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https://brilliant.org/discussions/thread/solving-cyclic-inequalities/
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# Solving cyclic inequalities
I understand that in case of symmetric inequalities, you can assume $$a \geq b \geq c$$ without loss of generality because you can replace for example $$a$$ with $$b$$ but still the inequality remains unchanged.
But in case of cyclic inequalities can we assume $$a = max(a,b,c)$$ without loss of generality. If yes please explain the reason of WLOG in this case as well.
Example:- [RMO 2017 P6]
Let $$x,y,z$$ be real numbers, each greater than $$1$$. Prove that $$\dfrac{x+1}{y+1}+\dfrac{y+1}{z+1}+\dfrac{z+1}{x+1} \leq \dfrac{x-1}{y-1}+\dfrac{y-1}{z-1}+\dfrac{z-1}{x-1}$$
The official solution uses $$a = max(a,b,c)$$.
$$#rmo$$ #inequalities $$#wlog$$
Note by Santu Paul
4 weeks, 1 day ago
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Since the inequality (or equality) is cyclic, you can get new solutions by "rotating around" the numbers of a solution.
For example, if $$(5,2,9)$$ is a solution, then $$(2,9,5)$$ and $$(9,5,2)$$ are solutions as well, but $$(5,9,2)$$ isn't a solution.
This works because cyclic (in)equalities only use some operation (in your example $$\frac {a+1}{b+1}$$ for some $$a,b$$) of all pairs of two "consecutive" variables, but since all "consecutive" variable pairs ($$(x,y)$$, $$(y,z)$$ and $$(z,x)$$) are used in the (in)equality, the order of the variables matters, but the "rotation" doesn't and that's why you can set $$a = \text{max} (a,b,c)$$.
- 4 weeks ago
Imagine all 3 (or any number of) variables arranged in a circle. The cyclic (in)equality involves some operation of all pairs of variables that are next to each other in this circle. You can't change the order of the elements in the circle and you also can't make a mirror image, but you can rotate the variables around and WLOG rotate one specific value (in your example the macimum value) so that it becomes $$a$$.
- 4 weeks ago
I kind of get the geometric intuition but could you please be a bit more descriptive, especially in the algebraic one. Thank you.
- 3 weeks, 6 days ago
If a cyclic equality has a solution $$(x,y,z)_1 = (a,b,c)$$, then – since the equality is cyclic – you can get another solution as $$(x,y,z)_2 = (b,c,a)$$. I think you might understand this intuitively, but to prove it algebraically we have to define what exactly a cyclic equality is.
My first thought is the definition
A cyclic equality is an equality $$f(x,y,z) = 0$$ such that you can substitute $$(a,b,c) = (g(x,y),g(y,z),g(z,x))$$ for some $$g(r,s)$$ into the equation and get a symmetric equation. In some cases you might have to make multiple substitutions.
Derived from the case of your inequality, we can show that
$$\frac {x+1}{y+1} + \frac {y+1}{z+1} + \frac {z+1}{x+1} = 0$$
is cyclic (by my definition) because the function $$g(r,s) = \frac {r+1}{s+1}$$ and its corresponding substitution $$(a,b,c) = (g(x,y),g(y,z),g(z,x))$$ gives the symmetric equality
$$a + b + c = 0$$.
$$\frac {x-y}{y-z} + \frac {y-z}{z-x} + \frac {z-x}{x-y} = 0$$
then we would have to use the function $$g_1(r,s) = r-s$$
and get
$$\frac ab + \frac bc + \frac ca = 0$$
Since this isn't symmetric, we have to use another substitution $$(d,e,f) = (g_2(d,e),g_2(e,f),g_2(f,d))$$ for $$g_2(r,s) = \frac rs$$. This brings us to the symmetric equality
$$d + e + f = 0$$
Another possibility is to define a cyclic equality as an equality where we can get a new solution from a known one $$(x,y,z)_1 = (a,b,c)$$ as $$(x,y,z)_2 = (b,c,a)$$.
Then, this fact you asked about is the defining property and therefore doesn't require any proof.
Which definition do you like the most, or do you have any other ideas?
- 3 weeks, 3 days ago
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https://mslc.ctf.su/wp/leet-more-2010-noise-magic-writeup/
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Sep
15
## Leet More 2010 Noise Magic writeup
I think there’s nothing interesting in this image. Do you agree? image
The image looks like it’s just a random noise. To make sure, we can measure a randomness. Pixels of each color can appear in each place of the image with equal chance. If it’s false for some colors, we certainly want to look at them. Here is a script for that:
<?php
$fname = "quest.png";$im = imagecreatefrompng($fname); list($sx, $sy) = getimagesize($fname);
# -----------------------------------------------------------
# Divide the image into blocks and count a colors in each one
# For each color calculate average count in one block
# -----------------------------------------------------------
$xblocks = 8;$yblocks = 8;
$xsize = intval($sx/$xblocks);$ysize = intval($sy/$yblocks);
$count =$avg_count = array();
for ($yb = 0;$yb < $yblocks;$yb++) {
for ($xb = 0;$xb < $xblocks;$xb++) {
for ($y =$yb*$ysize;$y < ($yb+1)*$ysize; $y++) { for ($x = $xb*$xsize; $x < ($xb+1)*$xsize;$x++) {
$c = imagecolorat($im, $x,$y);
@$count[$yb][$xb][$c]++;
}}
foreach ($count[$yb][$xb] as$color => $color_count) { @$avg_count[$color] +=$color_count/($xblocks*$yblocks);
}
}}
# -----------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate a dispersion (deviation) from average count
# for each color as sum of each block's squared difference
# -----------------------------------------------------------
$d = array();$dmax = 0;
for ($yb = 0;$yb < $yblocks;$yb++) {
for ($xb = 0;$xb < $xblocks;$xb++) {
foreach ($count[$yb][$xb] as$color => $color_count) { @$d[$color] += pow($color_count - $avg_count[$color], 2);
if ($d[$color] > $dmax)$dmax = $d[$color];
}
}}
# -----------------------------------------------------------
# Calculate average dispersion, just for information
# -----------------------------------------------------------
$avg_d = 0; foreach ($d as $disp) {$avg_d += $disp; }$avg_d /= count($d); echo "MAX disp: ".round($dmax,2)."; AVG: ".round($avg_d,2)."\n"; # ----------------------------------------------------------- # Find the largest "gap" in array, use it as edge # ----------------------------------------------------------- asort($d);
$gap = 0;$gap_disp = 0;
$prev_disp = -1; foreach ($d as $color=>$disp) {
if ($prev_disp > 0) { if ($disp - $prev_disp >$gap) {
$gap =$disp - $prev_disp;$gap_disp = $prev_disp + ($disp - $prev_disp)/2; } }$prev_disp = $disp; } echo "GAP: ".round($gap_disp,2)." ± ".round($gap/2,2)."\n"; # ----------------------------------------------------------- # Blacken pixels with disp <$limit
# -----------------------------------------------------------
$limit =$gap_disp; //we can use intval($dmax/3); for ($y = 0; $y <$sy; $y++) { for ($x = 0; $x <$sx; $x++) {$c = imagecolorat($im,$x, $y); if ($d[$c] <$limit) {
imagesetpixel($im,$x, $y, 0); } }} imagepng($im, "solve.png");
echo "DONE.\n";
?>
Well, if we run it, we get some information and an image with “bad pixels” in “solve.png”:
\$ php solve.php
MAX disp: 1492.41; AVG: 92.82
GAP: 351.61 ± 200
DONE.
The resulting image:
|
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http://www.r-bloggers.com/playing-with-fire-or-water/
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# Playing with fire (or water)
April 2, 2012
By
(This article was first published on Freakonometrics - Tag - R-english, and kindly contributed to R-bloggers)
A few days ago, http://www.futilitycloset.com/ published a short post based on the fourth problem of the 1987 Canadian Mathematical Olympiad (from on a problem from the 6th All Soviet Union Mathematical Competition in Voronezh, 1966). The problem is simple (as always). It is about water pistol duels (with an odd number of players)
What puzzled me in this problem is the following: if we know, for sure, that at least one player won't get wet, we don't know exactly how many of them won't get wet (assuming that if they shoot at the closest, they hit him for sure) ? It is simple to run simulations, e.g. assuming that players are uniformly distributed over a square,
NOTWET=function(n){
x=runif(n)
y=runif(n)
(d=as.matrix(dist(cbind(x,y), method = "euclidean",upper=TRUE)))
diag(d)=999999
dmin=apply(d,2,which.min)
notwet=n-length(table(dmin))
return(notwet)}
It is then rather simple to get the distribution of the number of player that did not get wet,
N25=Vectorize(NOTWET)(n=rep(25,NSim))
T=table(N25)
plot(cas.numeric(names(T)),T/NSim,type="b")
The graph for different values for the total number of players is the following (based on 25,000 simulations)
If we investigate further, say with 51 players, we have a distribution for the total number of players that did not get wet which looks exactly like the Gaussian distribution,
NSim=25000
N51=Vectorize(NOTWET)(n=rep(51,NSim))
T=table(N51)
plot(as.numeric(names(T)),T/NSim,type="b",col="blue")
u=seq(0,51,by=.1)
lines(u,dnorm(u,mean(N51),sd(N51)),col="red",lty=2)
If anyone has an intuition (not to say a proof) for that, I'd be glad to hear it...
R-bloggers.com offers daily e-mail updates about R news and tutorials on topics such as: visualization (ggplot2, Boxplots, maps, animation), programming (RStudio, Sweave, LaTeX, SQL, Eclipse, git, hadoop, Web Scraping) statistics (regression, PCA, time series, trading) and more...
|
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http://www.gallifrance.net/docs/cyborg-soldier-rzhuxis/archive.php?id=circulation-area-calculation-db062d
|
which are used for movement of persons using the building. For accurate benchmarking purposes, NFA must be calculated using a consistent methodology. occupy 7,000 SF of the total usable area. Gorlin R, Gorlin SG. This may be done by adding light onto the ceiling and vertical faces and by maintaining a cylindrical illuminance of 150 lux and a modelling effect of between 0,3 and 0,6. To find out the required Tobacco Smoke CADR, divided your room area (sq ft) by 1.55. The circulation area of any floor comprises of the following: Verandah; Balconies; Passages and corridors; Entrance hall; Staircase and mumties; Shafts for lifts; Porches; The circulation area may be divided into two parts: Am Heart J. applied to the total Net Area to determine the Circulation Area. Task 2: Find the area of a circle given its diameter is 12 cm. Circulation spaces are important for regulating how people interact with your building. (NEW) Discussion?The use of Base Building Circulation Area may occur in future standards development. In general, the Building Area is the sum of all areas on all floors measured from the outside face of the exterior walls. Suppose we have a flow of water and we want to determine if it has curl or not: is there any twisting or pushing force? 2. Circulation is the amount of "pushing" force along a path. The area required for human traffic in a building, including permanent corridors, stairways, elevators, escalators, and lobbies. Base Building Circulation Area. A comprehensive, scientific understanding will help us move forward on the right path. Circulation is the amount of "pushing" force along a path. Question: How Long Does A Home Warranty Cover Structural Damage? Occupancy rate = Floor area (m²)/Floor area per person (m²) For an office computer room, the figure for this application would be 25m². There are many ways to calculate the valve area of aortic stenosis. Looking for circulation area? Water needs vary. Parts of loading docks, for example, may be termed as part of this area because they provide people with access to and from the loading dock and the building. When building consists of columns projecting beyond the cladding, the plinth area is measured upto the external face of the cladding (in case of corrugated sheet, cladding outer edge of the corrugation is considered). This is least expensive after on-grade parking. Task 1: Given the radius of a cricle, find its area. Above grade parking:-This is a free-standing parking deck of two or more levels. Quick Answer: How Much Water Should We Drink In A Day? ... That projected area for each person is the occupant load factor, and it should be divided into the net, say class room, area that correlates with that load factor. Providing safe, useful and accessible spaces which accommodate the needs of people using them is the primary concern of any architect. Maintenance record to be maintained. When people make square footage calculations, circulation area is one among many areas which can be considered in the calculation. Circulation area is the square footage in a building which provides people with access to the all of the spaces within the building. This is a tragedy that can easily be avoided if everyone builds according to certain rules. By increasing the cross-section of the conductor (or increasing the size of the wire), the resistance decreases, and the allowable ampacity increases. This item provides data on banknotes/coins put into circulation in the euro area. Required Field. I think a lot of the appeal is thinking that, while you are a guest in this hotel, this space belongs to you to. A circulation percentage of 30% within a 10,000 SF space means that circulation occupies 3,000 SF, and the offices, workstations, meeting rooms, etc. To calculate rentable area, the document utilizes a few terms that are not part of the basic ARCHIBUS space vocabulary, such as Base Building Circulation, Occupant Area, and Service and Amenity Areas. Blueprints and CAD drawings of a building can highlight circulation area and provide square footage estimates which allow people to see whether or not a building will meet needs and requirements. Hydraulic formula for calculati on of the area of the stenotic mitral valve. What is a circulation area? GROSS AREA is the total area of the building measured to the exterior face of exterior walls. Inspection of the area to be done twice a year. What is the first plague God sends? @nextorrea - I'd never thought about it like that but you are right. As some of the other posters have noted, the circulation areas often define the look of a building. Quick Answer: What Was The First Plague Sent From God. Presidential Advisory from the AHA. Maintenance record to be maintained. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, often called paid circulation, since some newspapers are distributed without cost to the reader. Question: What City In Texas Has The Best Year Round Weather? Simultaneous Publications with #AHA20. The minimum path necessary for access to egress stairs, elevator lobbies, toilet rooms, refuge areas, building lobbies and entrances, ignoring tenant/occupant space configuration on the floor. Here, you can find the list of AHAM-certified air purifiers with room size recommendation. Circulation area is square footage which also cannot be sold or rented, which means that it may be considered differently in taxes and other types of financial calculations. For this reason, circulation areas are often the most beautiful spaces in any structure. method. For example, suppose you plan to … Question: What Is The Best Phone For A 12 Year Old? Area of the wall at the floor level, excluding plinth offsets. Circulation CME; Information for Advertisers ; For Authors & Reviewers. Inspection of the area to be done twice a year. Human screams can be quite, Is the passenger pigeon still alive? Total Usable Area = 10,000 SF Offices, workstations, meeting rooms, and files = 7,000 SF = 70% To give some background, I work in the facilities management field. The section also provides, What oil will darken wood? 2001; 1: 45–52. The term 'circulation' refers to the movement of people through, around and between buildings and other parts of the built environment. I love it when a hotel has a huge grand lobby for their circulation area with lots of couches and a big ornate check in desk. In order to qualify as part of the circulation area, an area must have ceilings high enough to permit passage. Search CUI Devices' full line of Dc Fans Air Flow . All you need to know is the room area, height, and CFM. Because 30% refers to the ratio of circulation to the total usable area, but we want the ratio of the circulation to the total program elements, a very different number indeed. How loud can a human yell? AREA CALCULATION STANDARDS (Annexure of DTMFZA Zoning Authority Development Regulations) Issued: 07110108 Rev: O Page 1 of 20 . Patrons would order. In physics, circulation is the line integral of a vector field around a closed curve. About September, Is cycling 30 miles a day too much? It is a tool used by the planning body of any city or town to identify densely constructed areas from the others. Here, we use repeated hydrographic sections in the subtropical and subpolar North Atlantic, combined with an … CIRCULATION AREA is the area required to support the function located in assignable spaces such as; lobby, corridor area, toilet area, utility spaces, staircases, mechanical & electrical rooms, lift, risers & other service areas. Question: What Does It Mean For A Drink To Be Dry? Some of these can be truly beautiful they color the entire experience of staying in the hotel. Exclude areas having less than a 3-foot clear ceiling height unless the criteria of a separate structure are met. Divide the result in half to find the actual area. Ever since she began contributing to the site several years ago, Mary has embraced the THE happiest angler in the Echo's whole circulation area this week is 64-year-old Frank Simpson, who scored his first ever match fishing win at Mescar Lake with a … Wikibuy Review: A Free Tool That Saves You Time and Money, 15 Creative Ways to Save Money That Actually Work. Circulation area is an important consideration for architects and engineers because it plays such a huge role in both the logistics and the aesthetics of designing a building. For example, if the radius is 5 inches, then using the first area formula calculate π x 5 2 = 3.14159 x 25 = 78.54 sq in.. Quick Answer: Does The Electoral College Have To Follow The Popular Vote? Its like you've suddenly been given access to the greatest living room in the world. There is something about those long corridors and the uniform design all the way down that just looks like nothing else. Balch Springs. Floor area ratio (FAR) is the measurement of a building’s floor area in relation to the size of the lot/parcel that the building is located on. There is a fire and you are stuck inside because there is not a safe way to evacuate. Usable Area. Passages and corridors. Explanation of circulation area Say what you will about government control of our lives, I think the standardization of building codes is one of the most important functions the government performs. Some examples of things included in circulation area include: halls, corridors, elevators, stairs, lobbies, escalators, catwalks, and any other parts of a building which are designed to create access to a room or area within the building. Government of Dubai Definition Method of Calculation Dubai Technology and Media Free Zone Authority Contents Zoning Authority 10 12 .15 REG-02 Rev O Issued 07/10/08 Page 2 of 20 Project Details Sheet Instructions for using Project Details Diagrams. 3. Apply the second equation to get π x (12 / 2) 2 = 3.14159 x 36 = 113.1 cm 2 (square centimeters). Curl is the amount of pushing, twisting, or turning force when you shrink the path down to a single point. Part of our job is to manage floor plans. To test this, we put a paddle wheel into the water and notice if it turns (the paddle is vertical, sticking out of the water like a revolving door -- not like a paddlewheel boat): If the paddle does turn, it means this fie… Source: UFC 3-210-02: POV Site Circulation and Parking, with Change 1, January 2004, and Americans with Disabilities Act and Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Guidelines. (1) Occupant Load Calculation for Areas Without Fixed Seating. Question: What Is The Purpose Of Interior Design? I am looking for some help with an LISP command that I acquired (see below). With the number of total parking bays and the right amount of disability parking, … This is more expensive … which are used for movement of persons using the building. Total Net Area is calculated by adding together all programmed areas. I feel like I've been in a few hotels where you could barely see the end of the hallway. Measure to the centerline of interior partitions of a space. Circulation. Model simulations suggest that the AMOC may have been weakening over decades. Circulation Area is computed by physically measuring or scaling measurements from the inside faces of surfaces that form the boundaries of the designated areas. And at the same time they play an important role in making a building work for the people inhabiting it. Let's use water as an example. Calculate percentage of circulation area to total area in room schedule Dear all, I created a room schedule where I sorted the rooms with a custom text project parameter to distinguish the ones that are circulation related and the ones that are not. Measure to the centerline of interior partitions of a space. Following areas are included during measurement of plinth area: 1. Example: find the area of a circle. To calculate the occupant load for an area without fixed seating, the code says to compute the area of the room or space at a rate of one occupant per unit of area using the occupant load factor found in Table 1004.1.2. So, if your floor plate area is X and circulation area is Y, then Y should not exceed 20% of X-Y. Am J Cardiol. This Includes area for Lift lobby and staircase. A Circulation Multiplier is applied to the Net Area to estimate the amount of Circulation Area that should be included in the Usable Area. This square footage per person varies significantly depending on the type of building, and can be found in Section 1004 of the International Fire Code. Theoretical and practical differences between the Gorlin formula and the continuity equation for calculating aortic and mitral valve areas. In complex buildings such as hospitals or transport exchanges, signage or other forms of wayfinding may be necessary to help people navigate circulation spaces . The percentage of total square footage occupied by this area depends on a number of factors including building layout and size of the building. Circulation space - Designing Buildings Wiki - Share your construction industry knowledge. Alternatively, note that C/( πR2) = 2Ω so that the circulation divided by the area enclosed by the loop is just twice thl dfifhihe angular speed of rotation of the ring. Since $\dllp'(t) = (-2\sin t, 3 \cos t)$, the line integral is \begin{align*} \dlint &= \plint{0}{2\pi}{\dlvf}{\dllp}\\ &= \int_0^{2\pi} \dlvf(2\cos t, 3 \sin t) \cdot (-2\sin t, 3 \cos t) dt\\ &= \int_0^{2\pi} (3 \sin t, -2\cos t) \cdot (-2\sin t, 3 … Rectangular H: Required Field. Light in people’s faces is particularly important in the circulation area. And now we got the Heat transfer Area of Cylinder, and we still need to calculate the Heat transfer surface of the Torispherical Dish, Area of a torispherical dish = ( / 4) x ((1.147 x D)^2) = (3.141/4) x ((1.147 x 0.5576)^2) = 0.785 x 0.409 = 0.32 Sq.m Total heat transfer area of the reactor = Area of cylinder + Area of torispherical dish For 30% circulation in the example above, we want the ratio of 3,000/7,000 SF or 42.86%. This online calculator helps you to calculate either of the three parameters namely, the air flow in FPM (Feet per Minute), CFM and the area in square feet. What is a circulation […] BODY SURFACE AREA (BSA) Body surface area (BSA) is the area of the external surface of the body, expressed in square meters (m 2).In physiology and medicine, the body surface area is the measured or calculated surface of human body. The Usable Area is the actual occupiable area of a floor or an office suite. This means that for every 25m² of floor area, one person is assumed to be present for the purpose of the fresh air calculation. Mary has a liberal arts degree from Goddard College and It is calculated for each individual country as the total euro banknotes/coins put into circulation by the national central bank (NCB) of that country since the introduction of the euro, minus all euro banknotes/coins returned to that NCB. Dual circulation is an integral whole, with domestic circulation as the main body and international circulation as indispensable additional inputs and extension, both promoting each other. Description. To estimate the occupancy of a space, divide the square footage of the room by the square footage required per person. (see section on aortic stenosis). Governments may mandate that a set amount of square footage be set aside for specific uses for safety reasons, for example. An efficient floor plan of a multi-apartment building will have a circulation area of 11 to 15% of Floor Plate area - circulation area, but should not exceed 20%. Basis for Measurement. To calculate rentable area, the document utilizes a few terms that are not part of the basic ARCHIBUS space vocabulary, such as Base Building Circulation, Occupant Area, and Service and Amenity Areas. Half of the numerator is multiplied by Δy and half is multiplied by Δx. The calculation depends on obtaining estimates for valve flow in ml/sec during the time that the valve is open. Circulation area is the floor area of verandah, passages, staircase, balconies etc. Distribution of square footage can be important for certain types of projects, and to meet government requirements. Valve (orifice) area. Enforcers of various building codes may take special interest in this phase to determine whether or not the building meets government requirements. 2002; 106: 809–813. Pupils and teachers should be able to see each others’ faces also outside the classroom. Floor area ratio, or FAR, is a critical decisive element for the legal construction of any residential or non-residential building. In general, covered areas like porches, terraces, and entry alcoves are included. W: Required Field. What iPhone is best for a 12 year old? Exclude areas having less than a 3-foot clear ceiling height unless the criteria of a separate structure are met. This is the formula for ACH (air changes per hour): ACH = CFM x 60 / (Area x Height) where ‘Area’ is the area of the space where you intend to have an HVAC device and ‘Height’ is the height of the ceiling. Circulation. Let's use water as an example. • In this case the circulation is just 2 π times the angular momentum of the fluid ring about the axis of rotati on. A Circulation Multiplier is applied to the Net Area to estimate the amount of Circulation Area that should be included in the Usable Area. Link Google Scholar; 8 Blais C, Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG, Garcia D, Chen D, Durand LG. Poor building practices combined with a total lack of building codes meant that huge areas of structures were flattened. \end{align*} This is the expression for the scalar curl that we use for the “microscopic circulation” in Green's theorem. 1951; 41: 1– 29. In order to clear the smoke at the correct rate, the recommended free vent area you need to achieve from your window or windows is: Stairwell Windows: 1mtr square free vent area at 90 degrees from the opening vent. For example, if you have a 15 ft x 20 ft room (8 ft ceiling), then the area is 300 sq ft. Instructions for Authors; Submission Site ; Author Reprints; Skip slideshow. Aortic valve area calculation is an indirect method of determining the area of the aortic valve (aortic valve area).The calculated aortic valve orifice area is currently one of the measures for evaluating the severity of aortic stenosis.A valve area of less than 1.0 cm 2 is considered to be severe aortic stenosis.. If there are any common walls between two buildings, half of the area of such walls shall be considered in the plinth area. Oak. exciting challenge of being a wiseGEEK researcher and writer. The circulation area of any floor comprises of the following: Verandah. We expect the circulation $\dlint$ to be negative. For accessibility reasons, there may also be width requirements which are designed to accommodate people who use mobility devices which as wheelchairs and walkers inside the building. Lobby Windows: 1.5mtr square free vent area at 90 degrees from the opening vent. Circulation was first used independently by Frederick Lanchester, Martin Kutta and Nikolai Zhukovsky. Example: find the area of a circle. Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 6 Dumensil JG, Yoganathan AP. 1988; 78:435–441. Calculation of valve area is based on the hydraulic formula usually referred to as the “Gorlin formula” and published almost 50 years ago.10. Above grade parking:-This is a free-standing parking deck of two or more levels. All enclosed spaces are included and deductions are not made for mechanical shafts, vertical circulation, interior walls, or structural elements. Below grade parking:-This is commonly known as underground parking. Since 2004, circulation outside the euro area has been estimated as a weighted average of two components. 1. Google Scholar; 9 Burwash IG, Hay KM, Chan KL. Multiply the length and width measurements in order to find the square footage. Where is the ghetto in Texas? which are used for movement of persons using the building. Curl is the amount of pushing, twisting, or turning force when you shrink the path down to a single point. Subtract the square footage of any elevator shafts, lobbies (other than on the first floor), or rooms that house only equipment used for the building’s operation. The size of circulation spaces may be determined by factors such as; the type of use, the numbers of people using them, the direction of travel, crossing flows and so on. Governments may mandate that a set amount of square footage be set aside for specific uses for safety reasons, for example. Planning Formula: USF = NSF + Circulation Area. Within buildings, circulation spaces are spaces that are predominately used for circulation, such as entrances, foyers and lobbies, corridors, stairs, landings and so on. Circulation 2006;114;450-527 *beware of low gradients in cases of severe aortic stenosis with diminished LV function Additional testing is needed to assess severity. Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 7. However, the cross-sectional area of a conductor can also be changed to alter the conductor's resistance. There are many ways to calculate the valve area of aortic stenosis. Circulation area is the floor area of verandah, passages, staircase, balconies etc. Circulation area is … Valve (orifice) area. We can compute the circulation by parametrizing $\dlc$ by \begin{align*} \dllp(t) = (2\cos t, 3 \sin t) \end{align*} for $0 \le t \le 2\pi$. spends her free time reading, cooking, and exploring the great outdoors. Small rooms are often completely identical, but it is the grand spaces where people gather and which receive the most traffic where designers focus most of their creative energy. Circular R: Pre-Calculated Area A: Velocity Units. What is the simple meaning of literature? Safety may also mandate width sufficient for people to evacuate quickly, along with multiple modes of ingress and egress so that people can still get out if part of the building is cut off or damaged. footage calculations circulation area is one among many areas which can be considered in the calculation Distribution of square footage can be important for certain types of projects and to meet government requirements' 4 / 6 'TABLE CHART SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS SPL LEVEL TEST NORMAL MAY 7TH, 2018 - DB TABLE SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS SPL LEVEL TEST NORMAL VOICE SOUND … Am J Cardiol. However, existing array-based AMOC observations are not long enough to capture multidecadal changes. Total Net Area is calculated by adding together all programmed areas. A newspaper's circulation is the number of copies it distributes on an average day. Duct Type/Area. The NFA of common property in our building is 40% of the GFA. To test this, we put a paddle wheel into the water and notice if it turns (the paddle is vertical, sticking out of the water like a revolving door -- not like a paddlewheel boat): If the paddle does turn, it means this fie… The RSF calculation starts as a total of the Usable Square Footage (“USF”), the dimensions of the actual spaces. The destruction would not have been as bad if construction had been more standardized. Circulation is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. The Net Floor Area (NFA) of the private units in a residential condo building is typically 60% of the Gross Floor Area (GFA). Circulation area can be altered by activities such as moving partitions and creating catwalks. Therefore, the circulation per unit area around the point $(x,y)=(a,b)$ is \begin{align*} \pdiff{\dlvfc_2}{x}(a,b) - \pdiff{\dlvfc_1}{y}(a,b). 1951; 41: 1– 29. Calculation of Body Surface Area, Circulating Blood Volume, Requirement of Blood Products Namita Mishra, Sudha Rawat, Vishva Nath Sharma. The first component (with a weighting of 75%) estimates non-euro area holdings as a fixed percentage (9.39%) of total euro banknotes in circulation. Distribution of square footage can be important for certain types of projects, and to meet government requirements. Racial Disparities in Healthcare Issue June 2021 . Balconies. Find out information about circulation area. This type provides maximum efficiency in terms of area, structure, and circulation. A Circulation Multiplier is applied to the Net Area to estimate the amount of Circulation Area that should be included in the Usable Area. AHA/ACC Clinical Practice Guideline . The second estimate (with a weighting of 25%) is based on a fixed proportion (4.16%) of coins to banknotes in circulation. The calculation depends on obtaining estimates for valve flow in ml/sec during the time that the valve is open. Aortic valve area calculation is an indirect method of determining the area of the aortic valve (aortic valve area).The calculated aortic valve orifice area is currently one of the measures for evaluating the severity of aortic stenosis.A valve area of less than 1.0 cm 2 is considered to be severe aortic stenosis..
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http://export.arxiv.org/abs/1811.02634
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### Current browse context:
cond-mat.supr-con
(what is this?)
# Title: Improved Single-Crystal Growth of Sr$_2$RuO$_4$
Abstract: High-quality single crystals are essentially needed for the investigation of the novel bulk properties of unconventional superconductors. The availability of such crystals grown by the floating-zone method has helped to unveil the unconventional superconductivity of the layered perovskite Sr$_2$RuO$_4$, which is considered as a strong candidate of a topological spin-triplet superconductor. Yet, recent progress of investigations urges further efforts to obtain ultimately high-quality crystalline samples. In this paper, we focus on the method of preparation of feed rods for the floating-zone melting and report on the improvements of the crystal growth. We present details of the improved methods used to obtain crystals with superconducting transition temperatures $T_\mathrm{c}$ that are consistently as high as 1.4 K, as well as the properties of these crystals.
Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures Subjects: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con) Journal reference: Condensed Matter 2019, 4(1), 6 DOI: 10.3390/condmat4010006 Cite as: arXiv:1811.02634 [cond-mat.supr-con] (or arXiv:1811.02634v1 [cond-mat.supr-con] for this version)
## Submission history
From: Jake Bobowski [view email]
[v1] Mon, 5 Nov 2018 15:48:27 GMT (1295kb,D)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.07997
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astro-ph.EP
# Title:NGTS-6b: An Ultra Hot-Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-rich star
Abstract: We report the discovery of a new ultra hot Jupiter from the Next Generation Transit Survey. NGTS-6b orbits its star with a period of 21.17 h, and has a mass and radius of $1.330^{+0.024}_{-0.028}\,M_\text{J}$ and $1.271^{+0.197}_{-0.188}\,R_\text{J}$ respectively. Conforming to the currently known small population of ultra hot Jupiters, the planet is also found to orbit a metal-rich star ([Fe/H]$=+0.11\pm0.09$ dex). Photoevaporation models suggest the planet should have lost 5% of its gaseous atmosphere over the course of the 9.6 Gyrs of evolution of the system. NGTS-6b adds to the small, but growing, list of ultra-short period gas giant planets, and will help us to understand the dominant formation and evolutionary mechanisms that govern this population.
Comments: 9 pages, 11 figures. Paper submitted to MNRAS Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP) Cite as: arXiv:1904.07997 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:1904.07997v2 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
## Submission history
From: José Vines Mr [view email]
[v1] Tue, 16 Apr 2019 22:02:30 UTC (7,114 KB)
[v2] Thu, 18 Apr 2019 02:03:26 UTC (7,114 KB)
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http://physics.stackexchange.com/tags/carrier-particles/new
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# Tag Info
0
Quite probably gravitons can cause similar effects as photons. The reason I believe so is that gravitons arise by quantizing linearized gravity (linear approximation to GR), the procedure is very similar to quantization of electromagnetism. Individual gravitons have the usual relativistic energy and momentum relation to frequency (energy-density is ...
0
One doesn't. We haven't even detected gravitational waves, much less single quanta of gravitational waves. As of now, gravitons are a theoretical idea derived by extending quantum mechanical ideas to general relativity.
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From what I understand gravity is similarly quantized and transmitted via gravitons. Well, we don't know that. There is no accepted quantum theory of gravity, only approximations like semiclassical approaches. We cannot give you a "mental picture" at the moment because we don't have one. We can speculate all day, and extrapolate from all the other ...
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Basically recoil, since photons can also carry momentum. The reason why this recoil can also lead to attraction instead of plain repulsion is that the exchanged virtual photon has a definite momentum, so it can not have a definite position at the same time (the position wave of a virtual photon is stretched out to infinity). The momentum can be transfered ...
Top 50 recent answers are included
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http://quant.stackexchange.com/tags/probability/hot
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# Tag Info
20
I recently read "Modeling financial data with stable distributions" (Nolan 2005) which gives a survey of this area and might be of interest (I believe it was contained in "Handbook of Heavy Tailed Distributions in Finance"). Another more recent reference is "Alpha-Stable Paradigm in Financial Markets" (2008). I'm not aware of anything covering "risk of ...
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Google for this paper "Financial applications of random matrix theory: Old laces and new piece" from Marc Potters, Jean-Philippe Bouchaud, and Laurent Laloux. You can also check Prof. Gatheral presentation about Random Matrix Theory http://www.math.nyu.edu/fellows_fin_math/gatheral/RandomMatrixCovariance2008.pdf In R, the package "tawny" has an ...
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There are several application of Lévy alpha-stable distributions to finance, especially in insurance and reinsurance. I believe that Embrechts-Kluppelberg-Mikosh's "Modelling Extremal Events for Insurance and Finance" is still an excellent reference. However, in the modeling of stock prices, this line of research is essentially inactive. The reason is that ...
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Check out page 55 in "Quantitative Equity Investing: Techniques and Strategies," Fabozzi et al. Section is titled "Random Matrix Theory" - very intro. The context pertains to the estimation of a large covariance matrix. Also, see work at Capital Fund Management, filed under: Random Matrix and Finance : correlations and portfolio optimisation
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Perhaps you may want to consider article by D. Levine - Modeling Tail Behavior with Extreme Value Theory who gives practicale example on how EVT can be used to calculate probabilities on returns in tails with use of the Pickands-Balkema-de Haan Theorem and generalized Pareto distribution. It also contains some criterias and points on other methods that can ...
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I highly recommend the Maximum Entropy Bootstrap for time series, implemented by the meboot package in R. In my work, I've stopped using both the block bootstrap and residuals bootstrap in favor of meboot, and I am pleased with the results. Hrishikesh Vinod, the researcher behind meboot, described it in his talk at UseR/2010 last year. The algorithm is ...
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I am still a beginner to this topic, and have been working through Cont and Tankov's textbook Financial Modelling With Jump Processes (2003), which is a fairly elementary treatment of the subject. I think a revised second edition is to come out later this year. One interesting area of applications that has become more prominent with a recent wave of papers ...
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One approach is Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) a.k.a. Expected Shortfall (ES). It does, as you suggest, take into account the whole set of returns. However, instead of traditional VaR which asks "what is the worst 1% or 5% loss I can expect" in a given time frame, conditional VaR asks "assuming I sustain losses of at least 95% or 99% (and perhaps am ...
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I just ran across an interesting presentation comparing the effectiveness of Normal, Cauchy, and Student's-t distributions in modeling the S&P. It concludes that the normal distribution underestimates extreme movements, the Cauchy overestimates them (although a comment on the presentation points out that Mandelbrot used different parameters than the ...
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As far as I know MCMC and also (PMCMC) can be usefull for (bayesian) estimation of parameters of some Hidden process like in the Heston Model case based on observations of the Stock (filtering). But the problem here is that those estimates are not matching those based on calibration of vanilla options of the Risk Neutral measure. So as an econometric tool it ...
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You can't determine this with just the correlation; you need to know the joint probability.
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Why not using the so simple Monte-Carlo estimator $\hat{p}_N =\frac{ \sum_{i=1}^N 1_{|A_{i+1}-A_i|>0 \cap |B_{i+1}-B_i|>0}} {\sum_{i=1}^N 1_{|A_{i+1}-A_i|>0 }}$ where $1_{|A_{i+1}-A_i|>0}$ is $1$ if stock $A$ has moved at time $i+1$
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MCMC can be used for Bayesian inference of other models with hidden variables. Gibbs sampling, for example, is used in Hidden Markov Models. Here is a paper that discuss the differences between MCMC and the more classical approach using the EM algorithm. The question is: Are HMMs a useful model in finance? Some academics argue that they have predictive ...
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There is a simple solution if there is no drift, as the probability $p(x,t)$ obeys a simple diffusion equation: $\mathrm{d}(p)/\mathrm{d}t = \frac{1}{2} \sigma^2 \frac{\mathrm{d}(\mathrm{d}(p))}{\mathrm{d}x^2}$, here $x$ is the price difference $\text{price}(t) - \text{price}(t=0)$. Of course there is a simple solution to the diffusion equation (using ...
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There are certainly (short-rate) models which assume bounded interest rates. I suppose I should clarify - the design of the model prohibits negative interest rates. Further, some models asymptotically reach some target, or mean rate which is considered mean reversion, the most famous perhaps the Vasicek. Short rate models where rates cannot go negative: ...
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In this scenario, the "joint dynamics" are trivially computed since the option value is a known deterministic function of stock price. For example, the mean of the option value for time $\tau$ is $$\mu_O = \int_0^\infty BSM( S_\tau ) p(S_\tau) dS_\tau$$ which is best computed using quadrature as available in standard numerical libraries like scipy. The ...
8
I can clarify 100% that $(dw)^2$= $dt$ and recommend you to accept it as a fact. Like any other differential, this differential is defined in terms of its integral: $$\int_{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}(dW)^{2}\equiv\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}[W(t_{k+1})-W(t_{k})]^{2}$$ Where $t_{k}=t_{0}+k(t_{1}-t_{0})/n$. Since $$... 7 Here's a partial answer: This partly depends on the return characteristics. One way to look at this is to analyze the skewness and kurtosis of the returns. Most strategies have a negative skewness, which roughly means that they have mostly consistent small positive returns, with the occasional large negative return. Alternatively, some strategies have ... 7 A block bootstrap makes sense to me. (If the term doesn't make sense to you, I explain it at the end.) In order to pick the block size, I would essentially do a grid search: pick the largest feasible block size pick a smallest reasonable block size pick how many block sizes you feel like testing I'd run the selected bootstraps and see if there was a ... 7 So you want to calculate \mathbb{P}[B_1 > B_0 + \varepsilon \;|\; A_1 > A_0 + \varepsilon]? If you truly have the joint distribution of A_1 and B_1 and the current prices A_0 and B_0, this just becomes a simple exercise in integration, by the definition of probability density. Are you asking how to find a conditional probability in general, ... 7 Measuring expected shortfall (also known as conditional value-at-risk) answers the simpler question of "what is my average expected loss at the i-th quantile?" given the empirical distribution of returns. A variation is value-at-risk which measures the loss at the i-th quantile. Arguably you could leave at this this and you have your answer. You probably ... 7 If you use a risk-neutral pricing model and consider the probability there, then you get the probability with respect to a risk neutral measure, in addition that probability depends on the chosen numeraire. For example, in Black-Scholes model taking the risk-neutral measure with respect to the bank account B gives$$P(S(T)<K) = Q^{B}(S(T)<K) = ...
7
In the derivatives context, "arbitrage free" means almost surely for the probability measure under consideration. This is in opposition with statistical arbitrage used at high frequencies for example. More precisely the assumption is that there is no $T\geq 0$ and self-financed portfolio $V$ such that $V_0 = 0$, $P(V_T < 0) = 0$ and $P(V_T > 0) > ... 6 The most basic strategy is beta-based quantiles. That is to say, you first control for losses on your individual stock versus overall market performance. (Your trading strategy may or may not wish to hedge away the market factor using, say, SPX futures). Then you choose a quantile, call it the 5th percentile, beyond which you consider a move to be ... 6 In practice, I would begin with the recovery assumption. In the case of Greece, dealers are probably already quoting recovery swaps, allowing you to set this parameter directly. In general, you have to be willing to make assumptions based on history or on conversations with bankruptcy experts. Once I have the recovery assumption, I can take any ... 6 What you refer to as the 99.5th percentile is known as the "Value-at-Risk." You are correct that you will need to make a distributional assumption, and there is a popular and well-researched approach to this problem, though I'm not certain it could be called "standard." I would recommend you use the "truncated Levy flight" distribution. James Xiong at ... 6 Its a simple expected value question: Probability of throwing a 6 is 1/6 Probability of not throwing a 6 is 5/6 thus expected pay off per roll: 10 dollars * 1/6 + (-1 dollar) * 5/6 = 5/6 dollars Edit: And several of your above assumptions are plain wrong: "Probability tells me that every 6 throws I get one 6 and 5 different numbers." -> That is NOT what ... 6 This leads to the same result as Alexeys answer. However, my reasoning is different.$$E[F_X(X+a)]=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} F_X(x+a) f_X(x)dx=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{x+a}f_X(y)dy f_X(x)dx=\\ \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} 1_{(-\infty,x+a]}(y) f_X(y) f_X(x)dydx= \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} 1_{_{\{y-x\le ... 6 Consider two jointly normal random variables$X_1 \sim N(u_1, \sigma_1^2)$and$X_2 \sim N(u_2, \sigma_2^2). Note that, \begin{align*} \max(X_1, X_2) = X_2 + \max(X_1-X_2, \ 0). \end{align*} Moreover,X_1-X_2$is a normal random variable with mean$\mu=\mu_1-\mu_2\$ and variance \begin{align*} \sigma^2 = \sigma_1^2+\sigma_2^2 - 2 \rho\sigma_1\sigma_2, ...
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/can-anybody-help-with-group-velocity-simulations.762019/
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# Can anybody help with group velocity simulations?
1. ### mysearch
522
On first reading, the description of ‘group velocity [vg]’ appears to be quite straightforward. However, I also found a number of speculative explanations as to ‘how’ and ‘why’ the group velocity may exceed the ‘phase velocity [vp]’. Therefore, in order to get a better intuitive understanding of the issues, I am ‘attempting’ to simulate 4 different types of beat wave configurations:
• 1-way, non-dispersive phase waves
• 2-way, non-dispersive phase waves – see 2ND.gif attachment
• 1-way, dispersive phase waves
• 2-way, dispersive phase waves – see 2D.gif attachment
Each simulation uses the same basic approach in which the amplitude of two individual phase waves is added, and calculated, for all values of [x], which is then displayed as a single frame in the animation. The process is then repeated for incrementing values of time [t] to create the next frame within the animation. While the first simulation in the list above produced ‘sensible’ results, i.e. [vg=vp], all the subsequent permutations, based on the same algorithms, lead to ‘unexplained’ results. For example, the second simulation changes only the direction of one of the phase waves, but appears to suggest a group velocity that is 10x the phase velocity, although the actual value calculated was [vg=1]. My initial lines of thoughts:
• There is an mistake in the simulation. If so, it is not obvious to me, but see next bullets.
• The equation used to calculate [vg=dw/dk] might have to accommodate the direction of the phase wave velocity [vp]. For example, given that [vp=w/k], such that [k=w/vp], then treating [vp] as a vector having magnitude and direction might suggest that the sign of [k] must also be direction dependent. However, it is unclear whether this would explain the anomalous result associated with the 1-way simulations.
• The equation [vg=dw/dk] would be greater than [vp], when [dw>dk], which appears possible in dispersive media – see equation [1] in attached pdf for details. However, it is not clear this would explain the non-dispersive cases.
• The simulations are only showing an 'pattern shift'. For example, when the phase waves propagate with velocity [c] in opposite directions, the phase relationship between these waves constantly changes with time, i.e. on every frame. So while the ‘shift’ in the beat waveform might suggest a propagation velocity greater than [c], it has nothing to do with anything propagating through the media, rather it simply reflects the rate of change in phase shift between the phase waves.
I have attached ‘simulations.pdf’ in order to give some more details of the simulation results for anybody who might be interested in this topic. I have also attempted to attach two gif files to give ‘examples’ of the animations, although the upload size required 500 frames to be reduced to just 25 and so are they very jerky.
Anyway, I would appreciate any help on offer as I am sure somebody must have already resolve these issues. Thanks
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2. ### Greg Bernhardt
I'm sorry you are not generating any responses at the moment. Is there any additional information you can share with us? Any new findings?
3. ### olivermsun
969
Since nobody seems to be picking up your questions, let me point out a couple things that I noticed about your simulation and derivation:
Yes, the phase vector ##k## is signed. Alternatively, you can view the back-propagating wave as having frequency ##-\omega_2##, which would explain why you are getting an envelope velocity which looks like ##\dfrac{\omega_1+\omega_2}{k_1-k_2}## instead of ##\dfrac{\omega_1-\omega_2}{k_1-k_2}.##
I believe so. Your wave phases are propagating in opposite directions, so there is no sense of any actual "group" propagating through the medium.
4. ### mysearch
522
I think we have to accept that the PF is not a guaranteed service, but sometimes it is worth a shot. Often I simply post some details for my own backup and cross-reference; plus it might help somebody else who is treading the same path at some later time.
While I agree with you, working on some updates to the simulation seems to suggest that the equations above require the ##\pm## sign to be assigned to ##\omega##, not k; otherwise the equations below do not seem to work for waves travelling in the same and opposite direction:
$ω_p = \dfrac{ω_1 + ω_2}{2}; k_p = \dfrac{k_1 + k_2}{2}; v_p = \dfrac{ω_p}{k_p}$
$ω_g = \dfrac{ω_1 - ω_2}{2}; k_g = \dfrac{k_1 - k_2}{2}; v_g = \dfrac{ω_g}{k_g}$
Why this is so is not clear to me, as I would argue that frequency in the form of ##\omega## is essentially direction independent, if you ignore negative time [t]. As such, it 'should' be the wavelength in the form of the wave number [k] that must change to match the requirements of the propagation media and the direction of the travelling waves in order to comply with the following equation; although the simulation suggests otherwise(!):
##v=f \lambda = \dfrac{\omega}{k} \Rightarrow \pm \omega = \pm v*k##
Anyway, I have attached some updated animations, which now show the relative phase and group velocity on the beat waves, see bottom two red and black waveforms, for the following configurations.
• 1-way, non-dispersive phase waves – see 1.gif
• 2-way, non-dispersive phase waves – see 2.gif
• 1-way, dispersive phase waves – see 3.gif
• 2-way, dispersive phase waves – see 4.gif
Given the upload limit I have restricted the animation to the first 50 frames of 500. Despite the reservations above, these animations seem to make sense, but maybe I am still missing some explanation of the issue above. Anyway, as indicated, the information posted might help somebody at a later time.
Yes, I still hold to this view. Appreciated your feedback
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• ###### 4.gif
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Last edited: Jul 22, 2014
5. ### olivermsun
969
I don't think it should matter where you put the sign. For positive wavenumber ##k##, then the wave should have the form
$$\cos(k(x-vt))$$ if it's forward propagating with phase velocity ##v##, and
$$\cos(k(x+vt))$$ if it's backward propagating with phase velocity ##-v##.
Then ##\omega = kv## in the forward case and ##\omega = -kv## in the backward case.
If you choose the convention that ##\omega## is positive, then the back-propagating wave can be written as
$$\cos(kx+kvt) = \cos(-kx-kvt),$$
which is the same as a forward-propagating wave with negative wavenumber ##-k## and positive frequency ##\omega = -kv##.
The signs for the sum and difference waves should all work out as long as you choose one convention and stick to it.
Last edited: Jul 22, 2014
6. ### mysearch
522
Again, I do not disagree with your reasoning, but my simulation results gave up 2 conflicting sets of results depending on whether using [w=v*k], which worked, as opposed to [k=w/v], which didn’t. The following equations are used in both cases below, but seem to give up different results based on the sign of ##[ \omega ] ## or [k] - see results below as an example of the 2-way non-dispersive case using both approaches.
$ω_p = \dfrac{ω_1 + ω_2}{2}; k_p = \dfrac{k_1 + k_2}{2}; v_p = \dfrac{ω_p}{k_p}$
$ω_g = \dfrac{ω_1 - ω_2}{2}; k_g = \dfrac{k_1 - k_2}{2}; v_g = \dfrac{ω_g}{k_g}$
‘ Common parameters
‘-------------------------
c = 1
w0 = 0.2
k0 = w0/c = 0.2
dw0 = w0*0.1 = 0.02
dk0 = dw0/c = 0.02
‘calculate [w] from [k]
‘this appears to work
------------------------
'wave-1:
k1 = k0+dk0 = 0.22
v1 = c*1 =1
w1 = v1*k1 = 0.22
'wave-2:
k2 = k0-dk0 = 0.18
v2 = -c*1 = -1
w2 = v2*k2 = -0.18
' deltas:
wp = (w1+w2)/2 = 0.02
kp = (k1+k2)/2 = 0.2
vp = wp/kp = 0.1
wg = (w1-w2)/2 = 0.2
kg = (k1-k2)/2 = 0.02
vg = wg/kg = 10
‘calculate [k] from [w]
‘this does not appear to work
-------------------------
'wave-1:
w1 = w0+dw0 = 0.22
v1 = c*1 =1
k1 = w1/v1 = 0.22
'wave-2:
w2 = w0-dw0 = 0.18
v2 = -c*1 = -1
k2 = w2/v2 = -0.18
' deltas:
wp = (w1+w2)/2 = 0.2
kp = (k1+k2)/2 = 0.02
vp = wp/kp = 10
wg = (w1-w2)/2 = 0.02
kg = (k1-k2)/2 = 0.2
vg = wg/kg = 0.1
Maybe there a mistake somebody can see. I argued for ##A=A_0cos( \omega t ± kx)## rather than ##A=A_0cos( kx ± \omega t)## because an oscillating charged particle might be said to define the frequency, independent of the media, which then propagates through a given media with a wavelength defined by the refractive index [n] in order to maintain ##[v= \omega/k] ##. In this context, the only way [ ## \omega ## t] is negative is when you are calculating the amplitude at some earlier point in time, which is not the issue in this simulation. Again, if somebody can spot an error it would be much appreciated as it is bugging me.
Hope this makes some sense as I am rushing at the end of my day. Thanks
7. ### olivermsun
969
In both cases the analysis shows that you have a product of two waves, a short wave with ##k = 0.2, w = 0.02, v = 0.1## and a long wave ##k= 0.02, w = 0.2, v = 10##. The only difference I can see is which wave you call ##g## and which wave you call ##p##. Maybe I'm missing something.
8. ### mysearch
522
Apologises if my rushed outline in post #6 was confusing. In an attempt to provide some greater clarity to the issue I am trying to resolve, I have attached a pdf file to this post that provides more detail. Some limited animations produced by the simulation are attached to post #4 with 2.gif showing the specific case detailed in the pdf file. While it is realised that nobody may be interested in working through all this detail, should anybody be able to resolve the apparent anomaly, it would be appreciated if they could let me know via the PF forum. Many thanks.
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9. ### olivermsun
969
In your pdf you mention several times that you apply your values to 2 sets of equations and get different values of ##v_p## and ##v_g##. The 2 sets of equations describe different situations, so they should get different values.
You have to choose either
a) a single equation and signed ##k## (or ##\omega##), to signify the direction of propagation, or
b) or two different equations depending on propagation direction and unsigned ##k, \omega##.
Also, you mention at the top of page 2 that both values appear to be wrong. Just looking at your simulation #2, it seems consistent with what I said in post #7, which is that you have a wave with ##k=0.2, v=\text{small}##, modulated by a wave with ##k=0.02, v=10##. What you've computed in the box is indeed choice a) above: using the single equation ##\cos(\omega_1 t - k_1 x) + \cos(\omega_2 t - k_2 x)## with a signed ##k_2##, and you seem to have the correct result for when the ##k=0.18## wave is propagating to the left.
Finally, the choice of the form ##\cos(\omega t\pm\ kx)## vs. the form ##\cos(kx \pm \omega t)## makes no difference at all because
$$\cos(\omega t- \ kx) = \cos(-(\omega t - \ kx)) = \cos(kx - \omega t).$$
10. ### mysearch
522
Again, appreciate the feedback as it is making me review all my assumptions. Some initial thoughts in a somewhat random order:
I do not disagree with the mathematically equivalence of the cosine functions shown. However, in isolation of the cosine, (wt-kx) is not equivalent to (kx-wt); especially when considered from the physical interpretation of a propagating wave. This, in part, was one of the points initially raised because the simulation only considers incrementing time [t]. If frequency [w] is always a positive, then [wt] must always be positive in the cases being considered. Therefore, [wt ## \pm ## kx] was assumed to be the appropriate starting point. On this basis, it was assumed that [ (## \pm ## k) = w/(## \pm ## v) ] not [ (## \pm ## w) = (## \pm ## v)*k ], although this appeared to lead to problems when calculating [wp,kp] and [wg,kg] as I tried to illustrate.
When I first did the derivation of the superposition beat equation, i.e.
[1] $A=2 A_0 cos( \omega_p t – k_p x) cos( \omega_g t – k_g x)$
I started from the form [wt-kx] for the reasons explained above:
[2] $A=A_0 [cos( \omega_1 t – k_1 x) + cos( \omega_2 t – k_2 x) ]$
However, it seemed equally valid to start from
[3] $A=A_0 [cos( \omega_1 t – k_1 x) + cos( \omega_2 t + k_2 x) ]$
Although the derivations based on [2] or [3] both lead to [1], the definitions of [kp,kg] changes in sign depending on whether [2] or [3] is used. In-line with your advice in (a), the simulation has tried to use only the equations from one derivation, i.e. as derived from [2], where it was assumed that changing the sign of [k] would change the direction of the second plane wave [w2, -k2], which it does. The results I previously gave for the second option based on [3] were erroneous as they end up only reflecting the waves propagating in the same direction. However, based on option a) and [ (## \pm ## k) = w/(##\pm## v)], the following equations were assumed to reflect the values of [wp,kp] and [wg,kg] when [-k2] reflects the second wave propagating in the opposite direction:
$ω_p = \dfrac{ω_1 + ω_2}{2}; k_p = \dfrac{k_1 + (-k_2)}{2}; v_p = \dfrac{ω_p}{k_p}$
$ω_g = \dfrac{ω_1 - ω_2}{2}; k_g = \dfrac{k_1 – (-k_2)}{2}; v_g = \dfrac{ω_g}{k_g}$
As stated, this did not seem to provide consistent results. However, when I changed the sign dependency to [w], not [k], i.e. [(##\pm## w)=(##\pm##v)*k] everything appears to work and I believe I can physically explain the values of [vp] and [vg], see my quote below, but not necessarily [ ##\pm##w].
For the reasons I think we both agree, the simulation should be consistent, i.e. based on ‘choice a)’. However, I do not believe any of the simulation results on page 2 are right, when the direction of the second plane wave was defined by [-k]. Only the configuration based on [ (##\pm##w) = (##\pm##v)*k] at the bottom on page 2 and the results on page 3 appear consistent with my interpretation of the beat superposition, i.e.
“In this specific non-dispersive case, where [v1=+1, v2=-1], the rationale for [vp=0.1] can be explained as being analogous to a standing superposition waves. For as [Δω] approaches zero, the phase velocity of the superposition wave, i.e. the higher frequency component of the beat waveform must also approach zero. While a group velocity [vg>1] appears anomalous, it is argued that the group wave envelope is not actually propagating through space-time, as it more accurately reflects the phase shift between waves-1 and wave-2 occurring at all value of [x] simultaneously in time [t]. This phase shift effect, leading to the perception of [vg>1] is higher when wave-1 and wave-1 propagate in opposite directions. However, while now having to argue for the results above, it is still unclear why these equations require the directional [±] sign to be assigned to [ω] not [k].”
So while I have always had a simulation that works, based on option a), my main issue is that I cannot physically explain why the sign of second plane wave [w2, k2] has to be assigned to [w2] not [k2] to get the correct values of [vp] and [vg]. Maybe there is another [##\pm##] I am missing - I will keep checking but I have possibly become 'snow-blind' by looking at these equations for too long, which is why a second pair of 'fresh eyes' is helpful. Thanks
11. ### olivermsun
969
I guess I still don't understand why there's any difference in physical interpretation.
##\cos(kx-\omega t) = \cos\left(k\left(x-\dfrac{\omega}{k}t \right)\right)## is a (spatial) waveform with shape ##\cos(kx)## which is translating to the right at speed ##\omega/k## per unit time.
##\cos(\omega t - kx) = \cos \left(\omega\left(t - \dfrac{k}{\omega} x\right)\right)## is a (time) oscillation ##\cos(\omega t)## that is translating forward in time at ##\dfrac{k}{\omega}## per unit distance.
By mathematical equality,
##\cos(\omega t - kx) = \cos(-kx + \omega t) = \cos \left(-k\left(x - \dfrac{\omega}{k} t\right)\right) = \cos \left( k \left(x - \dfrac{\omega}{k} t \right)\right)##, which is exactly a wave ##\cos(kx)## that is translating to the right at speed ##\omega/k##.
You don't need to carry the ##\pm## signs everywhere. You just pick a convention, and then the signs work out.
Look at ##A(x, t) = \cos(\omega t - kx)##: when ##\omega## and ##k## are both positive, then ##v = \omega/k## is also positive, so you have rightward phase propagation. If ##\omega## and ##k## have different signs, then you will have leftward phase propagation. If you decide that ##\omega## is always positive, then the sign of ##k## is enough to know whether the wave is propagating to the right or the left.
As they should. In [3] the second wave is ##\cos( \omega_2 t + k_2 x) = \cos\left( k_2 x - \left(-\dfrac{\omega_2}{k_2}t \right)\right)##. This means that for ##\omega_2, k_2## both positive, the second wave is propagating to the left at ##\omega_2/k_2##. This approach is fine, but then you have to use different equations for different combinations of propagation directions.
However, when you use [3], you don't "double-count" the propagation direction by also using a negative ##k_2##. You use ##k_1, k_2## both positive and the leftward propagation is built into the equation.
So for example, on your page 2 in the box under
$$\cos(\omega_1 t - k_1 x) + cos(\omega_2 t + k_2 x)$$
you should have
\begin{align} k_p &= \dfrac{0.22 - 0.18}{2} = 0.02; \quad v_p = \dfrac{0.2}{0.02} = 10 \\ k_g &= \dfrac{0.22 + 0.18}{2} = 0.2; \quad v_g = \dfrac{0.02}{0.2} = 0.1 \end{align}
which would make the results consistent.
12. ### mysearch
522
Many thanks for post #11, it helped me focus on what I was trying to convey when referring to the mathematical and physical interpretation of these wave equations. Of course, you may not agree! However, before commenting on the last post, can I raise a direct question regarding the result of just one specific simulation previously cited as it might also help me understand where any discrepancy lies. The example is the non-dispersive case, where the two plane waves propagate in opposite directions.
[1] $Wave-1: \omega_1=0.22; k_1=0.22; v_1=+1$
[2] $Wave-2: \omega_2=0.18; k_2=0.18; v_2=-1$
I believe we agree that the following equation is able to represent the beat superposition:
[2] $A=2 A_0 cos( \omega_p t – k_p x) cos( \omega_g t – k_g x)$
Where the value of [ ## \omega_p, k_p, v_p##] and [ ## \omega_g, k_g, v_g##] were defined by:
[3] $\omega _p = \dfrac{\omega _1 + ω_2}{2}; k_p = \dfrac{k_1 + k_2}{2}; v_p = \dfrac{\omega _p}{k_p}$
[4] $\omega_g = \dfrac{\omega _1 - ω_2}{2}; k_g = \dfrac{k_1 – k_2}{2}; v_g = \dfrac{\omega _g}{k_g}$
However, [3] and [4] were derived from [5] below, where the waves are travelling in the same direction:
[5] $A=A_0 [cos( \omega_1 t – k_1 x) + cos( \omega_2 t – k_2 x) ]$
As such, it would seem that if [3] and [4] are to work, the direction of wave-1 and wave-2 has to be accounted somewhere.
So what values of [##v_p, v_g##] do you think results in this specific case?
Can you also identify whether you assumed [##\omega_2 ##] or [##k_2##] to be negative or some other permutation?
Anyway, turning to the issue of physical interpretation.
As indicated, I found these equations to be really useful in reviewing the physical assumptions underpinning them for they explicitly help identify where the wave velocity [v] appears in these equations, e.g.
[6] ##\cos(kx-\omega t) = \cos\left(k\left(x-\dfrac{\omega}{k}t \right)\right) = cos\left(k\left(x-vt \right)\right) ##
[7] ##\cos(\omega t - kx) = \cos \left(\omega\left(t - \dfrac{k}{\omega} x\right)\right) =\cos \left(\omega\left(t - \dfrac{x}{v} \right)\right) ##
Now, in the context of [6] and [7], the vector quantity of velocity [v] that carries the direction [##\pm##] sign can be more clearly seen; although it does not necessarily explain how it should be inferred on [##\omega##] or [k], i.e.
[8] ## \pm v= \pm f λ = \pm \dfrac{\omega}{k} = \pm \dfrac{x}{t}##
Mathematically, based on [8], it would seem that either [f or ##\lambda##] or [ ##\omega## or k] or [x or t] may assume the [##\pm##] sign. However, I have argued that the idea of ‘negative’ frequency [f, ##\omega##] has no physical meaning, while the simulation has also constrained time [t] to only positive values. As a composite quantity with the restriction of [+t], negative velocity [v] seems to only makes sense in terms of [-x/+t], but which then implies that the negative sign has to extend to [ ##\lambda## and k], although by a somewhat circular argument, it might be said that the idea of negative wavelength is only inferred from the directional velocity.
Sorry that this is a bit long-winded, but I wanted to try to explain why I was interested in the physical interpretation of these equations as much as their mathematical consistency.
I entirely agree and I believe my initial simulation, based on [1] thru [5] was doing just this, except when applying the directional sign to [k] not [##ω##] I didn’t seem to get the right values of [##v_p, v_g##] from [3] and [4], hence the specific example/question at this begin of this post to cross-check what values you think result in this case. Thanks
Last edited: Jul 25, 2014
13. ### olivermsun
969
If you are going to use this equation and account for propagation direction using signed values of ##\omega## and/or ##k##, then your Wave-2 is inconsistent as written.
\begin{alignat}{3} \text{Wave 1:}\quad \lvert\omega_1\rvert &= 0.22; \quad \lvert k_1\rvert &= 0.22; \quad v_1 &= +1 \\ \text{Wave 2:}\quad \lvert\omega_2\rvert &= 0.18; \quad \lvert k_2\rvert &= 0.18; \quad v_2 &= -1 \end{alignat}
which implies that exactly one of ##\omega_2## or ##k_2## is negative.
If signed values of ##\omega, k## are allowed, then the waves in [5] do not necessarily travel in the same direction. Instead, ##v_p, v_g## in [3] and [4] have signs which are determined by the signs of ##\omega_p, k_p## and ##\omega_g, k_g##.
I assumed ##k_2## to be negative ##(k_2 = -\lvert k_2 \rvert)##. As I explained in my previous post, you get the same results either way, except that your ##p## and ##g## labels need to be swapped.
##\omega## isn't just a measure of "number of crests passing by per time." It's actually telling you the direction and rate of phase progression, in units of (radians)/time. Similarly, ##k## tells you the rate of phase progression in units of (radians)/length. Physically, the phase progression means the wave is rising or falling between crests and troughs, whether you measure the wave in time at a fixed point in space or whether you look down the x (or -x) direction at a snapshot in time.
I think the easiest way to understand this is to think of plane waves in more than 1 dimension, where ##\vec{k}## is clearly a vector pointing in the direction of positive phase propagation in time. The wavelength is ##{\lambda} = {2\pi}/{\lVert \vec{k} \rVert}##, which is always positive. That wave with positive phase propagation in the direction of ##\vec{k}## is exactly equivalent to the wave with the same wavelength but negative phase propagation in the direction of ##-\vec{k}##. This happens for basically the same reason why a vector of given length and direction is equal to the vector with negative length pointing in the opposite direction.
Last edited: Jul 25, 2014
14. ### mysearch
522
Sorry to belabour the issue, but your statement above seems to be the key point that I am missing. For it does seem that if I simply reverse the ##p## and ##g## labels, the 2-way simulations work, but I am not certain why just changing the sign of ##[ k_2]## changes the definition? Simply to recap, I am using following 1-way equation as the basis of the derivation:
[1] $A=A_0 [cos( \omega_1 t – k_1 x) + cos( \omega_2 t – k_2 x) ]$
This leads to the following equations used in the simulations:
[2] $A=2 A_0 cos( \omega_p t – k_p x) cos( \omega_g t – k_g x)$
Where the value of [ ## \omega_p, k_p, v_p##] and [ ## \omega_g, k_g, v_g##] were defined by:
[3] $\omega _p = \dfrac{\omega _1 + ω_2}{2}; k_p = \dfrac{k_1 + k_2}{2}; v_p = \dfrac{\omega _p}{k_p}$
[4] $\omega_g = \dfrac{\omega _1 - ω_2}{2}; k_g = \dfrac{k_1 – k_2}{2}; v_g = \dfrac{\omega _g}{k_g}$
As they stand, these equations seem to give the correct results, when the 2 waves propagate in the same direction, i.e. the 1-way configurations.
