therefore, higher scores indicated better knowledge of vaccines.
The last section of the questionnaire presented people with questions on how often they used the following sources for gaining information about vaccinations: healthcare providers (doctor, nurse, ...), the internet and media, and reliable sources (WHO website, medical journals, …). Possible answers ranged from never (1) to always (6).
Statistical analysis
Data were entered in Microsoft Excel software and the statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive statistics of the raw data were presented as frequencies and percentages. We combined responses regarding COVID-19 vaccine acceptance into two categories: 1 (Agree), or 0 (Disagree), and ran multiple binomial logistic regression (multivariate analysis) to model demographic and attitudinal factors predictive of participants’ willingness to get vaccinated against COVID-19. We considered P value < 0.05 to be significant.
There were a total of 3402 participants who completed the online questionnaire (Table 1). The response rate cannot be calculated as participants are recruited based on open invitations via social networks that do not provide information on people who viewed the online post.
Table 1 Association between participants characteristics and their acceptance of COVID19 vaccine
Most participants were female (64.2%). There were 49.1% participants aged 18–30, and 50.9% aged 31 or above. For health status, 13.6% of them reported having chronic conditions. 71.4% of respondents were residing in urban regions. Regarding work-related characteristics, 58.7% of them were working before the pandemic, while 5.5% lost their job due to coronavirus. Vaccine hesitancy was observed in 857 (25.2%) respondents. 2229 (65.5%) respondents had fears about COVID-19, 3243 (95.3%) considered themselves at risk of contracting COVID-19, and 1049 (30.8%) perceived COVID-19 as being serious to their own lives (Table 1).
According to their statements, 1222 participants (35.92%) will consent to get vaccinated against COVID-19. In multivariable analysis (Table .2), male gender, younger age, rural residence, not having children, smoking, fear about COVID-19, individual perceived severity, believing in the natural origin of the coronavirus, and high vaccination Knowledge remained associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Surprisingly, no significant influence arose from studying or working within the medical field on respondents’ acceptance or rejection of COVID-19 vaccine.
Table 2 Factors associated with intentions to accept COVID-19 vaccination when it is available
The most common reason for refusal and hesitancy to accept COVID-19 vaccination was “fear of side effects”, and other reasons included “doubts about vaccine efficiency”, “the vaccine is not important”, “not the right time to be vaccinated”, and “just refuse the vaccine” (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Reasons for COVID-19 vaccine rejection and hesitation
This study was conducted during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Syria and after the emergence of multiple promising vaccines around the world.
Despite the relatively difficult experience of our population with the pandemic and its severe socioeconomic consequences, the results describe 17% refusing vaccination, 35% accepting, and 46% undecided. This level of acceptance rate is considerably low in comparison with other countries (Fig. 2) [12, 18]. In this regard, we will discuss the factors that may have played a role in these findings, the short and long-term repercussions of such numbers, and propose solutions to improve vaccine acceptance rates.
Fig. 2
Intentions to get COVID-19 vaccination among different countries
Factors associated with vaccination intentions
According to our data, gender as a predictor of willingness for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 presented a statistically significant difference. Males were more likely to accept the vaccine than females, which could be attributed to the higher sex-based risks of complications and mortality, in addition to the potential economic impacts of the pandemic on the father’s role as a primary source of household income [19, 20]. Whereas females were more reluctant to be vaccinated than males, as they tend to collect medical information from various sources when it comes to their families’ health [20].
The results also indicate that older people – who are also at greater risk of complications and mortality [21] – were more likely to refuse COVID-19 vaccine than younger adults. Their concerns about vaccine safety may be the reason for this disparity. On the other hand, younger people are more exposed to educational campaigns and scientific discussions related to vaccine development protocols due to their higher literacy skills [22, 23]. This leads us to think about the importance of targeting the elderly with sensitizing campaigns in order to enhance their willingness for vaccination.
Individuals who had children were more reluctant to be vaccinated compared to those who did not have children. Misconceptions alongside the fear of consequences of vaccination or leaving family members behind may explain this reluctance [24].
Interestingly, residents in rural areas were more willing to get vaccinated than urban residents. The reason for this disparity could be attributed to the online distribution method of the questionnaire that may have reached more educated groups of rural populations than disadvantaged ones, which in turn skewed the results toward acceptance. Furthermore, our data was unable to reveal a statistically significant difference between healthcare workers and the general population in terms of vaccine acceptance. This finding needs to be examined carefully, as their higher literacy skills on healthcare-related issues and recent guidelines do not seem to be a significant factor in their willingness for vaccination as expected. The former is particularly important due to the fact that the already devastated healthcare system in Syria dealing with a pandemic of this size without taking preventive measures such as vaccination could result in calamitous consequences.
In Syria, the acceptance rates were almost half compared to studies conducted in other countries (Fig. 2) [12, 18]. One of the most important pillars to whether to get vaccinated or not is the individual’s knowledge of both the disease and the role of immunization in stopping its spread. Conspiracy beliefs and misinformation were one of the main obstacles to adhere to prevention measures at the early stages of the pandemic, and the same thing is happening now with the educational programs about the importance of vaccination and herd immunity [25, 26]. Despite the scientific consensus on the natural origin of the virus [27], as well as the sensitizing campaigns and social network algorithms to encounter misinformation, only 20.31% of participants in our survey believed in the natural origin of the coronavirus.
The roots of these beliefs can be traced back to several factors. For instance, cognitive biases – like “confirmation bias”, “The availability Heuristic Bias”, “Belief biases” – make the idea of the artificial origin of the virus easier and more appealing to believe [28]. Information sources play a major role in building these beliefs among individuals [29]; participants in our survey who depend on reliable scientific sources and healthcare providers were more willing to accept the vaccine. This focuses on the importance of credible information, especially during the rapid changes and the dissemination of faulty news.
The above is particularly important because cognitive biases, the declining socioeconomic status (SES), and the collapsed healthcare system are among the most prominent features of the nearly decade-old ongoing war; this increases the randomness of the course of the pandemic in such war-torn countries compared to the rest of the world. On the other hand, making use of these factors to enhance the population’s acceptance of the vaccine is also possible, as the fear of contracting COVID-19 alongside the individual’s perception of the seriousness and consequences of infection is associated with increased willingness to accept the vaccine, as shown in our analysis.
The special case of Syria
From a broader perspective, hesitation or rejection of the vaccine, together with the aforementioned factors, would constitute a vicious cycle in which the already devastated SES and healthcare systems would take turns reactivating it. The deteriorating SES – represented by overcrowded communities suffering from food shortages, low immunity, lack of proper education, and underprivileged healthcare settings – will make of these communities a suitable milieu for misleading information and conspiracy beliefs; thus, reducing the willingness to be vaccinated and increasing the rates of infection spread [30,31,32], which puts additional burdens on the already-weakened healthcare systems [31, 33]. On the other hand, the overwhelmed healthcare units will be less able to manage patients and monitor new cases, which in turn, will negatively affect the economy and population’s trust in their healthcare systems [31, 34, 35]; and thus, activating the cycle again. Moreover, logistical barriers to vaccination also play an important role; At a time when purchasing power, electricity, internet access, and fuel are scarce, logistics can prohibit vaccines from reaching individuals willing to get vaccinated. Even though approaching such a scenario in a precise statistical framework is not applicable with our study design under the rapid changes in SES as well as lack of national demographic references that can be used as statistical variables, we can conclude by observing several experiences of war-torn countries, including Syria, that the problem does not stop here, but it may rather reach the reemergence of nearly eliminated diseases [31], such as the spread of polio from Syria to Iraq between 2013 and 2014 [36, 37]. This opens the door for many questions about surveillance and management during the crisis:
In the event of an epidemic re-emergence or a mutation arising in the virus, what is the possibility of tracking new cases before spreading to other countries? If global herd immunity is reached prior to Syria, would an isolation of the country be mandated? And if so, what repercussions would Syria encounter while dealing with the successive waves of the pandemic?
Our data stop on the boundaries of these questions and cannot answer them, but we emphasize the importance of taking these points into consideration when health policymakers make relevant decisions – since one of the most important lessons learned from the world’s experience with the pandemic is that “time of action matters” [38].
Suggested solutions
After the massive spread of the pandemic in almost all countries of the world, it became clear that the solution is only possible through achieving herd immunity [9], which requires immunizing 55–80% of the population against the virus – as a recent study showed [39]. But in order to reach this threshold, there should be a level in which the population is prepared to achieve a sufficient degree of “scientific citizenship” that in turn increases willingness for vaccination [40].
Scientific citizenship implies creating a climate of communication between the scientific community and citizens on the basis of transparency, mutual trust, and active engagement, through which it is possible to confront misinformation and enhance community confidence in their healthcare institutions [25, 26, 40]. This includes: (A) Conducting educational campaigns that discuss individuals’ concerns about the pandemic and vaccine safety, as well as explaining recommendations through sensitizing dialogues [40]. (B) Emphasizing the prosocial benefits of immunization, as several studies have demonstrated that clarifying the social benefits of herd immunity increases the willingness for vaccination [41, 42] – particularly since the experience of locking down the country during the first wave had severely affected the SES of the population [20, 43]. (C) Supporting psychological research that investigates community behavior and its perspective about vaccines. (D) Interventions should be directed to encourage health workers and elderly people with chronic diseases to get vaccinated, which contributes to relieving pressure on health care units [13].
Strengths and limitations
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates in Syria. The importance of this study comes from the fact it sheds light on a global problem in a war-torn developing country — and thus provides health policymakers with input in order to better steer actions, and can also be used as a simulation for other countries that have not yet investigated their population’s acceptance rates.
A key limitation of our study is the use of an online sampling method, which introduced sampling bias and hampered the generalizability despite the large sample size. Participants who do not have any educational degree formed a low proportion of our sample, possibly because they do not have access to social media networks, so future studies may use better approaches to accommodate for this category. Second, the cross-sectional design of this study precludes our ability to infer causality among dependent and independent variables. Third, this study is based on self-reported measures, which might contribute to social desirability bias and justify the high percentage of respondents who did not yet decide whether to endorse or reject the vaccine. Forth, the online sampling method implied some limitations such as the roughly low number of elderly, illiterate participants and citizens living in conflict areas like the Northeast provinces where Internet access is not constantly available. However, the proportion of these groups in the population is relatively low and the questionnaire surveyed a homogeneous sample from the various categories of the Syrian population within a short period of time, without making any modifications to the questionnaire or the methodology during the experiment. Therefore, no adjusted weights were applied to the variables.
Hesitation about COVID-19 vaccine has become the most prominent problem facing health organizations at the present time of the pandemic, and it is clear that efforts must be combined to improve acceptance rates. Among the factors we studied in this paper, male gender, younger age, rural residence, not having children, smoking, fear about COVID-19, individual perceived severity, believing in the natural origin of the coronavirus, and high vaccination knowledge had a positive role in our population’s acceptance rates for vaccination. The rates may differ from one country to another or from a certain pandemic stage to another within the same country, but for developing or war-torn countries, further potential burdens exist and should be taken into consideration while discussing measures to exit the current crisis on an international scale. This study focused on Syria, but at the same time it provides an insight into countries with similar conditions, which unfortunately do not have enough epidemiological reports to coordinate international efforts to help them.
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This research wouldn’t have been done without all the help of enthusiastic and cooperative colleagues. We would like to thank: Dr. Majdy Rafeq Hmedy, Dr. Hazar Abdulrahman, Dr. Hassan Mayya, Dr. Sara Deeb, Dr. Hussein Ahmad, Dr. Hasan Mufid Darwish, and Dr. Jullian Sankari for their valuable contribution to this research study.
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Author information
A.Z., O.M., N.K. designed the study. O.M., A.Z., A.M., M.A., and N.K. collected the data with the help of research contributors. O.M. and R.S. analyzed the data. O.M., A.Z., N.K., A.M., and M.A. drafted the manuscript. O.M. and A.Z. co-first authors as they contributed equally to the research study. N.K. coordinated the research team. R.S. supervised the study. All the authors revised the manuscript. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Naseem AlKhoury.
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The study ethical review was conducted by the Ethical Committee at the Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University and approved according to the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki. This study conducted as an online observational study. All participants received a thorough explanation about the research and that it is conducted for academic purposes only. All the necessary measures to safeguard participants’ anonymity and confidentiality of personal information were respected. Participation in the study was voluntary. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants as we noted that completing the questionnaire was considered as a consent to participate.
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Mohamad, O., Zamlout, A., AlKhoury, N. et al. Factors associated with the intention of Syrian adult population to accept COVID19 vaccination: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 21, 1310 (2021).
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• COVID-19
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An explanation of placental function during pregnancy.
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The report should be a maximum of 2,000 words in length.
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AC 11.1: Explain the structure and functions of the male and female reproductive systems
AC 21.1: Discuss the role of hormones during key developmental stages to include gametogenesis, puberty, pregnancy, and the menopause
AC 31.1: Explain the processes and sequence of events during fertilisation, implantation, foetal development and child birth
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Why the book of enoch is not scripture
What happened to the Book of Enoch in the Bible?
Was the book of Enoch in the original Bible?
What are the 14 books removed from the Bible?
Who put the books of the Bible together?
Which Bible has the Book of Enoch?
King James version of the Holy Bible
Where is the original Bible kept?
the Vatican Library
Why were books left out of the Bible?
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Who Wrote the Book of Enoch?
Did King James change the Bible?
Which is the most accurate Bible translation?
the New World Translation
What books of the Bible are missing?
Contents of The Lost Books of the Bible
• The Protevangelion.
• The Gospel of the Infancy of Jesus Christ.
• The Infancy Gospel of Thomas.
• The Epistles of Jesus Christ and Abgarus King of Edessa.
• The Gospel of Nicodemus (Acts of Pilate)
• The Apostles’ Creed (throughout history)
• The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Laodiceans.
Why did Protestants remove books from the Bible?
How many books are in the original Bible?
These Christians used the Septuagint as their Old Testament, in which I count 52 books, (counting Psalm 151 as a “book”). Add the 27 NT books, and you get 79 books. But biblical history is so complicated that it’s difficult to say what “the original Bible” is, if such a thing exists.
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How many gospels were left out of the Bible?
Why were the lost gospels thrown out? In the 2nd-3rd Centuries there were attempts to work out which of the gospels should be read as scriptures. The four gospels of the New Testament – Matthew, Mark, Luke and John – were already being used as scriptures in early church services in Rome and perhaps other places too.
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Diary of Typhoon Pablo in Bendum (2012)
Kay Pitman and Pedro Walpole
Community: Typhoon Bopha/Pablo
Atmospheric view of the typhoon
On November 23rd 2012, a moderate atmospheric circulation developed over Marshall Island, part of the Micronesian Island chain in the Northern Pacific region over 5,000 km to the east of the Philippines.
By 9.00 pm on the 25th, both the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression. It reached tropical storm intensity by the following day, and was named Typhoon Bopha (Pablo in the Philippines).
By 5am December 4th, the typhoon made landfall over Baganga, Davao Oriental as a category 5 Super Typhoon, with winds over 200 kph and a well-defined eye. Public storm warning signals were issued in Mindanao on December 3. Storm signal 3 was declared over Bukidnon and schools and offices were closed.
By the 5th of December, over 800 people had been declared missing, with 620 confirmed dead. More than 300,000 people were forced into evacuation centres2 as floods and landslides caused destruction across Mindanao.
The super typhoon’s eye passed directly through Bukidnon, moving up the Pulangi River and passing over Bendum. The following is Fr. Pedro Walpole’s account of Typhoon Bopha as he experienced it, together with the Pulangiyen community in Sitio Bendum.
Monday, 3rd of December
“The rains started during the afternoon planning meeting for Kaamulan, the annual cultural gathering. ESSC staff warned that storm signal number 1 had been raised, so I decided not to push through with previous travel plans. I told those present at the meeting that a typhoon was set to hit northern Mindanao and we needed to consider what to do. In the previous year, Sendong brought heavy rains but not much wind, and this was going to be a different kind of storm.”
“The light rains continued with some breaks during the night.”
Tuesday, 4th December
“By breakfast, the rains were continuous and Mercy, one of the local teachers, came to say that they wanted to send the children home from school, as some had arrived in wet clothes. Information from staff in Manila reported that storm signal number 3 was now raised. At this point, communications ended. We were prepared to open the school where there was water and sanitation and to cook together in the outside kitchen by the Adagi Balay3.”
“Winds began to gust from the north by 9am, and dorm kids were sent to study in the dining room of Adagi Balay. Soon, trees were cracking and though some branches came off, none hit the house. People from the village were gathering in the Livelihood Building because it was a cement structure. But because there were few rooms there and access to the kitchen was difficult, so we decided to move people to the school.”
“By 10:30 am, the winds grew very strong, over 100kph.”
“The winds began to subside, and more people gathered in the Livelihood Building from the north and western parts of the village. Some houses had already lost their roofs. Fallen trees hit some houses, including those of local teachers and the Datu’s Tulugan4, but there was minimal damage and no casualties. Behind the school library, a fruit tree had fallen, but the damage was minimal and the school building was still easily accessible from the front.”
“Power lines came down in a few places, although power had already been cut off from the local service provider. Rather than cook in the dirty kitchen, we moved the cooking inside, as the trees around the house were breaking up. More trees had fallen near other houses in the community, and I was unable to reach people as winds were rising again and roofs flapping. The returning winds started this time from the south, and I realized that we were in the eye of the typhoon, and it was coming back to hit us again.”
“We tried to move more people to the school from the Livelihood Building; a few more had arrived. The path to the Livelihood Building was difficult however, as a tree had fallen on the power lines and the bamboo had cracked all over the path. There were no leaks in the dorm, but the children there were frightened.”
“The wind finally died down by noon, and everyone was out assessing damage. Many had lost their bamboo roofs, and whatever they had not bagged was wet. Most did not eat until past 1pm; rice was continuously being cooked and handed out, although a few had cooked their own food and brought it to the school. By early afternoon, people felt safer, and although they were tired, they were easier of heart. Later, it became clear that many were not going home and 21 families set up in the school for the night.”
“On the way to the hydro-power house, some logs had washed down the side stream coming from the road and the water was very red. Power from the micro hydro system was down, but once the grill had been cleared of leaves and the tank washed out, the generator started without trouble, restoring power to the school and the dorm, where families from the village were staying.”
“That evening, people gathered at the school and enjoyed being together, despite the circumstances. We cooked rice for about 70 that evening, but it did not seem to be enough. We also had a mass in the school; people sang and were generally at ease for the night, as the situation was no longer threatening.”
Wednesday, 5th December
“Early in the morning, people began returning to their houses. People from the village contributed their share to the breakfast, although we ate late due to the time it took to cook and distribute so much rice.”
Ecology: Landslide
Landslide on the road to Bendum
“We learned that three houses in Barangay Busdi have been swept away by the expanding river going to the Pulangi. Later, people went down to Busay5 on the way to St. Peter where six trees had to be cleared from the road. The logs laid down for the road used by the logging companies had destroyed the spillway, and shale had slid down the hillside, blocking the access road completely. Motorbike owners worked pahina6 on road clearance, and opened a narrow path across the shale.”
“Zamboangita had no power, and more importantly, the water supply had been broken in several places. Water rose in the high school scholar’s dorm, but there were no floods with a strong current. Roofs were lost from the boys’ house and kitchen, but people were fine.”
“Back in Bendum, the children were cleaning around the house, especially by the out-kitchen and main path. It was a sunny day, and at moments, I would catch myself enjoying the activity and finding it hard to realize we were clearing up after a typhoon. As it was a beautiful day, I walked to the brow on the western side of the village to see the Pulangi. It was the reddest I had ever seen it, with whole new gravel beds emerging.”
“That evening, children studied until 7.45pm, and returned to the dorm very tired. There were still some people from the village in the dorm, and one extended family had returned to the school. There were some thunder bursts through the course of the evening, as the day had been warm, and at night, rain came again, but it was gentle.”
Thursday, 6th December
“After a breakfast of bingala and palao cooked in coconut milk, the children went to school about 7.30am. Cleaning in the school went on until about 10am, when classes resumed, and a sense of normalcy returned.”
“That day, we planned to assess the damage in the library and see what other reports the day would bring. Although the road to Zamboangita had been partially cleared, it would be days before vehicles could pass and there was still no electricity. We had water and access to food, if only root crops, and we were fine.”
Friday, 7th December
Ecology: Busay landslide
More landslides in the area
“Upon revisiting Busay, we saw that not only was there a landslide but the two small bridges were washed out. The road over the landslide is now very steep and narrow and in real need of reinforcement. The alternate route is to use the lower junction section through the mud. Since it rained for two nights, the Namnam River was high, but passable by the afternoon.”
“We only then heard reports of the devastation in Compostella Valley – of the great destruction and loss of life.”
Sunday, 9th December
“Communications finally came back but were shaky as always. The extent of the damage was becoming clear: flattened crops, maize, rice, saging and gulay, cassava—all gone.”
“Despite the challenges brought by the storm, there is a deep sense of gratitude that Bendum was able to pull through, and for the moments of joy in being together as a community. There is also a great appreciation for how the community, especially the youth, responded to the needs of those affected by the storm.”
1 NASA (2012) ‘NASA satelites see Bopha fizzle over weekend’. Found, 20/12/2012 at: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2012/h2012_Bopha.html#1
2 Relief Web (2012) ‘Typhoon Bopha strikes the Philippines – CBM providing access to basic needs’. Found, 20/12/2012 at: http://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/typhoon-bopha-strikes-philippines-cbm-providing-access-basic-needs
3 Literally, “big house”. It is used to welcome visitors and for community gatherings.
4 Tulugan is traditionally the datu’s house, which is open to everyone who needs a place to stay
5 This is a small waterfall.
6 Community volunteer work.
7 Bingala and palao are root crops.
Photo caption: The road at Busay, completely covered by the landslide. Photo credit: Kay Pitman, APC
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December 28, 1931 – Lin-Sen succeeds Chiang Kai-shek as President of Nanjing-China
Wang Jingwei, Lin Sen, and Italian Ambassador to China Vincenzo Lojacono
Lin Sen (16 March 1868 – 1 August 1943) was a Chinese politician who served as Chairman of the National Government of the Republic of China from 1931 until his death.
Born to a middle-class family in Shanggan Township, Minhou County, Fujian, Lin was educated by American missionaries.
He later worked in the Telegram Bureau of Taipei, Taiwan in 1884.
After the First Sino-Japanese War, he engaged in guerrilla activities against the Japanese occupiers.
He returned to the mainland and worked in the Shanghai customs office in 1902. He later lived in Hawaii and San Francisco.
There he was recruited by the Tongmenghui in 1905, and was an overseas organizer for the Kuomintang.
During the Xinhai Revolution, he was in charge of the Jiangxi revolt. He became speaker of the senate in the National Assembly.
After the failed Second Revolution against President Yuan Shikai, Lin fled with Sun Yat-sen to Japan and joined his Chinese Revolutionary Party.
He was sent to the United States to raise funds from the party’s local branches. In 1917, he followed Sun to Guangzhou where he continued to lead its “extraordinary session” during the Constitutional Protection Movement. When the assembly defected to the Beiyang government, he remained with Sun and later served as governor of Fujian.
Lin was a member of the right-wing Western Hills Group based in Shanghai. The group was formed in Beijing shortly after Sun’s death in 1925. They called for a party congress to expel the Communists and to declare social revolution as incompatible with the KMT’s national revolution.
The party pre-empted this faction and the ensuing congress expelled Western Hills’ leaders and suspended the membership of the followers. They supported Chiang Kai-shek’s purge of the communists in 1927. Lin rose to become the leader of the Western Hills faction and undertook a world tour after the demise of the Beiyang government.
In 1931, President Chiang’s arrest of Hu Hanmin caused an uproar within the party and military. Lin and other high-ranking officials called for the impeachment of Chiang.
The Japanese invasion of Manchuria prevented the civil war from erupting, however it did cause Chiang to resign on December 15. Lin was appointed in his place on December 28, 1931 as acting president and confirmed as president on January 1, 1932.
He was chosen as a sign of personal respect and held few powers since the KMT wanted to avoid a repeat of Chiang’s rule. He never used the Presidential Palace, which Chiang continued to reside in, and preferred his modest rented house near the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Chiang’s influence was virtually restored after the Battle of Shanghai (1932) as party grandees realized his necessity.
Shortly after acceding to the presidency, Lin Sen embarked on an extended trip that took him to the Philippines, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France. He visited the Chinese diaspora and the Kuomintang party organisations in those countries. This was the first overseas visit by a serving head of state of China.
In 1934 TIME magazine called him “puppet President Lin”, and when there was a talk by Chiang Kai-shek at a “Secret conference of government leaders” of granting the President of China actual powers, insinuating that Chiang was entertaining the thought of taking the Presidency himself, since Chiang held the actual power while Lin’s position was described as “figurehead class”.
Though he had little influence on public policy, Lin was highly respected by the public as an august elder statesman who was above politics. His lack of political ambition, corruption, and nepotism was an exceedingly rare trait. He lent dignity and stability to an office while other state institutions were in chaos.
A widower, Lin used his position to promote monogamy and combat concubinage which became a punishable felony in 1935. He also called for a peaceful resolution when Chiang was kidnapped during the Xi’an Incident. National unity was something he stressed as relations with Japan deteriorated further.
When the Second Sino-Japanese War entered full swing in 1937, he moved to the wartime capital of Chongqing. He legalized civilian use of guerrilla warfare, but this was just a formality as it was already a widespread practice. He spurned all offers to defect and collaborate with the Japanese puppet government.
On 10 March 1943, his car was involved in an accident. Two days later, he had a stroke while meeting the Canadian delegation. As he was in hospice, he urged the recovery of Taiwan be included in the post-war settlement; it became part of the Cairo Declaration months later.
He died on August 1 at the age of 76 and a month of mourning was declared. He was the longest serving head of state in the ROC while it still held mainland China. The central executive committee elected Chiang as president a few hours after Lin’s death. All of the powers that were denied to the presidency were restored for Chiang.
Lin visited Qingzhi (“Green Plant”) Mountain in Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian and was fascinated by it, which encouraged him to style himself “Old Man Green Plant” (Qingzhi Laoren) in his old age. His monument, built beside Qingzhi Mountain in 1926 before his death, was damaged in the Cultural Revolution, and was restored in 1979.
Lin had adopted his nephew Lin Jing (known in English as K.M. James Lin), as his son. While studying as a postgraduate student in Ohio State University, James Lin married Viola Brown, a five-and-ten-cent store clerk, although he was reported already to have two wives in China. Lin Sen objected to the marriage and the couple eventually divorced. James Lin returned to China and died in action during the Japanese invasion
There are roads named after Lin Sen in Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, and other towns and cities in Taiwan due to his role in fighting the Japanese invasion of Taiwan and as ROC president.
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CASE 14-4
Seventeen-Year-Old Boy
The patient is a 17-year-old boy who presented with left-sided chest pain. He was well until 8 days prior to presentation when he developed left axillary and shoulder pain. The pain was worse with inspiration. He denied fever, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. He reported rhinorrhea and a dry cough 2 weeks prior. He had mild shortness of breath with exercise. He had no history of trauma.
The boy had a history of depression with no history of suicide attempts. He denied a history of asthma or other chronic illnesses. His family and social histories are noncontributory. He denied any drug use, but did admit to having smoked cigarettes in the past.
T 36.6°C; HR 108 bpm; RR 18-20/min; BP 120/60 mmHg; SpO2 95% in room air
Weight 50th percentile-75%; Height 75th-90th percentile
In general, he was in no acute respiratory distress. His chest examination revealed no chest wall deformity and was nontender to palpation. Breath sounds were decreased at the bases, left greater than right. No wheezes or rales were appreciated. His cardiac examination revealed normal S1 and S2 with no murmurs, rubs, or gallops heard. The remainder of his physical examination was normal.
A complete blood count revealed a WBC count of 5600 cells/mm3 with 55% segmented neutrophils, 31% lymphocytes, 11% monocytes, and 3% eosinophils. Electrolytes were normal.
A chest roentgenogram was considered diagnostic (Figure 14-5).
FIGURE 14-5. A. Chest radiograph. B. Chest radiograph close-up.
The differential diagnosis for chest pain in this adolescent boy should focus on the acute nature of his pain. In general, the most common etiologies for chest pain in the adolescent age group include psychogenic, cough, asthma, musculoskeletal pain, and pneumonia. These causes most often produce a subacute and subtle type of chest pain.
Thus, the acute onset of chest pain in this boy should focus on the differential diagnosis of a number of other causes. Certainly, tobacco use or the abuse of cocaine or methamphetamine may cause the acute onset of chest pain secondary to vaso-spasm of the coronary arteries. Pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum commonly present with the acute onset of chest pain. Some abdominal processes, such as pancreatitis or cholecystitis, may present with acute chest pain. Cardiovascular causes are less common but are life-threatening. With acute chest pain, one should consider coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, structural cardiac defects, and infections.
A chest roentgenogram revealed a left pneumothorax (Figure 14-5). The diagnosis is left spontaneous pneumothorax.
Pneumothoraces are divided into three groups: spontaneous, traumatic, and iatrogenic. Within spontaneous pneumothoraces, one can have either a primary or secondary event. A primary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs when there is no underlying lung disease and a secondary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in patients with underlying lung pathology.
The incidence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax ranges between 7.4 and 18 cases per 100 000 men and between 1.2 and 6 cases per 100 000 women. It is most common in tall, lean boys between 10 and 30 years of age. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing a primary spontaneous pneumothorax in a dose-dependent fashion.
Secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces occur in patients with underlying lung disease. The major causes include airway disease (e.g., cystic fibrosis), infection (e.g., pneumocystis carinii pneumonia), interstitial lung disease, connective-tissue disease, malignancy, and thoracic endometriosis. The incidence of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is 6.3 cases per 100 000 men and 2 cases per 100 000 women. Secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces have a later peak incidence at 60-65 years of age.
Subpleural bullae are seen in 76%-100% of children who are taken to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. There is some speculation as to the mechanism of bullae formation. It is likely that elastic fibers are degraded in the lung, which ultimately leads to an imbalance in the protease/antiprotease system and the development of bullae. A pneumothorax then develops as alveolar pressure increases with air subsequently leaking into the interstitium.
Traumatic pneumothoraces occur secondary to blunt, crush, or penetrating trauma to the chest, as a result of mechanical ventilation, or by injury from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax usually develops while the patient is at rest. Patients describe pleuritic ipsilateral chest pain and dyspnea. With a small pneumothorax, the physical examination may be completely normal. Tachycardia may be noted. In patients with a large pneumothorax, one may see poor chest wall movement, a hyperresonant chest, and decreased breath sounds on the side with the pneumothorax. Tachycardia and hypotension indicate that the patient has developed tension physiology and requires emergent intervention.
With a large pneumothorax, the patient develops a decreased vital capacity and an increased alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. In patients with primary spontaneous pneumothoraces, their underlying lung function is normal and, therefore, they do not develop hypercapnia. In contrast, patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces by definition have underlying lung disease and are more likely to develop hypercapnia.
Chest roentgenogram. A posterior-anterior chest roentgenogram reveals the presence of a pneumothorax. Small apical pneumothoraces may be difficult to detect in this fashion, and on occasion an expiratory roentgenogram will be necessary.
Chest computed tomography (CT). A chest CT may be necessary to differentiate a bulla from a pneumothorax.
A variety of treatment options exist when managing a pneumothorax. They range from observation, simple aspiration with a catheter, chest tube insertion, pleurodesis, thoracoscopy with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and thoracotomy.
Patients with small primary spontaneous pneumothoraces may be observed without intervention if there is no respiratory distress. They may be treated with supplemental oxygen to hasten the reabsorption of air. With supplemental oxygen, the air is reabsorbed at a rate of 2% per day. With larger primary spontaneous pneumothoraces, needle aspiration or chest tube insertion are required. Secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces generally require intervention as patients are usually ill due to their underlying lung disease.
The main debate with spontaneous pneumothoraces is the ability to prevent recurrences. With a primary spontaneous pneumothorax, the recurrence rate is around 30% and most will recur 6 months to 2 years after the initial event. Smoking and younger age are risk factors for recurrent disease. The recurrence rate with secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces is similar at 39%-47%.
The general consensus is to recommend preventative therapy after the second ipsilateral pneumothorax. However, patients who participate in risky activities such as scuba diving and flying should be considered for intervention after their first spontaneous pneumothorax. Options for recurrence prevention include the instillation of sclerosing agents through a chest tube and mechanical pleurodesis. With video-assisted thoracoscopic procedures, blebs can also be identified and oversewn.
1. Baumann MH, Strange C, Heffner JE, et al. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi Consensus Statement. Chest. 2001;119:590-602.
2. Sahn SA, Heffner JE. Spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:868-874.
3. Weissberg D, Refaely Y. Pneumothorax: experience with 1,199 patients. Chest. 2000;117:1279-1285.
4. Montgomery M. Air and liquid in the pleural space. In: Chernick V, Boat TF, eds. Kendig’s Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1998:403-409.
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Lentis/Anti-TV Social Movements
When television was introduced in 1920, it received praise for being both a significant technological innovation and a new source of entertainment. As its popularity increased, some began to examine the social effects of the new medium. In 1977, Marie Winn published her book The Plug-In Drug, which argued that such effects were largely negative, focusing around the argument that it impairs childhood development. [1] The book gained popularity and became the foundation for many Anti-TV movements. While some of these movements only oppose certain TV content, others oppose TV entirely.
A projecting praxinoscope, 1882
The modern concept of television was developed over many decades. Pre-television inventions, such as the praxinoscope, were developed in the late 1800s. By the early 1900s, inventions began to resemble the modern television. However, the TV industry did not get its start in the United States until after the Great Depression.[2] Following World War II, television began gaining popularity in American households. In 1928, the first television service was offered regularly and the popularity of television exploded. [3] Television was celebrated as not only a new form of news broadcasting, but also entertainment.[2][4] Any opposition to the glorification of television did not take shape until the end of the 20th century. In 1980, following the publication of Plug-in drug, Mary Dixon founded the Society for the Eradication of Television, the first group organized around the elimination of television from households.[5][6] Regardless of the creation of more anti-television groups, the average number of televisions in American homes increased from 1.57 in 1975 to 2.86 by 2009.[7] Brief boycotts of television are commonplace, the largest being the boycott of Ellen in 1997 when four million American abstained from watching the show as part of the larger TV-Turnoff Week.[8] Through these boycotts as well as formal organizations and publications, the anti-television movement has taken various forms throughout history.
Anti-TV GroupsEdit
There are two main components of the anti-TV movement: those who wholly oppose television and those who are concerned about the messages that current programming conveys. These groups do not necessarily work together, as they often have varying agendas.
Groups for the Elimination of TVEdit
A TV-B-Gone
WhiteDot is a UK based movement created in 1996 by Jean Lotus. It believes TV alienates us from reality, promotes an unhealthy lifestyle, and corrupts children. WhiteDot’s prevalent argument is based on the claim that TV is an undesirable cultural trait. It claims that “television is hurting the quality of our lives,”[9] and supports initiatives to control and eliminate it such as TV-B-Gone.
WhiteDot also claims that TV is a hazard to democracy. Its manifesto is in line with the views of physiologist Bruce E. Levine, who claims that “TV keeps us indoors, and it keeps us from mixing it up in real life. People who are watching TV are isolated from other people, from the natural world—even from their own thoughts and senses. Television is a ‘dream come true’ for an authoritatian society.” [10]
TV-Free AmericaEdit
TV-Free America started as an initiative to raise awareness about the amount of time the average American spent watching TV. From there, it was renamed as the Center for SCREEN-TIME Awareness (CSTA), focusing not only on television, but also on all means of electronic media. CSTA is an international nonprofit based in Washington DC. They claim their “objective is to see more healthy people in functional families in vibrant communities.” [11] The CSTA also views television—and all electronic media—as a control mechanism, and invites Americans to take control of their lives by turning off all screens during the annual Screen-Free Week.
Groups for the Modification of TV ContentEdit
Professional OrganizationsEdit
The American Psychological Association (APA) published recommendations for parents on managing what their children are exposed to.[12] They reference studies which support a correlation between watching violence and behaving aggressively. One such study collected data on the amount and type of violence that children between the ages of 6 and 10. A follow-up study conducted on a majority of the original participants 14 years later found that viewing violence as a child led to increased rates of aggression later in life.[13] With these studies in mind, the APA recommends parents consider the Film Rating System when deciding what their children can watch. [12] The Surgeon General of the United States issued similar messages to those of the APA, noting that children who are susceptible to reactions from viewing violence may experience “nightmares or be afraid to go to sleep….”[14] While not directly opposed to graphic content, both groups acknowledge that certain images are not suitable for children under a certain age.
Non-Professional OrganizationsEdit
Non-professional organizations, including the American Family Association (AFA) and the Parents Against Media Violence (PAMV), have voiced their opinion. While their arguments have different bases, the disapproval of messages in popular television in the same. The AFA states that current programming often opposes Christian values, saying that people in charge of TV programming are "overtly hostile to the Christian faith." [15][16] PAMV is concerned more with general morality concerns and the glorification of sex and violence. They argue that TV producers only have profits in mind and disregard the education of children. They refer to a variety of professional organizations, such as the APA, who have published studies that legitimize their claims. PAMV also claims parents are a large part of the issue because they indirectly support media violence by not screening what their children watch.[17]
Opposition (Pro-TV)Edit
While no organizations exist with the explicit goal of opposing these movements, those with a financial stake in the television industry implicitly aim to counter them. Instead of arguing against the claims of anti-TV movements, these participants take a more passive strategy of promoting their industry through lobbying and advertising. As of 2014, the industry is valued at around 74 billion dollars, [18] giving these groups significant economic influence. One such group, the TV Bureau of Advertising (TVB), represents the television advertising industry, and is composed of representatives at advertising companies, broadcasting groups, and networks among others.[19] In addition to facilitating TV advertising profits, TVB aims to promote the idea of TV as a positive source of entertainment by running different campaigns such as their recent “Project Road Block” program, which runs ads that discourage drunk driving. [19]
Other major players include the Consumer Electronics Association and SAG-AFTRA. While the former exists to grow the consumer electronics industry,[20] the latter exists to negotiate “the best wages, working conditions, and health and pension benefits” for its members, which are largely actors. [21] Consequently, both of these groups implicitly oppose Anti-TV movements, seeing as successes in such movements would harm their profits, and thus impede their missions.
All of these groups are united in the fact that they aim to please TV viewers, another participant largely on the pro-TV side of the equation. Roughly 283 million Americans watch TV every month, [18] which amounts to about ninety percent of the population. TV is a major source of media for the majority of the population, and consequently, consumers are exposed to more TV advertisements than those from any other media source. [22] In this sense, the viewers supply the economic fuel that sustains the industry.
Related MovementsEdit
Anti-technology MovementsEdit
Most anti-technology movements inherently oppose TV. The most visible of these is the Neo-Luddist movement, which takes its name from the British Luddite movement that opposed the industrial revolution in the early 17th century. The Neo-Luddist movement does not oppose all technologies, only those which “are, at root, destructive of human lives and communities”. [23] Neo-Luddites believe that television fits these criteria, asserting that it “ offers corporations a surefire method of expanding their markets and controlling social and political thought.” [23] Fittingly, the movement does not have a website, so limited information about them is available to the public.
Other MovementsEdit
Some individuals that oppose the current political system believe that television is part of a large government conspiracy to facilitate mind control and social engineering. [24] Some of these individuals believe that the flickering of different images that we perceive as video intentionally produces a state of hypnosis in the viewer. [25] Consequently, they oppose television and other related technologies.
Television has also received criticism from environmentalists who see TV as a source of electronic waste with heavy metals harmful to the environment. Groups like Take Back My TV[26] seek to reduce the amount of e-waste produced and disposed. E-waste disposal has become a complex political issue. According to GreenPeace, most of the e-waste produced in the west is shipped abroad to countries like China or India.[27]
Relation to Technological DeterminismEdit
Technology has been understood as the practical application of scientific knowledge, usually in favor of the betterment of human life. However, the subjective nature of this definition has given place for disagreement on what better is. It could be argued that technology is the means to free humans from menial tasks and allow them to serve a more noble purpose: ‘think and dream.’ [28] This is the view presented in Rydber’s Prometheus. However, after the birth of technological determinism, some discourse surrounding technology has become more skeptical and preventive. Technology, and TV in particular has been portrayed in popular media as the perfect means of control of an authoritarian society. Some examples of this are Orwell’s 1984 portrayal of tele-screens, or Alan Moor’s V for Vendetta. [29][30]
Representation in the media has been a subject of controversy. Reality TV, for example, has been said to reinforce gender, cultural, religious, and sexual stereotypes. Within a short period between the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013, a number of articles dealing with this started circulating. Some examples include “Reality TV plays into stereotypes”[31] or The New York Times article “Does Reality TV Promote Dangerous Stereotypes?” [32] These articles deal with television as a technology that can morph culture, for the better or worse.
Technological determinists like Merrit R. Smith claim that “technology [is] a key governing force in society,” [33] and as such it has the power to shape culture. TV, as a form of technology, abides to this. However, television is also a form of media that pushes forward narratives. It could be argued that as such, it is particularly influential on the social construction of culture since it relates to the viewer as an object as well as a source of information. This dualistic characteristic of television is what has given room for different groups to oppose it or support it either for what it is or for what it shows.
1. Winn, M. (1977). The plug-in drug. New York: Viking Press.
2. a b Abramson, A. (1987) The History of Television,1880 to 1941.Washington, D.C.: McFarland
3. What Television Offers You, Popular Mechanics, November 1928, p. 823
4. The Latest in Television, Popular Mechanics, September 1929, p. 472
5. Boshra, B. (2003, January 18). How to kick the boob-tube habit. The Gazette.
6. http://webwm.com/set/
7. The Nielsen Company. (2009). Television Audience 2008. New York City: The Nielsen Company.
8. Mittell, J. (2000). The Cultural Power of an Anti-Television Metaphor. Television & New Media, 1(2), 215-238.
9. http://www.whitedot.org
10. Levine, B. E. (2012, October 30). How TV Zombifies and Pacifies Us and Subverts Democracy. Retrieved from brucelevine.net
11. Universal screen-time reduction: A lifestyle for the 21st Century Fact Sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved from depts.washington.edu
12. a b http://www.apa.org/about/policy/media.aspx
13. Huesmann, L., Moise-Titus, J., & Eron, L. (2003). Early Exposure to TV Violence Predicts Aggression in Adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 39, 201-221.
14. Subcommittee on Communications, Committee on Commerce, Senate. (1972). Surgeon General's report by the Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior. Washington, D.C.: United States Senate.
15. http://www.afa.net
17. http://www.pamv.net
18. a b Nielsen and Simulmedia. (2000). The Data-Driven Future of Video Advertising. Amit Seth and Dave Morgan. http://www.slideshare.net/aseth/nielsen-simulmedia-future-of-video-advertising-whitepaper
19. a b http://www.tvb.org/
20. http://www.ce.org/
21. http://www.sagaftra.org/
22. Jin, H. S., & Lutz, R. J. (2013). The Typicality and Accessibility of Consumer Attitudes Toward Television Advertising: Implications for the Measurement of Attitudes Toward Advertising in General. Journal Of Advertising, 42(4), 343-357.
23. a b Notes toward a Neo-Luddite Manifesto. (1990). Utne Reader. http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/chellis-glendinning-notes-toward-a-neo-luddite-manifesto
24. http://rense.com/general69/mass.htm
25. http://pupaganda.com/originals/Tv_mind_control.html
26. http://www.electronicstakeback.com/
27. Where Does e-Waste End Up. (2009, February 24). GreenPeace. Retrieved from www.greepeace.org
28. Henrik von Wright, G. (1993). The Tree of Knowledge and other essays. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
29. Orwell, G. (2004). Chapter 1. In 1984 a novel. S.l.: S.n
30. McTeigue, J. (2006). V for Vendetta. Warner Bros. Pictures.
31. Ryan, M. (2005, February 25). Reality TV plays into stereotypes. Chicago Tribune.
32. Gonchar, M. (2013, January 3). Does Reality TV Promote Dangerous Stereotypes? The New York Times
33. Smith, M. (1994). Does technology drive history?: The dilemma of technological determinism (p. 2). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
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What is a parametric equation
What is parametric form of equation?
What is meant by parametric function?
In mathematics, a parametric equation defines a group of quantities as functions of one or more independent variables called parameters. Parametric equations are commonly used in kinematics, where the trajectory of an object is represented by equations depending on time as the parameter.
How are parametric equations used in real life?
For example, parametric equations allow you to make a graph that represents the position of a point on a Ferris wheel. All the details like height off the ground, direction, and speed of spin can be modeled using the parametric equations.
What is a Cartesian equation?
: an equation of a curve or surface in which the variables are the Cartesian coordinates of a point on the curve or surface.
How do you graph a pair of parametric equations?
To graph parametric equations by plotting points, make a table with three columns labeled t , x ( t ) displaystyle t,xleft(tright) t,x(t), and y ( t ) displaystyle yleft(tright) y(t). Choose values for t in increasing order. Plot the last two columns for x and y.
What are the advantages of the parametric equations?
One of the advantages of parametric equations is that they can be used to graph curves that are not functions, like the unit circle. Another advantage of parametric equations is that the parameter can be used to represent something useful and therefore provide us with additional information about the graph.
What is a parametric test?
Parametric tests are those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn. This is often the assumption that the population data are normally distributed. Non-parametric tests are “distribution-free” and, as such, can be used for non-Normal variables.
What is a nonparametric model?
Non-parametric Models are statistical models that do not often conform to a normal distribution, as they rely upon continuous data, rather than discrete values. Non-parametric statistics often deal with ordinal numbers, or data that does not have a value as fixed as a discrete number.
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Find the real solutions of the equation
What are real solutions of an equation? How To Solve Them? The “solutions” to the Quadratic Equation are where it is equal to zero. There are usually 2 solutions (as shown in this graph). Just plug in the values of a, b and c, and do the calculations. What does it mean to find all […]
Write an equation for the polynomial graphed below
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Here’s why you shouldn’t dodge doubts solving
It does not matter how smart you are, everyone has doubts. It is not possible for us to know everything all at once, as students you could have exam doubts or queries related to various concepts, it could be anything.
There are various ways for you as students to clear your doubts like having doubt sessions, online sessions, going through a doubt app or just revisiting the concepts by yourself.
As a student, you should not hesitate to ask questions and get your doubts cleared because this will only create confusion later. There are a lot of tools available for you to clear your doubts like youtube videos, doubt apps, and E-learning platforms. Today there are apps that are inclined to personalised subject learnings. For instance, a “Chemistry doubts app” today can also have a curated solution to math and biology.
Your doubts help to clear your concepts and lay a strong foundation. If you are not comfortable asking questions to your professors, you could always turn to your friends for help or the internet where everything is available these days.
It is well said that if you are a student with doubts you are perfectly normal, in fact, it is proof that you are able to comprehend the concepts better. Having doubts stimulates your brain and gives you a better opportunity to understand the concept deeper and in detail.
There are a lot of professors and teachers who encourage students to ask more questions. This not only helps the students to perform better but also helps the teachers to understand which topics need to be revised the most in the upcoming classes and which topics need to be explained and taught in a simpler manner.
If you have a doubt to restrain yourself from asking questions, it will only waste your time because you are not understanding and clearing your concepts and later it will lead to more doubts.
There can be instances where a problem can be solved in multiple ways, so asking doubts can help you understand the problem better and also show you different ways to solve the same problem.
It is well known that if you ask questions and get your doubts cleared you are bound to come across something new and learn it. So if you solve every possible doubt that you have you are more likely to come across something important and learn it.
Having doubts is always beneficial to you both in the short term and in the long term because it will help you to clear your concepts and make you smarter with time. Not only that, if one student asks doubt, but all the other students are also bound to learn from it.
Appropriate doubts show that you are a proactive learner and that is a good sign.
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Nobel Peace Prize Has Disproportionately Gone to Men
A Catholic Saint, a women’s right activist and a champion of education for girls. Those are three of the only 17 women who have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in its 126-year history.
With half the world made up of women, the obvious question arises: why have so few been granted the committee’s most prestigious prize and, more broadly, been generally underrepresented across the Nobel prizes?
Addressing the criticism, in 2017, the Nobel committee acknowledged its poor track record.
“We are disappointed looking at the larger perspective that more women have not been awarded,” Göran Hansson, vice chair of the board of directors of the Nobel Foundation,
“Part of it is that we go back in time to identify discoveries,” he said. “We have to wait until they have been verified and validated, before we can award the prize. There was an even larger bias against women then. There were far fewer women scientists if you go back 20 or 30 years.”
But he acknowledged other problems, including the way people are considered for prizes. Starting in 2018, he said, they would take steps to address the imbalance.
“I hope that in five years or 10 years, we will see a very different situation,” he said.
The first woman to receive the prize was Bertha von Suttner, an Austrian writer who was a leading figure in a nascent pacifist movement in Europe. She was recognized in 1905, two years after Marie Curie became the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize, in physics.
It would be another 26 years before another woman was selected for the award: the American Jane Addams, regarded as the founder of modern social work and an advocate for the concerns of children and mothers. She shared the 1931 prize with Nicholas Murray Butler, then the head of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Other women to receive the honor include Mother Teresa in 1979; the legal reformer Shirin Ebadi of Iran in 2003; the Kenyan environmentalist Wangari Maathai in 2004 and the education activist Malala Yousafzai in 2014.
In 2011, three women shared the award: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the former president of Liberia; Leymah Gbowee, a peace activist from Liberia; and Tawakkol Karman, a journalist from Yemen who became the face of the “Arab Spring” uprising in her country.
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What do you think?
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Nick Cannon Says Mariah Is “Still Mad” He Bought This for Their Twins
Journalists handed Nobel Peace Prize for fight for freedom of expression
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The Blog
One Famous Sea Star
It started on what seemed like a typical autumn day. The weather was calm and Sachi was feeling the pull of crab traps. That feeling, which I feel too, is similar to the feeling of gambling; a rush that comes from the chance to win. Every fisher feels it, I assume, and many know that as long as you’re on the water, there’s no way to lose.
dungeness crabs in a trap
We boarded Short Story and headed out to Deer Harbor with our supplies in a small bucket, a cooler, and a dry bag. The whole process happens by rote at this point, having gone to check the traps on most days of every week since mid-July.