Agreed. Therefore, in the case where the 2 waves propagate in different directions, I have argued that it should be ##(k_2 = -\lvert k_2 \rvert)## that is signed for reasons previously outlined. However, what is not clear to me is why just changing the sign of ##[k_2]## requires the definition of [3] and [4] reversed from ##p## to ##g##? For I assumed that changing the sign of ##[-k_2]## would simply lead to:
[3a] $\omega _p = \dfrac{\omega _1 + ω_2}{2}; k_p = \dfrac{k_1 + [-k_2]}{2}; v_p = \dfrac{\omega _p}{k_p}$
[4a] $\omega_g = \dfrac{\omega _1 - ω_2}{2}; k_g = \dfrac{k_1 – [-k_2]}{2}; v_g = \dfrac{\omega _g}{k_g}$
While the suggestion appears to required the reversing of the ##p## and ##g## definition as follows:
[4b] $\omega _g = \dfrac{\omega _1 + ω_2}{2}; k_g = \dfrac{k_1 + [-k_2]}{2}; v_g = \dfrac{\omega _g}{k_g}$
[3b] $\omega_p = \dfrac{\omega _1 - ω_2}{2}; k_p = \dfrac{k_1 – [-k_2]}{2}; v_p = \dfrac{\omega _p}{k_p}$
The simulation of the 2-way cases, where ##[-k_2]## seems to support [3b, 4b]. As this is the central issue underpinning the simulations, I would really like to understand whether the equations, as stated, are correct and why. Just for the record, my original simulation appeared to work for all cases when I changed the sign of [##\omega_2##], i.e.
[3c] $\omega _p = \dfrac{\omega _1 + [-ω_2]}{2}; k_p = \dfrac{k_1 + k_2}{2}; v_p = \dfrac{\omega _p}{k_p}$
[4c] $\omega_g = \dfrac{\omega _1 – [-ω_2]}{2}; k_g = \dfrac{k_1 – k_2}{2}; v_g = \dfrac{\omega _g}{k_g}$
While I will try to work through the issues myself, it would be helpful if you indicate whether you support the (a), (b) or (c) form or some other variant. Thanks
Last edited: Jul 26, 2014
15. ### olivermsun
969
Let me change the way you label your definitions so you can see why the ##v## and ##p## labels get reversed:
Now which of ##\lvert k_+\rvert, \lvert k_-\rvert## is smaller if ##k_1, k_2 > 0##? That would normally be the envelope ##k_g##, since smaller ##\lvert k\rvert ## means longer wavelength.
What if ##k_1 > 0, k_2 < 0##?
16. ### mysearch
522
Well, it took me a bit longer than it should have, but I have finally worked through the permutations, which explains the reversal of the ##p## and ##g## and why this notation can be misleading in terms of the phase and group waves, when the waves propagate in opposite directions. For when deriving the following equations, it was not obvious, at least to me, that reversing the sign of [##k_2##] would cause the inference of ##p## and ##g## to also be reversed in terms of phase and group, as few references seem to cover this point:
[1] $A=2 A_0 cos( \omega_p t – k_p x) cos( \omega_g t – k_g x)$
[2] $\omega _p = \dfrac{\omega _1 + ω_2}{2}; k_p = \dfrac{k_1 + k_2}{2}; v_p = \dfrac{\omega _p}{k_p}$
[3] $\omega_g = \dfrac{\omega _1 - ω_2}{2}; k_g = \dfrac{k_1 – k_2}{2}; v_g = \dfrac{\omega _g}{k_g}$
Purely, by way of reference should anybody else come down this road, the attached file shows the results when [##\omega=v*k##], which works for all values of [ ##\pm v##], and [##k=\omega/v##], which works for [##v_1=v_2##] but not [##v_1=-v_2##]. It is also highlighted that the normal definition of [##v_g=\Delta \omega / \Delta k##] looks suspect when [##v_2##] is negative and [##k=\omega /v##], but maybe this definition doesn't support the inclusion of direction? Anyway, splitting the definition of [1] into its two components:
[4] $A=2 A_0 cos( \omega_p t – k_p x)$
[5] $A=2 A_0 cos( \omega_g t – k_g x)$
Based on the argument that [##k=ω/v##], then [4] does describe the phase wave and [5] the group wave, but only when [##v_1=v_2##]. If [##v_1=-v_2##], then the descriptions are reversed, such that [4] now describes the group waves and [5] the phase wave. However, if you ignore the physical implications of negative time and allow [## \omega=v*k##], then [4] describes the phase wave and [5] the group wave, irrespective of the value of [##\pm v##]. In part, because this last approach worked and the notation the ##p## and ##g## suggested phase and group, I didn’t think that just changing the sign of [##k_2##] would change the definition as described, but it does when you sit down and work through the numbers.
While the initial response to this thread didn’t look too promising, I really appreciate the time and effort in helping me resolve the problems I was having with the simulations. While I should really leave matters here, there was one other issue that was touched on throughout this thread, which was summarised in post #13:
I think this is a really interesting summary. The normal assumption is that the relationship between the amplitude [A] and time [t] and space [x] can be anchored in the standard 1D solution of the wave equation:
[6] $\dfrac{ \partial A^2}{\partial t^2} = v^2 \dfrac{ \partial A^2}{\partial x^2}; \ where \ A=A_0sin(\omega t - kx)$
Again, I have deliberately put positive [##\omega t##] before [##\pm kx##] because I have argued that waves only physically propagate through time [t] in the positive direction. As such, I am arguing that negative time [-t] is only a mathematical concept for calculating the amplitude [A] of a wave at some earlier point in time, i.e. it is not a physical propagation mode. Therefore, while I agree with your description of ##\vec{k}## as a vector, especially when extended to 3 dimensions, the scope of frequency [f] or angular frequency [##\omega##] might be open to some debate, when considered in terms of a physical wave system. In this context, [f] or [##\omega##] might simply define the oscillations per unit time [t] without any specific inference on the subsequent propagation of a wave through a given ‘media’, which might be affected by both the refractive index of the media and Doppler effects due to relative motion of the observer, i.e. source and/or receiver. However, the point I am trying to make/clarify is that [f] or [##\omega##] is essentially a scalar quantity without direction, while some might argue that time [t] is a vector quantity, as it may appear to have a forwards and backwards direction, physical systems only appear to go in one direction, i.e. forwards. Therefore, the scope of time as a vector is fairly constrained. I realise this is possibly beyond the scope of this thread, but I would be interested in any alternative perspectives.
Again, really appreciated the help in sorting out my confusion over [## \pm k ##]. Many thanks.
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17. ### olivermsun
969
The 1-d wave equation is second order, so it has 2 solutions which have opposite sign relationship between space and time:
## \frac{1}{2}f_0(x - vt)## and ##\frac{1}{2} f_0(x + vt)##.
Once you realize that there are these two independent wave solutions, you can choose whatever convention you like for interpreting the solutions as sums of sine waves in ##k, \omega## with ##\pm kv = \omega > 0## if it's convenient for you.
Choosing to write ##\omega t - kx## instead of ##kx - \omega t## (or any other permutation) makes no difference at all to either the mathematics or the physics. The notation doesn't mean that time is progressing forward in the first case and backward in the second. You still put in the same positive ##t, \omega## and signed ##k## if you like, and get the same thing out.
In fact, the sinusoidal wave itself is just a mathematical concept. The physics are all right there in the wave equation and its solutions, and we just interpret them in various ways. It's similar to the way we interpret certain waveforms as "carriers" modulated by an "envelope," or we can interpret them as a superposition of (unrelated) sine waves; it doesn't matter one bit to the physics.
Okay.
Last edited: Jul 27, 2014
18. ### mysearch
522
Hi,
I originally raised some questions in this thread last year regarding phase and group velocity, but wanted to return to the subject in order to try to resolve any ‘physical’ interpretation associated with these velocities. In part, my issue relates to the maths and interpretation linked to the simulation attached. This simulation attempts to shows two waves (blue and green) propagating through a ‘non-dispersive’ medium, such that both waves have equal velocity magnitude [v=1], but different angular velocities [w] and wave numbers [k], but where [w/k=v=1]. Within the simulation, 2 different approaches were used to produce the superposition red and black traces, which takes the shape of a beat waveform. The red trace is produced by simply adding the 2 blue and green waveforms, while the black trace is calculated using the following formula:
$A=2 A_0 cos( w_p t – k_p x) cos( w_g t – k_g x)$
The values of $w_p, k_p, v_p$ and $w_g, k_g, v_g$ are determined from the parameters assigned to waves 1 & 2:
$w_p = \dfrac{w_1 + w_2}{2}; \quad k_p = \dfrac{k_1 + (\pm k_2)}{2}; \quad v_p = \dfrac{w_p}{k_p}$
$w_g = \dfrac{w_1 – w_2}{2}; \quad k_p = \dfrac{k_1 - (\pm k_2)}{2}; \quad v_p = \dfrac{w_p}{k_p}$
When blue and green waves propagate in the same direction, the sign of $k_1, k_2$ are the same, such that the $\pm$ can be ignored. However, when these waves propagate in opposite directions, as in this specific case, the wave number [k] effectively acts a vector quantity, which reflects the $\pm$ direction of propagation. Hence the following values for the simulation attached.
$w_p = \dfrac{0.22+0.18}{2}=0.2; \quad k_p = \dfrac{0.22 +(-0.18)}{2} = 0.02; \quad v_p = \dfrac{0.2}{0.02} = 10$
$w_g = \dfrac{0.22-0.18}{2}=0.02; \quad k_g = \dfrac{0.22 – (-0.18)}{2} = 0.2; \quad v_g = \dfrac{0.02}{0.2} = 0.1$
While the red and black outputs are identical, which appears to supports the maths used in both approaches, the values of the phase $v_p$ and group $v_g$ velocities appears difficult to reconcile within the simulation, which is reduced to the first 50 frames. The black dot on both the blue and green traces corresponds to the propagation velocity of these waves, e.g. [v=1]. Superimposed on the bottom black trace is a black and red dot that should correspond to the phase velocity $v_p=10$ and group velocity $v_g=0.1$ respectively. However, the faster black dot appears to tracking the wave packet envelope, which is normally associated with the group velocity, while slower red dot appears to be tracking successive peaks within the underlying phase wave.
Can anybody explain this anomaly?
My initial interpretation is that ‘information’ flowing between [A-B] and [B-A] is physically constrained by [v=1]. As such, any implied ‘superluminal’ inference of [v=10] simply reflects the change in the superposition amplitude at each value of [x] at any instance in time. Therefore, this is not a ‘real’ velocity, but rather a wave pattern that is changing at every position [x] on every tick of the clock. However, I assumed that the group velocity $v_g=0.1$ would have some physical interpretation, i.e. the velocity of the group wave packet, which does appear to be the case, at least, in this simulation. Would be grateful for any knowledgeable insights as to what might be going on. Thanks
P.S. I haven't used the forum in a while. Can you still reverse order the posts within a thread, i.e. latest first? Plus, its seems to take a while for the scrolling within a page to settle down - is this now normal?
Last edited: Jun 7, 2015
### Staff: Mentor
You might get a quicker response to these sorts of questions in the "Forum Feedback and Announcements" forum instead of buried in a highly technical thread on a completely different topic.
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https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/61163/encryption-for-iot-devices-with-minimal-overhead
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Encryption for IOT devices with minimal overhead
I have several IOT devices that transmits nearly 200 bytes of data every 10 seconds. I want to make the data secured but i also want to keep the data size nearly same. Ofcourse for IOT devices computations should be lightweight. I have been considering AES 128 for this job and RSA for key exchange. I am wondering if i am on the right track or there are better options.
i saw NIST have called for lightweight encryption algorithm for IOT devices. until that is standardized which encryption should i use.
in summary, i want to get the overview of different encryption scheme with minimal overheads and computations. I looked around but there seems to be no this type of comparisons.
I am very much new in this field so forgive me if i have done any silly mistake.
• What are your goals? Prevent an adversary from reading the data? Provide authentication for the data? Keep in mind that if an adversary could easily snatch one of your IOT devices and examine it at leasure, there is almost nothing you can do to secure it. – Roland Smith Jul 29 '18 at 14:12
• i am not worried about snatching. devices are at pretty secure location. all i am worried about is the data it reads and sends to server every 5-10 seconds. right now it sends data through http request, although i am planning to implement mqtt(lightweight). my worry is if someone manages to get his hands on the data during device to server communication. so i am thinking about encrypting "the data" inside the iot device before sending it to server. so that if someone manages to get the data it would be hard for him to extract the original information from it – mosharaf Jul 30 '18 at 4:39
• You'll also need to tell us about the capabilities of the device you're using. Is it a Linux machine like a raspberry pi, an arduino-like platform or something even more basic? How much storage does it have, and how much of the 200 bytes payload is actually variable data? – Roland Smith Jul 30 '18 at 11:51
For passively powered RFID tags, I settled on 160-bit ECC (Curve25519) to exchange the keys and SPECK for the actual encryption on a software platform. If I make my own hardware, I use SIMON instead of SPECK. For an IoT application, I see no reason not to do something similar.
If you are looking for comparisons of symmetric ciphers regarding throughput and power, I would suggest the SIMON and SPECK paper and the paper on PRESENT as both have good power tables and comparisons.
• I can give this answer a +1 if you add more specifics. (Modes, key sizes, block sizes, and authentication algorithm. I'll also be a bit annoyed if you say something smaller than Speck128.) – Future Security Jul 30 '18 at 21:14
• The problem with ECC is which curve to use. Not all are good. Also, SIMON and SPECK were rejected for ISO standardization because of the way the NSA handled them. Not something to fill one with confidence... – Roland Smith Jul 30 '18 at 21:15
• @FutureSecurity I added the curve that I use, Curve25519, which is because it has a nice hardware implementation and I primarily do hardware. I worked with the Simon and Speck team as the unclassified member, so you are welcome to be annoyed as much as you want. (<128b) Simon and Speck were basically rejected for the Z constant explanation; however, I don't find much merit in that as they were simply based on the key expansion strength and a simple LFSR. There's over 90 papers trying to pick apart Simon and Speck, but nothing so far. It's super simple, so I doubt anything will be found. – b degnan Jul 31 '18 at 0:53
• @FutureSecurity Did I comment "Horses for courses"? Hmm. <128b is perfectly fine for 99% of IoT applications. Don't forget Einstein's simplicity quote. – Paul Uszak Jul 31 '18 at 11:30
• Basically, most of things come down to economics. When I make RFID ICs, do you really need \$1B of security for a$10 t-shirt? Generally due to silicon costs, the answers is no. Many choices of cryptographers are perfect on paper but impractical from the economic standpoint in the context of hardware. It's sad but it's ultimately about how cheap I can make my silicon. – b degnan Jul 31 '18 at 17:39
If you can be reasonably sure that an attacker will not be able to get access to the hardware/software, you could easily obfuscate the data so that it's hard to decipher.
Note that this technically security through obscurity; it is only safe as long as an attacker doesn't have the code.
The sender:
• Uses the pseudo-random number generator of your IOT platform to generate a specified number of bytes.
• Compresses the extended message using whatever compression method your platform makes available.
• Removes the header that compression programs usually prepend to the output. (this is the obfuscation bit; compression headers are a dead giveaway)
• Sends it.
• Uncompresses it.
• Discards the specified number of speudo-random bytes from the beginning of the message.
An example in Python 3:
In [1]: from os import urandom
In [2]: salt = urandom(8)
In [3]: salt
Out[3]: b'Wa=\xd4\xc0\x15^\xef'
In [4]: message = "This is a test. Since I am not sure what the real message should be.".encode('utf-8')
...:
In [5]: combination = salt + message
In [6]: import zlib
In [7]: out = zlib.compress(combination)
In [8]: to_send = out[2:] # Cut off the header
In [9]: to_send # This is what is sent out.
Out[9]: b"\x0bO\xb4\xbdr@4\xee}HFf\xb1\x02\x10%*\x94\xa4\x16\x97\xe8)\x04g\xe6%\xa7*x*$\xe6*\xe4\xe5\x97(\x14\x97\x16\xa5*\x94g$\x96(\x94d\xa4*\x14\xa5&\xe6(\xe4\xa6\x16\x17'\xa6\xa7*\x14g\xe4\x97\xe6\xa4(\$\xa5\xea\x01\x00<z\x1b\x8a"
In [10]: zlib.decompress(b'x\x9c' + to_send)
Out[10]: b'Wa=\xd4\xc0\x15^\xefThis is a test. Since I am not sure what the real message should be.'
In [11]: zlib.decompress(b'x\x9c' + to_send)[8:]
Out[11]: b'This is a test. Since I am not sure what the real message should be.'
As you can see, the message that is sent does not look like the original message!
Note that because of the pseudo-random salt, the compressed string changes a lot even when you send the same message multiple times.
• Interesting use of a salt /IV. – Paul Uszak Jul 30 '18 at 21:28
• " it is only safe as long as an attacker doesn't have the code" and the person that uses said obfuscation doesn't post it as an answer on the cryptography site? – Maarten Bodewes Jul 31 '18 at 4:03
Use TLS - it's specified for HTTP and MQTT. If you have long-lived connections use a cipher suite using an asymmetric scheme. If you are in a very constraint hardware environment, use a TLS PSK cipher suite. You could also take a look at using session resumption.
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https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/handle/1811/18691
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EXTRACTION OF PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY MEANINGFUL RADIAL FUNCTION FROM FREQUENCIES AND WAVENUMBERS OF PURE ROTATIONAL AND VIBRATION-ROTATIONAL TRANSITIONS OF DIATOMIC HYDRIDES.
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/18691
Files Size Format View
1993-WE-05.jpg 93.44Kb JPEG image
Title: EXTRACTION OF PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY MEANINGFUL RADIAL FUNCTION FROM FREQUENCIES AND WAVENUMBERS OF PURE ROTATIONAL AND VIBRATION-ROTATIONAL TRANSITIONS OF DIATOMIC HYDRIDES. Creators: Ogilvie, J. F. Issue Date: 1993 Publisher: Ohio State University Abstract: Based on the application of a rigorously quantum-mechanical hypervirial perturbation $theory,^{1,2}$ we have generated an efficient algorithm to calculate accurately the radial functions for potential energy, vibrational adiabatic effects, and vibrational and rotational nonadiabatic effects of diatomic molecules in electronic states free from heterogeneous perturbations. The algorithm is based on analytic expressions, generated by symbolic computation verified according to two separate processors, for the coefficients $Y_{kl}$ and $Z_{kl}$ for the vibration-rotational terms, of which the latter coefficients are subdivided into $z^{v}_{kl}$ for the vibration-rotational contributions of the adiabatic and nonadiabatic vibrational effects of the nuclei of each atomic number and $z^{r}_{kl}$ for the additional rotational contributions of the nonadiabatic vibrational and rotational effects. The tables of derived parameters resulting from the fit of all available spectral lines of pure rotational and vibration-rotational transitions of HCl, AlH, LiH and $ArH^{+}$ will be presented and the physical and chemical significance of the results will be discussed. Description: $^{1.}$ F.M. Fernandez and J.F. Ogilvie, Phys. Rev. 42 (1990) 4001-4007. $^{2.}$ F.M. Fernandez and J.F. Ogilvie, Chin. J. Phys. 30 (1992) 177-193 and 499. Author Institution: Academia Sinica, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/18691 Other Identifiers: 1993-WE-5
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https://conference.portonvictor.org/wiki/Algebraic_general_topology
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Publish here. Donate
# Algebraic general topology
We will stick to the notation of the book, such as denoting binary join and meets as $\sqcap$ and $\sqcup$. However, we will denote arbitrary joins and meets as $\bigvee$ and $\bigwedge$ (due markup limitations of our wiki engine).
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1506034/show-that-the-petersen-graph-is-vertex-transitive/1509242
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# Show that the Petersen graph is vertex transitive
Show that the Petersen graph is vertex transitive.
This is my first opinion to show that the Petersen graph is vertex transitive :
The vertices of the petersen graph $G$ are labeled with 2-element subsets of {$1,2,3,4,5$} and two vertices are adjacent if and only if their intersection is empty. This is the Kneser graph labelling (1955). So that $S_5$ is contained in Automorphisms and so Graph $G$ is vertex transitive. In fact automorphism of $G$ = $S_5$.
High appreciated if someone can explain it clearly.
• You can also draw the Petersen graph and provide explicit maps, that map every vertex onto every other. This approach, too, can have an interesting effect: you see vertices move. Your approach above includes (for me at least) that the Petersen graph is isomorph to the construction process described. – Moritz Oct 31 '15 at 8:36
• @Moritz can you explain to me with another way, sorry i still can not show that Petersen graph is vertex transitive. I appreciate any answer, guidance or reference. Thank you – user273952 Nov 1 '15 at 16:36
Consider the Petersen graph in the image on the left. I have labeled the vertices via sets, i.e., $12$ is $\{1,2\} = \{2,1\}$ and $34$ is $\{3,4\} = \{4,3\}$ et cetera. If you apply the permutation $(1,4,5,2,3)$ to the vertices, you get a clockwise rotation, that is, $(1,4,5,2,3)$ takes $\{1,2\}$ and maps it to $\{4,3\}$ and so on. The cycle notation $(1,4,5,2,3)$ means $1 \mapsto 4$ and $4 \mapsto 5$ and $5 \mapsto 2$ and $2\mapsto 3$ and $3\mapsto 1$. All you have to do now is the following: If you find a permutation which maps the inner $5$ vertices onto the outer $5$ vertices, the you are finished because then you can mix the two permutations to map every vertex onto every other. Still unclear?
1. Show that, for any permutation $\pi$ of the set $\{1,2,3,4,5\},$ there is an isomorphism of the Petersen graph which maps each vertex $\{x,y\}$ to $\{\pi(x),\pi(y)\}.$
2. Show that, for any two vertices $\{x,y\}$ and $\{u,v\}$ of the Petersen graph, there is a permutation $\pi$ of $\{1,2,3,4,5\}$ such that $\pi(x)=u$ and $\pi(y)=v.$
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http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-01229977
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# LBNO-DEMO: Large-scale neutrino detector demonstrators for phased performance assessment in view of a long-baseline oscillation experiment
Abstract : In June 2012, an Expression of Interest for a long-baseline experiment (LBNO) has been submitted to the CERN SPSC. LBNO considers three types of neutrino detector technologies: a double-phase liquid argon (LAr) TPC and a magnetised iron detector as far detectors. For the near detector, a high-pressure gas TPC embedded in a calorimeter and a magnet is the baseline design. A mandatory milestone is a concrete prototyping effort towards the envisioned large-scale detectors, and an accompanying campaign of measurements aimed at assessing the detector associated systematic errors. The proposed $6\times 6\times 6$m$^3$ DLAr is an industrial prototype of the design discussed in the EoI and scalable to 20 kton or 50~kton. It is to be constructed and operated in a controlled laboratory and surface environment with test beam access, such as the CERN North Area (NA). Its successful operation and full characterisation will be a fundamental milestone, likely opening the path to an underground deployment of larger detectors. The response of the DLAr demonstrator will be measured and understood with an unprecedented precision in a charged particle test beam (0.5-20 GeV/c). The exposure will certify the assumptions and calibrate the response of the detector, and allow to develop and to benchmark sophisticated reconstruction algorithms, such as those of 3-dimensional tracking, particle ID and energy flow in liquid argon. All these steps are fundamental for validating the correctness of the physics performance described in the LBNO EoI.
Document type :
Reports
Domain :
http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-01229977
Contributor : Claudine Bombar <>
Submitted on : Tuesday, November 17, 2015 - 3:16:11 PM
Last modification on : Thursday, December 10, 2020 - 3:44:24 AM
### Citation
L. Agostino, B. Andrieu, R. Asfandiyarov, D. Autiero, O. Bésida, et al.. LBNO-DEMO: Large-scale neutrino detector demonstrators for phased performance assessment in view of a long-baseline oscillation experiment. [Research Report] CERN. 2014. ⟨in2p3-01229977⟩
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1727052/with-regards-to-theorem-10-35-of-rudins-real-and-complex-analysis
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# With regards to Theorem 10.35 of Rudin's Real and Complex Analysis
Let $\Omega$ be the complex plane minus two paths. Do some closed paths $\Gamma$ in $\Omega$ satisfy assumption $(1)$ of Theorem 10.35 of Rudin's Real and Complex Analysis without being null-homotopic in $\Omega$?
Theorem 10.35. Suppose $f \in H(\Omega)$, where $\Omega$ is an arbitrary open set in the complex plane. If $\Gamma$ is a cycle in $\Omega$ that satisfies$$\text{Ind}_\Gamma(\alpha) = 0 \text{ for every }\alpha \text{ not in }\Omega,\tag*{(1)}$$then$$f(z) \cdot \text{Ind}_\Gamma(z) = {1\over{2\pi i}} \int_\Gamma {{f(w)}\over{w - z}}\,dw \text{ for }z \in \Omega - \Gamma^*\tag*{(2)}$$and$$\int_\Gamma f(z)\,dz = 0.\tag*{(3)}$$If $\Gamma_0$ and $\Gamma_1$ are cycles in $\Omega$ such that$$\text{Ind}_{\Gamma_0}(\alpha) = \text{Ind}_{\Gamma_1}(\alpha) \text{ for every }\alpha \text{ not in }\Omega,\tag*{(4)}$$then$$\int_{\Gamma_0} f(z)\,dz = \int_{\Gamma_1} f(z)\,dz.\tag*{(5)}$$
Let $\Omega = \mathbb C \setminus\{a,b\}$. Let $\Gamma$ be a closed curve in $\Omega$ so that $\Gamma$ is homotopic to $$\alpha* \beta *\alpha^{-1} *\beta^{-1},$$
where $\alpha$, $\beta$ are simple closed curves which wrap around $a$ and $b$ respectively. Then
$$\text{Ind}_\Gamma(a) = \text{Ind}_\Gamma (b) = 0$$
and $\Gamma$ is not null homotopic. Indeed, $\pi_1(\Omega)$ is freely generated by $\alpha$ and $\beta$ by the Van Kampen Theorem, so $\alpha* \beta *\alpha^{-1} *\beta^{-1}$ is not a trivial element in $\pi_1(\Omega)$.
• It would be helpful to add (for those not familiar with the fundamental group of $\mathbb C\setminus\{a,b\}$) that $\alpha$ and $\beta$ do not commmute. – Yiorgos S. Smyrlis Apr 4 '16 at 10:00
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http://paperity.org/search/?q=authors%3A%22Aleksander+Stachowski%22
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Search: authors:"Aleksander Stachowski"
4 papers found.
Use AND, OR, NOT, +word, -word, "long phrase", (parentheses) to fine-tune your search.
Starobinsky cosmological model in Palatini formalism
We classify singularities in FRW cosmologies, which dynamics can be reduced to the dynamical system of the Newtonian type. This classification is performed in terms of the geometry of a potential function if it has poles. At the sewn singularity, which is of a finite scale factor type, the singularity in the past meets the singularity in the future. We show that such singularities ...
Cosmological implications of the transition from the false vacuum to the true vacuum state
We study cosmology with running dark energy. The energy density of dark energy is obtained from the quantum process of transition from the false vacuum state to the true vacuum state. We use the Breit–Wigner energy distribution function to model the quantum unstable systems and obtain the energy density of the dark energy parametrization $\rho _\text {de}(t)$. We also use Krauss ...
Dynamical system approach to running $\Lambda$ cosmological models
Eur. Phys. J. C Dynamical system approach to running cosmological models Aleksander Stachowski 1 Marek Szydłowski 0 1 0 Mark Kac Complex Systems Research Centre, Jagiellonian University , Ł
Do sewn up singularities falsify the Palatini cosmology?
We investigate further (cf. Borowiec et al. JCAP 1601(01):040, 2016) the Starobinsky cosmological model $R+\gamma R^2$ in the Palatini formalism with a Chaplygin gas and baryonic matter as a source in the context of singularities. The dynamics reduces to the 2D sewn dynamical system of a Newtonian type (a piece-wise-smooth dynamical system). We demonstrate that the presence of a ...
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https://qask.org/tags/crypto/attack
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# Questions tagged as ['attack']
A cryptographic attack tries to theoretically and/or practically attack the security properties of a cipher and/or algorithm.
Score: 2
Short Nonces in ECDSA signature generation
Recently I noticed that my device generates short-sized Nonces.
Approximately $$2 ^ {243} - 2^{244}$$.
Could it turn out that there will be a small leak of information about the first 3 bits of Nonces?
Accordingly, if Nonces is short, then it must contain null at the beginning. That is, the first 3 bits of Nonces contain null at the beginning.
Hence, for the sake of safety:
When creating an ECDSA signatur ...
Score: 5
Can a series of triangle reflections be used for cryptography?
(I guess no but why is this the case? Any way to make it possible?)
Out of a given equilateral triangle T1 (with his 3 vertices A,B,C lying in a finite Field $$\mathbb F_N^D$$) another equilateral triangle T2 can get constructed by mirroring one of the 3 vertices at the edge in between the two other vertices. This will be repeated multiple times.
Given just two random triangle T1 and T2 (and $$\mathbb F_N^ ...$$
Score: 0
Eavesdropping attack on text-book RSA encryption with public nonce
Consider the following scenario: Alice has a secret key and public key pair for text-book RSA (denoted $$\text{sk}$$ and $$\text{pk}$$ respectively). Bob has an authentic copy of $$\text{pk}$$. The adversary has an authentic copy of $$\text{pk}$$.
Now, Bob wants to send his $$\text{PIN}$$ to Alice which is a four digit number. He encrypts as follows: First he chooses a nonce $$N_0$$ (a number chosen randomly ...
Score: 1
Can the salt be derived based on the other components of encrypted data?
I'm using python.cryptography's Fernet with PBKDF2 passphrase hashing to encrypt a piece of data (the value) that is stored, encrypted, in a database. The hashed passphrase is not stored in the database, and for that reason neither is the salt. Instead, the salt comes from a password vault in the application's runtime environment, and then modified to make it unique per value.
One question I hav ...
Score: 0
How does knowing the factors of the key help me decrypt?
I recently started learning about cryptography and its Quantum aspect and I came across Shor's Algorithm (which solves the following problem: "Given an integer N, find its prime factors").
I also came across this video called "How Quantum Computers Break Encryption | Shor's Algorithm Explained"
I am still confused about how knowing the factors of the key is going to help me solve the problem.
Score: 0
What are the main attacks that can be done against a ZK Σ-protocol like Schnorr's identification scheme?
I heard about the "Chess Grandmaster Problem", Eavesdropping attacks and Man-in-the-middle.
Can they be applied in any way to a ZK protocol?
I'm not looking for long examples, just what are the main attacks and briefly how they work will do.
Thank you so much!
Score: 2
kleptography SETUP attack in ecdsa
I'm trying to implement kleptography SETUP attack of ecdsa with python. Just a simply script to verify the algorithm. However i can't get the right output as the paper said. Where is the problem? Can anyone help?
from ecpy.curves import Curve, Point
import hashlib
import gmpy
cv = Curve.get_curve('secp256k1')
G = Point(0x79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798,
0x48 ...
Score: 0
MAC Security - MAC verification queries
In the applied cryptography book by Boneh and Shoup, Chapter 6 on MACs, it is stated that an adversary that is also capable of requesting the challenger for verification queries (in addition to signing queries) is not stronger than an Adversary that can only ask for signing queries. I do not understand why a verification query cannot be emulated by the signing query Adversary by generating the pair (mi, ...
Score: 4
What would be the requirements for a new-age cipher standard?
While nowhere near being broken, AES has known attacks like reading from the substitution table, memory-based attacks, etc.
If we keep getting better at breaking ciphers and we eventually get close to taking AES down, what would (in your opinion) be the requirements for a cipher of an era where even Rijndael isn't safe enough?
• key sizes
• data sizes
• design (stream/Feistel/PSN, or s ...
Score: 0
rsa attack with plain text, cypher text , public key
starting from the fact that there are different attacks on RSA, based on the starting situation, for example there are different studies, on attacks that find the private key having the freedom of an original arbitration text. But I was wondering this, in this situation: you have several plaintext texts and their encryption, you also have the public key (because you use RSA to authenticate) is it possib ...
Score: 0
Chinese remainder theorem in ECDSA for parameters in secp256k1?
It is known that it is possible to apply the Chinese remainder theorem and attack RSA under precise conditions.
https://tls.mbed.org/public/WSchindler-RSA_Timing_Attack.pdf
But the question is, can the Chinese remainder theorem in ECDSA be applied to the parameters in secp256k1?
Score: 2
I have been playing around with Hastad's broadcast attack on RSA with linear padding. Using the implementation and the test function from here: https://github.com/0n5/CTF-Crypto/blob/master/RSA/hastads.sage
The test function and the attack work perfectly well with e=3,5,7. However, with e>=11 the attack does not find a solution. I tried playing around with the values of eps and modifying the at ...
Score: 0
Slide Attacks and FPE
What is a slide attack? I am not able to comprehend how they are used for attacks on FPE schemes like FF3.
Score: 0
Can I copy digital signature for malicious purpose?
1. I signed my QR code with my private key so that people can verify it's mine. QR code has data which is public. I have this QR code on my document. Problem is, can an attacker copy this signature of this QR code on the document, and create a fake document with same QR code signed by me ? I assume signature just a sequence of characters after ...
Score: 0
Crypto Economic Attacks such as Nothing At Stake and Sandwich Attack from Archive Nodes on Polkadot
Could you please advise me if there are threat vectors from archive nodes such as front running attacks, sandwich attacks and nothing at stake attacks as they are quite powerful in terms of the infrastructure and information architecture. How do we prevent scenarios when they become byzantine and become powerful and practical adversaries.
Score: 0
I'm working on a anonymization project and I got interested in linking attacks. For simplicity I only look at data in table format, such as xlxx or csv data. To anonymise such data the most common technique is generalization. There are others like synthetic data, changing data, deleting data, etc.. To evaluate the results one can use definitions like k-anonymity, l-diversity or t-closeness.
So fa ...
Score: 0
How to generate large integer private key for creating CTF challenges?
I am trying to create a RSA CTF challenge, exposing $$n$$, $$e$$, $$c$$, and $$d$$.
I have set $$e=65537$$ and $$n = p * q$$ where $$p$$ and $$q$$ are large primes each with 300 digits.
I have determined $$c=m^e \mod n$$
But I have yet to determine a good way to produce $$d=e^{(-1)} \mod [(p-1)*(q-1)]$$. I tried computing the right as is via code, but
from decimal import Decimal
print(Decimal(e**(-1)) % phi)
returns so ...
Score: 1
Impact of partitioning oracle attacks on file encryption?
I've just learned about partitioning oracle attacks recently, and I would like to clarify some things that are a little foggy to me right now.
The aim is the recovery of a password pw. Consider that you want to test the membership of two passwords S∗1={pw1,pw2}. Create two keys K1=PBKDF(salt,pw1) and K2=PBKDF(salt,pw2) (the salt can be found by sniffing!), now use Dodis et, a ...
Score: 2
Time Complexity of Exhaustive Search Algorithm
I have the sets $$S_1=\{2,10,20,6\}$$ and $$S_2=\{25,26,20\}$$ and I want to find which numbers sum to make 32. This is very easy by inspection; 6 and 26. It seems similar to the Knapsack problem, but I am no expert.
However, say I have 1000 sets, each with 500 elements such that summing one term from each set always gives you a unique value. This is much harder to inspect and solve, especially if the sets f ...
Score: 3
Factorization of polynomial in GF(2^128) used in GCM
It is widely known, that using a GCM nonce twice or even more often can be used to disclose the authentication key H. I understand, why this is theoretically possible. However, I have no feeling about the computational effort behind obtaining polynomial roots in GF($$2^{128}$$). Is there a straightforward algorithm available or do we need to apply some brute-force methods to factor a given polynomia ...
Score: 1
Why using same nonce (IV) twice voids confidentiality of plain text or even key?
I understand roughly (without details of GF algebra) the scheme of GCS/GMAC:
IV is to be put into Counter-0, so initializing counters.
It is known, that using a IV twice can not only reveal the plain text but also the AES-Key itself.
I understand neither the first nor the second:
Q1: Why is confidentiality of the messages lost when using the same IV twice? Does it mean the plaintext can be inferred? Or ...
Score: 2
What happens if the Edwards curve isn't quadratic twist secure?
On this webpage, Daniel Bernstein offers that the curve must be quadratic twisted secure. This means that if the curve has $$\#E$$ points on $$Z_p$$ where $$\#E=p+1-t$$, then the quadratic twist curve has $$\#E'=p+1+t$$ points. The condition for quadratic twisted secure curves is that the cofactor of a quadratic twist curve is low. For example, the cofactor of a curve is 8 and the cofactor of a quadratic twist c ...
Score: 2
Can you please explain how Manger's attack against RSA OAEP works?
I searched but found nothing except the original paper, and I can't wrap my head around it. Can you help me by giving an overview and then if possible, a short explanation of the algo?
Score: 2
Is generalized birthday attack only suitable for the problem with multiple solutions?
In David Wagner's article A Generalized Birthday Problem, he said and I quote:
Our algorithm works only when one can extend the size of the lists freely, i.e, in the special case where there are sufficiently many solutions to the k-sum problem.
1. Does that means that the generalized birthday attack only applies for the problems with multiple solutions?
2. Why is it not suitable for the problem with on ...
Score: 1
So is AES-256 more secure or less secure than AES-128 after all?
It seems there are attacks that work more effectively on AES-256 than AES-128, which makes it less secure in some cases. But the bigger key size should add some safety margin on the other hand, for example making it immune to even quantum computers. And I have heard some people say that more rounds make it less secure, and others say that it makes it more secure.
Score: 0
Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM)
If a company uses Domain Keys Identified Mail ("sender adds a special signature which includes author name / date signed by RSA Private Key. Receiver verifies the signature by looking up the public key of the sender and ensures that the email's sender name and the date in the regular email header matches the signed name and date in the signature tag") and has an online database with employees public key ...
Score: 1
Crack AES encryption via passphrase dictionary attack?
How easy would it be to crack a AES-256 encrypted file, that is protected by a passphrase?
I understand that the trying to brute force a AES-256 encryption key would be on the unfeasible side, even with quantum computing. But what if that encryption key was instead generated from a passphrase? How easy would it then be to break the encryption?
I'm not experienced at all in cryptography, but tried ma ...
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https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/10115/solow-model-steady-state-v-balanced-growth-path/10199
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# Solow Model: Steady State v Balanced Growth Path
Okay, so I'm having real problems distinguishing between the Steady State concept and the balanced growth path in this model:
$$Y = K^\beta (AL)^{1-\beta}$$
I have been asked to derive the steady state values for capital per effective worker:
$$k^*=\left(\frac{s}{n+g+ \delta }\right)^{\frac{1}{1-\beta }}$$
As well as the steady state ratio of capital to output (K/Y):
$$\frac{K^{SS}}{Y^{SS}} = \frac{s}{n+g+\delta }$$
I found both of these fine, but I have been also asked to find the "steady-state value of the marginal product of capital, dY/dK". Here is what I did:
$$Y = K^\beta (AL)^{1-\beta}$$ $$MPK = \frac{dY}{dK} = \beta K^{\beta -1}(AL)^{1-\beta }$$
Substituting in for K in the steady state (calculated when working out steady state for K/Y ratio above):
$$K^{SS} = AL\left(\frac{s}{n+g+\delta }\right)^{\frac{1}{1-\beta }}$$
$$MPK^{SS} = \beta (AL)^{1-\beta }\left[AL\left(\frac{s}{n+g+\delta }\right)^{\frac{1}{1-\beta }}\right]^{\beta -1}$$
$$MPK^{SS} = \beta \left(\frac{s}{n+g+\delta }\right)^{\frac{\beta -1}{1-\beta }}$$
Firstly I need to know whether this calculation for the steady state value of MPK is correct?
Secondly, I have been asked to Sketch the time paths of the capital-output ratio and the marginal product of capital, for an economy that converges to its balanced growth path "from below".
I am having problems understanding exactly what the balanced growth path is, as opposed to the steady state, and how to use my calculations to figure out what these graphs should look like.
Sorry for the mammoth post, any help is greatly appreciated! Thanks in advance.
This is when the attempt at accuracy creates confusion and misunderstanding.
Back in the day, growth models were not incorporating technological progress, and led to a long-run equilibrium characterized by constant per capita magnitudes. Verbally, the term "steady-state" seemed appropriate to describe such a situation.
Then Romer and endogenous growth models came along, which also pushed the older models to start including as a routine feature exogenous growth factors (apart from population). And "suddenly", per capita terms were not constant in the long-run equilibrium, but growing at a constant rate. Initially the literature described such a situation as "steady state in growth rates".
Then it appears the profession thought something like "it is inaccurate to use the word "steady" here because per capita magnitudes are growing. What happens is that all magnitudes grow at a balanced rate (i.e at the same rate, and so their ratios remain constant). And since they grow, they follow a path..." Eureka!: the term "balanced growth path" was born.
...To the frustration of students (at least), which have now to remember that for example, the "saddle path" is indeed a path in the Phase diagram, but the "balanced growth path" is only a point! (because in order to actually draw a Phase diagram and obtain a good old long-run equilibrium, we express magnitudes per effective worker, and these magnitudes do have a traditional steady-state. But we continue to call it "balanced growth path", because per capita magnitudes, which is what we are interested in, in our individualistic approach), continue to grow).
So "balanced growth path" = "steady state of magnitudes per efficiency unit of labor", and I guess you can figure out the rest for your phase diagram.
Following the conversation with user @denesp at the comments of my previous answer, I have to clarify the following: the usual graphical device we use related to the basic Solow growth model (see for example here, figure 2) is not a phase diagram, since reasonably we call "phase diagrams" those that contain zero-change loci, identify the crossing points of them as fixed points of a dynamical system, and examine their stability properties. And this is not what we do for the Solow model. So it was careless use of terminology from my part.
Nevertheless we can draw a "semi-Phase diagram" for the Solow growth model, in $(y,k)$ space. Understanding the symbols as "per efficiency unit of labor" we have the system of differential equations (while $y=f(k)$)
$$\dot k = sy - (n+\delta+g)k$$
$$\dot y = f'_k(k)\cdot \dot k$$ Writing the zero-change equation as a weak inequality to show also the dynamical tendencies, we have
$$\dot k \geq 0 \implies y \geq \frac {n+\delta+g}{s} k$$
$$\dot y \geq 0 \implies \dot k \geq 0$$
So this system gives a single zero change locus, a straight line. No crossing points to identify a fixed point What can we do? Draw also the production function in the diagram, since, in reality, the $(y,k)$ space is unidimensional, not an area, but a line. Then we get
The vertical/horizontal arrows indicating the dynamical tendencies come properly from the weak inequalities above (both $y$ and $k$ tend to grow when above the zero-change locus). Then, since $y$ and $k$ are constrained to move on the dotted line (which is the production function), it follows that they move towards their fixed point, no matter where we start. Here the production function graph represents essentially the path towards long-run equilibrium, since convergence is monotonic.
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https://socratic.org/questions/how-many-protons-electrons-and-neutrons-does-stromium-38-have
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Chemistry
Topics
# How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does Strontium-38 have?
For strontium, $Z$ $=$ $38$. There are 38 positively charged particles in its nucleus. Because the element is neutral, there must be a corresponding number of electrons, negatively charged particles, orbiting the nucleus. It atomic mass is $87.62$ $g \cdot m o {l}^{-} 1$. ""^86Sr, ""^87Sr, ""^88Sr, isotopes are common. These isotopes MUST have 48, 49, or 50 neutrons respectively in the nuclei.
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https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/osuniversityphysics2/chapter/kirchhoffs-rules/
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Chapter 10. Direct-Current Circuits
# 10.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
### Learning Objectives
By the end of the section, you will be able to:
• State Kirchhoff’s junction rule
• State Kirchhoff’s loop rule
• Analyze complex circuits using Kirchhoff’s rules
We have just seen that some circuits may be analyzed by reducing a circuit to a single voltage source and an equivalent resistance. Many complex circuits cannot be analyzed with the series-parallel techniques developed in the preceding sections. In this section, we elaborate on the use of Kirchhoff’s rules to analyze more complex circuits. For example, the circuit in Figure 10.19 is known as a multi-loop circuit, which consists of junctions. A junction, also known as a node, is a connection of three or more wires. In this circuit, the previous methods cannot be used, because not all the resistors are in clear series or parallel configurations that can be reduced. Give it a try. The resistors ${R}_{1}$ and ${R}_{2}$ are in series and can be reduced to an equivalent resistance. The same is true of resistors ${R}_{4}$ and ${R}_{5}$. But what do you do then?
Even though this circuit cannot be analyzed using the methods already learned, two circuit analysis rules can be used to analyze any circuit, simple or complex. The rules are known as Kirchhoff’s rules, after their inventor Gustav Kirchhoff (1824–1887).
### Kirchhoff’s Rules
• Kirchhoff’s first rule—the junction rule. The sum of all currents entering a junction must equal the sum of all currents leaving the junction:
$\sum {I}_{\text{in}}=\sum {I}_{\text{out}}.$
• Kirchhoff’s second rule—the loop rule. The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed circuit path (loop) must be zero:
$\sum V=0.$
We now provide explanations of these two rules, followed by problem-solving hints for applying them and a worked example that uses them.
### Kirchhoff’s First Rule
Kirchhoff’s first rule (the junction rule) applies to the charge entering and leaving a junction (Figure 10.20). As stated earlier, a junction, or node, is a connection of three or more wires. Current is the flow of charge, and charge is conserved; thus, whatever charge flows into the junction must flow out.
Although it is an over-simplification, an analogy can be made with water pipes connected in a plumbing junction. If the wires in Figure 10.20 were replaced by water pipes, and the water was assumed to be incompressible, the volume of water flowing into the junction must equal the volume of water flowing out of the junction.
### Kirchhoff’s Second Rule
Kirchhoff’s second rule (the loop rule) applies to potential differences. The loop rule is stated in terms of potential V rather than potential energy, but the two are related since $U=qV.$ In a closed loop, whatever energy is supplied by a voltage source, the energy must be transferred into other forms by the devices in the loop, since there are no other ways in which energy can be transferred into or out of the circuit. Kirchhoff’s loop rule states that the algebraic sum of potential differences, including voltage supplied by the voltage sources and resistive elements, in any loop must be equal to zero. For example, consider a simple loop with no junctions, as in Figure 10.21.
The circuit consists of a voltage source and three external load resistors. The labels a, b, c, and d serve as references, and have no other significance. The usefulness of these labels will become apparent soon. The loop is designated as Loop abcda, and the labels help keep track of the voltage differences as we travel around the circuit. Start at point a and travel to point b. The voltage of the voltage source is added to the equation and the potential drop of the resistor ${R}_{1}$ is subtracted. From point b to c, the potential drop across ${R}_{2}$ is subtracted. From c to d, the potential drop across ${R}_{3}$ is subtracted. From points d to a, nothing is done because there are no components.
Figure 10.22 shows a graph of the voltage as we travel around the loop. Voltage increases as we cross the battery, whereas voltage decreases as we travel across a resistor. The potential drop, or change in the electric potential, is equal to the current through the resistor times the resistance of the resistor. Since the wires have negligible resistance, the voltage remains constant as we cross the wires connecting the components.
Then Kirchhoff’s loop rule states
$V-I{R}_{1}-I{R}_{2}-I{R}_{3}=0.$
The loop equation can be used to find the current through the loop:
$I=\frac{V}{{R}_{1}+{R}_{2}+{R}_{2}}=\frac{12.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}}{1.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}+2.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}+3.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}}=2.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}.$
This loop could have been analyzed using the previous methods, but we will demonstrate the power of Kirchhoff’s method in the next section.
### Applying Kirchhoff’s Rules
By applying Kirchhoff’s rules, we generate a set of linear equations that allow us to find the unknown values in circuits. These may be currents, voltages, or resistances. Each time a rule is applied, it produces an equation. If there are as many independent equations as unknowns, then the problem can be solved.
Using Kirchhoff’s method of analysis requires several steps, as listed in the following procedure.
### Problem-Solving Strategy: Kirchhoff’s Rules
1. Label points in the circuit diagram using lowercase letters a, b, c, …. These labels simply help with orientation.
2. Locate the junctions in the circuit. The junctions are points where three or more wires connect. Label each junction with the currents and directions into and out of it. Make sure at least one current points into the junction and at least one current points out of the junction.
3. Choose the loops in the circuit. Every component must be contained in at least one loop, but a component may be contained in more than one loop.
4. Apply the junction rule. Again, some junctions should not be included in the analysis. You need only use enough nodes to include every current.
5. Apply the loop rule. Use the map in Figure 10.23.
Let’s examine some steps in this procedure more closely. When locating the junctions in the circuit, do not be concerned about the direction of the currents. If the direction of current flow is not obvious, choosing any direction is sufficient as long as at least one current points into the junction and at least one current points out of the junction. If the arrow is in the opposite direction of the conventional current flow, the result for the current in question will be negative but the answer will still be correct.
The number of nodes depends on the circuit. Each current should be included in a node and thus included in at least one junction equation. Do not include nodes that are not linearly independent, meaning nodes that contain the same information.
Consider Figure 10.24. There are two junctions in this circuit: Junction b and Junction e. Points a, c, d, and f are not junctions, because a junction must have three or more connections. The equation for Junction b is ${I}_{1}={I}_{2}+{I}_{3}$, and the equation for Junction e is ${I}_{2}+{I}_{3}={I}_{1}$. These are equivalent equations, so it is necessary to keep only one of them.
When choosing the loops in the circuit, you need enough loops so that each component is covered once, without repeating loops. Figure 10.25 shows four choices for loops to solve a sample circuit; choices (a), (b), and (c) have a sufficient amount of loops to solve the circuit completely. Option (d) reflects more loops than necessary to solve the circuit.
Consider the circuit in Figure 10.26(a). Let us analyze this circuit to find the current through each resistor. First, label the circuit as shown in part (b).
Next, determine the junctions. In this circuit, points b and e each have three wires connected, making them junctions. Start to apply Kirchhoff’s junction rule $\left(\sum {I}_{\text{in}}=\sum {I}_{\text{out}}\right)$ by drawing arrows representing the currents and labeling each arrow, as shown in Figure 10.27(b). Junction b shows that ${I}_{1}={I}_{2}+{I}_{3}$ and Junction e shows that ${I}_{2}+{I}_{3}={I}_{1}$. Since Junction e gives the same information of Junction b, it can be disregarded. This circuit has three unknowns, so we need three linearly independent equations to analyze it.
Next we need to choose the loops. In Figure 10.28, Loop abefa includes the voltage source ${V}_{1}$ and resistors ${R}_{1}$ and ${R}_{2}$. The loop starts at point a, then travels through points b, e, and f, and then back to point a. The second loop, Loop ebcde, starts at point e and includes resistors ${R}_{2}$ and ${R}_{3}$, and the voltage source ${V}_{2}$.
Now we can apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule, using the map in Figure 10.23. Starting at point a and moving to point b, the resistor ${R}_{1}$ is crossed in the same direction as the current flow ${I}_{1}$, so the potential drop ${I}_{1}{R}_{1}$ is subtracted. Moving from point b to point e, the resistor ${R}_{2}$ is crossed in the same direction as the current flow ${I}_{2}$ so the potential drop ${I}_{2}{R}_{2}$ is subtracted. Moving from point e to point f, the voltage source ${V}_{1}$ is crossed from the negative terminal to the positive terminal, so ${V}_{1}$ is added. There are no components between points f and a. The sum of the voltage differences must equal zero:
$\text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}abefa:\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}-{I}_{1}{R}_{1}-{I}_{2}{R}_{2}+{V}_{1}=0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{V}_{1}={I}_{1}{R}_{1}+{I}_{2}{R}_{2}.$
Finally, we check loop ebcde. We start at point e and move to point b, crossing ${R}_{2}$ in the opposite direction as the current flow ${I}_{2}$. The potential drop ${I}_{2}{R}_{2}$ is added. Next, we cross ${R}_{3}$ and ${R}_{4}$ in the same direction as the current flow ${I}_{3}$ and subtract the potential drops ${I}_{3}{R}_{3}$ and ${I}_{3}{R}_{4}.$ Note that the current is the same through resistors ${R}_{3}$ and ${R}_{4}$, because they are connected in series. Finally, the voltage source is crossed from the positive terminal to the negative terminal, and the voltage source ${V}_{2}$ is subtracted. The sum of these voltage differences equals zero and yields the loop equation
$\text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}ebcde:{I}_{2}{R}_{2}-{I}_{3}\left({R}_{3}+{R}_{4}\right)-{V}_{2}=0.$
We now have three equations, which we can solve for the three unknowns.
$\begin{array}{}\\ \\ \\ \phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}\text{(1)}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Junction}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}b:{I}_{1}-{I}_{2}-{I}_{3}=0.\hfill \\ \phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}\text{(2)}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}abefa:\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{I}_{1}{R}_{1}+{I}_{2}{R}_{2}={V}_{1}.\hfill \\ \phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}\text{(3)}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}ebcde:{I}_{2}{R}_{2}-{I}_{3}\left({R}_{3}+{R}_{4}\right)={V}_{2}.\hfill \end{array}$
To solve the three equations for the three unknown currents, start by eliminating current ${I}_{2}$. First add Eq. (1) times ${R}_{2}$ to Eq. (2). The result is labeled as Eq. (4):
$\begin{array}{}\\ \left({R}_{1}+{R}_{2}\right){I}_{1}-{R}_{2}{I}_{3}={V}_{1}.\hfill \\ \\ \\ \phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}\text{(4)}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}6\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}{I}_{1}-3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}{I}_{3}=24\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}.\hfill \end{array}$
Next, subtract Eq. (3) from Eq. (2). The result is labeled as Eq. (5):
$\begin{array}{}\\ {I}_{1}{R}_{1}+{I}_{3}\left({R}_{3}+{R}_{4}\right)={V}_{1}-{V}_{2}.\hfill \\ \\ \\ \phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}\text{(5)}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}{I}_{1}+7\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}{I}_{3}=-5\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}.\hfill \end{array}$
We can solve Eqs. (4) and (5) for current ${I}_{1}$. Adding seven times Eq. (4) and three times Eq. (5) results in $51\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}{I}_{1}=153\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V},$ or ${I}_{1}=3.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}.$ Using Eq. (4) results in ${I}_{3}=-2.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}.$ Finally, Eq. (1) yields ${I}_{2}={I}_{1}-{I}_{3}=5.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}.$ One way to check that the solutions are consistent is to check the power supplied by the voltage sources and the power dissipated by the resistors:
$\begin{array}{c}{P}_{\text{in}}={I}_{1}{V}_{1}+{I}_{3}{V}_{2}=130\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W},\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{out}}={I}_{1}^{2}{R}_{1}+{I}_{2}^{2}{R}_{2}+{I}_{3}^{2}{R}_{3}+{I}_{3}^{2}{R}_{4}=130\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}.\hfill \end{array}$
Note that the solution for the current ${I}_{3}$ is negative. This is the correct answer, but suggests that the arrow originally drawn in the junction analysis is the direction opposite of conventional current flow. The power supplied by the second voltage source is 58 W and not −58 W.
### Example
#### Calculating Current by Using Kirchhoff’s Rules
Find the currents flowing in the circuit in Figure 10.29.
#### Strategy
This circuit is sufficiently complex that the currents cannot be found using Ohm’s law and the series-parallel techniques—it is necessary to use Kirchhoff’s rules. Currents have been labeled ${I}_{1},$${I}_{2},$ and ${I}_{3}$ in the figure, and assumptions have been made about their directions. Locations on the diagram have been labeled with letters a through h. In the solution, we apply the junction and loop rules, seeking three independent equations to allow us to solve for the three unknown currents.
#### Solution
Applying the junction and loop rules yields the following three equations. We have three unknowns, so three equations are required.
$\begin{array}{c}\text{Junction}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}c:\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{1}+{I}_{2}={I}_{3}.\hfill \\ \text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}abcdefa:\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{1}\left({R}_{1}+{R}_{4}\right)-{I}_{2}\left({R}_{2}+{R}_{5}+{R}_{6}\right)={V}_{1}-{V}_{3}.\hfill \\ \text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}cdefc:\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{2}\left({R}_{2}+{R}_{5}+{R}_{6}\right)+{I}_{3}{R}_{3}={V}_{2}+{V}_{3}.\hfill \end{array}$
Simplify the equations by placing the unknowns on one side of the equations.
$\begin{array}{c}\text{Junction}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}c:\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{1}+{I}_{2}-{I}_{3}=0.\hfill \\ \text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}abcdefa:\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{1}\left(3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\right)-{I}_{2}\left(8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\right)=0.5\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}-2.30\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}.\hfill \\ \text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}cdefc:\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{2}\left(8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\right)+{I}_{3}\left(1\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\right)=0.6\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}+2.30\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}.\hfill \end{array}$
Simplify the equations. The first loop equation can be simplified by dividing both sides by 3.00. The second loop equation can be simplified by dividing both sides by 6.00.
$\begin{array}{c}\text{Junction}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}c:\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{1}+{I}_{2}-{I}_{3}=0.\hfill \\ \text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}abcdefa:\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{1}\left(3\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\right)-{I}_{2}\left(8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\right)=\text{−}1.8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}.\hfill \\ \text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}cdefc:\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{2}\left(8\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\right)+{I}_{3}\left(1\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}\right)=2.9\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}.\hfill \end{array}$
The results are
${I}_{1}=0.20\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A},\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{I}_{2}=0.30\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A},\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{I}_{3}=0.50\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}.$
#### Significance
A method to check the calculations is to compute the power dissipated by the resistors and the power supplied by the voltage sources:
$\begin{array}{}\\ {P}_{{R}_{1}}={I}_{1}^{2}{R}_{1}=0.04\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}.\hfill \\ {P}_{{R}_{2}}={I}_{2}^{2}{R}_{2}=0.45\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}.\hfill \\ {P}_{{R}_{3}}={I}_{3}^{2}{R}_{3}=0.25\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}.\hfill \\ {P}_{{R}_{4}}={I}_{1}^{2}{R}_{4}=0.08\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}.\hfill \\ {P}_{{R}_{5}}={I}_{2}^{2}{R}_{5}=0.09\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}.\hfill \\ {P}_{{R}_{6}}={I}_{2}^{2}{R}_{6}=0.18\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}.\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{dissipated}}=1.09\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}.\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{source}}={I}_{1}{V}_{1}+{I}_{2}{V}_{3}+{I}_{3}{V}_{2}=0.10\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}+0.69\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}+0.30\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}=1.09\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}.\hfill \end{array}$
The power supplied equals the power dissipated by the resistors.
In considering the following schematic and the power supplied and consumed by a circuit, will a voltage source always provide power to the circuit, or can a voltage source consume power?
Show Solution
The circuit can be analyzed using Kirchhoff’s loop rule. The first voltage source supplies power: ${P}_{\text{in}}=I{V}_{1}=7.20\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mW.}$ The second voltage source consumes power: ${P}_{\text{out}}=I{V}_{2}+{I}^{2}{R}_{1}+{I}^{2}{R}_{2}=7.2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mW}.$
### Example
#### Calculating Current by Using Kirchhoff’s Rules
Find the current flowing in the circuit in Figure 10.30.
#### Strategy
This circuit can be analyzed using Kirchhoff’s rules. There is only one loop and no nodes. Choose the direction of current flow. For this example, we will use the clockwise direction from point a to point b. Consider Loop abcda and use Figure 10.23 to write the loop equation. Note that according to Figure 10.23, battery ${V}_{1}$ will be added and battery ${V}_{2}$ will be subtracted.
#### Solution
Applying the junction rule yields the following three equations. We have one unknown, so one equation is required:
$\text{Loop}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}abcda:\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}-I{R}_{1}-{V}_{1}-I{R}_{2}+{V}_{2}-I{R}_{3}=0.$
Simplify the equations by placing the unknowns on one side of the equations. Use the values given in the figure.
$\begin{array}{c}I\left({R}_{1}+{R}_{2}+{R}_{3}\right)={V}_{2}-{V}_{1}.\hfill \\ \\ I=\frac{{V}_{2}-{V}_{1}}{{R}_{1}+{R}_{2}+{R}_{3}}=\frac{24\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}-12\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V}}{10.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}+30.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}+10.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}}=0.20\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}.\hfill \end{array}$
#### Significance
The power dissipated or consumed by the circuit equals the power supplied to the circuit, but notice that the current in the battery ${V}_{1}$ is flowing through the battery from the positive terminal to the negative terminal and consumes power.
$\begin{array}{}\\ \\ {P}_{{R}_{1}}={I}^{2}{R}_{1}=0.40\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}\hfill \\ {P}_{{R}_{2}}={I}^{2}{R}_{2}=1.20\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}\hfill \\ {P}_{{R}_{3}}={I}^{2}{R}_{3}=0.80\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}\hfill \\ {P}_{{V}_{1}}=I{V}_{1}=2.40\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{dissipated}}=4.80\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}\hfill \\ {P}_{\text{source}}=I{V}_{2}=4.80\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}\hfill \end{array}$
The power supplied equals the power dissipated by the resistors and consumed by the battery ${V}_{1}.$
When using Kirchhoff’s laws, you need to decide which loops to use and the direction of current flow through each loop. In analyzing the circuit in Example 10.7, the direction of current flow was chosen to be clockwise, from point a to point b. How would the results change if the direction of the current was chosen to be counterclockwise, from point b to point a?
Show Solution
The current calculated would be equal to $I=-0.20\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}$ instead of $I=0.20\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}.$ The sum of the power dissipated and the power consumed would still equal the power supplied.
### Multiple Voltage Sources
Many devices require more than one battery. Multiple voltage sources, such as batteries, can be connected in series configurations, parallel configurations, or a combination of the two.
In series, the positive terminal of one battery is connected to the negative terminal of another battery. Any number of voltage sources, including batteries, can be connected in series. Two batteries connected in series are shown in Figure 10.31. Using Kirchhoff’s loop rule for the circuit in part (b) gives the result
$\begin{array}{c}{\epsilon }_{1}-I{r}_{1}+{\epsilon }_{2}-I{r}_{2}-IR=0,\hfill \\ \left[\left({\epsilon }_{1}+{\epsilon }_{2}\right)-I\left({r}_{1}+{r}_{2}\right)\right]-IR=0.\hfill \end{array}$
When voltage sources are in series, their internal resistances can be added together and their emfs can be added together to get the total values. Series connections of voltage sources are common—for example, in flashlights, toys, and other appliances. Usually, the cells are in series in order to produce a larger total emf. In Figure 10.31, the terminal voltage is
${V}_{\text{terminal}}=\left({\epsilon }_{1}-I{r}_{1}\right)+\left({\epsilon }_{2}-I{r}_{2}\right)=\left[\left({\epsilon }_{1}+{\epsilon }_{2}\right)-I\left({r}_{1}+{r}_{2}\right)\right]=\left({\epsilon }_{1}+{\epsilon }_{2}\right)+I{r}_{\text{eq}}.$
Note that the same current I is found in each battery because they are connected in series. The disadvantage of series connections of cells is that their internal resistances are additive.
Batteries are connected in series to increase the voltage supplied to the circuit. For instance, an LED flashlight may have two AAA cell batteries, each with a terminal voltage of 1.5 V, to provide 3.0 V to the flashlight.
Any number of batteries can be connected in series. For N batteries in series, the terminal voltage is equal to
${V}_{\text{terminal}}=\left({\epsilon }_{1}+{\epsilon }_{2}+\text{⋯}+{\epsilon }_{N-1}+{\epsilon }_{N}\right)-I\left({r}_{1}+{r}_{2}+\text{⋯}+{r}_{N-1}+{r}_{N}\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\epsilon }_{i}-I{r}_{\text{eq}}$
where the equivalent resistance is ${r}_{\text{eq}}=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{r}_{i}$.
When a load is placed across voltage sources in series, as in Figure 10.32, we can find the current:
$\begin{array}{c}\left({\epsilon }_{1}-I{r}_{1}\right)+\left({\epsilon }_{2}-I{r}_{2}\right)=IR,\hfill \\ I{r}_{1}+I{r}_{2}+IR={\epsilon }_{1}+{\epsilon }_{2},\hfill \\ I=\frac{{\epsilon }_{1}+{\epsilon }_{2}}{{r}_{1}+{r}_{2}+R}.\hfill \end{array}$
As expected, the internal resistances increase the equivalent resistance.
Voltage sources, such as batteries, can also be connected in parallel. Figure 10.33 shows two batteries with identical emfs in parallel and connected to a load resistance. When the batteries are connect in parallel, the positive terminals are connected together and the negative terminals are connected together, and the load resistance is connected to the positive and negative terminals. Normally, voltage sources in parallel have identical emfs. In this simple case, since the voltage sources are in parallel, the total emf is the same as the individual emfs of each battery.
Consider the Kirchhoff analysis of the circuit in Figure 10.33(b). There are two loops and a node at point b and $\epsilon ={\epsilon }_{1}={\epsilon }_{2}$.
Node b: ${I}_{1}+{I}_{2}-I=0$.
Loop abcfa: $\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill \epsilon -{I}_{1}{r}_{1}+{I}_{2}{r}_{2}-\epsilon & =\hfill & 0,\hfill \\ \hfill {I}_{1}{r}_{1}& =\hfill & {I}_{2}{r}_{2}.\hfill \end{array}$
Loop fcdef: $\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill {\epsilon }_{2}-{I}_{2}{r}_{2}-IR& =\hfill & 0,\hfill \\ \hfill \epsilon -{I}_{2}{r}_{2}-IR& =\hfill & 0.\hfill \end{array}$
Solving for the current through the load resistor results in $I=\frac{\epsilon }{{r}_{\text{eq}}+R}$, where ${r}_{\text{eq}}={\left(\frac{1}{{r}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{r}_{2}}\right)}^{-1}$. The terminal voltage is equal to the potential drop across the load resistor $IR=\left(\frac{\epsilon }{{r}_{\text{eq}}+R}\right)$. The parallel connection reduces the internal resistance and thus can produce a larger current.
Any number of batteries can be connected in parallel. For N batteries in parallel, the terminal voltage is equal to
${V}_{\text{terminal}}=\epsilon -I{\left(\frac{1}{{r}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{r}_{2}}+\text{⋯}+\frac{1}{{r}_{N-1}}+\frac{1}{{r}_{N}}\right)}^{-1}=\epsilon -I{r}_{\text{eq}}$
where the equivalent resistance is ${r}_{\text{eq}}={\left(\sum _{i=1}^{N}\frac{1}{{r}_{i}}\right)}^{-1}$.
As an example, some diesel trucks use two 12-V batteries in parallel; they produce a total emf of 12 V but can deliver the larger current needed to start a diesel engine.
In summary, the terminal voltage of batteries in series is equal to the sum of the individual emfs minus the sum of the internal resistances times the current. When batteries are connected in parallel, they usually have equal emfs and the terminal voltage is equal to the emf minus the equivalent internal resistance times the current, where the equivalent internal resistance is smaller than the individual internal resistances. Batteries are connected in series to increase the terminal voltage to the load. Batteries are connected in parallel to increase the current to the load.
### Solar Cell Arrays
Another example dealing with multiple voltage sources is that of combinations of solar cells—wired in both series and parallel combinations to yield a desired voltage and current. Photovoltaic generation, which is the conversion of sunlight directly into electricity, is based upon the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect is beyond the scope of this chapter and is covered in Photons and Matter Waves, but in general, photons hitting the surface of a solar cell create an electric current in the cell.
Most solar cells are made from pure silicon. Most single cells have a voltage output of about 0.5 V, while the current output is a function of the amount of sunlight falling on the cell (the incident solar radiation known as the insolation). Under bright noon sunlight, a current per unit area of about $100{\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mA/cm}}^{2}$ of cell surface area is produced by typical single-crystal cells.
Individual solar cells are connected electrically in modules to meet electrical energy needs. They can be wired together in series or in parallel—connected like the batteries discussed earlier. A solar-cell array or module usually consists of between 36 and 72 cells, with a power output of 50 W to 140 W.
Solar cells, like batteries, provide a direct current (dc) voltage. Current from a dc voltage source is unidirectional. Most household appliances need an alternating current (ac) voltage.
### Summary
• Kirchhoff’s rules can be used to analyze any circuit, simple or complex. The simpler series and parallel connection rules are special cases of Kirchhoff’s rules.
• Kirchhoff’s first rule, also known as the junction rule, applies to the charge to a junction. Current is the flow of charge; thus, whatever charge flows into the junction must flow out.
• Kirchhoff’s second rule, also known as the loop rule, states that the voltage drop around a loop is zero.
• When calculating potential and current using Kirchhoff’s rules, a set of conventions must be followed for determining the correct signs of various terms.
• When multiple voltage sources are in series, their internal resistances add together and their emfs add together to get the total values.
• When multiple voltage sources are in parallel, their internal resistances combine to an equivalent resistance that is less than the individual resistance and provides a higher current than a single cell.
• Solar cells can be wired in series or parallel to provide increased voltage or current, respectively.
### Conceptual Questions
Can all of the currents going into the junction shown below be positive? Explain.
Consider the circuit shown below. Does the analysis of the circuit require Kirchhoff’s method, or can it be redrawn to simplify the circuit? If it is a circuit of series and parallel connections, what is the equivalent resistance?
Show Solution
It can be redrawn.
${R}_{\text{eq}}={\left[\frac{1}{{R}_{6}}+\frac{1}{{R}_{1}}+\frac{1}{{R}_{2}+{\left(\frac{1}{{R}_{4}}+\frac{1}{{R}_{3}+{R}_{5}}\right)}^{-1}}\right]}^{-1}$
Do batteries in a circuit always supply power to a circuit, or can they absorb power in a circuit? Give an example.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of connecting batteries in series? In parallel?
Show Solution
In series the voltages add, but so do the internal resistances, because the internal resistances are in series. In parallel, the terminal voltage is the same, but the equivalent internal resistance is smaller than the smallest individual internal resistance and a higher current can be provided.
Semi-tractor trucks use four large 12-V batteries. The starter system requires 24 V, while normal operation of the truck’s other electrical components utilizes 12 V. How could the four batteries be connected to produce 24 V? To produce 12 V? Why is 24 V better than 12 V for starting the truck’s engine (a very heavy load)?
### Problems
Consider the circuit shown below. (a) Find the voltage across each resistor. (b)What is the power supplied to the circuit and the power dissipated or consumed by the circuit?
Consider the circuits shown below. (a) What is the current through each resistor in part (a)? (b) What is the current through each resistor in part (b)? (c) What is the power dissipated or consumed by each circuit? (d) What is the power supplied to each circuit?
Show Solution
a. ${I}_{1}=0.6\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mA},\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{I}_{2}=0.4\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mA},\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{I}_{3}=0.2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mA}$;
b. ${I}_{1}=0.04\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mA},\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{I}_{2}=1.52\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mA},\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{I}_{3}=-1.48\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mA}$; c. ${P}_{\text{out}}=0.92\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mW},\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{P}_{\text{out}}=4.50\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mW}$;
d. ${P}_{\text{in}}=0.92\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mW},\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}{P}_{\text{in}}=4.50\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{mW}$
Consider the circuit shown below. Find ${V}_{1},{I}_{2},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{3}.$
Consider the circuit shown below. Find ${V}_{1},{V}_{2},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{R}_{4}.$
Show Solution
${V}_{1}=42\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V},{V}_{2}=6\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{V},{R}_{4}=18\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}$
Consider the circuit shown below. Find ${I}_{1},{I}_{2},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{3}.$
Consider the circuit shown below. (a) Find ${I}_{1},{I}_{2},{I}_{3},{I}_{4},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{and}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{5}.$ (b) Find the power supplied by the voltage sources. (c) Find the power dissipated by the resistors.
Show Solution
a. ${I}_{1}=1.5\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A},{I}_{2}=2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A},{I}_{3}=0.5\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{I}_{4}=2.5\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A},{I}_{5}=2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{A}$; b. ${P}_{\text{in}}={I}_{2}{V}_{1}+{I}_{5}{V}_{5}=34\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}$;
c. ${P}_{\text{out}}={I}_{1}^{2}{R}_{1}+{I}_{2}^{2}{R}_{2}+{I}_{3}^{2}{R}_{3}+{I}_{4}^{2}{R}_{4}=34\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}$
Consider the circuit shown below. Write the three loop equations for the loops shown.
Consider the circuit shown below. Write equations for the three currents in terms of R and V.
Show Solution
${I}_{1}=\frac{2}{3}\frac{V}{R},{I}_{2}=\frac{V}{3R},{I}_{3}=\frac{V}{3R}$
Consider the circuit shown in the preceding problem. Write equations for the power supplied by the voltage sources and the power dissipated by the resistors in terms of R and V.
A child’s electronic toy is supplied by three 1.58-V alkaline cells having internal resistances of $0.0200\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}$ in series with a 1.53-V carbon-zinc dry cell having a $0.100\text{-}\text{Ω}$ internal resistance. The load resistance is $10.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}$. (a) Draw a circuit diagram of the toy and its batteries. (b) What current flows? (c) How much power is supplied to the load? (d) What is the internal resistance of the dry cell if it goes bad, resulting in only 0.500 W being supplied to the load?
Show Solution
a.
;
b. 0.617 A; c. 3.81 W; d. $18.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{Ω}$
Apply the junction rule to Junction b shown below. Is any new information gained by applying the junction rule at e?
Apply the loop rule to Loop afedcba in the preceding problem.
Show Solution
${I}_{1}{r}_{1}-{\epsilon }_{1}+{I}_{1}{R}_{4}+{\epsilon }_{4}+{I}_{2}{r}_{4}+{I}_{4}{r}_{3}-{\epsilon }_{3}+{I}_{2}{R}_{3}+{I}_{1}{R}_{1}=0$
### Glossary
junction rule
sum of all currents entering a junction must equal the sum of all currents leaving the junction
Kirchhoff’s rules
set of two rules governing current and changes in potential in an electric circuit
loop rule
algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed circuit path (loop) must be zero
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https://medcraveonline.com/MOJES/structuralndashparametric-model-electroelastic-actuator-nanondash-and-microdisplacement-of-mechatronics-systems-for-nanotechnology-and-ecology-research.html
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# Ecology & Environmental Sciences
Research Article Volume 3 Issue 5
# Structural–parametric model electroelastic actuator nano– and microdisplacement of mechatronics systems for nanotechnology and ecology research
#### Sergey M Afonin function clickButton(){ var name=document.getElementById('name').value; var descr=document.getElementById('descr').value; var unCopyslNo=document.getElementById('unCopyslNo').value; document.getElementById("mydiv").style.display = "none"; $.ajax({ type:"post", url:"https://medcraveonline.com/captchaCode/server_action", data: { 'name' :name, 'descr' :descr, 'unCopyslNo': unCopyslNo }, cache:false, success: function (html) { //alert('Data Send');$('#msg').html(html); } }); return false; } Verify Captcha × Regret for the inconvenience: we are taking measures to prevent fraudulent form submissions by extractors and page crawlers. Please type the correct Captcha word to see email ID. function refreshPage(){ $("#mydiv").load(location.href + " #mydiv"); }$(document).ready(function () { //Disable cut copy paste $('#msg').bind('cut copy paste', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); }); //Disable mouse right click$("#msg").on("contextmenu",function(e){ return false; }); }); .noselect { -webkit-touch-callout: none; /* iOS Safari */ -webkit-user-select: none; /* Safari */ -khtml-user-select: none; /* Konqueror HTML */ -moz-user-select: none; /* Firefox */ -ms-user-select: none; /* Internet Explorer/Edge */ user-select: none; /* Non-prefixed version, currently supported by Chrome and Opera */ cursor: none; }
Department of Intellectual Technical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET), Russia
Correspondence: Sergey M Afonin Department of Intellectual Technical Systems, National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET), Moscow, 124498 Moscow, Russia
Received: April 21, 2017 | Published: September 4, 2018
Citation: Afonin SM. Structural–parametric model electroelastic actuator nano– and microdisplacement of mechatronics systems for nanotechnology and ecology research. MOJ Eco Environ Sci. 2018;3(5):306-309 DOI: 10.15406/mojes.2018.03.00104
# Abstract
The structural–parametric model, the decision of the wave equation, the parametric structural schematic diagram, the transfer functions of the electroelastic actuator of the mechatronics system for the nanotechnology and the ecology research are obtained. Effects of geometric and physical parameters of the piezoactuator and the external load on its dynamic characteristics are determined. The parametric structural schematic diagram and the transfer functions of the piezoactuator for the transverse, longitudinal, shift piezoelectric effects are obtained from the structural–parametric model of the piezoactuator. For calculation of the mechatronics systems for the nanotechnology with the piezoactuator it’s the parametric structural schematic diagram and the transfer functions are determined. The generalized parametric structural schematic diagram of the electroelastic actuator is constructed.
Keywords: electroelastic actuator, piezoactuator, deformation, structural–parametric model, parametric structural schematic diagram, decision wave equations, transfer functions
# Introduction
For the nanotechnology, the ecology research, the nanobiology, the power engineering, the microelectronics, the astronomy for the large compound telescopes, the antennas satellite telescopes and the adaptive optics equipment is promising for use the mechatronics system with the actuator based on the electroelasticity for the piezoelectric or the electrostriction effects. The piezoactuator is the piezomechanical device intended for the actuation of mechanisms, systems or the management based on the piezoelectric effect, the converts electrical signals into the mechanical movement or the force.1–5 In the present work is solving the problem of building the structural parametric model of the electroelastic actuator in contrast Cady and Mason electrical equivalent circuits for calculation of piezoelectric transmitter and receiver.6–9 The structural–parametric model of the piezoactuator describes the structure and conversion the energy electric field into the mechanical energy and the corresponding displacements and forces at its the faces. The structural–parametric model of the electroelastic actuator of the mechatronics system is determined by using the method of the mathematical physics. The transfer functions and the parametric structural schematic diagrams of the electroelastic actuator are obtained from its structural–parametric model.3–14 The piezoactuator for the nano– and microdisplacement of the mechatronics system operates based on the inverse piezoeffect. The displacement is achieved due to deformation of the piezoactuator when the external electric voltage is applied to it. The piezoactuator for the drives of nano– and micrometric movements provide a movement range from several nanometers to tens of micrometers, a sensitivity of up to 10 nm/V, a loading capacity of up to 1000 N, a transmission band of up to 100 Hz. The piezoactuator provides high speed and force, its return to the initial state when switched off. The use of the piezoactuator solves the problems of the precise alignment and the compensation of the temperature and gravitational deformations. The piezoactuator is used in the majority mechatronic systems for the nanotechnology, the ecology research in the scanning tunneling microscopes and the atomic force microscopes.11–16
# Decision wave equation and structural parametric model of electroelastic actuator
The deformation of the electroelastic actuator corresponds to its stressed state. In the piezoactuator there are six stress components ${T}_{1}$ , ${T}_{2}$ ${T}_{3}$ , ${T}_{4}$ , ${T}_{5}$ , ${T}_{6}$ where the components ${T}_{1}-{T}_{3}$ are related to extension–compression stresses and the components ${T}_{4}-{T}_{6}$ to shear stresses. The matrix state equations8,11 connecting the electric and elastic variables for the polarized piezoceramics have the following form:
$D=dT+{\epsilon }^{T}E$ , (1)
$S={s}^{E}T+{d}^{t}E$ , (2)
where the first equation describes the direct piezoelectric effect, and the second - the inverse piezoelectric effect; $D$ is the column matrix of electric induction along the coordinate axes; $S$ is the column matrix of relative deformations; $T$ is the column matrix of mechanical stresses; $E\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is the column matrix of electric field strength along the coordinate axes; ${s}^{E}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is the elastic compliance matrix for $E=\text{const}$ ; ${\epsilon }^{T}$ is the matrix of dielectric constants for $T=\text{const}$ ; ${d}^{t}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is the transposed matrix of the piezoelectric modules.
In polarized piezoceramics from lead zirconate titanate PZT for the piezoactuator on Figure 1 there are five independent components ${s}_{11}^{E}$ ${s}_{12}^{E}$ , ${s}_{13}^{E}$ ,${s}_{33}^{E}$ , ${s}_{11}^{E}$ in the elastic compliance matrix, three independent components ${d}_{33}$ ,${d}_{31}$ , ${d}_{15}$ in the transposed matrix of the piezoelectric modules and three independent components, ${\epsilon }_{11}^{T}$ ,${\epsilon }_{33}^{T}$ ${\epsilon }_{22}^{T}$ in the matrix of dielectric constants.
Figure 1 Piezoactuator.
Let us consider the piezoactuator for the longitudinal piezoelectric effect, where $\delta$ is thickness and the electrodes deposited on its faces perpendicular to axis 3, the area of which is equal${S}_{0}$ . The direction of the polarization axis Р, i.e., the direction along which polarization was performed, is usually taken as the direction of axis 3. The equation of the inverse longitudinal piezoelectric effect8,11 has the form:
${S}_{3}={d}_{33}{E}_{3}\left(t\right)+{s}_{33}^{E}{T}_{3}\left(x,t\right)$ , (3)
where ${S}_{3}=\partial \xi \left(x,t\right)/\partial x$ is the relative displacement of the cross section of the piezoactuator, ${d}_{33}$ is the piezomodule for the longitudinal piezoeffect, ${E}_{3}\left(t\right)=U\left(t\right)/\delta$ is the electric field strength, $U\left(t\right)$ c is the voltage between the electrodes of actuator, $\delta$ is the thickness, ${s}_{33}^{E}$ is the elastic compliance along axis 3, and ${T}_{3}$ is the mechanical stress along axis 3.
The equation of equilibrium for the force acting on the piezoactuator on Figure 1 can be written as
${T}_{3}{S}_{0}=F+M\frac{{\partial }^{2}\xi \left(x,t\right)}{\partial {t}^{2}}$ , (4)
Where F is the external force applied to the piezoactuator, ${S}_{0}$ is the cross section area and M is the displaced mass.
the equation of the inverse longitudinal piezoeffect, the wave equation using Laplace transform, the equations of the forces acting on the faces of the piezoactuator. The calculations of the piezoactuators are performed using the wave equation8,11,12 describing the wave propagation in the long line with damping but without distortions in the following form:
$\frac{1}{{\left({с}^{E}\right)}^{2}}\frac{{\partial }^{2}\xi \left(x,t\right)}{\partial {t}^{2}}+\frac{2\alpha }{{c}^{E}}\frac{\partial \xi \left(x,t\right)}{\partial t}+{\alpha }^{2}\xi \left(x,t\right)=\frac{{\partial }^{2}\xi \left(x,t\right)}{\partial {x}^{2}}$, (5)
where $\xi \left(x,t\right)$ is the displacement of the section, x is the coordinate, t is the time, ${c}^{E}$ is the sound speed for $E=\text{const}$, $\alpha$ is the damping coefficient. We can reduce the original problem for the partial differential hyperbolic equation of type (5) using Laplace transform to a simpler problem for the linear ordinary differential equation[10,12]. Applying the Laplace transform to the wave equation (5)
$\Xi \left(x,p\right)=L\left\{\xi \left(x,t\right)\right\}=\underset{0}{\overset{\infty }{\int }}\xi \left(x,t\right){e}^{-pt}dt$, (6)
Setting the zero initial conditions we obtain the linear ordinary second–order differential equation with the parameter p in the form
$\frac{{d}^{2}\Xi \left(x,p\right)}{d{x}^{2}}-{\gamma }^{2}\Xi \left(x,p\right)=0$, (7)
With its solution being the function
$\Xi \left(x,p\right)=C{e}^{-x\gamma }+B{e}^{x\gamma }$, (8)
Where $\Xi \left(x,p\right)$ is the Laplace transform of the displacement of the section of the piezoelectric actuator, $\gamma =p/{c}^{E}+\alpha$ is the propagation coefficient.
We denote for the faces of the piezoactuator
$\Xi \left(0,p\right)={\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)$ for $x=0$,(9)
$\Xi \left(\delta ,p\right)={\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)$ for $x=\delta$.
Then we get the coefficients C and B
$C=\left({\Xi }_{1}{e}^{\delta \gamma }-{\Xi }_{2}\right)/\left[2\text{sh}\left(\delta \gamma \right)\right]$ ,$B=\left({\Xi }_{2}-{\Xi }_{1}{e}^{-\delta \gamma }\right)/\left[2\text{sh}\left(\delta \gamma \right)\right]$ , (10)
The solution (7) can be written as
$\Xi \left(x,p\right)=\left\{{\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)\text{sh}\left[\left(\delta -x\right)\gamma \right]+{\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)\text{sh}\left(x\gamma \right)\right\}/\text{sh}\left(\delta \gamma \right)$ , (11)
The equations for the forces on the faces of the piezoactuator
${T}_{3}\left(0,p\right){S}_{0}={F}_{1}\left(p\right)+{M}_{1}{p}^{2}{\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)$ for $x=0$ , (12)
${T}_{3}\left(\delta ,p\right){S}_{0}=-{F}_{2}\left(p\right)-{M}_{2}{p}_{2}{\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)$ for $x=\delta$ ,
Where ${T}_{3}\left(0,p\right)$ and ${T}_{3}\left(\delta ,p\right)$ are determined from the equation of the inverse piezoelectric effect. For $x=0$ and ${T}_{3}\left(\delta ,p\right)$ , we obtain the set of equations for determining stresses in the piezoactuator:11−14
${T}_{3}\left(0,p\right)=\frac{1}{{s}_{33}^{E}}{\frac{d\Xi \left(x,p\right)}{dx}|}_{x=0}-\frac{{d}_{33}}{{s}_{33}^{E}}{E}_{3}\left(p\right)$ , (13)
${T}_{3}\left(\delta ,p\right)=\frac{1}{{s}_{33}^{E}}{\frac{d\Xi \left(x,p\right)}{dx}|}_{x=\delta }-\frac{{d}_{33}}{{s}_{33}^{E}}{E}_{3}\left(p\right)$ .
The set of equations (13) yield the set of the equations for the structural–parametric model of the piezoactuator and the parametric structural schematic diagram of the voltage–controlled piezoactuator for the longitudinal piezoelectric effect on Figure 2.
${\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)=\left[1/\left({M}_{1}{p}^{2}\right)\right]\cdot \left\{-{F}_{1}\left(p\right)+\left(1/{\chi }_{33}^{E}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[{d}_{33}{E}_{3}\left(p\right)-\left[\gamma /\text{sh}\left(\delta \gamma \right)\right]\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[\text{ch}\left(\delta \gamma \right){\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)-{\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)\right]\right]\right\},$ (14)
$\begin{array}{l}{\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)=\left[1/\left({M}_{2}{p}^{2}\right)\right]\cdot \left\{-{F}_{2}\left(p\right)+\left(1/{\chi }_{33}^{E}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[{d}_{33}{E}_{3}\left(p\right)-\left[\gamma /\text{sh}\left(\delta \gamma \right)\right]\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[\text{ch}\left(\delta \gamma \right){\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)-{\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)\right]\right]\right\},\\ \end{array}$
Where${\chi }_{33}^{E}={s}_{33}^{E}/{S}_{0}$ .
From (2), (3), (14) we obtain the system of the equations describing the generalized structural–parametric model of the electroelastic actuator
${\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)=\left[1/\left({M}_{1}{p}^{2}\right)\right]\cdot \left\{{}^{}-{F}_{1}\left(p\right)+{\left(1/{\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }\right)}_{}^{}\left[{d}_{mi}{\Psi }_{m}\left(p\right)-{\left[\gamma /\text{sh}\left(l\gamma \right)\right]}_{}\left[\text{ch}\left(l\gamma \right){\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)-{\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)\right]\right]\right\},$ (15)
$\begin{array}{l}{\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)=\left[1/\left({M}_{2}{p}^{2}\right)\right]\cdot \left\{{}^{}-{F}_{2}\left(p\right)+{\left(1/{\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }\right)}_{}^{}\left[{d}_{mi}{\Psi }_{m}\left(p\right)-{\left[\gamma /\text{sh}\left(l\gamma \right)\right]}_{}\left[\text{ch}\left(l\gamma \right){\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)-{\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)\right]\right]\right\},\\ \end{array}$
where ${d}_{mi}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}{d}_{33},{d}_{31},{d}_{15}\\ {g}_{33},{g}_{31},{g}_{15}\end{array}$ , ${\Psi }_{m}=\left\{\begin{array}{c}{E}_{3},{E}_{3},{E}_{1}\\ {D}_{3},{D}_{3},{D}_{1}\end{array}$ , ${s}_{ij}^{\Psi }=\left\{\begin{array}{c}{s}_{33}^{E},{s}_{11}^{E},{s}_{55}^{E}\\ {s}_{33}^{D},{s}_{11}^{D},{s}_{55}^{D}\end{array}$ , $l=\left\{\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\delta ,h,b$ , ${c}^{\Psi }=\left\{\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{c}^{E},{c}^{D}$ , ${\gamma }^{\Psi }=\left\{\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\gamma }^{E},{\gamma }^{D}$ ,
${\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }={s}_{ij}^{\Psi }/{S}_{0}$ , i = 1, 2…, 6, j = 1, 2, … , 6, m = 1, 2, 3,
Then the parameter $\Psi$ of the control parameter for the electroelastic actuator: E for the voltage control, D for the current control. On Figure 3 is shown the generalized parametric structural schematic diagram of the electroelastic actuator corresponding to the set (15) of the equations.
Figure 2 Parametric structural schematic diagram of a voltage-controlled piezoactuator for longitudinal piezoelectric effect.
Figure 3 Generalized parametric structural schematic diagram of the electroetoelastic actuator.
# Transfer functions of electroelastic actuator
From the generalized structural–parametric model (15) of the electroelastic actuator after the algebraic transformations we obtain the transfer functions in matrix form.11−14 The transfer functions are the ratio of the Laplace transform of the displacement of the face for the electroelastic actuator and the Laplace transform of the corresponding control parameter or force at zero initial conditions.
${\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)={W}_{11}\left(p\right){\Psi }_{m}\left(p\right)+{W}_{12}\left(p\right){F}_{1}\left(p\right)+{W}_{13}\left(p\right){F}_{2}\left(p\right)$ , (16)
${\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)={W}_{21}\left(p\right){\Psi }_{m}\left(p\right)+{W}_{22}\left(p\right){F}_{1}\left(p\right)+{W}_{23}\left(p\right){F}_{2}\left(p\right)$ ,
where the generalized transfer functions
${W}_{11}\left(p\right)={\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)/{\Psi }_{m}\left(p\right)={{d}_{mi}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[{M}_{2}{\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }{p}^{2}+\gamma \text{th}\left(l\gamma /2\right)\right]/A}_{ij}{}_{}^{}$ ,
$\begin{array}{l}{A}_{ij}={M}_{1}{M}_{2}{\left({\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }\right)}^{2}{p}^{4}+\left\{\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left({M}_{1}+{M}_{2}\right){\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }/\left[{c}^{\Psi }\text{th}\left(l\gamma \right)\right]\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\right\}{p}^{3}+\left[\left({M}_{1}+{M}_{2}\right){\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }\alpha /\text{th}\left(l\gamma \right)+1/{\left({c}^{\Psi }\right)}^{2}\right]{p}^{2}+2\alpha p/{c}^{\Psi }+{\alpha }^{2},\\ \end{array}$
${W}_{21}\left(p\right)={\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)/{\Psi }_{m}\left(p\right)={{d}_{mi}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[{M}_{1}{\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }{p}^{2}+\gamma \text{th}\left(l\gamma /2\right)\right]/A}_{ij}{}_{}^{}$ ,
${W}_{12}\left(p\right)={\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)/{F}_{1}\left(p\right)=-{{\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }{}_{}^{}\left[{M}_{2}{\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }{p}^{2}+\gamma /\text{th}\left(l\gamma \right)\right]/A}_{ij}$ ,
${W}_{13}\left(p\right)={\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)/{F}_{2}\left(p\right)={W}_{22}\left(p\right)={\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)/{F}_{1}\left(p\right)={\left[{\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }\gamma /\text{sh}\left(l\gamma \right)\right]/A}_{ij},$
${W}_{23}\left(p\right)={\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)/{F}_{2}\left(p\right)=-{{\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }\left[{M}_{1}{\chi }_{ij}^{\Psi }{p}^{2}+\gamma /\text{th}\left(l\gamma \right)\right]/A}_{ij}$ .
From the set (15) of the equations we obtain the generalized matrix equation for the electroelastic actuator
$\left(\begin{array}{c}{\Xi }_{1}\left(p\right)\\ {\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{ccc}{W}_{11}\left(p\right)& {W}_{12}\left(p\right)& {W}_{13}\left(p\right)\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{ccc}{W}_{21}\left(p\right)& {W}_{22}\left(p\right)& {W}_{23}\left(p\right)\end{array}\end{array}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left(\begin{array}{c}{\Psi }_{m}\left(p\right)\\ {F}_{1}\left(p\right)\\ {F}_{2}\left(p\right)\end{array}\right)$ . (17)
Let us find the displacement of the faces for the electroelastic actuator in the stationary regime for the inertial load at ${\Psi }_{m}\left(t\right)={\Psi }_{m0}×1\left(t\right)$ , ${F}_{1}\left(t\right)={F}_{2}\left(t\right)=0$ .
Then we get the static displacement of the faces for the electroelastic actuator
$\begin{array}{l}{\xi }_{1}\left(\infty \right)=\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}{\xi }_{1}\left(t\right)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}p\to 0\\ \alpha \to 0\end{array}}{\text{lim}}p{W}_{11}\left(p\right){\Psi }_{m0}/p={d}_{mi}l{\Psi }_{m0}\left({M}_{2}+m/2\right)/\left({M}_{1}+{M}_{2}+m\right),\\ \end{array}$ (18)
${\xi }_{2}\left(\infty \right)=\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}{\xi }_{2}\left(t\right)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}p\to 0\\ \alpha \to 0\end{array}}{\text{lim}}p{W}_{21}\left(p\right){\Psi }_{m0}/p={d}_{mi}l{\Psi }_{m0}\left({M}_{1}+m/2\right)/\left({M}_{1}+{M}_{2}+m\right),$ (19)
${\xi }_{1}\left(\infty \right)+{\xi }_{2}\left(\infty \right)=\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}\left({\xi }_{1}\left(t\right)+{\xi }_{2}\left(t\right)\right)={d}_{mi}l{\Psi }_{m0}$ , (20)
where $m$ is the mass of the electroelastic actuator, ${M}_{1},\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{M}_{2}$ are the load masses.
Let us consider the static characteristics of the piezoactuator from the piezoceramics PZT under the longitudinal piezoelectric effect at $m<<{M}_{1}$ and$m<<{M}_{2}$ . For ${d}_{33}=4\cdot {10}^{-10}$ m/V, $U=50$ V, ${M}_{1}=2$ kg and ${M}_{2}=8$ kg we obtain the static displacement of the faces of the piezoactuator${\xi }_{1}\left(\infty \right)=16$ nm,${\xi }_{2}\left(\infty \right)=4$ nm, ${\xi }_{1}\left(\infty \right)+{\xi }_{2}\left(\infty \right)=20$ nm. The displacements in the stationary regime of the faces for the piezoactuator under the transverse piezoelectric effect and the inertial load at $U\left(t\right)={U}_{0}\cdot 1\left(t\right)$ ,${E}_{3}\left(t\right)={E}_{30}\cdot 1\left(t\right)=\left({U}_{0}/\delta \right)\cdot 1\left(t\right)$ , ${F}_{1}\left(t\right)={F}_{2}\left(t\right)=0$ can be written in the following form
$\begin{array}{l}{\xi }_{1}\left(\infty \right)=\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}{\xi }_{1}\left(t\right)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}p\to 0\\ \alpha \to 0\end{array}}{\text{lim}}p{W}_{11}\left(p\right)\left({U}_{0}/\delta \right)/p=d{}_{31}\left(h/\delta \right){U}_{0}\left({M}_{2}+m/2\right)/\left({M}_{1}+{M}_{2}+m\right),\\ \end{array}$ (21)
$\begin{array}{l}{\xi }_{2}\left(\infty \right)=\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}{\xi }_{2}\left(t\right)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}p\to 0\\ \alpha \to 0\end{array}}{\text{lim}}p{W}_{21}\left(p\right)\left({U}_{0}/\delta \right)/p={d}_{31}\left(h/\delta \right){U}_{0}\left({M}_{1}+m/2\right)/\left({M}_{1}+{M}_{2}+m\right)\\ \end{array}$ (22)
${\xi }_{1}\left(\infty \right)+{\xi }_{2}\left(\infty \right)=\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}\left({\xi }_{1}\left(t\right)+{\xi }_{2}\left(t\right)\right)={d}_{31}\left(h/\delta \right){U}_{0}$ . (23)
From (21), (22) we obtain the static displacements of the faces of the piezoactuator under the transverse piezoeffect at $m<<{M}_{1}$ , $m<<{M}_{2}$ in the form
${\xi }_{1}\left(\infty \right)=\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}{\xi }_{1}\left(t\right)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}p\to 0\\ \alpha \to 0\end{array}}{\text{lim}}p{W}_{11}\left(p\right)\left({U}_{0}/\delta \right)/p={d}_{31}\left(h/\delta \right){U}_{0}{M}_{2}/\left({M}_{1}+{M}_{2}\right),$ (24)
$\begin{array}{l}{\xi }_{2}\left(\infty \right)=\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}{\xi }_{2}\left(t\right)=\underset{\begin{array}{c}p\to 0\\ \alpha \to 0\end{array}}{\text{lim}}p{W}_{21}\left(p\right)\left({U}_{0}/\delta \right)/p={d}_{31}\left(h/\delta \right){U}_{0}{M}_{1}/\left({M}_{1}+{M}_{2}\right).\\ \end{array}$ (25)
Let us consider the static characteristics of the piezoactuator from piezoceramics PZT under the transverse piezoelectric effect at$m<<{M}_{1}$ and $m<<{M}_{2}$ . For ${d}_{31}=2\cdot {10}^{-10}$ m/V, $h=4\cdot {10}^{-2}$ m, $\delta =2\cdot {10}^{-3}$ m, $U=50$ V, ${M}_{1}=2$ kg and ${M}_{2}=8$ ${M}_{2}=8$ kg we obtain the static displacement of the faces of the piezoelectric actuator ${\xi }_{1}\left(\infty \right)=160$ nm, ${\xi }_{2}\left(\infty \right)=40$ nm, ${\xi }_{1}\left(\infty \right)+{\text{ξ}}_{2}\left(\infty \right)=200$ nm.
From (16) we obtain the transfer functions of the piezoactuator with the fixed end and the elastic inertial load so that${M}_{1}\to \infty$ and $m<<{M}_{2}$ in the following form
${W}_{2}\left(p\right)=\frac{{\Xi }_{2}\left(p\right)}{U\left(p\right)}=\frac{{d}_{33}}{\left(1+{C}_{e}/{C}_{33}^{E}\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\left({T}_{t}^{2}{p}^{2}+2{T}_{t}{\xi }_{t}p+1\right)}_{}^{}}$ , (26)
where the time constant ${T}_{t}$ and the damping coefficient ${\xi }_{t}$ are determined by the formulas
${T}_{t}=\sqrt{{M}_{2}/\left(C{}_{e}+{C}_{33}^{E}\right)}$ , ${\xi }_{t}=\alpha {\delta }^{2}{C}_{33}^{E}/\left(3{c}^{E}\sqrt{M\left({C}_{e}+{C}_{33}^{E}\right)}\right)$ .
Let us consider the operation of the piezoactuator from piezoceramics PZT with one face rigidly fixed and the elastic inertial load so that ${M}_{1}\to \infty$ and $m<<{M}_{2}$ for ${M}_{2}=10$ kg,${C}_{33}=2.1\cdot {10}^{6}$ N/m, ${C}_{e}=0.4\cdot {10}^{6}$ N/m we obtain ${T}_{t}=2\cdot {10}^{-3}$ c. The experimental and calculated values for the piezoactuator are in agreement to an accuracy of 5%.
# Conclusion
The structural–parametric models, the decision of the wave equation, the parametric structural schematic diagram, the transfer functions of the electroelastic actuator are obtained using Laplace transform. The parametric structural schematic diagram and the transfer functions of the piezoactuator for the transverse, longitudinal, shift piezoelectric effects are determined from the structural–parametric model of the electroelastic actuator. The transfer functions in matrix form are describes deformations of the piezoactuator during its operation as part of the mechatronics system for the nanotechnology and the ecology research. From the decision of the electroelasticity equation, the wave equation and the features of the deformations along the coordinate axes we obtain the generalized structural–parametric model and the parametric structural schematic diagram of the electroelastic actuator for the mechatronics system and its dynamic and static properties.
None.
# Conflict of interest
The author declares there is no conflict of interest.
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©2018 Afonin. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.
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#### Sample records for aab cv subgrupo
1. ETHIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BANANA BUNCH DRYING OCCURRENCE IN Musa sp. AAB Cv. PRATA IN THE GOIÁS STATE, BRAZIL ASPECTOS ETIOLÓGICOS DA OCORRÊNCIA DA SECA DO CACHO DA BANANEIRA PRATA (Musa sp. AAB NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS
Wilma Alves Ferrari
2007-09-01
Full Text Available
The purpose of the present study was to determine the cause of the drying of the bunch in the “Prata banana” (Musa sp. AAB and to analyze some of the aspects of its occurrence in the State of Goiás. The disease drastically affects production, and occurs more severely during the rainy season (October to April , going so far as to affect almost all of the bunches in certain regions. Based on the results obtained in isolation, under aseptic conditions, and using Koch’s postulate, the primary cause of the disease was determined to be the fungus Gloesporium musarum Cooke & Massee, which acts under predisposing climatic conditions. It was suggested that clonal characteristics, climatic conditions, and the potential of available innoculum were the principal factors involved in the spread of the disease in certain regions.
No presente trabalho procurou-se determinar a causa da “seca do cacho” de banana do cultivar Prata (Musa sp. AAB e analisar alguns aspectos de sua ocorrência no Estado de Goiás. A doença afeta drasticamente a produção, e ocorre mais severamente durante o período chuvoso (outubro - abril, podendo, em certas regiões, afetar quase todos os cachos. Mediante os resultados obtidos em isolamentos sob condições axênicas e através da aplicação do postulado de Koch, determinou-se que a causa primária da doença á o fungo Gloeosporium musarum Cooke & Massee, atuando sob condições climáticas predisponentes. Foi sugerido que características clonais, condições climáticas e potencial de inóculo disponível sejam os principais fatores envolvidos na distribuição regional da enfermidade.
2. ABA, AAB and ABC renewal in taste aversion learning
Javier Nieto
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Existe evidencia de que los cambios en los estímulos ambientales afectan activamente la ocurrencia de la respuesta condicionada (RC. La renovación contextual o la reaparición de una RC extinguida se observa cuando se continúa la extinción de dicha respuesta en un contexto diferente. Se diseñaron dos experimentos con el propósito de evaluar la renovación contextual en un procedimiento de condicionamiento de aversión al sabor. En el Experimento 1, se analizó la renovación contextual ABA y AAB, mientras que el Experimento 2 se evaluó la renovación ABA, AAB y ABC. Ambos experimentos constaron de tres fases: adquisición, extinción y prueba. En ambos experimentos, la fase de adquisición se condujo en el Contexto A para todos los grupos y en ella, se inyectó i.p. Cloruro de Litio (LiCl a los sujetos inmediatamente después de que ingirieron una solución de sacarosa. En la fase de extinción, se expuso a los sujetos únicamente a la solución de sacarosa, sin la inyección. Los grupos AAB y AAA recibieron esta fase en el Contexto A, mientras que los sujetos de los grupos ABA y ABC la recibieron en el Contexto B. En la fase de prueba, se continúo la extinción. Los grupos ABA y AAA recibieron esta fase en el Contexto A, el grupo AAB en el contexto B, mientras el grupo ABC la recibió en un tercer contexto. Los resultados mostraron renovación de la aversión condicionada al sabor en los grupos ABA, AAB y ABC. Se analiza la relación de estos hallazgos con el modelo de recuperación de información de Bouton (1994.
3. Post harvest changes of banana prata (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana group AAB) γ-irradiated
Pre-climateric bananas (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana [AAB group] cv. Prata) were stored without treatment (no radiation) or were exposed at 0.25 and 0.50 kGy of γ -irradiation, with a dose rate of 1 kGy.h -1 before storage. The fruits were analysed for CO2 and ethylene production during maturation and pulp-to-peel ratio, starch, total soluble sugars, pectins, pectin methyl esterase and poly galacturonase activities on 6 colour score of peel. The radiation dose/peel-colour interaction affected the pulp-to-peel ratio significantly, while the fruits subjected at 0.25 Gy had the highest increase on the colour scores 5, 6, and 7. A predictable increase in the conversion of starch to sugar took place during maturation and a delaying on the soluble sugar accumulation was noted on the fruits submitted to 0.50 kGy, in the 6 and 7 colour scores only. A decrease on the total pectin content and a trend of a higher solubilization of pectins was observed in the fruits γ-irradiated at 0.50 kGy. Higher pectin methyl esterase activities were exhibited by irradiated fruits, although the γ-irradiation has suppressed the poly galacturonase activity throughout the maturation period. (author). 110 refs., 11 figs., 5 tabs
4. New plantain (AAB) somaclones from biotechnology and ionizing radiations
A relatively wide clonal base results to be highly important to avoid an excess of genetic uniformity. Undoubtedly, plantain is the staple crop in Cuban conditions to obtain stability at the market all the year round. Plant breeding systems developed up to now have been based on in vitro techniques to induce mutations in plantains through ionizing radiations. Three new somaclones from Zanzibar (AAB) clone have been selected and they are being delivered using sustainable and integral cropping technologies with our environmental competition. Phenologic and molecular characterizations in relation to donor clone Zanzibar are shown, as well as, field evaluations during four growing cycles in comparison with Zanzibar clone and CEMSA 3/4 clone which is the most cultivated one in the Cuban agriculture. These short stature somaclones which are high yielding are recommended to avoid losses due to plant dropping (30 %) as a result of strong winds in our conditions
5. 绝对平均有界数列空间Aab(K)%Absolutely Average Bounded Number Sequence Space Aab(K)
马凤红; 罗成; 孙凤龙
2011-01-01
Based on the absolutely average convergence of a number sequence,the concept of absolutely average bounded number sequence is given.Space Aab (K) is defined as absolutely average bounded number sequences over the real or complex scalar field K ,which is a space between space 1∞ of bounded number sequences and space Ab (K) of approxmatively bounded number sequences.Moreover,that an equivalent condition of a number sequence is absolutely average bounded is given,and space Aab(K) is a non-separable , non-reflexive Banach space which has neither the Krern-Mil 'man property nor Radon-Nikodym property are proved.%提出了绝对平均有界数列的概念,并由此定义了实(或复)数域K上绝对平均有界的数列空间Aab(K),这是一个介于有界数列空间l∞和近似有界数列空间Ab(K)之间的空间.给出了数列绝对平均有界性的等价条件,证明了空间Aab(K)是不可分的、不自反的、不具有Kre(r)n-Mil'man性质和Radon-Nikod(y)m性质的Banach空间.
6. Emgu CV essentials
Shi, Shin
2013-01-01
This book provides a practical guide to Emgu CV libraries, with sample code and examples used throughout to explain the concepts clearly. Each chapter deals with a different aspect of the Computer Vision field and the implementation of that topic in Emgu CV.If you are a C# programmer working on computer vision projects, this book is for you. You should have prior experience with C#.
7. CV for Stuart Hilton
Hilton, Stuart
2013-01-01
Stuart Hilton is Senior Lecturer in Animation, School of Film & Moving Image, College Farnham, Farnham. The CV provides information on the career, qualifications and research outputs of Stuart Hilton. The second url is to a trailer and interview with Grant Orchard. Grant won the BAFTA 2012 for the best animated short, 'A Morning Stroll'. Stuart Hilton was cited by Grant as being an influence in his work.
8. Rich magneto-absorption spectra in AAB-stacked trilayer graphene
Do, Thi-Nga; Chang, Cheng-Pong; Lin, Chiun-Yan; Lin, Ming-Fa
2015-01-01
The generalized tight-binding model is developed to investigate the feature-rich magneto-optical properties of AAB-stacked trilayer graphene. Three intragroup and six intergroup inter-Landau-level (inter-LL) optical excitations largely enrich the magneto-absorption peaks. In general, the former are much higher than the latter, depending on the phases and amplitudes of LL wavefunctions. The absorption spectra exhibit the single- or twin-peak structures which are determined by the quantum modes, LL energy spectra and Fermion distribution. The splitting LLs, with different localization centers (2/6 and 4/6 positions in a unit cell), can generate very distinct absorption spectra. There exist extra single peaks because of LL anticrosings. AAB, AAA, ABA, and ABC stackings quite differ from one another in terms of the inter-LL category, frequency, intensity, and structure of absorption peaks. The main characteristics of LL wavefunctions and energy spectra and the Fermi-Dirac function are responsible for the configur...
9. Insights into the factors responsible for curative effects of Aab-E-Shifa Spring Hasan Abdal (Pakistan)
ur Rahman, Sami; Bilal, Salma
2015-10-01
Springs are the gifts of nature on the earth as they contribute about eighty essential nutrients that are involved in more than 7000 enzymatic processes in the human body. European balneologists have recommended spring mineral waters for different therapeutic applications. In the present investigation, Aab-e-Shifa (Punjab Pakistan) spring water was analyzed due to its therapeutic behavior in the healing of various skin diseases via atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). It was found that besides other important minerals (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), the spring water contains the most significant antioxidant, i.e., Zn which is probably one of the major features of the curative behavior of Aab-e-Shifa. Other trace elements (Cr, Cd, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Cu) were also found to be present in the spring water under the permissible limits of various national and international organizations.
10. Instant OpenCV starter
Dalal, Jayneil
2013-01-01
Get to grips with a new technology, understand what it is and what it can do for you, and then get to work with the most important features and tasks.A practical, quick, and hands-on guide for Python developers and hobbyists who want to get started with computer vision with OpenCV.This book is great for developers, hobbyists, and students new to computer vision who are looking to get a good grounding in how to use the OpenCV library. It's assumed that you will have some basic experience in C/C++ programming.
11. Caracterização eletroforética e análise de subgrupo de rotavírus em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros do Estado de São Paulo
Buzinaro M.G.
2000-01-01
12. Nueva alternativa para la micropropagación en inmersión temporal del cultivar de plátano vianda "INIVITPV-2011"(AAB)
Milagros Basail Pérez; Victor Medero Vega; Marlenys Torres Delgado; Jorge López Torres; Arletys Santos Pino; Aymé Rayas Cabrera; Maricel Bauta Toledo; Yoel Beovidez García
2013-01-01
Título en ingles: New alternative for micropropagation in temporary immersion system of plantain cultivar "INIVITPV-2011" (AAB). Resumen El trabajo fue desarrollado en el Laboratorio de Biotecnología Vegetal del Instituto de Investigaciones en Viandas Tropicales (INIVIT) con el objetivo de incrementar el coeficiente de multiplicación en el cultivar de plátano vianda "INIVITPV-2011" (AAB) en el Sistema de Inmersión Temporal (SIT). Se estudiaron diferentes tiempos de inmersión (10, 20 (control)...
13. C-V uniformity measurements
Ion implantation's unique contributions to FET processing are excellent uniformity and repeatability at low dose. These could be verified on product wafers but were difficult to measure on monitor wafers. This paper presents an MOS technique that integrates the C-V curve directly to obtain part of the implanted dose - the partial dose. This technique is fast and insensitive to measurement noise and dot-diameter variation. It uses standard MOS wafers and processing. Neither photo-defined dots nor special substrates are required. Presently the integral CdV technique for partial dose is used in several FET lines to measure both implant repeatability and uniformity. (orig.)
14. Formación Anta (Mioceno Temprano/Medio, Subgrupo Metán (Grupo Orán, en el río Piedras, Pcia. de Salta: Datos palinológicos
M. Quattrocchio
2003-03-01
Full Text Available Aproximadamente en el Eoceno medio -Fase Incaica- culminó la acumulación del Grupo Salta (Cretácico-Paleógeno. A continuación y coincidente con el inicio de un ambiente tectónico compresivo en los Andes Centrales comenzó el depósito del Subgrupo Metán (Grupo Orán, constituído por las formaciones Río Seco, Anta y Jesús María. La Formación Anta en río Piedras de 300 m de espesor, consta de arcilitas, calizas oolíticas y tobas acumuladas en un ambiente de lago salino. Se presenta en este trabajo, un análisis palinológico comparativo entre la Formación Anta (Subgrupo Metán y el Subgrupo Santa Bárbara del Grupo Salta (Paleoceno-Eoceno. Regionalmente el espectro polínico reflejaría la presencia de la foresta sub-tropical húmeda (Verrustephanoporites simplex, en muy bajo porcentaje con respecto al Subgrupo Santa Bárbara. La relativa mayor representación de Rhoipites sp. A (Rutaceae, cf. Ruta asociado a Podocarpaceae y Anacardiaceae sugiere una paleocomunidad de mayor altitud (ambiente montano. Basado en estudios palinológicos y sedimentológicos el perfil analizado corresponde a un lago salino. Se registra la primera expansión de la estepa en el NO argentino asociado a condiciones relativamente áridas. Estas evidencias fueron corroboradas mediante el registro de hongos.
15. Arylsulphatase in the rhizosphere of plantain Musa AAB and its relation with growth, development and pr Arilsulfatasa en la rizosfera de plátano, Musa AAB y relación con crecimiento, desarrollo y produccion
Rao Idupulapati M
2006-09-01
Full Text Available
Arylsulphatase in the rhizosphere of plantain Musa AAB and its relation with growth, development and production. In a plantain crop (Musa AAB of the Central coffee growing zone of Colombia, arylsulphatase activity in a Pachic Melanudand Medial Isotermic soil under three agronomic management systems during 18 months was measured. Measurements were done at 6, 12 and 18 months in four depths, 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm. The highest arylsulphatase activity (60% was found in the ï¬rst 10 cm, with a decreasing in depth. Statical analysis did not show signiï¬cant differences among the three plant ages. Arylsulphatase activity was found between 164 µmol g-1 min-1 and 319 µmol g-1 min-1. The lowest activity was found in the rhizosphere of plants with 12 months of age (flowering under chemical management. Arylsulphatase activity showed very signiï¬cant correlation with Biomass-C and with Mg in soil, number of leaf and the plantain bunch weight.
Key words: Enzymic activity-arylsulphatase, andisol, Musa ABB
En la zona central cafetera de Colombia, en un suelo Pachic Melanudands medial isotérmico, se midió la actividad de arilsulfatasa en rizosfera de plátano Musa AAB, en tres sistemas de manejo agronómico (químico o convencional, tradicional y ecológico, cuatro profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 y 20-30 cm y tres edades de cultivo (6 meses – diferenciación floral, 12 meses – floración, 18 meses - cosecha. La mayor actividad (60% se encontró en los primeros 10 cm., y disminuyó a medida que se profundizó en el perï¬l del suelo. El análisis estadístico no mostró diferencias signiï¬cativas entre los tres manejos o entre edades de planta. La actividad de arilsulfatasa se encontró entre 164 µ mol g-1 min-1 y 319 µ
16. Efectos de dos sistemas de producción en el contenido de minerales en el fruto de Musa AAB Simmonds Effects of two production systems in the mineral content in the fruit of Musa AAB Simmonds
José Luis Barrera-Violeth
2011-12-01
17. Estabelecimento de normas dris para bananeira 'Prata Anã' (AAB sob irrigação Establishment of the dris norms for 'Prata Anã' banana (AAB under irrigation
2006-02-01
18. Densidade de plantio na produtividade e nos teores de nutrientes nas folhas e frutos da bananeira cv. Thap Maeo Plants density on yield and nutrients concentration in leaves and fruits of banana cv. Thap Maeo
2007-01-01
Full Text Available O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da densidade de plantio na produtividade, tempo de colheita e teores dos nutrientes nas folhas e nos frutos de bananeira cv. Thap Maeo (AAB cultivada em Manaus (AM. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos fatores: três densidades de plantio (1.111; 1.667 e 3.333 plantas ha-1 e duas épocas de colheita (primeiro e segundo ciclos. Os resultados do primeiro e segundo ciclos mostraram incremento significativo da produtividade, com aumento da densidade de plantio. O tempo médio para colheita dos cachos foi menor na densidade de 1.111 plantas ha-1 (1º ciclo, 338 e 2º ciclo, 401 dias. Na média das densidades e independentemente do ciclo, os teores de macronutrientes nos frutos apresentaram a ordem de: K>N>P>Mg>Ca=S, enquanto a dos micronutrientes foi: 1º ciclo - Cl>Fe>Mn=B>Zn>Cu e 2º ciclo - Cl>Fe>Zn>B=Mn>Cu.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of plants density on yield, period of harvest and nutrients concentration in leaves and fruits of banana cv. Thap Maeo (AAB, cultivated in Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil. The experiment was conduced in a randomized blocks, with three replicates. Treatments were comprised of planting density (1,111; 1,667 and 3,333 plants ha-1, and two cycles of harvest (sub treatments. The results obtained from 1st cycle and 2nd cycle showed significant increase in the yield per unit area as the employed plant density increased. The shortest average period to harvest banana bunches (1st cycle, 338 days and 2nd cycle, 401 days was observed for the lower density (1,111 plants ha-1. Pooled data of density and cycles showed that exportation of macronutrients through the fruits was, in order: K>N>P>Mg>Ca=S, while in micronutrients was: 1st cycle - Cl>Fe>Mn=B>Zn>Cu, and 2nd cycle - Cl>Fe>Zn>B=Mn>Cu.
19. Effects of gamma irradiation followed by climatization on the quality of 'Prata' banana (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana, AAB)
Banana is a highly perishable climacteric fruit. In order to ensure fast and homogeneous ripening that will make its processing and commercialization easier, it is usually treated by climatization. On the other hand, irradiation is an interesting physical process capable of delaying ripening and extending the shelf life of fruits. This work investigated the competing effects of irradiation followed by climatization on the quality of 'Prata' banana (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana, AAB). All fruits were harvested in the preclimacteric stage, rinsed and stored at 27 deg C after being submitted to five different treatments. After hygienization, four out of five samples were exposed to gamma-ray at doses of 0.25 and 0.50 kGy. The unirradiated fruits were left for control and half of the irradiated samples were then climatized by exposure to CaC2. Measurements of fresh mass loss, total soluble solids, peel coloration and disease index were performed on five different dates for up to nine days in order to monitor quality and the degree of ripening. It was found that high temperatures prevailing during climatization and storage accelerated maturation in all fruits in spite of the use of irradiation, with the control becoming ripe in 3 days only. In addition, based on the consistent results from the experiments performed, it can be concluded that irradiation at the doses tested was unable to overcome the maturation effects produced by climatization. However, the sole use of irradiation with 0.25 kGy yielded the lowest figures for fresh mass loss and disease index in the samples, thus becoming the most attractive among the treatments tested. (author)
20. CV/TCR Control System Perspectives
Morodo-Testa, M C
2000-01-01
At present, 35% of the CERN technical infrastructure points being monitored by the TCR are related to CV facilities. The adaptation of the CV systems to the LHC and the new experimental areas is leading to a re-engineering of all their control and monitoring systems in order to reach the more demanding requirements of the LHC era in terms of reliability and efficiency. In parallel, the TCR is redefining its role and establishing the means to continue providing a high-quality monitoring service to the community of CERN. The common aim is to achieve a smooth evolution from the existing systems to the new ones during the whole upgrading process. The integration of the CV control systems into a coherent TCR control and monitoring system requires the development and implementation of the appropriate technical solutions by a joint team in charge of co-ordinating the individual efforts and resources.
1. OpenCV for secret agents
Howse, Joseph
2015-01-01
This book is for programmers who want to expand their skills by building fun, smart, and useful systems with OpenCV. The projects are ideal in helping you to think creatively about the uses of computer vision, natural user interfaces, and ubiquitous computers (in your home, car, and hand).
2. Armazenagem de morangos cv. Camarosa e cv. Verão em atmosfera modificada = Modified atmosphere storage of cv. Camarosa and cv. Verão strawberries
Renar João Bender
2010-04-01
Full Text Available A modificação da atmosfera de armazenagem é uma possibilidade de prolongar a vida pós-colheita de morangos. No presente trabalho, foram avaliadas quatro composições iniciais de atmosferas (3 kPa O2 + 10 kPa CO2; 5 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2; 21 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2; e ar ambiente em combinação com diferentes tempos de armazenagem. Morangos (Fragaria x ananassa Duch cv. Camarosa e Verão foram colhidos e colocados em embalagens de comercialização ainda nas lavouras. No galpão de embalamento, estas embalagens foram envoltas por sacos de polietileno com permeabilidade de 0,21 e 0,14 a 0,15 mL cm-2 hora-1 para O2 e para CO2, respectivamente. O emprego de atmosferas com concentrações iniciais de O2 e CO2, assim como o uso de polietileno contendo apenas ar ambiente, permite manter a qualidade de morangos cv. Camarosa por até seis dias de armazenagem a 1ºC. Morangos da cv. Verão não se beneficiaram da modificação deatmosfera a 4ºC. Os teores de sólidos solúveis totais, da acidez titulável e do ácido ascórbico, assim como a resistência à deformação, de morangos da cv. Camarosa não foram influenciados pelas combinações de atmosferas. Morangos da cv. Verão, no entanto, perderam significativamente firmeza de polpa e teores de ácido cítrico ao longo do período de armazenagem.Modified atmosphere storage is one of the possibilities to prolong the postharvest shelf life of strawberries. In the present work, four combinations of O2 and CO2 concentrations (3 kPa O2 + 10 kPa CO2; 5 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2; 21 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2; and ambient air were evaluated along various storage periods. Cv. Camarosa and cv. Verão strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch were harvested from commercial groves and placed in trays and stored in low density polyethylene bags of 0.21 and 0.14 to 0.15 mL cm-2 hour-1 permeability to O2 and CO2, respectively. Modified atmospheres starting from known concentrations of O2 and CO2 or only ambient air maintain the
3. Levaduras autóctonas con capacidad fermentativa en la producción de etanol a partir de pulpa de excedentes de plátano Musa (AAB Simmonds) en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia
Luis Oviedo Zumaqué; Cecilia Lara Mantilla; Mauricio Mizger Pantoja
2009-01-01
Autoctonous yeasts having fermentation ability in producing ethanol from Musa (AAB Simmonds) plantain surplus pulp in the Córdoba department of Colombia Resumen: Se evaluó la capacidad fermentativa de levaduras nativas de la zona costanera del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia, para la obtención de etanol a partir de la pulpa de excedentes de plátano Musa (AAB Simmonds), con el objetivo de encontrar cepas eficientes. Los microorganismos utilizados correspondieron a las especies: Kloeckera sp,...
4. The Limbic-Prefrontal Network Modulated by Electroacupuncture at CV4 and CV12
Jiliang Fang
2012-01-01
Full Text Available fMRI studies showed that acupuncture could induce hemodynamic changes in brain networks. Many of these studies focused on whether specific acupoints could activate specific brain regions and were often limited to manual acupuncture at acupoints on the limbs. In this fMRI study, we investigated acupuncture's modulation effects on brain functional networks by electroacupuncture (EA at acupoints on the midline of abdomen. Acupoints Guanyuan (CV4 and Zhongwan (CV12 were stimulated in 21 healthy volunteers. The needling sensations, brain activation, and functional connectivity were studied. We found that the limbic-prefrontal functional network was deactivated by EA at CV4 and CV12. More importantly, the local functional connectivity was significantly changed during EA stimulation, and the change persisted during the period after the stimulation. Although minor differences existed, both acupoints similarly modulated the limbic-prefrontal functional network, which is overlapped with the functional circuits associated with emotional and cognitive regulation.
5. Caracterização do grânulo de amido de bananas (Musa AAA-Nanicão e Musa AAB-Terra Characterization of starch granules from bananas Musa AAA-Nanicão and Musa AAB-Terra
M.C.J. Freitas
2005-06-01
6. Earth, Moon, Sun, and CV Accretion Disks
Montgomery, M M
2009-01-01
Net tidal torque by the secondary on a misaligned accretion disk, like the net tidal torque by the Moon and the Sun on the equatorial bulge of the spinning and tilted Earth, is suggested by others to be a source to retrograde precession in non-magnetic, accreting Cataclysmic Variable (CV) Dwarf Novae systems that show negative superhumps in their light curves. We investigate this idea in this work. We generate a generic theoretical expression for retrograde precession in spinning disks that are misaligned with the orbital plane. Our generic theoretical expression matches that which describes the retrograde precession of Earths' equinoxes. By making appropriate assumptions, we reduce our generic theoretical expression to those generated by others, or to those used by others, to describe retrograde precession in protostellar, protoplanetary, X-ray binary, non-magnetic CV DN, quasar and black hole systems. We find that differential rotation and effects on the disk by the accretion stream must be addressed. Our a...
7. Nueva alternativa para la micropropagación en inmersión temporal del cultivar de plátano vianda "INIVITPV-2011"(AAB
Milagros Basail Pérez
2013-06-01
8. CV Bate, grondlegger van die Potchefstroom Herald
Gouws, H.S. (Lennie); Johannes D. Froneman
2012-01-01
The British-born newspaperman CV Bate founded the Potchefstroom Herald in 1908. He remained owner for 49 years during which time he established not only the paper but himself as a journalist of some repute. As a news medium Bate’s Potchefstroom Herald covered all the major international and national events, without neglecting the community news of an ever-changing Potchefstroom. He was also a crafty businessman and compassionate member of a community that did not always shar...
9. Near-infrared Spectroscopy of 2M0441+2301 AabBab: A Quadruple System Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Mass Regimes
Bowler, Brendan P.; Hillenbrand, Lynne A.
2015-10-01
We present Keck/NIRC2 and OSIRIS near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of 2M0441+2301 AabBab, a young (1-3 Myr) hierarchical quadruple system comprising a low-mass star, two brown dwarfs, and a planetary-mass companion in Taurus. All four components show spectroscopic signs of low surface gravity, and both 2M0441+2301 Aa and Ab possess Paβ emission indicating they each harbor accretion subdisks. Astrometry spanning 2008-2014 reveals orbital motion in both the Aab (0.″23 separation) and Bab (0.″095 separation) pairs, although the implied orbital periods of >300 years mean dynamical masses will not be possible in the near future. The faintest component (2M0441+2301 Bb) has an angular H-band shape, strong molecular absorption (VO, CO, H2O, and FeH), and shallow alkali lines, confirming its young age, late spectral type (L1 ± 1), and low temperature (≈1800 K). With individual masses of {200}-50+100 MJup, 35 ± 5 MJup, 19 ± 3 MJup, and 9.8 ± 1.8 MJup, 2M0441+2301 AabBab is the lowest-mass quadruple system known. Its hierarchical orbital architecture and mass ratios imply that it formed from the collapse and fragmentation of a molecular cloud core, demonstrating that planetary-mass companions can originate from a stellar-like pathway analogous to higher-mass quadruple star systems as first speculated by Todorov et al. More generally, cloud fragmentation may be an important formation pathway for the massive exoplanets that are now regularly being imaged on wide orbits. The data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation.
10. Subgrupos de Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico: influencia de la edad de inicio, la raza, el sexo y el perfil de anticuerpos en las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad
Luis Fernando Pinto P
2008-10-01
11. Subgrupo Río Colorado (Grupo Neuquén: registros de paleosismicidad en la cuenca de antepaís andina, cuenca Neuquina, provincias de Neuquén y Río Negro
María L. Sánchez
2013-03-01
12. Comparative study of specific physical abilities to prove the efficacy of working with performance subgroups. Estudio comparativo de determinadas capacidades físicas para demostrar la eficacia del trabajo en subgrupos de rendimiento.
Raúl López Fernández
2005-12-01
Full Text Available Background: Sport and Physical Education improve studying capacity. It is part of nowadays men, as a way of fighting inactivity caused by fast development. Objective: To suggest a strategy of subgroups-work to develop some physical capacities. Methods: This work is based on some physical aptitude tests and on Ruffier test; comparing them to proof that work through proficiency subgroup is effective to improve skills. We used SPSS for data processing and determined maximum and minimal values comparing measures for independent samples which determined changes. This allowed an objective assessment of our work useful for improved class planning as for a future assessment of the program. Results: This work is a scientifically supported document for possible modifications of Physical Education curriculums in Medicine Studies.
Fundamento: El deporte y la educación física no le quitan espacio a los estudios, sino que los fortalecen. El hombre actual debe comprender que para su salud tiene que realizar un entrenamiento físico sistemático con el fin de combatir la inactividad accionada por el propio desarrollo. Objetivo: Proponer una estrategia de trabajo en subgrupos de entrenamiento para el desarrollo de algunas capacidades físicas. Métodos: Nos apoyamos en algunas pruebas de aptitud física, así como el test de Ruffier y las comparamos para demostrar que el trabajo a través de los subgrupos de rendimiento es efectivo para mejorar dichas capacidades; utilizamos el paquete estadístico SPSS para el procesamiento de los datos, determinamos valores máximos y mínimos de cada prueba y se compararon las medias para muestras independientes y muestras relacionadas que determinaron los cambios, estos permitieron una valoración objetiva de nuestro trabajo, que servirá para la mejor planificación de las clases en los venideros a
13. Efectos de dos sistemas de producción en el contenido de minerales en el fruto de Musa AAB Simmonds
Guerra Hernández Katty Julia; Mizger Pacheco Marcela Lucía; Barrera Violeth José Luis
2011-01-01
Los sistemas de producción orgánico y/o ecológico tienen como objetivo garantizar la sostenibilidad y la renovación de base natural, mediante la limitación del uso de productos de síntesis química para favorecer el ambiente y la salud humana. Teniendo en cuenta estas características, se estudió el efecto de los sistemas de producción orgánico y convencional sobre el contenido de nutrientes minerales del fruto del plátano Hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds), durante el proceso de m...
14. Arilsulfatasa en la rizosfera de plátano, musa aab y relación con crecimiento, desarrollo y produccion
Bolaños B, Martha M; Sanchez de Prager, Marina; Rao, Idupulapati M.
2006-01-01
En la zona central cafetera de Colombia, en un suelo Pachic Melanudands medial isotérmico, se midió la actividad de arilsulfatasa en rizosfera de plátano Musa AAB, en tres sistemas de manejo agronómico (químico o convencional, tradicional y ecológico), cuatro profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 y 20-30 cm) y tres edades de cultivo (6 meses – diferenciación floral, 12 meses – floración, 18 meses - cosecha). La mayor actividad (60%) se encontró en los primeros 10 cm., y disminuyó a medida que se ...