This day would be different, but not that remarkable in isolation. As one of the traps came to the surface, I heard Sachi say, “Whoa!” in a tone that was part surprise and part anxiety. It looked as though an alien had entered the trap. It was a bright orange sunflower sea star with 19 arms and we weren’t sure what to do.
sunflower sea star lee lefever
We both were flummoxed for a moment. We knew sea stars are harmless to people, but this 19-armed creature looked like it evolved to be a warning to humans, like a brightly colored spider or snake. Some scientists now believe that our reaction to spiders and snakes is innate and not learned. Perhaps, somewhere in the backs of our minds, an ancient voice was telling us that the bright orange creature in our trap could be dangerous.
In reality, we humans are far more dangerous to it.
Sea stars on the pacific coast of the US have had it rough recently. Starting in 2013, over 90% of them died due to sea star wasting disease. No one is certain what caused it, but many think the culprit was a sudden change in ocean temperatures. Sea stars that used to be incredibly common in our area simply vanished over a few years. Since then, the ocean ecology seems to have been out of balance.
From this article.
The widespread collapse of sea stars, a top predator and keystone species, has had dire consequences for many of the West Coast’s marine ecosystems. For example, the local extinction of sunflower sea stars, which can live for up to 65 years, has led to an explosion of their primary prey, the Pacific purple sea urchin. On a single reef in Oregon, the population of these animals increased 10,000-fold between 2014 and 2019, to more than 350 million individuals.
Sunflower sea stars, like the one we had in the trap, were recently certified as critically endangered by the IUCN
I was aware of their plight and we brainstormed how to get the sea star out of the trap unharmed and back into the water without touching it. But first, I needed to take some photos. With that out of the way, we dipped the trap back in the water and turned it on its side, and with a little shake, it fell out gently and drifted back down to the shadowy depths.
sea star in water
My first thought was our friends on the island who work for a non-profit organization funded by UC Davis called SeaDoc Society. Their work focuses on ocean science and the rehabilitation of the Salish Sea and its inhabitants. I looked forward to sharing what I thought was a good sign for sea star recovery. I put the photo on Instagram first.
A week or so passed and an idea struck. I enjoy browsing Reddit and occasionally post photos. One of the communities that seemed perfect and has over 19 million members is called, “Mildly Interesting“. I thought the sea star fit that description, so I shared the photo on Reddit with a short note about it being endangered. This is where things started to hit high gear.
Reddit is designed to be a democratic system. Once something new is posted, the members of the community can each give it one vote: up or down. When something gets traction, the upvotes outnumber the downs, and the post has the potential to ascend to the top of the community page and possibly reach the front page of Reddit itself.
When I went to bed that night, it was obvious the photo struck a chord. It had thousands of upvotes, with new votes coming by the second. I couldn’t wait to check my phone in the morning to see what developed as I slept.
To my surprise, the post received over 30k upvotes overnight and reached the Reddit front page at position #10. I was so excited and read almost every comment, including 100+ versions of the question, “how did it taste?” Such is Reddit.
reddit data
reddit data
That day, I received a succinct message from someone who asked if I was interested in licensing the photo to news organizations. I agreed. He sent over an agreement and questionnaire that gave me a chance to tell the story. I was careful to promote the photo as possible evidence of a sea star comeback and its connection to ocean ecology.
These kinds of relationships are unpredictable. I figured there was no harm in licensing the photo and I might earn a few bucks. More than anything, I expected nothing to happen.
A few days later, a friend on the island shared a link that was a surprise. Fox News had picked up the story and used the photo on their website along with quotes from me, the “fisherman”. I found it hilarious.
fox news story about sea star
Then, the article also appeared on the New York Post website.
new york post sea star
Messages poured in from friends and family calling me, “The Fisherman”. If only they knew that Sachi is the real fisher in the family. One of my favorite parts of the article is this quote at the end:
“LeFever did not immediately respond to Fox News’ request for comment.”
At a personal level, this was a fun and exciting event to watch unfold. But it’s also a reminder about how little this kind of media exposure matters. It had nearly zero impact on my career or livelihood. I did earn a $75 licensing fee for the photo, which is nice.
The real outcome, I hope, is building awareness about the sea stars of the Salish Sea and sea star wasting disease. Every person who learns about it is one more potential advocate for taking care of the ocean.
According to Reddit, my post has been viewed over 3 million times and shared over 1,000 times in the past two weeks. The Fox news article has been widely viewed and shared as well. It was not my intention, but I count the few minutes it took to share the photo as a small part I could play in helping the sea stars get more attention and hopefully rebound.
reddit stats
Since that first catch, we’ve seen three more sunflower sea stars in our traps, so there is growing evidence, at least from our boat, that they are coming back. Here is one escaping just as we pulled up the trap:
sea star escaping crab trap
sunflower sea star
Free Event: Ten Lessons from BIG ENOUGH
big enough book promo
caption for image
I’m hosting an online event to share ten lessons from my book, Big Enough.
Now more than ever, people are reconsidering their careers and looking for options to work from home and lead saner, healthier lives.
Big Enough is full of practical tips and inspiration for building intentionally small businesses that support more than the bottom line.
• When: Thursday, November 4th at 11am PT (2pm ET)
• Where: Online
Event Details:
✅ What if you could build a small business that satisfies customers and promotes the lifestyle you want?
✅ What if you could work from home and earn a living without employees?
✅ What if measures of success included happiness, health, and free time, along with income?
In 2007, my wife and I set out to build a business like the one described above. We have achieved that goal and today, I’m sharing how we did it. It’s a decade-long story of hard work, ingenuity, and trusting relationships.
It’s a story of calculated risks, business experiments, and an absolute belief that a business can be designed to promote the long-term health and happiness of its owners.
Join me in this FREE 30-minute event and I’ll walk through ten lessons we learned along the way.
What you’ll get:
• 30-minute presentation by Lee
• A free chapter of Big Enough (digital)
• The chance to win a signed copy of Big Enough, plus 3 stickers, and a pair of Big Enough Socks!
caption for image
Learn more and find other resources at the book page:
Thanks so much for your interest in the book!
Permanence and Permaculture 🦆
Saturday was supposed to be rainy, which is the norm for this time of year. I thought we’d do indoor house projects, like organize the garage or get to some painting touch-ups. Then, the weather cleared except for a brisk wind that was perceptibly warmer than it had been in days.
Sachi decided to head to the grocery store and we loaded up the car with trash and recycling for a trip to the transfer station on the way. I couldn’t help but think of the connection between her trips. Old food containers would become full again. My plan was to walk to a nearby nursery that was having a plant sale and she asked twice about dropping me off. I wanted to walk and she relented.
Not far from home is a wetland area that is often flanked with birders in the summer, who park on the side of the county road and lug long lenses along the shore. The wetland and its views are so commonplace to us that we don’t notice it often. But on this walk, I did.
Across the road from the wetland, I noticed a little trail leading up the hill that I’d never seen before. Long branches were arranged lengthwise on the sides of the trail, which I took as an invitation. After a short hike, I found a bench overlooking the wetland and a sign that marked it as public property.
bench overlooking wetland
I stayed on the hill for a while and took in the view. The wetland below has a story. In the 1970s, a neighbor, who was a professor of ornithology, noticed that the area was attracting a variety of birds. He worked with several neighbors, who owned the land, to create a conservation easement with the aim to establish a waterfowl preserve. They flooded the former fields and the fowl came in droves. Today, the preserve is managed by the county and is a permanent part of the island that is open to the public.
On an island like Orcas, there is always pressure to develop. Over time, much of the island, and especially the properties with shorelines, have been purchased and developed. But there are exceptions. Multiple organizations like the San Juan Preservation Trust work with property owners to preserve wild spaces so that the island can continue to offer access to the public and provide homes to wildlife. The waterfowl preserve is one of those spaces; a permanent slice of wildlife.
I walked back down the hill and by the preserve and eventually arrived at my destination: the nursery. Bullock’s Permaculture Homestead and Nursery is no typical nursery. It’s a destination that’s known around the world for expertise in the field of permaculture. They have been developing the property for over 35 years to be an example of a permaculture system at work. People arrive from all over to attend their design courses, become farm interns, and experience the homestead.
Bullocks Sign
If you’re like me, you’re asking: perma-what? It’s a good question and one that seems more difficult to answer the more you learn about it. Any attempt to explain it is a risk and I’m sure some may take exception.
Permaculture is an approach to agriculture and lifestyle that is focused on sustainability, self-reliance and working within natural systems. In part, this means designing farms and gardens to work as a system that includes livestock, water, waste, energy, and vegetables. A common example is a chicken, which not only produces meat and eggs but consumes plant waste and produces manure that serves to fertilize the ground. Reduce, reuse, recycle.
Visiting the nursery is a cultural experience. A number of people live and work on the homestead, which is a maze of houses, gardens, greenhouses, and farming equipment. The people who work there are amazingly knowledgeable and very friendly. They all seem to adhere to what seems like a standard style: dirt-encrusted farmer, and proud of it.
I browsed one of the nurseries by the entry and considered a couple of trees that were priced at 50% off, but I was walking. Trees are popular among permaculturists, as they represent a permanent part of the garden that can produce fruit and shade, and be enjoyed by both humans and livestock. That’s part of the idea. Instead of constantly pulling plants in and out of the soil, it’s better to plant something permanent.
At the side of the nursery, there was a tent where a couple was managing the transactions. I approached and asked about garden design services. A friendly worker said I should talk to Doug, who was further back in the property. She said, “He looks like a crusty permaculture dude.” Message sent.
I wandered into the maze to potentially find Doug, but also see what was there. Permaculture gardens are rarely the manicured gardens you might expect at a normal nursery. Instead it feels more laissez-faire and unkempt. Weeds mingle with plants, grass grows everywhere, and the property is dotted with pile after pile of decomposing plants. This is all intentional and part of the idea. Nature is messy and unkempt and that’s how the plants like it.
compost bin
trailer on dirt trail
I finally saw Doug who was deep in conversation among the rows, so I kept walking. I could have stayed at Bullock’s much longer, but the rain was coming back, so I made my way home. It is a fascinating place.
That evening the rain arrived on time and I heard the now-familiar pitter-patter of it on our skylights and metal roof. I had been anticipating it all summer and wondered how the rain would sound, especially at night when it’s time to sleep. Listening that night, I thought about permanence and entropy. Try as we might to establish wetlands, gardens, and homes to be permanent, the universe eventually has its way with human projects.
But I didn’t want to think too deeply about that while sitting in a new house. To me, Flattop is permanent. It will be here longer than me and in between, all the things that we see, hear, and do, are permanent parts of our lives. The sound of rain on the roof was one of them; a bit of gentle percussion on a permanent drum that’s perfect for sleeping.
My friend Justin Cox is a talented musician that performs under the name Routine Layup. He lives on Orcas and wrote a song that might just get stuck in your head. Not Everyone Has to be a Permaculture Gardener. Listen below:
We’ve Got Worms 🪱 – How to Subpod
You’ve probably heard, but worm poop is worth its weight in gold. At least that’s how it seems. The “castings”, as they are called, make for amazing garden fertilizer that you can buy. As we’ve discovered recently, you can also make it yourself, or run your own little worm farm/production facility.
When we lived in Seattle, the city encouraged composting on a city-wide scale. Along with garbage and mixed recycling, we had a yard waste container that was picked up every two weeks. We were supposed to put compostable food in the container with plants and leaves. In fact, we could be fined for not doing so.
We kept a little bucket under the kitchen sink with a compostable bag. When making dinner, food scraps went into the bucket and eventually into the yard waste container. When we first started composting, it seemed like a time-consuming extra step, but over time it made sense. Along with helping the city turn food waste into compost instead of it going to the landfill, our normal trash stayed relatively clean and less odorous.
Then, we moved to an island. In our location, trash trucks do not arrive to cart away trash, recycling, or yard/food waste. Like so many other things, we must do it ourselves and feel motivated to make it as easy as possible. Trash and recycling are easy and much more affordable than in the city. Every six weeks or so, we load up a vehicle and go to the transfer station.
Food waste is another matter. The island waste company is in the planning stages for a facility that processes compost where residents can drop off food and yard waste along with the trash. As always, the goal is to keep materials on the island instead of having to pay to remove it by ferry.
In moving into the new house, we needed to develop a system for our food waste. We consistently cook at home and produce a good bit of the stuff. Sachi started looking into what we could do and learned about vermiculture or vermicomposting, which means using worms to process food waste and turn it into fertilizer.
The idea is pretty simple: You put thousands of earthworms, like red wigglers, into an outdoor container with food waste. The worms eat the food and turn it into gold in the form of castings. That’s the beauty of this system. It converts waste into fertilizer for the next round of crops. Win-win!
Sachi researched how to make it easier and discovered a system called Subpod. This is a milk crate type of box with two bays for the food waste and walls with worm-sized holes.
You place the box in a raised bed with the majority of the box under the surface.
Then, you add worms, shredded paper, and food waste to the box, which becomes a buffet for the worms. The rest of the bed can be used to grow food.
Back when we built raised beds, we built one specifically for composting and sized it for two Subpods, just in case. Then, we ordered the Subpod and the worms. A few days later 2,000 red wiggler worms arrived in a bag from the perfectly named Uncle Jim’s Worm Farm. We were in business.
They can come and go as they please in the surrounding soil and are likely to reproduce. Over time, the food waste turns into rich soil that can be transferred into a vegetable garden.
A lot of people build their own compost bins and they usually work great, but come with some issues. The food waste can attract pests and rodents, there can be unsavory odors and overall messiness. The Subpod mitigates the issues because it’s sitting in soil, with a cover.
Now that the system is rolling, we collect food waste in a small bucket under the sink, grab the coffee grounds and tear up some carbon-filled egg cartons or paper, and take them to the Subpod every couple of days. The composting process required aeration, so Subpod gave us a giant screw to mix it up and an insulating blanket to keep the compost covered so it keeps temperature and doesn’t dry out. Other than that, we just wait.
The instructions/rules for using the Subpod are handily placed on the underside of the bin:
When we give people a tour of our property, I often ask if they want to see our worm farm. And we are growing worms, but really, it’s a processing plant that processes plants.
Livability and Laundry 🏡 🧺
The idea of helping homeowners understand the construction process has been on my mind for about a year. As I wrote chapter after chapter, I was looking for some kind of unifying theme. While the explanations, tips, and advice are enough, I wanted to give homeowners a perspective or even a philosophy that helped them see the big picture. I imagined finding a name that was memorable, descriptive, interesting, and hopefully available as a domain name.
Sachi’s early input was to be very direct and focus on the problem it solves or the main value it provides. I agreed and started to look at options involving phrases like “how to build a custom home”, “understand the construction process” and “learn how custom homes are built”. It was at this moment that the challenge became clear.
Home construction is a huge industry with well-established keywords and naming conventions. Virtually anything on the web involving “home construction” seemed to be dominated by much bigger, well-established brands that spend a lot of money to remain visible. Were we going to compete with them? No.
Even at a smaller scale, there are a wide variety of companies and individuals focused on modular homes, tiny homes, DIY cabins, campervan build-outs, etc. It was daunting to consider throwing something new into the mix.
We need to reach people who are planning to build a home or getting started. I know the feeling. The scale of the project and all the decisions that need to be made can feel overwhelming. Many of them are looking for tips and advice, but are unsure where to look. These are the people we need to reach.
I went back to the drawing board and we brainstormed ways to position this new resource. What could we call it? We asked: what is our philosophy? What do we believe about building a home? What’s unique about our perspective?
These questions led us into familiar territory. Big Enough, at heart, is about lifestyle. I wrote it to help business-oriented people see a different perspective about building a business that supports their lifestyle. Whether it’s businesses or buildings, lifestyle is a big part of our perspective and something we value deeply.
One of the amazing things about building a custom home is that it can be built to support the owner’s lifestyle. With a bit of planning, the owner can ensure that the house supports their day-to-day lives. A very simple example is laundry. It happens in virtually every house and a custom home is an opportunity to think about making it easy. This means thinking about where dirty clothes will collect and designing the house so that laundry is near the clothes.
When we planned Flattop, these kinds of decisions were our focus. Our experience with other construction projects helped us think through all the details and work with the pros to build the house around our lives. To me, that’s the best-case scenario for any owner: a house that’s livable.
For example, our primary bathroom shares a wall with the laundry room and we saw an opportunity to add a laundry chute between the rooms. This way, dirty clothes never collect in the bedroom or bathroom. Instead, they can go straight to the laundry room.
The idea of livability stuck with us. You can depend on builders and architects to make the house strong and beautiful. The pros will take care of building the house. But designing it to be livable is the domain of the homeowner. Only the owner knows their unique lifestyle and daily rituals. Only the owner will live in the house.
This idea had legs. Our brand could reference houses and construction, but carve out a niche around the idea of livability and encouraging homeowners to adopt it as a perspective in the design and building process. This means not only understanding every phase of the construction process, but doing within the theme of livability.
I started to look for domain names and soon found that was available. The Livable House. I liked the sound of it and so did Sachi. My only concern is that it’s not descriptive. The name does not imply that it’s a guide to the complete construction process, but that’s okay. I think of it like the popular cookbooks called The Joy of Cooking. The books are mostly recipes, but the theme is joy.
So that’s what the new project is called: The Livable House. It can be found at I’d love to know what you think about the website. Please feel free to enroll in the mini-course.
Boat Creep 🛥 🔭
A few weeks back, I shared a story called Lee Night that was, in part, about spending an evening watching boats go by our house. I wrote:
As boats float by the house, I can’t help but feel like I’m the creepy guy on the beach watching girls walk by. Every boat is different and interesting in myriad ways.
Now that Labor Day has passed and boating season is winding down, I’m taking an inventory of the interesting boats I’ve seen over the summer. After Lee Night, I admit I became a full-on boat creep, watching from my deck as they float by, unaware of my peering lens. I collected a tiny fraction of what passed, but still captured an interesting group of boats.
Tourist Boats
This summer saw heavy traffic from boats full of tourists, usually going to watch whales. The “whaleboats” as we call them are always noticeable because of their size and speed. Few recreational boaters choose to burn as much fuel.
One that always stands out is Blackfish (which is an old name for killer whales).
Blackfish boat
Another is the Western Explorer.
Western Explorer
Sometimes the whales end up in the water in front of our house and the big whaleboats show up.
whale boats
If you crop a photo just right, you can pretend that a friendly sailboat is the only boat watching the killer whales.
sailboat and whales
Tourists are also ferried around on other boats that are more focused on destinations. This is the Puget Sound Express.
boat on salish sea
san juan safaris boat
Commercial Boats
The Salish Sea is a commercial waterway used by all kinds of boats, both local and international. In the distance, there are almost always huge ships traveling in Canadian waters to Canada.
ship on salish sea
We don’t see these behemoths in US waters our side of Orcas Island, but we see many barges and other large boats used for transporting items to the islands that don’t have ferry service.
barge with truck
You find the strangest things on barges. That’s a two-story house.
house on barge
Lindsey Foss is a fire-fighting vessel.
lindsey Foss
A local service will tow you if your boat has a problem.
Tow US
An sometimes a Canadian Warship goes by.
canadian battleship
Recreational/Private Boats
The vast majority of boats that pass our house are recreational or privately owned. Cabin cruisers are a dime a dozen, but sometimes more impressive boats pass by.
M/V Pelican is a 1930 78ft Classic wooden fisheries research vessel that recently started doing charters.
Pelican Salish Sea
Our friends Mahol and Deb live on this 65′ boat called Salish Song. Yes, that’s a lovely palm tree adorning their rear deck.
Salish Song
New Pacific is a 97′ expedition yacht that was recently refitted to have a 60kwh hybrid energy system that reduces the use of the boat’s generators.
new pacific
boat on salish sea
This caravel style sailboat is one of the biggest we’ve seen.
big sailboat
Like cabin cruisers, sailboats are very common in all shapes and sizes.
sailboat on salish sea
And of course, small crafts like kayaks. Sea kayaking is one of the most popular activities in the San Juans. Jet Skis are prohibited, thankfully.
Not a boat. Or is it?
Float Plane
I’ll miss boating season and being on the lookout for interesting boats. They’ll be back before we know it.
At a Crossroads ⤲
My friend Tony asked, when we had just purchased property on Orcas, “What’s next? You’ll build a house and move in… then what?” Sometimes Tony’s questions seem like challenges, but I think he’s mostly looking for ideas. He was asking about something years into the future and I didn’t have an answer. I suppose I’m in the “then what?” phase now.
There is a common perception that completing a project like a house leads to a period of doldrums. The excitement of the project wanes and leaves a hole in the day-to-day that feels like something is missing. I expected to feel it by now, but it hasn’t arrived. If anything, I’m feeling better than I have in a long time. The excitement of the house project came with a healthy dose of stress and anxiety for us both. The space it left in our lives is one we’re not eager to fill. Plus, there are years of house projects ahead of us, mostly in landscaping.
Projects on the professional side of life seem equally complete. This week marks the one-year anniversary of Big Enough being published and it no longer demands a lot of attention. Common Craft, the Explainer Academy, and The Art of Explanation book are all stable.
This all begs the answer to Tony’s question: what’s next?
A few months ago, we had a call with our friend, Dave, who now lives in rural New Hampshire. He’s a regular RFR reader who is planning a significant home remodel. He said something that had been in the back of my mind for a while, but I hadn’t fully considered it. In preparing for his house project, he looked for books and resources for people like him. He wanted to understand the construction process, what to expect, how to overcome the challenges, make decisions, etc. In his experience, there was a dearth of materials along these lines.
Dave encouraged me to take what we had learned in building Flattop and transform it into a book or something similar for people like him. That chat with Dave lit a fire under me. I’ve always been passionate about home design and the construction process. I have years of real-world experience across multiple projects. I have connections with builders, architects, and multiple homeowners who are in-process now.
So, I started writing. Through 2021, I’ve written about 70,000 words, all focused on explaining the process of building a custom home, phase by phase. Sachi has been my editor and brainstormer. Through it all, I was never sure where it would lead.
My initial thought was to make it a book and it’s currently written in that form. But that didn’t feel like the right medium. It’s not a story as much as a reference work or guide. It’s the resource you turn to when a new phase of construction is on the horizon.
I asked a couple of friends who are currently building homes about the potential they see. Our friend, James, was enthusiastic about the idea and had a suggestion. He said, “This feels more digital than a book. You’d want downloadable documents, videos, and visuals.” Yes. Yes. Yes.
Once again, a friend suggested a direction that helped us see the opportunity more clearly. All the writing could be turned into multimedia content that lives on a website instead of in a book. It could be easily updated and priced like an online course. People could access it on any device at any time.
For the last couple of months, this has been the dominant idea in my day-to-day life. When the workday is done and I’m ready to relax, this is where my mind wanders. I have to resist not working on it and I take that as a good sign. Passion, is a necessary ingredient, along with time. Best of all, in true Big Enough fashion, we can make this idea happen ourselves.
So, dear reader, this is the next thing. Many of you have been with me through the entire house project and your ideas and input have been invaluable. For this next project, I hope we can continue what we’ve started. More soon!
Designing for Dogs 🦮
When building a house, it’s easy to assume that the builder and architect will account for what’s needed. You’ll surely have the desired number of bathrooms and a roof that keeps you dry. There are also things that are unique to you and your lifestyle. Daily rituals and long-standing annoyances could be improved with a bit of forethought, but only if they are communicated to the team. This is an important lesson we learned in building Flattop: Be diligent in accounting for ways the house can be designed to improve your day-to-day life. Communicate what you want and the pros will find ways to make it work.
Once the house was mostly complete, attention turned to the fencing. We shared our ideas for a small fenced area that aligned with the side of our garage. Gates flank it on the short sides of the rectangle. One gate leads to the driveway. The other leads to a larger fenced area that wraps around the house and contains our garden and back deck.
This system of fences was designed with great intention and not without a bit of confusion. You could see the questions wash over the builders as they tried to understand what we wanted. “So you want a fenced area that leads to a second fenced area? With a gate in between?” Yes. Exactly. But only four feet high.
They built it exactly as we wanted and today, the system of gates and fences is emblematic of our efforts in making the house work specifically for our lifestyle. Builders and architects can work wonders, but they won’t live in the house. They won’t use it every day. They don’t have access to the daily rituals and events that fill the day. That information is the domain of the homeowner, who must explain what is needed, a few times, to make sure the house fits with these routines.
We have dogs. We wanted Flattop to be a house that minimized the impact of PNW wet dogs and dirty feet on our nice new floors. We imagined waking up on a wet December morning and needing to let the dogs out to do their business. We could let them into the large garden area and watch them return happy and covered in mulchy mud. Or, we could leash them and walk in the rain, careful to avoid muddy areas. Or, we could design the house for this daily routine. We chose design. This meant thinking ahead about how to handle rainy days and wet dogs.
When we were in the guesthouse, we built a small enclosure that connected to the entry. In the winter rain, the dogs could go out while we stayed dry on the porch. I used a nearby pile of wood chips to cover the surface and the system worked. The dogs still got wet, but their paws remained mostly clean. This was our inspiration. Could we do the same at Flattop? Instead of releasing them into the garden, could we create a clean place for them to use every day?
Soon, a plan came together. On the garage side of the house, a door opens to the exterior. We decided to enclose it and make it a dog run that would be our primary way to let them out. Like the guesthouse, we could stay warm and dry by the door while they take care of business. The cedar chips keep their feet clean and naturally repel pests. The gates in the dog run only swing inward so the dogs can’t push them open. As an added bonus, their waste is contained in a small area for easy pickup.
If the dogs do end up muddy from walks or garden play, we have that covered, too. We added a groomer-style dog shower to the garage that makes cleaning dirty paws a breeze. It also serves as a great washbasin for crabbing gear and garden veggies.
The system is almost perfect, but there is one minor hiccup. Maybe, our oldest dog at seven years, has developed a distaste for rain and wet ground. If she looks outside and sees rain, she’ll resist going out at all. When she does venture out, she carefully steps along the wall where the overhang keeps the ground dry. As much as I want to think of our dogs as PNW rain dogs, Maybe is still too civilized. We won’t tell the other dogs on the island.
Another Man’s Treasure 🏴☠️
I’m sure that my first reaction was a subtle roll of my eyes or at least an imagined one. Two twin-size box springs had sat in our garage for a while and Sachi was formulating a plan. She asked around and no one needed them and she didn’t want to just take them to the dump, so she decided to try converting them into something useful. I fully support this as an idea, but I wasn’t sure a box spring could actually become anything much. With a box cutter and pliers, she got to work.
When we demolished the yurt-shaped house, we tried to salvage what we could. Anything we could give away or use was something that didn’t end up in the landfill. Being new to island culture, we hadn’t yet developed a strong sense of salvage, but we were able to do a lot. We saved many of the windows and gave away the Blaze King wood stove, cedar roof shingles, ceiling panels and more. In addition, we saved at least fourteen panels of hog wire railing material for some future project or new island owner. We had no idea how handy they would be.
Hog wire railing at the yurt
Once Sachi’s vegetable garden got going, it quickly needed support, both vertically and around the edges, as squash plants spilled out over the side of the raised beds. The hog wire came to the rescue on both counts.
hog wire supporting squash
The hog wire also served as a moveable fence we can use to keep the dogs out of the temporary and dusty pile of dirt.
Aside from what we could salvage from the yurt, the construction project produced its own scrap and we told the crew to save everything that seemed useful. Today a pile of wood and materials lives under our house and is slowly being put to use.
A few brackets helped turn leftover trim into shelves in our garage.
Steel concrete form stakes became the weight that keeps our shrimp traps in place on the bottom. The holes are perfect for cable ties to keep the stakes in place.
When our friend, Jon, moved to Hawaii, he gave us a roll of flexible deer fence that worked perfectly to keep bird beaks out of the beets.
The more we looked around, the more it seemed everything we’d saved would someday become useful. This is the salvage sense that took time to develop. We told our contractor, Drew, about some of what we were doing and he said something that stuck with me… “If you don’t watch it, your garden can start to look like a junkyard.” Point taken. The island has plenty of these “gardens”. One man’s trash is another man’s treasure and it can be a slippery slope.
With the squash supported with hog wire, Sachi turned her attention to tomatoes and peas, which needed support as they grew. The tomato cages we had from Seattle were not enough to do the job. We considered buying more, but our salvage sense started to tingle.
Off in a far corner of the property was a handful of hog wire strips from building the top part of our fence. These were small and destined for the dump until Sachi had an idea. Over the course of an afternoon, she used the scraps and garden tape to assemble frames for supporting the plants without having to buy new cages. I thought it was brilliant, if not slightly junky.
The frames needed a bit more to support the plants and that’s when the box springs started to look more useful. Sachi stripped off the fabric and noticed the bent metal springs stapled to the wooden frame. They were not easy to remove, but that was part of the fun.
In an hour or two, the box frames were disassembled and flattened, leaving us with a pile of springs and an idea. If we could attach them to the frames, they could support tomatoes and peas just like a tomato cage. And that’s exactly what happened. The frames have a beauty borne of utility and a reduction of waste. They most likely will not become permanent parts of the garden, but for a season or two while we figure out the long term plan for the garden, they will do just fine.
Before moving to Orcas, I might have questioned the reasoning of putting so much effort into using leftover material. Are tomato cages that expensive? Could time be used more productively? Of course buying cages is logical, but it’s not about that. We can calculate savings and waste reduction all day and still not account for the satisfaction we get from putting scraps to work. It takes time, but it’s fun and useful in a way that can’t be counted in dollars.
Now that the house is complete and we’re setting up our new lifestyle, we’re both motivated to see what makes sense in terms of reducing waste and reusing what we can. In the past, we had never considered washing and reusing Ziploc bags, but today it’s normal for us. Again, it’s not about the money or even trying to save the planet. If you strip that away, what’s left, I believe, is a smarter, more practical, thoughtful way to live.
The Westward Wind
Back in 2017, when we lived in the yurt-shaped house, we noticed something interesting about warm summer evenings. Just before dusk, a cool and consistent wind blew out toward the water where it created subtle waves as it landed. The wind would last into the night and be gone by morning. When we moved to the guest house during construction, it happened there too. Summer evenings ended with a cool wind whipping to the west.
The Westward Wind Hitting the Water (timelapse)
The wind didn’t seem connected to weather patterns. It was smaller than that; a phenomenon that was too localized to be in a weather report. I asked our neighbors about it and they shrugged their shoulders. It’s just something that happens and always has. The more I watched the westward wind, the more evidence I saw that it was shaping the landscape around us. The tall trees on the south side of our property were bent toward the water.
Whatever the cause, the wind was reliable enough to influence the design of Flattop. A cool and reliable evening breeze at the end of a warm day should not be wasted, so we looked for ways to use it. The big idea was to use the wind to flush out the warm summer air out of the house and replace it with cool evening air. To make that happen, we added operable windows on the east and west sides. Today, I’m happy to report that the system is working. The westward wind is like an air conditioner that kicks on after sunset. All we have to do is open the windows.
This is a prime example of why it helps to live in a location before building there. Wind, sun, and rain are free resources that can be put to work. Observing them for a couple of seasons before breaking ground can be helpful in making a design more efficient.
What I found is a simple idea. The westward wind is caused by a difference in the air temperature over the land and the sea. When the sun goes down in the summer, the air over the ground cools relatively quickly as heat rises upward. The air over the water cools more slowly. This difference in temperature (and pressure) is what causes the wind. Cool air flows out to the water at a low elevation as warm air rises and circulates back to the land.
What I’ve been calling the “westward wind” was not specifically westward at all. I just happen to live in a place with a large body of water to the west. Maybe it’s really the “waterward wind?” That doesn’t exactly roll off the tongue, does it? Still, it’s probably better than “land breeze” which is rather unremarkable sounding. I’m sticking with the “westward wind” for now.
The sea breeze, which we don’t notice as much, is the opposite. Sea breezes happen during the day and blow from the sea toward the land. This is because the air over the land warms more quickly than the air over the water when the sun is out. It’s also the name of a cranberry, grapefruit, and vodka cocktail that was popular in the 80s. It’s not surprising that there is no “land breeze” cocktail, because who would order that? Does it come with a garnish of dead leaves?
For now, rest assured that the mystery is solved and we’ve all learned a bit more about the weather.
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Wednesday, October 27, 2021
U.N. sounds clarion call over humans ‘irreversible’ impact on climate
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(C) Reuters. FILE PHOTO: A man looks on outside a house in an area affected by floods caused by heavy rainfall in Bad Muenstereifel, Germany, July 19, 2021. REUTERS/Wolfgang Rattay/
By Nina Chestney and Andrea Januta
(Reuters) -The U.N. panel on climate change sounded a dire warning on Monday, saying the world is dangerously close to runaway warming – and that humans are “unequivocally” to blame.
Already, greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere are high enough to guarantee climate disruption for decades if not centuries, scientists warn in a report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
That’s on top of the deadly heat waves, gargantuan hurricanes and other weather extremes that are happening now, and are likely to become more severe.
Describing the report as a “code red for humanity”, U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres urged an end to the use of coal and other highly polluting fossil fuels.
The IPCC report comes just three months before a major U.N. climate conference known as COP26 in Glasgow, Scotland, where nations will be under pressure to pledge much more ambitious climate action, and substantial financing to go with it.
Drawing on more than 14,000 scientific studies, the report gives the most comprehensive and detailed picture yet of how climate change is altering the natural world — and what could still be ahead.
Unless immediate, rapid and large-scale action is taken to reduce emissions, the report says, the average global temperature is likely to cross the 1.5-degree Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) warming threshold within the next 20 years.
So far, nations’ pledges to cut emissions have been inadequate for bringing down the level of greenhouse gases accumulated in the atmosphere.
Governments and campaigners reacted to the findings with alarm.
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, whose country will host the climate conference, said the next decade would be “pivotal” to securing the future of our planet:
Emissions “unequivocally caused by human activities” have already pushed the average global temperature up 1.1C from its pre-industrial average — and would have raised it 0.5C further without the tempering effect of pollution in the atmosphere, the report says.
That means that, even as societies move away from fossil fuels, temperatures will be pushed up again by the loss of those airborne pollutants.
Scientists warn that a rise of more than 1.5C above the preindustrial average could trigger runaway climate change with catastrophic impacts, such as heat so intense that people die just from being outdoors.
Any further warming will also boost the intensity and frequency of heat extremes and heavy rainfall, as well as droughts in some regions. Because temperatures fluctuate from year to year, scientists measure climate warming in terms of 20-year averages.
“We have all the evidence we need to show we are in a climate crisis,” said three-time IPCC co-author Sonia Seneviratne, a climate scientist at ETH Zurich who doubts she will sign up for a fourth report. “Policy makers have enough information. You can ask: Is it a meaningful use of scientists’ time, if nothing is being done?”
The 1.1C warming already recorded has been enough to unleash disastrous weather This year, heat waves killed hundreds in the Pacific Northwest and smashed records around the world. Wildfires fuelled by heat and drought are sweeping away entire towns in the U.S. West, releasing record carbon dioxide emissions from Siberian forests, and driving Greeks to flee their homes by ferry.
“Every bit of warming matters,” said IPCC co-author Ed Hawkins (NASDAQ:HWKN), a climate scientist at the University of Reading in Britain. “The consequences get worse and worse as we get warmer.”
It is already too late to prevent these particular changes. The best the world can do is to slow them down so that countries have more time to prepare and adapt.
“We are now committed to some aspects of climate change, some of which are irreversible for hundreds to thousands of years,” said IPCC co-author Tamsin Edwards, a climate scientist at King’s College London. “But the more we limit warming, the more we can avoid or slow down those changes.”
If the world drastically cuts emissions in the next decade, average temperatures could still be up 1.5C by 2040 and possibly 1.6C by 2060 before stabilising.
If the world does not cut emissions dramatically, but continues the current trajectory, the rise could be 2.0C by 2060 and 2.7C by the century’s end.
The earth has not been that warm since the Pliocene Epoch roughly 3 million years ago — when humanity’s first ancestors were appearing, and the oceans were 25 metres (82 feet) higher than they are today.
It could get even worse, if warming triggers feedback loops that release even more climate-warming carbon emissions — such as the melting of Arctic permafrost or the dieback of global forests. Under these high-emissions scenarios, Earth could broil at temperatures 4.4C above the preindustrial average by 2081-2100.
“We have already changed our planet, and some of those changes we will have to live with for centuries and millennia to come,” said IPCC co-author Joeri Rogelj, a climate scientist at Imperial College London.
The question now, he said, was how many more irreversible changes could be avoided.
“We still have choices to make.”
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The Nature Conservancy
Protecting the Source: Water Funds for Nature and People Highly Ranked
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Project Summary
Half of all people live in places where their water sources are being degraded or used up faster than they are being replenished. And when the taps run dry, the most economically disadvantaged people are disproportionally affected.The Nature Conservancy has a tested solution to address this water crisis. Water funds help cities by restoring the watersheds they depend on, they help rural communities by directing resources to improve livelihoods and they benefit nature by protecting habitat. We have successfully launched 34 water funds around the world.With a backlog of partners asking for help, we must scale up. Through 100&Change, we can bring this proven solution to a tipping point by empowering 300 cities—10 times our current portfolio—to begin implementing water funds. Along the way, we’ll improve water supplies for 70 million people, help 150,000 rural people improve their livelihoods and protect 2 million hectares of habitat.
Problem Statement
Our planet is in a water crisis. In 2018, Cape Town came within 90 days of “day zero,” when the city’s taps would be turned off. In 2019, Chennai—India’s sixth-largest city—has essentially run out of water. These are not isolated incidents. Nearly half of the world’s watersheds are unhealthy, threatening approximately 1.7 billion people living in cities. Places from Mexico City to Beijing have experienced severe water stress, with the most economically disadvantaged people disproportionally affected. Poor water management has historically been a root cause of water insecurity in cities. Relationships between the many jurisdictions that govern watersheds are complex, and effective solutions require collaboration. Rising pressure to feed the world is rapidly turning forests and grasslands into farmland and increasing demand for water. Small-scale farmers are simply looking for effective ways to improve productivity and livelihoods. Nature can play an outsized role in improving water security. Watersheds are a hidden piece of a city’s natural infrastructure, collecting and filtering water while providing numerous benefits including food, habitat and climate-change mitigation. However, cities spend most of their water supply budgets building filtration plants or moving huge volumes of water over vast distances. But New York City famously made relatively modest investments to conserve the Catskills watershed and avoided building a treatment plant that would have cost up to $10 billion to construct. Today the city boasts the largest unfiltered water supply in North America. Nature is a powerful solution for water security, but it is frequently overlooked.
Solution Overview
Four in five cities can improve their water supplies through nature-based solutions, like upstream forest restoration and improved farming practices [2]. Water funds create a way for cities to protect their watersheds cost-effectively and efficiently. Once launched, they become self-sustaining through local public and private funding, making them incredibly high-leverage philanthropic investments. Our track record to date is 6:1 leverage for every philanthropic dollar raised. The impacts from our portfolio are significant. Water funds work for rural farmers like Mama Christine, who lives in Mung’etho village outside Nairobi. After she harvested rainwater with technology made available through the Nairobi water fund, Mama Christine’s tomato crop was so successful she expanded it the next year and is now paying for her daughter’s education with her profits—all while reducing soil erosion from her farm. Water funds also work for cities. In San Antonio, Texas, we’ve helped communities protect the Edwards Aquifer, conserving nearly 50,000 hectares of green space and reducing bacteria and nitrogen in the water supplies for 2 million people. TNC research indicates that 1,000 cities could be employing nature-based solutions with a positive return on investment [2]. We will reach a tipping point by applying three interdependent strategies to empower 300 “early adopter” cities, equivalent to 10 times our current portfolio, to implement nature-based solutions. By 2025, we will provide 70 million people with better water security, reach 150,000 people to help improve their livelihoods, and protect 2 million hectares of watersheds in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
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• The Coca-Cola Company and Its Bottlers 2009 - 2020
• Inter-American Development Bank
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National Geographic Society
Pristine Seas: Safeguarding and restoring the ocean’s health and productivity
Chile, Gabon, Mexico, Niue, Portugal, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Micronesia
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Greening Australia Limited
Reef Aid - Securing the future of the Great Barrier Reef
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Wayne State University
Water Related Interdisciplinary Innovation Ecosystem in the Great Lakes (WRI2eGL)
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Seabin Pty Ltd
10,000 Seabins for the Globe
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American Experience : Race to the Moon (2005)
Genres - History, Science & Technology | Sub-Genres - Biography, Physical Sciences, Social History | Run Time - 60 min. | Countries - United States |
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Synopsis by Jason Buchanan
Filmmakers explore the historical 1968 lunar mission that laid the groundwork for man's first steps on the moon in this hour-long documentary that originally aired as part of PBS Television's American Experience series. On December 24, 1968, the space race came to a head as Apollo 8 entered lunar orbit. The journey of Apollo 8 was not only significant as the first manned mission to the moon, but also because it provided the public with their first live look at the lunar surface as audiences across the nation sat glued to their televisions. Now, with this release, modern viewers can revisit the groundbreaking journey to the moon in this documentary that places the Apollo 8 mission in a historical perspective by showing the significant impact that it had in the development of the American space program.
astronaut, high-stakes, lunar-mission, moon, NASA, space-exploration, space-race
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Convert Kelvins [K] to other units of temperature
Kelvins [K] temperature conversions
128.4 K = -144.75 Celsius K to °C
128.4 K = -228.55 Fahrenheit K to °F
128.4 K = 231.12 degrees Rankine K to °R
128.4 K = -68.49375 Romer K to °Rø
Convert entered temperature to units of energy.
Foods, Nutrients and Calories
Kale, cooked, from fresh, made with butter (fresh) weigh(s) 143 grams per metric cup or 4.8 ounces per US cup, and contain(s) 52 calories per 100 grams (≈3.53 ounces) [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price | density ]
Gravels, Substances and Oils
Tellurium hydride, gas [H2Te] weighs 5.76 kg/m³ (0.00332949 oz/in³) [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price | mole to volume and weight | mass and molar concentration | density ]
Weights and Measurements
klick per minute is a derived metric SI (System International) measurement unit of speed or velocity with which to measure how many klicks traveled per one minute.
g/Ų to short tn/mm² conversion table, g/Ų to short tn/mm² unit converter or convert between all units of surface density measurement.
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6 Facts About Sneezing You Never Knew Were True
Sneezing and it’s cause has been one fascinating subject for a long time. You can feel your nose tickling as you hold your breath before letting out a stream of bacteria containing air.
Sneezing a lot of the time is a reflex action that helps the nose to get rid of irritants such as pollen and dust. It is majorly the body’s way of getting rid of unwanted substances that can be harmful to the lungs.
However, there’s a whole lot more about this simple reflex action that a lot of us don’t know about. Here are 6 Facts about sneezing you never knew were true.
You Can’t Keep Your Eyes Open When You Sneeze
No matter how strong or forceful a sneeze is, you can’t keep your eyes open while you let out the flow.
It’s basically a reflex to keep your eyes closed when you sneeze because the nerves in your nose are connected to the nerves in your eyes and when you sneeze, the stimulation usually causes you to blink.
Sex Can Make You Sneeze Too
We bet this one surprises you too but some people actually sneeze a lot after having sex. Scientists are not really sure why this happens but most believe that there is a link between sneezing after sex and the parasympathetic nervous system.
This system is responsible for regulating digestion, the tissues and fluids connected with arousal and the heart rate.
The Sun Can Trigger A Sneeze
Some people have a condition known as autosomal dominant compulsive helio-ophthalmic outbursts represented by the acronym “ACHOO” and is characterised by sneezing when you stare at the sun.
The condition is not that rare and it may also trigger sneezing in certain people when they stare at very bright lights.
Researchers estimate that this condition affects between 10 to 30 percent of the world’s population and as so far been known not to cause any harm to sufferers.
Some scientists believe that ACHOO occurs as a result of a left over trait during evolution while others believe it is an anomaly in the parasympathetic nervous system.
A study conducted in Switzerland in 2010 found that the brains of people with this condition is easily excited as opposed to that of other people and this may also be linked to the characteristic body quirks of sufferers.
Sneezing Doesn’t Make Your Heart Skip A Beat
Sneezing does not make your heart beat slow down or put a stop to it. The first thing you do when you feel a tickle in your nose is to breath deeply and attempt to hold it in.
The breath you took in helps to tighten the muscles of your chest and increases the pressure in your lungs. These help to reduce blood flow to your heart for a moment thereby lowering your blood pressure and increasing your heart rate.
The moment you let out your sneeze, your blood pressure increases and goes back to normal while your heart rate goes down. The sudden drop In your heart rate makes you feel like your heart stopped beating for a second but it only slowed down for most people.
The Velocity of A Sneeze Can Be Up To 100 Meters per Second
A research conducted in Harvard University found that the velocity of a sneeze can travel as fast as 100 meters per second which seems to be a bit over exaggerated. A research team in Singapore found that sneezes tend to travel at a speed of 10 miles per hour.
More so, body frames and sizes seem to have an effect on how fast a sneeze can travel as people with bigger body frames will most likely produce a more forceful sneeze than slimmer people.
You Can’t Sneeze While You Sleep
There’s a reason why you can’t sneeze while you sleep and that’s because when you lie down, the mucous membranes in your nose tend to swell.
This makes you more sensitive to the dust particles moving in and out of your nostrils. When you however Dall into deep sleep, all of the muscles in your body except the ones that control your eyes fall into a paralysed sleeping state.
The muscles that expand and contract your nostrils to allow a sneeze also fall asleep and you can’t let out a sneeze.
Even when you’re not sleeping deeply, the neurons responsible for causing a sneeze are still suppressed. As such, it is possible to sneeze during shallow sleep but it’s very much unlikely.
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Could cockroaches really survive a nuclear apocalypse?
(Credit: Getty Images)
Many people believe that cockroaches could survive a nuclear bomb and the subsequent radiation exposure, but is that actually true?
The creepy crawlies do have a reputation for resilience, which media reports have suggested may stem from rumors that insects thrived in the aftermath of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Roaches’ bad wrap
“[American and German cockroaches’] habit of basically acting as an unpaid house cleaner horrifies people.”
“Some of the Australian bush cockroaches are really lovely looking insects, which might change people’s perspectives,” he says. “The Mardis Gras cockroach, for example, has got these lovely yellow patterns on its plates and bright blue legs with little black spots.”
Cockroaches breed quickly, lay large numbers of eggs and are harder to kill with chemicals than other household insects—all traits that could contribute to the popular belief that they could withstand anything, even a nuclear bomb.
“They are quite well defended. If you try and squish a cockroach it usually gives off an unpleasant smell that acts as a pretty effective deterrent for anything attempting to capture them,” Elgar says. “They’re flat, so they can escape into places you can’t easily access.”
After the bombs fall
Cockroaches feed off the detritus of other living organisms, however; so Elgar questions whether they would be able to thrive without humans and other animals.
Nuclear explosions “knocks the electrons off atoms and changes the chemistry of things.”
Nuclear explosions affect living things in a range of ways, from the impact of the initial blast to the ionizing radiation released into the air.
Ionizing radiation affects all organisms because it permanently damages DNA, the complex molecular chains that determine who we are and what we pass on to others.
“It knocks the electrons off atoms and changes the chemistry of things,” says Ruff.
Low and prolonged doses of ionizing radiation can lead to diseases like cancer and increase the risk of a range of chronic conditions, particularly cardiovascular disease. High doses can kill cells.
Massive impact
Nuclear explosions are also especially damaging because radioactive substances can accumulate and recycle through the environment—in freshwater systems, the ocean, and the earth.
They also concentrate up the food chain, so animals at the top of the food chain may contain levels of radioisotopes thousands of times higher than in their environment. So even if an organism is less susceptible initially, it’s still part of an ecosystem that has been damaged.
Focusing on a single species misses the complexity of the biological environment and how we relate to one another.
“There’s less biological abundance, less species diversity, higher rates of genetic mutation, more tumors, more malformations, more cataracts in their eyes, shorter life spans, and reduced fertility in every biological system.”
In the past, scientists theorized that the more complex an organism, the more likely nuclear radiation was to affect them. So humans would fare worse and insects would do better.
Source: University of Melbourne
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medieval-religion: Scholarly discussions of medieval religion and culture
Yesterday, May 1, was the feast of:
One week after Easter: At issue is the very unusual sainthood of Fruminius and Piniolo, twin brothers from Valencia who were martyred in 842. The brothers were apparently jointly assigned a single sainthood, in an unprecedented decision that remains unique in the annals of the Catholic Church. “The problem was that while Fruminius and Piniolo were popular local figures, their behavior was questionable," said Junsho Furushi, professor of religious studies at Loyola College. "Similar to Saint Francis in his youth. It was unclear whether either was quite worthy of canonization on his own, so this compromise was arrived at by Pope Gregory IV." Under the terms of the joint sainthood, the brothers take turns holding the mantle of sanctity. Each year, a week after Easter, in the church where their relics are interred in Valencia, two specially constructed statues are used to roll dice to see who will be saint for the coming year. A gilded wooden halo is then attached to the statue of the winner until the beginning of Lent the following year. "They were notorious drunkards, womanizers and gamblers," said Father Sergio Estaban, who has been responsible for the ritual for the past eight years. "That's their problem right off the bat. They set the tone for the parish, I'm afraid."
The annual balanceo de los dados, or "rolling of the dice," has been a Valencia fixture for centuries. A festival has sprung up around the event, replete with high-stakes wagers on whether Fruminius or Piniolo will take the "prize" for the coming year. Violence is not uncommon. But the final straw came in 2003, when a riot broke out in which 23 people were hospitalized following Piniolo's upset win over the heavily-favored Fruminius.
"That's when we really decided to take another look at this arrangement," said Cardinal Bernquist. "I mean, come on. Saints should not inspire assault and battery. I don't care how much money the church stood to win."
The de-sanctification marks one of the first times that a saint whose historical authenticity is not in question has been removed from the Vatican's list.
Jeremiah (d. c590 BCE) One of the greater prophets, legend reports that at the age of 55 Jeremiah was stoned to death by his fellow Jews in captivity in Egypt (?). His cult is mostly active in Venice, where some of his relics are kept.
Joseph the Worker (d. 1st century) is the foster-father of Jesus, whose principal feast is on March 19. Today's feast is a creation of 1955, replacing that of Philip and James (who now are celebrated on 3. May) in the RM.
James the Less, apostle and martyr (1st century) The parentage of S. James is so confused that it is impossible to decide with anything approaching to certainty who was his father, and what was his relationship to our Blessed Lord. Modernly, his feast has been moved to May 3 in the RM.