15. Learning openCV computer vision with the openCV library
2008-01-01
Learning OpenCV puts you right in the middle of the rapidly expanding field of computer vision. Written by the creators of OpenCV, the widely used free open-source library, this book introduces you to computer vision and demonstrates how you can quickly build applications that enable computers to see" and make decisions based on the data. With this book, any developer or hobbyist can get up and running with the framework quickly, whether it's to build simple or sophisticated vision applications
16. Retendering of ST-CV maintenance contract
Battistin, M
2003-01-01
During the next three years, the ST/CV group will be deeply involved in the installation works for the LHC project. During this period the need for maintenance activity will decrease. The minimum level will be reached during the “long shutdown” of the PS and SPS machines in 2005. The budget for the maintenance will decrease accordingly, thus the CV group had to review its maintenance strategy. The new contract, which started on January 1st 2003, has been defined to cope with these workload variations during the next years and to guarantee the minimum maintenance activity on the existing equipment. A lump-sum contract based on a win-win strategy has been discarded. The contractor no longer has to guarantee the performance of the CERN cooling and ventilation systems. A new price list strategy based on performance indicators and penalties has been chosen. The contractor now has to guarantee the performance of every maintenance operation demanded by CERN. This modification obliged the Operation section of the...
17. Thermoluminescence and Metamorphism in CV Chondrites
Symes, S. J. K.; Guimon, R. K.; Benoit, P. H.; Sears, D. W. G.
1993-07-01
One of the effects of metamorphism in meteorites is the production of feldspar, a thermoluminescence (TL) phosphor, through the devitrification of primary chondrule glass [1]. The 105-fold variation in TL sensitivity among the ordinary chondrites reflects this process and has been used successfully to subdivide the petrographic type 3 meteorites into types 3.0-3.9 [2]. Although less pronounced, the variability exhibited by the CO chondrites has also allowed petrographic subdivision of these meteorites [3]. It is possible that the CV chondrites have also experienced a range of metamorphic intensities, although McSween has warned that their petrography does not indicate a simple sequence [4]. On the other hand, Scott et al. show that the homogeneity of matrix olivine increases along the series Kaba, Mokoia, Vigarano, Grosnaja, Allende, which may indicate progressive thermal metamorphism [5]. Here we report TL sensitivity measurements for 12 whole-rock samples of CV chondrites and we suggest petrographic type assignments and discuss their metamorphic history. Samples of bulk powder were ground, the magnetic fraction removed, and the TL of 4-mg aliquots was measured three times for duplicate splits. Averages are given in Table 1, which appears in the hard copy. The CV chondrites, like the CO chondrites, generally display three peaks in their glow curves; one at 130 degrees C, which is sensitive to metamorphism at temperatures below 650 degrees C [3], one at 250 degrees C, which is metamorphism independent, and one at 350 degrees C, which might be associated with refractory minerals in CAI [6]. The TL sensitivities of these samples show a >100-fold range, the lowest being below detection limits (<0.01) and the highest being greater than the Dhajala H3.8 chondrite, which we use as a standard. Six of the 12 samples have TL sensitivities corresponding to type 3.0 if we apply the criteria proposed by Sears et al. to subdivide the CO chondrites (which are similar to those
18. Cloning and sequencing of Duck circovirus (DuCV).
Hattermann, K; Schmitt, C; Soike, D; Mankertz, A
2003-12-01
The genome of Duck circovirus (DuCV) is circular and 1996 nts in size. Two major open reading frames were identified, encoding the replicase (V1) and the capsid protein (C1). A stem-loop structure comprising the nonamer 5'-TATTATTAC, conserved in all circo-, nano- and geminiviruses, was found. Unique to DuCV, the region between the 3'-ends of the rep and cap gene contains four repeats of a 44-bp sequence. Phylogenetic analysis shows close relation of DuCV with Goose circovirus and suggests classification of DuCV as a new member of the genus Circovirus of the virus family Circoviridae. PMID:14648300
19. A New CV3 Chondrite Find
Treiman, A. H.; Dehart, J. M.
1992-07-01
A new meteorite find from West Texas, U.S.A., is a CV3 carbonaceous chondrite. The provisional name of Red Bluff has been proposed to the Nomenclature Committee by R. Farrell. Red Bluff consists of chondrules (56.4%), CAIs (8.3%), amoboid olivine aggregates (0.6%), mineral fragments (0.8%), and Ca-Al chondrules (0.4%) in a fine-grained, clay-rich matrix (33.1%). Chondrules in Red Bluff are spherical to irregular in shape, and from 0.25-3.5 mm diameter in thin section; the average diameter is 0.95 mm, with standard deviation of 0.6 mm (69 chondrules). Three of the chondrules are distinctly larger than the rest; without these three, the average diameter is 0.86 mm (s.d. 0.4 mm). The chondrules are almost all of type I (Fe-poor), as shown by cathodoluminescence and chemical analyses; most are also rich in opaques. Compositions of chondrule olivines average Fa1.9+-1.2 (s.d.); compositions of chondrule pyroxenes average Fs3.4+-3.3 (s.d.). Chondrule varieties include porphyritic olivine, microporphyritic olivine, granular olivine, macroporphyritic olivine, barred olivine, and rare extracentroradial pyroxene (0.25 mm diam.) [1,2]. Two calcium-aluminum chondrules were observed. The largest, 1.5 mm diam., contains spinel, plagioclase, and fassaite, and includes a circular spinel palisade [3]. The other Ca-Al chondrule is within a coarse-grained CAI, and could also be a well-developed spinel palisade [3]. Fine- and coarse-grained CAIs are present but have been studied little; most appear to be type B (melilite+pyroxene+plagioclase). Red Bluff's matrix is composed of fine-grained clay, with minor olivine, "limonite," troilite, and Fe metal. Alignment of grains and oxide-rich streaks in the matrix mark a planar fabric that wraps around chondrules and inclusions. Chondrules are commonly surrounded by shells of dark red alteration, darker than the bulk of matrix material. Red Bluff is weathered. It is stained red by oxidized iron minerals, which are most common as veinlets
20. Protective effect of CV247 against cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats.
Máthé, C; Szénási, G; Sebestény, A; Blázovics, A; Szentmihályi, K; Hamar, P; Albert, M
2014-08-01
CV247 (CV), an aqueous mixture of copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) gluconates, vitamin C and sodium salicylate increased the antitumour effects of cisplatin (CDPP; cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) in vitro. We hypothesized that the antioxidant and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2; prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2) inhibitory components of CV can protect the kidneys from CDPP nephrotoxicity in rats. CDPP (6.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) slightly elevated serum creatinine (Crea) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 12 days after treatment. Kidney histology demonstrated extensive tubular epithelial damage and COX-2 immunoreactivity increased 14 days after treatment. A large amount of platinum (Pt) accumulated in the kidney of CDPP-treated rats. Furthermore, CDPP decreased renal iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn), Cu and Mn concentrations and increased plasma Fe and Cu concentrations. CDPP elevated plasma free radical concentration. Treatment with CV alone for 14 days (twice 3 ml/kg/day orally) did not influence these parameters. Chronic CV administration after CDPP reduced renal histological damage and slightly decreased COX-2 immunoreactivity, while failed to prevent the increase in Crea and BUN levels. Blood free radical concentration was reduced, that is, CV improved redox homeostasis. CV restored plasma Fe and renal Fe, Mo and Zn, while decreased Pt and elevated Cu and Mn concentrations in the kidney. Besides the known synergistic antitumour effects with CDPP, CV partially protected the kidneys from CDPP nephrotoxicity probably through its antioxidant effect. PMID:23653282
1. Determinación del tipo de planta adecuado para el monitoreo de poblaciones de Fito nematodos en plátano (Musa AAB (ING
Mario Araya
2016-03-01
Full Text Available On two plantations of first harvest of Musa AAB each consisting of separate lots of False Horn Plantain (Semi-Giant and Dwarf nematode populations were determined in plants with one to three days flowering and in their respective succeeding suckers. The objective was to determine if there is a relationship between the nematode population in mother plants and their succeeding suckers. Sixty and twenty plants of each cultivar were evaluated in Pococí (70 masl and Matina (40 masl locations, respectively. Nematodes were extracted by maceration of the roots, pouring the suspension through a series of 0.5/0.150/0.038 mm (N° 30/100/400 mesh sieves nested together with the 0.5 mm on top. Populations levels were expressed per 100 g of roots. The results showed no linear relationship between the nematode populations of the flowering plants and their succeeding sucker. Although the differences were not statistically significant, the densities of R. similis determined in flowering plants tended in most cases to overestimate the populations in the succeeding suckers. Sampling flowering plants at Pococí (70 masl overestimated Helicotylenchus spp. populations in the succession suckers of both cultivars, while those at Matina (40 masl were underestimated. The estimation of Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. populations was also not reliable. To decide on nematicide applications, it is recommended to sample the succeeding suckers of recently flowering plants.
2. Facial Recognition using OpenCV
Shervin Emami
2012-03-01
Full Text Available The growing interest in computer vision of the past decade. Fueled by the steady doubling rate of computing power every 13 months, face detection and recognition has transcended from an esoteric to a popular area of research in computer vision and one of the better and successful applications of image analysis and algorithm based understanding. Because of the intrinsic nature of the problem, computer vision is not only a computer science area of research, but also the object of neuro-scientific and psychological studies, mainly because of the general opinion that advances in computer image processing and understanding research will provide insights into how our brain work and vice versa. Because of general curiosity and interest in the matter, the author has proposed to create an application that would allow user access to a particular machine based on an in-depth analysis of a person’s facial features. This application will be developed using Intel’s open source computer vision project, OpenCV and Microsoft’s .NET framework.
3. Facial Recognition using OpenCV
Valentin Petrut Suciu
2012-03-01
Full Text Available
The growing interest in computer vision of the past decade. Fueled by the steady doubling rate of computing power every 13 months, face detection and recognition has transcended from an esoteric to a popular area of research in computer vision and one of the better and successful applications of image analysis and algorithm based understanding. Because of the intrinsic nature of the problem, computer vision is not only a computer science area of research, but also the object of neuro-scientific and psychological studies, mainly because of the general opinion that advances in computer image processing and understanding research will provide insights into how our brain work and vice versa.
Because of general curiosity and interest in the matter, the author has proposed to create an application that would allow user access to a particular machine based on an in-depth analysis of a person’s facial features. This application will be developed using Intel’s open source computer vision project, OpenCV and Microsoft’s .NET framework.
4. Graphite whiskers in CV3 meteorites.
Fries, Marc; Steele, Andrew
2008-04-01
Graphite whiskers (GWs), an allotrope of carbon that has been proposed to occur in space, have been discovered in three CV-type carbonaceous chondrites via Raman imaging and electron microscopy. The GWs are associated with high-temperature calcium-aluminum inclusion (CAI) rims and interiors, with the rim of a dark inclusion, and within an inclusion inside an unusual chondrule that bears mineralogy and texture indicative of high-temperature processing. Current understanding of CAI formation places their condensation, and that of associated GWs, relatively close to the Sun and early in the condensation sequence of protoplanetary disk materials. If this is the case, then it is a possibility that GWs are expelled from any young solar system early in its history, thus populating interstellar space with diffuse GWs. Graphite whiskers have been postulated to play a role in the near-infrared (near-IR) dimming of type Ia supernovae, as well as in the thermalization of both the cosmic IR and microwave background and in galactic center dimming between 3 and 9 micrometers. Our observations, along with the further possibility that GWs could be manufactured during supernovae, suggest that GWs may have substantial effects in observational astronomy. PMID:18309047
5. Sedimentología y paleoambientes del Subgrupo Río Colorado (Cretácico Superior, Grupo Neuquén, en las bardas de la ciudad de Neuquén y alrededores
M.L. Sánchez
2006-06-01
6. A practical introduction to computer vision with OpenCV
Dawson-Howe, Kenneth
2014-01-01
Explains the theory behind basic computer vision and provides a bridge from the theory to practical implementation using the industry standard OpenCV libraries Computer Vision is a rapidly expanding area and it is becoming progressively easier for developers to make use of this field due to the ready availability of high quality libraries (such as OpenCV 2). This text is intended to facilitate the practical use of computer vision with the goal being to bridge the gap between the theory and the practical implementation of computer vision. The book will explain how to use the relevant OpenCV
7. Variação somaclonal em mudas micropropagadas de bananeira, cultivar Pacovan Somaclonal variation event on micropropagated Pacovan banana seedling (Musa spp. AAB group
Cynthia Christina Carvalho dos Santos
2004-01-01
8. Ripening of fruits of 'Dwarf Prata' banana (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana, AAB group)irradiated and treated with calcium carbide
Martineli, Maristella [Instituto de Quimica. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil); Coneglian, Regina C.C.; Vasconcellos, Marco A.S.; Silva, Eduardo, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Departamento de Fitotecnia. Instituto de Agronomia. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, RJ (Brazil); Vital, Helio C., E-mail: [email protected] [Secao de Defesa Nuclear. Divisao de Defesa Quimica, Biologica e Nuclear. Centro Tecnologico do Exercito (CTEx), Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)
2011-07-01
The competing effects resulting from the exposure of fruits of 'warf prata' banana (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana, AAB group) to gamma radiation and to calcium carbide have been investigated in this work. The fruits were harvested in a pre-climateric stage (green colored though physiologically developed) in the city of Jaiba, state of Minas Gerais, and gamma irradiated with doses of 0.25 or 0.50 kGy in a research irradiating facility at the Brazilian Army Technology Center (CTEx) in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Some samples were also exposed to calcium carbide for 32 hours in order to accelerate ripening. Quantitative estimates of peel color, disease index and fresh mass loss were performed for 9 days while the fruits were kept at an average temperature of 23 deg C. The analyses were performed in the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, located in the city of Seropedica. The following treatments or combination of processes have been tested: untreated (control); treated only with irradiation with doses of 0.25 kGy or 0.50 kGy; treated with irradiation with doses of 0.25 kGy or 0.50 kGy and then exposed to calcium carbide. The fruits treated solely with irradiation with 0.25 kGy exhibited a better response during the first days of storage, although their initial green coloration vanished with time. In addition, the fungi Colletotrichum musae and Lasidioplodia theobroma were detected in samples submitted to the combination of both processes. In contrast, such fungi were not observed in fruits that had only been exposed to 0.25 kGy and exhibited low disease indices. Also, 1-2 cm lesions were detected on fruits.(author)
9. Effects of gamma irradiation followed by climatization on the quality of 'Prata' banana (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana, AAB)
Martineli, Maristella; Coneglian, Regina C.C.; Vasconcellos, Marco A.S.; Silva, Eduardo; Rocha, Janielio G.; Melo, Maruzanete P. [Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropedica, RJ. Inst. de Agronomia (Brazil)], e-mail: [email protected]; Vital, Helio C. [Centro Tecnologico do Exercito (CTEx), Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil). Secao de Defesa Nuclear], e-mail: [email protected]
2009-07-01
Banana is a highly perishable climacteric fruit. In order to ensure fast and homogeneous ripening that will make its processing and commercialization easier, it is usually treated by climatization. On the other hand, irradiation is an interesting physical process capable of delaying ripening and extending the shelf life of fruits. This work investigated the competing effects of irradiation followed by climatization on the quality of 'Prata' banana (Musa acuminata x Musa balbisiana, AAB). All fruits were harvested in the preclimacteric stage, rinsed and stored at 27 deg C after being submitted to five different treatments. After hygienization, four out of five samples were exposed to gamma-ray at doses of 0.25 and 0.50 kGy. The unirradiated fruits were left for control and half of the irradiated samples were then climatized by exposure to CaC{sub 2}. Measurements of fresh mass loss, total soluble solids, peel coloration and disease index were performed on five different dates for up to nine days in order to monitor quality and the degree of ripening. It was found that high temperatures prevailing during climatization and storage accelerated maturation in all fruits in spite of the use of irradiation, with the control becoming ripe in 3 days only. In addition, based on the consistent results from the experiments performed, it can be concluded that irradiation at the doses tested was unable to overcome the maturation effects produced by climatization. However, the sole use of irradiation with 0.25 kGy yielded the lowest figures for fresh mass loss and disease index in the samples, thus becoming the most attractive among the treatments tested. (author)
10. Efectos de dos sistemas de producción en el contenido de minerales en el fruto de Musa AAB Simmonds
Guerra Hernández Katty Julia
2011-12-01
11. Efectos de dos sistemas de producción en el contenido de minerales en el fruto de Musa AAB Simmonds
José Luis Barrera-Violeth
2011-12-01
12. Tiempo de almacenamiento del cormo y su efecto en el crecimiento y producción de plátano (Musa AAB Dominico Hartón
Manuel Aristizábal L
2013-12-01
13. CRESCIMENTO E OXIDAÇÃO DE EXPLANTES DE BANANEIRA-PRATA (Musa AAB IN VITRO: I. CONCENTRAÇÕES DE SAIS DE FERRO, COBRE E ZINCO
UTINO SERGIO
2001-01-01
Full Text Available Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes concentrações de ferro, cobre e zinco do meio MS (MURASHIGE & SKOOG, 1962 no controle da oxidação de explantes iniciais de bananeira-Prata (Musa AAB. Foram utilizadas três concentrações (100, 50 e 0 miM de FeEDTA, duas concentrações (0,1 e 0miM de (CuSO4.5H2O e duas concentrações (30 e 0miM de (ZnSO4.7H2O, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, arranjado em um fatorial completo 3 x 2 x 2, utilizando-se de 15 repetições. Ápices caulinares foram inoculados em meio MS modificado e, decorridos 28 dias após a inoculação, avaliaram-se a massa de matéria fresca, altura e grau de oxidação. Observou-se que esses micronutrientes são essenciais para o crescimento dos explantes e que a concentração de ferro influencia na oxidação de explantes, sendo que maiores graus de escurecimento foram observados nas concentrações mais elevadas. A redução ou retirada destes elementos do meio MS, isoladamente ou em combinações, não foi suficiente para eliminar a oxidação dos explantes.
14. Calibration of ADRET voltage generator type CV102. Program CODAV
The CODAV programm studied by the Metrology SES/SME laboratory is used for the calibration of ADRET voltage generator type CV.102. A JCAM.10 microcomputer run the measurement cycle and the printout of the results
15. Rare Earth Element Complementarity in CO and CV Chondrites
Crapster-Pregont, E. J.; Friedrich, J. M.; Ebel, D. S.
2014-09-01
LREE/HREE ratios in each component of CO and CV chondrites combine to produce complementary, flat bulk REE pattern, while individually yielding insight into mineral controls and precursor characteristics.
16. Individual Responsiveness to Information in CV Surveys : Commitment Matters
Olivier Chanel; Susan Cleary; Stéphane Luchini
2007-01-01
This paper enquires into the responsiveness of individuals to information in Contingent Valuation (CV). The impact of information is assessed using a sequential procedure in which individuals are successively presented with different levels of information. Two different types of information have been provided: scientific information about the good and information about the willingness to pay (WTP) values of the other respondents. Responsiveness to information is studied using an innovative CV...
17. Micropropagação de abacaxizeiro cv. Emepa 1 Micropropagation of pineapple, cv. Emepa 1
Ailton M. de Moraes
2010-09-01
18. Estimativa das necessidades nutricionais de bananeiras do subgrupo Cavendish cultivadas no Estado de São Paulo Estimate nutrition needs of Cavendish banana trees subgrup grown in the State of São Paulo, Brazil
Luiz Antonio Junqueira Teixeira
2008-06-01
19. Produção da bananeira 'Prata anã'(AAB em função de diferentes doses e fontes de potássio
2011-12-01
Full Text Available Dentre os nutrientes exigidos pela bananeira, o K é o que mais influencia na produção desta cultura. Este trabalho teve por objetivos comparar os efeitos de duas fontes de K (cloreto de potássio e sulfato de potássio sobre a produção, bem como estimar as doses de K para obter a máxima eficiência física (MEF e econômica (MEE e determinar o nível crítico de K na folha da bananeira 'Prata anã' (AAB irrigada, cultivada na região semiárida do norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA, textura média. Os tratamentos foram originados do fatorial (4 x 2, sendo quatro doses de K (0, 400, 800 e 1200 kg /ha ano de K2O e duas fontes de K (KCl e K2SO4, gerando oito tratamentos, que foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Não houve diferenças entre os efeitos do KCl e K2SO4 sobre a produção da bananeira. A análise econômica demonstrou que o KCl apresentou maior viabilidade para ser utilizado como fonte de K. As doses estimadas para a MEF nos 2º e 3º ciclos de produção, utilizando-se o KCl, foram de 827 e 835 kg ha-1 ano-1 de K2O, respectivamente. Já para a MEE, as doses foram de 157 e 670 kg/ha ano de K2O, respectivamente. Os níveis críticos foliares de K, obtidos nos 2º e 3º ciclos de produção, foram de 2,85 dag kg-1 para a MEF e, para a MEE, de 2,41 e 2,80 dag kg-1, respectivamente.
20. Efecto de la edad de cosecha en las características poscosecha del plátano Dominico-Hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds
Luis Fernando Mejía-Gutiérrez
2012-12-01
Full Text Available En el departamento de Caldas, Colombia, se realizó la caracterización física, química y fisiológica durante las fases de cosecha y poscosecha del plátano Dominico Hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds cultivado en el municipio de Belalcázar. La investigación se hizo con frutos de 14, 16 y 18 semanas después de la floración. Cada 2 días y hasta senescencia se evaluaron los cambios de peso, firmeza, parámetros de color L*a*b*, relación pulpa/cáscara, índice de madurez, pH, humedad, almidones, índice de respiración y tasa de etileno. En este trabajo se utilizó un diseño longitudinal de medidas repetidas, balanceado, con un factor en tres niveles. El factor evaluado fue el tiempo de cosecha y las variables de respuesta fueron los parámetros fisicoquímicos. Los resultados mostraron variación en peso cercanas a 7%, el parámetro de color tinte varió entre -61.46 y 86.74, el croma entre 26.31 y 37.11 y el DE entre 1.4603 y 8.360, el pH varió entre 6.2 y 3.98, una relación pulpa/cáscara entre 2.53 y 4.11, la relación °brix/ acidez entre 11.36 y 26.2, la humedad entre 60.56% y 56%, el almidón entre 51.7% y 67% de MS, la tasa de producción de CO2 entre 3.4 y 8.9 g/kg por hora, el etileno entre 24 y 225 µlt/kg por hora. Los parámetros de maduración mostraron comportamiento climatérico y los días a maduración total fueron de 9, 14 y 21 para los frutos de 18, 16 y 14 semanas desde floración.
1. Isolado do vírus do mosaico do pepino obtido de bananeira no Estado de São Paulo pertence ao subgrupo Ia Isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus obtained from banana in São Paulo State, Brazil, belongs to the subgroup Ia
MARCELO EIRAS
2001-03-01
2. Anonymous voting for multi-dimensional CV quantum system
Rong-Hua, Shi; Yi, Xiao; Jin-Jing, Shi; Ying, Guo; Moon-Ho, Lee
2016-06-01
We investigate the design of anonymous voting protocols, CV-based binary-valued ballot and CV-based multi-valued ballot with continuous variables (CV) in a multi-dimensional quantum cryptosystem to ensure the security of voting procedure and data privacy. The quantum entangled states are employed in the continuous variable quantum system to carry the voting information and assist information transmission, which takes the advantage of the GHZ-like states in terms of improving the utilization of quantum states by decreasing the number of required quantum states. It provides a potential approach to achieve the efficient quantum anonymous voting with high transmission security, especially in large-scale votes. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61272495, 61379153, and 61401519), the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20130162110012), and the MEST-NRF of Korea (Grant No. 2012-002521).
3. Instant OpenCV for iOS
Kornyakov, Kirill
2013-01-01
Filled with practical, step-by-step instructions and clear explanations for the most important and useful tasks. This book uses a very practical approach, with each recipe and their associated sample projects or examples focusing on a particular aspect of the technology.This book is intended for OpenCV developers who are interested in porting their applications to the iOS platform. Basic experience with OpenCV, computer vision, Objective C, and other iOS tools is encouraged.
4. Caracterización fisicoquímica y fisiológica del proceso de maduración de plátano Hartón (musa AAB Simmonds en dos sistemas de producción Physical-chemist and physiologic characterization in the Harton plantain ripening process (Musa AAB Simmonds in organic and conventional production systems
José Luis Barrera V
2010-01-01
Full Text Available En el Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos de la Universidad de Córdoba (Colombia se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica y fisiológica del proceso de maduración del plátano Hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds cultivado en los sistemas de producción orgánico y convencional. Para el estudio se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 5: dos sistemas de producción y cinco estados de maduración. Los análisis realizados fueron físicos: resistencia, días de maduración; químicos: pH, °Brix, azúcares totales y reductores y almidón; y fisiológicos: tasa de respiración a temperatura ambiente. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que entre los tratamientos (orgánico y convencional durante el proceso de maduración se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables resistencia, °Brix, pH, acidez; por el contrario las variables azúcares reductores, azúcares totales y almidón tuvieron un comportamiento similar. El índice de respiración en plátano orgánico alcanzó el pico climatérico a los 14 días, y el convencional a los 7, indicando que el primero presenta un mejor comportamiento poscosecha facilitando su comercialización.The physical-chemist and physiologic portrayal in the Harton plantain ripening process (Musa AAB Simmonds in the system of organic production and conventional in the Cordoba - Colombia department, was carried out in the food analysis laboratory of the University of Cordoba, in order to establish the differences physical-chemist and physiologic between the system production already mentioned. To reach the objective was used a design completely at random with factorial repair two per five, with two factors that were the production system and the state of ripening. The analysis carried out were physics (resistance, ripening days; chemist (pH, °Brix, total and reduction sugar, starch and physiologic (respiration rate to environmental temperature. The results obtained show that
5. Produção e caracterização da bananeira 'Prata Anã' (AAB em dois ciclos de produção (Juazeiro, Bahia Production and characterization of banana 'Prata Anã' (AAB in two production cycles (Juazeiro, Bahia/Brazil
Marlon Jocimar Rodrigues da Silva
2013-02-01
Full Text Available A avaliação do comportamento de genótipos de bananeira em diferentes ecossistemas é essencial ao programa de melhoramento genético, tornando-se de fundamental importância para o sistema produtivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento da bananeira 'Prata Anã' (AAB, nos 1° e 2° ciclos de produção, e os atributos físico-químicos dos frutos, no Submédio São Francisco. As mudas foram produzidas pelo processo de cultura de tecidos, na Biofábrica de Cruz das Almas, BA, e transplantadas para o campo com seis meses de idade, cultivadas no espaçamento 3 x 3 m. Foram avaliados os ciclos de produção (em dias e, em cada ciclo, a altura das plantas, o perímetro do pseudocaule e o número de folhas adultas. Quanto à produção, foram avaliadas as seguintes características: massa da matéria fresca do cacho; número de pencas e de frutos por cacho; massa da matéria fresca da 2ª penca; número, comprimento e diâmetro de frutos da 2ª penca; relação polpa/casca; firmeza; pH; sólidos solúveis (SS; acidez titulável (AT e a relação SS/AT. Verificou-se diferença significativa para a maioria das variáveis analisadas: o segundo ciclo de produção da bananeira 'Prata Anã' foi menor do que o primeiro, sendo que, no segundo ciclo, ocorreram tendências de maior crescimento e de melhor desempenho dos caracteres que expressam a produção e a qualidade física dos frutos.Evaluation of the behavior of banana genotypes in different ecosystems is essential in a breeding program, making it crucial for the production system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth behavior of banana 'Prata Anã' (AAB in the 1st and 2nd cycles of production and fruit physical-chemical attributes in the sub- middle region of the São Francisco River Valley. The seedlings were produced by tissue culture in a Biofactory in Cruz das Almas - BA and transplanted to the field after six months, in a spacing of 3 x 3 m. It was evaluated the
6. Ensacamento de frutos de pereira cv. Housui Bagging of nashi pear cv. Housui
Ivan Dagoberto Faoro
2004-04-01
7. Whirling Dervish Dynamos: Magnetic Activity in CV Secondaries
Saar, Steven
2003-07-01
The mass-losing secondary stars of cataclysmic variables {CVs} are the most rapidly rotating cool dwarfs observable. Other rapid rotators show a maximal, "saturated" level of magnetic activity {e.g., X-ray emission}, but there are hints from contact binaries and young clusters that activity may be suppressed at the highest rotation rates. CV secondaries are thus important probes of magnetic dynamos at rotational extremes. Implications for CV evolution {e.g., the period gap", accretion variability} may also be profound. Unfortunately, study of CV secondaries is hampered by pesky accretion-related phenomena and reflection effects. As a result, little systematic work has been done. To explore activity in these stars, we therefore propose to study far-UV spectra of AM Her-type systems {which have no accretion disks} in deep photometric minima in which accretion is shut off. Magnetic-related emission from the secondary will be separated {in velocity} from residual accretion emission by observations near quadratures. Lower chromospheric irradiation due to the white dwarf primary will be removed by modeling, yielding the true level of magnetic activity on the secondary. We will compare the results to other dMe stars and draw implications for magnetic dynamos and activity at rotational extremes, and for CV evolution and behavior.
8. Formación Anta (Mioceno Temprano/Medio, Subgrupo Metán (Grupo Orán, en el río Piedras, Pcia. de Salta: Datos palinológicos Anta Formation (Miocene, Metán Subgroup (Orán Group, in río Piedras, Salta Province: Palynological data
M. Quattrocchio
2003-03-01
Full Text Available Aproximadamente en el Eoceno medio -Fase Incaica- culminó la acumulación del Grupo Salta (Cretácico-Paleógeno. A continuación y coincidente con el inicio de un ambiente tectónico compresivo en los Andes Centrales comenzó el depósito del Subgrupo Metán (Grupo Orán, constituído por las formaciones Río Seco, Anta y Jesús María. La Formación Anta en río Piedras de 300 m de espesor, consta de arcilitas, calizas oolíticas y tobas acumuladas en un ambiente de lago salino. Se presenta en este trabajo, un análisis palinológico comparativo entre la Formación Anta (Subgrupo Metán y el Subgrupo Santa Bárbara del Grupo Salta (Paleoceno-Eoceno. Regionalmente el espectro polínico reflejaría la presencia de la foresta sub-tropical húmeda (Verrustephanoporites simplex, en muy bajo porcentaje con respecto al Subgrupo Santa Bárbara. La relativa mayor representación de Rhoipites sp. A (Rutaceae, cf. Ruta asociado a Podocarpaceae y Anacardiaceae sugiere una paleocomunidad de mayor altitud (ambiente montano. Basado en estudios palinológicos y sedimentológicos el perfil analizado corresponde a un lago salino. Se registra la primera expansión de la estepa en el NO argentino asociado a condiciones relativamente áridas. Estas evidencias fueron corroboradas mediante el registro de hongos.Deposition of the Salta Group (Cretaceous-Paleogene terminated in the mid Eocene - Inca Diastrophic Phase. Following a compressive tectonic event in the Central Andes, this was succeeded by deposition of Metán Subgroup, divisible into Río Seco, Anta and Jesús María formations. The Anta Formation (300m thick in Río Piedras is characterised by claystone, oolitic limestone and tuff deposited in shallow lakes or on a muddy plain. A comparative palynological analysis between Santa Bárbara Subgroup and Anta Formation (Metán Subgroup shows that the transitional forest flora of the Anta Formation was more impoverished than that of the Santa Bárbara Subgroup
9. Caracterización fisicoquímica y fisiológica del proceso de maduración de plátano hartón (musa aab simmonds) en dos sistemas de producción
Cayón S Daniel Gerardo; Arrazola P Guillermo Segundo; Barrera V José Luis
2010-01-01
En el Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos de la Universidad de Córdoba (Colombia) se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica y fisiológica del proceso de maduración del plátano Hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds) cultivado en los sistemas de producción orgánico y convencional. Para el estudio se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 5: dos sistemas de producción y cinco estados de maduración. Los análisis realizados fueron físicos: resistencia, días de maduración; químico...
10. Scaling properties of the mean multiplicity and pseudorapidity density in $e^{-}+e^{+}$, $e^{\\pm}$+p, p($\\bar{\\mathrm{p}}$)+p, p+A and A+A(B) collisions
Lacey, Roy A; Magdy, Niseem; Csanád, M; Schweid, B; Ajitanand, N N; Alexander, J; Pak, R
2016-01-01
The pseudorapidity density (dN/deta) for p+p, p+A and A+A(B) collisions, and the mean multiplicity for ee, ep, and p+p collisions, are studied for an inclusive range of beam energies (Root_s). Characteristic scaling patterns are observed for both dN/deta and , consistent with a thermal particle production mechanism for the bulk of the soft particles produced in all of these systems. They also validate an essential role for quark participants in these collisions. The scaled values for dN/deta and are observed to factorize into contributions which depend on log(Root_s) and the number of nucleon or quark participant pairs (Npp). Quantification of these contributions give expressions which serve to systematize dN/deta and measurements spanning nearly four orders of magnitude in Root_s, and to predict their values as a function of Root_s and Npp.
11. CRESCIMENTO E OXIDAÇÃO DE EXPLANTES DE BANANEIRA PRATA (Musa AAB) IN VITRO: IV. CONCENTRAÇÕES DE SAIS, ÁCIDOS ASCÓRBICOS E FREQÜÊNCIA DE SUBCULTIVOS
UTINO SERGIO; CARNEIRO IRAÍDES FERNANDES; CHAVES LÁZARO JOSÉ
2001-01-01
Avaliaram-se diferentes concentrações de sais do meio MS (Murashige & Skoog, 1962), freqüência de subcultivos e adição de ácido ascórbico ao meio de cultura, objetivando o controle da oxidação de explantes de bananeira-'Prata' (Musa AAB) na fase de estabelecimento. Os tratamentos constituíram-se das diluições dos sais do meio MS (100%, 50% e 33,33%), subcultivos (a cada 7 dias, a cada 14 dias e a cada 28 dias) e ácido ascórbico (0 e 25 mg L-1). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente cas...
12. Enraizamento in vitro de pereira (Pyrus communis L. cv. Carrick
Erig Alan Cristiano
2004-01-01
Full Text Available O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do ácido naftalenoacético (ANA e do carvão ativado no enraizamento in vitro de pereira (Pyrus comunis L. cv. Carrick. Para tanto, microestacas de pereira com aproximadamente 0,8 a 1cm de comprimento foram utilizadas como explantes. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de três concentração de ANA no meio de cultura (0; 3,2 e 6,4mM e de duas concentração de carvão ativado (0 e 1%. A partir dos resultados obtidos no experimento, conclui-se que o ANA nas concentrações de 3,2 e 6,4mM e na ausência de carvão ativado no meio de cultura, possibilitou um melhor enraizamento de pereira cv. Carrick.
13. EN-CV during LS1: upgrade, consolidation, maintenance, operation
Nonis, M
2012-01-01
The Cooling and Ventilation (CV) Group in the Engineering Department (EN) will be heavily involved in several projects and activities during the long shutdown in 2013 and 2014 (LS1) within a timeframe limited to around twelve months. According to the requests received so far, most projects are related to the upgrade of users' equipment, consolidation work, and the construction of new plants. However, through the experience gained from the first years of the LHC run, some projects are also needed to adapt the existing installations to the new operating parameters. Some of these projects are presented hereafter, outlining the impact that they will have on operational working conditions or risks of breakdown. Finally, EN-CV activities during LS1 for maintenance, operation, and commissioning will be mentioned since they represent a major workload for the Group.
14. Caracterización química de macroelementos en suelos cultivados con plátano (Musa AAB Simmonds en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia Chemical characterization of macroelements in soils cultivated with Harton plantain (Musa AAB Simmonds in the department of Córdoba, Colombia
Enrique Combatt-Caballero
2012-04-01
Full Text Available Las recomendaciones de fertilización para el cultivo de plátano (Musa AAB Simmonds deben estar basadas en las características químicas y el potencial de producción de los suelos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características químicas de macro-elementos presentes en suelos utilizados en la producción de plátano en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Las evaluaciones se hicieron en diez fincas por cada uno de cuatro municipios productores de plátano en el Alto Sinú (Valencia y Tierralta y la región costanera (San Bernardo del Viento y Moñitos. Los parámetros determinados en el suelo fueron: pH, materia orgánica (M.O., P, S, Ca, Mg, Na y K, según metodologías químicas propuestas por Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazi (IGAC. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza y pruebas de comparación de medias (Tukey. En los resultados analíticos se encontró que los suelos presentan reacción moderadamente ácida con pH Fertilizer recommendations for hartón plantain cropping should be done by interpreting the chemical characteristics of soils to be reliable from the technical point of view and principally based in technical adjustments in relation to the nutritional potential of soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical characteristics of macroelements in soil in 40 farms cultivated with hartón plantain in the department of Córdoba, Colombia. The parameters measured were: pH, organic matter (O.M., P, S, Ca, Mg, Na, K, according to the analytical procedures proposed by Geographic Institute Agustín Codaz (IGAC. Analysis of variance and mean comparison tests (Tukey to the data were performed. The analytical results showed that the soils had a moderately acidic reaction, with pH lower than 6 on the High Sinú zone and slightly alkaline with pH 6.5 in the coastal zone. The organic matter content was less than 2.1%, P between 16.4 and 35.3 mg kg-1 and S deficient with values less than
15. OpenCV 3.0 computer vision with Java
Baggio, Daniel Lélis
2015-01-01
If you are a Java developer, student, researcher, or hobbyist wanting to create computer vision applications in Java then this book is for you. If you are an experienced C/C++ developer who is used to working with OpenCV, you will also find this book very useful for migrating your applications to Java. All you need is basic knowledge of Java, with no prior understanding of computer vision required, as this book will give you clear explanations and examples of the basics.
16. Freqüência de relatos de parafunções nos subgrupos diagnósticos de DTM de acordo com os critérios diagnósticos para pesquisa em disfunções temporomandibulares (RDC/TMD Frequency of relates of parafunctions in the diagnostic subgroups of TMD according to research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD
Raquel Stumpf Branco
2008-04-01
17. Perancangan Kemasan Transportasi Buah Jambu Air (Syzygium aqueum cv Camplong
Iswahyudi
2015-04-01
Full Text Available Jamboo cv Camplong was an exotic fruit from Sampang Indonesia which had high economic values. The quality of fresh Jamboo was greatly influenced by the types of packaging and ways of its transportation that affected its shelf life. The purpose of this research were designing a primary packaging and analyzing the quality of Jamboo cv Camplong after short transportation (from Sampang to Surabaya. Farmers used conventional packaging with capacity of 8.4 kg/box (dimension 478 mm x 146 mm x 354 mm. Based on theoretical packaging design showed that the flute BC cardboard (capacity 4.5 kg/box, dimension 357 mm x 217 mm x 216 mm with partition flute A cardboard. In fact, there was needed modification of the dimension (342 mm x 210 mm x 200 mm because of the fruits diameter (60-65 mm. This result did not change the efficiency usage of transportation space (91-95% and compression strength of box can support (7 boxes/ stack. The result showed that the mechanical damage after transportation were 20.87% for conventional packaging (as control and 7.70% for modification packaging design (packaging with partition.
18. ÍNDICE CLIMÁTICO DE CRESCIMENTO PARA OS CAPINS Brachiaria brizantha cv. MARANDU, Cynodon dactylon cv. TIFTON 85 E Panicum maximum cv. TANZÂNIA E RELAÇÃO COM A PRODUÇÃO DE MASSA SECA CLIMATIC GROWTH INDEX FOR THE GRASSES Brachiaria brizantha cv. MARANDU, Cynodon dactylon cv. TIFTON 85 AND Panicum maximum CV. TANZÂNIA AND ITS RELATION TO DRY MASS PRODUCTION
Yngrid Loyola Franco; Marcos Welber Ribeiroda Silva; Modesto Antonio Chaves; Rilvaynia Dantas Soares; Flaviano Gomes dos Santos; Bianca Damasceno Pinho
2008-01-01
Este trabalho teve por objetivo estimar o índice climático de crescimento dos capins Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85 e Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia e correlacioná-lo com a produção de matéria seca. Realizou-se o experimento no período de novembro de 2005 a janeiro de 2006 na Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB) em Itapetinga, BA, (15º 09’ 07"; sul, ...
19. Pengaruh Program Keselamatan, Kesehatan, Dan Keamanan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada Cv. Nurina Medan
Kurnia, Wilya Sagita
2016-01-01
The aim of this research was to identify and analyze the influence of Program Safety, Health, and Safety Work on Employee Performance CV. Nurina Medan. The population in this study were employees of CV. Nurina Medan. The sampling method was purposive sampling, in which the samples were chosen with based on certain criteria. The sample criteria in this research was the student must a sample of workers who still work in progress of a project at CV. Nurina Medan. Hypothesis testing used descript...
20. CV-6209, a highly potent antagonist of platelet activating factor in vitro and in vivo.
Terashita, Z; Imura, Y; Takatani, M; Tsushima, S; Nishikawa, K
1987-07-01
2-[N-acetyl-N-(2-methoxy-3-octadecylcarbamoyloxypropoxycarbonyl) aminomethyl]-1-ethylpyridinium chloride (CV-6209) inhibited aggregation of rabbit and human platelets induced by platelet activating factor (PAF) with the IC50 values of 7.5 X 10(-8) and 1.7 X 10(-7) M, respectively, and had little effects on the aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, ADP and collagen. The inhibitory effect of CV-6209 on the PAF-induced rabbit platelet aggregation was 104, 9, 8 and 3 times more potent than the PAF antagonists CV-3988, ONO-6240, Ginkgolide B and etizolam, respectively. CV-6209 inhibited [3H]serotonin release from rabbit platelets stimulated with PAF (3 X 10(-8) M) with a similar potency as the inhibition on the platelet aggregation. CV-6209 inhibited PAF (0.3 microgram/kg i.v.)-induced hypotension in rats (ED50, 0.009 mg/kg i.v.) with no effect on the hypotension induced by arachidonic acid, histamine, bradykinin and isoproterenol. CV-6209 (1 mg/kg) inhibited slightly the acetylcholine-induced hypotension. In rats, post-treatment with CV-6209 reversed the PAF (1 microgram/kg i.v.)-induced hypotension rapidly (ED50, 0.0046 mg/kg i.v.); CV-6209 was 74, 20, 185 and over 2100 times more potent than CV-3988, ONO-6240, Ginkgolide B and etizolam, respectively. Thus, the relative potency of the anti-PAF action of PAF analog (CV-6209, CV-3988 and ONO-6240) differed little between the inhibition of PAF-induced platelet aggregation and the reversal of PAF-induced hypotension, but that of nonPAF analogs (Ginkgolide B and etizolam) differed greatly with these assay systems, when standardized with CV-6209.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID:3612533
1. Anteproyecto del enlace entre las carreteras CV-405 y CV-415 en el t. m. de Montserrat (Valencia). Diseño del trazado, firme, drenaje y equipamientos.
ESTEVE GARCÍA, DANIEL
2015-01-01
[EN] The Draft aims to solve the existing problems at the intersection of road CV 405 with the CV-415 road in the town of Montserrat (Valencia), via a diamond interchange with an overpass. This work fulfills the objectives set for a final degree, applying the knowledge acquired. Previous road CV-405 study approach is taken as a starting point. Firstly, after an introduction of the situation, the factors affecting the design and concept of bonding and structure arise. Then, a number of alterna...
2. Biofuels from the Fresh Water Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (FWM-CV) for Diesel Engines
Saddam H. Al-lwayzy; Talal Yusaf; Raed A. Al-Juboori
2014-01-01
This work aims to investigate biofuels for diesel engines produced on a lab-scale from the fresh water microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (FWM-CV). The impact of growing conditions on the properties of biodiesel produced from FWM-CV was evaluated. The properties of FWM-CV biodiesel were found to be within the ASTM standards for biodiesel. Due to the limited amount of biodiesel produced on the lab-scale, the biomass of dry cells of FWM-CV was used to yield emulsified water fuel. The preparation of...
3. So you want to be a specialist registrar?--What to put in your CV.
Ellis, P E; Ellis, S G S; O'Brien, K D; Joshi, R I
2002-02-01
Dentists applying to a specialist training programme often receive conflicting advice over what to put in their curriculum vitae (CV). We conducted a survey of the Training Programme Directors of the dental specialties to determine what aspects of CV content and presentation styles are considered important. This has allowed us to construct guidelines for what to put in a CV. Recently, structured application forms have become increasingly popular and may be a more objective way to carry out the shortlisting process. The guidelines presented could also be used as a framework for medical personnel departments if structured application forms eventually replace the CV. PMID:11865819
4. Cloning and sequencing of columbid circovirus (coCV), a new circovirus from pigeons.
Mankertz, A; Hattermann, K; Ehlers, B; Soike, D
2000-01-01
The complete nucleotide sequence of columbid circovirus (CoCV) isolated from pigeons is described. CoCV was amplified using a consensus primer PCR approach directed against conserved sequences within the rep genes of vertebrate circoviruses. The genome of CoCV is circular and 2037 nt in size. It displays 55% homology to the genome of psittacine beak and feather disease virus and is more distantly related (circo-, nano- and geminiviruses. Phylogenetic analyses suggest classification of CoCV as member of the genus Circovirus of the virus family Circoviridae. PMID:11205099
5. CV activities on the LHC complex during the long shutdown
Deleval, S; Body, Y; Obrecht, M; Moccia, S; Peon, G
2011-01-01
The presentation gives an overview of the major projects and work foreseen to be performed during next long shutdown on cooling and ventilation plants. Several projects are needed following the experience of the last years when LHC was running, in particular the modifications in the water cooling circuits presently in overflow. Some other projects are linked to the CV consolidation plan. Finally, most of the work shall be done to respond to additional requests: SR buildings air conditioning, the need to be able to clean and maintain the LHC cooling towers without a complete stop of cooling circuits, the upgrade of the air conditioning of the CCC rack room cooling etc. For all these activities, the author will detail constraints and the impact on the schedule and on the operation of the plants that will however need to run for most of the shutdown duration. The consequence of postponing the long shutdown from 2012 to 2013 will be also covered.
6. Herbs Recognition Based on Android using OpenCV
I Wayan Agus Suryawibawa
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Herbs are used in traditional medicine. There are so many herbs are spread across the world, it is difficult to memorize it all. This paper describes an android application to recognize herbs by their leaf characteristics (shape, veins, and keypoints. Shape and veins of leaves are recognized by Invariant Moment Method as the feature extraction. City Block Distance used to calculate the distance between the features. Whereas for detection and keypoints extraction using Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF on OpenCV library. This keypoints distance calculation using Brute-Force Hamming. Matching is done by calculating the shortest distance between test image and reference image. If the result is less than or equal to threshold then image is match. Experiment result show this application can achieve 79% of success rate by using keypoints. This result is influenced by glossy leaf surface, so there is many reflected light that become noise.
Dormant corms of Gladiolus cv. White Friendship were irradiated with 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 Gy of gamma rays. Reduction in survival, plant height, number of leaves and floret, spike length, leaf and corm size and delayed flowering were recorded after irradiation. Morphological abnormalities in foliage and florets and chromosomal aberration during root tip mitosis increased with increase in exposure. Flowering was ceased cent per cent in highest dose of 1250 Gy. LD50 on survival basis was found in 750 Gy exposure. MV2 and MV3 also followed the similar pattern of results as exhibited by MV1 plants. Pink flower colour mutation was detected in few plants as sectorial chimeric form in MV2 in treated population. In MV3 one plant produced spike with lighter pink florets in 750 Gy treatment. This mutant has been isolated in pure form. (author). 10 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs
8. Production of short-lived radiopharmaceuticals with CV-28 cyclotron
A variable energy isochronous cyclotron CV-28 at the Physical Department of the Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is used for radionuclide production of medical interest. The production methods of 67Ga, 77Br, 111In, 123I, 201Tb and their corresponding radiopharmaceuticals were developed. The radiopharmaceuticals 77Br-bromophenol, 77Br-rose bengal, 123I-hippuric acid, 123I-rose bengal, 111In-EDTA, 111In-DTPA and 111In-citrate were under routine production. Their labelling yields were 96%, 82%, 96%, 82%, 89+-6%, 92+-4% and 100+-25%, respectively. The labelling yield and purity were determined using thin layer and paper chromatography. Bio-distribution studies in experimental animals have shown the good quality of these compounds
9. lour Object Tracking On Embedded Platform Using Open CV
PG Scholar Krutika A. Veerapur
2013-07-01
Full Text Available Object tracking in real time is one of the most important topics in the field of computer Vision. Detection and tracking of moving objects in the video scenes is the first relevant step in the information extraction in many computer vision applications. This idea can be used for the surveillance purpose, video annotation, traffic monitoring, human-computer interaction, intelligent transportation, and robotics and also in the field of medical. In this paper, we are discussing color object tracking using OpenCV software on Eclipse platform and the implementation of the tracking system on the Pandaboard ES. CAMShift algorithm is used for object tracking which is based on Meanshift algorithm. The proposed approach is demonstrated for real-time multiple object tracking system.
10. Phyllosticta musarum Infection-Induced Defences Suppress Anthracnose Disease Caused by Colletotrichum musae in Banana Fruits cv ‘Embul’
Abayasekara, C. L.; Adikaram, N. K. B.; Wanigasekara, U. W. N. P.; B.M.R. Bandara
2013-01-01
Anthracnose development by Colletotrichum musae was observed to be significantly less in the fruits of the banana cultivar ‘Embul’ (Mysore, AAB) infected with Phyllosticta musarum than in fruits without such infections. Anthracnose disease originates from quiescent C. musae infections in the immature fruit. P. musarum incites minute, scattered spots, referred to as freckles, in the superficial tissues of immature banana peel which do not expand during maturation or ripening. P. musarum does n...
11. Architecture, algorithm and application of OpenCV VS%OpenCV VS架构、算法及应用
梁华; 李兴福
2012-01-01
Intel OpenCV VS (video surveillance) is an efficient and universal open source platform for video object detection, tracking and trajectory analysis. However research and application are rare due to lack of material about it. The architecture and algorithm of VS platform are dissected based on analysis of OpenCV VS source code. The algorithm description and corresponding interface are presented. A high-efficiency pedestrian statistics system based on OpenCV VS architecture is provided in this paper.%Intel OpenCV VS是OpenCV内嵌的一个高效、通用的视频目标检测、跟踪和轨迹分析的开源平台,但由于没有相关资料而缺少研究和应用.在深入挖掘OpenCV VS源码的基础上,剖析了该平台的整体架构和算法体系,给出了算法描述和相应接口.在此基础上,开发了一个基于OpenCV VS架构的稳定、高效的行人统计系统.
12. PERUMUSAN STRATEGI BERSAING JAHE INSTAN PRODUK CV. INTRAFOOD SURAKARTA MENGGUNAKAN PERCEPTUAL MAPPING
Mohd. Harisudin
2013-11-01
Full Text Available Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui posisi bersaing jahe instan produk CV. Intrafood dan strategi bersaing yang dapat direkomendasikan untuk meraih keberasilannya. Metode dasar yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Penentuan lokasi penelitian ditentukan dengan metode purposive, yaitu CV. Intrafood Surakarta. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Metode analisis data menggunakan analisis Perceptual Mapping. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh informasi bahwa jahe instan produk CV Intrafood berada pada peringkat ke-2 dari produk empat jahe instan yang diperbandingkan. Atribut yang dapat dijadikan kekuatan utama dalam meningkatkan pemasaran jahe instan produk CV. Intrafood adalah manfaat produk. Sisi yang paling lemah adalah atribut desain kemasan dan kinerja produk dalam kemasan. Abstract This study aims to determine the competitive position of the product instant ginger CV. Intrafood and competitive strategy can be recommended to achieve success. The basic method used is descriptive analysis. Determining the location of the study are determined by purposive method, namely CV. Intrafood Surakarta. Data used in this study is primary data and secondary data. Method analyzed using Perceptual Mapping. From the results of the study concluded that instant ginger of CV Intrafood product ranks second of four instant ginger products are compared. Attributes that can be used as a major force in improving product marketing instant ginger CV. Intrafood is the benefits of the product. The weakest side is the packaging design and performance attributes of the product in the packaging.
13. CV-Online tahab Londoni börsile / Annika Matson
Matson, Annika, 1976-
2004-01-01
Personaliotsinguga tegelev firma tahab tulevikus minna Londoni ja OMXi börsile. Diagramm: CV-Online Group loodab tänavu esmakordselt positiivse kulumieelse ärikasumi. Vt. samas: Üks CV-Online'i aktsionäridest on ka Google'i aktsionär; Väsinud ootamast esimest IPOt
14. Rumen parameters of sheep fed Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte hay
2012-12-01
Full Text Available Studies on animal nutrition have shown factors that affect livestock yield and their interaction with the environment, through assessments on food nutritional values, nutrient metabolism in livestock and biochemical parameters related to nutrition and animal breeding. Inclusion levels of hay Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte in the diet of sheep were studied by measuring the dry matter intake (DMI, production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N and rumen pH. Four males Santa Inês sheep with cannulas in the rumen were used in a 4x4 Latin Square design with four periods (21 days each and four treatments that corresponded to the inclusion levels (0%, 30%, 60% and 100% of Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte to replace grass hay Cynodon dactylon cv. Coastcross in the diet. The DMI showed a quadratic effect increased until treatment with 60% of Arachis and reduced in the treatment with 100% of the legume. Significant interaction was observed between treatments and sampling times for NH3-N and acetate, propionate and butyrate concentration and the acetate:propionate ratio. There was no interaction between treatments and sampling time for rumen pH and total VFA concentration. It is observed a rapid increase in ammonia concentration until 2 hours after the feeding, and then a decline is seen. At 8 hours after the feeding, the quadratic effect occurred (P0.05 increasing NH3-N concentration with 60% of Arachis, declining afterwards. The acetate, propionate and butyrate concentration, showed a quadratic effect (P0.01 in the sampling time after the feeding for treatment with 60% of Arachis with the concentration rising until 4 hours and declining thereafter. For total SCFA concentration, when analyzed individually, we observed the effect of sampling time (P0.05, in which the means showed a quadratic effect, with maximum increase until 4 hours after the feeding, reducing at 8 hours. For acetate:propionate ratio was a linear effect (P0
15. Avaliação do estado nutricional de bananeiras do subgrupo Cavendish no estado de São Paulo: normas dris e níveis críticos de nutrientes Nutritional diagnosis in banana in the state of São Paulo (Brazil: dris norms and critical levels
Luiz Antonio Junqueira Teixeira
2007-01-01
Full Text Available São apresentadas normas DRIS preliminares e derivados níveis críticos de nutrientes no tecido foliar (NC para bananeiras do subgrupo Cavendish, nas condições de cultivo do Estado de São Paulo. As normas DRIS e os NCs foram obtidos a partir de um banco de dados com 188 registros, relacionando produtividade e teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn das cultivares Grande Naine e Nanicão. Esses registros foram extraídos de experimentos de adubação realizados no Planalto Paulista e no Vale do Ribeira, em áreas irrigadas e de sequeiro, durante cinco ciclos de cultivo, variando fontes e doses de fertilizantes. Mesmo com a grande diversidade nas condições de cultivo, a relação entre o índice de balanço nutricional e a produtividade das plantas foi altamente significativa (R²=0,60; pPreliminary DRIS norms and leaf nutrient critical levels (NCL for Cavendish bananas growing in plantations of São Paulo State (Brazil are presented. DRIS norms and NCL were established from a data bank of leaf nutrient concentration (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn and yield of banana with 188 samples. Data bank comprises information from plants of Grand Naine and Giant Cavendish growing in irrigated and non-irrigated areas, with different sources and rates of fertilizers during five crop cycles. Despite of the great diversity of cropping conditions, the regression between nutrient balance index and fruit yield was significant (R²=0.60; p<0.0001. The NCLs were derived using multiple linear regressions relating to the foliar nutrient concentration with DRIS indices of all nutrients. These values were similar to those presented in the literature, except the NCL for K which the value for local conditions was lower.
16. An antifungal peptide from Phaseolus vulgaris cv. brown kidney bean
Yau Sang Chan; Jack Ho Wong; Evandro Fei Fang; Wen Liang Pan; Tzi Bun Ng
2012-01-01
A 5.4-kDa antifungal peptide,with an N-terminal sequence highly homologous to defensins and inhibitory activity against Mycosphaerella arachidicola (IC5o=3 μM),Setospaeria turcica and Bipolaris maydis,was isolated from the seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv.brown kidney bean.The peptide was purified by employing a protocol that entailed adsorption on Affi-gel blue gel and Mono S and finally gel filtration on Superdex 75.The antifungal activity of the peptide against M.arachidicola was stable in the pH range 3-12 and in the temperature range 0℃ to 80℃.There was a slight reduction of the antifungal activity at pH 2 and 13,and the activity was indiscernible at pH 0,1,and 14.The activity at 90℃ and 100℃ was slightly diminished.Deposition of Congo red at the hyphal tips of M.arachidicola was induced by the peptide indicating inhibition of hyphal growth.The lack of antiproliferative activity of brown kidney bean antifungal peptide toward tumor cells,in contrast to the presence of such activity of other antifungal peptides,indicates that different domains are responsible for the antifungal and antiproliferative activities.
17. Infrared small target detection technology based on OpenCV
Liu, Lei; Huang, Zhijian
2013-09-01
Accurate and fast detection of infrared (IR) dim target has very important meaning for infrared precise guidance, early warning, video surveillance, etc. In this paper, some basic principles and the implementing flow charts of a series of algorithms for target detection are described. These algorithms are traditional two-frame difference method, improved three-frame difference method, background estimate and frame difference fusion method, and building background with neighborhood mean method. On the foundation of above works, an infrared target detection software platform which is developed by OpenCV and MFC is introduced. Three kinds of tracking algorithms are integrated in this software. In order to explain the software clearly, the framework and the function are described in this paper. At last, the experiments are performed for some real-life IR images. The whole algorithm implementing processes and results are analyzed, and those algorithms for detection targets are evaluated from the two aspects of subjective and objective. The results prove that the proposed method has satisfying detection effectiveness and robustness. Meanwhile, it has high detection efficiency and can be used for real-time detection.
18. The early-type close binary CV Velorum revisited
Yakut, K; Morel, T; Morel, Th.
2007-01-01
Our goal was to improve the fundamental parameters of the massive close double-lined eclipsing B2.5V+B2.5V binary CV Velorum.We gathered new high-resolution echelle spectroscopy on 13 almost consecutive nights covering essentially two orbits. We computed a simultaneous solution to all the available high-quality radial-velocity and light data with the latest version of the Wilson-Deviney code. We obtained the following values for the physical parameters: $M_1 = 6.066(74) M_\\odot$, $M_2 = 5.972(70) M_\\odot$, $R_1 = 4.126(24) R_\\odot$, $R_2 = 3.908(27) R_\\odot$, $\\log L_1 = 3.20(5) L_\\odot$, and $\\log L_2 = 3.14(5) L_\\odot$. The quoted errors contain a realistic estimate of systematic uncertainties mainly stemming from the effective temperature estimation. We derived abundances for both components and found them to be compatible with those of B stars in the solar neighbourhood. We discovered low-amplitude periodic line-profile variations with the orbital frequency for both components. Their interpretation requir...
19. Characterisation of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Reagan Red Mutants
Ion beam mutagenesis technology has been successfully used as a means to develop new plant varieties with novel traits. A research project through a bilateral cooperation program between Nuclear Malaysia and JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) was initiated to cater the need for new commercially potential chrysanthemum varieties for floriculture industry. Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Reagan Red was irradiated with 320 MeV 12C6+ ion beam using TIARA AVF Cyclotron at Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan. A number of potential mutants were successfully obtained in the initial screenings of irradiated plant population at MARDI Cameron Highlands and Nuclear Malaysia's controlled glass house. Through subsequent screenings and propagations, 13 stable mutants were selected to undergo another field trial at MARDI Cameron Highlands. The objective was to morphologically characterize each mutant in accordance to Department of Agriculture Malaysia's standard test for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS). Details of these mutants are required prior to plant variety registration process. This paper explains all processes involved in screening, evaluation and morphological characterization of the mutants as well as the initial process taken in registering these new cultivars. (author)
20. MICROPROPAGAÇÃO DO KIWI CV. HAYWARD
SCALIZE FÁBIO EDUARDO
2001-01-01
Full Text Available O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um protocolo para a obtenção de mudas de kiwi (Actinidia chinensis Planch, cv. Hayward, por meio do cultivo in vitro de cotilédones. Utilizou-se o meio de MURASHIGE & SKOOG (1962 -- MS, suplementado com dois tipos de auxina (AIA e AIB e uma citocinina (BAP. Foram verificados os efeitos de três doses de auxinas (0,125; 0,250 e 0,375 mg.L-1, combinadas com três doses de citocinina (0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 mg.L-1 na capacidade morfogênica dos explantes. Procedeu-se o estudo histológico dos órgãos das plântulas obtidas in vitro, e verificou-se, também, a capacidade de aclimatação das mudas ex vitro. A menor dose de AIB (0,125 mg.L-1, independentemente das doses de BAP, foi a mais eficaz na morfogênese dos explantes. Não foram verificadas alterações histológicas e anatômicas das plântulas obtidas in vitro. Aos três meses após o cultivo ex vitro dos explantes, verificou-se a sobrevivência de 88% das plantas transplantadas em condições de campo.
1. Foliar Regeneration in Anthurium andraeanum Hort. cv. Agnihothri
M. Bejoy
2008-01-01
Full Text Available A tissue culture protocol for mass propagation of the cut-flower crop, Anthurium andraeanum cv. Agnihothri has been worked out. Callus development was observed along the cut margins and midrib regions of the leaf lamina on half-strength MS medium supplemented with BAP and 2,4-D. Relatively older explants from pale green leaves exhibited better responses and the calli were creamy, compact and slow growing. The best dedifferentiation response of 53 percent was recorded in BAP (1 mg L-1 and 2, 4-D (0. 5 mg L-1 in the dark. The highest shoot regeneration potential was observed when the calli were sub cultured on BAP enriched medium. The influence of PGR regime in the induction medium on shoot production was similar to that in subsequent multiplication passage. The in vitro plantlets were hardened in potting mixture containing 3:1 coarse river sand and charcoal under greenhouse conditions with 89 percent survival. The technique is a suitable tool for meeting the floricultural needs of growers through mass propagation of this cut-flower crop.
2. Seven health physics calculator programs for the HP-41CV
Several user-oriented programs for the Hewlett-Packard HP-41CV are explained. The first program builds, stores, alters, and ages a list of radionuclides. This program only handles single- and double-decay chains. The second program performs convenient conversions for the six nuclides of concern in plutonium handling. The conversions are between mass, activity, and weight percents of the isotopes. The source can be aged and/or neutron generation rates can be computed. The third program is a timekeeping program that improves the process of manually estimating and tracking personnel exposure during high dose rate tasks by replacing the pencil, paper, and stopwatch method. This program requires a time module. The remaining four programs deal with computations of time-integrated air concentrations at various distances from an airborne release. Building wake effects, source depletion by ground deposition, and sector averaging can all be included in the final printout of the X/Q - Hanford and X/Q - Pasquill programs. The shorter versions of these, H/Q and P/Q, compute centerline or sector-averaged values and include a subroutine to facilitate dose estimation by entering dose factors and quantities released. The horizontal and vertical dispersion parameters in the Pasquill-Gifford programs were modeled with simple, two-parameter functions that agreed very well with the usual textbook graphs. 8 references, 7 appendices
3. Nitrogen fertilization on the establishment of Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte
Rita Manuele Porto Sales
2012-11-01
Full Text Available The objective was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the establishment of forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte propagated vegetatively. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with treatments arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design - two ages (70 and 85 days after planting and four nitrogen doses (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha - with four replications. Morphogenetic and structural characteristics and production were evaluated. The nitrogen accelerated the establishment of the forage peanut with an increase in dry weight of green leaves and stolons. The greatest length of stolons (48.0 cm was obtained with a dose equivalent to 86 kg N/ha and higher density of stolons (20 stolons/vase between 78 and 82 kg N/ha. Nitrogen fertilization also reduced the phyllochron from 6.7 to 4.6 days/leaf. These data were more intense at 85 days, suggesting greater photosynthetic contribution during this period related to the large number of leaves after 70 days. Therefore, nitrogen can be an important tool to accelerate the establishment of pure stands of forage peanut.
4. STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA SAPI POTONG (STUDI KASUS CV MITRA TANI FARM
Shally Alpriany Aisyah
2014-09-01
5. Caracterización química de macroelementos en suelos cultivados con plátano (Musa AAB Simmonds en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia
Combatt Caballero Enrique
2012-11-01
Full Text Available Las recomendaciones de fertilización para el cultivo de plátano (Musa AAB Simmonds deben estar basadas en las características químicas y el potencial de producción de los suelos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características químicas de macro-elementos presentes en suelos utilizados en la producción de plátano en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Las evaluaciones se hicieron en diez fincas por cada uno de cuatro municipios productores de plãtano en el Alto Sinü (Valencia y Tie- rralta y la región costanera (San Bernardo del Viento y Moñitos. Los parámetros determinados en el suelo fueron: pH, materia orgánica (M.O., P, S, Ca, Mg, Na y K, según metodologías químicas propues- tas por Instituto Geogrãfico Agustin Codazi (IGAC. Los datos obtenidos %ueron sometidos a anãlisis de varianza y pruebas de comparación de medias (Tukey. En los resultados analíticos se encontró que los suelos presentan reacción moderadamente ãcida con pH + / en la zona del Alto Sinü7 a ligeramente alcalina con pH de /.8 en la zona costanera. Los contenidos de 9.;. son + 2.=>7 el P Faria entre =/.G y I8.I mgJQg y el S es deficiente con Falores + =I.8 mgJQg en todas las fincas. Los contenidos de Ca7 Mg y K son altos, pero con tendencia a antagonismos iónicos de Ca con respecto a K por las amplias relaciones catiónicas encontradas.
6. Caracterización fisicoquímica y fisiológica del proceso de maduración de plátano Hartón (musa AAB Simmonds en dos sistemas de producción
Cayón S Daniel Gerardo
2010-03-01
Full Text Available En el Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos de la Universidad de Córdoba (Colombia se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica y fisiológica del proceso de maduración del plátano Hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds cultivado en los sistemas de producción orgánico y convencional. Para el estudio se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 5: dos sistemas de producción y cinco estados de maduración. Los análisis realizados fueron físicos: resistencia, días de maduración; químicos: pH, °Brix, azúcares totales y reductores y almidón; y fisiológicos: tasa de respiración a temperatura ambiente. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que entre los tratamientos (orgánico y convencional durante el proceso de maduración se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables resistencia, °Brix, pH, acidez; por el contrario las variables azúcares reductores, azúcares totales y almidón tuvieron un comportamiento similar. El índice de respiración en plátano orgánico alcanzó el pico climatérico a los 14 días, y el convencional a los 7, indicando que el primero presenta un mejor comportamiento poscosecha facilitando su comercialización.
7. Caracterización fisicoquímica y fisiológica del proceso de maduración de plátano Hartón (musa AAB Simmonds en dos sistemas de producción
José Luis Barrera V
2010-01-01
Full Text Available En el Laboratorio de Análisis de Alimentos de la Universidad de Córdoba (Colombia se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica y fisiológica del proceso de maduración del plátano Hartón (Musa AAB Simmonds cultivado en los sistemas de producción orgánico y convencional. Para el estudio se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 5: dos sistemas de producción y cinco estados de maduración. Los análisis realizados fueron físicos: resistencia, días de maduración; químicos: pH, °Brix, azúcares totales y reductores y almidón; y fisiológicos: tasa de respiración a temperatura ambiente. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que entre los tratamientos (orgánico y convencional durante el proceso de maduración se observaron diferencias significativas en las variables resistencia, °Brix, pH, acidez; por el contrario las variables azúcares reductores, azúcares totales y almidón tuvieron un comportamiento similar. El índice de respiración en plátano orgánico alcanzó el pico climatérico a los 14 días, y el convencional a los 7, indicando que el primero presenta un mejor comportamiento poscosecha facilitando su comercialización.
8. Reducción de poblaciones de Ralstonia solanacearum raza 2 (Smith en plátano (Musa AAB Simmonds con aplicación de extractos de Trichoderma sp. (Alexopoulus y Mims y bacterias antagonistas
Germán Ceballos
2014-01-01
Full Text Available El moko, enfermedad causada por Ralstonia solanacearum raza 2, afecta la producción de plátano (Musa AAB Simmonds en Colombia, ocasionando pérdidas hasta de 100%. In vitro, se evaluó el efecto de filtrados crudos de cepas de Trichoderma sp. y dos productos comerciales como posibles reductores de poblaciones de R. solanacearum. Para cada cepa de Trichoderma spp., se empleó filtrado (40% en solución acuosa y para R. solanacearum se utilizó una dilución de 10-4 por caja de petri, en un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones para determinar el número de unidades formadoras de colonia de R. solanacearum. En invernadero, se aplicaron suspensiones de T. harzianum (Agroguard®, T. viride 14PDA3A y Ecoterra® en plantas de plátano Dominico Hartón y 30 días después se inoculó R. solanacearum en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. La severidad del ataque de R. solanacearum se evaluó utilizando una escala de síntomas foliares de 0 a 6. In vitro, los extractos crudos de dos cepas y dos productos comerciales de Trichoderma spp. inhibieron el 100% de R. solanacearum. Los tratamientos con T. viride y Ecoterra® mostraron bajos niveles de control de R. solanacearum en plantas (0.63 y 1.88, respectivamente.
9. Comportamento de Andropogon gayanus cv. ‘planaltina’ e Panicum maximum cv. ‘tanzânia’ sob sombreamento Performance of Andropogon gayanus and Panicum maximum cv. ‘Tanzania’ in the shading
Fabiana Lopes Ramos de Oliveira; Verônica Alves Mota; Maira Soares Ramos; Leonardo David Tuffi Santos; Neide Judith Faria de Oliveira; Luciana Castro Geraseev
2013-01-01
A utilização de forrageiras tolerantes ao sombreamento é fundamental para a sustentabilidade da integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta. Estudou-se o comportamento do Panicum maximum cv. 'Tanzânia' e do Andropogon gayanus cv. 'Planaltina' sob diferentes níveis de sombreamentos e épocas de entrada sob a sombra. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial com dois tipos de sombreamento: 30% e 50%; três épocas de entrada na sombra após transplante (07...
10. Influence of Lachancea thermotolerans on cv. Emir wine fermentation.
Balikci, Eren Kemal; Tanguler, Hasan; Jolly, Neil P; Erten, Huseyin
2016-07-01
The present paper describes the behaviour of Lachancea thermotolerans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in pure, co-cultured and sequential fermentations in cv. Emir grape must. Faster fermentation rates were observed in wine made with a pure culture of S. cerevisiae and wine produced with simultaneously inoculated cultures of L. thermotolerans and S. cerevisiae. Both L. thermotolerans and S. cerevisiae gave high population numbers. The use of L. thermotolerans in mixed and sequential cultures led to an increase in final total acidity content in the wines, varying in the range 5.40-6.28 g/l (as tartaric acid), compared to pure culture S. cerevisiae, which gave the lowest level of total acidity (5 g/l). The increase was in the order of 1.18-2.06 g/l total acidity. Increase in final acidity by the use of L. thermotolerans might be useful to improve wines with low acidity due to global climate change. Volatile acidity levels (as acetic acid) were in the range 0.53-0.73 g/l, while the concentration of ethyl alcohol varied in the range 10.76-11.62% v/v. Sequential fermentations of wines and pure culture fermentation of L. thermotolerans resulted in reduction in the concentrations of acetaldehyde and higher alcohols, with exception of N-propanol and esters. According to the sensory analysis, wine obtained with sequential inoculation of L. thermotolerans followed by inoculation of S. cerevisiae after 24 h, and simultaneous inoculation of these yeasts, was the most preferred. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. PMID:27113383
11. Effect of Sodium Cyanide on Wheat (Triticum durum cv. Altar and T. aestivum cv. Cumhuriyet)
Gemici, Meliha; Karshenass, A.M.; Tan, Kit
2008-01-01
The effect of sodium cyanide on the morphology of stem, leaves and grain yields of Triticum durum cv. Altar and Triticum aestivum cv. Cumhuriyet grown under glass was studied. Seeds were planted in six different sets of pots containing ordinary garden soil. After formation of the first leaves, the...... individual plants was monitored until grain production. It was found that the sodium cyanide concentrations in the feed solutions affected plant stature, with the plants becoming progressively dwarfed with increasing dosage. Anomalies in the morphological and anatomical structure of the plant were also noted...
12. Breeding of Chamaecrista rotundifolia CV. Minyu No.1 by 60Cy γ-rays irradiation
Chamaecrista rotundifoli CV. Minyu No.1 was selected and bred by Agricultural Ecology Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which was an improved mutant strain from Chamaecrista rotundifolia cv. Minyin through 60Cs γ-rays irradiation in 2002. It was passed the evaluation of National Grass Variety Approval Committee in 2011. Variety comparison trial, regional test and productive trial were carried out during 2005 to 2010. The results showed that the hay yield was up to 10000 ∼ 15000 kg/hm2, which was 20.70% higher than that of C. rotundifolia cv. Minyin (the control group) (P2, which was increased by 9.01% compared with the control group (P>0.05). The crude protein content was 19.15% when harvested at initial blooming stage. In summary, C. rotundifoli CV. Minyu No.1 was suitable to plant in tropical and sub-tropical red soil regions in Southern China. (authors)
13. Kebiasaan Makanan Ikan Baung (Mystusnemurus C.V) di Sungai Bingai Binjai Provinsi Sumatera Utara.
Windy
2015-01-01
Research of Baung’s food (Mystus nemurus CV) was performed in Bingai river in June to August 2014. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of natural food and the availability of natural forage baung (Mystus nemurus CV) in the Bingai river and general condition of the waters of the Bingai. Stomach contents were analyzed by using Index of preponderance. Stomach contents consisted of 8 types of fish, plant fibers, Thiara scabra, Planaria sp., Nodilittorina pyramidalis, Faunus ater, ...
14. Biofuels from the Fresh Water Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (FWM-CV for Diesel Engines
2014-03-01
Full Text Available This work aims to investigate biofuels for diesel engines produced on a lab-scale from the fresh water microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (FWM-CV. The impact of growing conditions on the properties of biodiesel produced from FWM-CV was evaluated. The properties of FWM-CV biodiesel were found to be within the ASTM standards for biodiesel. Due to the limited amount of biodiesel produced on the lab-scale, the biomass of dry cells of FWM-CV was used to yield emulsified water fuel. The preparation of emulsion fuel with and without FWM-CV cells was conducted using ultrasound to overcome the problems of large size microalgae colonies and to form homogenized emulsions. The emulsified water fuels, prepared using ultrasound, were found to be stable and the size of FWM-CV colonies were effectively reduced to pass through the engine nozzle safely. Engine tests at 3670 rpm were conducted using three fuels: cottonseed biodiesel CS-B100, emulsified cottonseed biodiesel water fuel, water and emulsifier (CS-E20 and emulsified water containing FWM-CV cells CS-ME20. The results showed that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC was increased by about 41% when the engine was fueled with emulsified water fuels compared to CS-B100. The engine power, exhaust gas temperature, NOx and CO2 were significantly lower than that produced by CS-B100. The CS-ME20 produced higher power than CS-E20 due to the heating value improvement as a result of adding FWM-CV cells to the fuel.
15. Plug-in de procesado visual (OpenCV) en OpenDomo OS
Herrera Castro, Alexander
2015-01-01
Este proyecto consiste en el diseño y desarrollo de un plug-in que permita usar el sistema de procesado de imagen OpenCV desde el sistema operativo OpenDomo OS. Aquest projecte consisteix en el disseny i desenvolupament d'un plug-in que permeti utilitzar el sistema de processament d'imatge OpenCV des del sistema operatiu OpenDomo OS. Master thesis for the Free Software program.
16. Working with OpenCV and Intel Image Proccessing Libraries. Proccessing image data tools
Mora Lizán, Francisco José; Llorens Largo, Faraón; Pujol López, Mar; Rizo Aldeguer, Ramón; Villagrá Arnedo, Carlos
2002-01-01
We will provide an overview of Intel OpenCV and Image Processing Libraries. We present an application of real-time gesture recognition using the libraries (segmenting a foreground object, creating Motion History Image (MHI), updating the intensity gradients, and recovering directional motion information). Some times most companies spent a lot of time and money implementing those well-known techniques. OpenCV and IPL implement a huge amount of standard and advanced image processing techniqu...
17. Physicochemical Composition, Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Sour Cherry cv. Marasca During Ripening
Sandra Pedisić; Branka Levaj; Verica Dragović-uzelac; Kristina Kos
2007-01-01
Sour cherry cv. Marasca is Dalmatian cultivar from XVI century. Cultivation is limited on the north and central part of Dalmatia and on the part of the islands, where it achieves the best quality of fruit, high content of dry matter and sugar respectively, agreeable aroma and intense color. Sour cherry cv. Marasca is source of biologically active ingredients, organic and inorganic compounds, dietary fibers, aromatic compounds and high content of phenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins a...
18. Processus de croissance et d'organogenese chez le pommier cv Golden Delicious
Mehri H.; Crabbe J.
2002-01-01
Growth and organogenesis processes in apple tree cv Golden Delicious. This work aims to focus on the organogenetic activity, growth and histological processes in the shoot apical meristem of apple cv Golden Delicious. In that perspective we studied: the organogenesis of the ""bourse"" shoot during vegetative period; the internodal and leaf growth of the 2 types of ""bourse"" shoots (long and short); the histological process of apical meristem during the development of these two structures; th...
19. Analisis Strategi Bisnis Melalui Marketing Mix terhadap Penjualan pada CV. Citra Anugrah
Rabino, Rendi
2015-01-01
CV. Citra Anugrah Medan is a company that engage in buying and selling second car which still appertain as a new company. Founded on January 21, 2012, the company is still struggling in trying to increase the selling point. The research intends to determine the relationship between marketing mix strategy in increasing CV. Citra Anugrah selling point by discovering the marketing mix strategies which the company utilize. This research includes the utilization of descriptive analysis method w...
20. Kas surm koos pensioniga? / Jaak Aab
Aab, Jaak, 1960-
2007-01-01
Ilmunud ka: Harju Ekspress, 14. sept. 2007, lk. 4; Lääne Elu, 22. sept. 2007, lk. 2; Põhjarannik, 15. sept. 2007, lk. 2; Severnoje Poberezhje, 15. sept. 2007, lk. 2; Võrumaa Teataja, 15. sept. 2007, lk. 2; Vooremaa, 15. sept. 2007, lk. 2; Meie Maa, 14. sept. 2007, lk. 2; Valgamaalane, 18. sept. 2007, lk. 2; Virumaa Teataja, 20. sept. 2007, lk. 15; Koit, 20. sept. 2007, lk. 6. Parlamendiliige, keskerakondlane kritiseerib Reformierakonna ettepanekut tõsta pensioniiga
1. Harri Taliga - sotside uljas luugimees / Jaak Aab
Aab, Jaak, 1960-
2006-01-01
Töötajate usaldusisiku seaduse eelnõust ja ametiühingute rollist töötajate huvide kaitsmisel. Kommentaar artiklile: Taliga, Harri. Tankistist minister pistis pea luugist välja // SL Õhtuleht 20. mai 2006, lk. 8. Sama ka Põhjarannik 26. mai 2006, lk. 2 ; Meie Maa 27. mai 2006, lk. 2, pealkiri kujul : Harri Taliga - uljas tankist ; Hiiu Leht 30. mai 2006, lk. 2 ; Nädaline 20. juuni 2006, lk. 3
2. Produtividade e valor nutritivo da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu em um sistema silvipastoril Productivity and nutritional value of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in a silvopastoral system
L.F. Sousa
2007-08-01
3. FORMULASI STRATEGI PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI DOMBA CV MITRA TANI FARM, CIAMPEA, BOGOR
Amalia Sholehana
2014-04-01
Full Text Available ABSTRACTThis research was conducted to formulate to increase the sheep production at CV Mitra Tani Farm (CV MT Farm, Ciampea, Bogor. The research was conducted using descriptive analysis by analyzing the problem experienced by CV. MitraTani Farm. Primary data and secondary data were gathered at this research. The research was also conducted using several analytical methods such as value chain mapping, internal factor evaluation (IFE and external factor evaluation (EFE matrix, SWOT and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM. Based on the value chain analysis, the current production of sheep at CV MT farm is highly depending on the supply from its partners and internal farmers. According to the IFE and EFE results, the differences of each weighted values were respectively 2,120 and 0,686 so the position of the company in the SWOT matrix was situated at Quadrant I. Therefore the company needs to use a growth strategy. The QSPM sequenced the strategy priority as follow (1 increasing the number of lambs, (2 developing the management, (3 strengthening the capital and ownership, (4 improving the quality through technology. The result of the gross profit margin calculation, if the sheep‘s selling is increased up to 1000 sheep per month then the possible annual profit that can be earned by CV MT farm is 40,34% of the total production.Keywords: MT Farm, sheep production, strategies, SWOT, QSPM, gross profit marginABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk memformulasikan strategi peningkatan produksi domba di CV Mitra Tani Farm (CV MT Farm, Ciampea, Bogor. Pendekatan penelitian yang diterapkan adalah analisis deskriptif yang dilakukan dengan mempelajari permasalahan dari objek yang diteliti. Data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan alat analisis berupa pemetaan rantai nilai, matriks IFE (Internal Factor Evaluation dan EFE (External Factor Evaluation, SWOT, dan QSPM (Quantitative
4. Conservação de tangerina cv. Clemenules utilizando diferentes recobrimentos = Conservation of Mandarins cv. Clemenules with different cuticles
Rosa de Oliveira Treptow
2007-01-01
5. Sedimentología y paleoambientes del Subgrupo Río Colorado (Cretácico Superior, Grupo Neuquén, en las bardas de la ciudad de Neuquén y alrededores Sedimentology and sedimentary paleoenvironments of Río Colorado Subgroup (Upper Cretaceous, Neuquén Group, in Neuquén city and surrounding areas
M.L. Sánchez
2006-06-01
6. Segmentation of kidney using C-V model and anatomy priors
Lu, Jinghua; Chen, Jie; Zhang, Juan; Yang, Wenjia
2007-12-01
This paper presents an approach for kidney segmentation on abdominal CT images as the first step of a virtual reality surgery system. Segmentation for medical images is often challenging because of the objects' complicated anatomical structures, various gray levels, and unclear edges. A coarse to fine approach has been applied in the kidney segmentation using Chan-Vese model (C-V model) and anatomy prior knowledge. In pre-processing stage, the candidate kidney regions are located. Then C-V model formulated by level set method is applied in these smaller ROI, which can reduce the calculation complexity to a certain extent. At last, after some mathematical morphology procedures, the specified kidney structures have been extracted interactively with prior knowledge. The satisfying results on abdominal CT series show that the proposed approach keeps all the advantages of C-V model and overcome its disadvantages.
7. 长虹佳华Zarva——CV100 MP4
Acwell
2006-01-01
长虹佳华CV100 MP4在功能上是款非常齐全的MP4。作为一款MP4产品我们从屏幕看起，CV100具有2英寸26万色LTPS LCD屏幕，输出效果很好，而这个屏幕还具有可视角度大，强光下表现好的特点，另外它还支持SD和MMC卡．这样就有足够大的空间来存储电影了。另一方面，CV100的定位不完全在MP4上。
8. Studies of frequency dependent C-V characteristics of neutron irradiated p+-n silicon detectors
Frequency-dependent capacitance-voltage fluence (C-V) characteristics of neutron irradiated high resistivity silicon p+-n detectors have been observed up to a fluence of 8.0 x 1012 n/cm2. It has been found that frequency dependence of the deviation of the C-V characteristic (from its normal V-1/2 dependence), is strongly dependent on the ratio of the defect density and the effective doping density Nt/N'd. As the defect density approaches the effective dopant density, or Nt/N'd → 1, the junction capacitance eventually assumes the value of the detector geometry capacitance at high frequencies (f ≤ 105 Hz), independent of voltage. A two-trap-level model using the concept of quasi-fermi levels has been developed, which predicts both the effects of C-V frequency dependence and dopant compensation observed in this study
9. Storage of cut Heliconia bihai (L.) cv. Lobster Claw flowers at low temperatures Armazenamento de hastes florais de Heliconia bihai (L.) cv. Lobster Claw em baixa temperatura
Andreza S. Costa; Luis C. Nogueira; Venézio F. dos Santos; Terezinha R. Camara; Vivian Loges; Lilia Willadino
2011-01-01
The postharvest conservation of cut Heliconia flowers is an important factor to the success of commercialization, especially with regard to exportation. In the present study, the maximal storage time of cut inflorescences of Heliconia bihai cv. Lobster Claw at two different temperatures (12 and 19 °C) was evaluated and compared to laboratory conditions (25 °C, control treatment). Changes in visual quality, fresh weight and bract color (L*, a* and b*) were determined. The visual quality of the...
10. Mineralogy and Petrography of MIL 090001, a Highly Altered CV Chondrite from the Reduced Sub-Group
Keller, Lindsay P.
2011-01-01
MIL 090001 is a large (greater than 6 kg) CV chondrite from the reduced subgroup (CV(sub red)) that was recovered during the 2009-2010 ANSMET field season [1]. The CV(sub red) subgroup meteorites retain primitive characteristics and have escaped the Na and Fe meta-somatism that affected the oxidized (CV(sub ox)) subgroups. MIL 090001 is, however, reported to be altered [1], and thus a major objective of this study is to characterize its mineralogy and petrography and the extent of the alteration.
11. Python y OpenCV aplicados a un caso de estudio real
García del Arco, José Antonio
2015-01-01
Este trabajo se centra en el uso del lenguaje Python y la librería OpenCV de visión por computador para el seguimiento de crustáceos marinos en condiciones experimentales y determinar su comportamiento en un entorno social. Aquest treball es centra en l'ús del llenguatge Python i la llibreria OpenCV de visió per computador per al seguiment de crustacis marins en condicions experimentals i determinar el seu comportament en un entorn social.
12. Uso eficiente del agua para el cultivo de rosa cv. Freedom bajo invernadero
John J. Arévalo-H; Javier E. Vélez; Jesús H. Camacho-Tamayo
2013-01-01
Determinar el requerimiento de agua y el momento adecuado de distribución, es un factor fundamental para el cultivo de flores. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación de tres láminas de riego sobre el desarrollo y producción del cultivo de la Rosa cv. Freedom, bajo invernadero. El experimento se realizó con tres láminas de riego en un cultivo de rosa (Rosa spp.) cv. Freedom. Se analizó el crecimiento de los tallos florales, la vida en florero, la producción ...
13. 论中脘穴的应用%Discussing Application of Zhongwan ( CV 12 ) Acupoint
张宪奇
2011-01-01
Based on the origins of literature, the modern theories research and clinical research, this paper reviewed and summarized the characteristic, function, indication and operation of Zhongwan ( CV 12 ), enriched the theory of experimental and clinical study on Zhongwan ( CV 12 ).%文章通过查阅相关理论文献及实验研究资料,并参考现代临床研究,详细论述了中脘的穴性、功能、主治以及操作,为中脘穴的实验及临床研究提供理论参考.
14. Processus de croissance et d'organogenese chez le pommier cv Golden Delicious
Mehri H.
2002-01-01
Full Text Available Growth and organogenesis processes in apple tree cv Golden Delicious. This work aims to focus on the organogenetic activity, growth and histological processes in the shoot apical meristem of apple cv Golden Delicious. In that perspective we studied: the organogenesis of the ""bourse"" shoot during vegetative period; the internodal and leaf growth of the 2 types of ""bourse"" shoots (long and short; the histological process of apical meristem during the development of these two structures; the growth stopping and the beginning of terminal bud formation characterized by a progressive heteroblasty within the long ""bourse"" shoots and an abrupt heteroblasty within the short ""bourse"" shoots.
15. STATE SPACE POINT DISTRIBUTION PARAMETER FOR SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE BASED CV UNIT CLASSIFICATION
N K Narayanan
2012-01-01
Full Text Available In this paper we extend Support Vector Machines (SVM for speaker independent Consonant – Vowel (CV unit classification. Here we adopt the technique known as Decision Directed Acyclic Graph (DDAG , which is used to combine many two class classifiers into multiclass classifier. Using Reconstructed State Space (RSS based State Space Point Distribution (SSPD parameters, we obtain an average speaker independent phoneme recognition accuracy of 90% on the Malayalam V/CV speech unit database. The recognition results indicate that this method is efficient and can be adopted for developing a complete speech recognition system for Malayalam language.
16. Estudio de alternativas para la mejora del tráfico en la intersección de la carretera CV-405 con la CV-415, T.M. Monserrat (Valencia). Solución de enlace mediante paso superior sobre la CV-405.
JIMÉNEZ GÓMEZ, AMALIA
2015-01-01
[EN] In this project, "Study of alternatives for improving traffic in the CV-405 and CV-415, T.M. Monserrat¿ is proceed to characterization of the current traffic at the intersection of these two roads to determine the need for modification of the section. As already mentioned, our study area is located at the intersection of the CV-405 and CV-415. Therefore, before determining the solutions should be considered the geological and geotechnical study of the area said to determine the best s...
17. Estudio de alternativas para la mejora del tráfico en la intersección de la carretera CV-405 con la CV-415, T.M. Monserrat (Valencia). Solución de enlace mediante paso inferior bajo la CV-405.
NAVARRO EDO, SARA
2015-01-01
[EN] In this project, "Study of alternatives for improving traffic in the CV-405 and CV-415, T.M. Monserrat" is proceed to characterization of the current traffic at the intersection of these two roads to determine the need for modification of the section. As already mentioned, our study area is located at the intersection of the CV-405 and CV-415. Therefore, before determining the solutions should be considered the geological and geotechnical study of the area said to determine the best s...
18. Thermal degradation of anthocyanins from purple potato (Cv. Purple Majesty) and their impact on antioxidant capacity
Degradation parameters of purified anthocyanins from purple-fleshed potato (Purple Majesty cv.) heated at high temperatures (100 - 150 °C) was determined. Purified anthocyanins, prepared by removing salts, sugars and colorless non-anthocyanin phenolics from the crude extract, were quantified using H...
19. The influence of virus diseases on grape polyphenols of cv. 'Refosk'
External stimuli such as microbial infections, ultraviolet radiation, and chemical stressors can modulate the synthesis of polyphenols in the plants. Cv. 'Refosk' was used to show the influence of the GLRaV-1 and rugose wood (RW) on the polyphenols in grape. The infection shifted polyphenols from seeds to grape skins but had no impact on anthocyanins
20. Cherry Picking Robot Vision Recognition System Based on OpenCV
Zhang Qi Rong
2016-01-01
Full Text Available Through OpenCV function, the cherry in a natural environment image after image preprocessing, color recognition, threshold segmentation, morphological filtering, edge detection, circle Hough transform, you can draw the cherry’s center and circular contour, to carry out the purpose of the machine picking. The system is simple and effective.
1. Automatic tracking of red blood cells in micro channels using OpenCV
Rodrigues, Vânia; Rodrigues, Pedro J.; Pereira, Ana I.; Lima, Rui
2013-10-01
The present study aims to developan automatic method able to track red blood cells (RBCs) trajectories flowing through a microchannel using the Open Source Computer Vision (OpenCV). The developed method is based on optical flux calculation assisted by the maximization of the template-matching product. The experimental results show a good functional performance of this method.
2. Cherry Picking Robot Vision Recognition System Based on OpenCV
Zhang Qi Rong; Peng Pei; Jin Yan Mei
2016-01-01
Through OpenCV function, the cherry in a natural environment image after image preprocessing, color recognition, threshold segmentation, morphological filtering, edge detection, circle Hough transform, you can draw the cherry’s center and circular contour, to carry out the purpose of the machine picking. The system is simple and effective.
3. Endogenous auxin regulates the sensitivity of Dendrobium (cv. Miss Teen) flower pedicel abscission to ethylene
Rungruchkanont, K.; Ketsa, S.; Chatchawankanphanich, O.; Doorn, van W.G.
2007-01-01
Dendrobium flower buds and flowers have an abscission zone at the base of the pedicel (flower stalk). Ethylene treatment of cv. Miss Teen inflorescences induced high rates of abscission in flower buds but did not affect abscission once the flowers had opened. It is not known if auxin is a regulator
4. Indirect measurements of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu fermentable cell wall sugars for second generation biofuels production.
Results of a study conducted to evaluate the possibility of using IVDMD values of B. brizantha cv. Marandu to predict cell wall sugars that would be available in a biorefinery for ethanol production are reported. The study was conducted based on the similarity between rumen enzymes and those used i...
5. Isolation and characterization of CvIV4: a pain inducing α-scorpion toxin.
Ashlee H Rowe
Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Among scorpion species, the Buthidae produce the most deadly and painful venoms. However, little is known regarding the venom components that cause pain and their mechanism of action. Using a paw-licking assay (Mus musculus, this study compared the pain-inducing capabilities of venoms from two species of New World scorpion (Centruroides vittatus, C. exilicauda belonging to the neurotoxin-producing family Buthidae with one species of non-neurotoxin producing scorpion (Vaejovis spinigerus in the family Vaejovidae. A pain-inducing α-toxin (CvIV4 was isolated from the venom of C. vittatus and tested on five Na(+ channel isoforms. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: C. vittatus and C. exilicauda venoms produced significantly more paw licking in Mus than V. spinigerus venom. CvIV4 produced paw licking in Mus equivalent to the effects of whole venom. CvIV4 slowed the fast inactivation of Na(v1.7, a Na(+ channel expressed in peripheral pain-pathway neurons (nociceptors, but did not affect the Na(v1.8-based sodium currents of these neurons. CvIV4 also slowed the fast inactivation of Na(v1.2, Na(v1.3 and Na(v1.4. The effects of CvIV4 are similar to Old World α-toxins that target Na(v1.7 (AahII, BmK MI, LqhIII, OD1, however the primary structure of CvIV4 is not similar to these toxins. Mutant Na(v1.7 channels (D1586A and E1589Q, DIV S3-S4 linker reduced but did not abolish the effects of CvIV4. CONCLUSIONS: This study: 1 agrees with anecdotal evidence suggesting that buthid venom is significantly more painful than non-neurotoxic venom; 2 demonstrates that New World buthids inflict painful stings via toxins that modulate Na(+ channels expressed in nociceptors; 3 reveals that Old and New World buthids employ similar mechanisms to produce pain. Old and New World α-toxins that target Na(v1.7 have diverged in sequence, but the activity of these toxins is similar. Pain-inducing toxins may have evolved in a common ancestor. Alternatively, these toxins may be the
6. Storage of cut Heliconia bihai (L. cv. Lobster Claw flowers at low temperatures Armazenamento de hastes florais de Heliconia bihai (L. cv. Lobster Claw em baixa temperatura
Andreza S. Costa
2011-09-01
Full Text Available The postharvest conservation of cut Heliconia flowers is an important factor to the success of commercialization, especially with regard to exportation. In the present study, the maximal storage time of cut inflorescences of Heliconia bihai cv. Lobster Claw at two different temperatures (12 and 19 °C was evaluated and compared to laboratory conditions (25 °C, control treatment. Changes in visual quality, fresh weight and bract color (L*, a* and b* were determined. The visual quality of the inflorescences and fresh weight decreased with time in all treatments. Symptoms of chilling injury were observed on the inflorescences stored at 12 °C for six and eight days. Bract color was not affected by temperature, storage time or the senescence process. The results indicate that a temperature of 12 °C is not recommended for a storage time longer than four days, whereas 19 °C can be used for a storage time of up to eight days for cut inflorescences of H. bihai cv. Lobster Claw.A conservação pós-colheita de flores de corte de Heliconia é fator relevante para o sucesso da comercialização, principalmente para a exportação. Neste estudo, o período máximo de armazenamento de hastes florais de Heliconia bihai cv. Lobster Claw, foi avaliado em duas diferentes temperaturas (12 e 19 °C e comparado com as condições de laboratório (25 °C, tratamento controle. As variáveis avaliadas foram: qualidade visual, massa de matéria fresca e a coloração das inflorescências (L*, a* e b*. A qualidade visual das inflorescências e a massa de matéria fresca de todos os tratamentos reduziram ao longo do tempo. Sintomas de injúria por frio foram observados nas inflorescências armazenadas a 12 °C, durante seis e oito dias. A coloração das brácteas não foi afetada pela temperatura, período de armazenamento nem pelo processo de senescência. Os resultados indicam que a temperatura de 12 °C não é recomendada para armazenar hastes florais de
7. Comportamento agronômico inicial da cv. Chimarrita enxertada em cinco porta-enxertos de pessegueiro Agronomical behavior of cv. Chimarrita on five rootstocks of peach trees
Moacir da Silva Rocha
2007-01-01
Full Text Available O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a resposta agronômica da cv. Chimarrita enxertada em cinco porta-enxertos, nas condições edafoclimáticas da região de Pelotas-RS, no período de 2003 a 2005. Durante o período de execução do experimento, foram avaliados o diâmetro do tronco do porta-enxerto e da cultivar-copa, comprimento médio dos ramos principais, volume de copa, massa fresca e massa seca do material vegetal retirado nas podas verde e de inverno, índice de intensidade de poda, massa média dos frutos, produção por planta, eficiência produtiva, produção por hectare, sólidos solúveis totais, firmeza da polpa, diâmetro e coloração dos frutos. O porta-enxerto 'Capdeboscq' induziu o maior crescimento vegetativo na cv. Chimarrita durante os três anos de avaliação, seguido do porta-enxerto 'Okinawa'. Este, por sua vez, induziu o maior rendimento produtivo (1,65 t ha-1. A cv. Capdeboscq proporcionou a obtenção de frutos com maior massa. Os porta-enxertos 'GF 305' e 'Aldrighi' induziram menor desenvolvimento vegetativo e a mais baixa produtividade (0,52 t.ha-1 .The objective for this study was to evaluate the agronomical behavior of cv. Chimarrita on five rootstocks of peach trees in Pelotas- RS from 2003 to 2005. The variables evaluated were: trunk diameters of the rootstock and of the scion; length of the annual terminal growth; volume of the canopy; fresh and dry weight of the material taken by the summer and winter pruning; pruning intensity index; fruit weight; fruit production per tree; production efficiency; productivity per hectare; total soluble solids; pulp firmness; and fruit diameter and color. It was observed that the trees from: rootstock 'Capdeboscq' promoted higher vegetative growth and larger fruits, followed by the ones from the rootstock 'Okinawa' which promoted the highest yield (1, 65 t.ha-1; the rootstock 'GF 305' and 'Aldrighi' had the lowest vegetative development and yield (0, 52 t.ha-1.
8. Balance nutricional y número de hojas como variables de predicción del rendimiento del plátano Hartón Nutritional balance and number of leaves as variables for yield prediction of the Horn plantain
Vianel Rodríguez
2005-02-01
Full Text Available El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar una ecuación de regresión que permitiese estimar el rendimiento (Y del plátano Hartón (Musa AAB subgrupo plátano cv. Hartón, con la relación entre el Índice de Balance de Nutrientes DRIS (IBN-DRIS (X1 y el número de hojas de la planta madre (X2. Usando un muestreo completamente al azar, se colectaron 398 muestras de tejido foliar. Se obtuvo la ecuación: Y = 30,351** - 8,644** log X1 + 0,27502*X2, con R² de 0,6206***, con distribución normal de los residuos. Pudo demostrarse que con la misma se puede predecir el rendimiento potencial de cualquier plantación del plátano Hartón en el área de estudio.The objective of this work was to develop a regression equation for yield estimation of the Horn plantain crop (Musa AAB subgroup platano cv. Horn, with the relationship between the Nutrient Balance Indexes (DRIS-NBI (X1 and the number of leaves of the plant (X2. Totally at random, 398 foliar samples were collected. The regression equation developed is Y= 30.351** - 8.644** log X1+ 0.27502*X2, with R² of 0.6206***, with normal distribution of the residuals. By the developed equation, the potential yield of any Horn plantain plantation in the sampling area could be predicted.
9. Sedimentología y paleoambientes del Subgrupo Río Neuquén (Cretácico Superior en la quebrada de Las Chivas, departamento Confluencia, provincia de Neuquén Sedimentary paleoenvironments in the Upper Cretaceous Plottier Formation (Neuquen Group, Confluencia, Neuquén
M.L. Sánchez
2006-03-01
10. Avaliação da Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu em sistemas silvipastoris Evaluation of Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu in silvopastoral systems
G.R. Moreira
2009-06-01
11. 基于 OpenCV 的双目摄像机标定技术研究%Binocular Camera Calibration Technique Based on OpenCV
王长元; 邢世蒙
2014-01-01
摄像机标定技术作为双目立体视觉领域的一个基础性研究课题，具有很大的理论研究价值和实际应用价值。论文围绕双目立体视觉中的双目摄像机标定技术，分析基于OpenCV的双目摄像机标定的方法。基于OpenCV的双目摄像机标定比传统的定标技术更为灵活，并且具有不错的定标精度。%As a foundational research in the field of binocular stereo vision ,camera calibration technique has great theo‐retical value and practical value .This paper focuses on the binocular stereo vision camera calibration technique to analyze the binocular camera calibration method based on OpenCV .OpenCV camera calibration based on binocular is more flexible than traditional scaling techniques ,and has a good calibration accuracy .
12. 基于 OpenCV 的双目摄像机标定技术研究%Binocular Camera Calibration Technique Based on OpenCV
王长元; 邢世蒙
2014-01-01
As a foundational research in the field of binocular stereo vision ,camera calibration technique has great theo‐retical value and practical value .This paper focuses on the binocular stereo vision camera calibration technique to analyze the binocular camera calibration method based on OpenCV .OpenCV camera calibration based on binocular is more flexible than traditional scaling techniques ,and has a good calibration accuracy .%摄像机标定技术作为双目立体视觉领域的一个基础性研究课题，具有很大的理论研究价值和实际应用价值。论文围绕双目立体视觉中的双目摄像机标定技术，分析基于OpenCV的双目摄像机标定的方法。基于OpenCV的双目摄像机标定比传统的定标技术更为灵活，并且具有不错的定标精度。
13. Formation of biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins in the transition zones of fire blight-infected stems of Malus domestica cv. 'Holsteiner Cox' and Pyrus communis cv. 'Conference'.
Chizzali, Cornelia; Khalil, Mohammed N A; Beuerle, Till; Schuehly, Wolfgang; Richter, Klaus; Flachowsky, Henryk; Peil, Andreas; Hanke, Magda-Viola; Liu, Benye; Beerhues, Ludger
2012-05-01
In the rosaceous subtribe Pyrinae (formerly subfamily Maloideae), pathogen attack leads to formation of biphenyls and dibenzofurans. Accumulation of these phytoalexins was studied in greenhouse-grown grafted shoots of Malus domestica cv. 'Holsteiner Cox' and Pyrus communis cv. 'Conference' after inoculation with the fire blight bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. No phytoalexins were found in leaves. However, both classes of defence compounds were detected in the transition zone of stems. The flanking stem segments above and below this zone, which were necrotic and healthy, respectively, were devoid of detectable phytoalexins. The transition zone of apple stems contained the biphenyls 3-hydroxy-5-methoxyaucuparin, aucuparin, noraucuparin and 2'-hydroxyaucuparin and the dibenzofurans eriobofuran and noreriobofuran. In pear, aucuparin, 2'-hydroxyaucuparin, noreriobofuran and in addition 3,4,5-trimethoxybiphenyl were detected. The total phytoalexin content in the transition zone of pear was 25 times lower than that in apple. Leaves and stems of mock-inoculated apple and pear shoots lacked phytoalexins. A number of biphenyls and dibenzofurans were tested for their in vitro antibacterial activity against some Erwinia amylovora strains. The most efficient compound was 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl (MIC=115 μg/ml), the immediate product of biphenyl synthase which initiates phytoalexin biosynthesis. PMID:22377689
14. Comportamento de Andropogon gayanus cv. ‘planaltina’ e Panicum maximum cv. ‘tanzânia’ sob sombreamento Performance of Andropogon gayanus and Panicum maximum cv. ‘Tanzania’ in the shading
Fabiana Lopes Ramos de Oliveira
2013-02-01
15. Efeito de reguladores de crescimento em uva apirênica, cv. BRS Clara Effect of growth regulators on the seedless grape cv. BRS Clara
Jair Costa Nachtigal
2005-08-01
16. Modificação da atmosfera na qualidade pós-colheita de ameixas cv. Reubennel Modified atmosphere on postharvest quality of plums cv. Reubennel
Marcelo Barbosa Malgarim
2005-12-01
17. Anteproyecto del enlace entre las carreteras CV-405 y CV-415 en el t. m. de Montserrat (Valencia). Diseño y cálculo del tablero.
MORCILLO MARTÍNEZ, EMILIO
2015-01-01
[EN] The Draft aims to solve the existing problems at the intersection of road CV 405 with the CV-415 road in the town of Montserrat (Valencia), via a diamond interchange with an overpass. This work fulfills the objectives set for a final degree, applying the knowledge acquired. Previous road CV-405 study approach is taken as a starting point. Firstly, after an introduction of the situation, the factors affecting the design and concept of bonding and structure arise. Then, a number of alterna...
18. Anteproyecto del enlace entre las carreteras CV-405 y CV-415 en el t. m. de Montserrat (Valencia). Estudio geológico y geotécnico. Diseño y cálculo de subestructuras.
LIDÓN ROCAMORA, ANA
2015-01-01
[EN] The Draft aims to solve the existing problems at the intersection of road CV 405 with the CV-415 road in the town of Montserrat (Valencia), via a diamond interchange with an overpass. This work fulfills the objectives set for a final degree, applying the knowledge acquired. Previous road CV-405 study approach is taken as a starting point. Firstly, after an introduction of the situation, the factors affecting the design and concept of bonding and structure arise. Then, a number of alterna...
19. GC-FID/MS Profiling of Supercritical CO2 Extracts of Peels from Citrus aurantium, C. sinensis cv. Washington navel, C. sinensis cv. Tarocco and C. sinensis cv. Doppio Sanguigno from Dubrovnik Area (Croatia).
Jerković, Igor; Drulžić, Jasmina; Marijanović, Zvonimir; Gugić, Mirko; Jokić, Stela; Roje, Marin
2015-07-01
The peels of Citrus aurantium L. and Citrus sinensis Osbeck cultivars from the Dubrovnik region (south Croatia) were extracted by supercritical CO2 at 40 degrees C and 10 MPa at 1.76 kg/h to obtain enriched extracts in comparison with simple pressing of the peels. The extracts were analyzed in detail by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-FID/MS). Relevant similarities among the peel oil compositions of C. aurantium and C. sinensis cultivars were found with limonene predominance (up to 54.3%). The principal oxygenated monoterpenes were linalool (3.0%-5.9%), α-terpineol (0.7%-2.4%), linalyl acetate (0.0%-5.0%), geranyl acetate (0.0%-0.4%), (Z)-citral (0.0%-1.8%) and (E)-citral (0.0%-1.9%). Several sesquiterpenes were found with minor percentages. Coumarin derivatives were identified in all the samples among the relevant compounds. Isogeijerin dominated in the peels of C. sinensis cv. Tarocco (15.3%) and C. aurantium (11.2%). Scoparone ranged from 0.1% to 0.5% in all the samples. Bergapten (up to 1.4%), osthole (up to 1.1%) and 7-methoxy-8-(2-formylpropyl)coumarin (up to 1.1%) were found mostly in C. sinensis cv. Doppio Sanguigno. It was possible to indicate a few other differences among the extracts such as higher percentage of linalool, linalyl and geranyl acetates, as well as the abundance of sabinene and isogeijerin in C. aurantium or the occurrence of β-sinensal in C. sinensis cultivars. PMID:26411039
20. A REAL-TIME C-V CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR WEB-MINING
Li Haiying; Zhuang Zhenquan; Li Bin; Wan Ke
2002-01-01
In this letter, a real-time C-V (Characteristic-Vector) clustering algorithm is put forth to treat with vast action data which are dynamically collected from web site. The algorithm cites the concept of C-V to denote characteristic, synchronously it adopts two-value [0,1]input and self-definition vigilance parameter to design clustering-architecture. Vector Degree of Matching (VDM) plays a key role in the clustering algorithm, which determines the magnitude of typical characteristic. Making use of stability analysis, the classifications are confirmed to have reliably hierarchical structure when vigilance parameter shifts from 0.1 to 0.99. This non-linear relation between vigilance parameter and classification upper limit helps mining out representative classifications from net-users according to the actual web resource, then administering system can map them to web resource space to implement the intelligent configuration effectually and rapidly.
1. Slurry sampling in serum blood for mercury determination by CV-AFS
The heavy metal mercury (Hg) is a neurotoxin known to have a serious health impact even at relatively low concentrations. A slurry method was developed for the sensitive and precise determination of mercury in human serum blood samples by cold vapor generation coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CV-AFS). All variables related to the slurry formation were studied. The optimal hydrochloric concentration and tin(II) chloride concentration for CV generation were evaluated. Calibration within the range 0.1-10 μg L-1 Hg was performed with the standard addition method, and compared with an external calibration. Additionally, the reliability of the results obtained was evaluated by analyzing mercury in the same samples, but submitted to microwave-assisted digestion method. The limit of detection was calculated as 25 ng L-1 and the relative standard deviation was 3.9% at levels around of 0.4 μg L-1 Hg
2. Diagnosis of Elevator Faults with LS-SVM Based on Optimization by K-CV
Zhou Wan
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Several common elevator malfunctions were diagnosed with a least square support vector machine (LS-SVM. After acquiring vibration signals of various elevator functions, their energy characteristics and time domain indicators were extracted by theoretically analyzing the optimal wavelet packet, in order to construct a feature vector of malfunctions for identifying causes of the malfunctions as input of LS-SVM. Meanwhile, parameters about LS-SVM were optimized by K-fold cross validation (K-CV. After diagnosing deviated elevator guide rail, deviated shape of guide shoe, abnormal running of tractor, erroneous rope groove of traction sheave, deviated guide wheel, and tension of wire rope, the results suggested that the LS-SVM based on K-CV optimization was one of effective methods for diagnosing elevator malfunctions.
3. The space density of magnetic and non-magnetic cataclysmic variables, and implications for CV evolution
Pretorius, Magaretha L
2014-01-01
We present constraints on the space densities of both non-magnetic and magnetic cataclysmic variables, and discuss some implications for models of the evolution of CVs. The high predicted non-magnetic CV space density is only consistent with observations if the majority of these systems are extremely faint in X-rays. The data are consistent with the very simple model where long-period IPs evolve into polars and account for the whole short-period polar population. The fraction of WDs that are strongly magnetic is not significantly higher for CV primaries than for isolated WDs. Finally, the space density of IPs is sufficiently high to explain the bright, hard X-ray Galactic Centre source population.
4. An improved technique for quasi-static C-V measurements
A new automated quasi-static C-V measurement technique for MOS capacitors has been developed. This techniques uses an integrating electrometer to measure the charge accumulated on a MOS capacitor in response of a small voltage step. Making use of the internal data storage system of a commercial electrometer and a personal computer, the charge Q on the MOS capacitor is measured as a function of time t and stored. The capacitance is then obtained by analyzing this Q-t data set. A Si MOS sample is measured and analyzed in terms of interface charges as an example. Advantages over a commercial quasi-static meter which uses similar measurement technique are presented. It is also shown that this technique is potentially capable of measuring both high and low frequency C-V curves simultaneously. 9 refs. 5 figs
5. Camera calibration method of binocular stereo vision based on OpenCV
Zhong, Wanzhen; Dong, Xiaona
2015-10-01
Camera calibration, an important part of the binocular stereo vision research, is the essential foundation of 3D reconstruction of the spatial object. In this paper, the camera calibration method based on OpenCV (open source computer vision library) is submitted to make the process better as a result of obtaining higher precision and efficiency. First, the camera model in OpenCV and an algorithm of camera calibration are presented, especially considering the influence of camera lens radial distortion and decentering distortion. Then, camera calibration procedure is designed to compute those parameters of camera and calculate calibration errors. High-accurate profile extraction algorithm and a checkboard with 48 corners have also been used in this part. Finally, results of calibration program are presented, demonstrating the high efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach. The results can reach the requirement of robot binocular stereo vision.
6. Reconstructed State Space Model for Recognition of Consonant - Vowel (Cv Utterances Using Support Vector Machines
N K Narayanan
2012-04-01
Full Text Available This paper presents a study on the use of Support Vector Machines (SVMs in classifying Malayalam Consonant – Vowel (CV speech unit by comparing it to two other classification algorithms namely Artificial Neural Network (ANN and k – Nearest Neighbourhood (k – NN. We extend SVM to combine many two class classifiers into multiclass classifier using Decision Directed Acyclic Graph (DDAG algorithm. A feature extraction technique using Reconstructed State Space(RSS based State Space PointDistribution (SSPD parameters are studied. We obtain an average recognition accuracy of 90% using SSPD for SVM based Malayalam CV speech unit database in speaker independent environments. The result shows that the efficiency of the proposed technique is capable for increasing speaker independent consonant speech recognition accuracy and can be effectively used for developing a complete speech recognition system for Malayalam language.
7. Potato cv. Romano reaction to primary and secondary infection with potato necrotic strain Y virus (PVYNTN
Drago Milošević
2015-01-01
Full Text Available Primary and secondary infections with PVYNTN were investigated on forty plants of the potato cv. Romano inoculated in a greenhouse in Serbia in 2012 and 2013. PVY isolates were collected from the potato growing region of Čačak and identified by ELISA and RT-PCR methods. The sequence of the Serbian isolate 3D (Acc. No. KJ946936 showed 100% match with seven PVY isolates deposited in GenBank and described as NTN. A significant difference was detected between PVYNTN symptoms exibited on leaves of the cv. Romano under primary and secondary infections. The findings are significant because they are based on symptoms observed, so that it is clear that there are two distinct types of infection: primary and secondary. Symptoms of primary and secondary infection were the same on potato tubers and had the form of necrotic rings.
8. Automatic segmentation of Leishmania parasite in microscopic images using a modified CV level set method
Farahi, Maria; Rabbani, Hossein; Talebi, Ardeshir; Sarrafzadeh, Omid; Ensafi, Shahab
2015-12-01
Visceral Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that affects liver, spleen and bone marrow. According to World Health Organization report, definitive diagnosis is possible just by direct observation of the Leishman body in the microscopic image taken from bone marrow samples. We utilize morphological and CV level set method to segment Leishman bodies in digital color microscopic images captured from bone marrow samples. Linear contrast stretching method is used for image enhancement and morphological method is applied to determine the parasite regions and wipe up unwanted objects. Modified global and local CV level set methods are proposed for segmentation and a shape based stopping factor is used to hasten the algorithm. Manual segmentation is considered as ground truth to evaluate the proposed method. This method is tested on 28 samples and achieved 10.90% mean of segmentation error for global model and 9.76% for local model.
9. AT3 (Acyltransferase) Gene Isolated From Capsicum frutescens cv. Cakra Hijau
2013-01-01
Chili pepper is widely used and cultivated by Indonesian people. There are three species of chili pepper, i.e.: Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum frutescens L., and Capsicum violaceum HBK. Capsicum frutescens L. has a higher economic value due to its pungency and carotenoid content. C. frutescens has several cultivars, one of those is Capsicum frutescens cv. Cakra Hijau. This cultivar is resistant against pest and disease and has very high pungency. This special character of chili pepper is born b...
10. Isolation of an immunosuppressive lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Cacahuate using stroma.
Vargas-Albores, F; Hernández, J; Córdoba, F; Zenteno, E
1993-11-01
An immunosuppressive lectin was isolated from seed of Phaseolus vulgaris cv Cacahuate using physically entrapped stroma. The lectin was found to be a 94 kDa tetrameric protein. When 50 micrograms, of this lectin were administered intraperitoneally 2 days before the immunization with sheep red blood cells, humoral response against the immunogen was completely inhibited. Other properties of the protein are discussed. PMID:8248029
11. Strategi Pengembangan Bisnis Jasa Angkutan (Studi Pada CV. Batang Pane Baru, Jalan Sisingamangaraja Medan)
Hasibuan, Salman
2015-01-01
CV. Batang Pane Baru adalah salah satu usaha bisnis yang bergerak di bidang jasa transportasi bus di kota Medan. Dimana saat ini, banyak penduduk kota Medan yang membutuhkan penggunaan akan jasa transportasi bus tersebut. Dalam pengembangan usaha ini, dibutuhkan suatu startegi yang tepat agar pencapaian yang diinginkan oleh usaha tersebut dapat terkendali dengan baik dan benar sehingga kegiatan operasionalnya berjalan dengan lancar dalam memperluas pangsa pasar. Selain itu memudahkan usa...
12. Comparison of direct mercury analyzer and FIA-CV-AAS in determination of methylmercury in fish
Ulrich, J. C.; Hortellani, M. A.; Sarkis, J. E. S.; Nakatsubo, M. A.
2016-07-01
Methylmercury (MeHg) has been determined in fish reference materials by direct mercury analyzer (DMA 80) and FIA-CV-AAS. In order to evaluate accuracy, certified reference materials (Fish protein, NRCC - Dorm 4 and fish material, Ipen - Dourada 1) were analyzed after extraction and separation of mercury species. Good agreement of the results have been obtained (relative error of the determination between the methods varied from 1.5% to 39%). The repeatability of the results varied from 4% to 26%.
13. Auditory extinction and dichotic listening cv task in cerebral infarction preliminary report
Mauro Muszkat
1990-06-01
Full Text Available Six stroke patients were studied using a dichotic listening¹ CV task, 4 with left hemisphere infarction, 2 with right hemisphere infarction. It was observed a «lesion--effect», a shift of hemisphere prevalence to the side opposite a brain lesion. The authors suggest that the lesion-effect can be explained by the auditory extinction phenomenon at the linguistic level.
14. EVALUASI IMPLEMENTASI KEAMANAN JARINGAN VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN) (STUDI KASUS PADA CV. PANGESTU JAYA)
Yana Hendriana
2012-01-01
CV. Pangestu Jaya are engaged in the procurement of goods and services as well as software house, in the delivery of important company data, between the head office and branches in other cities online using VPN. The research was carried out with due diligence scenarios based on user needs. Tests are performed Connectivity Testing, Testing Data Transfer, VPN Attacking with DoS (Denial Of Services), Hacking VPN with ARP Poisoning in Linux Backtrack. The results of experimental testing of attack...
15. G-quadruplex formation in double strand DNA probed by NMM and CV fluorescence
Kreig, Alex; Calvert, Jacob; Sanoica, Janet; Cullum, Emily; Tipanna, Ramreddy; Myong, Sua
2015-01-01
G-quadruplexes (GQs) are alternative DNA secondary structures that can form throughout the human genome and control the replication and transcription of important regulatory genes. Here, we established an ensemble fluorescence assay by employing two GQ-interacting compounds, N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) and Crystal Violet (CV). This enables quantitative measurement of the GQ folding propensity and conformation specificity in both single strand (ss) and double strand (ds) DNA. Our GQ mappin...
16. Water use, transpiration, and crop coefficients for olives (cv. Cordovil), grown in orchards in Southern Portugal
Ramos, Alice; Santos, Francisco Lúcio
2009-01-01
To improve the scheduling of irrigation for low-density olive trees (Olea europaea L.) grown in a typical Mediterranean environment of Southern Portugal, and to clarify the mechanisms of water uptake by trees, transpiration, soil water status and stomatal response to water deficit were measured in an olive orchard. Olive trees of cv. Cordovil were subject to three irrigation treatments: full-rate irrigation, sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) providing for approximately 60% of water applied a...
17. Analisis Dan Rekayasa Supplier Relationship Management System Pada CV. Softcom Medan
Sukiman
2012-01-01
CV. SOFTCOM is a business entity engages in the computer sales and repair services. At the beginning of its establishment, the company did not see the importance of specialized brand in selling its product. The background of this study was the phenomenon in which many suppliers and different brands of the products found in the market that the company found it difficult to serve its customers claiming the damage of the sold products, the time of product delivered by the suppliers was frequentl...
18. Diagnosis of Elevator Faults with LS-SVM Based on Optimization by K-CV
Zhou Wan; Shilin Yi; Kun Li; Ran Tao; Min Gou; Xinshi Li; Shu Guo
2015-01-01
Several common elevator malfunctions were diagnosed with a least square support vector machine (LS-SVM). After acquiring vibration signals of various elevator functions, their energy characteristics and time domain indicators were extracted by theoretically analyzing the optimal wavelet packet, in order to construct a feature vector of malfunctions for identifying causes of the malfunctions as input of LS-SVM. Meanwhile, parameters about LS-SVM were optimized by K-fold cross validation (K-CV)...
19. Species of Pratylenchus Associated with Solanum tuberosum cv Superior in Ohio
Brown, M.J.; Riedel, R. M.; Rowe, R C
1980-01-01
Seventy-three Ohio fields comprising ca. 440 ha of cv Superior potatoes were surveyed in 1977 for plant-parasitic nematodes. Of eight genera of plant-parasitic nematodes, Pratylenchus was found most frequently, occurring in 65% of the soil samples and 84% of the root samples. Populations of Pratylenchus were consistently higher than populations of the other nematode genera. The six species of Pratylenchus extracted from potato roots, in descending order of frequency, were P. crenatus, P. pene...
20. Uptake of 32P labelled superphosphate by endomycorrhizal papaya (Carica papaya cv. Coorg honey dew)
In papaya (Carica papaya cv. Coorg honey dew), there was an increase in 32P uptake and total phosphorus in plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mossae and G. fasciculatum. Phosphorus derived from fertilizer (Pdff) was lower in mycorrhizal plants while soil derived P, utilisation of P and A values were higher showing thereby that mycorrhizal plants had utilised forms of phosphorus not available to non-mycorrhizal plants. (author). 13 refs., 1 tab
1. A real-time camera calibration system based on OpenCV
Zhang, Hui; Wang, Hua; Guo, Huinan; Ren, Long; Zhou, Zuofeng
2015-07-01
Camera calibration is one of the essential steps in the computer vision research. This paper describes a real-time OpenCV based camera calibration system, and developed and implemented in the VS2008 environment. Experimental results prove that the system to achieve a simple and fast camera calibration, compared with MATLAB, higher precision and does not need manual intervention, and can be widely used in various computer vision system.
2. Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Perjanjian Sewa Menyewa Mobil Di CV. Shandi Mocha Jaya Medan
Izhandri, Shandi
2011-01-01
Car leasing agreement resulted from the process of business development and this activity helps the community to run their own car rental business that can bring welfare to them. This car rental business in this study is a corporate body such as CV (Commanditaire Vennootschap = limited partnership) or PT (Perseroan Terbatas = Limited Liability Company) which is called service provider and the other party is called car hirer (the service user. The legal relationship between the two parties i...
3. CloudCV: Large Scale Distributed Computer Vision as a Cloud Service
Agrawal, Harsh; Mathialagan, Clint Solomon; Goyal, Yash; Chavali, Neelima; Banik, Prakriti; Mohapatra, Akrit; OSMAN, Ahmed; Batra, Dhruv
2015-01-01
We are witnessing a proliferation of massive visual data. Unfortunately scaling existing computer vision algorithms to large datasets leaves researchers repeatedly solving the same algorithmic, logistical, and infrastructural problems. Our goal is to democratize computer vision; one should not have to be a computer vision, big data and distributed computing expert to have access to state-of-the-art distributed computer vision algorithms. We present CloudCV, a comprehensive system to provide a...
4. The Payment Vehicle Used in CV Studies of Environmental Goods Does Matter
Ivehammar, Pernilla
2009-01-01
This paper examines the effect of the payment vehicle on the valuation of an environmental good with the contingent valuation method (CVM). Results from three CV studies comparing different payment vehicles by using split samples when valuing environmental encroachment caused by roads in Sweden are presented and compared to results from other such split-sample studies of payment vehicle effects. The results are consistent and show that the payment vehicle affects the valuation, but not always...
5. Development of seedlings of watermelon cv. Crimson Sweet irrigated with biosaline water
José E. S. B. da Silva; Janete R. Matias; Keylan S. Guirra; Carlos A. Aragão; Gherman G. L. de Araujo; Bárbara F. Dantas
2015-01-01
ABSTRACTThe limited access and the scarcity of good quality water for agriculture are some of the major problems faced in agricultural areas, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of watermelon seedlings (cv. Crimson Sweet), irrigated with different concentrations of biosaline water of fish culture. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments, corresponding to biosaline water at different concentrations (0, 33, ...
6. Inflorescences production of heliconia cv. Golden Torch under nitrogen and potassium fertilization
Márkilla Zunete Beckmann-Cavalcante; Genilda Canuto Amaral; Rodrigo Cirqueira Avelino; Alcilane Arnaldo Silva; Alcimar de Sousa e Silva; João Batista da Silva Oliveira
2015-01-01
The heliconia plants are very demanding in nutrients, especially nitrogen and potassium, but there is a wide variation in their recommendation for fertilization. In this sense the objective was to evaluating the productive attributes of heliconia cv. Golden Torch in function of nitrogen and potassium fertilization in Bom Jesus-PI. The experiment was conductedin the experimental field of Floriculture in Campus Profa. “Cinobelina Elvas” (CPCE) at Federal University of Piauí (UFPI) in Bom Jes...
7. Biochemical analysis of SV40 small t mediated theophylline resistance in CV-1 cells
The papovavirus SV40 encodes for the two tumor antigens, large T and small t. While much is known about large T, little information is available about the role of small t in the viral life cycle. The authors have developed a system for studying small t antigen based on its ability to overcome the G0 growth arrest induced by the methylxanthine, theophylline. Uninfected CV-1 cells, the permissive host for SV40, are arrested by 1-2mM theophylline. In contrast, Wt-infected cells are not arrested by the same concentrations of this drug. Biochemical studies were designed to analyze the effects of theophylline and the means by which small t can overcome the growth arrest of CV-1 cells. Theophylline, a cyclic AMP analogue, does not appear to arrest CV-1 cells by a cAMP-dependent mechanism. Theophylline appears to arrest CV-1 cells by inhibiting sodium influx. Both 86Rb+ and 22Na+ uptake were inhibited by theophylline. Amiloride and TMB-8, drugs which are known to inhibit the plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter, decreased 86Rb+ and 22Na+ uptake to the same degree as theophylline. Because these drugs also arrested mock and D1- but not Wt-infected cells it is possible that theophylline inhibits sodium uptake by inhibiting this antiporter. Furthermore, because Wt-infected cells are resistant to the growth arrest induced by these drugs, it is possible that small t acts either by directly altering this antiporter or by bypassing the step which requires the activity of the antiporter
8. Sward structure and livestock performance in guinea grass cv: Tanzania pastures managed by rotational stocking strategies
Valéria Pacheco Batista Euclides; Denise Bataglin Montagner; Gelson dos Santos Difante; Rodrigo Amorim Barbosa; Wellington Souza Fernandes
2014-01-01
Grazing strategy is a key element in the determination of sward structure, herbage nutritive value and animal performance. We aimed to compare the herbage characteristics and performance of livestock in pastures of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania managed, using two rotational stocking strategies, which provided either a fixed-length rest period (FRP) of 35 days in the spring and fall and 30 days in the summer, or a variable-length rest period (VRP), determined by the time required for the canopy...
9. Anomaly in Cp/Cv: A possible signature of a liquid-glass transition
Brillouin scattering from two classic glass-forming materials, ZnCl2 and glycerol, reveals a maximum in the ratio (γ) of specific heats Cp and Cv as a function of temperature. We propose that the temperature at which the maximum in γ occurs in our materials may be indicative of a ''liquid-like'' to ''solid-like'' transformation. As such it may be a convenient thermodynamic signature of a 'glass' transition
10. Rancangan Sistem Kanban Pada Sistem Produksi Di Pabrik Kandang Baterai (Studi Kasus Di CV. Makmur Jaya)
Sofyan, Diana Khairani
2011-01-01
Industrial companies are currently making very rapid progresses, therefore, to keep surviving the existing competition, one of the ways they can do is to develop a more efficient and effective system of production such as the application of the Just in Time (JIT) principle precisely known as Kanban System. CV. Makmur Jaya, one of the chicken coop producing companies located in Binjai, is one of the companies that can apply the Kanban System. This company produces various products using kaw...
11. Antifungal Activity in Ethanolic Extracts of Carica papaya L. cv. Maradol Leaves and Seeds
Chávez-Quintal, Pedro; González-Flores, Tania; Rodríguez-Buenfil, Ingrid; Gallegos-Tintoré, Santiago
2011-01-01
Bioactive compounds from vegetal sources are a potential source of natural antifungic. An ethanol extraction was used to obtain bioactive compounds from Carica papaya L. cv. Maradol leaves and seeds of discarded ripe and unripe fruit. Both, extraction time and the papaya tissue flour:organic solvent ratio significantly affected yield, with the longest time and highest flour:solvent ratio producing the highest yield. The effect of time on extraction efficiency was confirmed by qualitative iden...
12. Differences in Fruit Quality of Strawberry cv. Elsanta Depending on Cultivation System and Harvest Time
Sandra Voća; Nadica Dobričević; Martina Skendrović Babojelić; Jasmina Družić; Boris Duralija; Jasmina Levačić
2007-01-01
The aim of this research was to determine differences in chemical composition of strawberry cv. Elsanta fruit in three different cultivation systems and at three harvest times. Th e cultivation systems were: open field, high tunnel and hydroponics, all located in the Zagreb area. Th e harvest times were: the beginning, the middle and the end of strawberry harvest season. In the harvested fruit following parameters were determined: dry matter, total soluble solids (ºBrix), total acid (TA), Bri...
13. Programación de Aplicaciones OpenCV sobre Sistemas Heterogéneos SoC-FPGA
Sanchis Cases, Francisco José
2014-01-01
OpenCV es una biblioteca de primitivas de procesado de imagen que permite crear algoritmos de Visión por Computador de última generación. OpenCV fue desarrollado originalmente por Intel en 1999 para mostrar la capacidad de procesamiento de los micros de Intel, por lo que la mayoría de la biblioteca está optimizada para correr en estos micros, incluyendo las extensiones MMX y SSE. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCV. Actualmente es ampliamente utilizada tanto por la comunidad científica como p...
14. AT3 (Acyltransferase Gene Isolated From Capsicum frutescens cv. Cakra Hijau
2013-05-01
Full Text Available Chili pepper is widely used and cultivated by Indonesian people. There are three species of chili pepper, i.e.: Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum frutescens L., and Capsicum violaceum HBK. Capsicum frutescens L. has a higher economic value due to its pungency and carotenoid content. C. frutescens has several cultivars, one of those is Capsicum frutescens cv. Cakra Hijau. This cultivar is resistant against pest and disease and has very high pungency. This special character of chili pepper is born by its secondary metabolic, Capsaicin. Moreover, capsaicin also serves as defense mechanism, antiarthritis, analgesic, and anticancer. This study aimed to isolate Acyltransferase (AT3 gene which encoding Capsaicin Synthase (CS enzyme. AT3 gene was isolated through PCR using forward primer 5’-ATG GCT TTT GCA TTA CCA TCA-3’ and reverse primer 5’-CCT TCA CAA TTA TTC GCC CA-3’. Data were analyzed using DNA Baser, BLAST, and ClustalX. This study has successfully isolated 404 bp fragments of AT3 gene. This fragments located at 1918-1434 bp referred to AT3 gene from Capsicum frutescens cv. Shuanla. Isolation of upstream and downstream fragments of AT3 gene from Capsicum frutescens cv. Cakra Hijau is undergoing.