Philip, apostle and martyr (1st century) was born at Bethsaida, a town near the Sea of Tiberias, the city of SS. Andrew and Peter. Of his parents and way of life the Gospel history takes no notice, though probably he was a fisherman. MOdernly, his feast has been moved to May 3.
Andeolus/Andéol(French) (d. 208, supposedly) is the legendary evangelist of the Vivarais. According to his Passio; earliest witnesses are of the tenth century) he was a subdeacon sent to Gaul by St. Polycarp of Smyrna in a mission headed by St. Benignus of Dijon. He was on his way to Carpentras when in the persecution of Septimius Severus he was arrested at a place called Bergoiata, was tried before the emperor himself, who had been on his way to Valence, and was found guilty. After various torments he was dispatched on this day in the presence of the emperor, who ordered that Andeolus be killed by having his head sliced and re-shaped in the form of a cross. His corpse was thrown into the Rhone, whence it was recovered by a pagan matron who, instructed as to his holiness by a miracle, became Christian and gave him a decent burial.
Maurus, venerated at Gallipoli (d. 284, supposedly) A saint of this name was venerated in Greek-speaking communities in and near Gallipoli on Italy's Salentine Peninsula (the heel of the Italian boot) from at least 1149 until well into the eighteenth century. His Greek Acta sstates that Maurus was a well-born Libyan Christian who was orphaned while still young, travelled to Rome, and was there promptly marytred under an official named Celerinus. Comrades of his from Libya placed his body in a container and attempted to sail home with it. Celerinus pursued them to a place in what the Acta imply was later the theme of Langobardia. Here he caught up with them and slew them but was unsuccessful in his attempt to burn Maurus' remains; setting off on an intended return to Rome, he and all his minions were drowned off Gallipoli (at this point, the Acta note the parallel with Pharoah's pursuit of the Israelites). Well-born citizens of Gallipoli buried the bodies of Maurus and of his companions and celebrated his feast on 1. May.
A Greek-rite monastery dedicated to him at the locality of San Mauro alla Serra in today's Sannicola, near Gallipoli, is documented from 1149 to 1331. There were also cave churches honoring him at Oria and at Presicce. The church of the monastery, which at one time had considerable holdings on the Salentine Peninsula, remained in use in the early modern period; richly frescoed, it has recently been restored without and within.
Hypolistus (d. c303, supposedly) This saint is the dedicatee of the originally twelfth-century church of Sant'Ippolisto at Atripalda in Campania. That structure was built over a late antique Christian hypogeum known medievally as the specus martyrum ('cave of the martyrs') where saints are first known to have been venerated from 357, when the site was part of a necropolis for ancient Abellinum. Hypolistus was one of the saints venerated there. He has a legendary Passio that makes him a priest of Antioch who preached the gospel wondrously at Abellinum and who was martyred under Diocletian. He is not included in the RM.
Isidora the Simple (d. c365) is a very early example of the "fool for Christ's sake" type of holiness. She was a nun at Tabennesi, despised by her community. When it became apparent how holy she was, she fled to the desert to avoid honor.
Amator/Amate (d. 418) Amator’s Vita, which was written about 1-1/2 centuries after his death and is regarded as unreliable, tells that he was the only son of an influential Auxerre family. He was betrothed against his will to a girl named Martha, but at his wedding the celebrating bishop "accidentally" (doubtless nudged by the Holy Spirit) read the rite for ordination of a deacon instead of the wedding rite, which mistake was only noticed by the bride and groom. Amator convinced his fiancee to give up the marriage idea - she became a nun; he became a priest and later bishop of Auxerre. He was a zealous missionary, church-builder, and miracle worker, credited with healing powers.
Orientius/Oriens of Auch (d. earlier 5th century). Orientius has a not altogether credible Vita prima that has been variously dated from the early sixth century to sometime in the Carolingian period and upon which his later Vitae depend. This makes him a born at Huescar, in the marches of Aragaon. He sold his property, gave the price to the poor, and retired as a hermit to the valley of Lavedan. Then he became bishop of today's Auch (Gers) in southeastern France, in his lifetime Auscis in Novempopulonia. He was learned in theology, converted pagans at Auch, and destroyed a pagan temple that was a haunt of of devils. Auch at this time belonged to the Visigothic kingdom and Orientius is said to have served as an envoy from the Gothic king of Toulouse to Aetius, who received him respectfully while his subordinate, Litorius, refused to meet with Aetius. When the Goths later capture the Roman force Litorius paid with his life while Orientius was able to secure the release of the others. He is customarily identified with the late antique Christian poet Orientius, the author of a moral-didactic poem called Commonitorium whose 518 elegiac distichs include an often-cited passage on the woes of Gaul under barbarian rule.
Brioc (6th century) was born to an aristocratic Welsh family, educated at Auxerre, after which he returned to Britain. He converted to Christianity, and then converted his parents, worked miracles, founded a monastery, and apparently made his way to both Britanny (with 168 disciples) and Cornwall during his life. His later legends reflect his mobility, such as the tale that he set out with 168 monks in a ship, which was attacked by the devil posing as an enormous sea monster. He is credited with founding a monastery near Treguier and the monastery later named Saint-Brieuc. Thanks to his legendary alms giving, he is the patron saint of purse-makers.
His full name Briomaglus > Brimael, which enters in composition of the parish's name of Plonivel (Finistère) in the southeast of Breton Cornouaille: it's the oldest attestation of saint Brimael/Brioc's cult in Brittany.
Sigismund of Burgundy (d. 524) was the son of the Arian Vandal ruler of Burgundy Gundebald, born in 480. He became king of the Burgundians in 515. At the instigation of St. Avitus, bishop of Vienne, he had recently converted to catholic Christianity and proved to be a staunch supporter of religion, founding the great monastery of Agaunun (St. Maurice) in Switzerland. But he remained a bit too vandalous for ecclesiastical tastes – his second wife accused his son by his first marriage, Sigeric, of conspiring against him; in a rage, Sigismund ordered Sigeric strangled. Afterwards, he was sorry and did a lot of penance, retiring to a monastery and giving including many gifts to churches. After being defeated in battle by the Franks, he escaped and went to be a hermit, but was found, and he and his family were taken to Orleans, where they were all drowned on the orders of King Chlodomir.
Marculf/Marcoul (d. c558) was born at Bayeux in 490. After giving up royal service, he did missionary work at Coutances, and then became a hermit. He founded a monastery of hermit-monks modeled on the Egyptian practice at Nanteuil, on land he was given by King Childebert I. The monastery was later re-named St-Marcoul. His relics have been enshrined at Corbigny since 898. Marculf's grave became one of the most-visited pilgrimage sites in France, famed for the miracles worked there. He was especially invoked for help with skin diseases; according to popular belief, the French kings' "royal touch" to cure scrofula came through this saint.
Aredius/Aridius or Arigius (Latin)/in French: Arige/Arège/Arey/Ariez/Érige of Gap (d. early 7th century) was a bishop of today's Gap (Hautes-Alpes) whose presence is attested at two later sixth-century synods and who appears in the correspondence of pope St. Gregory the Great as a trusted opponent of simony and of the ordination of laymen as priests. According to his seventh-century Vita (BHL 669), he was the first-born son of Frankish nobles who in today's Chalon-sur-Saône dedicated him to the church at the age of two. Various miracles are reported of him. Aredius' eleventh-century Vita (BHL 670) has him dying after the murder (in 607) of bishop St. Desiderius of Vienne.
In the originally "romanesque" chapelle Saint-Érige at Auron (Alpes-Maritimes) there is a fresco which illustrates the miracle (already in Aredius' Vita prima) wherein a bear that had killed an ox pulling his cart when he was returning from Rome with many relics came to Aredius' funeral, let itself be yoked to the cart bearing the body, drew it, and returned annually for the saint's feast:
Kellach/Ceallach, bishop of Killala (7th century) was the son of Eoghan Beul, son of Ceallach, son of Oilioll Molt. His brother's name was Muireadhach of Cuchongilt.
Asaph (d. early 7th century) The North Welsh Bishop Asaph is mostly known through late Vitae of St. Kentigern, whose disciple Asaph was. Asaph was of course a model of obedience, including bringing live coals to his master without burning himself. He was mostly active in Flintshire, using Llanasa as his center, but was chosen as bishop of Llanelwy (now known as St. Asaph).
Evermar (about 700) Evermar, a native of Friesland, born of noble parents, came in the days of Pepin of Herstal on pilgrimage through Belgium to visit the tomb of S. Servais at Maestricht, and those of other saints in that part - and was murdered by brigands.
John (early ninth century) At a young age he became a disciple of St. Gregory of Dekapolis and accepted monastic tonsure from him at a monastery in Thessalonica. When the emperor Leo V the Armenian (813-820) renewed the persecution against Orthodox Christians because they venerated the holy icons, St. Gregory of Dekapolis, St. Joseph the Hymnographer and his disciple St. John went from Thessalonica to Constantinople, to raise opposition to the Iconoclast heresy. In spite of persecution, Sts. Gregory and John fearlessly defended Orthodoxy for several years, and preached the veneration of icons. After many hardships St. Gregory died (around 820), and soon after, his faithful disciple John also departed to the Lord. St. Joseph the Hymnographer transferred the relics of Sts. Gregory and John and placed them in the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.
Theodard, Archbishop of Narbonne (c893) As a young lawyer Theodard caught the attention of Archbishop Sigebold of Narbonne. He became archdeacon, and succeeded Sigebold as archbishop. Theodard did a great deal of restoration after Muslim raids and sold church treasure and gave up his own income to relieve a famine. But he is chiefly known through an event, which we cannot fail to regard with the strongest reprobation. At his time at Toulouse it was the custom on Christmas Day, on Good Friday, and on the Feast of the Assumption, for a Jew to have his cheeks rudely boxed publicly before the cathedral doors, as part of the religious ceremonial. The Jews complained to the king, Carloman. Theodard then produced a document, which was unquestionably a forgery, and which pruported to be a charter of Charlemagne requiring the perpetuation of the offensive ceremony, because the Jews of Toulouse had invited into the country the forces of Abdelraman, which he had just succeeded in defeating.
Bertha of Vald'Or and Gombert (10th century) Gombert founded a convent at Rheims. He lived chastely with a woman named Bertha (who was married to somebody else). But Bertha's husband was murdered, so she founded the convent of Val d'Or at Avenay where she became abbess - but relatives of her husband murdered her, apparently became she was too generous. To keep things even more complicated, one source also has an entry for a Bertha of Avenay who supposedly founded the convent of Avenay - but in c680.
Benedict of Skalka (d. 1002) was a hermit on Mt. Zobor near Nitra (Slovakia), famous for his prayer and asceticism. He was killed by "marauders" in 1012 and formally canonized in 1083.
Aldebrand/Hildebrand (d. 1219) Aldebrand, born near Cesena, became provost of Rimini. In that office he preached so strongly against licentiousness that he had to flee for his life. In 1170 he became bishop of Fossombrone.
Mafalda of Portugal (d. 1257) The Portuguese princess Mafalda, after her diplomatic marriage was annulled (when she was about nine), went off and became a Cistercian nun at Arouca. She used her private fortune to rebuild Oporto cathedral, build a bridge, and found a hostel and hospital. When she felt that her last hour was approaching she directed that she should be laid on ashes. After her death, her body shone with a wonderful radiance and when it was exposed in 1617 it was as flexible and fresh as though the holy woman had only just died. Her cult was confirmed in 1793.
Vivald (blessed) (d. 1320) Vivald was born in Gimignano (Italy) in the mid-13th century. He lived as a hermit, highly venerated by the populace, and sought for his counsel by rich and poor. He was beatified in 1908.
Pellegrino Laziosi (d. c1345) The Servite friar Pellegrino (sometimes called St. Peregrine) was a penitent and a healing thaumaturge in his native Forlì in the Romagna who came to be considered a saint in his lifetime. Pellegrino grew up to be a strong supporter of the (anti-papal and therefore ineligible for canonization) Ghibelline party. But he got over it, struck with remorse when he assaulted St. Philip Benizi and Philip had the fortitude to turn the other cheek. He joined Philip's Servite order, working as a zealous friar for the rest of his life. His cult was immediate after death and was spread by members of his Order. He has a Vita from 1484 written by the humanist Nicolò Borghese that is thought to derive from a now lost earlier account then preserved at the Servite convent in Forlì and that seems to have given at least as much attention to his spirituality as to his miracles. One of the special penances he decided on was to stand whenever it was not necessary to sit. It is said that St. Peregrine did not sit for thirty years, which caused him to develop varicose veins and then cancer on his leg and foot. The sores became painful and doctors prepared to amputate his foot, but the night before the surgery was scheduled to take place Peregrine dragged himself to the foot of a crucifix and spent many hours in prayer. When he fell asleep he received a vision of Christ touching his foot. In the morning his foot was completely healed. He is therefore considered the patron saint of those suffering from cancer, AIDS and other chronic diseases. He was canonized in 1726. Along with the BVM, he is a principal patron of the city of Forlì and of the diocese of Forlì-Bertinoro. The greater recognition given to him in modern times probably has a lot to do with the diocese's celebration of yesterday's St. Mercurialis now falling in October (rather than immediately before Pellegrino's day). He was laid to rest in a loculus in Forlì's originally twelfth- or thirteenth-century chiesa di Santa Maria dei Servi, the church where his remains still reside.
Panacea (d. 1383) Panacea, from Quarona (near Novara, Italy), was born in 1378. Her mother died soon afterwards, and Panacea was plagued with a classic evil stepmother. The stepmother tormented little Panacea, annoyed by the child's habit of praying for several hours every day. Finally stepmom murdered the five-year-old with a spindle, while she was praying. She was Beatified in 1867.
John the New of Ioannina (1526) He was born in Ioannina. When his poor parents died, the young John went to Constantinople and there continued his trade, for he was a craftsman. The Turks had occupied Constantinople not long before this, and many Christians had, out of fear, denied Christ and accepted Islam. St John had his workshop right in the midst of these men who had become Turks. The more inflamed St John became with love for Christ, the more outwardly apparent this became to these apostates. He began to dispute with them about the Faith, and to reprimand them for their betrayal of Christ. They dragged him before the judge and falsely accused him of having earlier accepted Islam and having returned to Christianity. For this he was tortured - beaten and flogged with iron flails - and then cast into prison. On the second day, which was Easter Day, they brought him out for further torture, and John emerged full of joy and singing: 'Christ is risen from the dead!' He spoke courageously to his torturers, saying: 'Do what you will to me, and send me as quickly as possible from this transient life into life eternal. I am Christ's servant; I follow Christ, and I die for Christ that I may live with Him!' After that, John was bound in chains and taken to the place of burning. Seeing the great flames prepared for him, John ran forward and leapt into them. But his torturers, seeing how he sought death in the fire, pulled him out of it and sentenced him to be beheaded. When they had cut off his head, they threw it and his body into the fire. Later, Christians gathered the ashes and some of his precious and wonderworking relics and buried them in the Great Church in Constantinople. Thus he died a martyr's death and received the glorious wreath of martyrdom on April 18th, 1526. (From The Prologue From Ochrid by Bishop Nikolai Velimirovich (Birmingham UK: Lazarica Press, 1985).
Happy reading,
Terri Morgan
From the Book of Kerric:
"It requires great strength to be kind, whereas even the very weak can be brutal. Likewise, to speak hard truths fearlessly is often the hallmark of greatness. Bring me one who is both gentle and truthful, ...and I will show you an iron oak among hawthorns, a blessing on all who know them."
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The Collectors - Creating Hans Sloane’s extraordinary herbarium
Sir Hans Sloane’s herbarium, housed at the Natural History Museum in London, is probably the most extensive herbarium collection dating from the Early Modern period. Assembled between the 1680s and 1750s, it comprises 337 Horti Sicci and an estimated 120,000 pressed plant specimens. More than 300 people contributed to its development and over seventy countries and dependencies across the globe are represented in it.
The Sloane Herbarium exemplifies the rich history of exploration and discovery in the period preceding Cook’s voyages. Its importance was fully recognised by Sloane’s contemporaries and it remains of considerable scientific as well as historical value today.
Despite its name, the Sloane Herbarium was not the result of one person’s collecting efforts. It is, in effect, a collection of collections. The contributors to what we refer to as the Sloane herbarium, include owners who accumulated large collections such as Courten and Petiver, that were acquired by Sloane. It also includes the collections assembled by botanists such as Plukenet, Buddle, Doody and Miller; the collections of gardeners, such as the Duchess of Beaufort and of sailors and those stationed overseas such as Samuel Browne, Edward Bulkley, James Cuninghame and Georg Kamel.
• edited by Mark Carine
• 192 pages
• 23 x 17.3cm
• hardback
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Social Science - Other
Can Human Beings Change the way they are
Stephen Mark Richardson's image for:
"Can Human Beings Change the way they are"
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This question has formed one of the most interesting and ongoing debates over time. It has been posed over a number of years, in various forms, however in essence is based around the nature versus nurture debate. In other words are we born with certain characteristics, or are we like sponges and acquire them throughout our lives? Carlson and Buskist (1997) neatly summarise this debate, whilst also pointing out that, as with the various other aspects of psychology, what initially appear to be clear-cut distinctions are in fact rather blurred. They pose the questions of whether personality is caused by biological or social factors', innate or learned', or as a result of hereditary or cultural influences'? However, most modern psychologists consider the nature-nurture issue to be a relic of the past. That is, they believe that all behaviours, talents, and personality traits are the products of both types of factors: biological and social, hereditary and cultural, physiological and environmental. The task of the modern psychologist is not to find out which of these factors is more important but to discover the particular roles played by each of them and to determine the ways in which they interact.
Although a combination of factors need to be taken into account when considering this question; learnt behaviour sits heavily on the side of the nurture debate, and is primarily seen as a social influence. Learnt behaviour suggests that we learn through, experiences, family, friends, the media, and much more. The fact that we learn behaviour suggests that we are able to unlearn behaviour in the same way.
Social Learning Theory (SLT) is a concept that is primarily associated with the work of Albert Bandura, and suggests that behaviours of any sort may be learned by observing others. Those individuals who are observed are known as models, and whether a person will be selected as a model depends on a range of variables including their status. Furthermore, whether or not a model's behaviour will be imitated depends chiefly on the consequences of their actions, and if they are seen to be reinforced for their behaviour, then the observer is more likely to imitate them. Conversely, if the model is seen to be punished, the observer is less likely to imitate their behaviour (these processes are called vicarious reinforcement and punishment).
Learning theories suggest that individuals can change. However, this change depends on certain influences that an individual has in their lives. If they react favorably to positive models, then change may come about. However, if the react unfavourably to models, or models have little or no effect on their behaviour, change may not be achieved as a result.
When considering the opposing side of the argument, the work of Sigmund Freud has to be identified. In particular his work that highlighted the way innate desires and repressed emotions shape individual human behaviour. According to Freudian thinking, certain acts such as violent, aggressive or sexually deviant; should be seen as expressions of buried internal conflicts that are the result of traumas or deprivations experienced in early childhood. Although this idea on a surface level appears to be concerned with learning at a young age, when considered on a deeper level, it is linked to the brain, and how it functions.
Freud argued that the human mind was comprised of three provinces: the ego, the id, and the super ego. The id represents the primitive, instinctive, animalistic portion of the unconscious mind, and it is here that the primeval human desires reside, with the ultimate aim being to gratify instincts at all costs. The ego relates to the conscious mind, and acts as a sort of mediating device' between the id and super ego. Because of the conscious recognition within the individual that every act has a consequence', Freud claimed that the ego was driven by the reality principle'. Finally, the super-ego is considered to be the repository of moral values' and the seat of guilt within the individual. Perhaps the best way to perceive the super-ego is as a sort of internal nagging parent' or moral or ethical guardian. The super-ego develops as a result of a series of early social experiences, with its source being self-criticism based on the production of guilt'.
As it can be seen, early experiences in childhood can shape the way we act in certain situations. However, if those early childhood experiences are not positive ones, then this is the foundation we are stuck with when developing into adulthood. If this is the case, it makes it more difficult to change as an adult, due to the fact we would have already been exposed to certain behaviour, which to us would be the norm'. However SLT would yet again suggest that if we learnt it, we could unlearn it in the same fashion.
More about this author: Stephen Mark Richardson
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Quick and Simple Installation Guide
6 very simple steps to install Squeaky today! We designed Squeaky specifically for ease of installation. Check out our video installation guide below!
October 02, 2021 — Joe Bollard
3 Reasons to Embrace Squeaky Life
The Environmental Impact of Toilet Paper
Tissue products such as toilet paper, paper towels, and facial tissue are cheap and convenient—but they cost the planet a great deal. The vast majority of the tissue products found in our homes are made from wood pulp, the use of which drives the degradation of forests around the world. Their everyday consumption facilitates a “tree-to-toilet pipeline,” whereby centuries-old trees are hewn from the ground, converted into tissue pulp, rolled into perforated sheets or stuffed into boxes, and flushed or thrown away. The consequences for Indigenous Peoples, treasured wildlife, and the global climate are devastating.
These impacts are compounded by the fact that the United States is a particularly voracious consumer of tissue products. The U.S. tissue market generates $31 billion in revenue every year, second only to China, and Americans, who make up just over 4 percent of the world’s population, account for over 20 percent of global tissue consumption.1,2 Much of the tissue pulp in the United States comes from the boreal forest of Canada. This vast landscape of coniferous, birch, and aspen trees contains some of the last of the world’s remaining intact forests, and is home to over 600 Indigenous communities, as well as boreal caribou, pine marten, and billions of songbirds. Yet, industrial logging claims more than a million acres of boreal forest every year, equivalent to seven National Hockey League rinks each minute, in part to meet demand for tissue products in the United States. This loss of intact boreal forest is impacting Indigenous Peoples’ ways of life. It is also driving the decline of species including boreal caribou, which, as an “indicator species,” serves as a barometer for the health of the boreal forest more broadly.
Maintaining an intact boreal forest, which acts as a massive storehouse for climate-altering carbon, is also vital to avoiding the worst impacts of climate change. Tissue products made from virgin fiber pulp, which comes from trees, are a clear threat to our climate. When the boreal and other forests are degraded, their capacity to absorb man-made greenhouse gas emissions declines. In addition, the carbon that had been safely stored in the forests’ soil and vegetation is released into the atmosphere, dramatically undermining international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Source: https://www.stand.earth/sites/default/files/StandEarth-NRDC-IssueWithTissue-Report.pdf
There can be a lot of reasons why swelling or irritation happens: An infection, injury, or even intense sex. And yep, experts agree that toilet paper can also cause some of these issues. “Toilet paper can irritate your vulva and your vagina, especially if you have sensitive skin,” says board-certified ob-gyn Pari Ghodsi, M.D. Michael Ingber, M.D., a urogynecologist at The Center for Specialized Women's Health, agrees, noting that toilet paper actually can cause all kinds of infections if you don’t use it properly.
Don't freak out—odds are you're already using toilet paper in a very safe, effective way. We asked the experts what below the belt issues toilet paper is most likely to cause and what to do about them.
Allergic Reaction
Technically, you can be allergic to certain chemicals, like fragrance, used in your toilet paper. This can cause a case of vulvitis, a condition which often shows up as itching, burning, redness or swelling. If you notice these symptoms after using a new type of TP (especially if it's scented) switch brands.
Yeast Infections
This is a common reason to avoid scented toilet paper. The chemicals used to create the fragrance can disrupt the normal pH of your vagina and lead to a yeast infection, says Jessica Shepherd, M.D., an assistant professor of clinical obstetrics and gynecology and director of Minimally Invasive Gynecology at the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago. If you think your toilet paper might be the cause of repeat infections, switch to a hypoallergenic type, Ghodsi recommends.
Yeah, wiping too roughly or with a harsh toilet paper can create little cuts on your vulva. “The tissue in that area is very delicate, so you should make sure you’re not being too rough when you wipe,” says Shepard. These microcuts can lead to irritation, swelling, and even an infection if they’re not treated appropriately, Ingber says. That’s why experts also recommend that you dab instead of wiping whenever you can.
It might seem weird that the stuff you use to clean urine off can also cause a UTI, but here’s the deal, per Ingber: The female urethra (the spot where pee comes out) is short, and bacteria don’t have to travel far to get into your bladder. When you wipe from back to front, you can push fecal particles, which can contribute to a UTI, forward and into your urethra where they can travel up to your bladder and cause an infection. That’s why Ingber (and most doctors) recommend wiping from front to back, which keeps that bacteria in the back where it should stay.
A lot of toilet papers have fragrances, dyes, and other chemicals that can irritate your skin and cause you to puff up or notice a swelling, says Ingber. And, he points out, if your toilet paper is white, it may contain bleach, which can bother your vagina. Excessive wiping can also cause you to puff up, Ghodsi says. If you notice swelling, one option is to try a softer toilet paper.
If you notice your vagina is having issues like any of the above and you recently changed toilet paper brands, the first step is to stop using the new one, says Ghodsi. If the problems persist, it might be time to visit your doctor—she can prescribe something to help with the symptoms and look into whether something else more complex than your toilet paper brand is the culprit.
Source - https://www.glamour.com/story/heres-how-your-toilet-paper-could-be-messing-with-your-vagina
Using a bidet will make a huge difference. For one, it's more environmentally friendly. The bidet uses only one-eighth of a gallon of water, while it takes about 37 gallons of water to make a single roll of toilet paper. Americans spend $40 to $70 a year on average for toilet paper and use approximately 34 million rolls of toilet paper a day. Investing in a bidet seat or bidet attachment can lower your spending on toilet paper by 75% or more. You'll also be saving some of the 384 trees that are cut down to make a single person's lifetime toilet-paper supply.
By now, you might be wondering about wet wipes. Don't they do pretty much the same thing? Well, no. Constantly wiping can irritate the skin and give you rashes. And it can still leave residue, because you're really just smearing with paper. Not only that, but wet wipes are actually harmful to the ocean and can cause sewer damage.
So give the bidet a try. Maybe start off with a toilet-seat attachment. Because, in the end, it's just washing yourself without hopping into the shower!
Source - https://www.businessinsider.com/bidets-better-than-using-just-toilet-paper-2019-9?r=US&IR=T
October 02, 2021 — Joe Bollard
Why should you change to a silicon toilet brush?
Why should you change to a silicon toilet brush?
We have some good news, and it’s based on science: Microbiologists agree that silicone brushes not only seem less gross than their plastic-bristled counterparts; they are actually more sanitary (and generally, a better buy) for a couple of reasons.
April 13, 2021 — Darragh Hudson
Jimmy Kimmel goes Knees up to poo!
Jimmy Kimmel goes Knees up to poo!
Jimmy Kimmel have raved about them, and the basketball sensation Stephen Curry put one in every bathroom of his house. “I had, like, a full elimination,” Howard Stern, the celebrity shock jock, said after he first used one, in 2013. “It was unbelievable. I felt empty. I was like, ‘Holy shit.’”
April 10, 2021 — Darragh Hudson
Howard Stern and Will Smith love Bidets... so should you!!
Fancy cars, private jets, jewelry, food–these are all things being enjoyed at the highest levels by celebrities with deep pockets and a taste for the finer things in life.
April 07, 2021 — Darragh Hudson
Tags: #squeakylife
Time to start using a toilet footstool, science says so!!
After using a Squatty Potty for a month, 71 percent of The Ohio State study’s participants reported experiencing faster bowel movements, and 90 percent reported less straining. Two-thirds said they would continue to use a toilet stool.
March 23, 2021 — Darragh Hudson
The origins and benefits of the Bidet
The origins and benefits of the Bidet
Origins of the bidet
There is still no consensus on the origin of the bidet, some texts indicate that it was the knights of the crusades when they returned from Jerusalem that had a kind of bowl, or that in the 17th century, Gallic artisans invented it for horsemen.
Another origin (the most popular) places the bidet in the 18th century, in France, for cleaning the intimate parts before and after sexual intercourse, which made it become popular quickly, for almost 150 years the bidet was always located in the bedroom.
The name bidet originated in France and means " little horse ", since to use it you had to ride on it. The bidet was evolving and by 1800 it had a manual pump that launched water upwards, the water was stored in a small tank. It was improved and perfected over the years, the end result being Squeaky!.
Benefits of washing with water instead of paper
Better hygiene
Yes, cleaning with water is much more hygienic than using toilet paper. If a bird pooped on your arm, would you just smudge it around with a dry tissue or immediately see out a water source to wash it off? I think we know the answer, so why do you treat your butt differently?
Washing reduces the chance of bacteria germination , and in general just removes more fecal bacteria, preventing you from spreading bacteria from your hands to wherever it is that your hands may go.
Reduction of urinary infections
Toilet paper has a series of colorants, odors and abrasives that can cause irritation for those of us that are more sensitive. Also using a bidet allows the water to flush away unwanted matter that can otherwise cause infections and discomfort.
Hemorrhoid Relief
A lot of people report that the cooling effect of the water spray along with the gentle pressure it applies helps to relieve the discomfort of hemorrhoids. The additional benefit of not having to wipe with toilet paper removes a lot of friction that causes hemorrhoids to flair up and even bleed…nobody needs that!
Feminine freshness, pregnancy and post-natal.
Let’s face it, not everyone is feeling at their freshest during their period and a splash of clean water can be just what is needed. A little extra freshness can go along way when you are not feeling 100%.
Also during pregnancy and after giving birth, it can be harder to maneuver as you would like and a little help can be welcomed to get those hard to reach places.
Let’s talk about the environment
We are all aware that we need to reduce our environmental footprint and this is an easy way to make a big difference. Studies say it takes 35+ gallons of water to make one toilet roll but with less than a pint of water per use you can be squeaky clean. That’s not to mention the reduction in paper that you are flushing, the money that you will save on TP, and the reduction in blocked drains and plumbing issues.
Toilet paper is made from trees, 40 billion toilet paper rolls are used every year and this has a huge environmental impact...this is not necessary.
Wet wipes, feminine wipes and the likes are extremely hard to breakdown and most are not biodegradable...they are only necessary because people do not have the right equipment in their bathroom...buy squeaky and never buy a bathroom wipe again.
Squeaky fits all standard toilets and some one-piece toilets. Doesn’t require electricity or plumbing
March 23, 2021 — Darragh Hudson
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Power Query: Evaluate the Environment
23 June 2021
Welcome to our Power Query blog. This week I look at the importance of environment to Expression.Evaluate().
In last week’s blog I looked at the M function Expression.Constant(); this time I am going to look at a related function Expression.Evaluate()
Expression.Evaluate(document as text, optional environment as nullable record) as any
Returns the result of evaluating an M expression document with the available identifiers that can be referenced defined by environment.
Several examples are given in the help pages, the second goes some way to explaining how to use the function. I have reproduced it here:
The M code is:
= Expression.Evaluate("List.Sum({1, 2, 3})", [List.Sum = List.Sum])
So, the document is a text version of another M function, List.Sum(). The environment is telling the query what to do with the function. I would like to look at what I should put in the environment when I am trying to use this expression.
Since this is a very simple example, I could have just used the document part of the expression.
where the M code is:
However, there is another way to use the function which is more useful.
Going back to my simple query, I copy the code from the Advanced Editor
and then store it in a text file:
I’ve effectively saved my query.
Now, in a new Blank Query, I am going to use my saved text as a source.
The M code is:
Source = Text.FromBinary(File.Contents("C:\Users\kathr\OneDrive\Documents\PQ_StandardExpenses\PQ Blog\evaluate.txt")),
Evaluated = Expression.Evaluate(Source, #shared)
This is taking my saved query as text and evaluating what the function should be by using the #shared function.
This executes the stored text.
#shared allows me to access the details of the functions available; it’s like a built-in encyclopaedia of functions.
If I convert this into a table, then I will be able to locate List.Sum().
I just need to filter on Name:
This gives me just that function, so I can drill down to get the details:
I can then view how the function is used:
The #shared function allows Expression.Evaluate() to run the query.
Could I have used this instead of the [List.Sum = List.Sum] in the simple example I started with?
Yes, I could: when using Expression.Evaluate(), using #shared will allow me to set the environment correctly.
Come back next time for more ways to use Power Query!
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Explore the Gialova Lagoon: A Bird Paradise
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The Gialova Lagoon, just a short walk away along the beach from Zoe Resort, is a brackish water coastal wetland. The Gialova Lagoon is notable, not only for its historical importance and the beautiful views but also for being the first important Balkan wetland that migratory birds come across in their return journey from Africa.
Rare species of birds can be found here, such as herons and flamingos, ospreys, Black-winged Stilts, avokettes, sandpiper, snipe, curlews, tartaric, terns, and the only kind of chameleon in Europe. The African chameleon changes color depending on his mood. The wetland of Gialova is a protected area since there are species that belong to the Greek endangered avifauna.
Explore the Gialova Lagoon: A Bird Paradise 1
View of the Gialova Lagoon from the height of the Paleokastro. Voidokilia beach lies to the left, the Navarino Bay to the right
The History
During the 50’s attempts were made to drain the wetland, as was the general policy at the time for all wetlands, but thanks to the abundance of underground water the plans failed. Perfect example of the mistakes of the recent past, its size was reduced by 1/3 and its ecosystem damaged by canals, ditches and roads. These interventions altered the natural course of the rivers and reduced its productivity.
Nature, however, resists and the Gialova Lagoon remained a rich ecosystem that gives refuge to a high variety of inhabitants. As the time went by, more and more people understood the great value and the importance of the Gialova Lagoon’s wetland and actions were made to protect the territory. This is a place of unique ecological value and therefore it is 100% justified why it has been considered a protected area by Natura 2000.
In Gialova Lagoon there are over 270 species of birds, which include many rare species. Ospreys, Imperial Eagles, Marsh Harriers, Great White Egrets, Bitterns, Purple Herons, Glossy Ibises, terns, many ducks and waders and a multitude of passerines visit the wetland during migration and/or winter. Other species breed during the summer.
Explore the Gialova Lagoon: A Bird Paradise 2
Another view of the Gialova Lagoon
A Bird Paradise
This abundance of birds makes the Gialova Lagoon the most important wetland at the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula.
Thousands of birds flying to Africa in autumn stop at the Gialova lagoon to rest and “refuel” for the last time before the long journey of 3000 km over the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara desert. In spring they find there the southern-most European wetland to rest and feed again.
Explore the Gialova Lagoon: A Bird Paradise 3
Explore the Gialova Lagoon: A Bird Paradise 4
The best period to observe birds at the lagoon is from September to May. Ruffs, Garganeys, Grey Herons, Little Egrets, Squacco Herons, Glossy Ibises, Curlews, Golden Plovers, Black-winged Stilts and Kingfishers are observed from August but it is not until the beginning of September that the king of the lagoon can be observed: the Osprey. Purple Herons, Marsh and Pallid Harriers, most species of terns, most waders, including Common and Marsh Sandpipers, Dotterels, Spotted Redshanks, Avocets and many more also arrive in September. The lagoon becomes a real paradise teeming with bird life!
In winter there are about 20,000 birds in the lagoon. Ducks and Coots are the most numerous birds, but there are other interesting species too, like the rare species of eagles: Imperial Eagle, Spotted Eagle and Osprey. Many Marsh and Hen Harriers join them. Flamingos are present in the wetland all year long, About 10 Bitterns are there in winter, and can be seen flying above the reed-bed especially just before dusk.
That makes the village of Gialova a great winter destination too!
We recommend visiting the lagoon in the early morning hours. There are three bird watching hides, and entrance is free.
Ecosystems of the Gialova Lagoon
A wetland is an ecosystem made up by a complex of smaller habitats, each characterized by water, soil and salt interaction, resulting in differentiated plant communities. A remarkable variety of strongly interdependent organisms develop, from invertebrates to fishes and a variety of birds, many of wich are rare and endangered today.
The Lagoon
The main lagoon is mostly inundated by the sea. Thus salt resistant animal and plant life prevail and are preyed upon by certain species of fish and birds. It is a feeding place for ducks, coots, cormorants, ferns, herons, ospreys and flamingoes.
The Marsh and the Reed bed
Freshwater flows into the marsh from the river Tiphiomitis. Freshwater species (or partly so, such as eel) find refuge in this habitat. The reed beds are a crucial breeding and feeding place for neonate fish. Many species of birds nest in the reeds (such as the Little Bittern) as the reed beds are undisturbed by humans and inaccessible to most predators. The marsh is also a favorite foraging ground for Glossy Ibises, grebes, Marsh Harriers and Black-winged Stilts which breed on the islets among the reeds’ clearings.
The Bottom Line
This beautiful ecosystem attracts many visitors and volunteers, not only for the respect and the love for the natural environment, but also to enjoy moments of relaxation and unique aesthetics. The natural beauty and the great hospitality of the people in Gialova, will make your Peloponnese Holiday an unforgettable experience!
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If you struggle to fall asleep at night, endlessly toss and turn, or wake up stiff and tired, practicing mindfulness may help. Being mindful means dedicating your full attention to something. Here are seven ways to foster mindfulness and improve your rest:
Create the ideal sleep environment
Your bedroom should be a sanctuary dedicated to relaxing. Too often, our bedrooms are multi-purpose rooms that include televisions, computers, gym equipment and other items. Turn your bedroom into a space with just one focus—sleep.
A good sleeping environment has soft colors and minimal visual distractions, and it’s quiet. Even devices with fans that run when they’re on standby can be noisy. Light from devices inside and from streetlights or cars outside can prevent you from sleeping, too. Use heavy curtains to block out external light and take all devices out of the room.
Eliminate distractions
Our attention spans are getting shorter, and it is very easy to get distracted. Scrolling through social media on your phone or messaging friends just before you try to go to sleep can keep your mind awake.
Blinking lights from your computer or television can distract your body and prevent it from relaxing. All these distractions need to go, and you should discipline yourself to ignore the temptation of your phone.
Focus on your breathing
Take a moment to focus on your breathing, calm down and relax your body. If your breathing is relaxed, sleep becomes the next natural state. Climb into bed and get comfortable, then bring all your thoughts and attention to your breathing patterns. Inhale and exhale in slow, measured breaths.
The physical act of measured, controlled breathing will calm your body and slow your heart rate, getting you ready for sleep. When you focus your mind on your breathing, you cut out thoughts about your day, stress from work, or anything else that may distract you and keep you awake.
Stretch or mildly exercise
Intense cardio exercise before bed can make you think that your tired body will fall asleep quickly. This is not the case. Endorphins are running high after a run, cycle or aerobics class, making you alert. Gentle exercise allows your body to relax and fall asleep more easily. Consider stretching to release tight muscles before you hop into bed.
If you can only exercise in the evenings, do workouts such as walking, swimming or light resistance training in the four hours before bed. Try not to raise your body temperature or heart rate too much and finish your workout at least 90 minutes before you plan to sleep.
Schedule meals correctly
Eating a large, heavy meal just before bed is not conducive to good rest. Your body will still be trying to digest food while you’re trying to turn your internal systems into standby mode. Eat your last meal for the day around three hours before bed. This will give your body enough time to digest the food before sleeping.
If you’re hungry before you go to bed, have a small snack. Eat fruit or vegetables or a small portion of protein. These are nutritious and will add value to your body, rather than breaking down into sugar that will turn into fat while you sleep.
Learn to quiet your mind
A racing mind is one of the major complaints that people have when unable to fall asleep. They’re too busy thinking about the past and future and not being mindful of the present. An internal monologue that dwells on what’s already happened or fixates on what’s to come will keep you awake for hours.
Quiet your mind and let thoughts drift away. Read a book, think about places or people you love, or observe and enjoy your quiet space. These activities will keep your mind from churning.
Use relaxation techniques
If your body is tense, it’s alert and wide awake. Whether the tension comes from stress, worry, or a physical ailment, it’s essential to learn how to relax. Visualization techniques help your mind become calm. Imagine a warm liquid filling your body, starting at your toes and slowly moving up to your head.
Another technique is to flex and relax the muscle groups in your body as you lie in bed. Start with your calves and then move on to your quadriceps, glutes, abdominal muscles and so on. Hold for about five seconds before releasing and then repeat after about 30 seconds.
It may take time to create a new mindfulness routine, but a good night’s rest goes a long way to keeping you happy, healthy and revitalized. Questions? Bronston Chiropractic and Community Care Clinics are here to help you. Call us at 608.781.2225.
Source: Jamie Benjamin, ACA Hands Down Better
Dr Leo Bronston
Author Dr Leo Bronston
More posts by Dr Leo Bronston
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Question: What was a Greek soldier called?
Ancient Greek soldiers were called hoplites. Hoplites had to provide their own armor, so only wealthier Greeks could be one. They had an attendant, either a slave or a poorer citizen, to help carry their equipment.
What were soldiers in Greece called?
Hoplites were the citizen-soldiers of the Ancient Greek City-states (except Spartans who were professional soldiers). They were primarily armed as spear-men and fought in a phalanx (see below).
What were elite Greek soldiers called?
The Greek Presidential Guard or Evzones are a group of elite Greek soldiers who are trained to perform various ceremonial duties. They stand guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and the Presidential Palace and also raise and lower the flag at the Acropolis every Sunday.
What is the most famous Greek war?
The Peloponnesian War The two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta, went to war with each other from 431 to 405 B.C. The Peloponnesian War marked a significant power shift in ancient Greece, favoring Sparta, and also ushered in a period of regional decline that signaled the end of what is considered the Golden Age
Who is the most famous Greek hero?
Hercules The greatest and most famous Greek hero of all is Hercules, son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene. Unlike many heroes who are associated with only one city, Hercules was a pan-Hellenic hero, claimed by all of Greece.
How heavy was a Spartan sword?
It was a rather light weapon, with a weight around 450 to 900 grams or 1-2 lbs. It was generally hung from a baldric under the left arm.
What were Spartan elites called?
Spartiate elite Classical Spartan society was rigidly divided into several castes, each with assigned duties and privileges. The smallest of them, with the most power and freedom, was the Spartiate elite.
What was the longest Greek war?
Who beat the Greek gods?
They were overthrown as part of the Greek succession myth, which told how Cronus seized power from his father Uranus and ruled the cosmos with the Titans as his subordinates, and how Cronus and the Titans were in turn defeated and replaced as the ruling pantheon of gods by Zeus and the Olympians in a ten-year war
Did Sparta beat Athens?
Do Spartans still exist?
All the Spartans died, including King Leonidas. Given that the Spartans were so famous for their military, perhaps he might have known better. Ancient Sparta with its unique way of life is long gone. But today there is still a town called Sparta in Greece in the very same spot as the ancient city.
Who is the most famous Spartan?
Who is the smartest Greek God?
Who is the weakest Greek god?
Who won Athens or Sparta?
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155 genes were imaged in MERFISH measurements, with 135 genes imaged using combinatorial smFISH measurements, and 20 additional genes imaged using sequential rounds of non-combinatorial FISH
155 genes were imaged in MERFISH measurements, with 135 genes imaged using combinatorial smFISH measurements, and 20 additional genes imaged using sequential rounds of non-combinatorial FISH. mechanistic knowledge of mind function takes a organized evaluation of cell types and their spatial corporation, connectivity, and practical Rabbit Polyclonal to TAS2R49 properties. A complete just to illustrate may be the preoptic area from the hypothalamus, which can be made up of multiple settings and nuclei important sociable behaviors such as for example parenting, mating, and aggression, aswell as homeostatic features, such as for example thermoregulation, thirst, and rest (1, 2). Because they are conserved features evolutionarily, it’s been suggested how the connected neural circuits are described and genetically, thus, made up of transcriptionally specific neuronal types (1C3). Certainly, many neuronal populations inside the preoptic area, each described by discrete molecular markers, have already been associated with specific behavioral and homeostatic features (4C11). However, the accurate amount of cell types within the preoptic area, aswell as their molecular signatures, spatial companies, and functional tasks stay unclear, hampering our capability to investigate the root neural circuits. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) offers a powerful methods to determine cell types and cell areas by genome-wide Citraconic acid manifestation profiling of Citraconic acid specific cells, offering wealthy insights in to the mobile diversity of several tissues, like the mind (12C15). Nevertheless, scRNA-seq needs cell dissociation and therefore results in the increased loss of the spatial framework of cells that’s crucial for understanding cells function (15, 16). Lately, image-based single-cell transcriptomic techniques have been created that quantify gene manifestation by straight imaging specific RNA substances within intact cells and cells using multiplexed fluorescence hybridization (Seafood) or sequencing (15, 17C22). These techniques offer new possibilities to recognize cell populations within complicated tissues, while concurrently mapping their spatial corporation and uncovering their features by merging gene manifestation profiling with imaging of activity markers, like the induction of instant early genes (IEGs) (22, 23). Among these, multiplexed error-robust Seafood (MERFISH) detects specific RNA substances with single-molecule Seafood (smFISH) (24, 25) and uses error-robust barcoding, combinatorial labeling, and sequential imaging to multiplex smFISH measurements, therefore allowing transcriptome-scale RNA imaging of specific cells (20, 26). Right here, we created a MERFISH-based evaluation and imaging system for cell type recognition and mapping, and utilized this approach, in Citraconic acid conjunction with scRNA-seq, to make a cell atlas from the preoptic area from the mouse hypothalamus. We utilized scRNA-seq to catalog cell populations and determine their marker genes. We after that performed MERFISH imaging of the marker genes as well as genes of known practical importance to recognize cell populations and map their spatial corporation hybridization (fig. S7A). These clusters had been each connected with different hormonal modulations, which range from cluster i20:Gal/Moxd1 expected to lay in the sexually dimorphic nucleus from the POA (Fig. 1C) and expressing an array of sex steroid and neuropeptide receptors, to cluster e24:Gal/Rxfp1 expressing no sex steroid receptor (Fig. 2A). Open up in another window Shape 2 scRNA-seq recognizes sub-divisions of cells expressing markers previously connected with solitary neuronal populations.(A-C) Expression distributions of decided on marker genes and genes appealing in every neuronal clusters that are statistically enriched (Model-based Analysis of Single-cell Transcriptomics [MAST] (75), false-discovery-rate <0.01) in (A) galanin (Gal), (B) tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), or (C) Bdnf and Adcyap1. Gene titles in dark: Differentially indicated genes for every chosen neuronal cluster. Gene titles in blue: inhibitory (Gad1, Gad2, Citraconic acid Slc32a1) and excitatory (Slc17a6) neuronal markers, aswell as dopaminergic markers (Ddc, Slc6a3, and Slc18a2). Gene titles in green: sex hormone receptors. Y-axis on each violin storyline depicts the log changed counts with the number arranged to the 95% manifestation quantile from the cluster with the best manifestation (29). The sizes of reddish colored, cyan, and yellowish circles match the cell great quantity from the inhibitory, excitatory, and cross clusters, respectively. Second, cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), an integral enzyme involved with catecholamine synthesis, have already been seen as a solitary population involved with several sociable behaviors (6, 39). Right here we determined six Th-enriched neuronal clusters (Figs. 2B, S7B), among which just i16:Gal/Th and i38:Kiss1/Th indicated both Dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) as well as the vesicular monoamine transporter Vmat2 (Slc18a2), genes necessary for dopaminergic function (Fig. 2B). Finally, the neuropeptide adenylate Citraconic acid cyclase activating polypeptide 1 (Adcyap1) and brain-derived neurotrophic element (Bdnf) have been recently identified as.
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SMU seismology research shows North Texas earthquakes occurring on “dead” faults
Climate history of western US is more complex than previously thought
The climate 150 million years ago of a large swath of the western United States was more complex than previously known, according to new research from Southern Methodist University, Dallas. It’s been held that the climate during the Jurassic was fairly dry in New Mexico, then gradually transitioned to a wetter climate northward to Montana. But based on new evidence, the theory of a gradual transition from a dry climate to a wetter one during the Jurassic doesn’t tell the whole story, says SMU paleontologist Timothy S. Myers, lead author on the study.
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Legal research for law intern & its Benefits
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Legal research is generally the process of finding an answer to a legal question or checking for legal precedent that can be cited in a brief or at trial. Practically, every lawsuit, appeal, criminal case, and legal process requires some amount of legal research.
An Advocate may review statutes, secondary authority and caselaw with a similar fact pattern can give the attorney an idea of before deciding how to proceed with the case.
Similarly, a corporate lawyer may conduct legal research in order to determine whether a proposed new policy would expose the company to liability. This may include research into building codes, employment laws, or federal environmental regulations.
The advantages of legal research are the lawyer’s understanding and analysis of a case often begin in the research stage when he identifies the relevant facts and determines the legal issues that must be researched. As they find seemingly relevant legal materials, they must understand them and how they apply to the facts of their case.
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Kofi Annan: A Complicated Legacy of Impressive Achievements, and Some Profound Failures
Former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan left a mixed legacy. EPA-EFE/Martial Trezzini
Kofi Annan (80) was an important historical figure who played a critical role in many key events of the 1990s and 2000s. His death is therefore an opportunity to both celebrate his life and to begin honestly assessing his contributions to the world.
The Ghanaian diplomat’s legacy is complicated. He served as both head of the United Nations peacekeeping and as Secretary General of the UN. His tenure in these high offices – from 1992 to 2006 – were marked by great human tragedies as well as episodes of progress. His role in these events raises difficult questions about individual responsibility and the role of international organizations and their leaders in creating a more peaceful and just world.
On the plus side, his contributions were impressive. He was an effective diplomat, a shrewd negotiator and an intelligent strategist. He was such a successful bureaucratic operator that he was the first UN employee to rise to the position of Secretary General.
When he took over the organisation it was facing numerous challenges. They included a tense and often hostile relationship with its most powerful member state, the US, a difficult budgetary situation and what appeared to be an inability to fulfil its core peacekeeping, human rights and development functions.
By the end of his term, things looked very different. Relations with key member countries had been restored, the UN had a sound fiscal position and both he and the organisation had won the Nobel Peace Prize.
In addition, the organisation had launched some important new initiatives. It had adopted the Millenium Development Goals, which contributed to significant gains in health, education and human welfare in many countries around the world. The initiative was so successful that it was succeeded by the even more ambitious Sustainable Development Goals.
In addition, the international community had established the International Criminal Court and had begun prosecuting war criminals for their deeds in the wars in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.
He had also initiated the process of getting corporations to recognise and accept their responsibility for the environmental, social and human rights consequences of their activities. This process moved slowly. But his efforts ultimately led to the UN Human Rights Council unanimously endorsing the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in 2011. These have now been incorporated into the human rights policies of many companies and have led to a number of countries adopting national action plans on the human rights responsibilities of business.
After he left the UN, Annan continued to do good work with both the Elders, a group of global leaders working for peace and human rights, and his own foundation. In these capacities he had some notable achievements. He helped resolve the post-election violence in Kenya, helped ensure peaceful elections in Nigeria and a number of other countries, and helped promote more productive and sustainable agriculture and good governance across Africa. He also tried, albeit unsuccessfully, to end the civil war in Syria and the campaign against the Rohingyas in Myanmar.
But there’s also a darker side to Annan’s record.
The tragedies
Annan was the head of UN Peacekeeping operations in the 1990s when two of the biggest failures in UN history happened. Under his watch both the Rwandan genocide and the massacres in Srebrenica took place.
In both cases his commanders on the ground requested authority to take stronger action to limit the risk of tragedy to those under their protection. In both cases he declined their request –with tragic results.
In addition, under his leadership UN peacekeepers in a range of countries, including Liberia, Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo, were found to be sexually exploiting those they were charged to protect. The UN failed to respond promptly to these actions and they continued into the 2000s.
In most organisations, a leader who is responsible for such profound failures would be held accountable. If not fired, or forced to resign, they would at the very least be moved to a position of lesser authority. But this didn’t happen because the UN has poor mechanisms and a weak culture of accountability. In fact, the UN and its member states, decided to promote Annan, selecting him to replace the first African Secretary General, Boutros Boutros Ghali, who was deemed to be too independent minded by the US.
Annan continued relying on the UN’s lack of accountability once he was in office. His son was implicated in the infamously corrupt food-for-oil programme that was initiated to help the Iraqi population during the period of sanctions against Saddam Hussein.
Eventually, under pressure, he appointed the independent Volcker Commission to investigate the programme. It concluded that, although Annan himself was not guilty of any wrong doing, his actions in response to the abuses were inadequate, including that he had failed to refer the matter to the UN’s independent watchdog agency.
He also tolerated sexual harassment within the UN Secretariat, protecting the former head of the UN refugee agency when he was accused of sexual harassment, penalizing his accuser and then relying on the UN’s legal immunity to avoid having to respond to her efforts to seek justice. The adverse publicity eventually forced the guilty official to resign.
Lessons to be drawn
There is no doubt that running a complex international institution like the UN is difficult and requires leaders who are willing to compromise. Given the Secretary General’s weak position, it may also be inevitable that its leaders will have to turn a blind eye to some acts and omissions that have tragic and possibly evil consequences in order to advance higher priorities.
Annan showed throughout his career that he was a master at playing this game. As a result, his record includes both some impressive achievements and some profound failures. It will be up to history to decide if he made the right choices and struck the correct balance between doing good and tolerating evil.
In the meanwhile, we should all draw lessons from the life of this important historical figure about the importance of holding leaders and the institutions that govern our world accountable for their actions and decisions.
This article was originally published on The Conversation
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What is Chord Signaling?
2019-12-12 | 4 min read
Driven by 5G technology, data-intensive applications such as virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), Internet of Things (IoT), and the roll-out of autonomous vehicles will create a surge in computing, storage, and performance demands on data centers. As a result, data centers need to evolve from 100 gigabit Ethernet (100GE) data speeds to 400GE and beyond. 400GE speeds require moving from non-return-to-zero (NRZ) to new modulation technologies such as four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4), or the use of ChordTM signaling, patented by Kandou.
Kandou is an interface technology company that specializes in the invention, design, license, and implementation of industry-leading chip-to-chip link solutions. According to Kandou, this new category of signaling can provide two to four times the bandwidth of conventional serializer/deserializer (SerDes) technologies at half or less the total power consumption. New system architectures for products ranging from mobile devices to hyperscale data centers, can benefit from the use of Chord signaling.
The Chord signaling architecture is a generalization of differential signaling. While differential signaling delivers one bit on two correlated wires, Chord signaling delivers n bits on n+1 correlated wires. An associated “code” is the combination of the signaling on the wires and the comparators used to identify the bits.
Chord signaling types include, amongst many others:
• ENRZ: Ensemble NRZ transmits three bits on four correlated wires
• CNRZ-5: Chord NRZ transmits five bits on six correlated wires
ENRZ and CNRZ-5 enable significant power savings depending on the application. For example, with CNRZ-5 enabled Ultra Short Reach (USR) SerDes, it is possible to save from three to ten times the power in some applications versus other traditional signaling methods.
As data rates increase, channel loss between the transmitter and the receiver becomes more important, as well as minimizing power consumption. Printed circuit board traces, connectors, and cables all contribute to loss in the signal path. This channel loss results in intersymbol interference (ISI) that depends on the channel material and dimensions, the data rate, and the bit pattern. High-speed digital receivers tolerate a certain amount of total jitter, which typically includes some ISI caused by channel loss. According to Kandou, its SerDes technology provides high-system bandwidth, much lower vulnerability to ISI and to the reflection form of ISI than PAM4, and low power consumption via a much lower need for equalization through the use of Chord signaling.
Chord signaling provides an alternative to PAM4 modulation to reach the hundreds of gigabits per second to terabits per second speeds required to support these new applications. Chord signaling is a multi-wire signaling approach that generalizes differential signaling. According to Kandou, Chord signaling delivers faster, denser, simpler, more robust, and lower power interconnects compared to PAM4 and NRZ technologies.
Read the case study ‘Chord Signaling for High-Speed Chip-to-Chip Applications’ to learn more Kandou’s Chord signaling technology. Find out how Keysight’s first-to-market solutions enabled Kandou to validate their Chord signaling algorithms, and how Kandou’s customers use Chord signaling to validate their 400GE and beyond designs.
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Copyright is a very tricky concept.
While some people love it, some don’t.
If you’re not a fan, you might want to rethink your choice.
What are the main arguments?
A copyright is a copyright, or the right to use, reproduce, distribute and sell copies of a work.
The main thing to understand is that copyright is not a licence to steal or exploit someone else’s work.
You do not own the rights to your own work.
If you were to steal a copy of the BBC’s popular show, Sherlock, it would not be a copyright violation to use it on a pirate site.
This is because it is copyrighted work.
There are plenty of other examples of copyrighted works being used by the public.
For example, a film is being made of the Beatles song “Yesterday”.
This is a work of art, and its fair use doctrine protects it.
However, the BBC has a right to make it, and the rights owner must pay for the rights.
It also has to give the rights holder a chance to use the work.
This can be a long process that can take years.
For this reason, the owner must have a licence or licence to use that work.
But if the rights owners decide to make use of your work, they must pay the rights holders for the right.
You don’t own the copyright in the first place.
The BBC and the right holders have a right under the copyright laws to use and distribute the work without asking permission.
This does not mean you own the work, but it does mean that the rights are yours and you have the right not to use them.
Copying works is legal.
However you use it, if you steal or copy someone else, you are committing a copyright infringement.
This makes copying and distributing copyrighted works illegal.
In Australia, copying works that have been made and sold are copyright infringement and you will be prosecuted.
It is important to understand that it is not necessarily plagiarism.
It depends on the purpose and intent of the work that you copy.
If the intent is to copy, then copying is considered plagiarism and not copyright infringement in Australia.
If your intent is not to copy and redistribute, then you may be protected by copyright laws.
What about fair use?
Fair use is the use of a copyrighted work for a purpose other than the one for which it was originally created.
The definition of fair use varies.
Fair use is defined by the Australian Copyright Act 1996 as: a use which is justified on the ground that it will be of some benefit to the public by reason of its being done; and a use that is made with the consent of the copyright owner.
If a work is used in a way that is likely to cause confusion, or to have the effect of making it difficult or impossible to understand, it is likely that the use has not been properly attributed to the author or copyright owner, or that it has been used without the author’s permission.
If an author’s name, address or phone number are used in connection with a work, this is a fair use.
However a copyright owner will usually have the final say over whether the use is fair use under Australian law.
This may mean that you need to find out if you can get a fair licence from your rights holder to use a work that they own.
There is also a fair warning notice if you are accused of using a work in a copyright-infringing way.
This means that you will have to tell the copyright holder where you obtained the work from and how it is used.
Fair warning notices can also give the copyright holders permission to use your work in some cases.
There is a statutory duty to give fair warning notices, which is the right for copyright holders to give you a chance.
However the notice may not be sufficient.
You will be able to seek injunctions if the copyright owners’ use of the copyrighted work is deemed unlawful.
This has a significant impact on the likelihood of a successful injunction.
If not, you may need to seek a review of the matter by the courts.
Do you need a licence?
There are some circumstances where you will need a copyright licence to make and distribute a work or a service.
You must give your licence to your rights holders, such as your owner or the broadcaster.
This includes works that are available for free, for a limited time or for a fixed term.
It does not include the commercial use of those works.
However if you want to distribute a service, you must also give your permission to the rights-holders.
Copyright holders are not allowed to make money from the sale of works or services.
It’s illegal for copyright owners to make profits from the use or distribution of works.
So, if a service is available for sale, and you want it to be available to the general public, you need permission from the copyright rights holder.
This permission can be granted
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Why Science Says Eggs May Be Bad For Endometriosis
Medically Reviewed by Dr. Melissa Thompson, PT, DPT, MTC
Dr. Thompson is board certified and the owner of Louisiana Pelvic Health. Her expertise is in alleviating bladder, bowel, and sexual pain symptoms during pregnancy, postpartum, and throughout a woman's life.
You’ve tried medications.
You’re sick and tired of going to the doctor.
There’s got to be SOMETHING you can do to improve your endometriosis symptoms.
Well, there is compelling evidence that shows that removing eggs from your diet could improve your endometriosis symptoms.
Are all eggs the same?
As it turns out, all eggs are NOT the same.
Organic vs conventional eggs
Organic, cage-free eggs have been shown to have much higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, which are extremely healthy.
“Findings from Penn State University suggest that organic chicken eggs have three times more omega-3 fatty acids than their caged counterparts.”
On top of that, it was found that 40% more Vitamin A and twice as much Vitamin E was found in organic eggs compared to conventional eggs.
There have also been TONS of pesticides and chemicals found in conventional eggs that are not free pasture or conventional.
This does not mean that organic eggs are fine for women with endo:
Some women have found that changing to organic eggs has really helped.
It's just important to note that the quality of your food can make a difference. And, if you've been eating conventional eggs for your whole life, you're much more likely to develop an intolerance to them.
So, to start, I recommend getting rid of eggs altogether.
Why are eggs bad for women with endometriosis?
The effects of eating eggs for women with endometriosis have been shown to be negative.
Here they are:
1. Eggs can create an inflammatory response
Eggs, for some people, can cause an inflammatory response in the body.
Why does this matter for women with endometriosis?
Well, endometriosis symptoms and conditions usually worsen when there’s an increase in inflammation.
Inflammation can happen for a number of different reasons:
• Environmental factors
• Emotional or mental stress
• Physical stress on the body (lack of sleep, etc)
• Food
• And more
But, food is a HUGE one.
And, as the research has shown, eggs can increase inflammation.
So, if your endometriosis symptoms are not improving, then try eliminating eggs and see what happens.
2. I feel better when I avoid eggs
I know this isn’t science-based.
And I know every woman’s body is different.
But, at the same time, I feel compelled to share my story as it may help other women out there who are going through the same things that I went through.
So, here’s the scoop:
When I stopped eating eggs I noticed that I was feeling a little better. It wasn’t HUGE but it was enough to notice.
And, whenever I slip up and eat eggs I notice more abdominal pain and it seems like there’s a correlation to endometriosis flare-ups.
So, I now avoid eggs entirely.
How to eliminate eggs from your diet
Here’s the easiest way to eliminate eggs from your diet:
1. Go into your fridge and get rid of the egg carton
2. Go into your pantry and read through the ingredients of packaged food to see if they contain eggs
3. When at the grocery store, read labels carefully
4. At restaurants, ask the waiter if your meal contains any eggs (I know this is uncomfortable, but it’s worth it)
5. Keep track of how you’re feeling. If you eat eggs, write down how you feel afterward and for the following 1-2 days
Here’s a list of common foods/ingredients that contain eggs
Here’s a list of foods that contain eggs:
• Albumin (also spelled albumen)
• Eggnog
• Lysozyme
• Mayonnaise
• Meringue (meringue powder)
• Ovalbumin
• Surimi
There’s more you can do besides eliminating eggs:
While eliminating eggs from your diet can likely improve your endometriosis symptoms, there’s also more that you can do to help.
Applying a daily all-natural, vegan, and gluten-free moisturizer to your vagina can nourish the skin, heal from the outside in, and actively reduce endometriosis symptoms.
Hi I have endometriosis and have only been recently diagnosed… I’ve been eating eggs a whole lot, without knowing about the whole eggs thing.. I guess I should just stop eating them..? Is there any good recommendations for a substitute?
Grace Nasr January 29, 2021
I do consider all the ideas you’ve presented for your post.
May you please lengthen them a bit from next time?
Thank you for the post. fotbollströjor SandySeal fodboldtrøjer AlineRein
SelenaMcn fotballdrakter PaulineBa
Isaac January 17, 2020
like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks magliette calcio
Darrin November 15, 2019
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Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Hidden Inside Great Pyramid’s Secret Chamber, Claims Historian
Where's the mummy?
A lot can be said about the Great Pyramid of Giza.
As one of the seven ancient wonders of the world, the great pyramid is perhaps the most stunning of all ancient structures discovered to date on Earth.
It is unique not only because of its immense size but due to its incredible history and mysteries that surround it.
Mainstream scholars believe the Great Pyramid of Giza was erected in a twenty-year construction phase, concluding in 2,560BC.
It is believed that the Pyramid was built as a tomb, even though no evidence has ever been found to support these claims.
However, despite many claiming that the pyramid was built to serve as the eternal resting place for the pharaoh, never have experts actually found evidence to support this theory.
The Pyramids at the Giza plateau
TheDigitalArtist / Pixabay
The Great Pyramid of Giza lacks hieroglyphics in its interior. No one has ever found a mummy inside the pyramid, nor has there been any discovery to suggest a mummy was even paced inside the Great Pyramid.
Despite this, a number of historians claim the pyramid is a tomb.
Now, an amateur historian believes he has found evidence to support the idea there is a massive secret chamber hidden inside the pyramid, where the Pharaoh’s body is preserved.
Mr. Matt Sibson argues that he made a discovery after studying the brickwork of the ancient pyramid and reading a paper that details the geology of the stones.
Mr. Sibson suggests that triangle mars on the pyramid as a clue that may lead to a never-before-seen chamber within the Great Pyramid.
“On the west side it is the most prominent and it looks out of place – so I think it is hiding another entrance to the pyramid,” he said, reports the Sun.
“So maybe they made a tomb and took away the staircase at a later date. So if there is another entrance, then he could be buried in there somewhere.”
Earlier this year, scientists discovered that the Great Pyramid of Giza has the ability to produce energy in its inner rooms, concentrating it at its base.
Written by Curiosmos
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• 05 JAN 15
Link discovered between tooth loss and slowing mind and body
Link discovered between tooth loss and slowing mind and body
The memory and walking speeds of adults who have lost all of their teeth decline more rapidly than in those who still have some of their own teeth, new research published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society has found.
The research looked at 3,166 adults aged 60 or over from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and compared their performance in tests of memory and walking speed. The results showed that the people with none of their own teeth performed approximately 10% worse in both memory and walking speed tests than the people with teeth.
The results were fully adjusted for a wide range of factors, such as sociodemographic characteristics, existing health problems, physical health, health behaviours such as smoking and drinking, depression, relevant biomarkers, and particularly socioeconomic status. However, after adjusting for all possible factors, people without teeth still walked slightly slower than those with teeth.
These links between older adults in England losing all natural teeth and having poorer memory and worse physical function 10 years later were more evident in adults aged 60 to 74 years than in those aged 75 and older.
The researchers suggest that tooth loss could be used as an early marker of mental and physical decline in older age, particularly among 60- to 74-year-olds. They found that common causes of tooth loss, and mental and physical decline, are often linked to socioeconomic status, highlighting the importance of broader social determinants such as education and wealth to improve the oral and general health of the poorest members of society.
From www.medicalnewstoday.com.
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Midsummer Day
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Wikipedia.
Midsummer Day (St. John's Day)
Type of Holiday: Calendar/Seasonal, Folkloric, Religious (Christian)
Date of Observation: June 24, or nearest Friday
Where Celebrated: Brazil, Europe, Scandinavia
Symbols and Customs: Bonfires, Wheel
Related Holidays: Beltane, Inti Raymi Festival, Summer Solstice
This ancient pagan festival celebrating the SUMMER SOLSTICE was originally observed on June 21, the longest day of the year. Like BELTANE in Ireland, Midsummer Day in Europe and the Scandinavian countries was a time to light BON FIRES and drive out evil. At one time it was believed that all natural waters had medicinal powers on this day, and people bathed in rivers and streams to cure their illnesses.
When Christianity spread throughout the pagan world, the Midsummer festival on June 24 became St. John's Day, in honor of St. John the Baptist. Christian symbolism was attached to many of the pre-Christian rites associated with this day. The bonfires, for example, were renamed "St. John's Fires," and the herbs that were picked on this day for their healing powers were called "St. John's herbs." But the pagan customs and beliefs surrounding Midsummer Day never really disappeared, and the Feast of St. John is still associated with the solstice and solstitial rites.
In Sweden, the Midsommar celebration begins on a Friday and lasts through Sunday. Every town and village sets up a maypole (see MAY DAY), which is decorated with flowers, leaves, and flags. One of the most popular places to spend the Midsommar weekend is in the province of Dalarna, where some of Sweden's oldest wooden cottages have been preserved. Because Sweden is located so far north, Midsommar is called "the day that never ends." The sun doesn't begin to set until 10:00 p.m., and it rises again at 2:00 a.m. In areas of Norway and Sweden that lie above the Arctic Circle, the sun shines twenty-four hours a day in the summer.
Fire festivals were held all over Europe on June 23 (the SUMMER SOLSTICE) or on Midsummer Day (June 24) during pre-Christian times. The solstice is the turning point in the sun's journey across the sky: After climbing higher and higher, it stops and begins to retrace its steps. Ancient peoples believed they could stop the sun's decline by kindling their own "suns" in the form of bonfires.
Bonfires were originally called "bone fires" because young boys would often throw bones and other noxious-smelling things on the fire to drive away monsters and evil spirits. Over the centuries, these fires attracted many folk beliefs and rituals. For example, people believed that their crops would grow as high as the flames reached, or as high as they could jump over the burning embers. Farmers drove their cattle through the fires to guard them against disease and to promote their fertility. Sometimes ashes from the bonfires were scattered over the fields to protect the crops from blight and to ensure a good harvest.
Midsummer bonfires were associated with courtship and fertility rituals as well. Young girls would often make wreaths out of leaves and ribbons, then hang them in a tall fir tree that had been cut down and erected in the middle of the fire. As the flames licked at their heels, young boys would climb the tree, take down the wreaths, and stand on one side of the fire while their girlfriends stood on the other. Sometimes the girls would throw the wreaths across the fire to the boys they wanted to marry. Then, as the flames died down, the couples would join hands and leap over the fire three times for good luck.
In Bohemia, a region in the western Czech Republic, young boys would collect all the worn-out brooms they could find, dip them in pitch, and after setting them on fire, wave them around or throw them up in the air. Sometimes they would run Midsummer Day
headlong down a hillside, brandishing their torches and shouting. The burned stumps of the brooms would then be stuck in their families' gardens to protect them from caterpillars and gnats. Some people put them in their fields or on the roofs of their houses as a charm against lightning, fire, and bad weather.
In Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, midsummer bonfires were known as "Balder's balefires." Lighting them was a way of reenacting the myth of Balder, the Scandinavian god of poetry who was killed when Loki, a divine mischiefmaker, struck him with a bough of mistletoe. His body was burned on a pyre at the time of the summer solstice. Later on, effigies of Balder were thrown into the midsummer bonfires.
When Midsummer Day became St. John's Day, the Church gave new meaning to the bonfires. Since Jesus had once called John the Baptist "a burning and a shining light" (John 5:35), church officials decided that the fires should stand for St. John instead of the sun. The fact that it was St. John who baptized Jesus in the River Jordan dovetailed nicely with the pagan belief in the medicinal powers of water on Midsummer Day.
Although at one time midsummer bonfires were popular from Ireland in the west to Russia in the east, and from Norway and Sweden all the way south to Greece and Spain, today the bonfire tradition is still alive in only a few countries-primarily Sweden, Finland, and Lithuania. Roman Catholics in Brazil build large bonfires in front of their houses on St. John's Day to commemorate Elizabeth, St. John's mother and a cousin of the Virgin Mary. According to legend, Elizabeth promised to notify Mary of the birth of her child by building a bonfire in front of her house and setting off fireworks. In the United States, midsummer bonfires have been moved to the FOURTH OF JULY.
Sometimes the straw that had been collected for the Midsummer BONFIRE was attached to a wheel and set on fire. As the wheel burned, two young men would grab the handles that projected from the axle and run downhill with it, often extinguishing the flames in a river or stream at the bottom of the hill. The wheel, of course, represented the sun, and letting it roll downhill was a demonstration of the fact that having reached its highest point in the sky, the sun was now beginning its descent. In Germany, the sun's "falling" is still celebrated on St. John's Day with burning wheels rolled down hills. It is considered good luck if a wheel burns all the way to the bottom of the hill.
In some European countries, burning discs were hurled into the night sky after being kindled in bonfires. Their flight made them resemble fiery dragons, symbolic of the monsters believed to roam the earth on this night.
Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs www.vm.ee/estonia/kat_174/pea_174/1190.html
Midsummer Day
June 24, or nearest Friday
This ancient pagan festival of the Summer Solstice, originally kept on June 21, is celebrated in Europe and Scandinavian countries in much the same way as Beltane was celebrated in Ireland. Bonfires are still lit in some places on Midsummer Eve as a way of driving out evil and renewing reproductive powers. At one time it was believed that all natural waters had medicinal powers on this day, and people bathed in streams and rivers to cure their illnesses. Midsummer Day is also sacred to lovers. Shakespeare's romantic comedy, A Midsummer Night's Dream, reflects the traditional spirit associated with this festival.
The Swedish begin their Midsommar celebration on the Friday before Midsummer Eve and continue through Sunday. Every town and village sets up a maypole, or Majstang, which is decorated with flowers, leaves, and flags. In Rattvik, Sweden, on Lake Siljan, the festivities are held on a pier. The province of Dalarna, where some of Sweden's oldest wooden cottages have been preserved, is a popular place to spend the Midsommar festival weekend.
The Swedes call Midsommar "the day that never ends," because the sun doesn't begin to set until 10:00 p.m. and it rises again at 2:00 a.m. In areas of Norway and Sweden that lie above the Arctic Circle, the sun shines brightly 24 hours a day for six weeks.
When June 24 was designated St. John's Day by the Christian Church, the fires that had been associated with the pagan festival were reinterpreted to symbolize St. John, whom the Lord had once called "a burning and shining light." But the pre-Christian elements surrounding Midsummer Day never really disappeared, and the Feast of St. John has long been associated with solstitial rites. This day is also one of the official Quarter Days in England.
In Estonia, St. John's Eve is a national holiday known as Voidupuha, or Victory Day, commemorating the 1919 Battle of Vonnu in which Estonia regained control from Baltic-German rule; because celebrations extend into the night, the next day, June 24, is also a public holiday.
See also Calinda Dance; Inti Raymi Festival; Juhannus; Kupalo Festival; St. Hans Festival
Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Press and Information Department
Islandi valjak 1
Tallinn, 15049 Estonia
372-6-317-000; fax: 372-6-317-099
AmerBkDays-2000, pp. 470, 474
BkDays-1864, vol. I, p. 814
BkFest-1937, pp. 32, 59, 125, 136, 213, 220
DaysCustFaith-1957, p. 151
DictFolkMyth-1984, pp. 105, 157, 168, 202, 203, 253, 486, 606, 629, 723, 747, 754, 789, 866, 871, 930, 961, 966, 1032, 1172
FestWestEur-1958, pp. 13, 27, 43, 68, 153, 167, 199, 235
FolkWrldHol-1999, p. 392
OxYear-1999, p. 259
SaintFestCh-1904, p. 301
References in periodicals archive ?
The birches brought home for Midsummer Day have occasionally been called jaanimeiud (< Jaan cf.
The party of Midsummer Day is in Lithuanian called Jonines.
Prices of grilled eel dishes are rising ahead of next Thursday's midsummer day of the ox, a day when people often eat grilled eel to prevent summer fatigue in accordance with the Japanese custom.
Surely his ego demands nothing less, roughly halfway between May Day and August Bank Holiday and near Midsummer Day we can hope for a sunny day on the beach or in the garden.
Even-money it would be leaves on the line' 5-2 a stray cow walking up the northbound section (miraculously avoiding deepfry by electrocution)' 7-2 a tree had fallen across the southbound section even though the air was calmer than a midsummer day on Newmarket's July Course' 5-1 teenage vandals running amok, with the police lawfully unable to apprehend them because of their young age.
Voices out of nowhere, movies filmed in Oregon and old courthouses - it's a trivia lover's midsummer day's dream:
Longford Square was opened on Midsummer Day 1994 by octogenarian Frank Moore, who was a much-loved figure in the community.
Temperatures soared nationwide with warm air coming from the south and the mercury rose to levels equal to a midsummer day Monday, a day after some cities posted record-high temperatures for May.
So, it's 4 pm on a sultry midsummer day and around a table n the plush 25-floor Man Wah restaurant at the Mandarin, staff sit and sip Shiraz, Zinfandel, Pinotage and Cabernet.
MY first bulb catalogue arrived on Midsummer Day, and it was not a welcome sight.
Chesterton called him, 'a prodigious Puck in a truly midsummer day's dream.' Sir Arthur Conan Doyle remembered the high-pitched voice - he never lost his Gloucestershire accent - 'which seemed so queer from so big a body'.
Wednesday, August 2, 1995, began as any other midsummer day in America's oldest state park, the Niagara Reservation.
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English Freshman Comp I-Defining Media: Plagiarism
What is Plagiarism?
What is plagiarism? Not crediting information from another author's ideas or words, or sites with facts, visuals, artwork, music, and more.
Based on the American Psychological Association 's Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (see the link below), Standard Research and Publication, 8:11 Plagiarism, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010) pointedly states, "Researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit where credit is due" (p. 15). One can easily see the straightforwardness of the word choice and principle the Publication Manual references in one compound sentence. The informal language used eliminates debate or what if or excuses. It is considered unethical to plagiarize.
When incorporating another author's words, ideas, format, or outline into one's own work, proper credit must be given to that author.
A Note About Plagiarism
When using the work of other people, always remember to
• Give credit if you use their words (quotation).
• Give credit if you use their sentiments or ideas (paraphrasing/summarizing).
• Give credit if you use their methods, techniques, or conclusions (replication/modification of prior work).
Avoid accidental plagiarism through proper citation methods.
Check out these useful sites for additional information:
What is self-plagiarism?
According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010), the same as when "researchers do not present the work of others as their own (plagiarism), they do not present their own previously published work as new scholarship (self-plagiarism)" (p.16).
Students also have difficulty understanding the rationale behind not using previously written papers or passages from them for other classes or instructors and presenting them as new original work in a different written assignment. Self-plagiarism occurs when students take information they used previously for a different assignment and do not provide proper citation indicating inserted portions in the current paper from its original source.
Me? Plagiarize?
Here are some videos and links to videos about plagiarism, avoiding plagiarism, quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing.
Quotations, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing - Video
Finding Articles on Plagiarism
One can find many articles published through databases or on the web about plagiarism. The terms used will greatly determine what types of information one finds. Below are some examples of search terms and combinations of terms:
Plagiarism and cheating
Literary ethics
Academic dishonesty and plagiarism
Plagiarism prevention
Plagiarism detection
Intellectual property and plagiarism
Cheating (Education) and plagiarism
Plagiarism and authorship
Plagiarism and academic integrity
Plagiarism and academic fraud
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Whats a daisy chain?
Asked by: Nico Franecki
Score: 4.5/5 (4 votes)
In electrical and electronic engineering, a daisy chain is a wiring scheme in which multiple devices are wired together in sequence or in a ring, similar to a garland of daisy flowers. Other than a full, single loop, systems which contain internal loops cannot be called daisy chains.
View full answer
Similarly one may ask, What's a daisy chain slang?
A line or circle of three or more persons engaged in simultaneous sexual activity. For example, A high-class call girl, she drew the line at daisy chains. [ Vulgar slang; 1920s]
Then, What is a daisy chain for PC?. Daisy-chaining monitors means to connect a series of display devices to a commuter using a cord connection from monitor to monitor in a series, rather than connecting each device directly to the computer. ... Daisy-chaining is a great way to simplify your desktop configuration.
Simply so, Why is daisy chaining bad?
Daisy chaining is a term that refers to the practice of plugging a power strip into another power strip. This is dangerous because an excessive amount of power is being drawn from one single wall outlet, which means the power strip or wall receptacle could easily overload.
What is a human daisy chain?
(sexuality) A group sex formation involving multiple partners, with the participants lying in a circle, putting their mouth to the genitals of the next person. (figuratively) A sequence of events where each one leads to the next.
35 related questions found
What does a daisy mean spiritually?
Daisies symbolize innocence and purity. This stems from an old Celtic legend. ... Freya is the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility, and as such the daisy came by symbolize childbirth, motherhood, and new beginnings. Daisies are sometimes given to congratulate new mothers.
Can I daisy chain fans?
Lian Li's new 120mm Case Fans aren't just good quality, you can Daisy-Chain them too. ... But what makes these fans particularly special is their ability to be daisy-chained together, meaning easier installation and less cable management.
Are daisy chains bad for pedals?
Despite the chatter, daisy chaining your effects is really not a bad thing to do. These power supplies mainly get a bad rep because of people misusing them, not understanding amperage, and trying to power way more pedals than the adapter is actually capable of powering.
Is daisy chaining good?
Daisy chaining also reduces the need for higher-specification laptops with multiple signal output connectors, and for additional cables and peripherals. Needing fewer signal cables helps declutter your workstation.
Are daisy chains bad?
The proper use of a power strip usually does not cause a hazard. ... It's the improper use that can cause safety issues, such as creating a potential electrical failure and/or a possible fire hazard. An example of using power strips unsafely is when they are “daisy chained” together.
Can you run 2 monitors off 1 DisplayPort?
The DisplayPort output connects to the next downstream display. This cabling arrangement, with one DisplayPort cable between each set of monitors, provides a less cluttered system configuration. ... For example, one 2560 x 1600 monitor could be used with two 1920 x 1080 monitors.
What is daisy chain example?
In electrical and electronic engineering, a daisy chain is a wiring scheme in which multiple devices are wired together in sequence or in a ring, similar to a garland of daisy flowers. ... Other examples of devices which can be used to form daisy chains are those based on USB, FireWire, Thunderbolt and Ethernet cables.
Does daisy chaining affect performance?
Excluding 5 megapixel monitors, daisy chaining doesn't affect a monitor's refresh rate – even on high performance monitors. This means that images will always be displayed as clearly as if they were directly connected to the PC.
What does no daisy chaining mean?
Daisy chain is a term used to describe a group of unscrupulous investors who, when practicing a kind of fictitious trading or wash selling, artificially inflate the price of a security they own so it can be sold at a profit.
What is daisy chain in high school?
The Daisy Chain is a chance to honor the top 16 girls in the Junior Class. They are escorted by the top two boys in the class. They will have spent two full days picking daisies and assembling the long chain that will be placed in front of the stage for graduation.
What are daisy chains on backpacks used for?
Daisy chains are webbing loops sewn to the sides or back of a backpack that let you clip extra gear to your pack using carabiners or webbing straps. Daisy chains make it easy to attach external gear using a carabiner.
Can you connect monitors to each other?
Daisy-chaining, officially known as multi-stream transport, or MST (in the case of DisplayPort technology) involves connecting a monitor to another monitor instead of directly to your system's video out port. It's a great way of minimizing cable clutter and extending the range of your monitors from the source system.
How do I connect two daisy chains?
To daisy chain via DisplayPort:
1. Power on all monitors.
2. Enable DisplayPort 1.2 and/or MST in the settings menu of each monitor.
3. Connect your laptop to monitor 1 by: ...
4. Connect the DisplayPort out on monitor 1 to the DisplayPort in on monitor 2 using a DisplayPort cable.
5. Repeat step #4 for any subsequent monitors.
How long should a daisy chain be?
Best Application. Aid climbers should opt for the 55" length version because the 45" version is not long enough. The shorter length may be useful for other free climbing scenarios.
What pedals are OK to daisy chain?
Although don't stare yourself blind on the “digital” part – while it is true that some digital pedals just refuse to daisy chain cleanly, it is most often current draw imbalance that causes problems. So two 100mA digital pedals off a 300mA output will often work just fine.
Is it bad to leave guitar pedals plugged in?
Guitar pedals should not be left plugged in. You expose your pedals to electric current surges, possible heat issues, battery drain, humidity, and a lot of dust. This deteriorates your pedals little by little. If you want to preserve the life of your guitar pedals, then you should unplug them when not in use.
How do you connect two pedals together?
The only extra thing you need to be able to connect more than one pedal, is a patch cable. They're small cables that are designed to connect your guitar pedals to one another. Then you connect the first pedal to your guitar as normal, and your last pedal to your amp. Then you form a pedal chain.
How many fans can I daisy chain together?
Typically, this is 1 A. Since the F12 PWM PST fans draw 0.24 A maximum, you would not want to chain more than 4 fans from a single header. (If your header provides more amperage, e.g. up to 2 A, you could chain more, but be absolutely sure what the rating is before you do.)
Can you daisy chain 4 pin fans?
Yes, if you use the 4-pin Molex connectors you can daisy-chain the fans together.
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In Uncategorized on September 15, 2015 at 11:57 am
US History A Day 1
• Explain the rise of dictators, the beginnings of WWII and American response.
• Identify and analyze the rise of dictatorships and authoritarian regimes that emerged in Europe and Asia during the 1930’s.
• Analyze American isolationism during the 1930s and its effect on world affairs.
Bell Ringer:
Continue to Work on Vocab assign.
1. Work on VOC/Take Quiz once finished
2. Vocab Quiz
3. Work in Small Groups and go over WWII CLSAssign
4. Treaty of Versailles Reading/Disc
IB HOA Day 1
• Identify the significant events and ideas of British taxation that increased ideas of American Independence.
• Analyze the events that led to the Revolutionary War using methods of historical inquiry.
Bell Ringer:
Review Rebellion Notes on Prezi
1. Take Notes
2. Discuss Taxation Timeline in Lab
3. Work on Timelines/Due at end of next class period.
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Accessibility Notice
How to Enjoy Cold Weather When You have Asthma
If you’re one of the nearly 25 million Americans that have asthma, then you know how winter’s cold air can ramp up your symptoms. No one is sure what causes this chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial tubes, but if you’re an asthma sufferer, then you know all too well what an attack feels like. The onset of coughing, wheezing, and trouble breathing can happen unexpectedly, with symptoms ranging from rare-to-frequent and mild-to-severe.
So, if you have asthma, you might be thinking it’s better to stay out of the cold. But, not so fast. Fortunately, there are ways to help keep your asthma under control in the cold weather.
What happens to asthma during the cold?
People with asthma have more mucus-producing cells in the lining of the airway and more smooth muscle surrounding the bronchial tubes. During an attack, the airway’s muscles spasm and tighten up, causing the body to release white blood cells to fight what the body “thinks” is a threat. But since no infection is present, the cells have nothing to fight off, leaving them in limbo. This irritates and stiffens the airway tissues, creating inflammation and swelling of the mucosal membrane lining. This causes mucus to collect, triggering the asthma sufferer to try coughing it out of his or her system. This episode may lead to wheezing, accompanied by a sudden loss of breath.
Nasal stuffiness is another casualty of breathing cold air, since the nose produces an increased amount of mucus that is thicker in colder weather compared to other times of the year. Colder air doesn’t warm up right away when it reaches the lungs, so the lungs react by releasing histamine, an inflammatory substance that causes wheezing. Frosty air also thickens the “mucus blanket” that coats and protects the lungs, making it harder to rid the body of inhaled particles. And a less-effective mucus blanket invites infection. Asthma tends to exaggerate the entire process.
How to stay in control
Asthma can be life threatening, so it’s vital to get a definitive diagnosis from a healthcare provider who specializes in this condition. Upon confirmed diagnosis, your asthma will be classified as either “mild,” “moderate” or “severe.” Depending on how well you maintain your condition, the practitioner will decide whether it’s controlled or not.
Eat Healthy
The cornerstone of treatment is avoiding whatever triggers an attack, starting with what you eat. Most people with asthma have food allergies or sensitivities, which make it worse. The most common allergies are dairy, wheat and gluten, eggs, soy, and corn. Foods that irritate the body cause inflammation in weak areas. If you are an asthma patient, the lungs are the weak area of the body. Below are a few diet suggestions to maintain healthy lungs:
• A dairy- and gluten-free diet and drink plenty of water to keep the lungs hydrated.
• Vegetarian and whole-food diet supports the immune system, which healthy lungs depend on.
• Protein also plays a key dietary role as it decreases inflammation. You can easily add extra protein to your diet by simply including legumes, fish and small amounts of meat.
• Avoid processed foods (especially refined flours and sugars) that can contribute to the production of inflammatory substances.
Ease Stress
Easing stress can also help keep asthma under control, and many people have found practices such as massage, acupuncture, yoga, deep breathing and meditation to be helpful.
Stay comfortable inside
Other suggestions to keep your asthma under control include keeping the furnace filter clean, using a room humidifier and air purifier, and washing your hands frequently to help ward off germs.
Take asthma fighting supplements
Taking asthma-fighting supplements are a great way to help combat your symptoms such as inflammation,
• Omega-3 fatty acids (2,000 mg twice a day), Vitamin D (2,000 IU daily), and Vitamin A (5,000 IU daily) are all anti-inflammatories.
• Vitamin C (2,000 mg twice a day) acts as an antioxidant for healthy lung tissue and an antihistamine to reduce allergies.
• Magnesium (400 mg twice a day) is known to relax the bronchial-tube muscles.
• Probiotics (the “friendly” bacteria that live in the intestines), create a healthier gut.
• Vitamin B-12 is also on the list to boost the immune system. Just be sure to see your healthcare provider to determine the amount and to generally supervise your supplementation program, especially if you take prescription medication.
Keep exercising
Don’t let the winter cold stop you from maintaining your exercise routine. When going out into wintry conditions, be sure to cover your mouth and nose with a scarf, and breathe through it to warm and moisten the air. On bitterly cold days, choose the gym or an indoor pool instead. If you find that your asthma is keeping you from sledding or skiing – you don’t have it under control. Wherever you exercise, warm up and cool down properly, and know your limits, so as not to trigger an attack.
Don’t let your asthma keep you grounded this winter. Avoiding triggers and making healthy lifestyle choices can free you from asthma attacks and help you breathe a whole lot easier in the cold weather. And if you want the best supplementation possible to ease your asthma symptoms, browse all of our products to see what works best for you.
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The Sian Yung
by: Charles W. Hummer, Jr.
BHS '55
I could not find the records and photos of the SIAN YUNG salvage effort. So I will try to answer your questions from my failing memory.
The ship was a standard Victory Ship design with bunker tanks located accordingly and day tanks located in the engine room compartment. Because of the standard design it was fairly easy to find the bunker tank vents and to plug them using wooden plugs fixed by divers. Oil (heavy fuel oil or bunker C) still managed to leak out almost continuously until the ship was raised, but in decreasing amounts as time went by. Most of the oil was released during or right after the striking. My memory fails me on the estimate of the oil that was aboard at the time of the sinking. The ship was boomed using floating oil containment boom that was located not far from the sinking. Later a deep skirted oil boom was constructed and placed around the vessel during the extended salvage operations.
The main deck was approximately six to ten feet under water depending on the elevation of Gatun Lake at any particular time. The bridge deck was above the water and served as an observation and command and control center for much of the operations. The hatch covers were submerged. The bow bell was visible.
The oil was sucked out of the vents of the day tanks and double bottoms but, as stated above, oil continued to surface inside the boomed areas and oil recovery operations using sorbets, skimmers and vacuum trucks and barge mounted vacuum tanks for the first six months or so. After that, crews in motor and row boats patrolled the boomed area and recovered oil from the water surface.
The ship's hull has first repaired using large wooden soft-patches over the two major holes in the starboard side of the hull that extended into the engine-room.
A first priority was given to removing the cargo of rice and cotton. The rice began to ferment very rapidly raising the bacterial count in the water column. The primary fresh water intakes for the water treatment plant for the metropolitan area on the Pacific terminus of the canal was a scant 200 meters from the location of the sunk vessel.
First divers were employed to remove cargo. This proved very laborious and slow. The Panama Canal Dredging Division operated a large fleet of vessels for the maintenance of the canal. These included a 24-inch cutter head suction dredge (MINDI), an 8 1/2 cubic yard clamshell floating crane, and numerous launches, motorboats, tug boats and supporting equipment. The oil pollution operations were also the responsibility of the Dredging Division, so the operation found a ready made command and control structure in place.
The cutter head dredge was modified to remove the rotating cutter, and placed a multiple gimbaled articulating suction head. The opening of the suction pipe and steel plates welded along the outside perimeter to serve as cutters to rip the bags of rice open and to tear apart the bales of cotton. This worked quite well for the better part of the cargo. Divers ended up having to manhandle cargo that was lodged outside the reach of the suction head to a point where the dredge later sucked it up. The cargo was pumped into a diked containment area about a mile from the site of the ship. The cargo was rotting so badly that the odor became objectionable and the material had to be covered with earth to encapsulate the rotting cargo.
Once the cargo was removed, the first salvage attempts involved building coffer dams only on the cargo hold hatches. The floating crane HERCULES was brought alongside and its main hoisting cables were split with each of the two parts affixed to the slings port and starboard of the aft cargo hold. The idea was to pump the holds thereby creating buoyancy and using the HERCULES to provide stability to the floating hull. Pumping operations were started a number of times before a serious attempt was made to float the vessel. At this point the vessel began to oscillate due to the free surface effect of the water in the hull. The oscillations increased to a point and at a speed that was greater than the ability of the HERCULES to relieve the load. The load on a single part of the split main hoist approached 330 tons which well exceeded the 250 ton rated load of the HERCULES. The port line finally parted and the operation was terminated.
A number of other variations of attempts followed with no success. Finally, the entire main deck was cofferdam using a massive wooden and steel cofferdam. Much of the ships structures above the main deck were removed, including the masts, deck house, and stack. This lowered the center of gravity. In the mean time the sister ship to the HERCULES, the AJAX (which had been earlier sold by the Panama Canal) was hired and returned and refitted to aid in the final lifting of the vessel. With the AJAX on the port of the vessel between the vessel and the bank of the canal and the HERCULES outboard, both cranes were used to provide stability during the floating operation. Ultimately this combination of methods worked and the vessel was floated to a point where she had sufficient freeboard to allow her to safely (?) complete the transit to the Pacific terminus under tow.
At the port of Balboa, the pumps and all other gear was removed from the vessel, the patches inspected and augmented as necessary, and dynamite charges planted in the holds to allow for the final disposition of the vessel at sea. The bunker tanks had remaining oil removed and the ship was towed to sea where it was sunk in about 100 fathoms.
Some general observations that you may find surprising. The canal traffic was interrupted for only a relatively minor period of time at the beginning. Once the sunken vessel was shown to be stable (with cables later fastened to shore dead men anchors to insure the stability) traffic was resumed on a one way basis. A Canal pilot was stationed aboard the sunken vessel to coordinate the passing canal vessels. This worked very well with only a few close calls but no accidents as a result of the impediment. The ships starboard hull was about on the Southbound sailing line, so about 3/4 of the 500 yard channel was available for traffic. Further, additional tug support was provided on the larger wide beamed vessels to aid in passing the sunken vessel.
The salvage operations were under the supervision of Murphy Pacific, which at the time was under contract to the U. S. Navy Supervisor of Salvage. The matter of payment was disputed and the last I knew was the subject of extended legal action.
That is the best my old memory can do for now. If you have additional questions, perhaps they will spark a new thought and I will try to fill in more details. I do know that the entire operation was documented by the Panama Canal Company in written, photographic form and a detailed after-action report was prepared. This report along with copious exhibits of various attempts to salvage the vessel should be available from the Panama Canal Commission. The took still photos, cinema and videos throughout the salvage operations. I had some still photos but have not been able to find them yet. If I do, I shall be pleased to try to Email them to you.
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extend beyond the Beta Israel community. Certainly the single applique line around the throat of jebenoch (coffee pots) and large inseroch (water j ars) is common in much of the pottery throughout Ethiopia today. Beneath this layer of continuity is a second, smaller scale level of variation. There are many decorative types that were only found in one unit, or were only recovered from certain levels. Each unit contained at least one decorative type that was not found in any other unit, and F7G7 contained over 15 types that were unique to that unit. These distributions are outlined in Table 6-13. Although they appeared in much smaller frequencies usually limited to less than Hyve sherds it is these decorations that are the most significant for this study. In terms of time, the maj or types the applique and incised lines occurred in relatively constant frequencies over time. These are clearly widespread and long-standing traditions. There are several other types that are limited to certain levels of the site; these are the most significant to this study. The motif of multiple incised lines appearing on both the interior and exterior surfaces of the rim was only found in levels 3-5 of every unit. This was the only significant sitewide example of a motif disappearing above a certain depth. The example of the single incised horizontal line which appeared only in LS-L3 of units A2 and C4 but was present in levels 1-3 in F7G7, levels 1-4 in J3, and limited to level 1 of J8 was more common. Other decorative types, while not disappearing entirely, became much less common in the upper levels. Multiple applique lines and multiple incised lines are two examples of these their frequencies were significantly reduced in the upper levels of unit J3. This usually did not occur sitewide; the same types that became less common over time in unit J3 became much more common over time in F7G7.
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The Safety Provided to Use by Our Cell Phones
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A 12-year-old child is walking home alone. She falls and gashes herself on a sharp piece of metal. It starts to bleed profusely. She knows she needs to get help, but she has no way to contact the emergency department or her parents. No one is around, so by the time she’s gotten home she has lost a lot of blood. She needs to stay overnight in the hospital to recover. When a person has a phone this problem would be eliminated. They can call for help in an emergency. Two hundred forty million 9-1-1 calls are made each year in the USA. Think about how many lives that saved! Cell phones are a necessary item to stay safe and healthy. Overall, cell phones provide many great services which help society as a whole. People with speaking impairments benefit from texting-related apps, phones keep people safer in an emergency, and they keep family and friends in touch with each other.One way that phones benefit society is that they are necessary to keep people safe. One way that phones keep people safe is that smartphones are used to alert people of kidnappings, bad weather, and more (Purewall). Knowing what the weather is like can keep you from being outside in a winter coat on a 100-degree day. People can be alerted to tornados, strong, dangerous rains, and other problems that may affect their health and well being. Knowing about local kidnappings can increase the chance that the child will be found. For example, Amber Alerts send out a message to every phone when a child goes missing. With many people looking for a weird “parent and child” group, someone is bound to notice something and alert the police. This also means that the police’s job is easier because instead, for instance of 114 cases that need investigating there may be only 14. This means they have more time and effort to focus on the other cases they have. “Smartphones are also handy in a disaster, such as the 2011 Japan earthquake, where they were used for communication (the landlines were down) and search and rescue operations” (Purewall). Imagine how many people might not have been saved because they couldn’t call for help on their phone. Knowing where someone is in an emergency is very important.
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Not only does it tell emergency responders where the person may be if they call, text or other do types of signaling with their phone, but it can verify if the person in danger is now safe. Texting someone for a check-in tells people that you are in no harm. This can also reassure families as they don’t need to worry themselves about a panic. The rescue workers also benefit from this as they instead of wasting time looking in all the different spots, they can know where there are safe people and where there are injured or stuck people. As you can see phones keep people safe in an emergency and in other dangerous situations. Phones greatly help the speech impaired which positively affects the society as a whole. People with speech difficulties benefit from texting and other typing-related apps (Purewall). For example, a person who can’t speak can text so that they can communicate with the rest of the world. The world before smartphones must have been a bleak one for people with speech difficulties. Back when there were very few people who had the time or the money to become educated, life must have been very difficult for people with speech difficulties. Now with the fact that they can access schools and other education programs, texting, Facebook, Instagram, and other apps/websites they can show off their personality. The person can also ask for help from the people closest to them by just typing in what they want to say and hitting send. This affects their lives greatly because they can now talk to doctors easily. If the speech loss was caused by an illness they can communicate to their doctor if it has gotten worse, better, or they think it’s staying the same. They can communicate if a medication needs to be prescribed differently. Clearly, this keeps people comfortable and healthy as it helps the impaired.Furthermore, cell phones are beneficial because they allow parents and children to safely and quickly communicate. “Walking home, alone, at night, through a bad part of town is not nearly as dangerous as it was 10 years ago… personal safety apps like bSafe have additional features, such as “Follow me” live GPS trace” (Purewall).
This app allows friends and family track you on their phone and sees what time you said you were going to be home. For example, if you are home late, your mom, dad, friend, neighbor, etc. can see where you are to see if you are late or if something’s wrong. This greatly increases the chance of finding you if you are lost or kidnapped. While this does not happen often, one time is too many, so if a person can be tracked and found that is amazing. An app like this can also help people while driving for a very long time. A person can find their friends and make sure that they know if and were someone is if they get in an accident. Phones help kids keep in contact with their family when not at home (Crowe). When a child has divorced parents it can be difficult for them to keep in touch with both of their parents, especially if they live far apart from each other. A phone can let the child and their parents talk to each other so that they can make sure they’re safe wherever they are. Children are dependent on adults. When going away from their family to school or for camp, a kid might need to ask permission to go downtown or call to update their parents on what’s happening at the camp or the vacation. Sometimes it could be the other way around. A kid is a home and the parents are away for an hour or two and someone tries to get in, there’s a fire, earthquake, etc. The child can call for help and call their parents. As you can see this keeps the family connected with each other and safe.As you can see cell phones are an incredibly important tool to stay healthy, comfortable, and safe. Having cell phones keeps the speech impaired included in our society. Children and adults are kept safe with the ability to call 9-1-1, and family and friends are kept updated on what’s happening.