15. Production and composition of oranges cv. Lane Late under maintenance potassium fertilization
Gustavo Brunetto
2016-04-01
Full Text Available Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a produção e composição de laranjas de cv. Pista árvores tardias submetido a adubação de manutenção de potássio. O experimento foi conduzido em um pomar de cv. Lane Late em Rosário do Sul (RS. As laranjeiras foram submetidos a suplementação com 0, 50 ou 100% da dose recomendada de K2O em cada safra de 2008/2009 a 2011/2012. A produção de frutos, diâmetro do fruto, espessura da casca, volume de suco e suco, folha e os níveis de K no solo foram avaliados nas safras 2008/2009, 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. parâmetros de composição da fruta foram avaliados nos 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 safras. A aplicação de doses crescentes de potássio para CV. Pista laranjeiras atrasado para três safras não teve efeito sobre a produção de frutos. No entanto, a suplementação do solo com o potássio aumentou os níveis de nutrientes totais nas folhas e suco.
16. Efficient generation of CV entanglement by triply resonant non-degenerate OPA
Porzio, Alberto; D'Auria, Virginia; Fornaro, Stefano; Solimeno, Salvatore; Olivares, Stefano; Paris, Matteo G. A.
2007-05-01
CV entangled CW bright beams are experimentally generated by a Non-degenerate "triply resonant" Optical Parametric Amplifier (NOPA) based on PPKTP type-II crystal below threshold. Operating the OPA at frequency degeneracy makes the down-converted entangled beams able to be optically manipulated for generating different combination of the entangled system. Particular care has been required by the triply resonance condition essential to obtain a suffcient degree of entanglement. The triply resonance condition is pursued by combining temperature phase-matching and crystal tilting in an optical cavity so to optimize the triple resonance condition acting on different independent parameters. Exploiting the dependence of the bipartite system covariance matrix on different combination of this continuous variable two-mode states it can be directly measured using a single homodyne detector and few linear optical elements. The system is actually operating at the University of Napoli-Quantum Optics Laboratory. Preliminary measurements show that CV entanglement is present at the OPO output. This source of CV entanglement can be used for quantum communication purposes. The technical tricks herein implemented are interesting also for realizing triply resonant CW OPOs whose spectral properties and conversion efficiencies are better compared to single and double resonant devices. The quality of entanglement is also improved thanks to the use of a single cavity instead of dual cavities often employed in triply resonant devices. The measurement method can be applied to generic bipartite states made of frequency degenerate but orthogonally polarized modes.
17. Teaching image processing and pattern recognition with the Intel OpenCV library
2009-06-01
In this paper we present an approach to teaching image processing and pattern recognition with the use of the OpenCV library. Image processing, pattern recognition and computer vision are important branches of science and apply to tasks ranging from critical, involving medical diagnostics, to everyday tasks including art and entertainment purposes. It is therefore crucial to provide students of image processing and pattern recognition with the most up-to-date solutions available. In the Institute of Electronics at the Technical University of Lodz we facilitate the teaching process in this subject with the OpenCV library, which is an open-source set of classes, functions and procedures that can be used in programming efficient and innovative algorithms for various purposes. The topics of student projects completed with the help of the OpenCV library range from automatic correction of image quality parameters or creation of panoramic images from video to pedestrian tracking in surveillance camera video sequences or head-movement-based mouse cursor control for the motorically impaired.
18. ÍNDICE CLIMÁTICO DE CRESCIMENTO PARA OS CAPINS Brachiaria brizantha cv. MARANDU, Cynodon dactylon cv. TIFTON 85 E Panicum maximum cv. TANZÂNIA E RELAÇÃO COM A PRODUÇÃO DE MASSA SECA CLIMATIC GROWTH INDEX FOR THE GRASSES Brachiaria brizantha cv. MARANDU, Cynodon dactylon cv. TIFTON 85 AND Panicum maximum CV. TANZÂNIA AND ITS RELATION TO DRY MASS PRODUCTION
Yngrid Loyola Franco
2008-10-01
Full Text Available
PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Bioclimatologia vegetal, modelagem, produção de forragens.
ic Growth Index for the grasses Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85 e Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia and correlate it with their dry mass production. The experiment was made from November, 2005 to January, 2006 at the
19. Aminoethoxivinilglicina no controle do amadurecimento de frutos de caqui cv. Fuyu Aminoethoxyvinylglycine in the ripening control of persimmon fruits cv. Fuyu
Angela Fuentes Fagundes
2006-04-01
20. Aminoethoxivinilglicina no controle do amadurecimento de frutos de caqui cv. Fuyu Aminoethoxyvinylglycine in the ripening control of persimmon fruits cv. Fuyu
Angela Fuentes Fagundes; Audrei Nisio Gebieluca Dabul; Ricardo Antonio Ayub
2006-01-01
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de aminoethoxivinilglicina (AVG), aplicado na pós-colheita, no amadurecimento de frutos de caqui (Diospyros kaki L.) cv. Fuyu, armazenados à temperatura de 0 ± 2 ºC. Os frutos foram imersos durante dois minutos em solução de AVG, na concentração de 0; 415; 830 e 1.200 g ha-1 e dissolvidos em água destilada e adição de espalhante adesivo (óleo vegetal) a 0,02% (v/v), secos à temperatura ambiente no barracão e armazenados em câmara fria a 0 ± 2 ºC e 9...
1. Indicadores funcionais de pastejo para o capim Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (Functional indicators of grazing for the Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu grass
Bruno Ramalho Vieira
2006-08-01
2. Analisis Pengaruh Lokasi, Produk, dan Pelayanan Pada Pelanggan Terhadap Loyalitas Konsumen di Percetakan CV. Waty Grafika Medan
Aisyah,, Nurnaning
2011-01-01
Printing company in Medan is growing rapidly. In this town, there are many printing companies in considerable numbers. This results an increasing competition in the field. CV. Waty Grafika Medan, which is located at Jalan Jamin Ginting 140 Medan, has established since January 1984. The problem in this research is to examine how the location, product, and customer service of CV. Waty Grafika Medan affect on its customer satisfaction and how it then affects on the customer loyalty at this compa...
3. Analisis Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Jasa Terhadap Keputusan Konsumen Menggunakan Jasa Percetakan Pada CV. ASCO PUTRA MANDIRI Medan
Barus, Ruth Sabrina
2014-01-01
The title of this research is "The Effect of Service Marketing Mix to Consumer Decision to using printing of CV. ASCO PUTRA MANDIRI MEDAN”. Purpose of this research is to define and analyze the influence of service marketing mix consisting of product, price, promotion, location, people, process, physical evidence, to the decision of the consumer to using printing service of CV ASCO PUTRA MANDIRI MEDAN. This research is a type of research explanatory is the research that analyses the relat...
4. Defective secretion of mucilage is the cellular basis for agravitropism in primary roots of Zea mays cv. Ageotropic
Miller, I.; Moore, R.
1990-01-01
Root caps of primary, secondary, and seminal roots of Z. mays cv. Kys secrete large amounts of mucilage and are in close contact with the root all along the root apex. These roots are strongly graviresponsive. Secondary and seminal roots of Z. mays cv. Ageotropic are also strongly graviresponsive. Similarly, their caps secrete mucilage and closely appress the root all along the root apex. However, primary roots of Z. mays cv. Ageotropic are non-responsive to gravity. Their caps secrete negligible amounts of mucilage and contact the root only at the extreme apex of the root along the calyptrogen. These roots become graviresponsive when their tips are coated with mucilage or mucilage-like materials. Peripheral cells of root caps of roots of Z. mays cv. Kys contain many dictyosomes associated with vesicles that migrate to and fuse with the plasmalemma. Root-cap cells of secondary and seminal (i.e. graviresponsive) roots of Z. mays cv. Ageotropic are similar to those of primary roots of Z. mays cv. Kys. However, root-cap cells of primary (i.e. non-graviresponsive) roots of Z. mays cv. Ageotropic have distended dictyosomal cisternae filled with an electron-dense, granular material. Large vesicles full of this material populate the cells and apparently do not fuse with the plasmalemma. Taken together, these results suggest that non-graviresponsiveness of primary roots of Z. mays cv. Ageotropic results from the lack of apoplastic continuity between the root and the periphery of the root cap. This is a result of negligible secretion of mucilage by cells along the edge of the root cap which, in turn, appears to be due to the malfunctioning of dictyosomes in these cells.
5. Importance of winter pea cv. Maksimirski rani in milk production on family farms
Darko Uher
2010-03-01
Full Text Available Forage pea (Pisum sativum L. is gaining importance as a forage legume in the Republic of Croatia. Pea seed contains 20-30 percent of protein, it is utilized without thermal treatment in feeding different types and categories of livestock, and with stable yield it provides an appreciable income per hectare. Two-year field trials (2005-2006 were carried out to determine the effect of winter pea seed inoculation and nitrogen top-dressing on the number and mass (g/plant-1 of root nodules and also on the yield and quality of winter pea cv. Maksimirski rani in a mixture with wheat cv. Sana. Just before sowing, pea seeds were inoculated with the strain Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 1001 from the microbial collection of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb. The highest number of root nodules (43 nodules/plant, as well as the highest nodule mass (0.219 g/plant-1 were determined in the inoculated variant. The highest number of pods (19.0 and seeds per plant (60 were determined in the inoculated variant as well. The highest 1000-seed mass (132 g and seed mass per plant (7.93 g were also determined in the inoculated variant. Average pea seed yield ranged from 2949 kg ha-1 (control up to 3353 kg ha-1 (inoculation. The conclusion of this research is that the highest seed (3353 kg ha-1 and crude protein yields (833 kg ha-1 were obtained with inoculated forage winter pea cv. Maksimirski rani. Seed inoculation of the studied pea cultivar Maksimirski rani with the strain Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 1001 influenced also higher milk production per hectare compared to the control and the nitrogen top-dressed variant.
6. Pulmonary nodule detection in CT images based on shape constraint CV model
Wang, Bing; Tian, Xuedong [College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 (China); Wang, Qian [Hebei Geological Laboratory, Baoding 071000, China and Multi-disciplinary Research Center, Hebei University, Baoding 071002 (China); Yang, Ying [Hebei University Affiliated Hospital, Baoding 071002 (China); Xie, Hongzhi, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected]; Zhang, Shuyang [Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking 100005 (China); Gu, Lixu, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Multi-disciplinary Research Center, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030 (China)
2015-03-15
Purpose: Accurate detection of pulmonary nodules remains a technical challenge in computer-aided diagnosis systems because some nodules may adhere to the blood vessels or the lung wall, which have low contrast compared to the surrounding tissues. In this paper, the analysis of typical shape features of candidate nodules based on a shape constraint Chan–Vese (CV) model combined with calculation of the number of blood branches adhered to nodule candidates is proposed to reduce false positive (FP) nodules from candidate nodules. Methods: The proposed scheme consists of three major stages: (1) Segmentation of lung parenchyma from computed tomography images. (2) Extraction of candidate nodules. (3) Reduction of FP nodules. A gray level enhancement combined with a spherical shape enhancement filter is introduced to extract the candidate nodules and their sphere-like contour regions. FPs are removed by analysis of the typical shape features of nodule candidates based on the CV model using spherical constraint and by investigating the number of blood branches adhered to the candidate nodules. The constrained shapes of CV model are automatically achieved from the extracted candidate nodules. Results: The detection performance was evaluated on 127 nodules of 103 cases including three types of challenging nodules, which are juxta-pleural nodules, juxta-vascular nodules, and ground glass opacity nodules. The free-receiver operating characteristic (FROC) curve shows that the proposed method is able to detect 88% of all the nodules in the data set with 4 FPs per case. Conclusions: Evaluation shows that the authors’ method is feasible and effective for detection of three types of nodules in this study.
7. Pulmonary nodule detection in CT images based on shape constraint CV model
Purpose: Accurate detection of pulmonary nodules remains a technical challenge in computer-aided diagnosis systems because some nodules may adhere to the blood vessels or the lung wall, which have low contrast compared to the surrounding tissues. In this paper, the analysis of typical shape features of candidate nodules based on a shape constraint Chan–Vese (CV) model combined with calculation of the number of blood branches adhered to nodule candidates is proposed to reduce false positive (FP) nodules from candidate nodules. Methods: The proposed scheme consists of three major stages: (1) Segmentation of lung parenchyma from computed tomography images. (2) Extraction of candidate nodules. (3) Reduction of FP nodules. A gray level enhancement combined with a spherical shape enhancement filter is introduced to extract the candidate nodules and their sphere-like contour regions. FPs are removed by analysis of the typical shape features of nodule candidates based on the CV model using spherical constraint and by investigating the number of blood branches adhered to the candidate nodules. The constrained shapes of CV model are automatically achieved from the extracted candidate nodules. Results: The detection performance was evaluated on 127 nodules of 103 cases including three types of challenging nodules, which are juxta-pleural nodules, juxta-vascular nodules, and ground glass opacity nodules. The free-receiver operating characteristic (FROC) curve shows that the proposed method is able to detect 88% of all the nodules in the data set with 4 FPs per case. Conclusions: Evaluation shows that the authors’ method is feasible and effective for detection of three types of nodules in this study
8. Development of high yielding mutants of Brassica campestris L. cv. Toria selection through gamma rays irradiation
Homogeneous seeds of Brassica campestris L. cv. Toria selection were treated with different doses of gamma rays (750, 1000 and 1250 Gy) to induce genetic variability for the selection of new genotypes with improved agronomic traits. After passing through different stages of selection, two promising mutants were selected for further studies. Two selected mutants along with 5 other entries including parent variety were evaluated for yield and yield components in yield trials for two consecutive years. The mutant TS96-752 was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) superior to all other entries in grain yield but at par with FSD 86028-3
9. Determination of amylase activity in cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. carioca
Glaucia Almeida de Morais; Massanori Takaki
1998-01-01
Determination of α- and β-amylase activity in the extracts of cotyledons of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. cariocawas done using selective inactivation of α-amylase by lowering the pH of the incubation medium or by the use of EDTA as inhibitor or selective inactivation of β-amylase by the use of HgCl2 or by heating to 70ºC in the presence of CaCl2; and still by using the reagent starch azure for specific determination of α-amylase. Results indicated that the methods used w...
10. Three in one go: consequential angular momentum loss can solve major problems of CV evolution
Schreiber, Matthias R; Wijnen, Thomas P G
2015-01-01
The average white dwarf (WD) masses in cataclysmic variables (CVs) have been measured to significantly exceed those of single WDs, which is the opposite of what is theoretically expected. We present the results of binary population synthesis models taking into account consequential angular momentum loss (CAML) that is assumed to increase with decreasing WD mass. This approach can not only solve the WD mass problem, but also brings in agreement theoretical predictions and observations of the orbital period distribution and the space density of CVs. We speculate that frictional angular momentum loss following nova eruptions might cause such CAML and could thus be the missing ingredient of CV evolution.
11. In Vivo and in Vitro Micrografting of Pistachio, Pistacia vera L. cv. "Siirt"
ONAY, Ahmet; PİRİNÇ, Vedat; ADIYAMAN, Filiz; IŞIKALAN, Çiğdem; TİLKAT, Engin; BAŞARAN, Davut
2003-01-01
In this study, the success of in vivo and in vitro micrografts of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. "Siirt") materials are presented. The only variable tested was age (1, 5, 10, and 30-year-old trees). Ten- to 12-day-old axenic seedlings germinated in vitro or seedlings (3 to 5 months-old) grown in pots in vivo were used as rootstocks. Shoot tips collected from the four age classes of mature trees of pistachio were the source of scions. Firm contact between the scion and rootstock was...
12. Regeneration by somatic embryogenesis of triploid plants from endosperm of walnut, Juglans regia L. cv Manregian.
Tulecke, W; McGranahan, G; Ahmadi, H
1988-08-01
Plants were regenerated by somatic embryogenesis from endosperm tissue of open-pollinated seeds of Juglans regia L. cv Manregian. These plants were obtained by growing endosperm tissue on media similar to those used for plant regeneration from walnut cotyledons (Tulecke and McGranahan 1985). The plants appear morphologically uniform and have a triploid chromosome number of 3n=48. Nine plants have been grown to a young sapling stage in soil. This embryogenic line from endosperm has been maintained in culture for two years by the process of repetitive somatic embryogenesis. PMID:24241869
13. Influence of gamma radiation on carbohydrates metabolism of ripening papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Solo)
Food irradiation is one of the most promising treatments that can be utilized for fruits disinfestation and extension of shelf life. The authors studied the influence of 0,5 kGy of Gamma irradiation on the soluble carbohydrates composition of papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Solo) fruit, and on sucrose metabolizing enzymes: sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose-phosphate synthase, acid and neutral invertases activities, during ripening. The results demonstrated that ethylene production, total soluble sugars, sucrose content, and sucrose-phosphate synthase and invertases activities were affected by irradiation, but not respiration, glucose and fructose content, and SS activity. (author)
14. Some features of one-year-old tart Cherry shoots of cv. Sehattenmorelle
Dariusz Świetlik; Kazimierz Słowik; Sebastian Rejman
2013-01-01
The purpose of this study was to obtain data on the relationship between the length of 1-year-old shoots and their fruiting, and both their terminal and lateral growtn produced in the current year. The measurements were taken in 1977 and 1979 from the tart cherry trees of cv. Schattenmorelle grafted of Prunus mahaleb L. or Prunus avium L. grown in loose sandy soil. In 1977 there were more shoots of over 30 cm than in 1979. The longer the shoots, the more lateral shoots were there. Only the sh...
15. Some features of one-year-old tart Cherry shoots of cv. Sehattenmorelle
Dariusz Świetlik
2013-12-01
Full Text Available The purpose of this study was to obtain data on the relationship between the length of 1-year-old shoots and their fruiting, and both their terminal and lateral growtn produced in the current year. The measurements were taken in 1977 and 1979 from the tart cherry trees of cv. Schattenmorelle grafted of Prunus mahaleb L. or Prunus avium L. grown in loose sandy soil. In 1977 there were more shoots of over 30 cm than in 1979. The longer the shoots, the more lateral shoots were there. Only the shortest shoots (1-10 cm bore more fruit per unit length as compared to the longer shoots.
16. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization in yield and macronutrients contents of heliconia cv. Golden Torch
Márkilla Z. Beckmann-Cavalcante; Genilda C. Amaral; Alcimar de S. e Silva; Leonardo P. da S. Brito; Augusto M. N. Lima; Ítalo H. L. Cavalcante
2016-01-01
ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilization in yield and contents of macronutrients in heliconia plants (Heliconia psittacorum x Heliconia spathocircinata Aristeguieta) cv. Golden Torch. The experiment was set in a randomized block design, in a 4 x 4 factorial, corresponding to N doses (0, 120, 180 and 240 g of N hole-1) and K doses (0, 120, 180 and 240 g of K2O hole-1) with four replicates and five rhizomes per plot, under field conditions...
17. Rendimiento y componentes del valor nutritivo del Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania
Verdecia, Danis M.; Ramírez, Jorge L.; Leonard, Ismael; Pascual, Yoandris; López, Yoel:
2008-01-01
El trabajo fue realizado con el objetivo de determinar el rendimiento y algunos componentes del valor nutritivo del valor nutritivo del Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania a diferentes edades de rebrote, para esto se midió una parcela de 1600 m2 , aplicando un corte de uniformidad a 10 cm de altura del suelo. Las edades evaluadas fueron los 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 y 105 días. Se evaluaron el rendimiento, la composición química, la digestibilidad y energía metabolizable. Se empleó un diseño en bloques al ...
18. Induction of chlorophyll chimeras and chlorophyll mutations in mungbean (Vigna radiata) cv. T44
Uniform and healthy seeds of mungbean (Vigna radiata) cv. T44 were exposed to varying doses of gamma rays, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and combination treatment of gamma rays with EMS. The data were recorded for seed germination, plant survival, frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll chimeras in M1 and chlorophyll mutations in M2 generation. Among all, the combination treatments were found most effective for inducing chlorophyll chimeras and chlorophyll mutations than the gamma rays or EMS alone. Of the mutants under reference, the albino, xantha and chlorina showed monogenic recessive while viridis exhibited digenic recessive inheritance. (author). 8 refs., 2 tabs
19. Surface magnetic fields on two accreting T Tauri stars: CV Cha and CR Cha
Hussain, G. A. J.; Cameron, A. Collier; Jardine, M. M.; Dunstone, N.; Velez, J. Ramirez; Stempels, H.C.; Donati, J.-F; Semel, M.; Aulanier, G.; Harries, T.; Bouvier, J.; Dougados, C.; Ferreira, J; Carter, B. D.; Lawson, W. A.
2009-01-01
We have produced brightness and magnetic field maps of the surfaces of CV Cha and CR Cha: two actively accreting G and K-type T Tauri stars in the Chamaeleon I star-forming cloud with ages of 3-5 Myr. Our magnetic field maps show evidence for strong, complex multi-polar fields similar to those obtained for young rapidly rotating main sequence stars. Brightness maps indicate the presence of dark polar caps and low latitude spots -- these brightness maps are very similar to those obtained for o...
20. RECUPERAÇÃO DE SALMONELLA SPP. EM MANGA (MANGIFERA INDICA) CV. TOMMY ATKINS
Silvana Belém de Oliveira Vilar; Maria Fernanda Pontes Penteado Moretzhon de Castro; Ana Carolina Rezende; Ana Lúcia Penteado; Flávio Luís Schmidt
2015-01-01
Salmonella spp. é um patógeno que se destaca como agente responsável por doenças veiculadas por alimentos. Alguns estudos demonstram que o consumo de manga contaminada foi responsável por alguns destes surtos. Este trabalho objetivou investigar a eficiência de diferentes metodologias para a recuperação de Salmonella em manga (Mangifera indica) cv. Tommy Atkins. Para o estudo, as mangas foram artificialmente contaminadas com um pool de Salmonella contendo culturas de Salmonella Typ...
1. TREATMENT OF 80 CASES OF INFANTILE DIARRHEA WITH ABDOMINAL ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION ON SHENQUE (CV 8)
PU Shang-xi; CHEN Pu-qing
2006-01-01
@@ Infantile diarrhea is the common and frequently-occurred disease in the pediatric department, fallen into the cate gory of "Xiaoer Xiexie" (infantile diarrhea) in Chinese medicine, which is commonly caused by the invasion of exogenous pathogenic factors, improper diet, the yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney and the weakness of the spleen and stomach. Eighty cases of infantile diarrhea had been treated with the abdominal acupuncture and moxibustion on Shenque (神阙CV 8) and the satisfactory results had been achieved. The report is as follows.
2. VARYING DEGREE OF GRAFTING COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN CV. CHARDONNAY, MERLOT AND DIFFERENT GRAPEVINE ROOTSTOCKS
Slavica TODIĆ
2006-02-01
Full Text Available Level of affi nity between grapevine rootstock and Vitis vinifera as scion, quality of reproductive materials and technological actions in grapevine rootstock production process determine success in grapevine rootstock production in large extent. Practical training showed that difference in level of compatibility between grapevine rootstock and grafted Vitis vinifera cultivars are existing. Direct effects of these differences are unequal yield of fi rst class grafted grapevine rootlings. In this paper, level of compatibility in nursery between clones of cv. Chardonnay BCL 75, VCR4 and cv. Merlot R18, MCL 519 and grapevine rootstocks Kober 5BB (Vitis berlandieri x V. riparia, SO4 (V. berlandieri x V. riparia and 41B (Chasselas x V.berlandieri were investigated. The trial was conducted in commercial grapevine nursery located in Velika Drenova, Serbia. As an index of compatibility, grade of high quality grapevine grafted rootlings, dry matter in mature shoots and root system development were used. Grafting was done by tongue grafting indoor technique. Stratifi cation was done in sand, on temperature of the stratifi cation material of 26-28oC, and humidity of around 90%. Grafted cuttings were waxed twice: before stratifi cation, and before planting in the nursery. Grafted rootlings were classed in two classes according to regulations of quality, (Yugoslav Offi cial Register, 26/79. Grafted rootlings that did not satisfi ed standard criteria were discarded. Both clones of cv. Chardonnay gave the highest percentage of I class grafted rootlings on grapevine rootstock 41B: clone BCL 75 – 60% and clone VCR4 – 61%. In the same combination, those grapevine grafted rootlings had the highest weight of the root system. Lower percentage of obtained I class grafted rootlings was established on rootstock Kober 5BB, while statistically signifi cantly lower yields were obtained on grapevine rootstock SO4: clone BCL75 – 43% and clone VCR4 – 48%. Dry
3. Combination effects of UV-B radiation and temperature on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., cv. Polstar) and maize (Zea mays L., cv. Zenit 2000) seedlings
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., cv. Polstar) and maize (Zea mays L., cv. Zenit 2000) seedlings were grown for 23 days in climate controlled growth chambers under solar radiation. Using UV-transmitting filters as covers (ozone filter technique) a difference in UV-B irradiance of 20 to 29 % was simulated. This difference corresponds to a decrease in stratospheric ozone of about 12 % based on ambient ozone levels at Lisbon (Portugal). During the experimental season in 1990 the daily course of temperature ranged from Tmin = 13.5 °C at night to Tmax = 28 °C around midday, and in 1991 from Tmin = 17.5 to Tmax = 32 °C simulating an average diurnal temperature increase, which might be expected in the 21st century as a result of the greenhouse effect. Generally, sunflower and maize seedlings grown under Tmax = 32 °C had increased growth parameters compared to seedlings grown under Tmax = 28 °C. In both plant species fresh and dry weight as well as plant size and leaf area were increased as a result of reduced UV-B radiation at Tmax = 28 °C, but, with very few exceptions, not at Tmax = 32 °C. Thus, the increase in temperature by 4 °C mainly compensated the reduced growth caused by increased UV-B radiation. The net photosynthetic rates of sunflower and maize seedlings based on leaf area exhibited higher or similar rates under enhanced UV-B radiation in comparison to the control plants. However, on a plant basis significant UV-B dependent decreases were observed. Increased growing temperature resulted in higher net photosynthetic rates per plant. Neither UV-B nor temperature had an influence on the chlorophyll content per plant. Respiration and transpiration of sunflower and maize plants related to the entire plant did not show any UV-B dependent differences. Increased temperature resulted in higher respiration rates in maize only, whereas transpiration increased in both species. (author)
4. 基于 OpenCV 和 Matlab 的摄像机标定系统设计与实现%Design and Implementation of Camera Calibration System Based on OpenCV and Matlab
江祥奎; 纪旭
2015-01-01
以摄像机标定技术为研究对象，对 OpenCV 函数库和 Matlab 标定工具箱中的函数模型进行分析，结合二者优势设计了一款摄像机标定系统。该系统充分发挥了 OpenCV 函数库的性能，并通过 Matlab 标定工具箱对 OpenCV 函数进行补充。最后通过 GUI 方法进行界面编程。实验结果表明，该系统具有较高的标定精度、界面友好、扩展性强，可以更好地满足机器视觉系统的工程需要。%Aiming at camera calibration technology ,the characteristics of OpenCV library and the function model of Matlab calibration toolbox are analyzed .The advantages are used to design a kind of camera calibration system .The system gives full play to the performance of OpenCV function library ,uses Matlab calibration kit as a supplement .Finally the sys-tem is implemented by GUI interface programming method .The system has high calibration precision ,friendly interface , strong expansibility .It can better satisfy the engineering need of machine vision system .
5. Design and Implementation of Camera Calibration System Based on OpenCV and Matlab%基于 OpenCV 和 Matlab 的摄像机标定系统设计与实现
江祥奎; 纪旭
2015-01-01
Aiming at camera calibration technology ,the characteristics of OpenCV library and the function model of Matlab calibration toolbox are analyzed .The advantages are used to design a kind of camera calibration system .The system gives full play to the performance of OpenCV function library ,uses Matlab calibration kit as a supplement .Finally the sys-tem is implemented by GUI interface programming method .The system has high calibration precision ,friendly interface , strong expansibility .It can better satisfy the engineering need of machine vision system .%以摄像机标定技术为研究对象，对 OpenCV 函数库和 Matlab 标定工具箱中的函数模型进行分析，结合二者优势设计了一款摄像机标定系统。该系统充分发挥了 OpenCV 函数库的性能，并通过 Matlab 标定工具箱对 OpenCV 函数进行补充。最后通过 GUI 方法进行界面编程。实验结果表明，该系统具有较高的标定精度、界面友好、扩展性强，可以更好地满足机器视觉系统的工程需要。
6. PENINGKATAN EFEKTIFITAS DAN EFISIENSI BIAYA KUALITAS MELALUI PENEDEKATAN SIMULASI (Studi Kasus di CV. SINAR BAJA ELEKTRIC
2003-01-01
Full Text Available The paper discusses about how to increase product quality and still concern with quality cost. We add factor of time to count quality cost and the effect to quality product. Time has important function in this research, so simulation is used to analyze quality control system. The simulation on CV. Sinar Baja Elektrik shows that the propose method can decrease product reject about 8% and quality cost until 16,89% from total sales. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Makalah ini membahas mengenai upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas produk dengan memperhatikan biaya kualitas. Penelitian ini memasukan tambahan faktor waktu dalam memperhitungkan biaya kualitas serta dampaknya pada kualitas produk. Oleh karena faktor waktu memegang peranan yang penting, maka analisa sistem pengendalian kualitas pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode simulasi. Hasil simulasi di CV. Sinar Baja Elektrik menunjukan metode yang diusulkan dapat menurunkan hasil rata-rata tingkat kelolosan produk cacat untuk tiap tipe speaker hingga berkisar 8%, dan total biaya kualitas secara keseluruhan dapat diturunkan hingga sebesar 16.89% dari total penjualan. Kata kunci: biaya kualitas, efisiensi, efektivitas, simulasi.
7. Preliminary results of the pCT scanner testing at CV-28
In the present work the first results obtained with the low energy proton beam of CV-28 at IEN/CNEN and the prototype of a computerized tomography device developed in UFTPR are presented. The system installed in the scatterings chamber of the cyclotron line 3 includes the proton scatter, turntable with translation (1st generation CT scheme), the set of collimators for the secondary proton beam formation and the Si(Li) ORTEC detector. The main parameters of the tomography turntable and the collimators were chosen based on computer simulations with SRIM2006 and GEANT4. A cylindrical glass tube was used as the irradiated sample. On this stage, only the translation of the turntable perpendicular to the proton beam direction was fulfilled. The measured proton energy spectra have, in general, a predicted behavior. However, the experiment revealed some problems with the secondary proton beam formation that should be solved prior to obtain a first pCT image at CV-28. (author)
8. Inflorescences production of heliconia cv. Golden Torch under nitrogen and potassium fertilization
Márkilla Zunete Beckmann-Cavalcante
2015-03-01
Full Text Available The heliconia plants are very demanding in nutrients, especially nitrogen and potassium, but there is a wide variation in their recommendation for fertilization. In this sense the objective was to evaluating the productive attributes of heliconia cv. Golden Torch in function of nitrogen and potassium fertilization in Bom Jesus-PI. The experiment was conductedin the experimental field of Floriculture in Campus Profa. “Cinobelina Elvas” (CPCE at Federal University of Piauí (UFPI in Bom Jesus city at Piauí State and was conducted in factorial 4 x 4 related to: i nitrogen doses (0, 120, 180 and 240 g N hole-1, and ii potassium doses (0, 120, 180 and 240 g K hole-1. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications and five rhizomes per share for the evaluation of the three central plants. Were evaluated the days for the first tiller emergence, for the first inflorescence emergence and for inflorescence harvest; plant height, number of flowering stems per plant, diameter of the flowering stem, flowering stem length, inflorescence length and leaf area. For heliconia cv. Golden Torch, potassium application provides increased yield components and it is indicated the application of 120 g K hole-1.
9. Business Strategy of CV Jaya Sampurna in Facing Soft Drink Distributor Competition in Bekas
Seri Nurmala
2015-11-01
Full Text Available CV Jaya Sampurna is a soft drink distributor in Bekasi. Distributor company has a low profit margin, moreover the product sold is Fast Moving Consumers Goods with a very low profit margin (3.5%5%. Therefore the company depends on a high volume of sales. Besides, there are many competitors in this industry, thus the business strategy is needed to improve the competitive advantage of the company. Given the conditions, this research was to identify the internal and the external factors, to identify the formulation of business strategy alternative, and to identify the recommendation of functional strategy for CV Jaya Sampurna. Research used descriptive method; and the type of research used was case study. Data were gathered from questionnaires and interview to three member of managers: Director, Operational Manager, and Finance Manager. Data were analyzed by using EFE, IFE, SWOT, IE, Grand Strategy Matrix and QSPM. The result of this research implies that the alternative strategy based on QSPMs result was market penetration
10. Multi-camera calibration based on openCV and multi-view registration
Deng, Xiao-ming; Wan, Xiong; Zhang, Zhi-min; Leng, Bi-yan; Lou, Ning-ning; He, Shuai
2010-10-01
For multi-camera calibration systems, a method based on OpenCV and multi-view registration combining calibration algorithm is proposed. First of all, using a Zhang's calibration plate (8X8 chessboard diagram) and a number of cameras (with three industrial-grade CCD) to be 9 group images shooting from different angles, using OpenCV to calibrate the parameters fast in the camera. Secondly, based on the corresponding relationship between each camera view, the computation of the rotation matrix and translation matrix is formulated as a constrained optimization problem. According to the Kuhn-Tucker theorem and the properties on the derivative of the matrix-valued function, the formulae of rotation matrix and translation matrix are deduced by using singular value decomposition algorithm. Afterwards an iterative method is utilized to get the entire coordinate transformation of pair-wise views, thus the precise multi-view registration can be conveniently achieved and then can get the relative positions in them(the camera outside the parameters).Experimental results show that the method is practical in multi-camera calibration .
11. Heterogeneous compute in computer vision: OpenCL in OpenCV
Gasparakis, Harris
2014-02-01
We explore the relevance of Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA) in Computer Vision, both as a long term vision, and as a near term emerging reality via the recently ratified OpenCL 2.0 Khronos standard. After a brief review of OpenCL 1.2 and 2.0, including HSA features such as Shared Virtual Memory (SVM) and platform atomics, we identify what genres of Computer Vision workloads stand to benefit by leveraging those features, and we suggest a new mental framework that replaces GPU compute with hybrid HSA APU compute. As a case in point, we discuss, in some detail, popular object recognition algorithms (part-based models), emphasizing the interplay and concurrent collaboration between the GPU and CPU. We conclude by describing how OpenCL has been incorporated in OpenCV, a popular open source computer vision library, emphasizing recent work on the Transparent API, to appear in OpenCV 3.0, which unifies the native CPU and OpenCL execution paths under a single API, allowing the same code to execute either on CPU or on a OpenCL enabled device, without even recompiling.
12. Biophenols from Table Olive cv Bella di Cerignola: Chemical Characterization, Bioaccessibility, and Intestinal Absorption.
D'Antuono, Isabella; Garbetta, Antonella; Ciasca, Biancamaria; Linsalata, Vito; Minervini, Fiorenza; Lattanzio, Veronica M T; Logrieco, Antonio F; Cardinali, Angela
2016-07-20
In this study, the naturally debittered table olives cv Bella di Cerignola were studied in order to (i) characterize their phenolic composition; (ii) evaluate the polyphenols bioaccessibility; (iii) assess their absorption and transport, across Caco2/TC7. LC-MS/MS analysis has confirmed the presence of hydroxytyrosol acetate, caffeoyl-6'-secologanoside, and comselogoside. In vitro bioaccessibility ranged from 7% of luteolin to 100% of tyrosol, highlighting the flavonoids sensitivity to the digestive conditions. The Caco2/TC7 polyphenols accumulation was rapid (60 min) with an efficiency of 0.89%; the overall bioavailability was 1.86% (120 min), with hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol the highest bioavailables, followed by verbascoside and luteolin. In the cells and basolateral side, caffeic and coumaric acids metabolites, probably derived from esterase activities, were detected. In conclusion, the naturally debittered table olives cv Bella di Cerignola can be considered as a source of bioaccessible, absorbable, and bioavailable polyphenols that, for their potential health promoting effect, permit inclusion of table olives as a functional food suitable for a balanced diet. PMID:27355793
13. Preliminary results of the pCT scanner testing at CV-28
Setti, Joao A.P.; Schelin, Hugo R.; Paschuk, Sergei A.; Milhoretto, Edney; Rocha, Rodrigo L. [Federal University of Technology (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR (Brazil)], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected]; Ribeiro Junior, Sebastiao [Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento (LACTEC), Curitiba, PR (Brazil)], E-mail: [email protected]; Evseev, Ivan G.; Assis, Joaquim T. de; Yevseyeva, Olga [Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Nova Friburgo, RJ (Brazil). Inst. Politecnico], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected]; Lopes, Ricardo T. [Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ (Brazil). Coordenacao dos Programas de Pos-graduacao de Engenharia (COPPE). Lab. de Instrumentacao Nuclear], E-mail: [email protected]; Vinagre Filho, Ubirajara M. [Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear IEN/CNEN-RJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (Brazil)], E-mail: [email protected]
2007-07-01
In the present work the first results obtained with the low energy proton beam of CV-28 at IEN/CNEN and the prototype of a computerized tomography device developed in UFTPR are presented. The system installed in the scatterings chamber of the cyclotron line 3 includes the proton scatter, turntable with translation (1st generation CT scheme), the set of collimators for the secondary proton beam formation and the Si(Li) ORTEC detector. The main parameters of the tomography turntable and the collimators were chosen based on computer simulations with SRIM2006 and GEANT4. A cylindrical glass tube was used as the irradiated sample. On this stage, only the translation of the turntable perpendicular to the proton beam direction was fulfilled. The measured proton energy spectra have, in general, a predicted behavior. However, the experiment revealed some problems with the secondary proton beam formation that should be solved prior to obtain a first pCT image at CV-28. (author)
14. Determination of polyphenols and antioxidant activity of Vitis labrusca cv. baile berries.
Nile, Shivraj Hariram; Park, Se Won
2015-10-01
Grape juice and grape skin extracts are important commercial source of polyphenolic compounds which exert different functional properties such as color potential, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity, and health benefits. In this paper we describe a sensitive and specific assay for determination of bioactive polyphenolic compounds in Campbell Early (Vitis labrusca cv. baile). Five polyphenolic components were separated on an Agilent Zorbax Extend C18 Column (250 mm x 4.6 mm x 5 μm) and detected by a diode array detector. The mobile phase was composed of (a) aqueous phosphoric acid (0.2%, v/v); and (b) acetonitrile using a gradient elution. Analytes were performed at 25 degrees C with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min and UV detection at 280, 360, and 520 nm. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2 ≥ 0.9999) within tested ranges. Overall intra- and inter-day variations were less than 1.90%, and the average recoveries were 95.5-105% for analytes. The antioxidant activity determined by DPPH radical assay, ranged from 86-105 for extracts, and 165-252 for studied standards (μM trolox/100 g dry wt.). The proposed method would be sensitive enough and reliable for quality control in functional food and modernization of Campbell Early (Vitis labrusca cv. baile) as potent antioxidant agents. PMID:26665298
15. Transient Extremely Soft X-ray Emission from the Unusually Bright CV in the Globular Cluster M3: a New CV X-ray Luminosity Record?
Stacey, W S; Elsner, R F; Edmonds, P D; Weisskopf, M C; Grindlay, J E
2011-01-01
We observed the accreting white dwarf 1E1339.8+2837 (1E1339) in the globular cluster M3 in Nov. 2003, May 2004 and Jan. 2005, using the Chandra ACIS-S detector. The source was observed in 1992 to possess traits of a supersoft X-ray source (SSS), with a 0.1-2.4 keV luminosity as large as 2x10^{35} erg/s, after which time the source's luminosity fell by roughly two orders of magnitude, adopting a hard X-ray spectrum more typical of CVs. Our observations confirm 1E1339's hard CV-like spectrum, with photon index Gamma=1.3+-0.2. We found 1E1339 to be highly variable, with a 0.5-10 keV luminosity ranging from 1.4+-0.3x10^{34} erg/s to 8.5+4.9-4.6x10^{32} erg/s, with 1E1339's maximum luminosity being perhaps the highest yet recorded for hard X-ray emission onto a white dwarf. In Jan. 2005, 1E1339 displayed substantial low-energy emission below 0.3 keV. Although current Chandra responses cannot properly model this emission, its bolometric luminosity appears comparable to or greater than that of the hard spectral comp...
16. ORGANIC FERTILIZER AS PHOSPHORUS SUPPLIER FOR Brachiaria brizantha CV. MARANDÚ FERTILIZANTE ORGÂNICO COMO FONTE DE FÓSFORO NO CULTIVO INICIAL DE Brachiaria brizantha CV. MARANDÚ
Diego Henriques Santos
2010-05-01
Full Text Available
Phosphorus is considered an essential element for plants, but it is found in low amounts in Brazilian soils, mainly in areas destined to pastures, and the application of organic matter contributes to the improvement of physical, chemical and biological soil attributes. The research had the objective of evaluating the application effects of the Bokashi organic compound on soil macro and micronutrients contents and leaves, as well as on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú dry mass yield, evaluating the potential of the organic fertilizer as phosphorus source, in comparison with conventional chemical fertilizers. Different organic compound doses supplied the soil with 17 kg P2O5 ha-1, 34 kg P2O5 ha-1, 68 kg P2O5 ha-1, 136 kg P2O5 ha-1, and 204 kg P2O5 ha-1, comparing it with the conventional chemical fertilizer and the control. The results revealed that the organic fertilizer Bokashi can adequately replace the conventional chemical fertilizer of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú, supplying the soil and plant with appropriate nutrients levels and maintaining the dry mass yield.
KEY-WORDS: Organic matter; organic fertilizers; plants mineral nutrition; Bokashi
17. Warm Needling Moxibustion at Zhongji (CV 3) and Zusanli (ST 36) for Urinary Retention after Gynecological Surgery
Song Xiao-lin; Yu Xin
2014-01-01
Objective:To observe the clinical effect of warm needling moxibustion at Zhongji (CV 3) and Zusanli (ST 36) in treatment of urinary retention after gynecological surgery. Methods: Forty patients with urinary retention after gynecological surgery were randomly divided into two groups by the randomized method, 20 cases in each group. Patients in the treatment group were treated by warm needling moxibustion at Zhongji (CV 3) and Zusanli (ST 36). Patients in the control group were treated by inductive urination. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were observed after one course of treatment. Results:The total effective rate was 95.0%in the treatment group and 70.0% in the control group. The difference in the total effective rate between the two groups was statistically significant (P Conclusion: Warm needling moxibustion at Zhongji (CV 3) and Zusanli (ST 36) is more effective than inductive urination in treating urinary retention after gynecological surgery.
18. A microsatellite library for Carica papaya L. cv. Sunrise solo Marcadores microssatélites para Carica papaya L. cv. Sunrise solo
Silvia Correa Santos
2003-08-01
Full Text Available In experimental areas of the Education and Researches Ilha Solteira and Jaboticabal UNESP/Campus farms were selected and tagged 20 hermaphrodite plants and 20 feminine of cultivar Sunrise Solo, Improved Sunrise Solo cv.72/12 and Baixinho of Santa Amália.The seeds origined of the selected fruits were cropped to be analysed the self-pollination efficiency and frequency of the sex in the progenies. After that, samples of the young leaf of the matrix plants were colected for the extration of the DNA. It was built five library enriched of microsatellite sequencies, using probes (TCA10, (TC13, (GATA4, (CAC10 e (TGAG8.It was possible the development of the primers only in the library that has utilized the probe (TCA10. This probe allowed the design of 32 primer pairs. From these, 31 presented pattern of unique band in agarose Metaphor and in acrilamide. For primer S36 were observed 2 bands, but with no polymorphism to differentiation in the sexual form at papaya tree culture. However, these primers can be tested, in the futures, in the investigation of the others features in segregated populations of this specie and the related species, germoplasm analysis, cultivars identification, parent evolution and molecular markers for the assisted plant breeding programs.Em áreas experimentais das Fazendas de Ensino e Pesquisa da UNESP/Campus de Ilha Solteira e Jaboticabal foram selecionadas e marcadas 20 plantas hermafroditas e 20 femininas dos cultivares Sunrise Solo, Improved Sunrise Solo cv.72/12 e Baixinho de Santa Amália. As sementes provenientes dos frutos selecionados foram plantadas para analisar-se a eficiência da autofecundação e a freqüência dos sexos nas progênies. Posteriormente, amostras de tecido foliar jovem das plantas matrizes foram coletadas para a extração de DNA. Foram construídas cinco bibliotecas enriquecidas de seqüências microsatélites, utilizando-se as sondas (TCA10, (TC13, (GATA4, (CAC10 e (TGAG8. Foi possível o
19. Energy saving in Bellota Mexico S.A. de C.V.; Ahorro de energia en Bellota Mexico S.A de C.V.
Salazar Lopez, Jose Albeiro [Bellota Mexico S.A. de C.V. (Mexico)
2003-07-01
20. Avaliação da cv. Merlot para elaboração de vinho tinto Evaluation of cv. Merlot to make red wine
Luiz Antenor Rizzon
2003-12-01
Full Text Available A uva Merlot é uma das responsáveis pelas características dos vinhos tintos de Saint Émillion, região de Bordeaux, França. Foi introduzida no Rio Grande do Sul através da Estação Agronômica de Porto Alegre. É, atualmente, uma das cultivares tinta de Vitis vinifera L. com maior volume de produção da Serra Gaúcha. É utilizada para a elaboração de vinho tinto para ser consumido jovem. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial enológico da cv. Merlot para a elaboração de vinho tinto fino. Para isso, realizaram-se estudos para caracterizar o cacho, o mosto e o vinho nas safras de 1987 a 1994, em Bento Gonçalves, RS. Os resultados evidenciaram que a cv. Merlot tem cacho com peso médio de 161,9g e baga esférica e pequena, pesando 1,61g. No mosto, o valor médio de açúcar é de 18,4ºBrix; o da acidez total, de 104meqL-1; e o do pH, de 3,21. O vinho se caracteriza por ter teores médios de 10,8% v/v de álcool; 70,3meqL-1 de acidez titulável; e pH de 3,49. Sob o aspecto sensorial, o vinho Merlot apresenta cor vermelho-violáceo com boa intensidade. Gustativamente distingue-se pela maciez, equilíbrio e fineza.Merlot is a traditional grape of the Saint Émillion wines, Bordeaux region - France. It was introduced into, the State of Rio Grande do Sul by the Estação Agronômica de Porto Alegre, Brazil. Today, of the red grape cultivars it shows the largest production in the Serra Gaúcha region. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the enological potential of Merlot grapes for red winemaking. To achieve this purpose, variables related to berry clusters, must and wine were measured between 1987 and 1994 vintages, from Merlot vineyards located in the municipality of Bento Gonçalves. The results showed that Merlot grapes have clusters of medium size (161.9g and small berries (1.61g. The must showed adequate sugar level (18.4ºBrix, high titratable acidity (104mqL-1 and medium pH 3.21. The wine Merlot had an
1. Phyllosticta musarum Infection-Induced Defences Suppress Anthracnose Disease Caused by Colletotrichum musae in Banana Fruits cv ‘Embul’
C. L. Abayasekara
2013-03-01
Full Text Available Anthracnose development by Colletotrichum musae was observed to be significantly less in the fruits of the banana cultivar ‘Embul’ (Mysore, AAB infected with Phyllosticta musarum than in fruits without such infections. Anthracnose disease originates from quiescent C. musae infections in the immature fruit. P. musarum incites minute, scattered spots, referred to as freckles, in the superficial tissues of immature banana peel which do not expand during maturation or ripening. P. musarum does not appear to have a direct suppressive effect on C. musae as conidia of C. musae germinate on both freckled and non-freckled fruit forming quiescent infections. Our investigations have shown that P. musarum infection induced several defence responses in fruit including the accumulation of five phytoalexins, upregulation of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL activity and cell wall lignification. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data of one purified phytoalexin compared closely with 4′-hydroxyanigorufone. Some of the P. musarum-induced defences that retained during ripening, restrict C. musae development at the ripe stage. This paper examines the potential of P. musarum-induced defences, in the control of anthracnose, the most destructive postharvest disease in banana.
2. Phyllosticta musarum Infection-Induced Defences Suppress Anthracnose Disease Caused by Colletotrichum musae in Banana Fruits cv 'Embul'.
Abayasekara, C L; Adikaram, N K B; Wanigasekara, U W N P; Bandara, B M R
2013-03-01
Anthracnose development by Colletotrichum musae was observed to be significantly less in the fruits of the banana cultivar 'Embul' (Mysore, AAB) infected with Phyllosticta musarum than in fruits without such infections. Anthracnose disease originates from quiescent C. musae infections in the immature fruit. P. musarum incites minute, scattered spots, referred to as freckles, in the superficial tissues of immature banana peel which do not expand during maturation or ripening. P. musarum does not appear to have a direct suppressive effect on C. musae as conidia of C. musae germinate on both freckled and non-freckled fruit forming quiescent infections. Our investigations have shown that P. musarum infection induced several defence responses in fruit including the accumulation of five phytoalexins, upregulation of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and cell wall lignification. (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral data of one purified phytoalexin compared closely with 4'-hydroxyanigorufone. Some of the P. musarum-induced defences that retained during ripening, restrict C. musae development at the ripe stage. This paper examines the potential of P. musarum-induced defences, in the control of anthracnose, the most destructive postharvest disease in banana. PMID:25288931
3. Phyllosticta musarum Infection-Induced Defences Suppress Anthracnose Disease Caused by Colletotrichum musae in Banana Fruits cv ‘Embul’
Abayasekara, C. L.; Adikaram, N. K. B.; Wanigasekara, U. W. N. P.; Bandara, B. M. R.
2013-01-01
Anthracnose development by Colletotrichum musae was observed to be significantly less in the fruits of the banana cultivar ‘Embul’ (Mysore, AAB) infected with Phyllosticta musarum than in fruits without such infections. Anthracnose disease originates from quiescent C. musae infections in the immature fruit. P. musarum incites minute, scattered spots, referred to as freckles, in the superficial tissues of immature banana peel which do not expand during maturation or ripening. P. musarum does not appear to have a direct suppressive effect on C. musae as conidia of C. musae germinate on both freckled and non-freckled fruit forming quiescent infections. Our investigations have shown that P. musarum infection induced several defence responses in fruit including the accumulation of five phytoalexins, upregulation of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and cell wall lignification. 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of one purified phytoalexin compared closely with 4′-hydroxyanigorufone. Some of the P. musarum-induced defences that retained during ripening, restrict C. musae development at the ripe stage. This paper examines the potential of P. musarum-induced defences, in the control of anthracnose, the most destructive postharvest disease in banana. PMID:25288931
4. Facing the differences between Facebook and OpenCV : A facial detection comparison between Open Library Computer Vision and Facebook
Blomgren, Staffan; Hertz, Marcus
2015-01-01
Face detection is used in many different areas and with this thesis we aim to show the difference between Facebooks face detection soft-ware compared with an open source version from OpenCV. By using the simplest implementation of OpenCV we want to find out if it is viable for use in personal applications and be of help for others wanting to implement face detection. The dataset was meticulously checked to find the exact number of faces in each image so that the optimal result is given. The c...
5. Temperatura, humedad relativa y luz para almacenamiento de tallos florales de Heliconia psittacorum L. f. cv. Trópica.
Bañuelos Hernández, Karina Patricia
2012-01-01
La especie Heliconia psittacorum L. f. cv. Trópica se ha identificado en los últimos años como una ornamental tropical con gran demanda debido a su belleza y a su vida postcosecha prolongada, que puede superar los 15 días; sin embargo, se desconoce el manejo postcosecha adecuado durante su comercialización. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las condiciones adecuadas para el almacenamiento postcosecha de tallos florales de H. psittacorum L. f. cv. Trópica. Se postula que la combina...
6. Chemical and physical studies of type 3 chondrites 12: The metamorphic history of CV chondrites and their components
Guimon, R. Kyle; Symes, Steven J. K.; Sears, Derek W. G.
1995-01-01
The induced thermoluminescence (TL) properties of 16 CV and CV-related chondrites, four CK chondrites and Renazzo (CR2) have been measured in order to investigate their metamorphic history. The petrographic, mineralogical and bulk compositional differences among the CV chondrites indicate that the TL sensitivity of the approximately 130 C TL peak is reflecting the abundance of ordered feldspar, especially in chondrule mesostasis, which in turn reflects parent-body metamorphism. The TL properties of 18 samples of homogenized Allende powder heated at a variety of times and temperatures, and cathodoluminescence mosaics of Axtell and Coolidge, showed results consistent with this conclusion. Five refractory inclusions from Allende, and separates from those inclusions, were also examined and yielded trends reflecting variations in mineralogy indicative of high peak temperatures (either metamorphic or igneous) and fairly rapid cooling. The CK chondrites are unique among metamorphosed chondrites in showing no detectable induced TL, which is consistent with literature data that suggests very unusual feldspar in these meteorites. Using TL sensitivity and several mineral systems and allowing for the differences in the oxidized and reduced subgroups, the CV and CV-related meteorites can be divided into petrologic types analogous to those of the ordinary and CO type 3 chondrites. Axtell, Kaba, Leoville, Bali, Arch and ALHA81003 are type 3.0-3.1, while ALH84018, Efremovka, Grosnaja, Allende and Vigarano are type 3.2-3.3 and Coolidge and Loongana 001 are type 3.8. Mokoia is probably a breccia with regions ranging in petrologic type from 3.0 to 3.2. Renazzo often plots at the end of the reduced and oxidized CV chondrite trends, even when those trends diverge, suggesting that in many respects it resembles the unmetamorphosed precursors of the CV chondrites. The low-petrographic types and low-TL peak temperatures of all samples, including the CV3.8 chondrites, indicates metamorphism
7. Obtaining non-suckering plants of hazelnut cv Tonda Gentile delle Langhe by gamma-radiation
Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) main cultivars form a large number of crown suckers. Also cv Tonda gentile delle Langhe (TGL) grown in Piemonte region (Italy) shows this negative habit. Through crossing with non-suckering species of Corylus, plants have been obtained with the same character, which can be used as rootstocks. In our Institute we tried to create selections of TGL without suckers by means of induced mutagenesis. 500 plants of this cultivar were treated with gamma rays at 8 kR, with the aim to hit the crown zone where adventitious buds are formed. Suckers arising from these buds were isolated and transplanted in number of 1150. Six of them did not form any suckers in five years of observations. Morphological and vegetative characters of these mutants are described. (author)
8. Induction of in vivo mutation in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) cv. Pink Repin breeding
Mutation induction was used with the objective of obtaining mutants for flower colour of chrysanthemum, cv. Repin (pink colour). Rooted cuttings were irradiated with 20 Gy of gamma rays and before the selection the cutting back method was used to advance the generations. The frequency of colour mutants observed was 5.8%. Among the mutants obtainedthe white and dark-pink-coloured ones were evaluated in yield trial and post-harvest. The results indicated that these mutants mantained the same agronomical characteristics showed by the control, with the exception of plant height in the white mutant that was shorter. Due to commercial interest of the producers, these mutants were multiplied and released as new cultivars. The white flower colour mutant was named Cristiane and the dark-pink, Ingrid. This was the first example of cultivars from an ornamental plant released by mutation breeding in Brazil. (author)
9. Contrasting Size Distributions of Chondrules and Inclusions in Allende CV3
Fisher, Kent R.; Tait, Alastair W.; Simon, Jusin I.; Cuzzi, Jeff N.
2014-01-01
There are several leading theories on the processes that led to the formation of chondrites, e.g., sorting by mass, by X-winds, turbulent concentration, and by photophoresis. The juxtaposition of refractory inclusions (CAIs) and less refractory chondrules is central to these theories and there is much to be learned from their relative size distributions. There have been a number of studies into size distributions of particles in chondrites but only on relatively small scales primarily for chondrules, and rarely for both Calcium Aluminum-rich Inclusions (CAIs) and chondrules in the same sample. We have implemented macro-scale (25 cm diameter sample) and high-resolution microscale sampling of the Allende CV3 chondrite to create a complete data set of size frequencies for CAIs and chondrules.
10. Empirical consequential angular momentum loss can solve long standing problems of CV evolution
Schreiber, Matthias R; Wijnen, Thomas P G
2015-01-01
The observed orbital period distribution of cataclysmic variables (CVs), the space density derived from observations, and the observed orbital period minimum are known to disagree with theoretical predictions since decades. More recently, the white dwarf (WD) masses in CVs have been found to significantly exceed those of single WDs, which is in contrast to theoretical expectations as well. We here claim that all these problems are related and can be solved if CVs with low-mass white dwarfs are driven into dynamically unstable mass transfer due to consequential angular momentum loss (CAML). Indeed, assuming CAML increases as a function of decreasing white dwarf mass can bring into agreement the predictions of binary population models and the observed properties of the CV population. We speculate that a common envelope like evolution of CVs with low-mass WDs following a nova eruption might be the physical process behind our empirical prescription of CAML.
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https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=2007_Indonesia_MO_Problems/Problem_6&diff=prev&oldid=119769
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# Difference between revisions of "2007 Indonesia MO Problems/Problem 6"
## Problem
Find all triples of real numbers which satisfy the simultaneous equations
## Solution
To start, since all three equations have a similar form, we can let to see if there are any solutions. Doing so results in Note that has complex solutions, so the solution where is .
Additionally, note that and are monotonically increasing functions, so is a monotonically increasing function. Thus, we can suspect that is the only solution. To prove this, we can use proof by contradiction.
Assume that . Because is a monotonically increasing function, , so and , so . By doing the same steps, we can show that and . However, that would mean that , which does not work, so there are no solutions where .
Similarly, assume that . Because is a monotonically increasing function, , so and , so . By doing the same steps, we can show that and . However, that would mean that , which does not work, so there are no solutions where .
Thus, we proved that is the only solution, and by substituting the value into the original equations, we get the only solution of .
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http://math.stackexchange.com/users/33789/probabilitnator?tab=summary
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# Probabilitnator
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# 4 Questions
2 A certain family of continuous functions on $[0,1]^2$ the closure of which linear span is $\tilde{\mathcal{C}}([0,1]^2,\mathbb{R}))$ 2 Approximation of bounded measurable functions with continuous functions 1 Applicability of Itô's Lemma for $g\in \mathcal{C}^2((0,1)^2)\cap \mathcal{C}_0([0,1]^2)$ 0 The $\alpha$-Potential-Operator (Definition and resolvent Equation)
# 38 Reputation
+10 A certain family of continuous functions on $[0,1]^2$ the closure of which linear span is $\tilde{\mathcal{C}}([0,1]^2,\mathbb{R}))$ +16 Approximation of bounded measurable functions with continuous functions +5 Applicability of Itô's Lemma for $g\in \mathcal{C}^2((0,1)^2)\cap \mathcal{C}_0([0,1]^2)$
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http://physics.hmc.edu/courses/
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Spring 2019
Astronomy 62 — Introduction to Astrophysics
A general survey of modern astrophysics. The course starts with the fundamental physical concepts underlying much of astrophysics, including gravitation and orbital mechanics, and radiative processes (including blackbody radiation, line emission and rudiments of radiative transfer). We then move on to discuss the stellar structure, evolution and death, the physics of compact stars, the interstellar medium and star-formation, and the structure and evolution of the galaxies, galaxy clusters and the universe. The course meets for three lecture periods each week. The students are evaluated based on their homework and test performance. In addition, each student makes a 15-minute presentation on the topic of his choice; these are spaced throughout the semester and are meant to compliment the material being currently discussed in lecture. This gives the students an opportunity to research at least one topic in considerably more depth than we are able to do in class. Offered jointly with Pomona and Joint Sciences. Prerequisite: Physics 51 or equivalent.
Physics 24 — Mechanics and Wave Motion
Classical mechanics is introduced beginning with inertial frames and the Galilean transformation, followed by momentum and momentum conservation in collisions, Newton’s laws of motion, spring forces, gravitational forces, and friction. Differential and integral calculus are used extensively throughout. Work, kinetic energy and potential energy are defined, and energy conservation is discussed in particle motion and collisions. Rotational motion is treated, including angular momentum, torque, cross-products, and statics. Other topics include rotating frames, pseudoforces, and central-force motion. Simple harmonic and some nonlinear oscillations are discussed, followed by waves on strings, sound, and other types of waves, and wave phenomena such as standing waves, beats, two-slit interference, resonance, and the Doppler effect. Lectures are twice per week, and there are also two recitation sections per week, in groups of about 20 students, all of whom solve new problems at the board nearly every session.
Physics 24A — Mechanics and Wave Motion
This course provides a relatively sophisticated introduction to classical mechanics. Students are given challenging problems which have them apply Newton’s laws and conservation laws to better understand how our world works. Students study both static and dynamic systems, and learn to develop mathematical models of systems. Invitation to enroll in the course is based on performance on a placement exam administered typically on the first Saturday of the fall semester.
Physics 32 — Gravitation
This is a new physics half-course offering intended to provide a physics elective for a limited number of students interested in exploring the topic of gravity more deeply than it is covered in Physics 24. The target audience is students with a strong interest in fundamental physics and the mathematical as well as conceptual underpinnings of gravity and its applications. The course covers the theory and applications of Newtonian gravitation and an introduction to the ideas of gravitation in general relativity. Topics to be covered include gravitational potentials, orbits and celestial mechanics, tidal forces, atmospheres, Einstein's equivalence principle, black holes and cosmology.
Co-requisite is Physics 24 or equivalent, or permission of instructor.
Physics 49B — The Science of Cooking
This course is designed as a “hands on” course. In the words of Thomas Dewey, “Learn by doing.” We will discuss what is going on when we prepare food and what goes on after we consume it. Every day, without a second thought, we pop things into the microwave, toss dinner on the BBQ, heat something up on the stovetop, whip something up with our mixer or run it through our food processor. We heat stuff, we cool stuff and we freeze stuff. We use pots and pans made of cast iron, stainless steel, glass, aluminum and copper. We set temperatures and we set timers. We boil, simmer, braise, caramelize, liquefy, steep, brew and marinate. Did you ever stop to think that there is a method to the madness? Those seemingly abstract concepts of wave mechanics, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, solid state physics and even quantum mechanics dictate how tasty and healthy your meal ends up being. But what about nutrition and health...? Can we bake our cake and eat it too? It’s all about conservation of energy! In this country we spend in excess of $40 billion dollars a year on dieting and another 2.6 billion on gym memberships. Is this all a scam, a hopeless quest? Consider that 68.8% of US adults are either overweight or obese (CDC). Obesity is a contributing factor is deaths due to heart disease, cancer, stroke, kidney disease and diabetes (CDC). Losing as little as 5 to 7 percent of a person’s total body weight lowers blood pressure, improves sugar levels, and lowers diabetes by nearly 60% in those with pre diabetes (CDC). The average size of a bagel in the US more than doubled between 1983 and 2003 (going from 4 inches in diameter and 140 calories to 6 inches in diameter and 350 calories (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute). At the current rate of increase, yearly obesity related healthcare costs are expected to exceed$300 billion dollars by 2018 — up from the reported \$147 billion in 2008. Can we have it all? Can we prepare amazing meals and treats and still retain our health. Take the course and find out!
Physics 52 — Quantum Physics
Beginning with modern atom interferometry experiments, this course moves directly to the Schrödinger equation. After a thorough consideration of solutions in one dimension, the principles of quantum mechanics are examined, including the role of operators, eigenfunctions and eigenvalues, superposition, commutators, and uncertainty relations. After discussion of angular momentum and some simple three-dimensional systems, applications of quantum mechanics to atomic and molecular physics, solid state physics, nuclear physics, and particle physics are stressed. Each week there are three 50-minute lectures as well as a recitation section in which small groups work on new problems that extend the material under discussion in significant ways. In addition, there is a term paper on an area of interest in quantum mechanics and/or its applications.
Physics 54 — Modern Physics Lab
Classical experiments of modern physics, including thermal radiation, Rutherford scattering, barrier penetration of microwaves, gamma radiation interactions using pulse height analysis, the Hall effect, the Cavendish experiment, and a chaotic pendulum. Prerequisites: Physics 52 or concurrently. 1 credit hour.
Physics 84 — Quantum Information
This course covers foundational principles and results in the emerging field of quantum information science, including both quantum computing and quantum communication. The lectures, readings, and problem sets will cover the fundamentals of discrete-state quantum mechanics; quantum logic gates; several famous quantum computing algorithms including search and factoring; basics of quantum error correction; and quantum teleportation, cryptography, and secret-sharing schemes. Student presentations will explore current hardware implementations of quantum information theory, along with special theoretical topics.
Prerequisites: CS5, Ph51, and Math 40, 65. Students will need command of linear algebra skills, such as finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices, inverting matrices, and using change-of-basis matrices to transform vectors and matrices.
Physics 84 counts as a half-course elective for the HMC physics major, and as an elective for the HMC computer science major.
Alternate years: next offering is spring 2015.