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Théodore Géricault
Page 1 of 1 - About 1 essays
• How Significant Artists Are Influenced By Events
1662 Words | 7 Pages
Examine how significant artists are influenced by events in the world INTRO: In art, Romanticism is the expression of a personal response to a subject or emotion. It was a reaction against the formal logic and organisation of neo-classicism as artists added free manifestation of their personal interpretation of events in their world through subject matter reflecting attitudes or moods. Withing artworks, artists expressed traumatic and gruesome circumstances of war and terror through the politics
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The Eight Dimensions Of Wellness: Learning Balance In Life
Updated August 28, 2020
Wellness is referred to as the condition of being in good physical and mental health, especially when good health is maintained by proper diet, exercise, and the avoidance of risky behavior. It is the process of becoming aware and of making choices that support living a healthful, fulfilling life. Wellness does not necessarily mean the absence of stress or illness. It encompasses much more and is a process of continued growth and change.
Although they are two separate things, mental and physical wellness are linked. Therefore, having trouble in one can result in a negative impact on the other. Further, improving emotional wellness can improve physical health and vice versa.
Why Does Wellness Matter?
Maintaining an optimal level of wellness is important for living a fulfilling, quality life. Everything a person does, every emotion one feels is connected in a continuous cycle to wellness.
Identifying the Eight Dimensions of Wellness
In the year 1976, co-founder of the National Wellness Institute in the US, Dr. Bill Hettler, created a model of wellness that consisted of six dimensions of health. They were emotional, physical, intellectual, occupational, social, and spiritual. Over time, researchers have added two other dimensions of wellness: financial and environmental.
Understanding the impact of these eight dimensions of wellness can help individuals determine what steps may be necessary to improve overall well-being.
Dimension #1: Emotional Wellness
Emotional wellness is the ability to experience, express, and manage feelings appropriately. It also involves the ability to effectively cope with changing emotional states and situations that present obstacles or challenges in life.
Some measures that you can implement to improve emotional wellness include protecting your self-esteem, taking control after you experience a failure, avoiding dwelling on negative things, discovering meaning after a loss, allowing yourself to recover after rejection, getting enough rest and exercise.
Dimension #2: Physical Wellness
Physical wellness encompasses making a conscious effort to keep your body in the best condition possible. For example, engaging in regular exercise, eating a well-balanced diet, and avoiding activities that pose a risk to health, such as smoking.
Achieving and maintaining physical wellness can have significant long-term effects such as reducing the risk of heart disease. Further, losing weight can significantly decrease the risk of joint damage that leads to arthritis. Physical wellness also impacts emotional wellness. A body that is well taken care of gets rest and proper nutrition which supports good mental and emotional functioning.
Dimension #3: Intellectual Wellness
Intellectual wellness is purposeful participation in activities that encourage stimulating and creative mental activities. The path to intellectual wellness involves exploring issues related to creativity, learning, and problem-solving.
Promoting intellectual wellness can be achieved in several ways.
• Reading is the oldest and best-proven way of exercising the brain.
• Writing down your thoughts at the end of each day or a story from your past not only helps your brain be active but it is also a great way to express your feelings.
• Talk with a friend. Did you know that a simple conversation is considered brain exercise? Find an interesting topic and discuss it with your friends.
• Play brain games. Whether you buy a crossword book, play chess with a friend, or use an app on your phone or tablet, challenge your mind! According to Medical News Today, the top five brain games are Lumosity, Elevate, Peak, Fit Brains, and CogniFit.
Dimension #4: Occupational Wellness
Most people spent at least 1/3 of their adult life at work. With that in mind, it’s understandable that having a healthy work-life balance is important. To have this balance, developing an environment for occupational wellness is key. A person who experiences occupational wellness will have a feeling of purpose and productivity in his/her chosen profession.
Steps to obtain occupational wellness can be accomplished by setting goals, seeking out mentors, and learning when to balance work with other life aspects that bring you happiness or joy. Setting short-term and long-term goals will give purpose to your work and give you a feeling of accomplishment as you follow through with goals. Mentors can provide career advice and guidance that is valuable and that may help you avoid problems related to work. Learning to balance work and life means making time for social activities, hobbies, or vacations.
Dimension #5: Social Wellness
The ability to connect with others and maintain strong relationships is referred to as social wellness. Being comfortable with who you are in social environments and surrounding yourself with positive people are examples of achieving social wellness.
Both physical and mental health can be positively impacted by accomplishing social wellness. For example, if you want to establish a workout routine to improve your physical health, having a friend to workout with or to keep you accountable will increase the likelihood of sticking to your goals. Further, if you are experiencing a difficult time, such as a change in a relationship or a loss, having someone to talk to and depend on for encouragement can give you a sense of mental well-being.
There are several ways to help improve social wellness.
• Join an interest group in your community or church. It could be an art or theatre club, parenting group, or coaching a kid’s ball team.
• Volunteering is a great way to give back to others and to improve your social wellness at the same time.
• Avoid one-sided or toxic relationships. Interacting with people is important for social wellness, but it needs to be with people that contribute to your well-being, not hinder it. Distancing yourself from relationships that are not healthy will help improve your mental health.
Dimension #6: Spiritual Wellness
The journey to spiritual wellness is a personal one. Overall, spirituality refers to the fundamental dimension of human life. It’s a person’s connection with what he/she believes is the source of life or Divinity and one’s innermost feelings. Spiritual wellness provides one with a strong sense of self-awareness and faith.
Spiritual wellness reflects a positive attitude toward life and faith. Those who achieve it often say that it helps them feel that it is possible to change things that seem impossible in their lives, despite the ups and downs.
Some guidelines for developing spiritual wellness include finding quiet time to refresh and recharge, advocating for the rights of others, developing love, faith, and a positive attitude, and acting with love, respect, gratitude, and forgiveness toward other people. Learning to do these things will enhance spiritual health and allow you to experience greater peace and balance in everyday life.
Dimension #7: Financial Wellness
Financial wellness is a term used to describe a person’s relationship with and ability to manage financial matters. It involves the process of learning to effectively manage money and understanding the way money impacts other areas of life.
Pursuing financial wellness can not only influence one’s ability to provide for his/her family, but the impact of good or bad financial health can also affect one’s emotional well-being. The mental strain that often accompanies the inability to provide and/or manage financial matters can lead to high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression. While not everyone is affected the same way, it’s important to consider the weight that financial wellness bears on other parts of life and to seek guidance, if needed.
Some ways to contribute to financial wellness include:
• Understand your financial status. Can you afford your everyday living expenses? Do you have money set aside for an emergency or unexpected event?
• Monitor and track your spending. Use online banking to check your daily balances in any accounts. Being able to visualize where your money will help you determine what changes, if any, need to be made to improve your financial wellness.
• Set goals! Don’t let this scare you. Setting goals does not have to be a major task. Think about what you want for yourself and your family. What does your financial status have to be for you to achieve those things? Once you consider your hopes and dreams, start planning for them. Set short-term and long-term goals. This is important so you can celebrate the small victories along the way!
• Put your plan into action. Once you’ve decided what you want to achieve regarding your financial health, make some sort of effort daily. Read a book, attend a financial freedom seminar, talk to your banker, or other trusted financial advisor. The only plan that works is the plan you work for!
Dimension #8: Environmental Wellness
Environmental wellness refers to a person’s relationship with his/her surroundings and the way that that relationship affects overall wellness. It involves not only one’s physical surroundings but also the feelings of being well-cared for and of being part of a safe community. Additionally, it includes having an understanding and awareness of potential risks associated with the environment and/or personal space.
Awareness and harmony are at the root of environmental wellness. It is focused on promoting a healthy environment that is peaceful, hygienic, safe, and pollution-free. Benefits of practicing environmental wellness include minimizing harm to the environment, reducing the risk of diseases that are common due to unhealthy environmental conditions, promoting a safe and healthy community for yourself and future generations.
Promoting environmental wellness can be done by implementing some simple habits into your life. For example, buy fresh food from local farmer’s markets, recycle to decrease landfilling, use solar water and energy when possible, and conserve energy by turning electrical appliances and lights off when not in use.
Starting a Journey to Wellness
The path to wellness is a never-ending journey. It is one that should be pursued diligently and one that can have an impact on others for years to come. It is a process of looking for tools to make yourself happier and healthier, a way of discovering how our own efforts can result in sustained learning and personal growth and development.
For some, the journey to wellness is as simple as making the decision to live life differently. For others, the journey may be more difficult. The great thing about a journey to wellness is that each new day brings new opportunities to grow and learn about yourself and what makes you feel whole.
Think about the dimensions of wellness and consider which ones you feel are your strongest areas. Which dimensions would you like to improve in? Ask yourself what your life would be like if you intentionally focused on all eight dimensions of wellness.
Achieving the Eight Dimensions of Wellness
When you have considered the dimensions of wellness and what each means to you, it’s time to put your plan into action. Surround yourself with people who are positive and supportive. Distance yourself from relationships that are toxic or not supportive. Remember to practice gratitude along the journey, as this will help foster emotional wellness which impacts all other dimensions of wellness.
If you find that you are struggling with any of the dimensions of wellness or if you lack a support system, there are alternatives ways to find support. Join a local club so you can meet new people who challenge and motivate you. Volunteer in a nursing home or with a youth center. Anything you can do to help you get out of your comfort zone and experience new things will help strengthen your overall wellness.
If getting started seems more difficult than you expected, or if you are struggling with anxiety or turmoil along your wellness journey, it may be helpful to talk to a counselor. Counselors and other mental health professionals can help you focus on the areas of wellness that you want to address and guide you with effective ways of accomplishing goals.
Whether you choose to see a local counselor or engage in online counseling, having an objective person to discuss your thoughts with can help you gain perspective, when needed. When in-person counseling does not feel like a good fit for you, considering online counseling could be a great option. Online counseling services, such as that provided by BetterHelp, focuses on providing access to professional counselors, social workers, and other mental health professionals that are convenient and affordable. If you are feeling stuck or need guidance on practicing wellness, help is available.
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Though many people report smoking weed to treat their anxiety, the drug could actually make anxiety symptoms worse for some people.
Sharon Mccutcheon / EyeEm/Getty Images
• Marijuana may help some people calm anxiety, but that doesn't mean it's a safe or effective treatment.
• Marijuana can also contribute to anxiety symptoms, as well as other health risks and side effects.
• Research is limited on marijuana for anxiety, so it's important to be cautious and check with your doctor before using it.
• For more stories go to
Research is scarce about how marijuana can affect anxiety symptoms like irritability, muscle tension, and excessive worrying. For some people, marijuana may even increase anxiety.
Here's what experts know so far about how chemicals in marijuana affect the brain and why that may help, or enhance anxiety.
Does marijuana help with anxiety? What the research says
There are two main chemical compounds in marijuana: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).
Related Article Module: The difference between CBD and THC and the health benefits of each
Both attach to specific receptors in the brain, which trigger the various sensations you feel. THC is the chemical that produces the high you experience when you use marijuana, while CBD has a more subtle, non-intoxicating effect.
Though some US states have legalised marijuana, there are still restrictions in place against using marijuana in medical research. Therefore, there's limited scientific proof that marijuana can alleviate anxiety. But that hasn't stopped people from using the drug to find relief.
A 2016 survey of medical marijuana users found that 58 percent of users say they use marijuana to treat their anxiety. And in a small 2012 study, two-thirds of college students with high social anxiety reported that they smoke marijuana to help them cope with social situations.
Given the lack of scientific research, it's unclear what chemical in the marijuana plant may help with anxiety - whether it's THC, CBD, a combination of both, or something else entirely.
But a 2015 review of 40 preliminary studies on CBD found that this chemical may play a key role. The researchers said they found encouraging, preliminary results that concentrated doses of CBD oil, when taken regularly, could be an effective treatment for a host of anxiety disorders including:
The risks of using marijuana for anxiety
Even if the restrictions on marijuana were lifted, and researchers could use it in their studies, there's another problem. Both anxiety disorders and marijuana sensations are individualised. So, marijuana may help one person with their anxiety but not another.
Someone with generalised anxiety disorder symptoms like difficulty sleeping may have a better reaction to marijuana than someone with panic disorder who fears losing control.
Even worse, using marijuana could enhance symptoms of anxiety for some people, says James Giordano, PhD, a professor of neurology and biochemistry at Georgetown University Medical Center.
"Some are overly sensitive to the 'activating' effects of THC, and this can induce anxiety, rather than reduce or relieve it," Giordano says.
Then, there's the chance that smoking marijuana won't reduce or enhance anxiety at all. That was the case for college students surveyed in a 2012 study who said they did not see a significant change in their anxiety after smoking.
Possible side effects
Even if marijuana does help with your anxiety symptoms, it comes with risks to your physical health. For example, it can impair motor coordination and control.
"This could be problematic when driving, or engaging in tasks that require fine motor and coordination skills," Giordano says.
Using marijuana has also been found to cause short-term memory loss in people who start smoking it in their teen years. Though, how it affects long-term memory is unclear.
Lastly, a 2018 review found evidence that smoking marijuana can increase the risk of heart issues like an irregular heartbeat - particularly in older age groups. Though, this may be a consequence of the act of smoking and not related to what is being smoked.
Go to the Business Insider front page for more stories.
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Polymorphism Introduction
Image credit - Pixabay
What is it?
Google definition for the word polymorphism is
“The condition of occurring in several different forms”
Actually, in oop, the concept is much closer to this general definition. We’ll see. First, let me remind you one of our previous examples in the inheritance tutorial.
There, we have written an example code for a Class called Tree.
This Class represent a basic concept of a Tree. It has some member variables and 2 methods called printTreeDetails() and draw() to output the details of the Tree object and to draw the tree on the screen respectively.
We have also created a Child class of the Tree Class called OrangeTree using the extends keyword. So, this OrangeTree has inherited features of the Class, Tree.
This OrangeTree has 2 new items. A member variable called hasLeaves and a method addFruits().
In addition to them, all methods and variables in the parent class are also available.
So, the printTreeDetails() and draw() methods in the parent Class Tree are available in the OrangeTree as well.
But, of course, we can override the methods in the parent class to our own definition if we want.
Note that we have overridden the printTreeDetails() method. NOT Overloading. The words and meanings are different. In a previous tutorial of Java Constructors,we discussed about the overloading. There, in order to do overloading, we had to change the signature of the method.
But here, in overriding, we don’t change the signature of the method!! Note that. We replace the original printTreeDetails() method in the parent class with a NEW printTreeDetails() method with a different implementation. Of course, you can see, a new feature
The keyword super
Now what happens if we want to call old printTreeDetails() method of the Tree Class inside the OrangeTree? If we just call printTreeDetails() method, we are now calling the new printTreeDetails() method since we have overridden the old code.
But we have a way to call the original printTreeDetails() method.
Use, super keyword.
For an example, in the new printTreeDetails() method of the Class OrangeTree we are typing the same old code again
Instead, we can use super keyword and call the old method…
See, without the calling to the previous printTreeDetails() method, we had to type the same thing in the old method. But everything becomes simplified with the use of super keyword.
Now, you can understand the importance of the super keyword. If we want everything inside the old printTreeDetails() we don’t need to retype the same information. Just use the super!
But still we didn’t discuss the technique polymorphism.
Here it is…
The Abstract Thinking
Can you imagine a tree?
Of course you can. It would probably be something like this…
But there are no such generalized trees in real world 🙂 Yes there are Orange trees, apple trees, mango trees…but no “just” trees. There has to be a specific kind of tree in reality like orange, apple or mango.
Think of another example…, say, vehicle.
Can you imagine a vehicle?? Now you might have imagined a car, bike or a bus for example. But you can’t imagine the meaning of the term “vehicle”. So, a vehicle is called an “abstract” concept. Such concepts do not represent or imitate external reality or the objects of nature…Tree, for example, is an abstract concept. It is not available in nature directly, but in different forms as apple, mango or orange. Same is applied to Vehicle as well.
This Abstract concept is used in Java. Since there are no any objects of Tree or Vehicle Classes in real world, we don’t need to create objects of Tree or Vehicle. That means,
is not necessary. So, we declare the Classes Tree and Vehicle as “abstract” Classes. For that, we use the keyword “abstract” in the Class declaration.
like that.
Now attempting to create an object of Tree or Vehicle in anywhere produces an error!
Finally, here comes the polymorphism
Now, can you remember the draw() method we have declared in the Class Tree? But I have already mentioned you there’s no any Tree in real world. So we can’t actually draw a Tree (Of course, you can draw a rough tree sketch like the previous image I’ve drawn 🙂 But, it’s useless in a complex 3D game, since there are different kinds of trees there)
Similarly, in The Class Vehicle, If there’s a method called draw(), it’s useless. We cannot draw something that we cannot imagine!! Can we?
So, draw() method actually comes useful in the child Classes. For example, we can imagine and an orange tree. So we CAN draw an orange tree. Similarly, we can draw a Car. So, The Child classes should have the actual implementation of the draw() method.
But, there’s another problem. Notice that Orange tree is different from an Apple tree. Car is different from a Motorbike. So, each child class MUST have different draw methods!
Now this is called polymorphism. There’s only one draw() method that the child classes inherit from the parent Class. But, their actual implementations are different from one child to the other!
That means, each child class should override the draw() method of the parent class and write their own implementation.
Then, one question remains. What would be the code for draw() method in the parent class? It is also an abstract concept. We can’t draw something we can’t imagine. So the method itself is abstract as well!
Therefore, just keep it blank!
🙁 This might look ugly. You can again use the abstract keyword here as well and exclude the “{}” part.
Now, a beautiful thing happens.
Any Class that is a child class of the abstract class with the abstract method draw() must implement the draw() method!!!
That means, for example, OrangeTree child Class now definitely MUST override the draw() method of the Tree Class and implement it with its own code. You cannot escape from it. As long as OrangeTree extends the Tree Class, it must implement all abstract methods of the Tree Class.
There will be an error if we didn’t do that!
That’s all about polymorphism. In this tutorial, you have learnt many other important concepts besides polymorphism. Abstract Class and super keyword are two other very important things that you should understand thoroughly! In the next tutorial, we’ll see another important programming part called “nested classes”, where you write a Class inside a Class.
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A rebel took Beijing and the last Ming Emperor committed suicide. A Ming loyalist general invited the Manchus into China to aid the Ming heir but instead they proceeded to conquer the country in what some think produced more casualties than any previous war. The Qing Dynasty promoted culture and the economy flourished until the Europeans arrived with their Industrial Revolution and opium.
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3 years ago
What Is Really Making You Depressed? Money, Society & Inequality Among Other Things
1.5 K Shares
Shivani Shrivastava
Shivani ShrivastavaUpdated on Mar 11, 2018, 11:05 IST
When I say the word ‘depression’, the first thing that comes to our mind is perpetual sadness and anxiety. Depression is an illness, just like any other physical disease, the only difference is that it is a mental illness. Whenever someone is depressed, you don’t see or experience what they are going through because its symptoms aren’t physically visible. What’s visible is the miserable condition the person who is depressed is in. But hey, why are we suddenly talking about depression?
Depression In India
India is a country where 4.5% of its population is suffering from depression, according to the World Health Organisation’s Report “Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders – Global Health Estimates” released in 2017. Now the percentage might seem too low to you, but given India’s population, it’s indeed a big number and we need to address it and more importantly discuss its causes.
Causes Of Depression
All this while we knew that depression is an urban disease, and doctors are now calling it a socio-economic disease too. To put it in simple words, the few reasons because of which depression is caused are the pressure of society, inequalities and money in our lives. According to Robert Sapolsky, a Stanford University professor, there is a remarkable relationship between depression, anxiety, and social hierarchies.
In his 30-year field study of wild African baboons, it was his job to figure out when the baboons were most stressed. By hitting them with tranquilizers and taking their blood tests, he used to measure the cortisol hormone, a hormone that baboons and humans release when they are anxious. Male baboons live in a hierarchy and that determines their status, who they get to have sex with, what they get to eat, whether they’ll get to sit in the shade or not and a lot of other things.
Money, Society & Inequality
What Prof. Sapolsky found was that baboons are most stressed in mainly two situations - one, where their status is insecure, and two, when they are at the bottom of the hierarchy. According to Sapolsky, when you know you’ve been pushed down, you show signs of submission gesture.
Prof. Paul Gilbert, Prof. Kate Pickett and Prof. Richard G. Wilkinson have further developed this idea to understand what human depression really is, in-part, not entirely, but a form of submission gesture. People who have been pushed down to the bottom or other stressful situations where they feel their status is in question, often experience this. When they feel they are under attack, they submit hoping the anxiety and nervousness will go away. As inequality grows, depression and anxiety grows too.
It’s important we realize that even after living in independent societal structures, even minutest acts of inequalities take a toll on our mental health. Whenever someone expresses their emotions by saying words like, “feeling down” or “feeling low”, we need to understand that they are more literal than we think, says Lost Connections author, Johann Hari.
Factors like 'money' play an important role in defining our status in the society and hence, it adds to our depression. Indian societies are still not free from class and we have instances of social inequalities even today. And not just societies, but even in our families, at our offices, we lack harmonious structures where everybody is treated equally. We are living in denial and it’s important we accept that these socio-economic differences are affecting our mental health and it’s time we change that.
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Whoa! Alaska Is Hotter Than NYC. Here's Why.
Lifeguard Luke Orot at Jewel Lake on July 4, 2019, in Anchorage, Alaska, which is bracing for record-warm temperatures.
Lifeguard Luke Orot at Jewel Lake on July 4, 2019, in Anchorage, Alaska, which is bracing for record-warm temperatures. (Image credit: Lance King/Getty Images)
For the first time in recorded history, Anchorage, Alaska, reached 90 degrees F (32 degrees Celsius).
That sweltering temperature, recorded yesterday (July 4), meant that the normally snowbound city, which is just 370 miles (595 kilometers) from the Arctic Circle, was hotter than New York City. (NYC hit 85 F yesterday, according to
The previous record-breaking temperature in Anchorage was 85 F (29 C), which occurred June 14, 1969, according to KTUU, an Anchorage broadcast station affiliated with NBC News. Yesterday's 90 F (32 C) was recorded at Merrill Field station in Anchorage, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). [On Ice: Stunning Images of Canadian Arctic]
The cause of the sweltering weather in Alaska? An intense high-pressure system, which the Washington Post's Capital Weather Gang termed a "heat dome," has parked itself over the region. The heat is not expected to let up for days, with the weather gang forecasting above-normal temperatures through July 8.
From a broader perspective, above-average temperatures in Alaska are partly due to a loss of sea ice in the Arctic and the concurrent ocean warming there, Rick Thoman, a climate specialist with the Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy, told France's AFP in March. At the time, Alaska was experiencing two months of record-shattering temperatures.
Climate change is having disproportionate effects in the Arctic, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of Earth, Live Science previously reported. That's because of a positive feedback loop there: Sea ice and snow reflect a lot of the sun's radiation back into the atmosphere. But as more of those reflective surfaces melt to reveal the darker (light-absorbing) water beneath, more heat gets locked into the water rather than bouncing back to space, making it hotter … and causing more melt and more warming.
Originally published on Live Science.
Jeanna Bryner
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Nutritional Psychiatry: Is Food The Next Frontier In Mental Health Treatment?
But the connection between diet and mental health goes a lot deeper than getting a little hangry now and then. About five years ago, I learned this firsthand. After suffering increasingly severe symptoms from a mystery illness (which I'd later learn was Lyme disease) to the point that I could no longer walk more than five minutes without debilitating pain, I had to leave my job in NYC and move back in with my parents. I felt completely isolated and slipped into such a low emotional state that I'd wake up crying and walk (or hobble) through my days in an apathetic fog. But one day, on a whim, I decided to ditch my go-to breakfast cereal and PB&J sandwiches for a veggie-heavy, paleo-style diet to help ease my pain. After a month, my pain was still there, but something I never expected happened—I felt significantly more optimistic—dare I say happy? But as a reminder: this was my personal experience. For other people, Lyme disease can be far more severe and have subsequent mental health implications.
"These days it's common to hear food referred to as medicine. What's so surprising to many people is the fact that this statement powerfully applies to mood," says David Perlmutter, M.D., renowned neurologist and host of the upcoming series Alzheimer's: The Science of Prevention.
"We now have a very large and consistent evidence say that the quality of your diet is linked to your risk of depression in particular," Jacka said in a recent video she posted to her Twitter page earlier this month. But while the observational evidence between diet and mental health has been clear for several years, only recently have randomized controlled trials shown that improving diet may actually help treat mental health conditions like depression.
In addition to the usual questions about mental health history, social support systems, and goals, Drew Ramsey, M.D., an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at Columbia University and a self-proclaimed nutritional psychiatrist, asks patients to describe what they eat. He's looking for potential nutrient deficiencies/insufficiencies that may affect mental health and exacerbate symptoms as well as insight into a person's relationship with food. From there, he will guide patients on how to tweak their diet to support their overall mental health, often in conjunction with more conventional modalities like talk therapy and medication.
Other practitioners, like nutritional psychiatrist Georgia Ede, M.D., utilize lab work to evaluate metabolic health and nutritional status. "These include blood tests for insulin resistance (sometimes referred to as prediabetes or carbohydrate intolerance) and for nutrient deficiencies such as B12 and iron deficiency," she says.
What diet are psychiatrists prescribing to patients? There's not just one.
Right now, most of the research has been done on a Mediterranean diet, with some research showing that people who eat this way (think: cutting out processed junk and loading up on fiber-rich veggies, fruits, fish, nuts, beans, legumes, olive oil, fermented foods, and some meat) have a 30 to 50% lower risk of depression. But many experts agree that there may not be one diet that's optimal for mental health. A number of dietary approaches, provided they include the right balance of brain-boosting nutrients (e.g., omega-3s, vitamin B12, zinc, iron, magnesium, and vitamin D) may do the trick as long as your body can absorb them. Consult with your doctor before deciding which diet is right for you.
To help his patients cover their nutritional bases, Ramsey guides them toward the nutrient-dense food groups that most Americans fall short in: leafy greens, brightly colored "rainbow" vegetables, seafood, and fermented foods. From there, he'll talk with patients about what food within those categories they might enjoy and how to prep and cook them in a simple, joyful way. As a useful tool, he and a colleague created an antidepressant food list, featuring the plant and animal foods (oysters, salmon, watercress, and spinach to name a few) that contain the highest levels of nutrients proven to help prevent or reduce depression.
Interestingly, while plant-based diets are often considered the holy grail, they may not actually be ideal for mental health. "There's some correlational data that people who eat no red meat, or who eat vegetarian diets, are at a much greater risk of depression," says Ramsey. "This isn't popular data among the plant-based crowd, but I think it's important to consider." But even so, Ramsey believes it's his job as a nutritional psychiatrist to help you "feed your brain" regardless of the particular diet you subscribe to—whether that's Whole30 or vegan. So, if you're passionate about consuming zero animal products, he'll provide support and make sure you're eating and supplementing in a way that supports mental wellness.
"I generally recommend what I call a 'pre-agricultural whole foods diet' made up of whole plant and animal foods as one of the best ways to meet the brain's nutritional needs," she says. While nixing all grains and legumes may sound odd, she says these foods contain phytic acid, which can interfere with the absorption of important brain-healthy minerals like magnesium and zinc; and lectins, which can damage the gut lining and aggravate the immune system. This approach is enough for most people, but sometimes Ede will go a step further with patients. "For people who have insulin resistance, I recommend a lower-carbohydrate or perhaps even very low-carbohydrate ketogenic version of this same diet."
Several years ago, Ede met with a 40-year-old woman who'd had lifelong symptoms of procrastination, poor motivation, low energy, distractibility, and disorganization that interfered with her work and home life. She was diagnosed with ADHD and prescribed Adderall, which definitely helped but brought uneven benefits throughout the day and caused unpleasant side effects like constipation. She gradually removed grains, legumes, dairy, and most processed foods from her diet, which helped her mood and improved her physical health yet did nothing for her ADHD. But when she agreed to try a ketogenic diet this year, her symptoms began to improve within a few days. "She has since stopped taking Adderall and reports that she functions even better when in ketosis than on Adderall, and without any side effects," says Ede.
Again, this might not be the case for everyone and it’s possible that this woman had a misdiagnosis. The root of ADHD is important to determine, and sometimes patients are treated for ADHD when the real issue is anxiety. In general, ADHD cannot be treated effectively without medication, but anxiety is often more responsive to lifestyle changes like diets.
"Our food choices, both directly, as well as through influencing the activity of our gut bacteria, play a meaningful role in regulating our moods," says Perlmutter.
"Our brains continue to make new connections that give birth to new brain cells into our adult life, which is known as neuroplasticity, and the major regulator of this process is a neurohormone called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)," says Ramsey. Low levels of BDNF have been associated with both depression and Alzheimer's, but certain nutrients such as zinc, magnesium, and the omega-3 fatty acid DHA promote the expression of BDNF, through the stimulation of Ketamine.
Nixing refined carbohydrates, sugars, and highly processed vegetable oils can help significantly reduce inflammation as well. "Inflammation causes oxidative stress (a form of biochemical stress), which leads to distress signals in the brain that can lead to either depression or anxiety—or both," integrative physician Vincent Pedre, M.D., recently told mbg. "On the flip side, we know that the brain will release [pro-inflammatory] cytokines in response to mental stress."
This is why an anti-inflammatory diet, like the Mediterranean diet, which contains fatty fish such as salmon and sardines that are rich in omega-3s can be such a great choice. "DHA is powerfully anti-inflammatory and has been associated not only with reduced Alzheimer's risk but improvement of depression as well," says Perlmutter.
Finally, by forgoing processed foods and eating more fiber-rich foods (veggies, fruits, legumes, whole grains), prebiotic foods (onions, scallions, garlic, artichokes, leeks, cabbage) and probiotic foods (fermented foods like kimchi, sauerkraut, and kefir), the good bacteria in our gut are able to thrive, leading to an overall healthy microbiome. "Quite a bit of research shows that the microbiome really impacts our reaction to stress and anxiety," says Lisa Mosconi, Ph.D., a neuroscientist, nutritionist, and associate director of the Alzheimer's Prevention Clinic at Weill Cornell Medical College.
This is in part due to the gut's impact on GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter that's been implicated in a multitude of health challenges including anxiety disorders, insomnia, and depression. When our microbiome is healthy and populated with good bacteria, we can better regulate GABA production and benefit from its calming, soothing properties, says Mosconi. Too much bad bacteria, on the other hand, can sort of hijack the GABA system and impair your ability to cope with stress. This is basically true for every neurochemical, but GABA is not the only chemical related to stress balance.
Sometimes dietary tweaks recommended by nutritional psychiatrists are enough to help a patient avoid or go off medication (as with Ede's patient above), but that's not necessarily the goal of nutritional psychiatry. The simple fact is psychiatric medication is a potentially life-saving tool that has its place. "A concern I have with the food as medicine movement is that it can lead to this idea that needing medication or other treatments somehow means that you're failing," says Ramsey. "But I rarely find food to be the only treatment I give a patient. I spend a lot of time with patients in psychotherapy, and I prescribe medications as responsibly and effectively as I can when they're indicated."
It's also important not to forget about other lifestyle factors that can make a huge difference in your mental health—and many nutritional psychiatrists and other functional medicine practitioners implement these tools in their practice as well. "These efforts must go well beyond food choices," says Perlmutter. "The flames of inflammation are fanned by stress, lack of exercise, and most importantly, not enough restorative sleep. Interestingly, each of these is independently associated with risk for both depression as well as Alzheimer's disease."
The future of nutritional psychiatry.
The research on nutritional psych is promising, but can be limiting. If you are looking for an alternative, you can try integrative psychiatry that already has incorporated nutrition, as well as infusions and lab work. Either way, the future of medicine is functional and cellularly based.
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Perspectives and Challenges of Nanomedicine in Gene Silencing
Pages: 30–35
Advances in nanomedicine have provided several potential candidates for safe and effective delivery of siRNA.
There is a wide interest in gene delivery in today’s post-genomic era, in which new drug targets are continually being identified for the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer. Furthermore, the rapid progress in biotechnology has contributed to the development of a large number of bioactive molecules and vaccines based on peptides, proteins, and oligonucleotides.
The expression of malfunctioning genes can be masked by using small-interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) through a highly conserved natural process that controls the selective post-transcriptional down-regulation of target genes in the cells. RNA sequences of up to 21-23 bases long of double-stranded nucleotides have been used for RNA interference (see Figure 1).
The clinical applications of RNA interference (RNAi) are, however, limited due to their poor cellular uptake and rapid degradation by nucleases. As a result, there is a need for a vehicle that can deliver siRNA effectively, safely, and repeatedly to both the
in-vitro and in-vivo milieu. Advances in nanomedicines have provided several potential candidates for the effective and targeted delivery of siRNA.
Nanomedicine is an umbrella term used for nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, quantum dots, liposomes, and other sub-microscopic material with potential clinical utility that are in the nanometer size range. Nanoparticles have evolved as one of the most promising candidates for gene delivery. Their extremely small size (i.e., at least one dimension less than 100 nm) enable the nanoparticles to achieve better tissue penetration and targeting. Nanoparticles fabricated from polymers have been largely explored to deliver DNA and siRNA. These nanoparticles are classified as nanospheres (i.e., nanometer-size particles capable of either entrapping the desired molecules inside the sphere or adsorbing them on the outer surface or both) and nanocapsules (i.e., nanometer-size particles with a solid polymeric shell and an inner liquid core capable of entrapping the desired molecules or adsorbing on the outer surface or both) (see Figure 2). Several natural and synthetic polymers, such as polyethylenimine (PEI), protamine, poly-L-lysine, atelocollagen, and chitosan, have been explored for engineering nanoparticles to deliver siRNA.
Challenges and advances in nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery
Efficient internalization of siRNA by cells is hindered by the presence of negative charges on the siRNA as well as rapid enzymatic disintegration by nucleases. To solve this issue, siRNAs have been complexed with cationic polymers, resulting in condensation of siRNA due to the electrostatic interaction between the nitrogen groups of the polymer and the phosphate groups of siRNA (N/P ratio). This complexation not only reduces the siRNA to form nanoparticles, but also imparts the positive charge needed for interaction with cells and protects the siRNA from enzymatic degradation by making it inaccessible to nucleases. The size of the nanoparticles generated by complexation depends on several factors such as the concentration of siRNA, pH, the type of buffer used, and the N/P ratio. The characteristics of the nanoparticles can also be modified by attaching various targeting moieties such as RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptides or transferrin to achieve more targeted or specific delivery of siRNA (1, 2).
The stability of chitosan-siRNA nanoparticles have been previously investigated in the presence of serum by incubating free and chitosan-complexed siRNA in 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37 °C (3). The siRNA remained intact for up to 30 min and was fully degraded after 48 h. On the contrary, siRNA recovered from chitosan-tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles started to degrade only after 24 h of incubation and was almost completely degraded after 72 h of incubation. Incubation of siRNA and chitosan-siRNA nanoparticles in 50% serum concentration showed that the chitosan-siRNA nanoparticles protected siRNA from nuclease activity. Studies conducted using two different cell lines, chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO K1) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293), revealed that the method of siRNA complexation with chitosan plays an important role on gene silencing (3). Nanoparticles prepared by cross-linking chitosan with TPP and encapsulating the siRNA were found to be better vectors compared with chitosan-siRNA complexes. The reason for this was thought to be due to the high binding capacity and loading efficiency of chitosan-TPP nanoparticles (3).
Following internalization, the intracellular vesicles carrying the siRNA-polymer nanoparticles would fuse with the degrading endocytic vesicles, which is another major barrier to efficient siRNA delivery. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the endosomal escape of nanoparticles, including physical disruption of the negatively charged endosomal membrane by direct interaction with the cationic polymer, or the so-called proton-sponge mechanism. PEI, often considered as the gold standard of gene transfection, mediates escape of nanoparticles through the proton-sponge mechanism (see Figure 3). PEI (2 to 800 kDa molecular weight [MW]) is one of the most widely explored gene-delivery vectors (4, 5) because of its high membrane destabilization potential and charge density (i.e., nucleic acid condensation capability). PEI occurs as branched or linear morphological isomers, depending on the linkage of the repeating ethylenimine unit. In one study, nanoparticles employing branched PEI (MW 750 kDa) were prepared with alginic acid to combine the properties of a cationic PEI with the polysaccharide alginate (6). The PEI-alginate (6.26% amino groups derivatized by alginate) nanoparticles efficiently delivered siRNAs into mammalian cells, resulting in 80% suppression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. In another report, nanoparticles were prepared by acylating PEI with propionic anhydride followed by cross-linking with polyethylene glycol-bis(phosphate) (7). In vitro siRNA delivery studies in HEK 293 cells using these nanoparticles showed up to 85% inhibition of GFP gene expression, which was comparable to that of siRNA-Lipofectin (81% inhibition).
Thermosensitive cationic polymeric nanocapsules based on temperature induced swelling (~119 nm at 37 °C and ~412 at 15 °C), which results in physical disruption of the endosome have also been evaluated for the delivery of siRNA (8). As an alternative strategy, short peptides, known as cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) that are capable of translocating through biological membranes, have been used to modify polyplexes to improve endosomal release of siRNAs (9). Decomplexation resulting in the release of siRNA from the nanoparticles complex is required for efficient gene silencing and stability is desirable for protection of the siRNA. A subtle balance between protection and release of siRNA is, therefore, required for efficient silencing with nanoparticles (10, 11). Bioresponsive nanoparticles where release of siRNA occurs in response to intracellular stimulus have been used to facilitate this process.
Upon in-vivo administration, rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), or more specifically, the Kupffer cells in the liver and splenic macrophages, is another major problem hindering efficient siRNA delivery. To circumvent this issue, the nanoparticles are either coated with biocompatible polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), or the polymers used to prepare nanoparticles are chemically modified by grafting or cross-linking with PEG. Conjugation of PEG to PEI nanoparticles has been shown to significantly improve the movement of siRNA into the lungs, liver and tumors (1).
Despite the advantages and successful employment in numerous studies, nanoparticles also have their drawbacks. For instance, the cationic polymers constituting the nanoparticles undergo strong electrostatic interaction with plasma membrane proteins, which can lead to destabilization and ultimately, rupture of the cell membrane (12). Several strategies have been proposed to mask this issue, which includes reducing the surface charge of the nanoparticles by coating them with anionic or neutral molecules such as hyaluronic acid (HA) or PEG (13, 14).
Future perspectives
To summarize, the therapeutic applications of siRNA-mediated gene knockdown is dictated by various factors including protection of siRNA, effective transfection levels, biocompatibility and reduced side effects, high efficacy at low doses of siRNAs, manipulations to fit different treatment regimens, and vectors that can overcome intracellular and extracellular barriers to reach the target tissue/organ. While the successful delivery of siRNA in various experimental models have been reported, there still remains several issues that need to be resolved before siRNAs can be used as a therapeutic tool (15).
1. R.M. Schiffelers et al., Nucleic Acids Res 32 (19) e149 (2004).
2. M.E. Davis, Mol Pharm 6 (3) 659-668 (2009).
3. H. Katas, and H.O. Alpar, J Control Release 115 (2) 216-225 (2006).
4. W.T. Godbey, K.K. Wu, and A.G. Mikos, J Control Release 60 (2-3) 149-160 (1999).
5. G. Creusat et al., Bioconjug Chem 21 (5) 994-1002 (2010).
6. S. Patnaik et al., J Control Release 114 (3) 398-409 (2006).
7. S. Nimesh and R. Chandra, Eur J Pharm Biopharm 73 (1) 43-49 (2009).
8. S.H. Lee et al., J Control Release 125 (1) 25-32 (2008).
9. T. Endoh and T. Ohtsuki Adv Drug Deliv Rev 61 (9) 704-709 (2009).
10. K. Zhang et al., Biomaterials 30 (5) 968-977 (2009).
11. K. Zhang, et al., Biomaterials 31 (7) 1805-1813 (2010).
12. D. Fischer et al., Biomaterials 24 (7) 1121-1131 (2003).
13. G. Jiang et al., Biopolymers 89 (7) 635-642 (2008).
14. Y. Duan et al., Hum Gene Ther 21 (2) 191-198 (2010).
15. T.S. Zimmermann et al., Nature 441, 111-114 (2006).
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User behavior is key in RIT’s e-cigarette research that is meant to inform FDA regulations
Faculty-researcher helps ‘lift the smoke’ to provide information about e-cigarette usage and toxicity
A. Sue Weisler
Risa Robinson, professor and director of the Respiratory Technology Laboratory, studies the safety of different types of e-cigarette devices and flavored juices.
Risa Robinson has taken a different approach to assessing e-cigarette usage, and it’s turned up some attention-getting results.
Robinson studies users in their own environments, puffing on their own e-cigarettes, rather than on test machines in lab settings. And what she’s found is that they are puffing as much, if not more, than traditional cigarette users, resulting in potentially higher exposure to harmful substances.
Her team’s work on the safety of different types of e-cigarette devices and flavored juices is among the foundational information the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is seeking to regulate e-cigarettes.
“Over the years, we’ve been trying to figure out whether these electronic cigarettes were actually safer products,” said Robinson, a professor of mechanical engineering in RIT’s Kate Gleason College of Engineering. An expert in fluid dynamics and particle deposition, she researches the effects of cigarette smoke on lungs and moved naturally into assessing the effects of e-cigarettes as this alternative became more popular.
Early experiments on e-cigarettes, done mostly in labs, predicted lower emissions from a single puff. The problem Robinson noted was users were not actually puffing that way. When she began research into the health risks of e-cigarettes, she found there weren’t adequate tools to collect the data she needed. So as a mechanical engineer, she just built her own.
E-cigarette devices have evolved since they were first introduced more than 10 years ago, and Robinson’s lab team has produced a variety of ergonomically designed monitors that collect important information about usage and emissions.
“We have monitors that we’ve developed that can track puffing by day, time and amount, and we can figure out the characteristics of every puff taken over time. From this we can determine exactly what exposure a user is getting and what specific constituents they are being exposed to. This helps us determine if a current or emerging product is actually low risk,” she explained.
Tests in a lab setting, on a machine that simulates smoking, might show two comparison products looking identical in safety standards. But when the products are used in the field, by actual users with the team’s original monitoring device, a wireless Personal Use Monitor (wPUM), data collected includes important behavioral cues such as use frequency, duration and volume. Research is showing that supposedly safe products in reality are not.
“Use behavior is key. What we are trying to do is get our behavior data into the regulation, so that we can show a more meaningful assessment of risk,” said Robinson.
It’s a challenge to keep up with the rapidly changing marketplace, said Ed Hensel, professor and associate dean for research in the engineering college. He has been with the project team for four years and involved in the development of new monitoring devices and data analysis. “There are needs for these different high tech monitors to support researchers because there are always new products.”
With the data from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) showing a rise in vaping even among young teens, the guidelines on sales, issued by the FDA this past fall, have been strengthened to prevent under-age smoking. Use by peers or a family member (39%), availability of flavors (31%) and the belief that they are less harmful than other forms of tobacco (17%) were the top reasons students gave in the recent CDC survey for why they use e-cigarettes.
The FDA is particularly interested in Robinson’s work to bridge a connection between electronic cigarette characteristics and health effects. Earlier generations of e-cigarettes were not very effective at aerosolizing the nicotine-laden e-liquid, and therefore a very small amount of nicotine was consumed by users. Users also found these earlier devices unsatisfying, she said.
“But as our work demonstrates, current electronic cigarette devices are well-suited to delivering large amounts of e-liquid to the users, and in many scenarios, users are consuming more nicotine per puff compared to combustible cigarettes,” said Robinson. “Our work also shows that electronic cigarette users have very different use patterns compared to combustible cigarettes. A cigarette smoker may take 10 puffs from their cigarette and then stop until a few hours later. E-cigarette users are able to, and many do, vape continuously without restriction. New e-liquid formulations result in a smoother throat hit, and pleasing flavors further incentivize use.”
The base e-liquid, which is typically a mixture of propylene glycol and glycerin (a sweetener) is also being manipulated by the manufacturer and the users to control the fell of the aerosol when it hits the mouth and throat. When these additives are heated, the e-liquid breaks down into harmful constituents that were not present in the pre-vaped liquid. Flavor additives that might have been approved for ingestion have not been approved for inhalation, she explained.
Robinson and the team in her Respiratory Technology Lab continue research to understand the long term health effects of these flavored liquids and have widened their range of work to include multiple types of e-cigarettes, including the popular Juul, and have also begun studies about the use of hookahs, or water pipes.
Members of the Respiratory Technology Laboratory research team are: Edward Hensel, professor of mechanical engineering and associate dean for research; Gary DeFrancisco, engineering technician; Nathan Eddingsaas, professor, RIT College of Science; doctoral students Shehan Jayasekeram, Qutaiba Saleh and Bryan Meyers; and graduate students Abdulaziz Al-Olay, Emma Sarles and Robert Wintet.
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What is the role of leptin in the pathogenesis of obesity?
Updated: Jun 09, 2021
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Friedman and colleagues discovered leptin (from the Greek word leptos, meaning thin) in 1994 and ushered in an explosion of research and a great increase in knowledge about regulation of the human feeding and satiation cycle. Leptin is a 16-kd protein produced predominantly in white subcutaneous adipose tissue and, to a lesser extent, in the placenta, skeletal muscle, and stomach fundus in rats. Leptin has myriad functions in carbohydrate, bone, and reproductive metabolism that are still being unraveled, but its role in body-weight regulation is the main reason it came to prominence.
Since this discovery, neuromodulation of satiety and hunger with feeding has been found to be far more complex than the old, simplistic model of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and limbic centers of satiety and the feeding centers of the lateral hypothalamus. Potentially, leptin sensitizers may assist in changing feeding habits.
The major role of leptin in body-weight regulation is to signal satiety to the hypothalamus and thus reduce dietary intake and fat storage while modulating energy expenditure and carbohydrate metabolism, preventing further weight gain. Unlike the Ob/Ob mouse model in which this peptide was first characterized, most humans who are obese are not leptin deficient but are instead leptin resistant. Therefore, they have elevated levels of circulating leptin. Leptin levels are higher in women than in men and are strongly correlated with BMI. [65]
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You're Probably Making Tea Wrong. Here's Why
When it comes to tea, there are only so many things you can mess up, especially if you don't take it with milk or any sweetener. After all, it's a recipe with just two ingredients, how wrong can you go? According to Spoon University, over-steeping is one way, but the other has to do with how you heat your water. If you so much as glance online, the passion with which people defend their tea-making methods should give you some indication of just how complex a task it really is beneath the surface.
According to CNN, a recent viral TikTok stirred up some serious controversy between Brits and Americans with regards to how to heat water for tea. Americans (unfortunately) were on the side of microwaving the water, while the British defended the more traditional kettle method, but is one really better than the other? According to a recent Chinese study, the answer is unequivocally yes (and remember, they invented tea way back in 2737 B.C.E., according to Peet's Coffee). So who's right?
You should be making tea in a kettle
According to Chinese scientists the Brits are right, the "correct" way to make tea is still with a kettle, and it has everything to do with convection (via The Guardian). In either an electric or traditional stove-top kettle, the heating process happens from the bottom of the container, and as the liquid heats up it becomes less dense and moves towards the top, allowing the still-cool liquid to move closer to the heat source. The result? Tea that is a consistent temperature all the way through, which just isn't the case when you heat water in the microwave (via CNN).
Microwaves heat the liquid from everywhere at once, which might seem like a good thing, but it's not. That's because it means the convection process doesn't happen at all, so the water at the bottom of the cup or mug is colder than that at the top — and no one wants their tea boiling hot at the top and cold at the bottom (via Mashable). Luckily, there's a scientific solution if you're just not willing to go out and buy a kettle. And believe it or not, it involves putting metal in the microwave.
A new invention will improve microwaved tea
Thanks to this recent study, there is hope for the reputation of microwaved tea, and it lies in a bit of a shocking invention. The solution is a silver plating around the upper half of the cup, which helps direct the microwaves and block the heat from the top of the container, resulting in a more uniformly heated cup of water. While this might sound dangerous, it's located at "weak field strength," which basically means you can put it in the microwave without fear of the cup igniting before you've even had your morning caffeine. Plus, zapping your tea in the microwave might just be healthier than the alternative if you're looking to extract the antioxidants and amino acids, according to Quan Vuong, a researcher at the University of Newcastle in Australia (via Food and Wine).
So, until this new cup technology is readily available, you can either microwave the teabag in the water, as Vuong recommends, or just stir your microwaved water halfway through and once again before adding your tea bag to keep the temperature more consistent throughout, but just know that the rest of the world is probably scoffing at you.
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Birthdays and other special occasions are important to young children and their families. In many cultures, special occasions are celebrated with food. To promote healthy eating, use nutritious foods prepared and presented in special ways, rather than relying on 'sometimes foods' for celebrations. If food is brought in for special occasions, encourage parents to choose nutritious foods.
If sometimes foods are used for special occasions, offer small, children's serves and consider also offering a fruit platter or other healthy option.
When parents provide food to share in the setting, ask that the food is in its original packaging, and includes a list of ingredients and use-by date. In setting where children have food allergies, non-food celebrations will be more appropriate.
Celebrations do not have to focus on food - there are other ways to celebrate. For example, on birthdays, children can wear a special party hat or a birthday badge or sticker. The group can sing 'Happy Birthday' and the birthday child can blow out a candle. Other occasions can be celebrated through art or craft activities where children paint, draw or make something, dress up or decorate in a special way.
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Tom Kilburn and the First Stored-Program Computer
Tom Kilburn (1921 - 2001) photo by Carolyn Djanogly,
Tom Kilburn (1921 – 2001)
photo by Carolyn Djanogly,
On August 11, 1921, English engineer Tom Kilburn was born. Kilburn became known for having written the computer program used to test the first stored-program computer, the Small-Scale Experimental Machine, SSEM, also known as “The Baby” in 1948.
Tom Kilburn, Autumn 1992
Tom Kilburn was born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England and studied the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, pursuing a course compressed to two years following the outbreak of World War II. During this time, he had joined the air corps and after he had graduated in 1942, he was sent to take a six-week course in electricity, magnetism and electronics before reporting to the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) in Malvern to work on radar in Frederic Calland Williams‘ electronic problem-solving group.