Physics 116 — Quantum Mechanics
The course takes a modern approach by introducing Dirac notation at the beginning. This is done through discussion of the Stern-Gerlach device and spin 1/2 particles, following the treatment of Townsend, Feynman and Sakurai. The course then proceeds through various nonrelativistic topics, including: general formalism, one-dimensional and three-dimensional problems, angular momentum states, Bell's theorem and its experimental verification, perturbation theory, and identical particles. Applications to atomic and nuclear systems are also discussed.
Physics 134 — Optics Laboratory
A laboratory-lecture course on the techniques and theory of classical and modern optics. Topics of study include diffraction, interferometry, Fourier transform spectroscopy, grating spectroscopy, lasers, and coherence of waves. In addition, the course develops the theory of sample variance, nonlinear least-squares fitting, the $$\chi^2$$ criterion for goodness of fit, and normalized residuals. The course is more loosely structured than earlier laboratory courses, and seeks to develop skills in experimental design and execution with flexible, multi-part experiments. The available experiments are
1. Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction
2. grating spectroscopy of mercury, hydrogen/deuterium, and solar absorption lines
3. scanning Fabry-Perot interferometry of a He-Ne laser, including the Lamb dip and the Zeeman effect
4. white light fringes, the He-Ne wavelength, and the refractive index of air are measured with a Michelson interferometer
5. Fourier transform spectroscopy of the sodium doublet and a pressure-broadened mercury lamp
6. quantum optics
7. thin lenses and geometric optics
8. Fresnel coefficients for the reflection of light
Physics 154 — Fields and Waves
Course covers an eclectic combination of topics in physics of continuous media and fields, mostly from classical physics. The unifying theme connecting these topics in the course is the tools and techniques of differential geometry in describing systems with a large number of degrees of freedom. The course meets twice per week.
Physics 170 — Computational Methods in Physics
Learn about methods and tools for solving a variety of problems in mechanics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, and statistical physics using Mathematica & COMSOL (no prior experience in either is required).
Physics 172 — General Relativity and Cosmology
The principle of equivalence, Riemannian geometry, Einstein's field equations, and the Schwarzschild and cosmological solutions are all developed, along with experimental and observational tests of the theory. Prerequisite: Physics 111 or permission of instructor.
Physics 174 — Biophysics
In introductory physics courses, we learn of an idealized frictionless world of rigid, uniform objects with trivial geometries (e.g., the spherical cow). Yet, the movements of biological objects in daily life—insects crawling or flying, fish swimming, snakes slithering, and even plants winding and squeezing through their surroundings—defy such simplifications. Nevertheless, the physicist’s approach can be remarkably successful in understand the motion of some admittedly complex biological systems. This course will survey current research in the field of biolocomotion. Specific topics may include bacterial motion, swimming, flight, foraging, swarming, and the motion of plants.
Physics 194 — Physics Clinic
Team projects in applied physics, with corporate or national laboratory affiliation. The team interacts with both a faculty advisor and a liaison from the sponsoring organization to achieve project goals. Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
Fall 2019 (Tentative)
Astronomy 101 — Observational Astronomy
A survey of the techniques of observational astronomy, including optical, infrared, and X-ray astronomy. Four to six observational projects including observations using the Claremont College's Brackett and Table Mountain Observatories, plus computer projects analyzing data. Observational techniques used include CCD astrometry and photometry, stellar spectroscopy. In addition to observational techniques, the course will also cover the physics of basic emission mechanisms at the various wavelengths.
Physics 23 — Special Relativity
Einstein’s special theory of relativity is developed from the premises that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames and that the speed of light is a constant. The relationship between mass and energy is explored and relativistic collisions analyzed. The families of elementary particles are described.
Physics 51 — Electromagnetic Theory and Optics
An introduction to electromagnetism and optics. Maxwell’s equations are discussed in differential and integral form. Maxwell’s equations are then used to develop an introduction to the field of optics. Beyond the presentation of Maxwell’s equations, selected topics include Gauss’s and Stokes’s theorems, the wave equation including the Poynting vector, electromagnetic energy, basic circuits, diffraction, Snell’s law, interference, and the physical origin of the index of refraction. Applications include fusion, circuit elements, motors, diffraction gratings and thin films. Each week there are two 50-minute lectures as well as two 50-minute recitation sections. In the recitation sections material is reviewed, homework is discussed, and small groups work at the blackboard on new problems.
Prerequisites: Physics 23 and Physics 24
Physics 111 — Theoretical Mechanics
The application of mathematical methods to the study of particles and of systems of particles; Newton, Lagrange, and Hamilton equations of motion; conservation theorems; central force motion, collisions, damped oscillators, rigid-body dynamics, systems with constraints, variational methods. Prerequisites: Physics 23 & 24 and Mathematics 65 or permission of the instructor.
Physics 117 — Statistical Mechanics
Beginning with the equal probability of accessible microstates of an isolated system, the course develops the quantum and classical statistical mechanics and thermodynamics of simple systems of many particles: classical and quantum gases, isolated spins in a magnetic field, photons, and phonons. The laws of thermodynamics are developed from statistical considerations and applied to uniform phases, phase and chemical equilibria, heat engines, refrigerators, and other practical devices. Finally, kinetic theory is applied to a computation of transport properties of gases. Lectures are held in either the 50-minute thrice weekly format or the 70-minute twice weekly format. These are supplemented with a 50-minute recitation section that focuses on student questions and supplementary problems done in groups. In some years students also work in groups on a simulation project, which is presented orally to the class at the end of the semester. Besides providing a foundation in statistical physics, this course aims to develop students' abilities to approximate, to estimate, and to apply broad physical principles to real-world situations.
Prerequisite: Physics 52. Corequisite: Physics 111 or permission of the instructor.
Physics 133 — Electronics Laboratory
An intermediate laboratory in electronics involving the construction and analysis of a variety of analog and digital circuits using resistors, capacitors, diodes, transformers, operational amplifiers, photodiodes, light-emitting diodes, digital logic gates, flip-flops, and clocks. Applications include rectifiers, amplifiers, differentiators and integrators, passive and active filters, oscillators, counting circuits, digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion. Unlike other laboratory courses, each student works at a separate laboratory station with all equipment necessary to build and test the various circuits.
Physics 151 — Electromagnetic Fields
Theory of classical electromagnetic fields, with an emphasis on advanced analytical techniques and concepts. The course builds on the introductory material of Physics 51, and emphasizes the solution of Maxwell’s equations in various physical applications by analytical means. The first part of the course deals with electrostatics and the solution of Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations in various coordinate systems and with various boundary conditions. The course proceeds to examine the effect of matter on static fields, and then to pursue static magnetic fields and materials analogously. The final sequence of the course deals with electrodynamics and the fundamentals of electromagnetic radiation.
Physics 161 — Topics in Quantum Theory
Scattering, including the Born approximation and partial wave expansion. Path integrals. Time-dependent perturbation theory. Quantum theory of the electromagnetic field. Prerequisite: Physics 116. 2 credit hours. The course covers Chapters 8, 13, and 14 (the chapters not covered in Physics 116) of *A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics*. The course is run as a discussion course, in which students read sections of the text before class and via email indicate areas for which there are questions or a need for discussion. The final exam is typically a 2-hour oral exam.
Experiments are selected from the fields of nuclear, solid-state, and optical physics, utilizing multichannel and time coincidence nuclear instrumentation, an x-ray machine, an optical spectrophotometer, lasers and interferometers, and a pulsed NMR instrument. Prerequisite: Physics 134.
Physics 183 — Teaching Internship
An introduction to K-12 classroom teaching and curriculum development. Internship includes supervision by an appropriate K-12 teacher and a member of the physics department and should result in a report of a laboratory experiment, teaching module, or other education innovation or investigation. Internship includes a minimum of 3 hours per week of classroom participation. Prerequisite (or co-requisite): CGU course Education 170G.
Physics 191 — Physics Research
Original experimental or theoretical investigations in physics undertaken in consultation with a faculty member. Projects may be initiated by the student or by a faculty member. Present faculty research areas include astronomy, atomic and nuclear physics, optics, solid-state and low-temperature physics, general relativity, quantum mechanics, particle physics, geophysics, and biophysics.
Physics 193 — Physics Clinic
Team projects in applied physics, with corporate or national laboratory affiliation. The team interacts with both a faculty advisor and a liaison from the sponsoring organization to achieve project goals. Prerequisite: Upper-division standing.
Physics 195 — Physics Colloquium
Oral presentations and discussions of selected topics, including recent developments. Participants include physics majors, faculty members, and visiting speakers. Required for all junior and senior physics majors.
Physics 197 — Readings in Physics
Directed reading in selected topics. Open to seniors only. 1–3 credit hours per semester. Meetings arranged
Writing 1 — Introduction to Academic Writing
A seminar devoted to effective writing strategies and conventions that apply across academic disciplines. The course emphasizes clarity, concision, and coherence in sentences, paragraphs, and arguments.
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https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/1411.5517/
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# Observational studies of transiting extrasolar planets
John Southworth \affilAstrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK\email
###### Abstract
The study of transiting extrasolar planets is only 15 years old, but has matured into a rich area of research. I review the observational aspects of this work, concentrating on the discovery of transits, the characterisation of planets from photometry and spectroscopy, the Homogeneous Studies project, starspots, orbital obliquities, and the atmospheric properties of the known planets. I begin with historical context and conclude with a glance to a future of TESS, CHEOPS, Gaia and PLATO.
\aspSuppressVolSlug\resetcounters\paperauthor
John SKeele UniversityAstrophysics GroupNewcastle-under-LymeStaffordshireST5 5BGUK
## 1 History and context
The first widely accepted detection of an extrasolar planet orbiting a normal star was made by Mayor & Queloz (1995), using high-precision radial velocity (RV) measurements. They found an object with a minimum mass of M orbiting the solar-like star 51 Peg every 4.2 days. Earlier discoveries had been made, but were either treated with caution, had a significantly larger mass, or were orbiting pulsars (see Wright & Gaudi 2013 for an historical account). The second 51 Peg-type planetary system followed quickly afterwards (Marcy & Butler, 1996) and by the start of the year 2000 a total of 25 planets had been detected, all by the RV method. Whilst valuable discoveries, only their minimum mass, orbital period, eccentricity and semimajor axis could be measured; their radius and thus density were unattainable.
One of the early RV planets was HD 209458, and in late 1999 it was found to transit its host star (Henry et al., 2000; Charbonneau et al., 2000). Transiting extrasolar planets (TEPs) are intrinsically more useful because the depth of the transit depends on the planetary radius, ultimately allowing measurement of its density, surface gravity and true mass. The second known TEP was unveiled three years later and in a very different way, by RV follow-up of a star showing transits (Konacki et al., 2003).
Whilst the initial rate of discovery of exoplanets was slow, it has shown exponential growth and now exceeds 1800 objects of which over 1150 are transiting111Data from TEPCat (Southworth, 2011) at: http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/jkt/tepcat/. Fig. 1 shows the discovery rate of the known TEPs and breaks this down into the contributions from different consortia. The roughly exponential discovery rate gives a constant slope in this logarithmic plot, with the exception of the 851 planets in 340 multiple systems which were statistically validated by Rowe et al. (2014) in early 2014. The greatest number of discoveries have come from the Kepler satellite (Borucki et al., 2010), whose large aperture and space-based location yielded data of extremely high precision, duty cycle, and time coverage. The second most productive consortium is SuperWASP (Pollacco et al., 2006), followed by HAT (Bakos et al., 2002); these groups rely on small ground-based robotic telescopes equipped with telephoto lenses.
Fig. 2 shows the sky positions of the known TEPs, again colour-coded according to discovery consortium. The stand-out feature is the agglomeration of Kepler discoveries (green points at RA 19–20 h and Dec = 40–50). The smaller brown groupings near the two intersections of the celestial equator and Galactic plane are due to the CoRoT satellite (Moutou et al., 2013), and the spread of blue in the Southern hemisphere come from the SuperWASP-South installation in South Africa.
Fig. 3 shows the masses and radii of the known TEPs (main part of the diagram) and their host stars (dense assembly of points at the top-right). The fractional scatter in the properties of the planets is much more than that in the properties of their well-behaved FGK dwarf hosts, an indicator of the complexity of the physical effects which affect giant planets. The huge scatter in the properties of low-mass planets is due partly to the difficulty in characterising these small and low-mass objects, and partly to their extreme and poorly understood diversity (e.g. Masuda, 2014).
## 2 Discovering and characterising transiting extrasolar planets
Early work on the identification of TEPs concentrated mostly on the ‘hot Jupiters’, which I consider to be gaseous planets of mass greater than 0.3 M and orbital period less than 10 d. These are the most easily identifiable planets because their relatively large radii lead to deep transits, and their masses and short orbital periods cause a comparatively large reflex velocity in the host stars. Eight TEPs were first identified using RV measurements and subsequently found to transit, including the two most-studied examples [HD 209458 and HD 189733 (Bouchy et al., 2005)].
Planet detection via RV measurements is inherently expensive, requiring large telescopes and ultra-stable spectrographs, which are capable of observing only one target at once. As only a small fraction of stars host TEPs, this approach is an inefficient method of detection. The great majority of TEPs have therefore been found from large-scale photometric surveys, such as OGLE (Udalski et al., 2002), Kepler, WASP and HAT, which have the advantage of monitoring thousands of stars simultaneously. A major disadvantage of finding TEPs from photometric surveys is that not all transit events are due to planets. False positives can be caused by low-mass stars (late-M dwarfs have radii close to that of Jupiter; recall Fig. 3), faint eclipsing binaries whose light contaminates that of the target star, and instrumental effects. Planet candidates therefore have to be studied in detail to confirm their planetary nature.
Kepler’s space location and relatively high spatial resolution result in it having a low rate of false positives (see Morton & Johnson 2011 but also Santerne et al. 2012 and Coughlin et al. 2014). For the CoRoT satellite, which has an inferior spatial resolution, % of candidates are false positives and only 6% are confirmed planets (Moutou et al., 2013), with the remainder being unsolved. The estimated false-positive rate for WASP-South is representative of a typical ground-based survey: roughly 1 in 14 candidates turns out to be of planetary mass (Hellier et al., 2011a).
### 2.1 Spectroscopic radial velocity measurements
Once a transit event has been found, the planetary nature of the transiting object needs to be proved by measuring its mass. This can be done by obtaining multiple RV measurements using one of the current generation of high-resolution spectrographs such as Keck/HIRES, CORALIE or HARPS (see Pepe et al., 2014, for a recent review). The extremely high RV quality of which these instruments are capable allows the orbital motion of the host star to be measured. With some knowledge of the mass of the star, its orbital velocity amplitude () indicates the mass of the transiting object222Subscripted letters ‘A’ and ‘b’ indicate properties of the host star and planet, respectively.. The RVs also yield the planet’s orbital eccentricity () and argument of periastron ().
A bonus feature of the high-resolution spectra is that they can be used to determine the atmospheric parameters of the host star: its effective temperature (), surface gravity () and metallicity ([M/H] or [Fe/H]). This process is typically achived by comparing the observed spectra to synthetic spectra either directly or via the measured equivalent widths of spectral lines (e.g. Torres et al., 2012). These quantities, especially , are vital for determining the mass of the star and thus the mass of the planet.
An alternative approach to RV measurements has been pursued for most of the Kepler planet candidates, necessitated by the faintness of most of these objects which makes high-resolution spectroscopy prohibitively expensive (often completely impossible) with current facilities. A large number of Kepler candidates have been ‘validated’ by demonstrating the low probability of them being a false positive, instead of proving their planetary nature with a mass determination. The Kepler candidates are well suited to this approach because they are relatively small (too small to be a low-mass star) and very unlikely to be a result of contamination by a third object. The contamination can be investigated by high-resolution imaging and checking for apparent shifts in the position of the star during transit, effectively shrinking the sky area where contaminating objects can plausibly be located to a very small – and therefore unlikely – solid angle.
### 2.2 Follow-up light curves
Once a transiting object has been identified and proven to be of planetary origin via RV measurements, the next step is to obtain a high-quality light curve. The shape of the transit is a crucial piece of information for deducing the physical properties of the system, but discovery light curves from ground-based surveys are typically very scattered (see Fig. 4). A method of obtaining high-precision photometry which is now widely used is that of telescope defocussing (e.g. Alonso et al., 2008; Southworth et al., 2009), whereby the point spread function (PSF) is broadened to cover hundreds or even thousands of pixels. There are two main advantages of this method. Firstly, flat-fielding noise is averaged down by the square-root of the number of pixels, i.e. several orders of magnitude. Secondly, longer exposure times are possible without saturating individual pixels, so less time is lost to reading out the CCD and more time is available to observe, thus decreasing the photon and scintillation noise.
As an example of telescope defocussing, Fig. 4 shows three light curves of the transit of WASP-2. The first panel shows the data used to detect the transit – this was obtained using the SuperWASP-North installation which consists of 200 mm telephoto lenses with a plate scale of 14 px. The second panel shows an example of a follow-up light curve from a 1.2 m telescope operated in focus (Charbonneau et al., 2007), reaching a very creditable scatter of 1.9 mmag per point. The third panel displays a light curve obtained with a defocussed 1.5 m telescope (Southworth et al., 2010), which achieves a scatter of only 0.46 mmag per point. Fig. 5 shows an example PSF and the resulting light curve of a transit of WASP-50 obtained with NTT/EFOSC2.
Once the shape of the transit has been observed, several important pieces of information can be extracted from it. Firstly, the depth of the transit is a strong indicator of the ratio of the radius of the planet to that of the star (a quantity called ), as the flux deficit indicates what fraction of the stellar surface is blocked by the dark planet. Secondly, the duration of the transit indicates how long it took the planet to pass in front of the star. This is closely related to the size of the star: the actual quantity measured is the fractional radius where is the true radius of the stars and is the orbital semimajor axis. This quantity is often inverted and labelled . Thirdly, the duration of the partial phases of the transit (when only part of the planet is in front of the star) is a gauge for which part of the stellar disc the planet transits, i.e. the orbital inclination of the system (). The orbital inclination is related to the impact parameter () by:
b=1−e21±esinωcosirA
where the is ‘’ for the transit and ‘’ for the occultation (secondary eclipse).
An important attribute of the fractional radius of the star is that it is very closely related to the stellar density, (Seager & Mallén-Ornelas, 2003). From Kepler’s third law and the definition of density we can derive the relation:
rA=R3Aa3=3πGP21ρA(MAMA+Mb)
where is the Newtonian gravitational constant, is the orbital period, and and are the masses of the star and planet. As , the quantity in brackets can be ignored. An alternative formulation well suited to light curve analysis is:
ρA+(RARb)3ρb=3πGP2(aRA)3⇒ρA+k3ρb=3πGP2r3A
where is usually small, so is negligible,and the term can be ignored.
The photometric parameters (, and ) can be obtained by fitting transit light curves with a simple geometric model such as the jktebop program (Southworth, 2008, 2013) or the occultsmall subroutine (Mandel & Agol, 2002). The orbital ephemeris (period and reference time of mid-transit ) is easily obtained in the same way. There do, however, exist several complications.
Limb darkening is one nuisance parameter which must be included in the model, and theoretically-derived coefficients are available for several approximation ‘laws’ (e.g. Claret & Bloemen, 2011). The use of theoretical coefficients is generally fine for data of ground-based but not of space-based quality (Southworth, 2008).
Orbital eccentricity affects the transit durations, because the orbital speed of the planet is no longer constant. It is essentially impossible to fit for this effect using only transit light curves (Kipping, 2008). One must use the information provided by the RVs of the host star, either directly or by applying constraints to the light curve fit.
Cadence. Some space-based light curves have a poor time sampling; most egregiously the Kepler long-cadence data with effective interagration times of 1765 s (Jenkins et al., 2010). In these cases one must integrate the model to match the nature of the data or suffer potentially large errors in the results. Southworth (2011) showed that ignoring this problem gave photometric parameters wrong by 30% for a typical case.
Contaminating light. Faint stars close to TEP systems may contaminate light curves, causing the transit to be diluted and the planetary radius to be underestimated (Daemgen et al., 2009). This cannot be fitted for directly in the transit light curve (Southworth, 2010) as it is completely correlated with other parameters. But if faint stars can be detected using high-resolution imaging (e.g. Southworth et al., 2010; Lillo-Box et al., 2014), their light can be accounted for in the model fit.
I finish this section by discussing the terminology for the different types of eclipses seen in TEP systems. The correct terminology (see Fig. 6) has been established for many years for for eclipsing binary systems (e.g. Hilditch, 2001), and of course for solar and lunar eclipses. A ‘transit’ is when a smaller object (e.g. planet) passes completely in front of a larger object (e.g. star). An ‘occultation’ is when the planet passes behind the star. ‘Partial eclipses’ can occur when part of one object never eclipses or is eclipsed by the other object. Eclipsing systems can have only one transit per orbit, so references to a ‘primary transit’, ‘anti-transit’ or ‘secondary transit’ are incorrect.
### 2.3 Determining the physical properties of transiting planets
Fitting the RVs of the host star gives the parameters of the spectroscopic orbit: , and . The combination terms and are often used instead of and themselves because they are less strongly correlated and not biased to higher values of . Fitting the transit light curve gives the photometric parameters , and . We also have extra information from the spectra of the host star: its , and [M/H].
This situation is essentially that of an eclipsing binary system where only one star is seen in the spectra. The lack of RVs for the secondary component means cannot be measured, so we are one piece of information short of being able to determine the physical properties of the system. Thankfully, an additional constraint can been obtained using the spectroscopic properties of the host star and either empirical calibrations of stellar properties or theoretical stellar evolutionary models. An elegant way to do this is to guess a value of and use the other quantities (, , , , and ) to determine the mass and radius of the star and planet using standard formulae (e.g. Hilditch, 2001). , and can then be checked for consistency with the additional constraint, and iteratively adjusted to maximise this consistency.
Most studies of TEPs have used theoretical stellar models to provide the additional constraint, in which case the advantage of conceptual simplicity is offset by the fact that it is not trivial to interpolate to arbitrary values within a tabulated grid of theoretical predictions. The reliance on stellar theory is worrying, as it is difficult to assess the effect of this on the results. One option is to try multiple sets of models and see how well they agree: Southworth (2010) found a minimum scatter of 1% for , 0.6% for and less for other quantities. However, this only provides a lower limit on the true uncertainties because different sets of theoretical models have many areas of commonality such as computational approach, opacities and parameterisation of mixing.
An alternative to stellar theory is to construct (semi-)empirical calibrations of stellar properties based on the values measured for detached eclipsing binary systems (dEBs). This approach has its own advantange and disadvantage: the continuous nature of the calibrations means interpolation is not required, but it is not clear if the properties of low-mass stars are well-represented by dEBs (Torres, 2013). Calibrations were first used by Southworth (2009), based on a simple mass-radius relation for late-type dwarfs. The problem with this approach is that the neglect of stellar evolution meant the results were not very reliable. A better approach was proposed by Torres et al. (2010), who calculated calibrations for stellar mass and radius as a function of , and [Fe/H]. Enoch et al. (2010) further improved this approach by using instead of , motivated by the fact that is directly obtained from transit light curves whereas can be inferred to only a lower precision by spectral analysis. Finally, Southworth (2011) followed the approach of Enoch et al. (2010) but based it on many more objects (180 versus 38 stars, sourced from the DEBCat333DEBCat (Southworth, 2014b) can be found at: http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/jkt/debcat/ catalogue of measured physical properties of well-studied dEBs).
Several quantities can be measured without requiring the additional constraint. The stellar density, , was already discussed in Sect. 2.2. The surface gravity of the planet can be obtained using only measured quantities (Southworth et al., 2007):
gb=2πP√1−e2KAr 2bsini
where is the fractional radius of the planet.
The planetary equilibrium temperature is also independent of the scale of the system:
Teq=Teff√RAa[f(1−AB)]1/4=Teff√rA[f(1−AB)]1/4
where is the Bond albedo and is the heat redistribution parameter (e.g. Sheets & Deming, 2014). A common approach is to assume in which case the equation becomes very simple: .
## 3 Homogeneous Studies of Transiting Extrasolar Planets (HSTEP)
Back in 2006-7 it became clear that the number of known TEPs was increasing quickly, and that studies of these objects were done in a variety of different ways, especially concerning the additional constraint. This variety of approaches led inexorably to inhomogeneous results, so the properties of different TEPs were not directly comparable. The obvious solution was an homogeneous analysis. For this, I select good published light curves and model them using the jktebop code. Careful attention is paid to the inclusion of limb darkening, numerical integration to account for long exposure times, correction for contaminating ‘third’ light, and in accounting for eccentric orbits. Four error analysis methods are implemented: Monte Carlo simulations, residual-permutation, multiple analyses of the same data using different choices of limb darkening, and separate analyses of different datasets for the same TEP (Southworth, 2008).
Once the photometric parameters have been obtained, I add published spectroscopic results (, , [Fe/H]) and calculate the physical properties of the systems. Statistical errors are prepagated from all input values by a perturbation analysis which yields a full error budget for each output value (Southworth et al., 2005; Southworth, 2009). This process is done using each of five sets of theoretical stellar models, allowing a systematic error to be assigned to each output parameter based on the variation between the five results. Further details can be found in the original papers, and a summary has been given by Southworth (2014a).
At this point, a total of 89 planetary systems have been studied in the course of HSTEP (Southworth, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012), most based on published data but some on new light curves obtained for the project (see Southworth et al., 2014, and references therein). A paper in preparation will push this number up to 120 systems.
One feature of the HSTEP results is that the error estimates for the calculated parameters often are much larger than those for published works; in many cases the results agree according to the HSTEP errorbars but not according to the published errorbars. This implies that published errorbars can be rather too small: particular offenders are CoRoT-5, CoRoT-8, CoRoT-13, Kepler-5 and Kepler-7 from Paper IV (Southworth, 2011), and CoRoT-19, CoRoT-20, Kepler-15, Kepler-40 (KOI-428) and OGLE-TR-56 from Paper (Southworth, 2012). Three of these systems deserve special mention.
CoRoT-8. I found a planet radius of R (Southworth, 2011, sect. 6.8) versus R from Bordé et al. (2010). The orbital ephemeris in the discovery paper is incorrect, predicting the transits in the CoRoT data to occur 0.06 d too early.
CoRoT-13. The CoRoT satellite obtained two light curves for this object, which strongly disagree on the transit shape. I adopted the results from the better of the two, finding a planet radius of R (Southworth, 2011, sect. 6.13) versus R in the discovery paper (Cabrera et al., 2010). Whilst CoRoT-13 was thought to be an extremely dense planet with a massive core of heavy elements, my results are consistent with a typical gas giant slightly less dense than Jupiter.
OGLE-TR-56. This was the second known TEP (Konacki et al., 2003) and its faintness means large telescopes are required to obtain good transit light curves. Adams et al. (2011) obtained many excellent light curves, and determined the physical properties of the system based on these and on an assumed and . The problem was that the chosen and (from Torres et al., 2008) were inconsistent with the from the light curve. The HSTEP analysis changed the measured planetary radius from R to R (Southworth, 2012, sect. 5.21).
By far the most common method of obtaining errorbars on measured parameters of TEPs and their host stars is that of MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo), a very powerful technique for both model optimisation and calculation of the posterior probability density for parameter values. A common feature of the HSTEP reanalysis of published data is agreement with published results within the HSTEP errorbars but not with the often very small errorbars calculated using MCMC in these publications. This suggests that the error analysis methods using the HSTEP project are robust, but that those arising from MCMC analysis sometimes are not. Like any other statistical tool, MCMC has to be used carefully to ensure good results.
### 3.1 TEPCat: the catalogue of physical properties of transiting extrasolar planets
By Paper IV (Southworth, 2011) it was obvious that readers could not reasonably be expected to trawl through all four papers to compile the full results from the HSTEP project. I therefore created the TEPCat catalogue444TEPCat (Southworth, 2011) can be found at: http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/jkt/tepcat/ to make these results available in convenient formats (Fig. 7). It was also a good site for placing a compilation of the physical properties of all known TEPs and their host stars, a database which I was already keeping for my own use. At this point TEPCat contains tables in html, ascii and csv formats with the best available values for the stellar properties (, [Fe/H], , , , ), planet characteristics (, , , , ), orbital parameters (, , , ) and references for all confirmed TEPs. A catalogue of orbital obliquities from the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect is also maintained, along with various goodies such as plots, links, explanation, and the set of physical constants used in the HSTEP project.
## 4 Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
Rossiter (1924) and McLaughlin (1924) contemporaneously discovered an RV anomaly during primary eclipse, in the eclipsing binaries Lyrae and Persei. This is caused by the eclipsing object blocking out part of the rotating surface of its companion, removing flux from part of its spectral line profiles and thus biasing measured RVs away from the Keplerian value. The effect is much smaller in TEPs (typically less than 50 m s versus 13 km s for Lyrae) but easier to study because the spectral line profiles come from only one object (the host star). The Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect has now been observed in a total of 91 TEPs (e.g. Triaud et al., 2010; Albrecht et al., 2012), mostly by RV measurements. This approach can only give the sky-projected value () of the true orbital obliquity ().
Whilst early RM measurements (the first being Queloz et al., 2000) indicated aligned orbits, a significant number of misaligned and even retrograde planets are now known (the first being WASP-17; Anderson et al., 2010). Winn et al. (2010) found that misaligned orbits occur mostly for hotter host stars ( K), although Triaud (2011) asserted that this was caused by the younger age of such systems. Tidal dissipation is a critical part of interpreting measurements (see Albrecht et al., 2012).
## 5 Starspots
An alternative way to measure the RM effect is via transits with starspot anomalies. If a planet transits a dark spot on the stellar surface, it temporarily blocks slightly less of the overall starlight. The overall brightness of the system blips upwards, by an amount which depends on the size of the spot and its brightness relative to the rest of the stellar surface. Multi-band photometry of this effect allows the spot temperature to be obtained (e.g. Mancini et al., 2014) and the spot position to be measured precisely.
If several transits are observed over a short period of time, the change in position of a starspot could be tracked. This directly yields the motion of the spot as the star rotates, relative to the planet’s orbit, allowing to be measured (Nutzman et al., 2011; Sanchis-Ojeda et al., 2011) as well as the rotation period of the star (Silva-Valio, 2008). Tregloan-Reed et al. (2013) constructed a physically realistic model of this situation (prism) and used it to measure from two transits of WASP-19 (Fig. 9), a much more precise value than the RM alternative of (Hellier et al., 2011b). Having three or more observations of the same starspot at different positions would allow as well as to be obtained.
## 6 Occultations
Although planets are much fainter than their host stars, it is possible to detect the dips in brightness as they are eclipsed by their star. These miniscule occultations can only be measured using very high-precision photometry, but are nevertheless a valuable source of two types of information.
Firstly, the time of mid-occultation constrains and for eccentric systems. Specifically, the difference in orbital phase between the occultation and the halfway point between the two adjacent transits gives the combination term independently of RV measurements:
Δϕ=(toccult−ttransitP)−0.5=(1+csc2iπ)ecosω
Here, means orbital phase, and and indicate the eclipse midpoints
Secondly, the depth of the occultation gives the brightness of the planet (at a given wavelength or passband) relative to that of the star. This means that the spectrum of the planet can be constructed from occultation observations at a range of wavelengths. The spectrum is that of the irradiated ‘dayside’ of the planet. As a rough approximation, reflected light from the star dominates at optical wavelengths (e.g. Angerhausen et al., 2014) and thermal emission dominates in the infrared (e.g. Charbonneau et al., 2008). Planetary spectra can be used to investigate the chemical composition and structure of their atmospheres (e.g. Ranjan et al., 2014; Madhusudhan & Seager, 2010).
## 7 Transmission spectroscopy
Whilst occultations can be used to measure the flux emitted by the planet, observations of the depth of the transit as a function of wavelength allow the opacity spectrum of a planetary atmosphere to be measured. Occultations probe the dayside of the planet whereas transmission spectroscopy is sensitive to the properties of the atmosphere at the terminator (the limb of the planet). This effect is difficult to observe, but is helped by the very extended atmospheres of some planets. The best example is WASP-17 (Anderson et al., 2010), which is the largest known planet at R (Southworth et al., 2012). Its low surface gravity of m s yields a huge atmospheric scale height of 2000 km (0.028 R). The largest features in the optical and near-infrared spectrum of a hot Jupiter can be 5–10 atmospheric scale heights (Sing et al., 2011, 2014), which are detectable using ground-based large telescopes.
Theoretical spectra of irradiated giant planets show characteristic features at optical wavelengths due to sodium and potassium (Fortney et al., 2008), possibly sulphur compounds (Zahnle et al., 2009), and Rayleigh and Mie scattering in the blue. Infrared wavelengths are predicted to show features due to molecules such as HO, CO, CO and CH, depending on the atmospheric temperature. This is an active area of research which has generated a wide variety of results: some planets show flat transmission spectra indicative of high-altitude clouds (Kreidberg et al., 2014; Knutson et al., 2014), some show signatures of molecules (Tinetti et al., 2010; Wakeford et al., 2013), some show Rayleigh or Mie scattering (Pont et al., 2013; Sing et al., 2013), and at least one planet shows all of these features (Sing et al., 2014).
## 8 Future
We have passed through the initial stages of development of the study of transiting planets and are now in the early characterisation phase. The easy-to-find TEPs are being identified in bulk by ground-based surveys (e.g. Bakos et al., 2012; Hellier et al., 2012) and our boundaries of ignorance are being gradually pushed back by discoveries in new areas of parameter space (e.g. Doyle et al., 2011; Sanchis-Ojeda et al., 2013; Ciceri et al., 2014). Exhaustive examinations of a small subset of TEPs have established them as tracers of the formation, structure and evolution of giant planets. The best-studied TEPs have mass and radius measurements to a few percent precision, projected or true orbital obliquity measurements, and atmospheric abundances of some atoms and molecules through transit and occultation spectroscopy. Whilst Kepler has truly revolutionised the study of TEPs, ground-based surveys remain relevant as they observe many more targets so can find rarer types of planet.
In the near future, the Gaia satellite will fill an important hole in our understanding of TEPs and their host stars. The Gaia parallax measurements will give direct distance and thus luminosity estimates. As , these parallaxes can replace the additional constraint which troubles existing mass and radius measurements of TEPs (see Sect. 3). The high photometric precision of Gaia will also enable it to be used to discover TEPs (see Dzigan & Zucker, 2012), although it is likely that huge observational resources would be needed to follow up the identified planet candidates.
Although the main missions of Kepler and CoRoT have been terminated by technical problems, their archives remain rich in untapped results. Kepler has been reincarnated as the K2 mission, with lower photometric precision but still much better than achievable from the ground. CHEOPS (Broeg et al., 2013) is slated for launch in 2017, for a 3.5 yr mission to detect transits in low-mass planets discovered by the RV method.
The next landmark mission is TESS (Ricker et al., 2014), also due for launch in 2017. TESS will photometrically observe 26 fields covering most of the sky, concentrating on bright stars but for much shorter time intervals (27 days near the ecliptic ranging to one year around the celestial poles). Further ahead, the PLATO mission (Rauer et al., 2014) is planned for launch in 2024 as a precision photometry survey instrument. PLATO will have a much larger field of view than Kepler: it will observe brighter stars which makes follow-up observations much easier. It will also observe patches of sky for several years, thereby avoiding the low sensitivity to long-period planets suffered by TESS. Our knowledge of transiting planets is set to improve immensely.
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https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/20050/simple-mathematical-puzzle
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# Simple mathematical puzzle
Puzzle: $$\begin{array}{}\boxed{3\;\,}&\boxed{150\;\;\;\,}&\boxed{12\;\;\;\,}\\\boxed{7\;\,}&\boxed{3164\;\,}&\boxed{56\;\;\;\,}\\\boxed{16}&\boxed{74112}&\boxed{272\;\;}\\\boxed{32}&\boxed{\text{?}\;\;\;\;\;\;\,}&\boxed{1024\,}\end{array}$$
We have to figure out the question mark.
My effort:
I have tried almost for half-an-hour, but can't seem to work out the rule being followed here. I tried
\begin{align} 7 - 3 &= 2^2\\ 16 - 7 &= 3^2\\ 32 - 16 &= 4^2 \end{align}
This was the only sequence I could figure out but it only works for the first column.
I need help figuring this out, along with a suitable explanation of the answer.
Note: This is not a homework question.
• From the looks of it, I would think that the first and last column are given and you derive the center column from the outside two. – Aggie Kidd Aug 14 '15 at 14:50
• Interesting the left to the right appears to be in order 3*(3+1), 7*(7+1), 16*(16+1), then suddenly 32*32... – Going hamateur Aug 14 '15 at 14:51
• @Goinghamateur Or if you look at it a different way, the ratios of 3rd/1st go 4, 8, 17, 32... – Patrick N Aug 14 '15 at 14:53
## 1 Answer
My answer:
$\mathbf{1049088}$
The pattern I noticed was
$\text{middle column} = \text{right column}^2 + (\text{left column}\times 2^\text{row number})$
$2^1\times 3 + 12^2 = 6 + 144 = 150$
$2^2\times 7 + 56^2 = 28 + 3136 = 3164$
$2^3\times 16 + 272^2 = 128 + 73984 = 74112$
$2^4\times 32 + 1024^2 = 512 + 1048576 = 1049088$
My inspiration:
I divided 74112 by 272 and it came close to 272, so I though of squaring. Then I took the difference and said hey that looks like a multiple of 16, it was, I then applied the algorithm on all of them and the multiple trend of the difference from the square remained, and the 2, 4 ,8 pattern appeared. Leaving the assumption 16 would be the next difference multiplier.
• That was to fast for me :) Good work! – Wa Kai Aug 14 '15 at 14:56
• +1 Ten seconds too fast for me :P I had gone through the squares and was about to run the last one, but you beat me to it! – Patrick N Aug 14 '15 at 14:57
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https://rdrr.io/cran/lmomco/man/cdfgep.html
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cdfgep: Cumulative Distribution Function of the Generalized... In lmomco: L-Moments, Censored L-Moments, Trimmed L-Moments, L-Comoments, and Many Distributions
Description
This function computes the cumulative probability or nonexceedance probability of the Generalized Exponential Poisson distribution given parameters (β, κ, and h) computed by pargep. The cumulative distribution function is
F(x) = ≤ft(\frac{1 - \exp[-h + h\exp(-η x)]}{1 - \exp(-h)}\right)^κ\mbox{,}
where F(x) is the nonexceedance probability for quantile x > 0, η = 1/β, β > 0 is a scale parameter, κ > 0 is a shape parameter, and h > 0 is another shape parameter.
Usage
1 cdfgep(x, para)
Arguments
x A real value vector. para The parameters from pargep or vec2par.
Value
Nonexceedance probability (F) for x.
W.H. Asquith
References
Barreto-Souza, W., and Cribari-Neto, F., 2009, A generalization of the exponential-Poisson distribution: Statistics and Probability, 79, pp. 2493–2500.
pdfgep, quagep, lmomgep, pargep
Examples
1 2 gep <- list(para=c(2, 1.5, 3), type="gep") cdfgep(0.48,gep)
lmomco documentation built on March 18, 2018, 1:45 p.m.
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https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/192742/what-does-it-mean-by-saying-the-generators-of-translations-transform-as-vectors
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# What does it mean by saying the generators of translations transform as vectors under the Lorentz Group?
The commutator of generators of Lorentz transformation and translation is as follow: $$[M^{\mu\nu},P^\sigma]=i(P^\mu\eta^{\nu\sigma}-P^\nu\eta^{\mu\sigma} ).$$ Then from this we usually say that the generators of translations transform as vectors under the Lorentz group.
I don't quit understand this statement, could anyone explain it?
Notation: I will write a Poincaré transformation as ${x'}^\mu = {\Lambda^\mu}_\nu x^\nu + a^\mu$, the operator representing this transformation on the Hilbert space is $U(\Lambda, a)$. An infinitesimal transformation with ${\Lambda^\mu}_\nu = \delta^\mu_\nu + {\omega^\mu}_\nu$ and $a^\mu = \epsilon^\mu$ can be expanded as $$U(\delta + \omega, \epsilon) = 1 + \frac{i}{2} \omega_{\rho\sigma} M^{\rho\sigma} - i \epsilon_\rho P^\rho + \cdots \tag{1}$$
Definition: Operators $V^\mu$ transform as a vector under Poincaré transformations iff $$U(\Lambda, a) V^\rho U^{-1}(\Lambda, a) = {\Lambda_\mu}^\rho V^\mu \tag{2}$$ which I would say makes sense, intuitively.
Theorem: The condition (2) is equivalent to
• $[M^{\mu\nu}, V^\sigma] = i \left(V^\mu \eta^{\nu\sigma} - V^\nu \eta^{\mu\sigma} \right)$ (what you wrote)
• and $[P^\mu, V^\sigma] = 0$.
That should answer your question. One direction of the equivalence is easy to show by inserting the expansion (1) into (2) and equation coefficients of $\omega$ and $\epsilon$.
(For the other direction, one could probably take the derivative of (2) with respect to $\omega$ and $\epsilon$ and show that both sides satisfy the same differential equation, but I don't think I've ever seen anyone actually do this proof.)
Notes:
• I've taken this more or less from Weinberg QFT 1, Chapters 2.3 - 2.4.
• The situation is pretty similar in quantum mechanics, just with SO(3) instead of the Poincaré group. Link
• For equation (2), isn't that a vector should transform as $\Lambda^\rho_{\ \mu}V^{\mu}$, instead of $\Lambda^{\ \rho}_{\mu}V^{\mu}$? I mean the positions of the indexs on $\Lambda$ seem not right for me, could you explain again? Thank you! – Nahc Jul 6 '15 at 15:34
• You could equivalently write $U^{-1} V^\rho U = {\Lambda^\rho}_\mu V^\mu$. I agree that this would be a bit nicer (I was following Weinberg). – Noiralef Jul 6 '15 at 17:04
A representation of the Lorentz group implies a set of matrices $(S_{\mu\nu})_a{}^b$ (one for each $\mu,\nu$) that satisfy the Lorentz algebra, i.e. satisfies a relation of the form (I am not keeping track of signs) $$[S_{\mu\nu} , S_{\rho\sigma} ] = i ( \eta_{\mu\rho} S_{\nu\sigma} + \cdots )$$ What this means is that there is a vector space, with vectors $\psi^a$ so that $$[ \psi_a , M_{\mu\nu} ] = (S_{\mu\nu})_a{}^b \psi_b$$ A particular representation of the Lorentz algebra is the vector representation, for which $a=\mu$ and $$(S_{\mu\nu})_\rho{}^\sigma = i (\eta_{\mu\rho} \delta_\nu^\sigma - \delta^\sigma_\mu \eta_{\nu\rho} )$$ The vectors in this representation are therefore of the form $A_\mu$. Then $$[ A_\rho , M_{\mu\nu} ] = (S_{\mu\nu})_\rho{}^\sigma A_\sigma = - i (\eta_{\mu\rho} \delta_\nu^\sigma - \delta^\sigma_\mu \eta_{\nu\rho} ) A_\sigma = - i ( \eta_{\mu\rho} A_\nu - \eta_{\nu\rho} A_\mu )$$ This is precisely the algebra that $M_{\mu\nu}$ satisfies with $P_\mu$. This therefore indicates that $P_\mu$ transforms in the vector representation of the Lorentz algebra (as it should)
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http://mathhelpforum.com/trigonometry/166428-sinusoidal-function-print.html
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# sinusoidal function
Printable View
• Dec 16th 2010, 04:00 PM
terminator
1 Attachment(s)
sinusoidal function
the amplitude is (max -min)/2 = 13-1/2=6
is b=2pi/period , the period seems to be about 6, so b=pi/3
c = horizontal shift(I doesn't seem to be a horizontal shift). How do I calculate it?
d= (max+min)/2 = 13 + 1/2=14/2=7
• Dec 16th 2010, 05:04 PM
Sudharaka
Quote:
Originally Posted by terminator
the amplitude is (max -min)/2 = 13-1/2=6
is b=2pi/period , the period seems to be about 6, so b=pi/3
c = horizontal shift(I doesn't seem to be a horizontal shift). How do I calculate it?
d= (max+min)/2 = 13 + 1/2=14/2=7
Dear terminator,
According to the details you have found,
$y=6\sin\{\frac{\pi}{3}\left(x+c\right)\}+7$
When $x=0\Rightarrow y=7$
$7=6\sin\{\frac{\pi}{3}\left(c\right)\}+7\Rightarro w \dfrac{\pi c}{3}=n\pi~where~n\in Z$
$c=3n~where~n\in Z$
Hope this will help you.
• Dec 16th 2010, 09:00 PM
SammyS
Quote:
Originally Posted by Sudharaka
Dear terminator,
According to the details you have found,
$y=6\sin\{\frac{\pi}{3}\left(x+c\right)\}+7$
When $x=0\Rightarrow y=7$
$7=6\sin\{\frac{\pi}{3}\left(c\right)\}+7\Rightarro w \dfrac{\pi c}{3}=n\pi~where~n\in Z$
$c=3n~where~n\in Z$
Hope this will help you.
It's also true that $\displaystyle y'>0$ at $\displaystyle x=0$
so, $\displaystyle {{\pi c}\over{3}}\approx 2\pi n$.
Thus: $\displaystyle c\approx 6 n$.
Since the simplest case of $\displaystyle c\approx 6 n$ is when $\displaystyle n=0$, I would choose $\displaystyle c\approx 0\ .$
Also, it looks like the period is closer to 6.2 than it is to 6, (BTW: That's very close to $\displaystyle 2\pi\ .$) so I would say that $\displaystyle b\approx {{\pi}\over{3.1}}\ ,$ maybe even $\displaystyle b\approx 1\ .$
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2661366/showing-closure-of-open-interval-is-the-closed-interval
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# Showing Closure of Open Interval is the Closed Interval
Show that, in $\mathbb{R}$ with the usual metric, $\overline{(a, b)}$ = [$a, b$] for all $a < b$.
In order to show the equality, you need to show that LHS $\subseteq$ RHS and RHS $\subseteq$ LHS, right? This is what I was thinking:
To show $\overline{(a, b)}$ $\subseteq$ [$a, b$]: we know [$a, b$] is closed. And, since the closure of a set is the smallest closed set containing the set, we must have $\overline{(a, b)}$ $\subseteq$ [$a, b$].
To show [$a, b$] $\subseteq \overline{(a, b)}$: this is where I got stuck. Since $\overline{(a, b)}$ = $(a, b) \bigcup$ {accumulation points of $(a, b)$}, we need to show that [$a, b$] consists of only those elements, and everything outside of it is not an accumulation point, right? How would I go about doing that? Should I assume $x > b$ and $x < a$ is an accumulation point and show $x$ cannot be an accumulation point through contradiction? How should I go about doing that? I considered $x$ infinitesimally bigger than $b$, but don't know how to there is a neighborhood that doesn't contain an element from [$a, b$]. Or is there a much simpler way to prove this statement? Thank you.
While it is true that every $x>b$ and every $x<a$ is not an accumulation point of $(a,b)$, it is not necessary to prove this claim in order to prove that $[a,b]\subset\overline{(a,b)}$. The fact that every $x>b$ and every $x<a$ is not an accumulation point of $(a,b)$ follows from the direction you've already proved.
Instead, to show that $[a,b]\subset\overline{(a,b)}$, it is enough to prove that $a$ and $b$ are accumulation points of $(a,b)$.
• Thank you. How should I proceed to show $a$ and $b$ are accumulation points of $(a, b)$? Is it through contradiction? I'm a bit stuck on this part. – Max Feb 22 '18 at 5:57
• Well, if $U$ is an open set containing $b$, then there is some $\varepsilon>0$ such that $(b-\varepsilon,b+\varepsilon)\subset U$, and so the intersection of $U$ and $(a,b)$ is non-empty. The same argument works for $a$. – carmichael561 Feb 22 '18 at 6:01
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/chiral-gauge-theory-and-c-symmetry.766593/
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# Chiral gauge theory and C-symmetry
1. Aug 19, 2014
### mkgsec
Hi, I have a question in Srednicki's QFT textbook.
In p.460 section 75(about Chiral gauge theory), it says
"In spinor electrodynamics, the fact that the vector potential is odd under charge conjugation implies that the sum of these diagrams(exact 3photon vertex at one-loop) must vanish."
That's good, because it's just the Furry's theorem for odd number of external photons. But I find the subsequent statement confusing.
"For the present case of a single Weyl field(coupled to U(1) field), there is no charge conjugation symmetry, and so we must evaluate these diagrams."
But shouldn't the transformation rule of $A^\mu (x)$ under C,P or T be universal regardless of specific theory?
2. Aug 19, 2014
### The_Duck
In spinor electrodynamics, the Lagrangian is *invariant* under the C operation, which among other things takes $A \to -A$. One consequence of this is that there should be an equality between the following three-point functions:
$\langle A(x) A(y) A(z) \rangle = \langle(-A(x))(-A(y))(-A(z))\rangle = -\langle A(x) A(y) A(z) \rangle$
The only way this equality can be satisfied is if $\langle A(x) A(y) A(z) \rangle$ vanishes. This is Furry's theorem. This result relies crucially on the fact that the C operation, under which $A \to -A$ and also $\psi$ transforms nontrivially, is a *symmetry of the Lagrangian*. That's why we have the equality above.
In the chiral case, you can still define a transformation under which $A \to -A$ but it is no longer a symmetry of the Lagrangian, no matter what transformation rule you choose for $\psi$. Therefore you cannot make the same argument and Furry's theorem does not go through.
3. Aug 19, 2014
### mkgsec
But doesn't Furry's theorem still hold even if the langrangian has no C-symmetry? I thought it is valid as long as the vacuum is invariant under C. What am I missing here?
4. Aug 19, 2014
### The_Duck
Why do you think the vacuum is invariant under C?
5. Aug 19, 2014
### mkgsec
Well... Maybe because the vacuum contains no particle? Are the invariance of the vacuum and invariance of lagrangian related to each other?
6. Aug 19, 2014
### The_Duck
Right. If your theory has a symmetry and you have a unique vacuum state, then the vacuum is invariant under that symmetry. If you have some operation that is not a symmetry of your theory, there's no reason to expect the vacuum to be invariant under that symmetry.
7. Aug 19, 2014
### mkgsec
It's very clear now! I always assumed that the vacuum is invariant under any operation. Thank you, it was very helpful :)
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http://careyoukeep.com/best-neuro-enhancers-nootropic-meaning.html
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Yet some researchers point out these drugs may not be enhancing cognition directly, but simply improving the user’s state of mind – making work more pleasurable and enhancing focus. “I’m just not seeing the evidence that indicates these are clear cognition enhancers,” says Martin Sarter, a professor at the University of Michigan, who thinks they may be achieving their effects by relieving tiredness and boredom. “What most of these are actually doing is enabling the person who’s taking them to focus,” says Steven Rose, emeritus professor of life sciences at the Open University. “It’s peripheral to the learning process itself.”
The leadership position in the market is held by the Americas. The region has favorable reimbursement policies and a high rate of incidence for chronic and lifestyle diseases which has impacted the market significantly. Moreover, the region's developed economies have a strong affinity toward the adoption of highly advanced technology. This falls in line with these countries well-develop healthcare sectors.
However, history has shown that genies don’t stay in bottles. All ethics aside, there is ample proof that use of smart drugs can profoundly improve human cognition, and where there is an advantage to be gained – even where risks are involved – some people will leap at the chance to capitalize. At Smart Drug Smarts, we anticipate the social tide will continue to turn in favor of elective neural enhancers, and that the beneficial effects to users who choose to make the most of their brains will inevitably outweigh the costs.
On 8 April 2011, I purchased from Smart Powders (20g for $8); as before, some light searching seemed to turn up SP as the best seller given shipping overhead; it was on sale and I planned to cap it so I got 80g. This may seem like a lot, but I was highly confident that theanine and I would get along since I already drink so much tea and was a tad annoyed at the edge I got with straight caffeine. So far I’m pretty happy with it. My goal was to eliminate the physical & mental twitchiness of caffeine, which subjectively it seems to do. Vinpocetine walks a line between herbal and pharmaceutical product. It’s a synthetic derivative of a chemical from the periwinkle plant, and due to its synthetic nature we feel it’s more appropriate as a ‘smart drug’. Plus, it’s illegal in the UK. Vinpocetine is purported to improve cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain, which is why it's used in some 'study drugs' or 'smart pills'. Going back to the 1960s, although it was a Romanian chemist who is credited with discovering nootropics, a substantial amount of research on racetams was conducted in the Soviet Union. This resulted in the birth of another category of substances entirely: adaptogens, which, in addition to benefiting cognitive function were thought to allow the body to better adapt to stress. How much of the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants documented by these studies was for cognitive enhancement? Prescription stimulants could be used for purposes other than cognitive enhancement, including for feelings of euphoria or energy, to stay awake, or to curb appetite. Were they being used by students as smart pills or as “fun pills,” “awake pills,” or “diet pills”? Of course, some of these categories are not entirely distinct. For example, by increasing the wakefulness of a sleep-deprived person or by lifting the mood or boosting the motivation of an apathetic person, stimulants are likely to have the secondary effect of improving cognitive performance. Whether and when such effects should be classified as cognitive enhancement is a question to which different answers are possible, and none of the studies reviewed here presupposed an answer. Instead, they show how the respondents themselves classified their reasons for nonmedical stimulant use. So with these 8 results in hand, what do I think? Roughly, I was right 5 of the days and wrong 3 of them. If not for the sleep effect on #4, which is - in a way - cheating (one hopes to detect modafinil due to good effects), the ratio would be 5:4 which is awfully close to a coin-flip. Indeed, a scoring rule ranks my performance at almost identical to a coin flip: -5.49 vs -5.5419. (The bright side is that I didn’t do worse than a coin flip: I was at least calibrated.) A provisional conclusion about the effects of stimulants on learning is that they do help with the consolidation of declarative learning, with effect sizes varying widely from small to large depending on the task and individual study. Indeed, as a practical matter, stimulants may be more helpful than many of the laboratory tasks indicate, given the apparent dependence of enhancement on length of delay before testing. Although, as a matter of convenience, experimenters tend to test memory for learned material soon after the learning, this method has not generally demonstrated stimulant-enhanced learning. However, when longer periods intervene between learning and test, a more robust enhancement effect can be seen. Note that the persistence of the enhancement effect well past the time of drug action implies that state-dependent learning is not responsible. In general, long-term effects on learning are of greater practical value to people. Even students cramming for exams need to retain information for more than an hour or two. We therefore conclude that stimulant medication does enhance learning in ways that may be useful in the real world. Natural nootropic supplements derive from various nutritional studies. Research shows the health benefits of isolated vitamins, nutrients, and herbs. By increasing your intake of certain herbal substances, you can enhance brain function. Below is a list of the top categories of natural and herbal nootropics. These supplements are mainstays in many of today’s best smart pills. As it happened, Health Supplement Wholesalers (since renamed Powder City) offered me a sample of their products, including their 5g Noopept powder ($13). I’d never used HSW before & they had some issues in the past; but I haven’t seen any recent complaints, so I was willing to try them. My 5g from batch #130830 arrived quickly (photos: packaging, powder contents). I tried some (tastes just slightly unpleasant, like an ultra-weak piracetam), and I set about capping the fluffy white flour-like powder with the hilariously tiny scoop they provide.
Frustrated by the lack of results, pharmaceutical companies have been shutting down their psychiatric drug research programmes. Traditional methods, such as synthesising new molecules and seeing what effect they have on symptoms, seem to have run their course. A shift of strategy is looming, towards research that focuses on genes and brain circuitry rather than chemicals. The shift will prolong the wait for new blockbuster drugs further, as the new systems are developed, and offers no guarantees of results.
Factor analysis. The strategy: read in the data, drop unnecessary data, impute missing variables (data is too heterogeneous and collected starting at varying intervals to be clean), estimate how many factors would fit best, factor analyze, pick the ones which look like they match best my ideas of what productive is, extract per-day estimates, and finally regress LLLT usage on the selected factors to look for increases.
One thing to notice is that the default case matters a lot. This asymmetry is because you switch decisions in different possible worlds - when you would take Adderall but stop you’re in the world where Adderall doesn’t work, and when you wouldn’t take Adderall but do you’re in the world where Adderall does work (in the perfect information case, at least). One of the ways you can visualize this is that you don’t penalize tests for giving you true negative information, and you reward them for giving you true positive information. (This might be worth a post by itself, and is very Litany of Gendlin.)
Instead, I urge the military to examine the use of smart drugs and the potential benefits they bring to the military. If they are safe, and pride cognitive enhancement to servicemembers, then we should discuss their use in the military. Imagine the potential benefits on the battlefield. They could potentially lead to an increase in the speed and tempo of our individual and collective OODA loop. They could improve our ability to become aware and make observations. Improve the speed of orientation and decision-making. Lastly, smart drugs could improve our ability to act and adapt to rapidly changing situations.
A rough translation for the word “nootropic” comes from the Greek for “to bend or shape the mind.” And already, there are dozens of over-the-counter (OTC) products—many of which are sold widely online or in stores—that claim to boost creativity, memory, decision-making or other high-level brain functions. Some of the most popular supplements are a mixture of food-derived vitamins, lipids, phytochemicals and antioxidants that studies have linked to healthy brain function. One popular pick on Amazon, for example, is an encapsulated cocktail of omega-3s, B vitamins and plant-derived compounds that its maker claims can improve memory, concentration and focus.
Barbara Sahakian, a neuroscientist at Cambridge University, doesn’t dismiss the possibility of nootropics to enhance cognitive function in healthy people. She would like to see society think about what might be considered acceptable use and where it draws the line – for example, young people whose brains are still developing. But she also points out a big problem: long-term safety studies in healthy people have never been done. Most efficacy studies have only been short-term. “Proving safety and efficacy is needed,” she says.
### Gamma-aminobutyric acid, also known as GABA, naturally produced in the brain from glutamate, is a neurotransmitter that helps in the communication between the nervous system and brain. The primary function of this GABA Nootropic is to reduce the additional activity of the nerve cells and helps calm the mind. Thus, it helps to improve various conditions, like stress, anxiety, and depression by decreasing the beta brain waves and increasing the alpha brain waves. It is one of the best nootropic for anxiety that you can find in the market today. As a result, cognitive abilities like memory power, attention, and alertness also improve. GABA helps drug addicts recover from addiction by normalizing the brain’s GABA receptors which reduce anxiety and craving levels in the absence of addictive substances.
Still, the scientific backing and ingredient sourcing of nootropics on the market varies widely, and even those based in some research won't necessarily immediately, always or ever translate to better grades or an ability to finally crank out that novel. Nor are supplements of any kind risk-free, says Jocelyn Kerl, a pharmacist in Madison, Wisconsin.
Tuesday: I went to bed at 1am, and first woke up at 6am, and I wrote down a dream; the lucid dreaming book I was reading advised that waking up in the morning and then going back for a short nap often causes lucid dreams, so I tried that - and wound up waking up at 10am with no dreams at all. Oops. I take a pill, but the whole day I don’t feel so hot, although my conversation and arguments seem as cogent as ever. I’m also having a terrible time focusing on any actual work. At 8 I take another; I’m behind on too many things, and it looks like I need an all-nighter to catch up. The dose is no good; at 11, I still feel like at 8, possibly worse, and I take another along with the choline+piracetam (which makes a total of 600mg for the day). Come 12:30, and I disconsolately note that I don’t seem any better, although I still seem to understand the IQ essays I am reading. I wonder if this is tolerance to modafinil, or perhaps sleep catching up to me? Possibly it’s just that I don’t remember what the quasi-light-headedness of modafinil felt like. I feel this sort of zombie-like state without change to 4am, so it must be doing something, when I give up and go to bed, getting up at 7:30 without too much trouble. Some N-backing at 9am gives me some low scores but also some pretty high scores (38/43/66/40/24/67/60/71/54 or ▂▂▆▂▁▆▅▇▄), which suggests I can perform normally if I concentrate. I take another pill and am fine the rest of the day, going to bed at 1am as usual.
Sleep itself is an underrated cognition enhancer. It is involved in enhancing long-term memories as well as creativity. For instance, it is well established that during sleep memories are consolidated-a process that "fixes" newly formed memories and determines how they are shaped. Indeed, not only does lack of sleep make most of us moody and low on energy, cutting back on those precious hours also greatly impairs cognitive performance. Exercise and eating well also enhance aspects of cognition. It turns out that both drugs and "natural" enhancers produce similar physiological changes in the brain, including increased blood flow and neuronal growth in structures such as the hippocampus. Thus, cognition enhancers should be welcomed but not at the expense of our health and well being.
“Cavin has done an amazing job in all aspects of his life. Overcoming the horrific life threatening accident, and then going on to do whatever he can to help others with his contagious wonderful attitude. This book is an easy to understand fact filled manual for anyone, but especially those who are or are caregivers for a loved one with tbi. I also highly recommend his podcast series.”
The first night I was eating some coconut oil, I did my n-backing past 11 PM; normally that damages my scores, but instead I got 66/66/75/88/77% (▁▁▂▇▃) on D4B and did not feel mentally exhausted by the end. The next day, I performed well on the Cambridge mental rotations test. An anecdote, of course, and it may be due to the vitamin D I simultaneously started. Or another day, I was slumped under apathy after a promising start to the day; a dose of fish & coconut oil, and 1 last vitamin D, and I was back to feeling chipper and optimist. Unfortunately I haven’t been testing out coconut oil & vitamin D separately, so who knows which is to thank. But still interesting.
A randomized non-blind self-experiment of LLLT 2014-2015 yields a causal effect which is several times smaller than a correlative analysis and non-statistically-significant/very weak Bayesian evidence for a positive effect. This suggests that the earlier result had been driven primarily by reverse causation, and that my LLLT usage has little or no benefits.
### Still, the scientific backing and ingredient sourcing of nootropics on the market varies widely, and even those based in some research won't necessarily immediately, always or ever translate to better grades or an ability to finally crank out that novel. Nor are supplements of any kind risk-free, says Jocelyn Kerl, a pharmacist in Madison, Wisconsin.
The concept of neuroenhancement and the use of substances to improve cognitive functioning in healthy individuals, is certainly not a new one. In fact, one of the first cognitive enhancement drugs, Piracetam, was developed over fifty years ago by psychologist and chemist C.C. Giurgea. Although he did not know the exact mechanism, Giurgia believed the drug boosted brain power and so began his exploration into "smart pills", or nootropics, a term he coined from the Greek nous, meaning "mind," and trepein, meaning "to bend.
At this point I began to get bored with it and the lack of apparent effects, so I began a pilot trial: I’d use the LED set for 10 minutes every few days before 2PM, record, and in a few months look for a correlation with my daily self-ratings of mood/productivity (for 2.5 years I’ve asked myself at the end of each day whether I did more, the usual, or less work done that day than average, so 2=below-average, 3=average, 4=above-average; it’s ad hoc, but in some factor analyses I’ve been playing with, it seems to load on a lot of other variables I’ve measured, so I think it’s meaningful).
Discussions of PEA mention that it’s almost useless without a MAOI to pave the way; hence, when I decided to get deprenyl and noticed that deprenyl is a MAOI, I decided to also give PEA a second chance in conjunction with deprenyl. Unfortunately, in part due to my own shenanigans, Nubrain canceled the deprenyl order and so I have 20g of PEA sitting around. Well, it’ll keep until such time as I do get a MAOI.
Remember: The strictest definition of nootropics today says that for a substance to be a true brain-boosting nootropic it must have low toxicity and few side effects. Therefore, by definition, a nootropic is safe to use. However, when people start stacking nootropics indiscriminately, taking megadoses, or importing them from unknown suppliers that may have poor quality control, it’s easy for safety concerns to start creeping in.
##### Of all the smart drugs in the world, Modafinil is most often touted as the best. It’s a powerful cognitive enhancer, great for boosting alertness, and has very few, mild side effects that most healthy users will never experience. And no, you can’t have any. Sorry. Modafinil is a prescription medication used to treat disorders like narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and for those who suffer from obstructive sleep apnea.
I bought 500g of piracetam (Examine.com; FDA adverse events) from Smart Powders (piracetam is one of the cheapest nootropics and SP was one of the cheapest suppliers; the others were much more expensive as of October 2010), and I’ve tried it out for several days (started on 7 September 2009, and used it steadily up to mid-December). I’ve varied my dose from 3 grams to 12 grams (at least, I think the little scoop measures in grams), taking them in my tea or bitter fruit juice. Cranberry worked the best, although orange juice masks the taste pretty well; I also accidentally learned that piracetam stings horribly when I got some on a cat scratch. 3 grams (alone) didn’t seem to do much of anything while 12 grams gave me a nasty headache. I also ate 2 or 3 eggs a day.
I take my piracetam in the form of capped pills consisting (in descending order) of piracetam, choline bitartrate, anhydrous caffeine, and l-tyrosine. On 8 December 2012, I happened to run out of them and couldn’t fetch more from my stock until 27 December. This forms a sort of (non-randomized, non-blind) short natural experiment: did my daily 1-5 mood/productivity ratings fall during 8-27 December compared to November 2012 & January 2013? The graphed data28 suggests to me a decline:
Interesting. On days ranked 2 (below-average mood/productivity), nicotine seems to have boosted scores; on days ranked 3, nicotine hurts scores; there aren’t enough 4’s to tell, but even ’5 days seem to see a boost from nicotine, which is not predicted by the theory. But I don’t think much of a conclusion can be drawn: not enough data to make out any simple relationship. Some modeling suggests no relationship in this data either (although also no difference in standard deviations, leading me to wonder if I screwed up the data recording - not all of the DNB scores seem to match the input data in the previous analysis). So although the 2 days in the graph are striking, the theory may not be right.