From Radar to Computers
Kilburn‘s wartime work inspired his enthusiasm for some form of electronic computer. The principal technical barrier to such a development at that time was the lack of any practical means of storage for data and instructions. Storage of analog information could help solve the problem of static objects cluttering the dynamic picture on a radar screen . Storage of digital information could solve the problem holding up the development of computers worldwide. Williams eventually succeeded in storing a single bit on a cathod ray tube by 1946. In December 1946Williams took up the chair of electrotechnics at Manchester and recruited Kilburn on secondment from Malvern.
A Williams-Kilburn tube
A Williams-Kilburn tube
By March 1947 Tom Kilburn had discovered a different and better method of storing information, more suited to storing a large number of bits on the same tube. By November 1947 they had succeeded in storing 2048 bits for a period of hours, having investigated a number of variations on storing a set of bits. This technology would later become known as the “Williams-Kilburn tube“. A provisional patent was already filed in 1946. The general principle behind the storage of binary information was to plant charge in one of two different ways at an array of spots on a CRT using standard techniques. The type of charge at any spot, representing a 0 or 1, could be sensed by a metal pick-up plate on the outside of the CRT screen, thus “reading” the “value” of the spot. However, the charge dissipated very quickly, so values were preserved indefinitely by continuously reading their value and resetting the charge as appropriate to the value.[2] When in Autumn 1947 the group had successfully stored 2048 digits, they had the problem of proving that the store would operate successfully inside a computer. They could only alter bits at the rate of around 1 a second, which was 100,000 times slower than the store‘s capability. In the end they decided that the simplest way to test that the CRT storage system was suitable for use in computers was to build a small computer around it.
From Small Scale to Manchester Mark I
Then Williams and Kilburn developed their storage technology and, in 1948, Kilburn put it to a practical test in constructing the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM or Manchester Machine) which became the first stored-program computer to run a program, on 21 June 1948. The first program to run was to determine the highest factor of a number. The number chosen was quite small, but within days they had built up to trying the program on 218, and the correct answer was found in 52 minutes, involving about 2.1 million instructions with about 3½ million store accesses.[3] With the success of the SSEM, a new machine was commissioned by the government that was to be more powerful and usable that the original SSEM. The design of this machine, the Manchester Mark I, was also led by Kilburn and was completed by November 1948.[1]
Williams persuaded him to stay to work on the university‘s collaborative project developing the Ferranti Mark 1, the world‘s first commercial computer. The Williams-Kilburn CRT Store was used in several models of computers including the IBM 701 and 702 computers. It was eventually superseded in new systems in about 1955 by a cheaper random access store called the “magnetic core store.”[2] Williams tubes were also used in the Soviet Strela-1 and in the Japan TAC (Tokyo Automatic Computer).. Over the next three decades, Kilburn led the development of a succession of innovative Manchester computers including Atlas and MU5.
Tom Killburn died on 17 January 2001 in Manchester, at age 79.
Ursula Martin, Alan Turing, Grace Hopper, and the history of getting things right [7]
References and Further Reading:
• Shortly before he died, Tom Kilburn gave an after-dinner speech to other old boys of the school where he was educated in Dewsbury, Yorkshire (the Wheelwright Grammar School). He mentioned his work on ‘Baby’ and said that he began to write the first program to be stored on it as he waited for the train at Dewsbury station to take him to Manchester in June 1948. He was living in Dewsbury at the time.
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In SQL Server, either you use a Create Statement to create a table or you might use the Management Studio. It also doesn't explore relations, indexes, etc. DATA only scripts the data alone from all the tables. WARNING: This example is serious under-tested. Here Mudassar Ahmed Khan has explained how to create and drop (delete) SQL Server Table programmatically using ADO.Net, C# and VB.Net. Step 4 After that, under "Table View Options" make true "Script data". CREATE TABLE, SQL, Access, database: Categories: Database : This program uses DAO to list the tables in an Access database and generate CREATE TABLE statements to build them. This view in the sample database AdventureWorks joins multiple tables together. The SQL script generation feature is explained with the help of a use case, that uses a sample workflow codegen_workflow and a demo database table INSUR_CUST_LTV_SAMPLE.. Creating a database table. The sql script is tested and also the code for reading the file is working and also it goes to sub Runscript function but the table does not get created on DBCmd.ExecuteNonQuery(). I just haven't had time to test anywhere near all of the combinations possible. Use the CREATE TABLE statement to define the table in SQL. The Types of data to script option allows the user to generate a script with SCHEMA only, DATA Only and both SCHEMA and DATA. SCHEMA only scripts only the data structure and the datatype of its tables. TAGs: C#.Net, VB.Net, SQL Server Right-click on any table in the database and click Script table data. Generate Scripts.. Generate SQL script from the workflow codegen_workflow. I have written code to execute SQL queries from file. You can right-click on this view and script as create to view the schema of it: The article also describes how the query optimizer uses the information. Generate a VB.NET Class from a Database Table VB.NET classes are encapsulated with properties. Dear Experts, I'm learning to improvise my coding knowledge in VB.NET and SQL Server. Listing 4. The use case demonstrates how to: Import, run, and deploy the workflow codegen_workflow. The Create and Drop script will be dynamically generated and the Table will be respectively created or deleted in SQL Server database. This article describes the steps to generate the statistics script. Generate the class variables as full version properties, short version properties, or only fields. Web developers using Asp.Net will find this article useful, since I am sharing an example on how to create a Table dynamically in SQL Server using Asp.Net C# and Vb.Net In SSMS, right-click on the database, select Tasks.. It will generate a script for all the tables, sp, views, functions and anything in that database. Schedule SQL scripts to run on the database using: A table contains rows (or records) of data, and each row is organized into a finite number of columns (or fields). The CREATE PROCEDURE statement creates a stored procedure as you can see in Listing 10-18, I create a stored procedure myPoc which returs data result of SELECT myName and myAddress column. To build a new table in Access by using Access SQL, you must name the table, name the fields, and define the type of data that the fields will contain. In the query window, write-down script to select records from a view. like table_name,column_name,max of length,is_nullable through which u can generate script easily.. The Script USE DATABASE option lets the user use that particular database. More Information. As you can see from Listing 5, I also add data to the table using INSERT INTO SQL statement. If you use SQL Server 2005, before you follow the steps to generate the script, make sure that SQL Server Management Studio is the SQL Server 2005 Service Pack 2 version or a later version.
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Published: 20 October 2014
Encouraging car use is bad for environment and health: OECD
Are the social and environmental costs of encouraging car use becoming too high?
Credit: Mick CC BY 2.0
Most OECD governments tax company cars at lower rates than wages and in a way that encourages people to drive greater distances. A study of 27 OECD countries, as well as South Africa, has found that under-taxing company cars amounts to an average annual subsidy per car of EUR1600 (AU$2183), ranging from just EUR57 (AU$78) in Canada to EUR2763 (AU$3770) in Belgium.
The total cost across the 28 countries examined is estimated for 2012 at EUR26.8 billion (AU$36.6 billion) of foregone tax revenues, according to the reports.
The environmental and social costs are higher still. Increased contributions to climate change, local air pollution, health ailments, congestion and road accidents from the under-taxation of company cars in OECD countries is estimated to cost EUR116 billion (AU$158 billion).
Adding to environmental concerns, 33 of 34 OECD countries tax diesel at a lower rate than petrol, even though diesel vehicles produce more carbon emissions per litre and more harmful air pollutants than petrol vehicles. Diesel contains approximately 18 per cent more carbon per litre than petrol, yet remains the most used vehicle fuel in 23 of 34 OECD countries, due in part to this tax differential.
‘The cost of driving a car today does not properly reflect the impact on the environment and to society. Taxing diesel fuel and company cars correctly would help to fix this,’ said OECD Environment Director, Simon Upton.
Transport accounts for a quarter of carbon emissions in most OECD countries and is a major source of air pollution. In the European Union, company cars make up 12 per cent of cars on the road and around half of new registrations, while 55 per cent of new registrations are diesel cars.
Source: OECD
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Edgar Bell died in Queen Alexandra's Hospital, Millbank, London on 3 January 1918 of wounds he'd received in France in May 1917. The only indication as to the nature of his wounds comes from the letter his officer wrote to his parents: "You will be pleased to hear that he behaved splendidly, and did not so much as make a sign that he had been wounded until I turned and saw him".
The son of Alexander Brown Bell and his wife Agnes, Edgar Bell was born in Sheffield on 13 January 1894. His father was a journalist, at the time of his son's death on the Yorkshire Evening Post. On leaving school, Edgar began to train as an architect and in 1913 joined the Yorkshire Hussars as a territorial soldier. He volunteered for foreign service and went with the regiment to France in February 1915. In March the following year, he transferred to the 6th Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment and was serving with them when he was wounded.
Alexander Bell signed for his son's inscription. At one time it was firmly believed to be the greeting gladiators gave to the emperor on entering the arena before a fight - Ave Impuratur , morituri te salutant, Hail Emperor, we who are about to die salute you. George Bernard Shaw, in his 1913 play Androcles and the Lion, gave the line to the Christians who were about to be fed to the lions: 'Hail, Caesar! Those about to die salute you'. However, it is now thought to have been at a one-off event when a crowd of condemned criminals, who were about to be forced to kill each other in a mock sea battle, hailed the Emperor Claudius with these words in the hope that he might pardon them. He didn't.
Why did Alexander Brown choose this inscription, what did he mean? It's possible that he had in mind the same sentiment as that implied by Simonides' famous inscription to the Spartan dead killed at the Battle of Thermopylae: "Go tell the Spartans, passer by, that obedient to their orders here we lie". Edgar Bell had done his duty by his country and had known the risks he was taking in so doing. Interestingly, it is the only instance of this inscription that I've come across. I could have imagined it being much more popular among a generation where the classics played such a large part in their education.
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The AAPG/Datapages Combined Publications Database
AAPG Bulletin
Volume: 68 (1984)
Issue: 4. (April)
First Page: 469
Last Page: 469
Title: Determination of Productivity, Wilcox-Frio Sands, South Texas: ABSTRACT
Author(s): David K. Davies, Robert B. Truman, Richard K. Vessell
The sharp lithological contrasts between and within the Wilcox and Frio Formations in south Texas frequently necessitate that different basic assumptions be used in interpreting logs of the formations. Accurate determination of the type, quantity, and rate of production of the interstitial fluids depends upon accurate interpretation of the well logs and the lithology of the rock. Ideally, geologic data should be quantified, digitized, and then integrated with digital well-log data. This allows log interpretation to be based on a detailed knowledge of the rocks. Use of logs allows this detailed knowledge of rocks to be extrapolated vertically for the well or used for older nearby wells where sample data may be unavailable. Detailed geologic data may be derived from small s mples (cuttings, sidewall cores, or pieces of conventional core).
Lithological differences, such as those existing between the Wilcox and Frio, can significantly affect the radioactivity and density of the rocks. This, in turn, will influence calculations of shale volume and porosity. Differences in the composition of dispersed clays will affect Sw calculations. The calculation of porosity and water saturation does not identify either the amount or type of fluid production. Special log interpretation techniques, along with the detailed knowledge of the different clay varieties, allow an accurate prediction of the type of expected production.
Examples will be presented from the Wilcox and Frio of south Texas. These will include wells in which over-optimistic log interpretation resulted in repeated unsuccessful stimulation attempts, and examples of bypassed production.
End_of_Article - Last_Page 469------------
Copyright 1997 American Association of Petroleum Geologists
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What Is A Democratic Assembly?
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What are the key features of a democracy? Respect for basic human rights, A multi-party political system paired with political tolerance, A democratic voting system, Respect for the rule of law, Democratic governance, and. Citizen participation. Share This Video. This work is licensed under CC BY NC ND. Related Videos.
What are the three merits and demerits of democracy?
Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. Democracy allows people to correct their own mistakes….Demerits of democracy:Democracy is all about political competition and power play. … Consultation in a democracy from many people leads to delays.More items…•
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What are the 5 basic concepts of democracy?
What is democracy kid friendly definition?
What is democracy in simple words?
A democracy is a system where people can change their rulers in a peaceful manner and the government is given the right to rule because the people say it may.”[ 6] Origins of Democracy. The word democracy was coined by the ancient Greeks who established a direct form of government in Athens.
Is democracy a human right?
Democracy provides an environment that respects human rights and fundamental freedoms, and in which the freely expressed will of people is exercised. … Women and men have equal rights and all people are free from discrimination. These values are embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
What does democracy mean?
The word ‘democracy’ has its origins in the Greek language. It combines two shorter words: ‘demos’ meaning whole citizen living within a particular city-state and ‘kratos’ meaning power or rule. … A belief in shared power: based on a suspicion of concentrated power (whether by individuals, groups or governments).
What are the various aspects of democracy?
Seven qualitatively different aspects of democracy are thus highlighted: equal participation, horizontal relations, deliberations, knowledge that informs standpoints, recognition of diverse identities, internal democratic decision-making, and action to form society.
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Scientific Area
Sebaceous glands
Collaborazione scientifica del prof. Marco Toscani e del dott. Pasquale Fino, Cattedra di Chirurgia Plastica, Ricostruttiva ed Estetica, Policlinico Umberto I – Università “Sapienza” di Roma.
The sebaceous glands are glands that secrete sebum, an oily, acidic substance with a pH of 3.5. They are connected laterally to the hair follicle. Sebaceous glands are found with a density of approximately 100/cm2 throughout all areas of the skin. In the human body, they are located across the entire surface of the skin, except for the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Sebaceous glands are also found in the external auditory meatus (ear canal) and on the eyelids, where they are long and flat. Here they are called tarsal or Meibomian glands.
Sebaceous glands are not distributed homogeneously over the body’s surface. There is a particularly elevated number (400-900/cm2) in the anogenital and in the so-called seborrheic regions (scalp, face, chest and back). In other regions of the body (such as in the forearm area), there are fewer glands. In some areas, like the corners and edges of the lips, the areola, the nipple, the anus, the vaginal libs and the glans (Tyson’s glands), sebaceous glands open directly onto the skin’s surface. They vary in size. They are larger in the pubic area, scrotum and nasal skin and are smaller at the level of the scalp. Like the nail bed and sweat glands, sebaceous glands are characterized by a dense capillary network. The sebaceous gland alveoli and the sweat gland glomeruli are enveloped by perialveolar nerve plexi or periglomerular cells, composed of fibers that lose the myelin sheath near glandular adenomas. In the numerous sweat glands are numerous andrenergic endings at the level of the myoepithelial cells of the glomeruli. Through these, nerve impulses may cause rapid secretions. Secretion cells are instead surrounded by cholinergic fibers. From a histological point of view, we can confirm that sebaceous glands are alveolar glands composed of branched tubes which give them their typical cluster shape. Apocrine sweat secretion is intermittent, while sebum secretion is continuous. The secretion mechanism first leads to an accumulation of sebum in the secretion cells, which increase continuously in volume and size, until they burst. Precisely for this reason not just sebum but also the remaining cells that produced it spill into the hair follicle. This necrosis is then compensated by the continuous production of new cell populations, coming from groups of undifferentiated cells that retained the ability to divide repeatedly. Once formed, the new cells detach from the tube walls and begin to produce sebum, migrating next to the follicle where they dismantle, leaving their contents. Sebaceous gland function is influenced by several factors. Sebaceous gland secretion is controlled by steroid hormones circulating or produced locally by the pilosebaceous follicle, starting from building blocks coming from the gonads or the adrenal cortex (the most active of these is androstanediol). The sebaceous glands produce abundant sebum during fetal development (a fetus’s vernix caseosa). They are active during the first months of life. They then pass to a phase of relative dormancy until 9-10 years of age, and reactivate during adrenarche. They then return to full activity during puberty due to small dermatological phenomena, the epitome of which is the phenomenon of common teenage acne. When there are no particular scalp problems, the production of sebum undergoes an abrupt reduction in women during menopause, while in men it diminishes only very slowly after 60 – 70 years of age. Sebum secretion is also influenced by genetic factors. Greasy skin is often a common problem among members of the same family. The most important factor regulating sebum secretion is the concentration of androgenic hormones, typical of men but also present in small quantities in women. In particular, at the level of the sebaceous glands, we find an enzyme called 5-alpha reductase, which converts delta 4-androstenedione into dihydrotestosterone, a metabolite with the ability to notably increase sebum secretion. Sebum also goes into the composition of hydrolipidic film. This oily mass also contributes to one’s characteristic and personal body odor, to the extent that lipid composition differs slightly from individual to individual. Sebaceous gland cells are enzyme rich and contain glycogen. The sebum that comes out and accumulates on the skin is composed as follows: triglycerides 30-42%, wax 20-25%, free fatty acids 15-25%, squalene 9-12%, branched hydrocarbons 4-8%, esterified cholesterol 2-3%, free cholesterol 1-1.5% and other substances (such as monoglycerides, glycerol, etc.) 3-5%. After being produced, the sebum reaches the surface through gland orifices, hair follicles and wedges into spaces of the disjointed corneum layer, also layering itself onto hair. Thus, it mixes with lipids from the skin and with the aqueous component of perspiration and sweat, forming a thin superficial emulsion called cutaneous hydrolipidic film. Sebum has two main functions. The first is to contribute through sweat to the formation of the hydrolipidic film, an emulsion of water/oil that protects the skin from chemical (detergents, solvents) and bacterial aggressors. The second is to lubricate and waterproof the external surface of the hair as it grows. The sebaceous gland duct opens into the upper part of the follicle in order to lubricate the hair before it appears on the skin’s surface. In normal conditions, total sebum production on the scalp is 650 – 700 mg every 24 hours. After removal via the use of soap, the hydrolipidic film (water/oil emulsion formed by a mixture of sebum with water from sweat) reforms in a relatively short amount of time (3 – 6 hours) but the sebaceous gland does not seem to be able to increase its activity compared to the base values for frequent washes. Sebum is unable to remove itself on its own from the hair shaft. The fact that hair can rapidly “get greasy” again after a wash is due to the reduction of superficial tension between the “keratin shingles” of the cuticle, associated with the continuous rubbing between hair. The speed of sebum migration increases if hair is continuously touched by hands or brushed. Moreover, in individuals with hair that gets particularly greasy in a short amount of time, sebum is more fluid and therefore has a higher migratory capacity. In individuals with seborrhea, the abundance of sebum causes aesthetic issues due to the easy adhesion of environmental dust, keratin residue and waste substances carried by sweat. All too often these problems are accentuated by the effects of applying cosmetics to the hair.
Premature hair loss
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Greasy hair
Greasy hair appears dirty, greasy, oily, shiny and often has an unpleasant odor.
Individuals who have greasy hair often also have other areas of the skin (nose, forehead, chin) that are quite greasy (called “seborrheic” skin).
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Female hair loss
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Life cycle of hair
The life cycle of hair and its subsequent growth occur at a speed of 1-1.5 cm per month. Hair is a living element that follows a follicle cycle with an average duration of 2-6 years. In humans, unlike other mammals that are subject to a periodic change, this cyclic evolution is not synchronous (therefore each hair is independent from the others).
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Seborrheic alopecia (seborrheic hair loss)
Seborrheic hair loss is a form of premature hair loss that generally afflicts men in their youth (onset between 20 and 30 years of age), mainly affecting the frontal region and the crown. The cause, as the name of the condition suggests, is related to an excess production of sebum that provokes or accelerates hair loss.
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Hair loss (telogen effluvium)
The term Telogen Effluvium was introduced for the first time by Kligman (*) in 1961 to introduce an acute hair loss of benign origin that follows an intense and short period of stress of different types. Subsequently, Rebora (**) introduced the concept of chronic Telogen Effluvium.
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Author: aiweissberg
Suicide is a huge problem in Alaska and working at a boarding school that has students from over 120 villages, it seems that everyone has been impacted by a suicide. I don’t know if the reasons behind the suicides in Alaska students are similar to the reasons for students at Ivy league universities, but recognizing when a student is depressed and creating an environment in which it is ok to get help are certainly important goals for teachers. It is crucial that students feel safe in expressing when they are stressed out or need some extra help. I think many suicides are probably very preventable if teachers, counselors, friends, or family new how depressed the person really was.
Social media has sort of taken the place of direct conversation and is a really great tool to effortlessly stay in tuned with people’s adventures. For the most part though, social media isn’t a platform though where people share how they are really doing or feeling. People only post photos they are proud of, or the happiest moments in their life. Because of this, I think people tend to misjudge how people are actually feeling and unfortunately some friends and family slip through the cracks. For this reason, it is especially important to take the time to have real conversations with people, ones where they open up and tell you what is actually going on with them.
Blog 5
Reflect on your classroom observation
1. The main management strategy for an opening of a lesson I’ve observed is having a soft warm up for the students prepared on the board. As the students walk in from the hallway, they know there is going to be warm up on the board that the teacher is going to discuss with the class, so they get right to work as they come in. I think during a lesson, proximity has been the number one observed method for keeping the class focused and on task. Teachers are always moving about the class. After the lesson, teachers close with questions, handout new homework assignments, and then explain any extra information the students need to complete the homework assignment.
2. One obvious transition I noticed is that teachers give their students a set amount of time to complete a project. When the time is closing in the teacher will announce that they have a minute or two to wrap things up and then give their attention back to the teacher. At MEHS the students all use a similar binder system. Sometimes between activities the teachers will have the students organize their binders between activities, that way assignments don’t get lost and students can prepare for the next assignment. Teachers also will wait in a particular spot every time during a transition so that students instinctively know that the teacher is waiting for them to move on.
3. I definitely like the soft warm up problems at the beginning of class. I plan on becoming a math teacher and this is so applicable to math class. It helps activate prior knowledge and the students have a routine they can follow. Students walk straight in and know the expectation instead of waiting around for the teacher to tell them what to do.
Staying with it
As I’ve been working more closely with teachers in the high school, I’ve begun to appreciate the amount of time an effort they spend on their jobs outside of working hours. Again, and again I get emails from teachers well after 5 pm or during the weekend. I’d be lying if I haven’t asked myself several times if it’s worth the effort.
My main concern is that I feel like I’ll have to choose between being a great teacher and having some free time on the weekend. Dismissing the notion of a perfect lesson I think is a valuable idea to take home. I can see how easy it would be to spend hours working on a lesson, and never feeling like it’s as good as it could be. I think allotting myself a certain amount of time for work and then calling it good so that I can focus on some mental health will be key to avoiding burnout and maintaining that positive mental attitude that is crucial to being a good teacher.
Also, understanding that some people are disadvantaged but not lowering my expectations is important. Instead, focusing on guiding them to succeed by “pushing past the textbooks.’ Incorporating life lessons into the classroom when necessary and creating a culture of high achievement are stepping stones that will help any student succeed. Knowing that I care about helping all the students get an opportunity to succeed will not only cause me to be a better teacher, but also keep me motivated to continue teaching.
Putting what teachers are doing in perspective is going to be crucial to sticking with it. The amount of positive impact teachers can have on a child’s life and the future of society is huge. Recognizing that teachers can provide opportunity for marginalized students and help make it possible for them to succeed in the game of life when the odds are stacked against them is incredibly inspiring.
Personalized Learning
I feel student centered learning is certainly a more effective way to educate today’s youth, especially because of the diversity we have in our schools. Students come from a wide variety of backgrounds that will dramatically affect their ability to comprehend certain methods of teaching. Unfortunately, personalized learning takes a lot of resources and a lot of out-side-the-box thinking by teachers. Personalized learning would be much more plausible for teachers if they taught for maybe 3 hours a day, had 5 hours of preparation time, and had around 15 or less students to a class. It is also tough to deviate from a standardized curriculum when the focus is so driven towards standardized testing. I hope that schools work towards more student-centered learning, but it’s a long slow road and is going to demand a lot of work and ingenuity from the teachers. I also think integrating technology into the classrooms will be essential in effectively creating a personalized curriculum for the students.
At Mount Edgecumbe High School we have an incredibly diverse population of students from 120 different villages from all over the state. In English classes teachers try to select books and texts that are from Alaska and relevant to the student’s culture. Math teachers write problems that incorporate images from interior Alaska so the that students can activate prior knowledge and connect a familiar image with the math content. For many students, proper English language is new and fairly challenging to understand. Fortunately, at MEHS, many students’ cultures are similar from around the State, which makes some unilateral adjustments across the school possible, but the personalities and needs of each student still vary immensely and require a lot of individual attention.
By Alex Weissberg
Alex Weissberg’s opinion on DACA
Alex Weissberg
DACA is an immigration policy that is designed to protect young illegal immigrants from deportation and allow them to legally work and go to school within the USA. The act has a lot of stipulations. The illegal immigrants must be within certain age groups, have no major criminal offenses, have less than 3 misdemeanors, have lived continuously in the USA for a length of time, and have paid almost 500 dollars to apply for the permit to work. Most of these people have gone to school in the USA and some have even served in the military.
Currently, those who were protected by DACA are under possible threat of deportation because President Donald Trump decided to rescind the policy and put the matter to congress. The main argument behind terminating DACA appears to be that the policy was illegally created in the first place and that they are too many illegal immigrants in the USA.
I don’t really know how much impact illegal immigrants have on our economy. I also don’t understand how the policy was enacted illegally. Without knowing this information, I still feel that I can reasonably say terminating DACA is not going to positively impact anyone. The people covered under DACA are young, law abiding citizens who are here to work. I can’t imagine they are a detriment to our society. As far as taking jobs from other USA citizens, these people are some of the most disadvantaged people in our nation and are probably a last pick for most jobs. I would also venture to say that it seems completely unfair to deport people who have already paid money for the right to work in the USA, even if was only a temporary permit. If there is a legal problem with how this policy was passed, then something legal needs to be done to take care of these people. Kicking the people covered by DADA out of the country is not a practical, or ethical option.
This website describes what it takes to qualify for DACA.
Hello All!
Hey everyone,
My name is Alex Weissberg and I was born and raised in Sitka, Alaska. I’ve been a commercial fishermen in Southeast Alaska for the last seven years and I decided that killing copious amounts of fishing was not fulfilling enough. For that reason I’m back in school studying to become a math teacher. I enjoy travelling and pretty much anything outside. I definitely prefer living on coast and spending ample time either on or in the ocean. As far as this education program goes, I see it as a whirlwind of learning that I hope will prepare me to learn how to become a good teacher!
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Not so long ago, in a lush green forest there lived a lion. He was the king of the jungle. He lived in a big tree house which was extremely comfortable and beautiful. He had a sweat tooth and loved to eat candies. He used to always keep his candy jar with him. Every night before going to sleep he would count the number of candies in it and every morning the first thing he would do first thing after getting up was to count the candies.
One morning the Lion king woke up and as usual he reached for his favorite candy jar, opened its lid and started to count the candies 1,2,3,4,5,6,,7,8,9,10,11,and 12. His face turned all red and he began to roar in anger what is this two cadies were missing. “Who could dare to do this?” he thought. He called for the Minister and narrated the entire incident to him. He then instructed the Minister to catch the culprit in two days time else the Minister will have to leave his job. The Minister is now worried. How can he find out the one who had stolen the King’s candies.
In the evening when the Minister was walking back home, lost in deep thoughts he is met by the Wise Owl. The Minister narrates his problem to the owl. After listening to the problem the Owl assures his friend that he would help his friend and that he should stop worrying and go back home as nothing had happened. The owl promises that the problem will be solved by the next morning
That night the owl does not perch on the branch of the tree that he lived upon. Instead he waited for the night to fall so that all could go to sleep and then he very quietly sneaked into King Lion’s bedroom and hid behind the curtain and started to wait for the candy thief.
After a long wait, when everyone was fast asleep the owl sees a mouse climbing up the table on which the jar was kept. The mouse very quietly opened the lid of the jar and took two candies out. He then carefully closed the lid and went back without making any noise. The owl too followed the mouse to be sure as to where he lived.
Next morning when the Owl meets the Minister he gives him the news of having found out the culprit. The Minister reaches the King’s palace along with the Owl and tell the king about the mouse being the one who took the candies away. The Lion King orders the Minister to get the mouse to his court for being punishment. The Minister along with the three soldiers reached the tree where the mouse lived. The soldiers ordered the mouse to accompany them to King Lion’s palace. The king is extremely angry. He announces for the mouse to be sent to the prison for the rest of his life. The news of the mouse being imprisoned reaches the snake, who happens to be his best friend. He immediately rushes to the king’s palace and pleads pardon for his friend. He tells him how the mouse loved to eat sweats and that this would be a bit too harsh a punishment for him. The Lion king who has now calmed down a bit realizes that life imprisonment will be a bit too much of a punishment for stealing a candy. The snake also makes the king realize how he should have shared his candies with someone else who likes them but cannot have them because he does not know where to buy them from. The Lion King realizes that he should have shared his candies with others as well. He thanked the snake for making him realize his mistake and releases the mouse. He tells the mouse that the snake is indeed his true friend and how he made him realize his duty to share with others and managed to save the mouse from being imprisoned. He told the mouse that the snake was both helpful and a true friend. The mouse hugs the snake and thanked him and they both happily walk back home.
• What did they like in the story?
• Who would they like to be in the story and why
• What do they think the story was about?
• Which is the their favorite character in the story?
• Is it fine to take help from others?
• Should we help friends?
• Why Should we help strangers?
• Who else can we help?
• What will happen if people stop helping each other?
• Should we always ask for help or should we first try to do things ourselves?
Interesting Ideas
• You can narrate the story with the help of puppets or soft toys
• In between you can ask them to close their eyes and image
• You can ask them to describe the candies their shape, size, flavor
• Modulate your voice for different characters in the story
The story has been authored by Simi Srivastava. Simi is the founder of Kathashala and she has put together her knowledge, skills and experience in setting up Kathashala, a story telling institute for adults. What makes the institute unique is its curriculum which is based on performing arts including the folk and traditional forms of storytelling. For updates on Kathashala, pl visit their Facebook Page
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carbon monoxide oxidizing agent in new zealand
Azodicarbonamide containing gas generating …
New Window PCT No. PCT/JP95/00192 Sec. 371 Date Oct. 12, 1995 Sec. 102(e) Date Oct. 12, 1995 PCT Filed Feb. 10, 1995 PCT Pub. No. WO95/21805 PCT Pub. Date Aug. 17, 1995A gas generating composition which is capable of significantly reducing the concentration of harmful gas components, particularly carbon monoxide, in the generated gas.
Characteristics of abiological carbon monoxide …
1/5/2002· Detection of anaerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing thermophiles in hydrothermal environments. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2015 , 91 (9) , fiv093. DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv093.
Oxidation - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oxidation is any chemical reaction that involves the moving of electrons. Specifically, it means the substance that gives away electrons is oxidized. Normally, this is a reaction between oxygen and a substance such as iron. When iron reacts with oxygen it forms a chemical called rust because it has been oxidized (the iron has lost some
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CHEM FINAL Flashcards | Quizlet
oxidized and are the oxidizing agent. B) are oxidized and are the reducing agent. C) All of the following statements about carbon monoxide (CO) pollution in the United states are true EXCEPT - A) carbon monoxide makes up over 60% (by mass) of all
Carbon monoxide fumes blamed for Sydney Seaplane’s …
The pilot of a plane that plunged into a bay near Sydney killing five Britons may have had his flying ability impaired by carbon monoxide, investigators have said. British businessman Richard
Chlorine Dioxide
In concns in excess of 10% at atm pressure easily detonated by sunlight, heat, contact with mercury or carbon monoxide. mp -59 ; bp 11 ; d 0 (liq) 1.642: Cheesman, J. Chem. Soc. 1930, 35. Sol in water (3.01 g/l at 25 and 34.5 mm Hg), with slight
Filter for gas sensor - Warburton, Piers Richard
17/2/2009· A filter that allows specific detection of ethylene oxide by a non-specific electrochemical gas sensor through the removal of potential interferent gases, such as alcohols, and carbon monoxide. The filter contains an oxidizing agent that will oxidize the interferent gas
Lakhmir Singh Chemistry Class 10 Solutions For Chapter 1 …
31. Zinc oxide reacts with carbon, on heating, to form zinc metal and carbon monoxide. Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Name (i) oxidizing agent, and (ii) reducing agent, in this reaction. Solution: ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Short-term variations in the oxidizing power of the …
Here we show records of carbon monoxide containing radiocarbon (14CO), which is oxidized by hydroxyl radicals, from clean-air sites at Baring Head, New Zealand, and Scott Base, Antarctica
Widespread soil bacterium that oxidizes atmospheric …
Furthermore, this strain has the potential to utilize five additional atmospheric gases, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen to supply its metabolism. This metabolic versatility might be the key to life on air and this discovery is essential for studying the biological methane sink.
Global Carbon Monoxide Market Size, Price | Industry …
Global Carbon Monoxide Market Size 2018-2025 to emphasis, understand and forecast industry based on production, row material supply chain, component, deployment mode, delivery technique, appliion, price trends and region analysis from 2018 to 2025.
Compressed gas, oxidizing, n.o.s. Information about Compressed gas, oxidizing, n.o.s. is for eduional purposes only. ALS Environmental provides no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of furnished data. ALS
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Reducing Agents, Weak | CAMEO Chemicals | NOAA
Oxygen, a moderately strong oxidizing agent, is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and can react with the compounds in this class. Reactions of weak reducing agents with compounds that are known oxidizing agents may result in coustion and can potentially be explosive if …
Compressed Gas Cylinder Outlet Connections
Carbon Monoxide, Methane, Natural Gas Flammable BS 341 No. 6 G 5/8" Chlorine, Hydrogen Chloride Toxic BS 341 No. 7 G 5/8" LH Flammable Refrigerants Flammable Refrigerants BS 341 No. 8 W 0.860" x 14 TPI Carbon Dioxide Non Flammable BS 341 No
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Oxidation | chemical reaction | Britannica
carbon cycle Carbon is transported in various forms through the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and geologic formations. One of the primary pathways for the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO 2) takes place between the atmosphere and the oceans; there a fraction of the CO 2 coines with water, forming carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3) that subsequently loses hydrogen ions (H +) to form bicarbonate (HCO 3
Oxidizer Definition in Chemistry - ThoughtCo
8/5/2019· This is the definition of oxidizer or oxidizing agent in chemistry, along with examples of representative materials. An oxidizer, also known as an oxidant or oxidizing agent, is a reactant that removes electrons from other reactants during a redox reaction.It may also
FAD/FADH2 are tightly bound to enzymes so as to control the nature of the oxidizing/reducing agent that interact with them. (i.e. so dioxygen in the cell won''t react with them in the cytoplasm.) If bound FAD is used to oxidize a substrate, the enzyme would be inactive in any further alytic steps unless the bound FADH2 is reoxidized by another oxidizing agent.
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Why is HNO3 an oxidizing agent? | Yahoo Answers
18/1/2013· Why is nitric acid an oxidizing agent if it donates a hydrogen to other atoms? (According to my book, the more hydrogen an atom has, the more reduced it is.) I know that it probably has to do with the fact that the hydrogen nitric acid donates is a proton, but I don''t think I''m getting it …
Innocent and highly oxidizing | EurekAlert! Science News
The new reagent proves to be an extremely strong oxidizing agent and allows for the synthesis of reactive species in standard laboratory solvents that were previously difficult or inaccessible
Flux-Free Formic Reflow
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Vehicle fleet emissions control strategy for local air …
Get this from a library! Vehicle fleet emissions control strategy for local air quality management, stage 1 : carbon monoxide emissions from petrol vehicles : discussion document. [New Zealand. Ministry of Transport.; New Zealand. Fuels and Energy Management
Ch 10 Oxidation and reduction - Soka
Ch 10 Oxidation and reduction 2(19) Reduction: to donate oxygen (b) The role of hydrogen It turned out that not all oxidation-reduction reactions with organic compounds could be explained in terms of donation-acceptance of oxygen. For example, although the
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Red-crested cardinals are common in the lowlands of the Hawaiian Islands but they are not native to the islands, they were introduced to Hawaii in the 1930s. They are also known as Brazilian Cardinals.
Red-crested cardinals live in semi open areas around shrubs and trees. They are normally seen in parks and lawns and are often found in pairs or small family groups so if you see one, look around because there are likely more in the area.
Adult males and females look similar but juvenile birds have an orange-brown head and crest and their bill is black. These differences can be seen in the following photos.
About this Bird
Family: Tanagers.
Location: Native to Argentina, Bolivia, southern Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay but are common in Hawaii.
Life span: 3 to 6 years.
Size: 7.5 inches long.
Diet: Seeds, insects, plant matter and fruits.
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Khai Dinh was the 12th Emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty in Vietnam. The Royal Tomb of Khai Dinh is located on the Chau Chu Mountain near Hue, Vietnam. It was built from 1920 to 1931 taking 11 years to complete.
The tomb complex is built on the hillside and is separated into 5 levels leading up the hillside. Each level is progressively higher on the hill and is accessed by climbing up a set of stairs. It reminded me of the concept of growing rice on a hillside with terraces being built for each level.
The first set of stair goes from the street level to the administration building. The administration building is shown in the photo below and is the only building in the complex that is built in the typical Vietnamese style. The rest of the complex is covered in blackened concrete giving the complex a glum feeling. Each set of stair throughout the complex are decorated with a dragon like creature.
The second set of stairs leads from the administration level to the Honor Courtyard level. Entering the Honor Courtyard is through a three section decorated stone entrance gateway.
The Honor Courtyard is the largest level with stone sculptures of soldiers, elephants, horses, obelisks and an octagon pavilion. Everything in the honor courtyard is completely symmetrical. On each side of the entrance gateway are 10 stone sculptures, a stone elephant and a stone horse.
The stone sculptures seem to be the royal guards for the mausoleum as they stand guard allowing people to pass between them but ready to protect if needed. These sculptures reminded me of the terra cotta warriors in China. Just like the terra cotta warriors, the statures are unique and seem to have different purposes.
At the back of the Honor Courtyard is an octagon pavilions with four sets of small stairs allowing access to the pavilion from four sides of the octagon. The pavilion is open in the front and back and contains the biography of Emperor Khai Dinh written by his son.
On each side of the pavilion is an obelisks and a set of stairs that leads to two small plazas on the next two levels before reaching the top level where the mausoleum is located.
Each of the plazas are outlined with planters that are filled with medium to large plants and trees which makes for a nice garden area.
The top level is the mausoleum level where the main building is located. This building is divided into three halls which are the Khai Thanh Palace, the Royal Crypt and the alter hall (not available).
The walls and ceiling of these halls are decorated with murals made from colorful bits of broken porcelain and glass embedded in cement.
The first room is the Khai Thanh Palace and which is highlighted by a photo of Khai Dinh and a complex painting on the ceiling featuring 9 dragons in clouds.
The most spectacular room is the Royal Crypt. In the center of this room is a statue of Khai Dinh sitting under a canopy.
The Dust on My Shoes
Hue was the seat of the Nguyen Dynasty Emperors. The dynasty lasted from 1802 to 1945 and there were a total of 13 emperors. Many of the emperor’s tombs are scattered around Hue and can be visited.
The tomb of Khai Dinh was my favorite of the tombs that I visited. There are several things that I felt make the Khai Dinh tomb different from some of the other tombs. It is the only complex built on a hillside which separated each section of the complex into tiers with the main building being at the top of the complex. Other tomb complexes are on flat terrain.
The black surface was unique and made for a different effect but the day that I visited the temperature was over 100 degrees F. The black surfaces made it even hotter and some of the surfaces were so hot that I could not touch them for more than a second or two.
The entire complex was in excellent condition and the main building with the crypt was the most ornate of the tombs that I visited.
Visiting an emperor’s tomb is always interesting to me. Most of them are designed and built by themselves before they actually died. It gives a prospective of what was important to them and what they thought of themselves.
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Week Highlight: Birth of Rare Arabian Leopard Cub in KSA
This week, Saudi Arabia’s Royal Commission for AlUla announced on its official Twitter account the birth of a female Arabian leopard cub at the Arabian Leopard Breeding Center, in the Prince Saud Al-Faisal Wildlife Research Center in Taif. The Tweet read: “Today we are celebrating the successful birth of an #ArabianLeopard cub, an important milestone in our journey to reintroduce this #Leopard species to its natural habitat in #AlUla and the wider region.”
Indeed, the event made headlines across the nation, as the Arabian leopard is considered critically endangered, with less than 200 left in the wild as a result of poaching, and loss of natural habitat. Hence, the birth of the Arabian leopard cub is seen as vital to the species' survival. The birth of the cub was actually on April 23, 2021, and the gender was then determined almost three months later, when her first health check was carried out.
Arabian leopards were an integral part of the Gulf region for millennia, with earlier depictions of the species shown in ancient rock carvings and inscriptions. Today, however, the remaining habitats now only exist in parts of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Oman. Fortunately, the Royal Commission for AlUla (RCU) has taken steps to protect the Arabian leopards from extinction. It currently runs a breeding center in the northwestern region of Saudi Arabia.
In addition, the Arab Leopard Fund has been established to fund crucial leopard programs, with $25 million to be allocated to funding, and breeding programs in places such as the Sharaan Nature Reserve in AlUla are currently being expanded. In fact, Sharaan Nature Reserve will be getting a world-class breeding center as part of ongoing efforts to preserve leopard population. This facility is expected to launch by early 2024.
Efforts to preserve the Arabian leopard population is also seen as part of the Kingdom's "Saudi Green Initiative," which launched earlier the 2021. The main object is to help make AlUla a nature reserve for the local wildlife. If all goes according to plan, the Arabian leopards are expected to be reintroduced in their natural habitats around the mountains of AlUla. This will include training of park rangers to protect the nature reserve.
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10 Traditional Native American Gardening Techniques
Employing Age-Old Wisdom to Grow a Better Garden
October 8, 2021
As gardeners, we are connected to all people who have come before us, caring for the earth and learning how to best grow crops. Ready for the best gardening techniques? Let’s have a look at some age-old gardening wisdom that’s still relevant today.
A Long History of Gardening
Gourds, beans, and peppers were being cultivated in Mexico by 5,500 BC, and by 5,000 BC, maize was being grown in Mesoamerica and potatoes in South America. Success or failure of these crops had a major impact on people’s survival. It was critical not only that the land provided sustenance, but that it sustained them year after year, which required knowledge of sustainable growing techniques to preserve the land for future generations.
We hear buzzwords like “sustainable” or “permaculture” and “organic” today. But these techniques were here long before we started talking about “going green.” Perhaps your grandparents also knew some of the older, gentler ways. Many are simply intuitive and based on fostering a closer relationship with nature and the land. If you don’t already, you might want to think about integrating some of these techniques into your own landscape.
Many of the following practices are often viewed as “new” to the gardening world, but they’ve been around for a long, long time. They have all been traditionally used by Native American peoples, but that is not to say that all of these techniques were used by all Native American cultures. Just like separate countries, indigenous cultures vary widely in their gardening philosophies and techniques. Below are just a few sustainable, Earth-conscious ways to grow a better garden.
1. Companion Planting
A commonly cited example is the Three Sisters garden, which has been traditionally practiced by the Wampanoag people of what is now the northeastern United States. A prime demonstration of companion planting at its best, corn provides support for pole beans to climb, the beans add nitrogen to the soil for future crops to use, and squash leaves shade the soil around the taller plants, like a living mulch. Squash’s prickly leaves also deter marauding animal pests. Some would add a fourth sister—a flowering plant such as sunflowers—to draw in pollinators. See more about planting the Three Sisters.
Intercropping or polyculture of plants that have mutual benefits (aka companion planting) mimics the way different species grow together in nature. Monoculture, on the other hand, leads to the exhaustion of soil nutrients. Indigenous people also discovered that plant diversity meant diet diversity. If one crop should fail, the others could fill that void.
Try “intercropping” in your vegetable garden. Sneak small crops in between bigger ones which will be ready before the big ones need the space. See the video below for a demonstration of intercropping.
Intercropping is easy with help from the Almanac Garden Planner.
2. Terracing
Terracing creates flat planting beds in hilly terrain. Taming the steep slopes slows runoff, allowing water to seep into the beds, and curbs erosion.
Creating terraces to garden in is an especially good way to garden where rain is seasonal, sporadic, and often comes in heavy downpours. In the southwestern U.S., for example, terracing was key to the agricultural success of the Anasazi and their descendents, the Hopi, who still use terraced gardens today. This can be seen in the village of Hotevilla-Bacavi, in northern Arizona, where traditional terraced gardens were restored in the 1990s
If you wish to garden sustainably on sloped land for years to come, the use of terracing is essential in avoiding soil erosion that carries your precious topsoil away.
There are different types of terracing. If you have a slope, consider using some rocks or retaining walls to create a series of flattened areas and mitigate runoff.
Ancient terraces are seen all over the steep terrain in Greece, too.
3. Irrigation
Thousands of years ago, the Anasazi people inhabited what is now the Four Corners region of the U.S., an area known for its low annual rainfall. They traditionally built catchments, check-dams (dams made of rock that held onto soil but allowed water to pass through), and reservoirs to collect the infrequent storm water. The Hopi people of northern Arizona also use these age-old techniques to irrigate their gardens in this arid landscape, although modern technology has allowed for expanded water conservation efforts.
If you live in a dry area, storing water in ponds, cisterns, or even a rain barrel is a wise idea, as the reserved water can be used for irrigation as needed.
Conversely, in areas with floods, people learned how to use what could be destructive into a way to boost productivity. For example, one technique was to create shallow depressions so that when the flood waters rose, the water could be stored. Another technique was to use canals near rivers to divert water to nearby farmland.
Rain gardening is an increasingly popular way to garden in a way that captures the rain water runoff which flows from roofs, driveways, patios or lawns. Native shrubs, perennials, and flowers are planted in a small depression to temporarily hold and soak in the excess water flow. Learn how to “catch the rain” and create a rain garden.
4. No-Till (No-Dig) Gardening
No-till farming or gardening—also called no-dig gardening, layer gardening, and lasagna gardening—is a technique that requires no turning over of the soil. You simply spread a new layer of compost on top.
Although tilling chops up weeds and soil clods and leaves an area of flat, bare soil that is easily planted into, the practice has significant downsides.
• Tilling damages the healthy soil structure by breaking up soil aggregates, resulting in powder-like soil particles that are vulnerable to compaction.
• It can create a hardpan layer beneath the tilled area that is impervious to water.
• It devastates soil life. No-till methods allows the beneficial organisms—fungi, bacteria, and other tiny things—in your soil to thrive undisturbed, making it a better place for your plants to grow.
An added bonus for us modern gardeners: No-till gardening helps save your back while boosting your soil’s health! Mother Nature does not use a spade, and she does pretty well! So why not follow her example? Learn more about no-till gardening.
5. Phenology
Phenology is the art of simply observing nature for signs that it is safe to plant. Before planting certain crops, native peoples watched for migrating birds and animals to return and for plants and trees to leaf out or flower. This told them that spring weather was here.
The Old Farmer’s Almanac is famous for taking cues from nature for planting corn, beans, squash, and other crops. It may seem like an old wives’ tale, but observing nature is very important during these days of unpredictable weather and climate. Plus, average frost dates are simply that—averages. Avoid a late spring frost or early fall frost surprise by paying attention to Mother Nature’s signs—she knows herself better than we do!
Here are a few examples of phenology, though it truly depends on your local area:
• Plant corn when the oak leaves are the size of a mouse’s ear.
• Plant peas when the forsythia blooms.
• Plant cucumbers and squash when lilac flowers fade.
Learn more about phenology.
Look for dandelions to bloom before planting potatoes
6. Seed-Saving
Seed-saving over the centuries helped gardeners to select and breed the best plants to constantly improve the crops they were growing. A prime example is maize, which started out as a wild grain called teosinte—native to Mexico and Central America—and was developed into the hearty corn we love today!
Long before the many seed companies of today even existed, people have been carefully selecting seeds for desirable traits, maintaining species purity by planting different seeds sufficiently far apart to prevent cross-pollination. Were it not for this effort, corn may well have remained but a weedy grass.
Do the same to preserve the most desirable seeds from successful plants in your garden! You’ll save money as well as increase the quality and yield of your vegetable and/or flower garden. See how to start saving seeds and our seed-saving guide.
Corn hung to dry.
7. Crop Rotaton
Crop rotation is another idea that has been used by people for thousands of years. It keeps soil nutrients from being depleted and pests and diseases from building up, which often happens when one crop is grown in the same spot year after year.
If you grow your tomatoes in the same garden bed year after year, you will notice an increase in pests and diseases. Break the cycle! Take a moment to learn about the basics of crop rotation. Your plants will thank you with a bigger, healthier harvest.
Photo Credit: Johnbraid/Shutterstock
8. Fertilization
Farming peoples learned early on that if you take from nature, you need to give back, so they routinely returned crop residues to the earth. Where fish were plentiful, they were buried to rot in the soil.
Bones and other scraps thrown into the fire yielded ashes that were scattered in the gardens and fields were burned to remove weeds and brush as well, adding phosphorus and potash to the soil.
Soil fertility could also be maintained not by adding fertilizer, but by planting beans in the same hills as other crops (as seen in the Three Sisters garden). The legumes added nitrogen back into the soil, which crops like corn and squash relished.
9. Microclimates
Microclimates within an area make it possible to start some plants earlier and grow them later into the growing season. Most microclimates occur naturally in protected places, but man can have a hand in creating them, too.
In areas that receive a lot of sunlight, rocks were traditionally placed around a struggling plant to absorb daytime heat and radiate it back at night, evening out temperature swings. Elsewhere, hot stones from a fire pit could be placed in fields or orchards to protect tender crops from frost.
10. Growing Healing Plants
Plants provide more than food. Many indigenous cultures traditionally used—and still use—plants for fuel, construction, tools, fiber, dye, glue, and medicine. The serviceberry, for example, not only provided edible berries, but also raw materials for arrows. The western red cedar tree provided materials for bows, canoes, lodges, baskets, and containers.
Probably the easiest way we can understand the power of plants today is their healing ability. For example, the leaves of mint can be crushed and placed on the temples to relieve headaches. The head can be cleared by inhaling the vapor from crushed eucalyptus leaves. The great majority of herbal medicines are boiled and consumed as a tea.
Why not try growing your own herb garden? See natural remedies for your most popular herbs as well the herbs to grow for tea including echinacea and chamomile.
Stewardship of the earth is the most important piece of wisdom that we should be paying attention to.
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The Disturbing Truth Behind a Sardonic Grin
The Deadly Plant Behind a Sardonic Grin
Water Dropwort (Oenanthe crocata).
An Illusion of Gratitude During “Mercy Killings”
The poisonous hemlock was also used for other, less sadistic purposes, though in many ways it was still highly immoral. Hemlock was employed by the Phoenicians of ancient Sardinia as a way to forcibly "euthanize" the elderly. Interpret that as you will.
While the extent to which hemlock was employed for the purposes of "easing" the deaths of the elderly is recorded, the opinion of the elders is left for debate. The writers of the records were younger, so even the transcripts that remain, which might dictate the views of their elders, are likely tainted.
Mask showing a possible sardonic grin.
Executing Law-breakers
A similar practice appears not only on Sardinia but throughout ancient Greece as well, this time the plant was used as a way to execute convicted law-breakers. Socrates, though his "wrongness" is still highly debated, is among those prime examples.
In these particular cases, the distribution of hemlock is considered a form of forced suicide, in which the lawbreaker knowingly drank poison with full awareness as to what would result. As seen with Socrates, hemlock is not only a way in which the body can be incapacitated so the victim can be killed; records of its use have also indicated the herb itself can be a highly lethal poison depending on the amount distributed. Such was the case—as far as it is currently known—with Socrates’ death. Today, on the other hand, hemlock is sometimes incorporated into certain medicines in controlled dosages.
The Legacy of the Sardonic Grin
A risus sardonicus, grimacing smile, also appears in some cases of tetanus or strychnine poisoning, so hemlock poisoning is less likely to be associated with the term sardonic grin these days. However, it is interesting to consider that the term has lasted as a vernacular saying, with different situations linked to it, since the 8th century BC.
In the present, a "sardonic grin" has become a term most often used to describe a grimace—a smile that never reaches the eyes, and which gives the appearance of a "clothes-hanger smile". It looks forced, and painful, and the sardonic grin is also uncomfortable to behold. The term also remains a commonly used metaphor in literary circles.
A scary-looking grin.
A scary-looking grin. (CC0)
Top Image: Detail of a Phoenician grinning mask, 4th century BC, found in a grave at San Sperate, Cagliari, Museo Archeologico Nazionale. A possible example of a sardonic grin. Source: Carole Raddato/ CC BY SA 2.0
By Riley Winters
Updated on November 5, 2020.
“A similar practice appears not only on Sardinia but throughout the rest of modern day Greece as well”. Contemporary, not modern, is the correct term. Also, Sardinia was never part of Greece, so the term “rest of” is out of place.
Pete Wagner's picture
Question is, can a snake smile in a way that makes it look nice? Maybe, but still don’t pet it!
Nobody gets paid to tell the truth.
Since no one knows who the Black Dahlia killer was or what their motivation was, the reference is both unwarranted and salacious.
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RING detector - a main part of the austenitemeter.
Ring shaped X- and gamma-ray enables analysis of specific samples without assembling of unique backscattering geometry setup and speeds up nondestructive surface analysis of large objects. Mössbauer RING detector facilitate the measurement setup. Unlike other gas detectors, RING does not require complicated geometry adjustment, is easily movable on the sample surface and due to the specific design (2π detection) enhance the count statistics.
The X-ray and gamma-ray Ring Detector offers for material scientists feasible nondestructive surface analysis of all shapes, all surface samples or large objects (ideally from 2 cm, but even smaller samples are measurable). Without a need for assembling of an unique backgscattering geometry, the Ring Detector facilitate the measurement setup. Moreover, unlike the other gas detectors, is easielly movable on the sample surface and due to the specific design allowing 2π detection enhance the count statistics and provides faster results.
WHy to choose ring detector?
Ring detector, as a toroidal proportional gas flow counter, is able to register soft X-rays (6.4 keV) and the low-energy gamma-rays (14.4 keV) utilized in the 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy (backgscattering mode).
There is also an ability to perform the depth selective analysis by simultaneous registration of both conversion X-rays and backscattered gamma rays, while using a proper counting gas mixture (i.e. 45% Ar + 45% Kr + 10% CH4).
Due to its design it enhace the measurement satistics and does not force the users to setup complicated geometry adjustment in the backscatteirng or emmision experiments.
Why to use Mössbauer spectroscopy?
Why to use Mössbauer spectroscopy?
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How Do You Do Long Division With 3 Digits?
How Do You Do Long Division With 3 Digits?
How Do You Do Long Division With 3 Digits?
How do you solve 1 divided by 3? A fraction is really a division problem. One-third means ONE divided into THREE parts. So, to find the decimal equivalent, do the division. 1 divided by 3 = 0.33333333 etc.
What is division formula? The division formula is the formula of division, which is one of the four basic operations of arithmetic. The division formula is used to equally split the number into many parts. Division Formula of a given value can be expressed as, Where, The dividend is the number that is to be divided.
What are symbols for division? The division sign (÷) is a symbol consisting of a short horizontal line with a dot above and another dot below, used to indicate mathematical division.
How Do You Do Long Division With 3 Digits? – Related Questions
Which number do I divide first?
Quick Tips. We should always start to divide the numbers from first place of the given number. The order of dividing some number is thousands, hundreds, tens… and so on… When we divide any number, divisor must be smaller than the number of dividend.
Can 3 be divided by 3?
What divided by 3 equals 3? Therefore, the answer to what divided by 3 equals 3 is 9. You can prove this by taking 9 and dividing it by 3, and you will see that the answer is 3.
Does 10 3 go forever?
It is infinite so technically speaking, there is no true 1/3 of an inch or 3 equal parts of 10. As I said, 10/3 is 3 1/3 and 1/3 is an infinite number simplified into a fraction.
What is 1 divided by 3 called?
1 divided by 3 is equal to the fraction 1/3 or the repeating decimal 0.333333333 forever.
How do you solve 2 divided by 3?
Decimal Doings
Change two-thirds to a decimal and then multiply the decimal and your number. To convert 2/3 to decimal, divide the numerator by the denominator: 2 / 3 = 0.66666 7, which you can round to 0.67. For example, to find 2/3 of 21: 0.67 * 21 = 14.07.
How do you solve 5 divided by 3?
How do you teach a two digit division?
Divide the first number of the dividend (or the two first numbers if the previous step took another digit) by the first digit of the divisor. Write the result of this division in the space of the quotient. Multiply the digit of the quotient by the divisor, write the result beneath the dividend and subtract it.
What is short division method?
In arithmetic, short division also called the bus stop method is a division algorithm which breaks down a division problem into a series of easier steps. As in all division problems, a number called the dividend is divided by another, called the divisor.
How do you read division problems?
For all three division symbols, we say “divided by.” The division in a is read from left to right: “twelve divided by six.” The division in b is read from top to bottom: “twelve divided by six.” The division in c is written with a division box. We read the number inside the box first: “twelve divided by six.”
What is percentage formula?
What is division in math with example?
Division in maths is the process of breaking a number up into equal parts, and finding out how many equal parts can be made. For example, dividing 15 by 3 means splitting 15 into 3 equal groups of 5.
What is the symbol for long division?
The divisor is separated from the dividend by a right parenthesis ⟨)⟩ or vertical bar ⟨|⟩; the dividend is separated from the quotient by a vinculum (i.e., an overbar). The combination of these two symbols is sometimes known as a long division symbol or division bracket.
What symbols mean multiply?
the symbol (⋅), (×), or (∗) between two mathematical expressions, denoting multiplication of the second expression by the first. In certain algebraic notations the sign is suppressed and multiplication is indicated by immediate juxtaposition or contiguity, as in ab. Also called times sign.
Where is the division symbol on the keyboard?
Typing Division Sign in Windows
Now, hold one of the alt keys and type 0247 to make ÷ sign. If it does not work, enable number lock, press alt key and type 246 without leading zero. On Microsoft Word documents, you can type 00F7 and press alt + x keys together to make a division sign.
What is the quotient in dividing 6 by 3?
The quotient is the number obtained by dividing one number by another. For example, if we divide the number 6 by 3, the result so obtained is 2, which is the quotient.
Do you multiply first if no brackets?
Because there are no parentheses and exponents, start with the multiplication and then division, working from left to right.
Do you add or multiply first in equations?
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Home / Sikh Inspiration / Journey of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s Sis from Delhi to Anandpur Sahib
We have all heard the story of how Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib traveled from Anandpur Sahib to Delhi to sacrifice his life for freedom of religion and the right of Hindus to practice their faith. However, the aftermath of Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s Shaheedi and how Bhai Jaita took Guru Sahib’s sees (head) back to Anandpur Sahib is not well known. It is an amazing story that is worth sharing.
Early Life of Bhai Jaita
Bhai Jaita jee, later known as Bhai Jeevan Singh, was born in 1649 to a Sikh family once of the scavenger caste. Bhai Jaita and his brother Bhag Chand were Sikhs of Guru Har Rai Sahib. They began to live in Ramdas with Bhai Gurditta jee, a very respected Gursikh who was a descendant of Baba Buddha jee. Bhai Gurditta jee was with Guru Harkrishan at the time of Guru jee’s leaving this world and was later the one who performed the Guruship ceremony of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Before Guru Tegh Bahadur left for Delhi, he was called once again to perform the ceremony for Guru Gobind Rai jee.
Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s Shaheedi
The morning of November 11 1675 dawned. Guru Tegh Bahadur’s small cage was brought to Chandani Chownk. There was a large tree that stood in the middle of the Chownk. The Chownk was a terrifying place this day. There were still the marks of the horrific tortures and Shaheedis of Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dayala. Amongst the crowd assembled to see the execution was Bhai Jaita, hiding himself so no one could recognize that a Sikh of the Guru was present.
Streams of blood flowed on to the ground and the sky too was now blood red. A ferocious wind began to blow and the storm broke. As the heavy rain fell and strong wind blew, the crowd dispersed.
The Sikhs Gather
Taking Guru Sahib’s Body
It was now well into the night and the storm over Delhi was still raging. Bhai Nainoo, Bhai Ageya, Bhai Jaita and Bhai Udda traveled with the caravan carrying Bhai Lakhi Das’s goods. As the strong wind and heavy rain continued, the Sikhs passed by the Red Fort and then the Kotwali and finally reached Chandani Chownk. Bhai Jaita jee, using the darkness and the cover of the storm, lifted up Guru Tegh Bahadur jee’s head and covered it with a white scarf.
The next day, Bhai Gurditta jee also left this world, following his master Guru Tegh Bahadur. He was cremated by the banks of the Jamuna. Bhai Lakhi Das remained in Delhi for some days and managed through the help of the town crier to take away the bodies of the Shaheed Sikhs and cremate them at the same place Bhai Gurditta was cremated.
Bhai Jaita meanwhile was escaping with Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s head. He decided that Guru Gobind Rai and the Sikhs would be waiting to have the final darshan and so he began to make his way towards Anandpur Sahib. Bhai Jaita grasped Satguru Tegh Bahadur Sahib’s head to his chest and did an Ardaas that he be blessed with the strength to return to Anandpur Sahib. The Mughals would be searching for the head and so he could not travel on the common roads. He would have to travel through the forests and jungles so he would not be detected.
(Based on “Guru Kian Sakhian” of Bhatt Svarup Singh Kaushish and Katha by Giani Pinderpal Singh)
Source: Sikh24
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Why habitat improvement to solve HEC?
Why habitat improvement to solve HEC?
Nature & Wildlife Association and Green Guard Nature Organization will kick-off a new long term
habitat restoration initiative in Assam in October/November 2017.
DSC_2738 (3)
Of all HEC mitigation efforts, only habitat restoration proved to be successful in Asia.
There is one example in Thailand. Kui Buri National Park.
In the late 90’s and early 2000’s Kui Buri had large scale Human Elephant Conflict problems.
Gradual habitat improvement (building ponds and lakes, removing invasive plant species and planting of grass) had an almost immediate effect.
Within a few years HEC all but disappeared, only a few bulls strayed in to farmland once in a while, all the herds stayed inside the park.
Unfortunately a big increase in Kui Buri’s elephant population (more than double!) has led to the recurrence of HEC recently.
What we see here is just the confirmation of one basic believe:
Habitats that provide enough food, water and security for the elephants year round are an elephants preferred range and they have no reason to leave that area.
In Thailand and other south-east Asian countries, there is no migration between not directly connected areas for exactly that reason.
Another clear indicator, that confirms this is the situation in Bhutan. Bhutan was home to a small number of wild elephants in the past, but habitat destruction (food) and
HEC mitigation (security) in India led the elephants to migrate to Bhutan. Initially they stayed for only short periods of time, but the length of stay and the number of
elephants increased every year. now many of these elephants do not return to India anymore as they found a new habitat that provides them with better
Food, water and security
bl (3)
Andy Merk , Nani Fouad, September 4. 2017
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What Changed About The Brown Bear When They Were Evolving Into The Polar Bear]?
How are brown bears and polar bears different?
Ranges of the species overlap in Arctic coastal areas, but polar bear range is primarily sea ice, and brown bear range is primarily terrestrial. Polar bears are carnivorous and only pregnant females hibernate, whereas brown bears are omnivorous and both sexes hibernate.
Why did polar bears and brown bears evolve in different ways?
Polar bears survive in the Arctic on a diet of primarily seal. Since the brown or grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus) diverged less than 500,000 years ago, the polar bear has evolved unique traits to adapt to the Arctic climate and ecology, such as a camouflaging coat of pigment-free fur.
How did bears change over time?
Their ancestors evolved into a family of small mammals known as the Miacids (Miacidae). The bears, small bears and also the canines developed from the Miacids. Some of the canine species resembled bears, and we refer to them as bear dogs or Amphicyonidae.
You might be interested: Often asked: Which Is Better A Brown Or Black Bear Office?
How did the brown bear evolve?
Modern brown bears first appeared in Asia during the Middle Pleistocene Epoch and then spread to North America and Europe, even reaching northern Africa. A population of brown bears that lived along the coast became specialized for hunting seals, eventually evolving into the polar bear around 700,000 years ago.
Who would win a polar bear or a grizzly bear?
Is a Kodiak bear a grizzly?
Did brown bears evolve from polar bears?
Do polar bears respond to stimuli?
Like other North American bears, polar bears may wake during hibernation in response to environmental or physical stimuli. When the cubs are approximately three months old, the family emerges from the den.
Why did bears go extinct in Ireland?
You might be interested: Question: Activities For Brown Bear Brown Bear What Do You See?
What was the biggest bear ever found?
What are bears afraid of?
Black bears by nature tend to be wary of humans and avoid people. To scare the bear away, make loud noises by yelling, banging pots and pans or using an airhorn. Make yourself look as big as possible by waving your arms. If you are with someone else, stand close together with your arms raised above your head.
Which 2 bears are more closely related?
Scientists estimate that polar bears diverged from brown bears between 250,000 and 130,000 years ago—a recent split when it comes to evolutionary history. Lasting genetic similarities make the two bears biological sister species, more closely related to one another than to any others.
Why polar bears are white?
Did polar bears come from grizzly bears?
Scientific evidence has found that the brown bear, a species that also includes grizzly bears, was a “precursor” to polar bears, which then went on to develop specializations for inhabiting the harsh Arctic.
Do polar bears live in Antarctica?
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What’s In My Tap Water?
If you’re on the fence on whether or not a home water filtration system is worth it, consider the chemicals added into your water, and whether or not you really want to be ingesting them.
What’s the deal with chemicals in tap water?
You may have heard that tap water can be unsafe to drink because of its chemical content – but why are there chemicals there in the first place? Sometimes, chemicals are in our water systems due to run off from pesticides or sprays used in agriculture. Or, the pipes underground by which the water is delivered to your home may be old and traces of metal collect in your water. Chemicals are also added to town water supplies in order to neutralize other minerals that are there naturally. These are some common contaminants that trickle from the tap into your glass:
Chlorine has been added to water for decades as it is an effective way to disinfect drinking water supplies, killing any bacteria in the water. However, when chlorine kills bacteria the byproducts formed (trihalomethanes) can be hazardous to human health.
The same ingredient you’ll find in toothpaste, fluoride is added to tap water to help prevent tooth decay. This additive was implemented well before fluoride toothpastes and mouthwash were available for consumers. Now, scientists are looking at the effects of ingesting too much fluoride, and there are concerns that it can affect the nerve and brain cells.
Lead was once commonly used as a building material for pipes before we understood the hazards of lead poisoning. In older buildings, its possible that the infrastructure still contains lead in the pipes. As the water passes through the pipes to reach your tap, small particles accumulate in the stream. Lead is considered extremely dangerous to consume, as it accumulates in your body.
In place of lead, copper became more popular for building pipes. Though not as dangerous as lead, and actually one of our dietary requirements, high levels of copper can be dangerous to humans. People who rely on wells for water in their homes should be especially careful to monitor for copper, as the mineral is found in rocks and soil and can leach into the water supply.
Nitrates are a compound of nitrogen and oxygen, often found in fertilizers. Nitrates do naturally occur in water, however in agricultural areas, water can contain high levels of nitrates that can be hazardous to our health. People in rural areas or those who rely on wells for their water supply should be especially careful to monitor their water for nitrates.
The best way to ensure your tap water is safe to drink, regardless of if you live in an urban or rural area, is to filter your water with a home filtration system. Reverse osmosis systems (or RO systems) get rid of chemicals, as well as odor and taste so that your tap water doesn’t smell like a public swimming pool. Filtering not only affects the composition of your water, but also the way the water interacts with your products, like shampoos and cleansers. At the very least, filtering your water will help you and your family avoid harmful chemical additives, contributing to your long term health and wellbeing.
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Many people are suffering from unidentified nutritional deficiencies often due to consuming an overly processed diet.
Diseases such as obesity, dementia, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer just to name a few are being scientifically linked to micronutrient deficiency. Most of these are long latency and slowly develop over long periods of time.
The multivitamin is a fairly new concept less than 100 years old.
It is just now being discovered how individual vitamins and minerals really work when combined together in a multivitamin.
Since 1936 the US government has known about the fact that the soil is severely depleted. At the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development it was revealed that the US soils had become 85 percent depleted. I wonder what it is today? Today there is a global pandemic that could be the root of obesity and disease.
Even if you eat a clean organic diet most of the time you are probably not getting all of the required micronutrients in your system.
Get plenty of Vitamin D either through a supplement or produce it yourself by getting some unprotected sun each day. Watch out for fortified foods that have vitamin A along with vitamin D as the A will prevent absorption of D.
Watch out for multivitamins containing copper and iron.
Micronutrient consumption in a multivitamin is a very complex process at the micro level. Certain vitamins and minerals compete with each other and can cancel each other out. Others create a synergistic effect and can enhance the absorption when taken together.
Quantities that meet the recommended daily intake (RDI) should be consumed each day.
Pills are most likely not being fully absorbed.
One deficiency creates a domino effect and creates multiple deficiencies of vitamins and minerals:
Listen to your body. What are you craving? This could be a sign of a deficiency.
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FAQ: What Does Circumlocution Mean In Orthopedics?
What is the meaning of circumlocution?
1: the use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express an idea had no patience with diplomatic circumlocutions. 2: evasion in speech circumlocutions concerning what constitutes torture.
What is an example of circumlocution?
Example 1. Euphemisms are a common form of circumlocution. Euphemism is when someone wants to use a “nicer” term for something rude or taboo. And when that euphemism is also a long, roundabout explanation, it’s also For example, “passed on from this earth” is a euphemism and a circumlocution for “died.”
What is the purpose of circumlocution?
It is used when the speaker is unable to choose the right words to express or say something. It is used for social purposes in order to avoid using offensive words.
How do you use circumlocution?
Circumlocution in a Sentence
1. The con man tried to use circumlocution to avoid explaining his real intentions to the wealthy couple.
2. As a politician, the senator had no problem using circumlocution to make his responses sound honest.
How can circumlocution be prevented?
So the best way to avoid circumlocution is to learn concision (something that even professional writers struggle with)! During the revising process, always hunt for places where you can replace a string of words with a single word (or at least a shorter string).
You might be interested: Orthopedics Is What Doctor?
What is the meaning of vague?
What is an example of pleonasm?
For example, “I like a smuggler. He is the only honest thief.” However, pleonasm is a combination of two or more words which are more than those required for clear expression. For example, “I saw it with my own eyes.”
What is an example of Epistrophe?
What is the effect of circumlocution?
Circumlocution is a form of writing where the writer uses exaggeratedly long and complex sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a shorter, much simpler sentence.
What is the difference between euphemism and circumlocution?
is that euphemism is (uncountable) the use of a word or phrase to replace another with one that is considered less offensive, blunt or vulgar than the word or phrase it replaces while circumlocution is a roundabout or indirect way of speaking; the use of more words than necessary to express an idea.
What is common to all languages?
Something that all languages have in common is that they allow us to all communicate with each other and all have grammar. On top of that, there are always new languages, and people, being discovered, and we can’t know for sure if they share these universals until we take time to study them.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: How Long After A Fracture Diagnosis Will Orthopedics?
Could you use circumlocution to avoid answering a question?
Yes, because circumlocution, with the stems circum, locu, and tion, meaning the act of talking around something, would allow you to avoid answering a question.
Is circumlocution a figurative language?
In Figurative Language we use words in such a way that they differ somewhat from ordinary every-day speech and convey meanings in a more vivid and impressive manner. Figures, like Circumlocution make speech more effective, they beautify and emphasize it in Rhetoric which is the art of speaking and writing effectively.
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Language, Trinity
Triunity and Thought
The Discussion by Guttuso
God, in order to create the world, must be a multiplicity of persons.
A person who has thought has a language. If there is no language then there can be no thinking. In order to create the world God would have to think. He would have to have intentional, highly complex thoughts about laws of nature, complex mathematical theorems, counterfactuals etc. In order to think about the world God would need a language. A picture is not a thought. A picture is of something, but not about anything.
In order to have a language a person needs someone else to speak to. There could not be a private language. A private language is a language that can only be understood by one person. If a person tries to make a private language by naming an internal sensation he will need the use of his non-private language to get at the meaning of the sensation. You cannot name anything without a public/common language.
God, in order to create anything, has to be able to think about it. He cannot think about it unless he has a language, but private language is impossible. Therefore, if God exists and intentionally created the world God must be a plurality of persons.
If one believes that God intentionally created the world, then one should be committed to the doctrine of the Trinity. The doctrine of the Trinity asserts that while God is one he exists eternally in three persons. God is capable of language because he is equally one and three in nature. God thinks in unity as one God and in plurality as three persons. His thoughts are unified since all three persons of the Trinity have exhaustive knowledge of each other’s thoughts. And each person’s thoughts are personal to each member of the Trinity. Consequently, the Godhead is a perfect linguistic community capable of creating the world.
Richard Kortum, “The Very Idea of Design: What God Couldn’t Do,” Religious Studies 40 (2004).
Tom McCall, “Trinity and Creation: Why Kortum’s Argument Fails,” Heythrop Journal XLVIII (2007), 260-266.
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Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny is a phrase used by leaders and politicians in the 1840s to argue for the continental expansion by the United States. Writing in the Democratic Review, the editor John O’Sullivan stated it was “our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” This slogan revitalized a sense of “mission” and national God-given destiny for Americans. It was used as a justification for the first foreign war–against Mexico– fought by the newly formed United States.
"Manifest Destiny," painting by John Gast, 1872.
People in the United States felt it was their mission to extend the “boundaries of freedom” by imparting their idealism and belief in democratic institutions to others who were considered capable of self-government. Excluded were those people whose cultural differences were seen with paternalism or bias, such as Native American people and those of non-European origin.
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Quick Answer: What Is The Largest Empire In History?
What is the longest lasting country?
JapanUsing this logic the longest lasting empire ever is Japan, which has existed as an empire for over 2600 years if we count legendary emperors, and still 1743 years and counting if we start from the first historical emperor..
What was before Roman Empire?
What is the oldest kingdom in the world?
What was the largest and longest lasting empire?
Are there any empires today?
What was the worst empire in history?
Top Ten Most Brutal Empires In History Mongol Empire. Mongols were messed up. … British Empire. Genocidal Britain == Jeffrey Dahmer amongst nations. … Japanese Empire. … Nazi Germany. … Assyrian Empire. … Ottoman Empire. … Belgian Empire. … Timurid Empire.More items…
Who was the most evil king?
What are the top 10 largest empires?
In terms of the land area during their peak years, these 10 empires are the largest, according to World Atlas.Umayyad Caliphate. … Abbasid Caliphate. … Second French Empire. … Spanish Empire. … Qing Dynasty. … Russian Empire. … Mongol Empire. … British Empire. The largest empire in history is the British Empire.More items…•
Who ruled the world first?
Who defeated the Roman Empire?
What is the average lifespan of an empire?
250 yearsThe average life span of empires throughout recorded human history is 250 years. That’s the average; some live a little longer, some a little shorter. The American empire turns 242 this year, and just…
Which country has the best history?
Who is the powerful king in the world?
King Salman bin Abdulaziz al-SaudKing Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud of Saudi Arabia is head of the world’s most powerful absolute monarchy, exercising unquestioned control over the oil-rich desert kingdom. Salman became king in 2013 at age seventy-nine after the death of his ninety-year-old half-brother, King Abdullah.
What was the second largest empire in history?
the empire of the MongolsIn the history of the world, the empire of the Mongols became, at its peak, the second largest empire in history, only surpassed by the British Empire in the twentieth century.
What has been the largest empire in history?
The British Empire1) The British Empire was the largest empire the world has ever seen. The British Empire covered 13.01 million square miles of land – more than 22% of the earth’s landmass. The empire had 458 million people in 1938 — more than 20% of the world’s population.
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Difference between revisions of "Game"
From Cunnan
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(added game (food))
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*Wild [[duck]]
*Wild [[duck]]
*Wild [[goose]]
*Wild [[goose]]
*Wild [[rabbit]] and hare
*Wild [[rabbit]] and [[hare]]
Revision as of 03:25, 13 July 2007
The Game (SCA)
The SCA is essentially a game, although many people tend to forget this. The SCA is all about having fun, dressing up, beating up your friends, eating unhealthy food, making forts and castles... just like you did when you were 6 years old. Sure, you're all adults, and the game is a little more advanced and now involves a whole bunch of legalities, but.. it's still just a game.
Game (Sport and leisure)
There are a variety of medieval games:
Game (hunting and food)
Game also refers to wild animals that are hunted for food or sport. Wild game includes:
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A Roadmap to the Ammonia Economy
image credit: A Roadmap to the Ammonia Economy
Charley Rattan's picture
World Hydrogen Leader Charley Rattan Associates
• Member since 2019
• 2,483 items added with 1,676,193 views
• Jun 24, 2021 11:04 am GMT
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Ammonia is increasingly recognized as an important, sustainable fuel for global use in the future. Applications of ammonia in heavy transport, power generation, and distributed energy storage are being actively developed. Produced at scale, ammonia could replace a substantial fraction of current-day liquid fuel consumption. This ammonia-based economy will emerge through multiple generations of technology development and scale-up.
Charley Rattan's picture
Thank Charley for the Post!
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Nathan Wilson's picture
Nathan Wilson on Jun 27, 2021
This 20 page article on ammonia's feasibility as a transportation fuel is a good analysis from the Australian research team.
I had seen many reports that ammonia would be a much more convenient fuel than hydrogen, and would often be cheaper (due to lower transportation and storage costs resulting from the much better energy density).
But this article reported that in many locations globally, ammonia could actually be a cheaper fuel than gasoline and diesel, at least based on the way these items are currently priced and taxed. [The cost they cite for ammonia (US $0.058/kWh) equates to $1.97 per gallon-of-gasoline-energy-equivalent. So if ammonia were taxed as a fuel, rather than a fertilizer, I would expect the price advantage would likely disappear.]
Regarding the graphic posted, I found it interesting that they seemed optimistic that current fossil-fuel based ammonia production methods would soon evolve to include CC&S (which they include in their definition of Gen 1 technology). It was unsurprising that in sparsely-populated Australia, they have no environmental concerns about scaling up solar and wind to produce green ammonia (using hydrogen from electrolysis).
The technology they label Gen3 is direct ammonia production in reverse fuel cells from water and nitrogen. They praise this technology because it would improve compatible with solar and windpower, by helping to mitigate the intermittency problem they impose on electrical grids. This intermittency is problematic with Gen2 (in which hydrogen from electrolysis is used in the normal hydrogen+nitrogen chemical reactors, called Haber-Bosch systems) because the chemical reactors like to run at constant flow rates; adding storage for the H2 and N2 is obviously possible, but adds cost to the system.
The authors are bullish on ammonia fuel, and provide data to back it up.
Matt Chester's picture
Matt Chester on Jun 27, 2021
I see the rise in excitement about both ammonia and hydrogen to be gaining steam, but what'll be worth watching: are they going to cannibalize each other? Do they need all possible end uses to get that scale needed to be economic, or will it work if they each carve out their niche?
Michael Keller's picture
Michael Keller on Jun 28, 2021
Anhydrous ammonia is a lethal gas if it gets into the atmosphere in even small quantities. The stuff requires engineered safety systems to prevent such a catastrophes.
Why would any company assume the likely immense financial risk from providing equipment/vehicles that are inherently much riskier than alternatives?
I am guessing that many ammonia advocates have never actually used anhydrous ammonia in quantity. I have and you need to be very, very careful and use properly designed precautions and equipment. Hard to imagine widespread use of the stuff by the general public. The risk would be unacceptably high.
Aqueous ammonia is relatively safe, although airborne gas will pretty much clean out your sinuses. However, unsure how useful such ammonia would be as an energy source because of being mixed with water.
Nathan Wilson's picture
Nathan Wilson on Jun 29, 2021
Actually, a few credible studies have been done on ammonia safety during accident scenario (e.g. for transport via truck), and the assessments are typically that overall ammonia safety is basically the same as that of gasoline or hydrogen (these are much less toxic, but much more flammable and explosive). That is talked about in the Roadmap article. I don't know the relative safety for marine shipping, but I do know that the experts consider it viable.
I think you're probably right that it is not the best choice for personal vehicles, but the challenges are doable for vehicles with professional drivers/operators; farmers use the stuff for fertilizer all the time. I don't think ammonia's safety or smell will keep it from serving commercial trucks or trains or buses or ships.
Regarding personal vehicles: I think BEVs will dominate the zero-emission market. But hydrogen vehicles might gain some market too. And one solution to the hydrogen chicken-and-egg refueling challenge is to deliver the hydrogen to refueling stations in the form of ammonia, and convert to gaseous hydrogen at the point of sale. Pipelines are by far the cheapest way to deliver hydrogen in areas with high demand. But when city-wide demand is low, trucking becomes the only solution. And ammonia is much cheaper to deliver by truck than hydrogen.
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New EEA briefing on potential for increasing recycling across Europe
There is significant potential to increase recycling across Europe for municipal, construction and electronic waste according to a European Environment Agency briefing released this week. Compared to current recycled amounts, this potential can double recycling for municipal and electronic waste and increase it by 30 % for construction and demolition waste.
Doubling recycling across Europe is feasible, for certain waste streams
Increased recycling rates are being hindered due to economic, technical and regulatory barriers. Low market prices for virgin resources, recycling capacity and the complexity of certain products are holding up increased recycling rates, according to the EEA briefing ‘The case for increased recycling: estimating the potential for recycling in Europe‘. The briefing notes that the full implementation of measures supporting the recycling targets set under European Union legislation will help. Additionally, implementing new policy measures, some of which are included in the EU’s 2020 circular economy action plan can also help increase recycling of waste materials.
Recycled amounts from municipal, construction and electronic waste have increased over past years. Landmark EU directives, such as the Waste Framework Directive (WFD) and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, have fuelled the increase. These laws follow principles designed to achieve a gradual, but steady, increase in the level of recycling of a waste stream compared with the amount generated. For example, the existing municipal waste recycling target for 2035 aims to exploit much of the waste stream’s recycling potential. In addition, the new circular economy policy framework also calls for keeping materials in the economy for as long as possible and their value as high as possible.
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How to Use a Semicolon – Just 2 Rules
Dear Copy Bitch: You often say to avoid semicolons. But I want to know how to use them correctly. Any tips?
—Punctuating in Poughkeepsie
Answer: Here’s the good news about semicolons: you have only two rules to remember. The first deals with sentences where you’re probably itching to put a comma, period, or semicolon, and you don’t know which one to choose. The second rule deals with items in a series where you’re already using some other form of punctuation within the series, most likely a comma.
Let me explain. (And I’m not going to explain these rules the way your English teacher would, talking endlessly about independent clauses and transitional expressions.)
The Copy Bitch’s Semicolon Rule #1:
What you need to remember about Rule #1 is this: whatever comes before the semicolon should be able to stand on its own as a sentence. Ditto for what comes after it.
Winning George Clooney isn’t everything; it’s the only thing.
I could have just as easily written this: Winning George Clooney isn’t everything. It’s the only thing.
Here’s another example of proper semicolon usage:
I’m supposed to go to the movies tomorrow; however, the weather will likely interfere with my plans.
What comes before the semicolon could stand alone as its own sentence. And what comes after the semicolon could stand alone as its own sentence.
Notice the word “however,” which is called a conjunctive adverb. Other conjunctive adverbs include therefore, moreover, hence, and furthermore. These words are used as transitions between two independent clauses, and they should be followed by a comma.
See? This is one of the reasons why I tell people to avoid semicolons. The problem is that so many people don’t know how to use them correctly. The other reason? Go back and re-read the two George Clooney sentences above. Even though they mean the same thing, the punctuation does have a subtle effect on how your mind reads it (you might be unaware of this effect, that’s how subtle it is, but it’s there).
I think you should haul a semicolon out of your bag o’writing tricks when the piece you’re working on calls for this effect. But that means using the semicolon once or twice, not every sentence or every other sentence. Copywriters and business writers should avoid semicolons 99.9 percent of the time (there’s always an exception). And even creative writers should have a darn good reason for littering a page with ’em, at least in this copy bitch’s not-so-humble opinion.
By the way, do NOT think that semicolons and commas are interchangeable. They are not. If you put a comma in place of the semicolon in the examples above, you have what’s called a “comma splice.” And it’s illegal. You could be arrested. Consider yourself warned.
The Copy Bitch’s Semicolon Rule #2
This rule isn’t optional. If you’re writing a sentence that includes a series and within that series you use some sort of punctuation (most likely a comma), you must use a semicolon to separate the items in the series. It’s for clarity’s sake.
Last summer, I visited Boston, Massachusetts; Baltimore, Maryland; and George Clooney’s birthplace.
Want to see the semicolon in brilliant action? Read “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King, Jr. Check out the 12th paragraph (but if you’ve never read the whole thing, you should…it’s a powerful piece of writing).
Cost-Per-Click: Will it cost less if you lose the hyphens?
Dear Copy Bitch: We are always having these debates in the office. I am always on the losing end, but I think I’m right.
1. Is website one word or two?
2. Do you capitalize internet?
3. Do you capitalize jargon phrases like “cost per click”? Do you put dashes between them? “cost-per-click”
I know I have others but now of course I can’t think of any of them. I thought maybe other people need/want to know the answers…
—Becca S, New York, New York
Answer: Well, you might not love my answer, which is this: it depends. It depends on the style guide you follow (e.g., AP, MLA, Chicago, etc.). Back in the dark ages (i.e., 2002) when I started my business, I wrote “Web site.” Now I write “website” as one word, but I often see it as two words and don’t think, “Gee, that’s wrong.”
As for “Internet,” I follow the rule that it’s a place and, therefore, believe it needs to be capitalized, just as Paris and George Clooney Paradise do. But I see legit pubs that lowercase it.
As for cost per click, same answer: it depends on the person, the editor, the business owner, the publication. For me, I follow this rule: I use caps only (usually) for the acronyms (CPC). I don’t usually use hyphens if the term is used as a noun: What was the cost per click? or The cost per click was $1.45. However, if a term is used as an adjective, that’s when I’d add hyphens: We need to be mindful of our cost-per-click budget. But again, I see sentences that violate my rule all the time (and I’m sure some smart reader could point out places where I violate my own rule).
The key is consistency. Be consistent with your usage (and when I say be consistent, I mean be consistent for that particular publication or for that particular company. I’m not saying you should simply decide how you want to do it and that’s it). Publications have style guides. Smart companies should have internal style guides that address items like the ones you list above (in addition to other things, such as serial commas). Anyone who creates content for the company (marketers, copywriters, consultants, etc.) should receive copies of the style guide (and adhere to the rules).
So how would you answer your own questions? I’m curious. Let me know in the comments.
Apples, Peaches, and George Clooney Naked
Question: Hey, Copy Bitch: What’s the proper use of commas in a series: A, b, and c. Or A, b and c. I see it both ways. I usually do it the first way. That’s the way I remember being taught when I was in school. Thanks!
—Michelle D., Connecticut
Answer: Both are technically correct. If you’re writing for a specific publication, it will likely have a style guide it wants you to use. For example, MLA (Modern Language Association) uses the serial comma (also known as the Oxford comma), so you would write the following: I love apples, peaches, and George Clooney naked.
AP (Associated Press) doesn’t use the serial comma. So you would write the sentence like this: I love apples, peaches and George Clooney naked.
The Copy Bitch always uses the serial comma, unless she’s overruled by the publication she’s writing for. Why use the serial comma? For clarity’s sake. When you write, you want to be clear, and nine-and-a-half times out of 10, the serial comma will assist you in getting your point across.
To wit: consider this sentence: I’d like to thank my parents, William and Mary. How many people are you thanking? You could be thanking your parents and two other people named William and Mary. Or you could be thanking your parents whose names are William and Mary. If the former, I’d write it like this: I’d like to thank my parents, William, and Mary. (Actually, in this example, I’d probably put “parents” last in the series, just for added clarity.) If the latter, I’d write it like this: I’d like to thank my parents: William and Mary.
Here’s another good example from A Writer’s Reference by the late Diana Hacker: The activities include a search for lost treasure, dubious financial dealings, much discussion of ancient heresies and midnight orgies.
Are we discussing the midnight orgies or participating in them? Written as is, the reader is left to believe that the discussion includes midnight orgies. The Copy Bitch suspects this wasn’t the writer’s intent, so she would rewrite it like this: The activities include a search for lost treasure, dubious financial dealings, much discussion of ancient heresies, and midnight orgies.
If the writer did mean only discussions, then the Copy Bitch would rewrite it like this: The activities include a search for lost treasure, dubious financial dealings, and much discussion of ancient heresies and midnight orgies.
Of course, the former sentence sounds much more fun. 😉
Hope this helps!
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Cyprus has been a vine-growing and wine-producing country for millennia. There is archaeological evidence that wine-making on the Mediterranean island may have existed 6000 years ago. The Cypriot wine industry ranks 50th in the world in terms of total production quantity (10,302 tonnes), and much higher on a per capita basis. Although, chronologically, Cyprus belongs to the Old World of wine-producing countries, the industry has gone through changes that place it more on par with the New World.
File:Dyonisos Paphos mosaic.jpg
Purple Grapes, Vineyard, Napa Valley, Napa Vineyard
Internationally, it is best known for Commandaria wine. Most wine production remains based on a few varieties of local grapes such as Mavro and Xynisteri although international varieties are also cultivated. The wine industry is a significant contributor to the Cypriot economy through cultivation, production, employment, export and tourism.
Cheese Platter, Food, Waves, Wine
The history of wine in Cyprus can be broken down into four distinct periods.
Wine Facility, Wine Urn, Ancient Methods
More recently, two discoveries have put that date back by a few more years. The first was the discovery of a Bronze Age (2500–2000 BC) perfumery near the village of Pyrgos. Near this perfumery, an olive press, a winery, and copper smelting works were also discovered. Wine containers and even the seeds of grapes were unearthed.
Botti, Cellar, Wine, Ancient, Tuscany, Italy
Krug, Jug Wine, Container, Vase, Vessel, Flower Vase
Medieval to 1878
The history of wine on the island closely relates to its political and administrative history. During Lusignan rule, the island had close ties with the Crusader nations and especially the nobility of France. During this period, Commandaria wine won the Battle of the Wines, the first recorded wine tasting competition, which was staged by the French king Philip Augustus in the 13th century. The event was recorded in a poem by Henry d’Andeli in 1224.
Vase, Wine, Water, Beverage, Container
During the Ottoman occupation of the island, wine production went into decline. This was attributed to two factors: Islamic tradition and heavy taxation. Indicative are reports written mainly by French and British travellers of the time; Cyrus Redding writes in 1851:
Grapes, Cluster, Ripe, Harvest, Agriculture, Winery
Grapes, Cluster, Ripe, Harvest, Agriculture, Winery
1878 marked the handover of the island from Ottoman rule to the British Empire. British occupation brought a revival in the wine-making industry. Taxation rules changed and the local cottage industry began to expand. 1844 saw the foundation of one of the largest wineries surviving to date, that of ETKO by the Hadjipavlou family. The Chaplin family (at Per Pedhi) was Hadjipavlou’s main competitor until the arrival of KEO a company formed by a group of prominent local businessmen. KEO bought the Chaplin winery in 1928. In 1943, following a strike, a breakaway of trade union members from ETKO created a cooperative, LOEL.
In 1947 the vine-growers themselves created SODAP, a co-operative to “protect the rights of the growers”. These “big four” wine producers (a term widely used to refer to KEO, ETKO, SODAP and LOEL dominated the industry scene and survive to date.
Bottle, Cell, Cellar, Bottles, Wine, Bottles Of Wine
The first wave of expansion for Cypriot wines came with the misfortunes of the European viticulture sector. The phylloxera epidemic that affected mainland Europe in the late 19th century had destroyed the majority of wine-producing vines. Cyprus, an island with strict quarantine controls, managed to remain unaffected. As a consequence, demand for Cyprus grapes and wines coupled to the relatively high prices offered resulted in a mini boom for the industry. Further demand early in the early 20th century came from local consumption and from the regional forces of Britain and France in the Middle East. Cyprus produced quality cheap wine and spirits (mainly in the form of Cyprus brandy) and the big four companies prospered as a result.
Wine, Glass, White, Grapes, Drinks, Alcohol, Barrel
The next big export product came in the form of Cyprus sherry. It was first marketed by that name in 1937 and was exported mainly to northern Europe. By the 1960s, Britain was consuming 13.6 million litres of Cyprus wines, half the island’s production, mostly as sweet sherry. The fortified wine market began to shrink as a whole due to a change in consumer taste and as a result Cyprus sherry sales in the UK fell from their peak in the early 1970s by some 65 percent by the mid 1980s. The final blow came when the EC ruled that as of January 1996 only fortified wine from Jerez could assume the title of sherry.
The other big market for Cyprus wine during the same period was the Soviet block. Large volumes of low-quality, mass-produced, blended wines were sold to the eastern bloc with the cooperative wine producers (LOEL and SODAP) taking the lion’s share. This market began to dry up in the 1980s and vanished altogether with the fall of communism.
1980 onwards
In response to the challenges faced by the industry the Cyprus vine-products commission began efforts to overhaul the sector in order to help it survive under the new circumstances. Reforms were intended to improve the quality rather than quantity of wine.
Three initiatives were launched:
Firstly, new varieties of grapes were introduced and (financial) incentives given for their cultivation. The varieties introduced were considered more suitable for quality wine production intended for wines more palatable to overseas markets (than local grapes). Examples include grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Carignan noir and Palomino (see complete table below).
No photo description available.
Secondly, incentives were given to create small regional wineries with a production capacity of 50,000 to 300,000 bottles per year. This intended to promote better quality wines by reducing the distance grapes travelled from vineyard to winery. The big four wineries were located in the large port cities of Limassol and Paphos so vine growers were forced to transport their harvest for miles in the summer heat. This had an effect on the quality of wine as the fermentation process had already begun during transport. The knock on effect of this incentive also helped maintain the village population in the vine cultivating regions.
Vineyard, Grapes, Green, Screw, Fruit, Grapevine
Thirdly, a new Appellation of Origin was launched in 2007.
Quality levels & appellation system
The Cyprus vine products council has based wine denominations on European Union wine regulations and is responsible for enforcing the regulations. Currently there are three accepted categories:
Table wine.
This is similar to the Vin de Table in France or Vino di Tavola in Italy.
Local wine (Επιτραπέζιος Οίνος με Γεωγραφική Ένδειξη) which follows in similar fashion to the French Vin de pays and the Italian Indicazione Geografica Tipica. Regulations state that 85% of the grapes used in the production of such wine originates from the specific geographical regions and from the registered vineyards. Wines must be more than 4 years old with a controlled annual yield per cultivated hectare (55 hl/hectare or 70 hl/hectare depending on grape variety).
Wine, Holiday, Glass, Blue Sky, White Wine, Relaxation
Red wine must have a minimum of 11% alcohol content whilst rose and white wine a minimum of 10%. There are four such designated areas: Lefkosia, Lemesos, Larnaca and Paphos.
Wine, Wine Storage, Cellar, Wine Bottles, Red Wine
Protected designation of origin (or O.E.O.Π. standing for Οίνοι Ελεγχόμενης Ονομασίας Προέλευσης) is the most prestigious designation and in theory indicates a higher quality product. It is modelled on the French Appellation d’origine contrôlée, whereas the Italian equivalent is the Denominazione di origine controllata. Wines with this designation must originate from registered vineyards of an altitude above 600 or 750 meters depending on location. Wines should be more than 5 years old and yield is restricted to 36 or 45 hl per hectare depending on grape variety. There are further regulations dictating the grape composition and ageing process.
Grape varieties
The climate allows for cultivation of most grape varieties. However local varietals (Mavro and Xynisteri) constitute the majority of current plantations. Maratheftiko today forms part of ancient red grape varietals vinified by most wineries wanting to exhibit the singularity of quality wine in Cyprus.
Grapes, Ripe, Harvest, Wine, Fruit, Sweet, Vitamins
Wine Museum
The Cyprus Wine Museum is located in the heart of the wine-producing area in Erimi village. The Museum is housed in the site where archaeologists have discovered wine dating back to 3.500 BC. The area has a 5500 years history of wine making and is located at the crossroads of the Cyprus wine routes, in close proximity to the prehistoric settlement of Sotira, where the oldest remains of grape seeds have been found and near to Kolossi Castle, a medieval Commanderie of The Knights Hospitaller that give the name to the Commandaria Wine first produced by them. Photographic material and audiovisual presentations, as well as ancient jars, crocks, medieval pots, old documents and instruments can be found relating to the history of wine in Cyprus.
Cyprus, Wine Museum, Tradition, History
Annual Cyprus Wine Festival
Limassol has earned the reputation as the “Wine capital of Cyprus”, mainly due to the Wine Festival, which takes place every year in the city park across the street from the waterfront
Cyprus, Wine Museum, Tradition, History
It was first held in 1961, as a tribute to the island’s wine-making tradition, dedicated to the God of Wine Dionysos and the Goddess of Beauty and Love Aphrodite. Here you can taste the variety of local wines from large and small wineries, and traditional Cypriot food, enjoy the performance of different artistic groups.
Cyprus wines: from ancient times to nowadays
Wine Routes:
Laona – Akamas
Vouni Panagias – Ambelitis
Krasochoria Lemesou
Nicosia – Larnaka
Diarizos Valley
Notable Cyprus wines:
List of 12 Cyprus’ most prominent wineries
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From the Cambridge Dictionary
Meaning of course: the often gradual development of something, or the way something happens, or a way of doing something
Did the scandal have any effect on the course of the election?
From a post
Although there is some evidence that older people might have a poorer course of major depressive disorder (MDD) than younger or middle-aged people, and that age-related course differences might affect the optimisation of MDD treatment, large-scale studies with a broad age range, including consistent course assessments, are needed to properly address this issue.
Is the word "course" here a medical term or just a plain English explained at the beginning?
It identifies the way a disorder manifests itself, rather than paying attention to other attributes, such as severity of the symptom.
course (noun): the way in which something progresses or develops.
A good use of the word in medical terms is here:
The course of Major Depression, Recurrent varies across individuals. Some people have isolated depressive episodes that are separated by many years during which mood is normal, whereas other individuals experience clusters of major depressive episodes that occur closely together in time. Still other people with Major Depression experience increasingly frequent episodes as they grow older.
(paragraph 4)
Your Answer
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Sunday Monitor
Changing colours of Bihu
Arup Saikia traces the history of Assam's biggest festival
India is the land of festivals which bring together cultures, religions and social practices. Bihu, which is primarily celebrated in Assam, is also a celebration of unity in diversity. The origin of Bihu is unknown but it is definitely a confluence of three major cultures of Austro-Asiatic, Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burmese. Later, many immigrants from India and abroad, including the Muslims, imbibed the Assamese culture and subscribed to flourish Bihu syncretizing with their own cultural elements and finally attained today’s form.
There are three types of Bihu — Kati, Magh and Bohag — celebrated at three stages of agricultural life.
Bohag or Rongali Bihu is originally dance-centric. It is an occasion for youngsters to express love and joy. The first lyrics of Bihu are called ‘Bonoriya Geet’, which is the wild song of young hearts longing for lovers.
Bonoriya Geet has its origin in the paddy fields and forests, where people worked, far away from their settlements. It would be a suitable place to express love through these songs. These songs have an erotic undertone.
Bihu & Bhakti Movement
During bhakti (devotion) or neo-Vaishnavite movement from 15th century, Assamese polymath and social reformer Sankardev unfettred the society from the age-old practices of class and caste systems. His teachings were about one supreme soul in the universe (Ek Saran).
Although there was no direct influence on Bihu, but Sankardev’s spiritual movement brought about a dramatic change in the Bihu performance. Some spiritually refined words and names of Hindu gods are mentioned in chants during Husori, a form of male Bihu, and this is the effect of the Bhakti Movement.
Royal recognition of Bihu
In 1696, Ahom monarch Rudra Singha patronised Bihu for the first time by inviting or permitting to perform in courtyard of Ranghar (house of joy). Once considered a low-key festival celebrated by a few on the riverbank or at the cultivation field immediately became widespread. Many people belonging to different ethnic groups, caste and communities embraced the festival leading to a new form of Assamese cultural nationalism. Songs became more panegyric praising the king and his deeds.
Also, it is believed that participation of women in Bihu celebrations started with the royal recognition of the festival under the Ahom monarch. Before that, it was a social taboo for men and women to dance together.
Bihu under British rule
After the Treaty of Yandaboo in 1826 between British and Burma, the former began to rule Assam. Before that, Assam was ruled by the Ahom dynasty from Upper Assam till Nowgong (Nagaon) and the Koch kingdom from Lower Assam to Nowgong.
The British unified Assam and cultural exchange began between two prior disbanded parts of the state. Subsequently, Bihu became popular even in Lower Assam and gradually transformed into a festival of the whole state.
However, in the 19th century, a few English-educated Assamese like Haliram Dhekial Phukan, Anandaram Dhekial Phukan, Gunabhiram Baruah and Kamalakanta Bhattacharya demoralised the celebration of Bihu as a dance of the barbarians. But cultural maestros like Jyoti Prasad Agarwala, Lakshminath Bezbaruah, Raghunat Choudhury and social worker Radha Govinda Baruah encouraged the festival and widely promoted it.
Bohag Bihu
As mentioned earlier, Bohag Bihu is dance-centric and is associated with various dance forms.
Husori: Performed in the courtyard of villagers since 1896 when it was first performed in the courtyard of Ranghar. Initially, only men would participate but now women too have become an integral part of it.
Mukoli Bihu: This dance form is performed in open space with both boys and girls participating.
Jeng Bihu/Rati Bihu: Traditionally, it is performed by women. No musical instrument is used. Rati Bihu is supposed to be celebrated at night away from men’s gaze, symbolising women liberation. The repertoire is the same as Jeng Bihu.
Gos Tolor Bihu: Bihu under a banyan or a big tree. This was an earlier version of Mukoli Bihu.
Faat Bihu: It is celebrated in Mohguli Chapori near the Charikoriya river of Dhakuwakhana. It is one of the oldest Bihu celebrations of Assam. Faat means trading place or torn out. It is believed that traders from different places assembled there for Bihu. For uncontrolled excitement and gaieties, performers’ clothes were torn into strips and musical instruments were cracked. Hence, the name Faat Bihu.
Dance & orchestra
Khupat Dhora Dance: Female performers dance to the orchestra of dhol (drum), tal (cymbals), hutuli (made of mud), flute, toka and gogona (both are made of bamboo). Here, dancers put their hands on the nape of their necks while grooving to the music.
Takuri Ghura Nach: Dancing very speedily and pirouetting at the same place, dancers partially become invisible.
Pokhila Uradi Nach: Dancing like a butterfly. The dancers’ hands move like wings of a butterfly.
Mokora Buloni: Dancers move their feet like a spider.
Porua Buloni: The feet motion of a dancer is like an ant, moving in a row in a particular direction.
Bihu has survived the test of time and had undergone changes through socio-cultural upheavals. In the process, it has become an intrinsic part of the Assamese culture.
(The author is a noted cultural activist, actor, scriptwriter and poet)
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Born July 12, 1997 in Mingora, Pakistan, Malala Yousafzai was raised in the Swat Valley where the Taliban, a fundamentalist Muslim group, ruled through violence. Fast forward to October 9, 2012. The Taliban attempts to assassinate their biggest threat…15 year old Malala Yousafzai. But why? A rising activist for women’s education, Malala would eventually become the youngest Nobel Prize laureate and become more dangerous to Pakistan’s status quo than ever before.
After her remarkable recovery from a gunshot wound to the head, Malala became an established activist for education. The inception of her inspiration was during her darkest moment in her life, when education and her dream of becoming a doctor was stripped away from her. In an interview, an emotional Malala shares this dream. However, it would eventually turn into helping women around the world to have a voice for education rights and to fight for their equality. She would stand up for not just herself, but for all the women in Pakistan who were oppressed and restrained from education rights.
-Malala Yousafzai
What makes Malala an inspiring figure today is the perseverance and resiliency she has displayed in her own life and for the life of others around the world. At only 20 years old now, she has dedicated her life to opening schools to refugees in numerous countries that are in need, and it is what drives her. Smiles and happiness abound when a new school opens as it is more than a institution. It is an opportunity to become a force for good. If you would like to learn more and donate to the Malala fund, click here.
Three lessons we can draw from Malala’s powerful life example:
1. You cannot kill passion.
Although being shot in the head at 15 years old, Malala could have refrained from continuing to be a voice for countless women around the world fighting for education rights and equality. It was her passion to see women come out of the dark and become a force for good in the world.
2. Our darkest moments can shape us for good.
At first, her dream was to become a doctor. But once education was stripped away by violent bombings of schools, it motivated her to stand up and become a voice for all women who are oppressed and are searching for a better quality of life.
3. Selflessness is courageous!
It was through her experiences that Malala allowed herself to be molded and to live for a purpose greater than she could have ever imagined. Malala leads by example as someone who genuinely wants to see others succeed. Her own oppression navigated her to selflessly become a courageous leader for women.
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Scotland’s Oldest Bridges.
A - Alphabetical List
C.East Lothian R.Tyne 353294,674546
History: Inglis dates the bridge from 1440 to 1540. The gothic arches suggest 15th century. A priory was founded very nearby, in 1178, by Ada, Countess of Northumberland, mother of Malcolm IV. The priory had developed into a Cistercian nunnery with abbey. The Scots Parliament met at the abbey, in 1548, to confirm a treaty with France, whereby the young Mary, Queen of Scots would marry the Dauphin. The Siege of Haddington was taking place less than a mile away at the time and the abbey and bridge were almost on the front line. This Abbey was clearly a place of importance and very local historical prominence might explain why the bridge is very wide for the date and location (not on a main highway).
Maps:Roy(1750) Adair(1680s) Blaeu(1640) Pont(1600)
Currently: appears to be 15th century. Three complete gothic drop-centred arches. Red sandstone ashlar and partly dressed squared coursed rubble spandrels from many periods. Grey un-coursed random rubble approaches(18th century) Heavy ribbing. Two of the arches have missing ribs but the spring-stones are still there (see photos). Sixteen ft wide but evidence of widening by about 18 inches (see photo): possibly for refacing only. Very slim voussoirs contrast with heavy ribbing.
Gothic arches suggest an earlier date. This is one of ten remaining gothic bridges in Scotland. Similar in style and substance to the Pencaitland Bridge (also drop centred arches), which is 12km away and credibly attributed to the Sinclairs of Herdmanston.
Link Link photo photo photo photo photo photo.
C.Aberdeen South Ugie 396635,848139
History:Close to a 13th century abbey. Macfarlane (1720) describes a
‘fine stone bridge’ built by the owner of Broxy nearby. Clearly, there was a very ancient predecessor, probably in wood.
Maps: Roy(1750) Blaeu(1640) Pont 10(1600)
Currently:1717. Three unequal semicircular arches. Coursed and sometimes un-coursed squared rubble. Stepped parapets. Granite rubble voussoirs. Still taking light traffic. This is a remarkably well built bridge for the period and also very well preserved.
C.Stirlingshire Pow Burn 289649,686537
History: On the old main road to Falkirk. The 'abbey' was Holyrood to which the bridge and nearby pre-reformation church belonged. In 1629 '
two bridges at Airth needing repair.' Completed with a local tax (Harrison). Panel on bridge 'Founded upon wood and rebuilt by the shire 1726'. There was an important well nearby. (SA's)
Mentioned in Macfarlane (1720s)
Maps:1750(Roy) rather poorly and effaced. Firmly on 1680s(Adair) 1600(Pont) 1640(Blaeu).
Currently: Single segmental arch humped bridge in un-coursed sometimes squared rubble. Unusual large blocks on parapets and abutments. (See photo.) Eleven ft. wide. Crumbling. Two orders of voussoir arches. The lower one might have been added later as also seen in Newmills near Culross. Panel in the centre inside of parapet illegible. Now on a private road with limited access.
Link Link photo photo photo.
C.Stirling R.Forth 252016,700924
History: The most upstream bridge on the River Forth. This bridge is an enigma. It was known as 'Clachan Bridge', and is quite a large structure for such a small rural community which did not gain any prominence until the early 19th century, thanks to Walter Scott. He refers to Rob Roy crossing
'the old fashioned bridge, very high and very narrow'. Firmly on Blaeu (circa 1640), but Blaeu's bridge is quite a distance from Aberfoyle settlement. There was a drove road, an alternative descent from Argyll, coming through Aberfoyle on its way to Balfron and then through the Carron Valley to Falkirk. The bridge is firmly on Blaeu (circa 1640), but Blaeu's bridge is quite a distance from Aberfoyle settlement. Repaired in 1761. Macfarlane (1720s) records that it was destroyed by the order of the government (1715 rebellion) and had not been repaired.
Maps: Roy (1750) Blaeu(1640)
Currently: Looks mid 18th century. Overgrown but quite beautiful. Two raised segmental arches. Humped. Un-coursed squared random rubble spandrels and approaches.Quite crude. No string course. Two arches with central cutwaters which are crumbling. Long wings, partially buttressed. Original parapets, which is rather rare. Rough flat coping stones. Abutments, foundations and piers appear much older, possibly 16th century. One has to wonder if the original arches were semicircular. Skene's sketch (photo4 1829) might suggest this. There is an odd flood arch arrangement which would be more recent.
Link photo photo photo photo.
C.Inverness Allt Coire Uchrachan Burn 239266,800299
History: Hanoverian military. Two bridges side by side. The more modern wooden functional bridge has old random rubble abutments; it is probably original 1730s Wade. The intact segmental arched bridge with whinstone voussoirs and un-coursed random rubble spandrels is probably a younger,1760s structure. Caulfeild carried out repairs to the Corrieyairack amounting to £360, which was three quarters of the original 1730s spend on bridges.
Currently: 18th C. rubble bridges. Voussoirs appear radial. Present wooden lintel on older abutments with remains of parapet and string course. The intact stone bridge has a segmental arch with voussoirs of uneven length. Spandrels in undressed random rubble. This is a William Caulfield style bridge.
C.Forfar Queich Burn 324517,748719
History: Reputedly built around 1500. Known to be rebuilt 1674. Described as originally a packhorse bridge. Five foot wide. Heightened in the 19th century and wide parapets were added. Flat-decking. In 1750 the town was entirely on the north bank of the burn and the road from Coupar finished at the bridge.
Maps: 1750 (Roy) 1600(Pont 28)
Currently 17th century; perhaps some parts are earlier. Two stilted segmental arches, one smaller. Random un-coursed red sandstone rubble with rubble voussoirs of varying lengths. Cutwater unusual and may be very ancient. Overhanging parapets are quite unusual.
Link photo photo photo photo.
C. Perth R.Braan 290050,736785
History:1730s. Wade Crieff/Dalnacardoch military road. Also, the junction of four 18th century drove roads, descending through the Sma' Glen to the Tryst at Crieff.
Currently: 1730s. Two segmental arches plus one flood arch. Very damaged by age and poorly repaired and restored. Northerly arch voussoirs are in concrete and the entire upstream side is repaired in concrete. The remaining downstream southerly arch is in squared, sometimes coursed random rubble spandrels with whinstone voussoirs and coping.
Link photo photo.
C.Aberdeen Black Water 410488,853088
Maps:1750. Not on Blaeu. Roy's map shows the main road north (equivalent of A90 from Peterhead to Fraserburgh) very much to the east and running close to the coast. Nothing remains of this road. Macfarlane describes this bridge in 1722. Blackwater was a stately home. The burn was the 'Anchie'.
Currently: A remarkable little isolated bridge which appears to be the original 18th century. Very roughly squared and coursed rubble spandrels. Parapets gone. Single semicircular arch with dressed voussoirs. Un-coursed rubble spandrels. No evidence of the road.
C.Perth Annet Burn 270660,703031
History: This bridge lies on the 1749 military road built by Caulfeild (Stirling/Fort William). However, we know that there was a pre-existing '
carte road' identified in the 1720s by General Wade's surveyors, and this bridge, almost certainly, was a part of that. How old it is, is difficult to determine but the corbeling and the narrow width might suggest 17th century. It seems probable that in 1749 Caulfeild incorporated the bridge into his military road accepting that it was on the narrow side of his specifications.
Maps:1750. Not clearly outlined.
Currently: A 7.2 m segmental arch span with rubble voussoirs and random rubble sidewalls and spandrels. No string course. Splaying has been added later; it was not part of the original style. The bridge has a horizontal deck which is significant. Odd corbeling above the arch but below decking level; it appears to be non-structural and is certainly not a Caulfield feature. The horizontal deck also tends to exclude Caulfield and the narrow width certainly suggests an earlier date.
photo photo photo photo photo
ARKLAND BRIDGE Scaur Valley nr Thornhill
C. Dum &Gall Scaur water 280500,598143
History: Noted on Roy as 'Bridge of Scaur' and well marked. Recorded as swept away in 1749, so the bridge on Roy must have been a very new replacement.
Maps: Roy(1750) Possibly on Pont but very faint. Extremely remote.
Currently: 18th century. Two segmental arches with rubble voussoirs. Spandrels in pitch-faced partially squared un-coursed rubble. Cutwater. Splayed parapets with solid squared coping stones. No string course.
A local farmer pointed out an additional strange little bridge which exists 300m upstream, which is clearly very old and now used by cattle. It is tiny, but well engineered with abutments and revetments. Interestingly, it is, in fact, at a better matched location for the bridge on Roy. See photo 3.
Link photo photo photo.
C.Perth R.Knaik 283791,709911
History: This tiny bridge is hiding below the NW side of the current road bridge at Braco. Tradition is that it was built in 1420 by Michael Ochiltree, Bishop of Dunblane. However, in 1742 William Caulfeild built the Stirling to Crieff military road. This was his first project. Roy's map (1747) shows the military bridge, but there is also, on close inspection of the map, the faint outline of the older bridge, just adjacent on the NW side. So the military bridge was built alongside the old one. Other maps fail to show this feature until the OS of 1859, which shows it clearly. However, even the military bridge is not the one we see today because since that time it has been again replaced by a late 19th century skewed bridge. The very oldest bridge is still standing alongside; it was ruinous by 1989 and restored by the Society for the Preservation of Rural Scotland. Whether or not it was the bridge of 1420 is difficult to answer. The segmental shape suggests not. It has more of the characteristics of a 17th century packhorse bridge.
Maps: (Roy)1750. Adair(1680s)
Currently: an early packhorse bridge, in appearance, fully restored. Possibly 1650.
Single semicircular whinstone arch, unevenly abutted on the rocks. 5'9" wide and only 4'6" parapet to parapet. Squared un-coursed rubble spandrels. Very low parapets. No string course. Very narrow, which is the most interesting aspect; certainly not a Caulfield military bridge which would have been 12' wide.
Link photo photo photo.
C. Lanarkshire R. Avon 273329,654625
History:Pre-1600. Possibly built by the monks of Lesmahagow . " Built before the 16th century" (St.Acc 1792). This was on the ancient main road south out of Glasgow towards Carlisle. Extensively rebuilt early 18th century, because two arches were destroyed. Canmore and HS both suggest 17th century, but its existence on Blaeu and Pont is important. The bridge was bypassed upstream in 1725, by Thomas Telford.
Maps:Roy(1750)Pont 34 (1600) Blaeu(1640)
Currently:16th century structure with 18th century work. Three large almost semicircular arches, each with 3 enormous chamfered ribs sprung higher than the piers. There are two orders of ashlar voussoir. The second almost hidden- more like a hood-mould. Spandrels are well coursed and squared stugged rubble. Appears to be ashlar in some older parts. Parapets are much later. 9ft wide. Cobbled horizontal decking may be a feature of the later rebuild. There is a small flood arch on the south abutment.
photo photo photo photo photo.
C.Aberdeen R.Avon 314963,820145
History: This Caulfield military bridge is from 1754 but Roy's map shows a predecessor because this section of the Coupar/Fort George road had not yet been built at the time of the survey. One arch of the current bridge was swept away in the 1829 floods.
Currently:1754 military. One stilted segmental plus 1 flood arch. Lop sided. Mainly random rubble with wide voussoirs in whinstone. Small cutwaters and buttressing on the downstream.
Link Link photo photo.
C.Ayr R. Ayr 233855,622110
History:Charter 1236.
Maps:Roy(1750) Blaeu(1640)
Currently: 1588
Page last updated Oct.2020
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What Is Hip Impingement? What You Need to Know
Hip impingement is an injury that causes pain when bending or rotating the legs. In addition, it significantly limits the movement of the affected individual.
What Is Hip Impingement? What You Need to Know
Last update: 14 December, 2020
Hip impingement is a recently described pathology that’s also known as femoroacetabular impingement. This name is due to the fact that involves the alteration of the two main components of the joint: The femoral head and the acetabulum.
This disease affects a large part of the population. In fact, experts estimate that 15 % of the population between 20 and 50 years old suffers from this disease. What’s more, 75 % of the people who suffer from it are athletes.
In other words, hip impingement is a pathology that incapacitates young, active people, such as ballet dancers and those who practice martial arts. It starts with a pain in the groin that extends and worsens. Early treatment of this pathology will be able to avoid many complications.
Because of its frequency and importance, in this article, we’ll explain everything you need to know about hip impingement.
Why does hip impingement occur?
As we’ve mentioned, another name for this pathology is femoroacetabular impingement. To understand it, we must first get to know the anatomy of the hip joint.
A digital representation of hip impingement.
The hip is a joint that consists of the acetabulum (which is a concave part of the pelvic bone) and the head of the femur (convex), which is the main leg bone. They’re two spherical surfaces that, to the naked eye, give the image of a ball that rotates inside a socket.
In some cases, the femur deforms and doesn’t fit correctly into the acetabulum. In others, the edge of this ‘socket’, the acetabulum, covers the ball too much. Either way, the result is the same: the head of the femur can’t rotate correctly within the acetabulum.
This causes the so-called hip impingement. The alteration of some of its parts makes the contact irregular. When both parts collide continuously, it injures the articular cartilage. In time, the joint can degenerate further and cause osteoarthritis. In fact, impingement of the hip is one of the main causes of hip osteoarthritis in young adults.
What are the causes of this pathology?
First of all, an alteration in the development of the joint in childhood can cause hip impingement. This occurs in numerous pathologies such as acetabular dysplasia or Perthes disease.
However, half of the people who have an alteration in the anatomy of the hip don’t even experience symptoms. Even so, they usually experience them as soon as they increase their physical activity or when they play certain sports.
Secondly, another cause of hip impingement is activities where there’s a continuous movement of the legs and hips. By continually repeating certain movements, the two parts of the hip collide and wear occurs. It usually affects people who practice rhythmic or artistic gymnastics, martial arts, or track.
A runner doing leg lifts.
You might like: Congenital Hip Dislocation in Babies
What are the symptoms of hip impingement?
The symptoms appear after overuse of the joint, when damage to the cartilage has already taken place. They usually begin with pain in the groin that gradually increases. What’s more, this pain gets worse with movements involving the hip. For example, the individual experiences difficulties when it comes to squatting or crossing their legs.
Another typical symptom is joint stiffness in this area. This means pain isn’t the only factor that limits the movements of flexion and internal rotation of the leg. Stiffness in the hip also plays a role.
In addition, people who suffer from hip impingement also often experience a crunching sensation when they move. What’s more, they may even mistake the pain for sciatic pain and it may extend to the knee.
What treatment is available?
This pathology has a complex treatment that depends on the intensity of the injury and the pain it produces. After diagnosis, the first thing patients must do is modify the activity that has triggered this problem. When dealing with athletes, it’s important to reduce the activity and avoid hip flexion exercises. In addition, the patient should perform specific physical therapy exercises for the area.
Another treatment option is the injection of hyaluronic acid into the joint. This substance allows the cartilage to recover slightly and helps to relieve symptoms. However, when the injury progresses or significant osteoarthritis of the hip has taken place, treatment is usually surgical. Some of the options include hip prosthesis.
In conclusion
Hip impingement is a pathology that produces a lot of pain in young people and athletes who exercise a lot of force on the joint. Therefore, it’s important to go to the doctor as soon as possible to establish treatment and stop the injury from getting worse.
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Rotator Cuff Tear: What You Should Know
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Rotator Cuff Tear: What You Should Know
A rotator cuff tear causes pain and limits shoulder movements. In this article, we'll take a look at what it is and why it happens.
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The Dunning-Kruger Effect - Why Does It Happen?
Today's article is about the Dunning-Kruger effect. Firstly, does the incompetence of some people make them incapable of being aware of their faults? Let's go beyond intelligence and look at how those who are the most confident are often the least capable.
The Dunning-Kruger Effect - Why Does It Happen?
Last update: 03 May, 2021
The Dunning-Kruger effect may prove the inability to make an objective assessment of one’s own abilities, taking into account the degree of training. So, do you think people with less academic preparation can adequately assess their own limitations?
For example, there’s a bias when a person self-medicates without having medical knowledge. What happens is that people irrationally assume they know everything about the positive effect of self-medication. And those who are well-trained tend to second-guess themselves.
What’s the Dunning-Kruger effect?
The Dunning-Kruger effect proposes that someone is prone to overestimate their abilities in a specific area even though they don’t have a broad mastery of a subject. Also, it states that those skilled in a certain subject tend not to trust themselves.
How did this theory arise though? In the 1990s, David Dunning and Justin Kruger promoted research with the idea of proving that incompetent people were incapable of knowing they’re incompetent. Ironically, this is due to their incompetence!
However, it’s a mistake to use this theory. It isn’t about the incompetence of others but about one’s own incompetence. Thus, we must make us wonder whether we’re aware of our own incompetence in those things we’re not good at.
It’s true that we can recognize someone who isn’t capable of realizing their own incompetence and tries to give an impression of exacerbated mastery. However, there’s no way to establish that the person is, in fact, unaware of their own lack of ability.
A woman thinking.
Competent people may undervalue themselves, thinking they may not be able to perform well.
The causes of this behavior
This effect is what’s known as a cognitive bias and prevents people from objectively evaluating themselves. According to the authors, Dunning and Kruger, this phenomenon occurs due to a problem of metacognition (the ability to analyze one’s own performance).
The premise is as follows: people with limited knowledge of a subject have a dual burden. Not only do they come to the wrong conclusions and make constant mistakes, but their own incompetence deprives them of the ability to realize it.
Self-esteem is an important factor in the occurrence of a confidence bias, as is the case with the Dunning-Kruger effect. Any superiority complex actually hides an inferiority complex and self-esteem problems.
Thus, people often choose the alternative of pretending to be capable rather than accepting the reality of not knowing about a subject. There may even be people with a high level of intelligence who have a cognitive bias regarding their abilities.
Examples of the Dunning-Kruger effect in everyday life
We’ll now look at some everyday examples of the Dunning-Kruger effect. As we mentioned above, anyone can exhibit this type of behavior, regardless of their level of intelligence.
1. Conversations about politics
Politics is one of the areas in which people irrationally feel they have accurate and truthful answers. It’s common to hear simplistic opinions on complex political issues from people who have no background in the subject.
2. Medicine and health
Medical sciences are another topic people tend to simplify to the point of indicating with certainty the effectiveness of some medications without taking into account the opinion of professionals.
In this way, there are those who believe their personal experience gives them the knowledge to help others.
3. Relationships
We often receive opinions about what we should do to improve conditions when we talk about relationship problems with some trusted friends.
These opinions are based on nothing more than anecdotal events. However, our friends may claim these are efficient solutions.
Ways to avoid it
What you must do to avoid this cognitive bias is to create the habit of naturally questioning all those opinions you take for granted. That is, start asking yourself questions that dismantle your beliefs in order to reach a more objective opinion.
Another good way to remain sensible about one’s own capabilities is to look for updated information from time to time. People who stick with what they’ve learned and don’t bother to keep looking for new information will most likely end up exaggerating what they know.
Two people discussing the Dunning-Kruger effect..
Social relationships with this effect abound every time someone gives advice.
Read about the Narcissistic Personality Disorder
What do the studies say about it?
The proven information regarding the Dunning-Kruger effect concludes that it can’t be understood as a simple way to explain why people can’t see their mistakes. There are articles on the subject, but it’s a difficult effect to measure.
Some research established that people may notice their difficulty improving in some areas rather quickly. However, proponents of the original Dunning and Kruger study claim it’s valid to think that people who are more confident in their abilities tend to overlook their own shortcomings.
The latter would be because their level of confidence keeps them from having a capacity for self-criticism and acceptance of mistakes. Instead, they rationalize their reality as they see fit.
How to deal with people who have the Dunning-Kruger effect?
It’s natural to feel helpless when you’re in the presence of people who give simplistic opinions on subjects they don’t know about. Ideally, keep calm and remember you’re not the one with the problem. If you allow someone to alter your mood then you give power to them.
To the extent that you’re able to accept other people’s opinions, no matter how crazy they may be, you’ll be closer to reaching a good level of emotional maturity. Remember that no one is obliged to agree with your opinions, even if you’re right.
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• Zhou, Xingchen, and Rob Jenkins. “Dunning–Kruger Effects in Face Perception.” Cognition 203 (2020): n. pag. Cognition. Web.
• Aqueveque, Claudio. “Ignorant Experts and Erudite Novices: Exploring the Dunning-Kruger Effect in Wine Consumers.” Food Quality and Preference 65 (2018): 181–184. Food Quality and Preference. Web.
• Plohl, Nejc, and Bojan Musil. “Do i Know as Much as i Think i Do? The Dunning-Kruger Effect, Overclaiming, and the Illusion of Knowledge.” Psiholoska Obzorja 27 (2018): 20–30. Psiholoska Obzorja. Web.
• Muller, Alana, Lindsey A. Sirianni, and Richard J. Addante. “Neural Correlates of the Dunning–Kruger Effect.” European Journal of Neuroscience 53.2 (2021): 460–484. European Journal of Neuroscience. Web.
• Schlösser, Thomas et al. “How Unaware Are the Unskilled? Empirical Tests of the ‘Signal Extraction’ Counterexplanation for the Dunning-Kruger Effect in Self-Evaluation of Performance.” Journal of Economic Psychology 39 (2013): 85–100. Journal of Economic Psychology. Web.
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First Love - Love Poetry Coursework
Categories: LoveMarriagePoetry
The reason I have chosen to study these two poems is due to the vast contrast between them, and how they represent two entirely different examples of love.
“First Love” by John Clare was written in the 19th century. The poem is written in rhyme rhythm ABABCDCD. It is a poem about how the poet had fallen in love but his love was unrequited. The poet sees a girl for the first time, and immediately seems to fall in love, making it seem like more like a crush, rather than real love.
The poet mistakenly believes that she loves him back, and she feels the same way about him. First love has a simple rhyming scheme and uses very basic language to show the innocence of the man it is happening to.
“A Woman to Her Lover”, written by Christina Walsh, is a very sophisticated piece of poetry with no set rhyming scheme. It is about a woman who has received a proposal of marriage from a man and is considering all of the reasons why he wants to marry her.
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She speaks on behalf of all women, and issues her response. In the first three stanzas, she looks at, and mentions the typical role of women in society at the time the poem was written. She claims she would reject the proposal if she is dominated and used by her husband. This is typical of how women were treated in society at the time, as they were used to look good for their husbands, cook, clean, and run the family.
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The poem, ‘A Woman to Her Lover’, has 4 stanzas, of different lengths. It is a free verse poem, and there is no set rhyme scheme. This has a good effect, as it reflects the speech like statements.
In this poem, love is represented in both negative and positive ways. At first the writer explains how she doesn’t want to be treated. However, towards the end of the poem, she begins to explain how she would like to be treated, and how her love truly is. This shows vast contrast, as we are first made to believe that she doesn’t want to be with this man at all. Then in the last stanza, her tone changes significantly. It lightens the poem, and hides her assertive tone of voice. The use of the conditional tense throughout the poem makes the poem appear like a marriage contract. This is striking, because it contains the conditions of a marriage contract but from a woman. This would seem extremely odd at that period of time, as women were treated as subservient and marriage contracts would be made with men’s interests at heart.
One strikingly odd thing about this poems layout is the exclusion of punctuation. It seems as though the woman has forgotten the rules of poetry and written freely. This is symbolic for the disregard of the rules of patriarchal society and it seems as though women want to break free from the conventions of society, and this is a metaphor for the poem in general.
The second poem ‘First Love’ is a romantic love poem. The poem deals with a man that has been struck down with love for the first time – ‘I never was struck before that hour, with love so sudden and sweet.’ This implies he is experiencing love for the first time. Even though love is affecting him mentally, it also starts to affect him physically. We can see this in line 6 – ‘My legs refused to walk away.’
‘First Love’, is a story of unrequited love, and has a sombre tone.
John Clare felt something he had never experienced before, when he saw this women. He had never before, felt anything for a woman like he had done at this moment. It was his first time experiencing love, as he stated “I never was struck before that hour.” We can also tell that it was quick, and hit him instantly – “With love so sudden and sweet.” He then said, “And stole my heart complete.” This is a bit theatrical for someone he had just met, but shows us he really likes this woman. John Clare’s view of love was positive. We could see this very easily when reading the poem, as his tone of language was directly associated with love and romance. I feel that Clare’s view of love is exaggerated, as to love someone, you should know the person.
John Clare uses many comparisons to nature, as it was typical of the time period in which the poem was written. He makes his lover seem innocent and beautiful. Clare also uses personification – “My face turned pale as deadly pale.” This shows the depth of feeling he has for her. He also describes how he can see nothing but her, which again emphasises his feelings for her. He expresses falling in love as something magical. He describes how his leg “refused to walk away”, which implies he was totally mesmerized by her beauty, he did not want to really walk away. It shows he has lost his heart to her, and is blinded by love.
The man in Clare’s poem is naive and does not understand his feelings. In Walsh’s poem, the woman is shown to understand and know about love.
Both poems begin by getting to the point immediately. Although both poems are about love, they talk about it in different ways. Clare’s poem is about hating love, and how it makes you feel. On the other hand, Walsh’s poem is about the different types of love a husband may want from a wife. Both poems have contrasting styles.
It is clear in both poems, that love can be interpreted in different ways, and is wanted for all kind of things, like a woman to be a slave, or a servant to her husband who has the power to own her and do as he pleases. I feel this poem correctly displays different sorts or marriage, and the reasons for it.
In Clare’s poem, the man’s life turned to clay, as he was not familiar with the sensation of love, and it demoralised him. He grew embarrassed as blood rushed to his face. As opposed to the intelligence and understanding of love shown in ‘A woman to her lover’, his was basic and confused.
Both poems intend to show how it feels to fall in love, but I think they are rather unsuccessful. First Love showed love as an awful thing and used negative words to describe it, which a minority may believe to be true. Love may be frightening but not nearly as much as it is portrayed in the poem. On the contrary in ‘A Woman to Her Lover’, it is shown as an awful thing, similarly to First Love but it then turns to show the benefits as well, which makes it more realistic. It also uses real situations, making it more believable and honest.
Of the two poems, I believe ‘A Woman to Her Lover’ is far more successful and plausible. I think this is because it shows different situations, and responses to them, thus making the poem far more comprehensible and realistic.
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Next-gen electric vehicle batteries: These are the questions we still need to answer
Michael Wang, materials science and engineering Ph.D. candidate, uses a glove box to inspect a lithium metal battery cell in a lab at the University of Michigan in 2020. Credit: University of Michigan
But key questions about this promising power supply need to be answered before it can make the jump from the laboratory to manufacturing facilities, according to University of Michigan researchers. And with efforts to bring to a larger part of the population, they say, those questions need answering quickly.
Jeff Sakamoto and Neil Dasgupta, U-M associate professors of mechanical engineering, have been leading researchers on metal, solid-state batteries over the past decade. In a perspective piece in the journal Joule, Sakamoto and Dasgupta lay out the main questions facing the technology. To develop the questions, they worked in close collaboration with leaders in the auto industry.
"Tremendous progress in advancing lithium metal solid-state batteries was made over the last decade," Sakamoto said. "However, several challenges remain on the path to commercializing the technology, especially for EVs."
1. How can we produce ceramics, which are brittle, in the massive, paper-thin sheets lithium metal batteries require? Do lithium metal batteries' use of ceramics, which require energy to heat them up to more than 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit during manufacturing, offset their environmental benefits in electric vehicles?
3. A lithium metal solid-state battery would not require the heavy and bulky battery management system that need to maintain durability and reduce the risk of fire. How will the reduction in mass and volume of the battery management system—or its removal altogether—affect performance and durability in a solid-state battery?
4. The lithium needs to be in constant contact with the ceramic electrolyte, meaning additional hardware is needed to apply pressure to maintain contact. What will the added hardware mean for pack performance?
Sakamoto, who has his own startup company focused on solid-state batteries, says the technology is having a moment right now. But the enthusiasm driving the moment, he says, must not get ahead of itself.
The paper is titled, "Transitioning from lab to market: linking electro-chemical mechanics with practical considerations."
Explore further
A long-lasting, stable solid-state lithium battery
More information: Michael J. Wang et al, Transitioning solid-state batteries from lab to market: Linking electro-chemo-mechanics with practical considerations, Joule (2021). DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2021.04.001
Journal information: Joule
Citation: Next-gen electric vehicle batteries: These are the questions we still need to answer (2021, May 28) retrieved 27 October 2021 from https://techxplore.com/news/2021-05-next-gen-electric-vehicle-batteries.html
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What does "Learning Effect" mean?
Definition of Learning Effect in the context of A/B testing (online controlled experiments).
What is a Learning Effect?
A learning effect in an online controlled experiment is a positive or negative effect from an intervention that only becomes pronounced after a certain time t has passed. The effect might be gradually increasing with time (linearly, exponentially, etc.) or there might a more drastic level shift after a certain time.
When planning an A/B test it is usually useful to consider a longer test duration for more dramatic changes in order to allow for more time for users to get comfortable with a change. Many people perceive changes negatively initially, even though they eventually get used to the new situation. Similarly, some people might express interest and curiosity towards a new feature which fades quickly with time so if one tests too briefly the outcome of the test may have poor predictive value due to that.
Learning effects, especially mid and long-term ones can be a significant factor in undermining the external validity (generalizability of an A/B test. It is especially hard to estimate longer term effects due to technical difficulties presented by non-persistent identification of users (e.g. cookie churn and the costs involved. In particular methodologies attempting to measure learning effects could, in the presence survivorship bias, instead be measuring the resulting population change and not the change caused by user learning.
Related A/B Testing terms
Novelty Effect
Articles on Learning Effect
Purchase Statistical Methods in Online A/B Testing
Glossary Index by Letter
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Business and Management
How Does Export Packaging Work?
Export Packaging, also known as Transport Packaging, is one of the three types of packaging that likely to be required when exporting certain products and items. Transport and export packaging is the most outer of packaging and is ultimately designed so as to protect the goods during transportation.
There is a wide range of materials to choose from when packaging goods ready for export, these can include wood, plastic, metal, and textiles (which are the most typically used export packaging materials) but can also include less conventional means of packaging such as glass and paper.
You can also buy wooden pallets at
Image result for wooden boxes
Export Packaging can take several forms, such as 'Loose' or 'unpacked' which is the most commonly used form of such packaging when being used to transport large and heavy items such as vehicles as making sure that such goods and items are securely stowed is often of greater importance to the exporter than adding an additional level of protective material.
Wooden boxes and crates are quite probably the most commonly used form of export packaging.
These are often stored and stacked on pallets before being shrink-wrapped for stability. However, there are other forms of packaging that can be used when looking to export items. For example, drums (usually manufactured from either plastic or metal) are most commonly used for the transportation of powders or liquids as well as items that have to be kept dry.
There are several factors that have to be considered when choosing which form of export packaging to use for the transportation of goods or products. If the protection of items is the main consideration that has to be taken into account, it is recommended that you use the tried and tested packaging technique of using pallets and containers as they combine efficiency with the excellent protection of items.
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Isolation In The Metamorphosis
“It is not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it,” states Hans Selye. In The Metamorphosis, the novella by Franz Kafka and the graphic novel by Peter Kuper, Gregor Samsa does not react well to the daily stress of life. The stress causes him to feel isolated from others. The daily stress of Gregor Samsa’s work, family, and personal life choices are the reasons for his feelings of isolation.
Due to the fact that Gregor is always working and rarely stops, he becomes isolated because of all the stress. Gregor became very nervous when he awoke as a bug and missed his train. Gregor’s main concern was not his transformation, it was the fact that he would not be able to make it to work in time. His job surrounds his life, and he has no way of quitting either.
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Not only that, but he has an extremely strict boss. He must be to work everyday and cannot ever not come to work because he is sick. This causes Gregor to be worried about staying healthy so he may work. It puts a lot more stress in his life because he knows that if he ever misses work the chief clerk will be knocking at his door. He works so much that he has no time for a social life. Because he works so much, he becomes isolated. An individual who reads the novella finds out quickly Gregor is a very conservative and unsocial person. Gregor is this way because of his stressful job.
Gregor Samsa’s work life causes much stress to his life just as his family does. His family lives off of Gregor’s income. His family does not work themselves, so Gregor makes all of the money in his household. Being that Gregor’s parents owe his employer money, he works to pay off their debt. He is very distant with his family. Gregor often sacrifices for his family, so they may be comfortable. His family seems to stand Gregor just because of the income he brings in for the family. Gregor feels very much unappreciated by his family members. His father is very strict with him. Therefore,
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Article ID: JAE363 | By: Eric Johnson
Football Coin-Toss
Suppose your favorite NFL team is headed to overtime in a tie game and ends up winning the coin toss. Would you want your team to kick off or receive? It’s a no-brainer. Even the most defensive-minded fan wants his team to have the ball. After all, the team receiving the kickoff can win the game by scoring a touchdown in its initial possession. While the defense could cause a turnover, pick up the ball, and run eighty yards for the tie-breaking score, there is a better opportunity to get into the end zone when your team is in control.
When I taught Bible classes at a Christian high school for seventeen years, I believed that getting students to assimilate the information was facilitated when they were actively in the game. For example, instead of merely lecturing on a topic like evil and suffering, I found that it was better to direct the conversation by first asking questions of the students. This allowed me to measure “pre-understanding” and determine their natural position. Questions such as “What is your view on how evil came into existence?” or “Do you believe that evil discounts the possibility that there can be a good God?” were able to give me valuable insights while requiring the students to develop their critical thinking skills by defending a position—if they even had one! Sometimes a “devil’s advocate” position was required, so I occasionally used class time to role-play an atheist. Asking, “If God is so good, why did He create evil?” could take an entire class period, especially since the question could be considered “fighting words” to an audience raised since birth in a Christian church! It is true that lectures and laying out the factual information ought to play an important role in teaching, but this sit-and-listen approach should not be the only (or even primary) tool for issues where there is much disagreement.
When it comes to evangelism, desiring to be on offense is a wise choice. If we want to be effective in sharing our faith with other people, why wouldn’t we take the ball and be in charge instead of guessing what the opponent will do next? Asking intelligent questions can be an excellent tool in sharing the Christian faith.
Asking the Right Questions. This tactic is certainly not new, as the “Socratic Method”—named after the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates—has long been used to stimulate critical thinking skills. In what he calls “the queen mother of all tactics,” apologist Greg Koukl believes that using questions will help the Christian stay “in the driver’s seat in conversations so you can productively direct the discussion, exposing faulty thinking and suggesting more fruitful alternatives along the way.”1 He explains, “Sometimes the little things have the greatest impact. Using simple leading questions is an almost effortless way to introduce spiritual topics to a conversation without seeming abrupt, rude, or pushy. Questions are engaging and interactive, probing yet amicable. Most important, they keep you in the driver’s seat while someone else does all the work.”2
Typically I have found that almost everyone likes to think that their opinion is important. The very idea that you are asking questions—not superficial inquiries but honest questions where you really want to know what the other person is thinking—can help eliminate the pressure many Christians feel, as if they somehow must be the resident experts who possess all the answers to any skeptic’s inquiries. Think about how Jesus used this tactic when He dealt with people. For example, in Matthew 22:41, He set up the situation by asking the Pharisees, “What do you think about the Christ? Whose son is he?” (NIV). Or in John 5:6 when He asked the invalid at the Pool of Bethesda, “Do you want to get well?” (NIV). This question allowed Jesus to understand how badly this man wanted to be healed.3 Whether you are speaking to a friend, a neighbor, a family member, or even a stranger, thoughtful questions can help guide the conversation and make it more productive than you may have ever thought possible.
Getting an evangelism encounter started can be greatly aided with questions. For example, asking, “Do you know what the gospel of Jesus Christ is?” will tell you how well this person understands Christianity.
Probably one of the most simple but effective introductory questions comes from D. James Kennedy’s Evangelism Explosion, which was started in 1962. This tactic begins, “Have you come to a place in your thinking where you would know for sure that if you were to die today, you would go to heaven or is that something you would say you’re still working on?”4
A similar tactic is used by evangelist Ray Comfort, who likes to start evangelism encounters by asking, “Would you consider yourself to be a good person?”5 Such approaches work because many people believe—with no biblical support, of course—that their perceived moral “goodness” makes them worthy for heaven. After all, they reason, there are much worse people out there, like murderers and rapists. When the standard of the law is used as a mirror, the sinner can quickly see that “there is none righteous, no, not one” (Rom. 3:10 KJV).
Imagine an alternative approach, with the Christian walking up to a stranger and pointing a finger in the person’s face, loudly proclaiming, “You are a sinner who is going straight to hell, so you better turn or burn.” While the words might be technically true, they promote accusation over consideration, which can easily result in anger or frustration and hinder what otherwise could have been a successful conversation.
Over the years, certain students in my high school Bible classes were famous for raising their hands and asking questions by which they fully intended to take the discussion off track. They knew that asking questions placed me in a defensive position, effectively giving them control of the discussion. Earlier in my teaching career, I often took the bait, which resulted in having to reschedule the next day’s quiz since we didn’t cover all the pertinent information. Using tangential questions is a red herring tactic.
Probably the most popular question used on Christians who are sharing the gospel is, “So what will happen to the people in Africa who never heard the gospel?” Is the Christian obligated to answer this when it is obviously used to stall the conversation? I say no. Thus, I often respond in this kind way: “That’s a good question, but right now I’m talking to someone who is hearing a presentation of the Christian gospel. How about if I answer that question once we’re done with the topic at hand?” The person is usually fine with my response, as I have recognized the legitimacy of the question and am not disqualifying it; all I am doing is delaying the answer. It seems fair to finish the conversation at hand before introducing any new topics. Keeping the topic focused prevents a premature punt.
Another important strategy is making sure you ask questions without sounding like you are accusing the other person. The Christian who comes across as mean-spirited will lose every time. And it’s vital for the believer to listen to the answers. If we don’t come across as caring, most people who are feeling attacked will dig into their defensive position and not listen to any reasoning, no matter how sound it might be.
A good example of this was illustrated in a recent issue of Christianity Today.6 Rosaria Champagne Butterfield, a university professor of English and women’s studies who was once a self-admitted “radical”/“leftist” lesbian, was “tired of students who seemed to believe that ‘knowing Jesus’ meant knowing little else. Christians in particular were bad readers…. Stupid. Pointless. Menacing. That’s what I thought of Christians and their god Jesus.”
In 1997, Butterfield wrote a local newspaper article arguing against the Christian men’s group Promise Keepers. She received so many letters—both positive and negative—that she ended up putting two empty boxes on her desk to sort the responses. She writes, “But one letter I received defied my filing system. It was from the pastor of the Syracuse Reformed Presbyterian Church. It was a kind and inquiring letter.” Pastor Ken Smith encouraged her to consider questions such as: How did you arrive at your interpretations? How do you know that you are right? Do you believe in God?
According to Butterfield, this letter was different from the others who were against her view because the pastor “didn’t argue with my article; rather, he asked me to defend the presuppositions that undergirded it.” Although she initially threw the letter away, she later took it out of the trash and allowed it to sit on her desk, “confronting me with the world- view divide that demanded a response.” Butterfield ended up becoming friends with this pastor and his wife. The positive results did not take place overnight. However, a simple letter that asked legitimate questions ended up completely rocking the professor’s world, causing her eventually to leave her homosexual lifestyle and embrace biblical Christianity.
Will every evangelism encounter that utilizes questions like these always have a happy ending? By no means! However, I have found that it is better to be invited into the backyard of potential believers for a friendly conversation rather than pounding on their doors in a demanding way. What are some ways that you might be able to use this strategy the next time you share your faith?
Eric Johnson lives in Utah with his wife and family. He works full-time with Mormonism Research Ministry (
1. Tactics: A Game Plan for Discussing Your Christian Convictions (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009), 24.
2. Ibid., 48.
3. This is why Bill McKeever and I decided to start each chapter of our book Answering Mormons’ Questions (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2012) with three or four possible “response questions.” Clarifying the mindset of a Latter-day Saint is crucial if the Christian hopes to formulate a reasonable answer.
4. Evangelism Explosion, 4th ed. (Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale, 1996).
5. Hell’s Best Kept Secret (New Kensington, PA: Whitaker House, 1989).
6. “My Train Wreck Conversion,” Christianity Today, January/February 2013, 111–12.
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3. How Do I Send Email with PHP?
How Do I Send Email with PHP?
Why Would I Want to Use Email with PHP?
PHP is a useful website building tool. It gives the website the ability to automatically run scripts when a button is pushed or someone interacts with a particular part of a site.
Using PHP to send emails is often used for forms embedded on the site. When the form is filled and submitted, the PHP script will run, grab the information from the form, and send out an email.
Depending on how you configure your script, that email can be anything from a forwarded message to you to a greeting to the person who submitted the information.
Where Do I Put PHP Script?
The PHP script will go into your site’s HTML, usually within the <body> element.
How Do I Send Email with PHP?
Check out PHP.net’s mail function documentation.
If you would like some examples, see W3schools PHP mail function explanation.
Variable Type
$to Specifies where the email will be sent. String Yes
$subject Specifies the email subject.
This parameter will display in the email’s subject line.
String Yes
$message Specifies the body of the email.
Each line should be separated by a \r\n .
If you exceed 70 characters, use wordwrap.
String Yes
$additional_headers Specifies any extra headers, like From, CC, and BCC, that are inserted at the end of the email header String Optional
$additional_parameters Specifies any additional parameters String Optional
wordwrap Wraps strings that are longer than a certain amount of characters.
Use in conjunction with $message.
See an example here.
String Optional
CRLF stands for “Carriage Return Feed Line,” which signals the end of a line. CLRF is written as \r\n.
Common Use Examples
To send a message to a specific email address:
$message = “New customer.\r\nGo to thisSite.com to see new customer info.\r\nThanks,\r\nSite Team”;
mail(‘[email protected]’, ‘Email Subject’ , $message);
If the message is longer than 70 characters:
$message = “This is a message longer than seventy characters. Use wordwrap below to make things work.”;
$message = wordwrap($message, 70, “\r\n”);
If the email has multiple headers:
$to = ‘[email protected]’;
$subject = ‘Email Subject’;
$message = ‘Your message will go here.\r\nDon’t forget the CRFL for lines\r\n’;
$headers = ‘From: [email protected]’ . “\r\n” .
‘Reply-To: [email protected]’ . “\r\n” .
Using the Filter Function for Forms
Using the Filter Function for Forms
If you are using this in a form, you should use the filter function. Filters are used to “sanitize” or validate data that comes through your form.
Email forms are a common target for abuse. It’s no problem if the user enters information as they are supposed to, but sometimes they can do things that break the script.
Filters help with that. For example, if a user inputs an invalid character into an email, you can use the filter function with an if-else statement to make sure the email is valid. Check out W3School’s PHP filter explanation to learn more about filters.
If the input from a form was:
You would use this code to filter any invalid characters in the address. In this case, the second "@" is invalid.
// form populates variable with user email
$email = "email@@example.com";
// Checks email for invalid characters
if (filter_var($email, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
echo("$email is a valid email address.");
} else {
echo("$email is not a valid email address.");
The output would be:
email@@example.com is not a valid email address.
filter_var() initiates the filter function, and then you can use a filter constant to tell filter_var() what you want to filter.
Check out PHP’s list of filter constants. This list gives you an idea of filter_var() uses. Correct usage of filter_var() can protect your form from user error and keep your PHP scripts running smoothly.
Updated on February 5, 2019
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• Dr. Stieglitz
Breakfast with Solomon - Proverbs 26:22
The clear idea from this proverb is that there is a way of speaking that gets around the natural defenses we have against lies, gossip, deception, and even facts that we don't like.
This is the second time that Solomon has used this proverb. He says essentially the same thing in 18:8. In this instance the context is contention, argument, strife, and those things that cause it. In 18:8 the general context is sins of the mouth or foolish actions that come out of the mouth.
Solomon is warning us against the person who does this kind of speech. This type of person is a dangerous person, Solomon warns. This person has a way of accessing your soul that causes you to remember the things you say. He is pointing out that often when strife is traced to its source, there is a whisperer involved.
This is the Hebrew word ragan, which means murmur, whisper. It has also been translated criticize and grumble. Our English idea carries with it the idea of talking very softly. This is not in the Hebrew word. The idea is more of complaint or criticism. We would call this person the self-appointed critic. They can always see what is wrong with a person, company, or organization; and they feel a need to share it rather than offer to help. Solomon is telling us that these types of people should be watched because their critical comments and supposed "true tales" are remembered.
How many times have you heard someone say, "I heard that you said, 'Such and such.’" And then to have the other person say, "I would never say that." “So you have been holding this against me because someone told you that I said that and you never checked with me?” This type of interchange is the work of the whisperer. They purport to tell you what your friend, boss, mate, colleague, or enemy said when they were alone with them. You remember it as though it were gospel. That other person may never have said that or did not say it with the twist that the whisperer put on it.
It is best to ignore or hugely discount what the whisperer says. They are trying to increase their importance by telling others’ secrets, criticisms, grumblings, problems, etc. When they are the one who knows and shares this info, then they are vital to the information network.
innermost parts of the body
The Hebrew phrase actually readsthe chambers of the belly or womb. Clearly this is a reference to the emotional soul of the person. It was suggested that this was located in the belly because when a person got emotional, it was the belly or bowels that reacted. When someone tells you a bit of salacious news, it gets quickly recorded and remembered because it has an emotional edge to it. It is negative and usually is at least a little outrageous.
What is interesting is that Solomon focuses on how deep the information of the whisperer goes. The criticism and complaint of these people get a free pass right to our mental hard drive. It sticks when all kinds of other actual facts don't stick. It is this stickiness of the whisperer’s information that Solomon is warning about.
I have watched friendships be destroyed and even churches split over things that were said by whisperers. We must realize that when someone is grumbling or criticizing, what they say will seem truer or more important. One should discount their truths until there is independent confirmation of their facts by two other sources.
Remember, relationships are the most important things in life. Listening to the whisperer will destroy those relationships even if what they say really happened.
Cast a wary eye over the information of the whisperer for it comes to destroy your relationships, and you will remember what they say more easily than other positive things.
What is the warning here? Mark these kinds of people. Realize how quickly and deeply you embrace what they say. Take the criticism, grumbling, or gossip with a grain of salt – if you listen to it at all. Don't let what the whisperer says destroy your relationships.
Until tomorrow,
Gil Stieglitz
#DrGilStieglitz #Proverbs #wisdom #BreakfastwithSolomon #discipleship #wisespeech
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