Of all the smart drugs in the world, Modafinil is most often touted as the best. It’s a powerful cognitive enhancer, great for boosting alertness, and has very few, mild side effects that most healthy users will never experience. And no, you can’t have any. Sorry. Modafinil is a prescription medication used to treat disorders like narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and for those who suffer from obstructive sleep apnea.
Nootropics, also known as ‘brain boosters,’ ‘brain supplements’ or ‘cognitive enhancers’ are made up of a variety of artificial and natural compounds. These compounds help in enhancing the cognitive activities of the brain by regulating or altering the production of neurochemicals and neurotransmitters in the brain. It improves blood flow, stimulates neurogenesis (the process by which neurons are produced in the body by neural stem cells), enhances nerve growth rate, modifies synapses, and improves cell membrane fluidity. Thus, positive changes are created within your body, which helps you to function optimally irrespective of your current lifestyle and individual needs.
One curious thing that leaps out looking at the graphs is that the estimated underlying standard deviations differ: the nicotine days have a strikingly large standard deviation, indicating greater variability in scores - both higher and lower, since the means weren’t very different. The difference in standard deviations is just 6.6% below 0, so the difference almost reaches our usual frequentist levels of confidence too, which we can verify by testing:
Cytisine is not known as a stimulant and I’m not addicted to nicotine, so why give it a try? Nicotine is one of the more effective stimulants available, and it’s odd how few nicotine analogues or nicotinic agonists there are available; nicotine has a few flaws like short half-life and increasing blood pressure, so I would be interested in a replacement. The nicotine metabolite cotinine, in the human studies available, looks intriguing and potentially better, but I have been unable to find a source for it. One of the few relevant drugs which I can obtain is cytisine, from Ceretropic, at 2x1.5mg doses. There are not many anecdotal reports on cytisine, but at least a few suggest somewhat comparable effects with nicotine, so I gave it a try.
Whole pill at 3 AM. I spend the entire morning and afternoon typing up a transcript of Earth in My Window. I tried taking a nap around 10 AM, but during the hour I was down, I had <5m of light sleep, the Zeo said. After I finished the transcript (~16,600 words with formatting), I was completely pooped and watched a bunch of Mobile Suit Gundam episodes, then I did Mnemosyne. The rest of the night was nothing to write home about either - some reading, movie watching, etc. Next time I will go back to split-doses and avoid typing up 110kB of text. On the positive side, this is the first trial I had available the average daily grade Mnemosyne 2.0 plugin. The daily averages all are 3-point-something (peaking at 3.89 and flooring at 3.59), so just graphing the past 2 weeks, the modafinil day, and recovery days: ▅█▅▆▄▆▄▃▅▄▁▄▄ ▁ ▂▄▄█. Not an impressive performance but there was a previous non-modafinil day just as bad, and I’m not too sure how important a metric this is; I must see whether future trials show similar underperformance. Nights: 11:29; 9:22; 8:25; 8:41.
An entirely different set of questions concerns cognitive enhancement in younger students, including elementary school and even preschool children. Some children can function adequately in school without stimulants but perform better with them; medicating such children could be considered a form of cognitive enhancement. How often does this occur? What are the roles and motives of parents, teachers, and pediatricians in these cases? These questions have been discussed elsewhere and deserve continued attention (Diller, 1996; Singh & Keller, 2010).
All of the coefficients are positive, as one would hope, and one specific factor (MR7) squeaks in at d=0.34 (p=0.05). The graph is much less impressive than the graph for just MP, suggesting that the correlation may be spread out over a lot of factors, the current dataset isn’t doing a good job of capturing the effect compared to the MP self-rating, or it really was a placebo effect:
In sum, the evidence concerning stimulant effects of working memory is mixed, with some findings of enhancement and some null results, although no findings of overall performance impairment. A few studies showed greater enhancement for less able participants, including two studies reporting overall null results. When significant effects have been found, their sizes vary from small to large, as shown in Table 4. Taken together, these results suggest that stimulants probably do enhance working memory, at least for some individuals in some task contexts, although the effects are not so large or reliable as to be observable in all or even most working memory studies.
For 2 weeks, upon awakening I took close-up photographs of my right eye. Then I ordered two jars of Life-Extension Sea-Iodine (60x1mg) (1mg being an apparently safe dose), and when it arrived on 10 September 2012, I stopped the photography and began taking 1 iodine pill every other day. I noticed no ill effects (or benefits) after a few weeks and upped the dose to 1 pill daily. After the first jar of 60 pills was used up, I switched to the second jar, and began photography as before for 2 weeks. The photographs were uploaded, cropped by hand in Gimp, and shrunk to more reasonable dimensions; both sets are available in a Zip file.
Flaxseed oil is, ounce for ounce, about as expensive as fish oil, and also must be refrigerated and goes bad within months anyway. Flax seeds on the other hand, do not go bad within months, and cost dollars per pound. Various resources I found online estimated that the ALA component of human-edible flaxseed to be around 20% So Amazon’s 6lbs for $14 is ~1.2lbs of ALA, compared to 16fl-oz of fish oil weighing ~1lb and costing ~$17, while also keeping better and being a calorically useful part of my diet. The flaxseeds can be ground in an ordinary food processor or coffee grinder. It’s not a hugely impressive cost-savings, but I think it’s worth trying when I run out of fish oil.
“I cannot overstate how grateful I am to Cavin for having published this book (and launched his podcast) before I needed it. I am 3.5 months out from a concussion and struggling to recover that final 25% or so of my brain and function. I fully believe that diet and lifestyle can help heal many of our ills, and this book gives me a path forward right now. Gavin’s story is inspiring, and his book is well-researched and clearly written. I am a food geek and so innately understand a lot of his advice — I’m not intimidated by the thought of drastically changing my diet because I know well how to shop and cook for myself — but I so appreciate how his gentle approach and stories about his own struggles with a new diet might help people who would find it all daunting. I am in week 2 of following his advice (and also Dr. Titus Chiu’s BrainSave plan). It’s not an instantaneous miracle cure, but I do feel better in several ways that just might be related to this diet.”
Harrisburg, NC -- (SBWIRE) -- 02/18/2019 -- Global Smart Pills Technology Market - Segmented by Technology, Disease Indication, and Geography - Growth, Trends, and Forecast (2019 - 2023) The smart pill is a wireless capsule that can be swallowed, and with the help of a receiver (worn by patients) and software that analyzes the pictures captured by the smart pill, the physician is effectively able to examine the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal disorders have become very common, but recently, there has been increasing incidence of colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and Crohns disease as well.
Cost-wise, the gum itself (~$5) is an irrelevant sunk cost and the DNB something I ought to be doing anyway. If the results are negative (which I’ll define as d<0.2), I may well drop nicotine entirely since I have no reason to expect other forms (patches) or higher doses (2mg+) to create new benefits. This would save me an annual expense of ~$40 with a net present value of <820 (\$); even if we count the time-value of the 20 minutes for the 5 DNB rounds over 48 days (0.2 \times 48 \times 7.25 = 70), it’s still a clear profit to run a convincing experiment.
MPH was developed more recently and marketed primarily for ADHD, although it is sometimes prescribed off label or used nonmedically to increase alertness, energy, or concentration in conditions other than ADHD. Both MPH and AMP are on the list of substances banned from sports competitions by the World Anti-Doping Agency (Docherty, 2008). Both also have the potential for abuse and dependence, which detracts from their usefulness and is the reason for their classification as Schedule II controlled substances. Although the risk of developing dependence on these drugs is believed to be low for individuals taking them for ADHD, the Schedule II classification indicates that these drugs have a high potential for abuse and that abuse may lead to severe dependence.
"Where can you draw the line between Red Bull, six cups of coffee and a prescription drug that keeps you more alert," says Michael Schrage of the MIT Center for Digital Business, who has studied the phenomenon. "You can't draw the line meaningfully - some organizations have cultures where it is expected that employees go the extra mile to finish an all-nighter. "
I took the pill at 11 PM the evening of (technically, the day before); that day was a little low on sleep than usual, since I had woken up an hour or half-hour early. I didn’t yawn at all during the movie (merely mediocre to my eyes with some questionable parts)22. It worked much the same as it did the previous time - as I walked around at 5 AM or so, I felt perfectly alert. I made good use of the hours and wrote up my memories of ICON 2011.
I have elsewhere remarked on the apparent lack of benefit to taking multivitamins and the possible harm; so one might well wonder about a specific vitamin like vitamin D. However, a multivitamin is not vitamin D, so it’s no surprise that they might do different things. If a multivitamin had no vitamin D in it, or if it had vitamin D in different doses, or if it had substances which interacted with vitamin D (such as calcium), or if it had substances which had negative effects which outweigh the positive (such as vitamin A?), we could well expect differing results. In this case, all of those are true to varying extents. Some multivitamins I’ve had contained no vitamin D. The last multivitamin I was taking both contains vitamins used in the negative trials and also some calcium; the listed vitamin D dosage was a trivial ~400IU, while I take >10x as much now (5000IU).
One thing to notice is that the default case matters a lot. This asymmetry is because you switch decisions in different possible worlds - when you would take Adderall but stop you’re in the world where Adderall doesn’t work, and when you wouldn’t take Adderall but do you’re in the world where Adderall does work (in the perfect information case, at least). One of the ways you can visualize this is that you don’t penalize tests for giving you true negative information, and you reward them for giving you true positive information. (This might be worth a post by itself, and is very Litany of Gendlin.)
I bought 500g of piracetam (Examine.com; FDA adverse events) from Smart Powders (piracetam is one of the cheapest nootropics and SP was one of the cheapest suppliers; the others were much more expensive as of October 2010), and I’ve tried it out for several days (started on 7 September 2009, and used it steadily up to mid-December). I’ve varied my dose from 3 grams to 12 grams (at least, I think the little scoop measures in grams), taking them in my tea or bitter fruit juice. Cranberry worked the best, although orange juice masks the taste pretty well; I also accidentally learned that piracetam stings horribly when I got some on a cat scratch. 3 grams (alone) didn’t seem to do much of anything while 12 grams gave me a nasty headache. I also ate 2 or 3 eggs a day.
Finally, two tasks measuring subjects’ ability to control their responses to monetary rewards were used by de Wit et al. (2002) to assess the effects of d-AMP. When subjects were offered the choice between waiting 10 s between button presses for high-probability rewards, which would ultimately result in more money, and pressing a button immediately for lower probability rewards, d-AMP did not affect performance. However, when subjects were offered choices between smaller rewards delivered immediately and larger rewards to be delivered at later times, the normal preference for immediate rewards was weakened by d-AMP. That is, subjects were more able to resist the impulse to choose the immediate reward in favor of the larger reward.
Learning how products have worked for other users can help you feel more confident in your purchase. Similarly, your opinion may help others find a good quality supplement. After you have started using a particular supplement and experienced the benefits of nootropics for memory, concentration, and focus, we encourage you to come back and write your own review to share your experience with others.
Blinding stymied me for a few months since the nasty taste was unmistakable and I couldn’t think of any gums with a similar flavor to serve as placebo. (The nasty taste does not seem to be due to the nicotine despite what one might expect; Vaniver plausibly suggested the bad taste might be intended to prevent over-consumption, but nothing in the Habitrol ingredient list seemed to be noted for its bad taste, and a number of ingredients were sweetening sugars of various sorts. So I couldn’t simply flavor some gum.)
## Creatine is a substance that’s produced in the human body. It is initially produced in the kidneys, and the process is completed in the liver. It is then stored in the brain tissues and muscles, to support the energy demands of a human body. Athletes and bodybuilders use creatine supplements to relieve fatigue and increase the recovery of the muscle tissues affected by vigorous physical activities. Apart from helping the tissues to recover faster, creatine also helps in enhancing the mental functions in sleep-deprived adults, and it also improves the performance of difficult cognitive tasks.
The use of prescription stimulants is especially prevalent among students.[9] Surveys suggest that 0.7–4.5% of German students have used cognitive enhancers in their lifetimes.[10][11][12] Stimulants such as dimethylamylamine and methylphenidate are used on college campuses and by younger groups.[13] Based upon studies of self-reported illicit stimulant use, 5–35% of college students use diverted ADHD stimulants, which are primarily used for enhancement of academic performance rather than as recreational drugs.[14][15][16] Several factors positively and negatively influence an individual's willingness to use a drug for the purpose of enhancing cognitive performance. Among them are personal characteristics, drug characteristics, and characteristics of the social context.[10][11][17][18]
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https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.1559
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cs.IT
# Title:Minimum Pseudoweight Analysis of 3-Dimensional Turbo Codes
Abstract: In this work, we consider pseudocodewords of (relaxed) linear programming (LP) decoding of 3-dimensional turbo codes (3D-TCs). We present a relaxed LP decoder for 3D-TCs, adapting the relaxed LP decoder for conventional turbo codes proposed by Feldman in his thesis. We show that the 3D-TC polytope is proper and $C$-symmetric, and make a connection to finite graph covers of the 3D-TC factor graph. This connection is used to show that the support set of any pseudocodeword is a stopping set of iterative decoding of 3D-TCs using maximum a posteriori constituent decoders on the binary erasure channel. Furthermore, we compute ensemble-average pseudoweight enumerators of 3D-TCs and perform a finite-length minimum pseudoweight analysis for small cover degrees. Also, an explicit description of the fundamental cone of the 3D-TC polytope is given. Finally, we present an extensive numerical study of small-to-medium block length 3D-TCs, which shows that 1) typically (i.e., in most cases) when the minimum distance $d_{\rm min}$ and/or the stopping distance $h_{\rm min}$ is high, the minimum pseudoweight (on the additive white Gaussian noise channel) is strictly smaller than both the $d_{\rm min}$ and the $h_{\rm min}$, and 2) the minimum pseudoweight grows with the block length, at least for small-to-medium block lengths.
Comments: To appear in IEEE Transactions on Communications Subjects: Information Theory (cs.IT) DOI: 10.1109/TCOMM.2014.2329690 Cite as: arXiv:1103.1559 [cs.IT] (or arXiv:1103.1559v4 [cs.IT] for this version)
## Submission history
From: Eirik Rosnes [view email]
[v1] Tue, 8 Mar 2011 15:26:21 UTC (169 KB)
[v2] Thu, 19 Sep 2013 21:22:00 UTC (91 KB)
[v3] Thu, 13 Mar 2014 12:46:06 UTC (102 KB)
[v4] Fri, 6 Jun 2014 13:30:58 UTC (102 KB)
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http://library.kiwix.org/astronomy.stackexchange.com_en_all_2019-01/A/tag/density/1.html
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## Tag: density
30 Why is the Sun's density less than the inner planets? 2016-05-16T15:02:43.743
11 What is the minimum mass required so that objects become spherical due to its own gravity? 2014-04-01T19:17:38.360
11 What is the most dense object in the universe? 2016-05-17T14:05:21.313
9 Are white dwarf stars supported by proton degeneracy as well? 2016-06-28T05:25:53.017
8 Can "rogue" supermassive black holes be made this way? 2018-06-27T17:05:20.090
6 Maximum and minimum gas giant & ice giant densities 2015-01-03T05:33:54.560
6 Unbelievably high masses/ densities in NASA website data 2015-09-13T23:35:27.527
6 How do star densities work? 2016-02-10T07:22:28.823
6 Does the sun blow a bubble into the interstellar medium? 2017-10-27T07:42:24.407
5 Size of Saturn's ring material 2016-09-19T22:30:35.567
4 Does Flat Universe mean even distribution? 2017-12-04T10:38:29.687
3 Why is [O III] a good density probe in interstellar medium? 2015-01-14T17:42:54.910
3 Question about $3p/c^2$ in Friedmann equation 2017-07-13T16:35:13.823
2 Equating critical energy density to matter density 2017-02-17T22:09:35.973
1 Why are the high density regions in outer space black holes? 2015-03-15T04:31:26.197
1 Planets classification by density 2016-01-25T22:11:47.040
1 What's the theoretical maximum density of a galaxy? 2016-08-30T18:22:23.380
1 Why is there a density dropoff in the stellar winds of magnetic O-type stars? 2016-11-04T19:13:55.217
1 What's the density of dark matter (clouds)? 2016-11-19T10:25:12.887
1 Finding equation for energy density of matter 2017-02-20T18:50:15.957
0 NFW Profile for Seyfert Galaxies 2016-09-15T09:49:05.553
0 Approximating density of hydrogen in [observable] universe 2017-04-16T15:04:55.993
0 How To Determine Planetary Differentiation Through Density, Mass and Size? 2017-06-02T01:32:50.543
0 Are there any known asteroids with average density similar to that of Earth's? 2018-10-07T13:55:35.133
-1 How to find the accretion rate required to power the Sun? 2018-11-11T10:56:22.650
-2 Radial Density Profile Equation 2015-08-21T00:58:07.037
-4 Why isn't the Sun hollow? 2018-04-27T14:30:55.697
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http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/23173/what-makes-the-stars-that-are-farther-from-the-nucleus-of-the-galaxy-go-faster-t
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# What makes the stars that are farther from the nucleus of the galaxy go faster than those in the middle?
It has no sense that stars that have a bigger radius and apparently less angular speed($\omega$) goes faster than the ones near the center.
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It's caused by the Jones force. This is the most common but most misunderstood force in the universe. You're subject to it, I'm subject to it, little crystal-armored arachnoids on a planet orbiting a neutron star in the vicinity of Ganymede are subject to it. It's the Jones force - which makes everyone try to keep up with everyone else, even the ones that are trying to keep up with THEM, resulting in recursive up-keeping and the downfall of market-based economies. Coincidentally, it's now thought that this may be evidence for quantum loop gravity. AND it's no crazier than "dark energy"... – Bob Jarvis Aug 28 at 3:15
The dark matter or the dark energy.
We don't know at all what are they. We just know that they exist, but as I say, we don't have idea.
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well dark energy isn't required to explain the flat rotation curves. And while we don't what DM is, we know what DM isn't, cf MACHOs – Nic Apr 2 '12 at 14:58
DM isnt that mysterious. Also, this doesn't really answer the question--you need to include the explanation as well. – Manishearth Apr 2 '12 at 15:02
The wikipedia page on dark matter gives some details en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter – Frédéric Grosshans Apr 2 '12 at 15:12
The question is a bit ambiguous. If the question is
why do star velocity increase with distance close to the galactic centre ?
because their orbit encompass more mass, and this corresponds to a stronger gravity pull.
If the question is
why does their velocity stays constant and does not decrease at big radii, where the star density decreases ?
We have to add dark matter to observed stars to explain that.
The curve B below (taken from wikipedia) plots the the observed star velocity as function of the distance from the galactic centre.
The curve A corresponds to the expected curve without dark matter. As you can see, beyond a given distance, the velocity is expected to decrease, but it actually stays roughly constant. Dark matter has been initially postulated as a solution to this discrepancy.
The increase of velocity close to the centre is independent to the presence of dark-matter or not. The velocity of a star on a circular orbit of radius $r$ in the galactic plane is given by a balance of the centrifugal acceleration and the gravity it feels: $$\begin{gather} \frac{v^2}r= G \frac{m(r)}{r^2}\\ v=\sqrt{ G\frac{m(r)}{r}} \end{gather}$$ where $m(r)$ is the mass of stars contained in a spheroid centred on the galactic centre of radius $r$ (see e.g. here for more details. And then adapt it to the geometry of a galaxy). If $r$ is smaller than the galaxy thickness, the number of star is proportional to the volume of the sphere, and we expect \begin{align} m(r)&\propto r^3& v&\propto r \end{align} which is consistent with the initial increase.
When $r$ is bigger than the thickness, if the star density is constant, we have then \begin{align} m(r)&\propto r^3& v&\propto \sqrt r, \end{align} and this still corresponds to a velocity increase.
When $r$ is big enough, the density of star decreases with $r$ upto a point where $m(r)< C r$ and this should give the decreasing curve A. On the other hand, the observed curve B is essentially constant, and this can bee seen as a measurement of $m(r)\propto r$. This is not consistent with the observed star repartition, but it is consistent with the presence of dark (i.e. not seen) matter with a radial density $\propto\frac1{r^2}$.
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+1 for using mathcal :D. And for the interesting, detailed, answer. – Manishearth Apr 2 '12 at 16:30
@Manishearth : Apparently, \mathcal was not standard (even if I learned it this way ;-) ), so Garmen1778 removed it. I hope the +1 stays anyway ! – Frédéric Grosshans Jun 4 '12 at 15:36
since no one mentioned it, i think its only fair to provide at least one answer about MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics).
Basically the galaxy rotation curve is the reason dark matter was proposed in the first instance. However, the dark matter explanation, putting aside for a moment other considerations as supersymmetric weakly coupled partners, is not very satisfying from a scientific point of view, since its an instance of adjusting parameters (i.e: unseen matter) in order to preserve a model. Think of Ptolomeus model of the solar system, with the epicyclic orbits postulated in order to preserve the earth in the center of the model.
MOND as an alternative explanation to dark matter is widely discredited, specially after the observation of gravitational lensing in the middle regions of the Bullet cluster, which suggests to some that a transparent source of gravity is causing the lensing effect.
However, despite this, the MOND hypothesis, at least as an heuristic to retrodict the galaxy rotation curves works extremely well. The hypothesis basically says that the gravitational mass coupling becomes weaker when accelerations drop below $a_0 \approx 10^{-10} m/s^2$. From that simple assumption, it is able to predict most of the galaxy rotation curves that are currently observed
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More on MOND theory: physics.stackexchange.com/q/5762/2451 – Qmechanic Apr 3 '12 at 22:08
The striking similarity of a galaxy and an hurricane .
Do you need DM or SMBH in the hurricane ? Their force field is similar. The hurricane is governed by a vortex, then how can a galaxy be subjected to such a field that is more important than the central force at the centre of the galaxy ? I'm sure that there is a way.
I will try to explain why there is a vortex :
All images were taken from outra Física CC.
In this PSE-link (anti gravity) I show with graphs and equations how the voids have to grow due to the gravitational field. All the mass that was previously inside them is now in the exterior shell of the voids.
When two voids intersect a we have :
and the field is like
To see the field of a vortex you need to remove the mean field
As you see there is no need of DM neither SMBH. The only think that is needed is to follow the rules of physics (and a lot of imagination of my friend Alfredo that allow s me to see only physics as the true nature of Nature, when everybody else can only explain with a magical Dark Matter).
There are recent news (arxiv and cosmiclog) that DM probably has to have a two different composition/properties and the astronomers dont now how to justify the observed behaviour.
Of course one can continue the pursue of DM quest. I dont.
The resistence that the readers have to this kind of model, that only follows the laws of gravity, has to have with the fact that this asks for a different kind of beginning of the Universe. Why not? Ahh the BB and the Dark Energy, you say!
Then, the beginning of the Universe can be an infinite universe (or almost), homogeneous, and with temperature = 0. Temperature will grow, contradicting our deepest convictions that this is impossible.
If you want to understand clearer read that blog from the first to the last post (it is written, in portugueese, in such a way that any person can understand), or to focus only the present question you should start at O nascimento de uma Bolha until you arrive at As espirais Galácticas.
And the Dark Energy? You got rid of it, again with the help of my friend Alfredo, with his paper: A self-similar model of the Universe unveils the nature of dark energy. I posted a short math proof of his argument in this PSE link (are-the-rest-masses-of-fundamental-particles-certainly-constants). Why sould the particles be shrinking giving us the impression of a space expansion ? Their associated fields expand in space, the fields have energy, and are sourced by the particles. To preserve the total energy budget they must 'shrink'. Hey, in the lab I dont see that shrinking, how come? It is impossible to detect the phenomena locally because the lab, the instrumentation and yourself are shrinking, and above all no one likes to be shrinking.
I do realize that when DM was 'invented' was only a data fit. They have no model to justify the observations and instead of thinking harder they postulated its existence. Do we need GR in the cosmology if the space is flat arxiv-BAO-survey? No. That is why I invite the readers to pay attention to my friends paper, and be the first to say 'I spot an error'.
When I went to school I already 'knew' that the space is expanding, and the same with you. It is shocking if it is 'on the contrary'.
## The bigest enemy we face in the search of the knowledge is our 'rooted beliefs'.
Now, that I took my precious time to write this long answer I kindly ask the downvoters to say in what particular points they beleive that I am mistaken.
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-1 : It is not an answer about the velocity distribution. If you explicitely link you hurricane intuition with the increase of velocity, I may remove the -1 – Frédéric Grosshans Apr 3 '12 at 12:39
@Frédéric - the galacic vortex is in place. The outer regions have bigger speeds as you can see. – Helder Velez Apr 3 '12 at 19:14
I don't think this place is for original research. Your answer seems to be far from the scientific consensus. Maybe the consensus is wrong, but if you manage to convince a significant part of the astrophysics community that your explanation is the good one, I promise to remove my downvote, even if you will probably not care at this step. – Frédéric Grosshans Apr 10 '12 at 13:25
And I will not read your explanation on your blog beacause : 1. Even if I'm a professional physicist, I do not have enough knowledge in astrophysics to judge the relevance of arguments about the dark matter model. 2. I'm not any person, since I cannot understand Portuguese. Essayez en Français, pour que je puisse comprendre ;-) – Frédéric Grosshans Apr 10 '12 at 13:29
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https://gordontours.com/clifford-brown-iip/latex-minted-no-color-50f41c
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The option dvipsnames loads 68 cmyk colors, the option svgnames loads 151 rgb colors, and the option x11names loads 317 rgb colors. Both packages provide a common set of commands for colour manipulation, but the latter is more flexible and supports a larger number of colour models so is the recommended approach. The tabular environment is the default L a T e X method to create tables. To do that, we add the following line to the preamble: Now we are ready to use colors in our text either through \textcolor or through \color. I see I can set Options (such as background color of code) under Org Latex Minted Options. The package also provides options to customize ... $latex input youneedtocallitlikethis:$ latex -shell-escape input Thesameholdsforotherprocessors,suchaspdflatexorxelatex. Hey there, I am currently working on a LaTeX template for developers to do protocols and documentation. Here, I am asking for 10% of yellow mixed with full white color. There are two important commands here. tikz-cd. The tabular environment is more flexible, you can put separator lines in between each column. Let’s discuss. There are different ways to define a specific color in LaTeX. colored frames > set margins in latex colored text in latex How to write colored text in latex? You must specify a parameter to this environment, {c c c} tells LaTeX that there will be three columns and that the text inside each one of them must be centred. If a value was added that was outside of an acceptable range, it would print in red. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! For me it seems like Latex does not escape the minted code and instead runs it as tex code. No extra packages are needed. Solarized LaTeX Listings. Thanks for the link! It just defines Solarized color codes and provides two packages, solarized-light and solarized-dark, for changing the colors of the listings.. Download. Provided that xcolor package is loaded, new colors can be defined using the \definecolor command. Take your wall from blank to beautiful with unique artwork created by Mintedâs community of independent artists and printed on removable mural panels that are easy to install with no experience required (we tested this at our studio with random members of the Minted team). Whether you are just getting started with LaTeX and wondering what the fuss is about, here to share the clever trick you've discovered, or need urgent help with your bibliography, welcome to the LaTeX subreddit! For the code highlighting they can choose between lstlistings and minted but although I managed to avoid copying line numbers when selecting content from a listing my solution does not work in most browsers (or pdf.js in general).. My current solution is: By default, text is highlighted by changing the background color to yellow. Hi My professor won't approve a hand in due to no highlighting in the code (VHDL programing). In other words, for red we use 100% red, 0% green and 0% blue. The simplest manner to use colours in your LaTeX document is by importing the package color or xcolor. P.S. For example, the color RedViolet is available with the dvipsnames option: To highlight text, in addition to loading color or xcolor, we also need to load the soul package: Now, text can be highlighted by simply using the command \hl{text}. Here's a screenshot: Saved for future sessions, and clicked Apply and Save. Latex provides a huge number of different arrow symbols. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. About the work. To do so, change permeability to \usepackage[cache=false]{minted}. Even though L a T e X provides an extensive set of fonts, you may want to use an an external font you really like and you have already installed system-wide, this is possible with X Æ T e X.XeTeX is a T e X typesetting engine using Unicode and supporting modern font technologies such as OpenType (OTF), TrueType (TTF), Graphite, and Apple Advanced Typography (AAT). colframe define colour of the frame around the box. What about logically controlled text color? The point is actually a circle drawn ⦠Here is a quick tip for those of you who use MacPorts and want pretty syntax highlighting in your LaTeX documents. © 2020 reddit inc. All rights reserved. However, I personally like the red!40!blue notation best. Creating a simple table in L a T e X. Recently I discovered a great looking package called minted, which depends on an external python syntax highlighter called Pygments.I couldn't find any decent tutorials online for a quick and easy setup, so I decided to write one. This post serves as an introduction to minted, a pygments-based syntax highlighter for LaTeX. UnansweredMinted Error need help (self.LaTeX). I have now spend then entire morning trying to find a package that can do this highlighting, but without results. latex minted (5) Since it wasn't yet mentioned here, it may be worth to add one more option, package spverbatim (no syntax highlighting): \documentclass{article} \usepackage{spverbatim} \begin{document} \begin{spverbatim} Your code here \end{spverbatim} \end{document} Answer: the function TeX-arg-minted-opts you proposed (which, BTW, should be named LaTeX-arg-minted-opts for consistency with other functions) is useless as it can be replaced by (TeX-arg-key-val LaTeX-minted-package-options-list). Before defining a new color, letâs see how the color red is defined: Obviously, red is the name of the color to be defined, rgb is the color model, and 1,0,0 are three corresponding values for red, green, and blue. Those purposes might be to color text or highlight text by changing its background color. The colour of a second block of text, d⦠In this case for the itemizeenvironment. Minted is a package that allows formatting and highlighting source code in LaTeX. Because of that, my document that was all nice and compiling when I ran on the terminal, was resulting in this: In other words, for red we use 100% red, 0% green and 0% blue. L a T e X Color Swatch Color name Hex Triplet R G B and join one of thousands of communities. Good info. Minted. LaTeX forum â General â minted | Caption and Numbering for Listings LaTeX specific issues not fitting into one of the other forums of this category. The package framed First use the package and deï¬ne the shading color: usepackage{framed,color} definecolor{shadecolor}{rgb}{1,0.8,0.3}1 This is ⦠minted supports over 150 programming and markup languages as well as configuration files, see the reference guidefor a list of s⦠Re: LaTeX and minted errors I had the same problem. Believe it or not, you can leave a comment below, courtesy of the fine folks from Disqus. In the preamble the package is imported by then the tags \begin{minted}{python} and \end{minted} delimit an environment that print the text verbatim in monospaced fonts and also colour comments, keywords and functions. pygmentize also appears to do > well with Unicode input. For example, the custom colored text here is a result of 55% green mixed with 45% blue as illustrated in the example: With xcolorâs different package options, a large number of predefined colors can be used. > > So the problem likely lies either between Org mode and minted LaTex, or > within minted. LaTeX arrows. The last tool I want to discuss is the brand new package tikz-cd, just a few months old but already indispensible in my daily use of TeX.At last it is possible to create commutative diagrams in an intuitive and flexible way, with integration in equation environments and the possibility to use all of TikZâ power if you want. To color text in a document, you first need to add the color or xcolor package to the preamble of your LaTeX file. Take your wall from blank to beautiful with unique artwork created by Mintedâs community of independent artists and printed on removable mural panels that are easy to install with no experience required (we tested this at our studio with random members of the Minted team). Using the package mintedis straightforward. Read the directions on the tube to make sure it is compatible with latex paint. Using an if statement would probably work. For me it seems like Latex does not escape the minted code and instead runs it as tex code. God bless u. If you want to use them in text just put the arrow command between two $like this example:$\uparrow$now you got an up arrow in text. In this post, I will introduce these ⦠I saw no Unicode problem between Unicode and > LaTeX when minted is not in the picture. For example, we have template documents where values are input by hand. http://thewanderingengineer.com/2015/06/23/latex-tips-and-tricks-for-thesis-writing/, https://latexcolor.blogspot.com/2019/10/list-of-latex-colors.html, Multi-column and multi-row cells in LaTeX tables, Control the width of table columns (tabular) in LaTeX. Note that the \hl command goes inside the \color or \textcolor command to work as expected. minted is a package that facilitates expressive syntax highlighting using the powerful Pygments library. minted - highlighted source code for LaTeX minted is a package that facilitates expressive syntax highlighting in LaTeX using the Pygments library. It’s possible to mix multiple colors to a new color. The code: framebox{This is a framebox.} These two commands work as follows: The colorname in the command stands for any âbase colorâ as described in the documentation of xcolor package. The soul package provides the \sethlcolor{colorname} command to change the highlighting color. Color harmonies derived from a wheel We start with an arbitrary color wheel: ⢠complementary colors have a distance of 180 on the wheel, ⢠color triads consist of three colors in 120 steps, ⢠color tetrads consist of four colors in 90 steps. Among the nineteen base colors listed, some frequently used colors include green, blue, violet, or purple. Obviously, red is the name of the color to be defined, rgb is the color model, and 1,0,0 are three corresponding values for red, green, and blue. minted Syntax Highlighting in LaTeX with minted. Since the xcolor package has more powerful features than the color package, in this tutorial we will be using xcolor. Using the package listings you can add non-formatted text as you would do with \begin{verbatim} but its main aim is to include the source code of any programming language within your document. I think those spurious k+kn and n+n bits in the code are the color codes for pygmentize, but somehow the \PY latex command wasn't defined (or something) so they just came out as text. The parameter python is the programming language the source code is written in. Open an example in Overleaf. By using the command \textcolor{color}{text} Per default the following colors are available: red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, black, white , ⦠Similarly, we can define colors through the cmyk color model. Although the range of colors available in xcolor is huge, we might want to define our own custom color. See the documentation (minted.pdf) for examples and instructions for installation and usage. Code 2 Plotting a 3d plot is as easy as writing$\pi. I really appreciated this post. Ideas? Below an example: In this example, the package xcoloris imported with then the command \color{blue} sets the blue colour for the current block of text. We assume now that the wheel is ⦠While preparing a document in LaTeX, you may want to use colors for different purposes. For example, we can change the color to green using: Text can be colored and highlighted by combining the previously discussed commands. 2 posts ⢠Page 1 of 1 Thanks for this beautiful information. Does anybody find the problem here? We can create graphic elements easily by defining some of their key properties, let's see: First, you declare a tikzpicture environment, before this you must include the line \usepackage{tikz}in the preamble of your document. \usepackage{reddit}. For what it’s worth, I made a collection of all of the most helpful tricks I’ve discovered while writing my thesis and you can find it here: http://thewanderingengineer.com/2015/06/23/latex-tips-and-tricks-for-thesis-writing/, Regarding custom colors, a usefull site, providing with a lot of colors is worth linking to : http://latexcolor.com/. In this example two lines and one point are drawn. The line is actually defined by it's two endpoints, (-1,2) and (2,-4), joined by --. I got tired of hunting down color codes and syntax, saw that there were a surprising number of searches for "latex color," whence the solution seemed obvious. Firefox: MathJax Greasemonkey Script (preferred), Are you having trouble with your code? You may even want to do both, highlight colored text. Arrows would be used within math enviroment. minted is a LaTeX package that provides syntax highlighting using the Pygments library. Try posting a minimal example in a public project on, Drawing nice diagrams, schemas, graphs, and pictures with TikZ (. Here is a list of useful latex colors: https://latexcolor.blogspot.com/2019/10/list-of-latex-colors.html. The package also provides options to customize the highlighted source code output using fancyvrb and fvextra. Here is such a tool: color mixer. Since this is all code, I’m thinking this has to be possible in LaTeX, but I’m unsure of how to implement it. For tinting, you can use another latex or acrylic paint, or color from a tint tube. Get an ad-free experience with special benefits, and directly support Reddit. I use beamer and the theme \usetheme{metropolis} 1. as everytime im trying to use minted i have problems, shell-escape is used for pdfLatex so thats not the problem, pygemtise is also installed. colback sets the color for the background. You can create any combinations of colours using xcolor package. REDDIT and the ALIEN Logo are registered trademarks of reddit inc. π Rendered by PID 29052 on r2-app-05340f2cae5813ffc at 2020-12-29 19:52:43.106272+00:00 running 6abf2be country code: US. VSCode went crazy now⦠The problem is that this broke my VSCode setup, because minted required me to add --shell-escape to the pdflatex, and the default way of running LaTeX of VSCode didnât include that. If you wish to include pseudocode or algorithms, you may find Algorithms and Pseudocodeuseful also. In this tutorial, weâre going to discuss how to color and highlight text, and how to define our own colors. It is possible to change the highlighting color to your desired color. If the values are in the acceptable range, the text would print normally. Vesa Linja-aho How to make nice-looking framed boxes in LaTeX articles 6. center put the box in the middle of the page horizontally. Highlighted source code can be customized using fancyvrb. If you use a second latex paint, add 1/2 cup at a time. With this, we can now define a new color OliveGreen through the rgb color model: There are numerous online color mixing tools which are useful to get the numbers right. To get color into LaTeX use the usepackage xcolor. I am trying using minted to display some code in my document, but the code is long and spans over two pages, this works fine, however when I place my code inside ... .java} \caption{Some caption} \label{label1} \end{listing} Then my code doesn't show up and I get the warning: LaTeX Warning: Float too large for page. This provides three LaTeX packages using the Solarized theme with the LaTeX listings package for code listings. - gpoore/minted This creates purple with 40% red and 60% blue. If you need help with the implementation, please provide a minimal working example. Menu Org > Customize > Browse Org Group then patiently finding the Group Org Export > LaTeX > LaTeX Listings and setting this variable to minted instead of leaving it as listings. Here is an example that shows how the color red can be used in a document:  Me irl writing my master thesis with LaTeX, ">>" signs appeared all over my compiled PDF. I have been several times searching the mistake and I don't find it. Some minted documentation may be found at Overleaf or through the original package documentation.Most of the information we provide will be obtained from the package documentation, but given the number of options available, we will only cover a minor part. \usepackage{booktabs,makecell,multirow,tabularx}. The post provides a few examples of things you can do with minted, details the installation process, and covers some basic security. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Need help with your thesis or book project? With this, we can now define a new color OliveGreen through the rgb color model: \definecolor{OliveGreen}{rgb}{0,0.6,0} Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. 2: If you are using âTexStudioâ, then new packages should be installed automatically. First off, fork and clone (or simply clone) the repository: I needed to do some highlighting and coloring for my thesis and this was much easier to understand than some of the other stuff I found. Tint tubes are products designed specifically for changing the color of a base paint. That’s an interesting service. About the work. use the following search parameters to narrow your results: \documentclass{article} To add a line the command \draw[gray, thick] defines a graphic element whose colour is gray and with a thick stroke. Rendered by PID 29052 on r2-app-05340f2cae5813ffc at 2020-12-29 19:52:43.106272+00:00 running 6abf2be country code: US. We can define OliveGreen by setting corresponding values for cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. To use the package, you need: The listings package supports highlighting of all the most common languages and it is highly custo⦠Often, I just choose a predefined color from the xcolor package or define a color using the RGB color model. Tex code... $LaTeX input youneedtocallitlikethis:$ LaTeX -shell-escape input Thesameholdsforotherprocessors, suchaspdflatexorxelatex be colored highlighted! Will be using xcolor package or define a color using the \definecolor command blue! And usage corresponding values for cyan, magenta, yellow, and covers some basic security n't find it output! Within minted own colors pseudocode or algorithms, you may even want to do protocols documentation... Colours using xcolor Linja-aho How to make nice-looking framed boxes in LaTeX About the work highlight text and. Provides three LaTeX packages using the Pygments library ( 2, -4,... Examples and instructions for installation and usage than the color package, in this we... Create any combinations of colours using xcolor package or define a specific color in LaTeX you... Entire morning trying to find a package that can do this highlighting, but results! Added that was outside of an acceptable range, the option dvipsnames loads 68 cmyk colors, covers! That facilitates expressive syntax highlighting using the rgb color model as an introduction to minted, a syntax! Is more flexible, you can create any combinations of colours using.. > well with Unicode input your code and black of 1 About work... Color of a base paint a public project on, Drawing nice diagrams, schemas, graphs, pictures! At a time list of useful LaTeX colors: https: //latexcolor.blogspot.com/2019/10/list-of-latex-colors.html minted options to! ] { minted }, joined by --, -4 ), joined by -- documents where are. Change permeability to \usepackage [ cache=false ] { minted } firefox: MathJax Greasemonkey (. Comment below, courtesy of the fine folks from Disqus the color to your desired color % yellow... This tutorial, weâre going to discuss How to color text or highlight text, and support! Powerful Pygments library latex minted no color PID 29052 on r2-app-05340f2cae5813ffc at 2020-12-29 19:52:43.106272+00:00 running 6abf2be country:! Theme with the implementation, please provide a minimal working example colored and highlighted by changing its background to... Future sessions, and covers some basic security base paint actually a circle drawn ⦠minted might want to colours... By -- line is actually a circle drawn ⦠minted some basic security to [. Around the box in the middle of the frame around the box in acceptable! Middle of the frame around the box a value was added that was of. Your desired color asking for 10 % of yellow mixed with full white color a LaTeX package that expressive! Useful LaTeX colors: https: //latexcolor.blogspot.com/2019/10/list-of-latex-colors.html goes inside the \color or command! Minted is a list of useful LaTeX colors: https: //latexcolor.blogspot.com/2019/10/list-of-latex-colors.html make nice-looking framed boxes in articles... { metropolis } 1 now spend then entire morning trying to find a package that provides highlighting. Be to color text in LaTeX if you use a second LaTeX paint Drawing nice,! Compatible with LaTeX, you may want to do > well with Unicode input is the programming the... Actually a circle drawn ⦠minted the tube to make nice-looking framed in. In other words, for red we use 100 % red and 60 blue... Package, in this tutorial we will be using xcolor youneedtocallitlikethis: $input... Can leave a comment below, courtesy of the listings.. Download color code! Xcolor package has more powerful features than the color of a base latex minted no color see! ) under Org LaTeX minted options tabularx } a 3d plot is as easy as writing$ \pi is. Just defines Solarized color codes and provides two packages, solarized-light and solarized-dark, for red we 100. Are using âTexStudioâ, then new packages should be installed automatically with latex minted no color % red, 0 % green 0. Seems like LaTeX does not escape the minted code and instead runs it tex! Have now spend then entire morning trying to find a package that allows formatting and highlighting code. Package that can do with minted, details the installation process, and option. Tabularx } to use colours in your LaTeX document is by importing the package also options! Latex does not escape the minted code and instead runs it as tex code } ) ; need with...: \documentclass { article } \usepackage { booktabs, makecell, multirow, tabularx } huge... Document, you may find algorithms and Pseudocodeuseful also T e X and Pseudocodeuseful also the line is a! '' signs appeared all over my compiled PDF algorithms and Pseudocodeuseful also default, text is highlighted by changing background. 'S a screenshot: Re: LaTeX and minted errors I had the same problem have now spend entire... A list of useful LaTeX colors: https: //latexcolor.blogspot.com/2019/10/list-of-latex-colors.html be colored and highlighted combining! Written in we might want to define our own custom color by hand of 1 About the work LaTeX a... Colors through the cmyk color model documents where values are input by hand you can put separator lines between. Example two lines and one point are drawn expressive syntax highlighting using the Solarized with!
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http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/183442-log-question-2.html
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1. ## Re: Log question
Ok I think I got it....
so logx(y) = ln(y)/ln(x)
right?
2. ## Re: Log question
Originally Posted by IBstudent
Ok I think I got it....
so logx(y) = ln(y)/ln(x)
right?
That's right, as an example.
Page 2 of 2 First 12
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http://1260d.com/2019/08/25/rod-of-pi-update/
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# Rod of Pi π (Update)
The equation is arranged as “A time, times, and a half-time” (“d, G, g, y”), Dan 9:27, 12:7, Rev 12:14. The two largest numbers (“G” and “g”) refer to One Year of Precession, but also, reversely, to the smallest part of a day. The “182” is half an Enochian year of 364 days
##### The Rod of π (Pi)
Accurate to the diameter of π to the 25th decimal, the formula incorporates all biblical timeframes and is the frame upon which all events occur — especially Biblical history.
The full formula can similarly be expressed as:
The rest is explained here.
The following was written before the above formula (completed by Sept 8, 2019) had fully been worked out. It is still accurate, just not complete.
The below formula is true to Pi π by an astonishing 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000
This is nearly 1000 times more accurate than what NASA uses for all its space endeavors. Yet it unfolds Enoch’s calendar (and all calendars) and is the numerical sum of much that is found in nature and the Bible.
As discussed in previous documents, (written before this formula was discovered)…
• 360 is the prophetic year (see 360calendar.com)
• 364 is a year on Enoch’s calendar
• 365 is the rounded solar Year (Egyptian Cal.)
• 25920 and 25800 years are the “Great Year“, that is, Precession of the Equinox. And as the 1/25920th part of a day (and thus 1/25800th, too), it is the smallest unit according to Babylonian and Rabinnic reckoning (= 3.33… seconds)
## The Logical Next Step Towards true Pi
Increases accuracy several decimals to about 7/1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
While the addition of “1/12^6t-P” to the formula works well, it does not increase accuracy towards Pi as dramatically as the simpler formula.
The rod of God is One. Revelation 11:1-14 (and 12:6, 14) measures time as “1260 days”, or “42 months”, or 2/7 (“3.5 years”), or as “a time” (365), “times” (364 + 360), “and the dividing of time” (180 or apart thereof, i.,e 1/25920 or 1/25800). All this, in turn, is based upon Daniel’s 70 x 7, and Enoch’s 70 x 70. Compare the red to the formula.
Main Formula, accurate to Pi to the 20th decimal ( = 3.141592653589793238456 — 10,000 times more accurate than what NASA uses for all its space explorations. To verify, copy: (11/14y – (42 + 2/7P – 1/70^2p + 1/(12^6*t)P)/Y)/(y/4) where Y=365, y=364, t=360, P=1/25920, p=1/25800) , and paste here. The “y/4” at bottom of formula divides Enoch’s solar year into its four seasons (364/4=91 days)
Therefore, this addition to the formula is an extremely flexible choice. It is, therefore, the logical further division of the smallest part of a day, (3.333… seconds; i.e., 1/25920th of a day). Moreover, “t = 360” can represent exactly one degree of the circle (π), as well as to units of measurement of time and space.
The final fraction for this formula is large:
Circumference 153148817550530282861117/diameter 48748782683691417600000
The importance of 360 in the diameter is obvious:
Therefore, the various orbital lengths of the earth and moon in relation to the sun and other stars appear related to Pi, as well as the other planets in our solar system due to orbital resonance, with earth, apparently the fulcrum.
### The continual fractions best display the connection of Pi to the Rod of Enoch (and his calendar)
I will elaborate later on how the rationalization of π using continual fractions unravels the above formula in stunning stages.
Example, take the sixth fraction of 104348/33215. This means that the perimeter is 33215*4, which is 364*365. This is just one example.
Fractions: Approximate fractions include (in order of increasing accuracy)
22/7,
333/106,
355/113,
52163/16604,
103993/33102,
104348/33215,
and… 245850922/78256779.[30] Wiki
Click here for the signs on earth and in the heavens in regard to the revealing of this formula: “Hurricane Dorian, the Eye of Pi & Sun/Moon”
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http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/24677/fit-line-similar-to-power-of-trendline-in-excel/24755
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# Fit line similar to power of trendline in Excel
Is there a way to fit a line similar to power trendline in Excel?
Something in this fashion: Fit[data, {1, x, x^(-n)}, x]
EDIT:
modelFit = NonlinearModelFit[data, a*x^n, {a, n}, x];
Show[
ListPlot[data, PlotStyle -> Red],
Plot[modelFit[x], {x, 10, 300}]
]
Gives a result which is a little off:
Data:
data = {{10, 0.229456252}, {11, 0.197084485}, {12, 0.190385018}, {13,
0.167211837}, {14, 0.162024048}, {15, 0.146360843}, {16,
0.141582714}, {17, 0.128658408}, {18, 0.12634757}, {19,
0.115664973}, {20, 0.112934492}, {21, 0.103436493}, {22,
0.101525578}, {23, 0.094280256}, {24, 0.093998465}, {25,
0.087612133}, {26, 0.085961964}, {27, 0.081235224}, {28,
0.079490311}, {29, 0.075953893}, {30, 0.073722495}, {31,
0.070194375}, {32, 0.069373963}, {33, 0.066115294}, {34,
0.064971653}, {35, 0.061982956}};
-
Use the same function if you want the same result: something like NonlinearModelFit[data, a + b x + c x^n, {a,b,c,n}, x]; – bill s May 5 '13 at 13:43
Out of curiosity, what does your data represent? – Szabolcs May 5 '13 at 20:48
@Szabolcs, variance of scores in a computer boardgame. – JavaCake May 5 '13 at 21:35
can you explain in what way the data is a little off? – jens_bo May 6 '13 at 7:26
@jensen, im not sure if my screenshot is clear enough, but the line does not go through the first points in the upper bound of the graph. – JavaCake May 6 '13 at 12:59
Sure. Try e.g. data = Transpose[{Range[10], Range[10]^3}] and then use NonlinearModelFit[data, x^n, {n}, x]. As bill s said, read for more details Mathematicas help regarding NonlinearModelFit.
For your data you can use:
fitFkt = NonlinearModelFit[data, a*x^n, {a, n}, x]
fitFkt["ParameterConfidenceIntervalTable", ConfidenceLevel -> .95]
The result is the same as within Excel (y = 2.3409x^-1.018; you only forgot the factor a) as you can see from:
Show[ListPlot[data], Plot[fitFkt[x], {x, 10, 35}]]
-
I have updated my post with an example im working on. The fitted line is a bit off. – JavaCake May 5 '13 at 13:32
Could you please give us the data too? Then we could try to get a better fit. – partial81 May 5 '13 at 14:04
Sure, i can give a small sample. Excel fits it perfectly to a power trendline. – JavaCake May 5 '13 at 14:14
Thanks for the great example. What i dont understand is that my fitted line does not begin from 10 as my points. I need to enter something like {-2000,300,x} which seems ok. I have updated the example with my issue. – JavaCake May 5 '13 at 20:22
Ok, just to summarize: The fit is ok, just the plot not. Do you agree? That is because you plot over a big range. If you use Show[ListPlot[data, PlotStyle -> Red, PlotRange -> All], Plot[modelFit[x], {x, 10, 300}, PlotRange -> All]] you will see that the function fits to the data (without choosing such a big range as above). By the way: If you do not trust your fit, you can use something like Table[{i, modelFit[i]}, {i, 10, 30}]. If you compare the result with your data (or calculate the residual), you will see that the fit is well. – partial81 May 6 '13 at 7:10
Plot automatically reduces the Plot range depending on the function that is plotted. Adding PlotRange->All shows the function completely in the Plot plot. Show uses the data range from the first plot that is shown, so you eventually need to add a PlotRange->All inside the Show command (depending on your data).
modelFit = NonlinearModelFit[data, a*x^n, {a, n}, x];
Show[
ListPlot[data, PlotStyle -> Red],
Plot[modelFit[x], {x, 10, 300}, PlotRange->All]
]
### An advice for plotting and fitting power laws:
Often it is better to take the logarithm of the function and the data, or to use a logarithmic scale (LogLogPlot or ListLogLogPlot).
Let's say you have $f(x)=a\cdot x^n$, taking the logarithm leads to: $$\log(f(x)) = \log(a) + n \cdot \log(x)$$ so you basically get a straight line if you plot $\log(f(x))$ vs. $\log(x)$ and the slope is the exponent $n$. This makes it easier to see deviations.
Show[ListPlot[Log@data, PlotStyle -> Red],
Plot[Log@modelFit[Exp@x], {x, 1, 4}], Frame -> True,
FrameLabel -> {"log(score)", "log(Var)"},
BaseStyle -> {14, FontFamily -> "Helvetica"}]
-
If the model is linear, you can use LinearModelFit. If the model is nonlinear, then NonlinearModelFit. To see how to apply these, check out the help (F1 on the word LinearModelFit) where there are plenty of examples.
To mimic the function you've included, you could try something like:
NonlinearModelFit[data, a + b x + c x^n, {a,b,c,n}, x];
`
Though it also looks like an exponential decay, so you might want to see how that fits as well.
-
|
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|
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-statistics/41308-find-probability-print.html
|
# find probability
• June 11th 2008, 08:54 AM
cowgirl123
find probability
I have a probability problem where probability of neither A nor B is 35%. 30% is A and 40% is B. How do i find the probability of both A and B?
Also, where can i review how to do probability and stats like this?
Please dont leave the answer.. I need to try to figure this out, thanks!
• June 11th 2008, 08:59 AM
Isomorphism
Quote:
Originally Posted by cowgirl123
I have a probability problem where probability of neither A nor B is 35%. 30% is A and 40% is B. How do i find the probability of both A and B?
Also, where can i review how to do probability and stats like this?
Please dont leave the answer.. I need to try to figure this out, thanks!
Hint: $P(\overline{A} \cap \overline{B}) = P(\overline{A \cup B}) = 1 - P(A \cup B)$
• June 11th 2008, 09:06 AM
cowgirl123
Is the answer .12? Or is this wrong?
• June 11th 2008, 09:12 AM
Isomorphism
Quote:
Originally Posted by cowgirl123
Is the answer .12? Or is this wrong?
Its wrong... Show us your work and we will tell your mistake. I can give you the solution but it may not help you a lot. I will give you a new hint.
Hint:
$P(\overline{A} \cap \overline{B}) = 1 - P(A \cup B) = 1 - (P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B))$
• June 11th 2008, 09:24 AM
cowgirl123
Quote:
Originally Posted by Isomorphism
Its wrong... Show us your work and we will tell your mistake. I can give you the solution but it may not help you a lot. I will give you a new hint.
Hint:
$P(\overline{A} \cap \overline{B}) = 1 - P(A \cup B) = 1 - (P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B))$
I think my problem is not knowing what exactly to do with the unions and intersections. I thought the intersection sign meant to multiply the numbers.. But i dont think this is right. Bc i end up with
$1 - P(A \cup B) = 1 - (.3 + .4 - (.3 * .4)) = 1 - (.7 - .12) = 1 - .58 = .42$
• June 11th 2008, 09:30 AM
Isomorphism
Quote:
Originally Posted by cowgirl123
I think my problem is not knowing what exactly to do with the unions and intersections. I thought the intersection sign meant to multiply the numbers.. But i dont think this is right. Bc i end up with
$1 - P(A \cup B) = 1 - (.3 + .4 - (.3 * .4)) = 1 - (.7 - .12) = 1 - .58 = .42$
What you are thinking is wrong generally. Only for the specific case of A and B being independent events, we can multiply probabilities...
"probability of neither A nor B is 35%" $\Rightarrow P(\overline{A} \cap \overline{B})$
We want the "probability of both A and B" $\Rightarrow P(A \cap B)$
$P(\overline{A} \cap \overline{B}) = 1 - (P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)) \Rightarrow P(A \cap B) = P(\overline{A} \cap \overline{B}) + P(A) + P(B) - 1$
$P(A \cap B) = P(\overline{A} \cap \overline{B}) + P(A) + P(B) - 1 \Rightarrow P(A \cap B) = 0.35 + 0.3 + 0.4 - 1 = 0.05$
• June 11th 2008, 09:36 AM
cowgirl123
.05?
Could you give me the list of...rules.. for things like this? I have a lot to learn.. and i cant find a set of things to do for certain problems.
$.35 + .3 + .4 - 1 = .35 + .7 - 1 = 1.05 - 1 = .05$
• June 11th 2008, 10:01 AM
Isomorphism
Quote:
Originally Posted by cowgirl123
.05?
Could you give me the list of...rules.. for things like this? I have a lot to learn.. and i cant find a set of things to do for certain problems.
$.35 + .3 + .4 - 1 = .35 + .7 - 1 = 1.05 - 1 = .05$
Dont you have a text book? I can suggest a plan though... First learn basic set theory. Intersection, Compliments, DeMorgans Laws, Unions, Venn Diagrams etc. Then try learning probability :)
• June 11th 2008, 03:40 PM
mr fantastic
Quote:
Originally Posted by cowgirl123
I have a probability problem where probability of neither A nor B is 35%. 30% is A and 40% is B. How do i find the probability of both A and B?
Also, where can i review how to do probability and stats like this?
Please dont leave the answer.. I need to try to figure this out, thanks!
I'd suggest drawing a Karnaugh Table:
$\, \begin{tabular}{l | c | c | c} & A & A\, ' & \\ \hline B & & & 0.4 \\ \hline B\, ' & & 0.35 & \\ \hline & 0.3 & & 1 \\ \end{tabular}
$
Fill in the blank cells (just like a sudoko puzzle). Then add up the probabilities in the cells that relate to your question.
• June 16th 2008, 07:26 AM
cowgirl123
Quote:
Originally Posted by mr fantastic
I'd suggest drawing a Karnaugh Table:
$\, \begin{tabular}{l | c | c | c} & A & A\, ' & \\ \hline B & & & 0.4 \\ \hline B\, ' & & 0.35 & \\ \hline & 0.3 & & 1 \\ \end{tabular}
$
Fill in the blank cells (just like a sudoko puzzle). Then add up the probabilities in the cells that relate to your question.
I've never done sudoko.. are the columns and rows supposed to add up to the same number? And do you just have to start guessing numbers until it works?
• June 16th 2008, 07:17 PM
mr fantastic
Quote:
Originally Posted by cowgirl123
I've never done sudoko.. are the columns and rows supposed to add up to the same number? And do you just have to start guessing numbers until it works?
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https://www.ias.ac.in/listing/bibliography/boms/B._K._Singh
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• B K Singh
Articles written in Bulletin of Materials Science
• Instrumental characterization of clay by XRF, XRD and FTIR
Instrumental characterizations of the clay were performed by different techniques such as XRF, XRD and FTIR. XRF shows the chemical compositions of the clay where Al-oxide and silica oxide are present in major quantity whereas XRD confirms the presence of these minerals in clay. FTIR studies show the presence of quartz, alumina, haematite and different mineral matters.
• Blistering in alloy Ti–6Al–4V from H+ ion implantation
The effect of H+ ion implantation on surface morphology of the titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V, was studied, following H+ ion implantation of 150 keV and 250 keV energy to fluence of 2.6 × 1018 cm-2 and 2.5 × 1019 cm-2, respectively at ambient temperature. No detectable change was observed in surface features of either of the above specimen immediately after the implantation. However, vein like features (VLF) were observed to appear on the surface of the sample, implanted at 150 keV to a fluence of 2.6 × 1018 cm-2, following natural ageing at room temperature for 150 days. Subsequent annealing of the above naturally aged sample, at 423 K for 150 min under vacuum (10-3 torr), led to development of a macroblister.
In sharp contrast in the other sample, implanted by H+ ions of higher energy (250 keV) to higher fluence of 2.5 × 1019 cm-2, neither there was any effect of natural ageing following the implantation nor that of subsequent annealing at 423 K and ageing on its surface morphology.
• # Bulletin of Materials Science
Volume 43, 2020
All articles
Continuous Article Publishing mode
• # Editorial Note on Continuous Article Publication
Posted on July 25, 2019
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http://mathoverflow.net/users/25122/bas-spitters?tab=reputationhistory
|
# Bas Spitters
less info
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14
bio website cs.ru.nl/~spitters location age member for 4 years, 3 months seen Mar 6 at 21:21 profile views 55
6 How do we express measurable spaces using type theory? 5 Examples of toposes for analysts 3 Is there a measure / probability theory in a topos of “generalized measure spaces”? 3 reference request : constructive measure theory 2 Degeneracies for semi-simplicial Kan complexes
# 306 Reputation
+10 reference request : constructive measure theory +10 Is there a measure / probability theory in a topos of “generalized measure spaces”? +30 Is there a measure / probability theory in a topos of “generalized measure spaces”? +5 Saito-Wright definition of Rickart C*-algebras
# 1 Question
6 Saito-Wright definition of Rickart C*-algebras
# 21 Tags
13 measure-theory × 5 4 constructive-mathematics × 2 10 pr.probability × 3 4 abstract-nonsense × 2 6 computer-science 3 reference-request 6 type-theory 3 von-neumann-algebras 4 topos-theory × 3 3 locales
# 4 Accounts
MathOverflow 306 rep 14 Computer Science 105 rep 1 Stack Overflow 101 rep TeX - LaTeX 101 rep
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http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/83903-using-regression-equation.html
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# Math Help - Using a Regression Equation
1. ## Using a Regression Equation
I have to find the half-life of Iodine-129 using the regression equatioon
y=100e^-0.153x
The chart I was given is divided into age (billions of years) and % of original II-129:
2.0 (74%), 3.5 (59), 4.2 (53%), 4.3 (52%)
I know that to find the half-life I have to find the value of x. However, I am not sure how to do this. Could you help? Thanks.
2. To solve for half-life,
you see that 100 is starting value when x=0.
So, $100 \cdot e^{-0.153x} = 50$
$x = \frac{ln(\frac{1}{2})}{-0.153} \approx 4.53$
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https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?t=48941
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## Question on 2A. 17 part c
Alvaro Chumpitaz 4D
Posts: 56
Joined: Wed Sep 11, 2019 12:17 am
### Question on 2A. 17 part c
Predict the number of valence electrons present for each of the following ions
c) Co (3+)
How can you predict the number of valence electrons for a transition metal?
JChen_2I
Posts: 107
Joined: Fri Aug 09, 2019 12:17 am
### Re: Question on 2A. 17 part c
Cobalt is in group 9 so it has 9 valence electrons in its neutral state. Then because the charge the 3+, it means there are 3 less electrons than it does during its neutral state so there are 6 valence electrons.
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http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/statug/68162/HTML/default/statug_introreg_sect029.htm
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# Introduction to Regression Procedures
### Linear Regression Models
In matrix notation, a linear model is written as
where is the design matrix (rows are observations and columns are the regressors), is the vector of unknown parameters, and is the vector of unobservable model errors. The first column of is usually a vector of 1s and is used to estimate the intercept term.
The statistical theory of linear models is based on strict classical assumptions. Ideally, you measure the response after controlling all factors in an experimentally determined environment. If you cannot control the factors experimentally, some tests must be interpreted as being conditional on the observed values of the regressors.
Other assumptions are as follows:
• The form of the model is correct (all important explanatory variables have been included). This assumption is reflected mathematically in the assumption of a zero mean of the model errors, .
• Regressor variables are measured without error.
• The expected value of the errors is 0.
• The variance of the error (and thus the dependent variable) for the ith observation is , where is a known weight factor. Usually, for all i and thus is the common, constant variance.
• The errors are uncorrelated across observations.
When hypotheses are tested, or when confidence and prediction intervals are computed, an additional assumption is made that the errors are normally distributed.
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http://math.stackexchange.com/users/28012/yoyostein?tab=activity&sort=all&page=9
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# yoyostein
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bio website location age member for 2 years, 10 months seen Jan 19 at 15:27 profile views 326
# 251 Actions
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# The influence of environmental drivers on the enrichment of organic carbon in the sea surface microlayer and in submicron aerosol particles – measurements from the Atlantic Ocean
## Abstract
The export of organic matter from ocean to atmosphere represents a substantial carbon flux in the Earth system, yet the impact of environmental drivers on this transfer is not fully understood. This work presents dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC, POC) concentrations, their enrichment factors in the sea surface microlayer (SML), and equivalent measurements in marine aerosol particles across the Atlantic Ocean. DOC concentrations averaged 161 ± 139 μmol L–1 (n = 78) in bulk seawater and 225 ± 175 μmol L–1 (n = 79) in the SML; POC concentrations averaged 13 ± 11 μmol L–1 (n = 80) and 17 ± 10 μmol L–1 (n = 80), respectively. High DOC and POC enrichment factors were observed when samples had low concentrations, and lower enrichments when concentrations were high. The impacts of wind speed and chlorophyll-a levels on concentrations and enrichment of DOC and POC in seawater were insignificant. In ambient submicron marine aerosol particles the concentration of water-soluble organic carbon was approximately 0.2 μg m–3. Water-insoluble organic carbon concentrations varied between 0.01 and 0.9 μg m–3, with highest concentrations observed when chlorophyll-a concentrations were high. Concerted measurements of bulk seawater, the SML and aerosol particles enabled calculation of enrichment factors of organic carbon in submicron marine ambient aerosols, which ranged from 103 to 104 during periods of low chlorophyll-a concentrations and up to 105 when chlorophyll-a levels were high. The results suggest that elevated local biological activity enhances the enrichment of marine-sourced organic carbon on aerosol particles. However, implementation of the results in source functions based on wind speed and chlorophyll-a concentrations underestimated the organic fraction at low biological activity by about 30%. There may be additional atmospheric and oceanic parameters to consider for accurately predicting organic fractions on aerosol particles.
##### Knowledge Domain: Ocean Science
How to Cite: van Pinxteren, M., Barthel, S., Fomba, K.W., Müller, K., von Tümpling, W. and Herrmann, H., 2017. The influence of environmental drivers on the enrichment of organic carbon in the sea surface microlayer and in submicron aerosol particles – measurements from the Atlantic Ocean. Elem Sci Anth, 5, p.35. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225
Published on 30 Jun 2017
Accepted on 29 May 2017 Submitted on 27 Feb 2017
Domain Editor-in-Chief: Jody W. Deming; University of Washington, US
Associate Editor: Laurenz Thomsen; Jacobs University Bremen, GE
## 1 Introduction
The oceans are a significant source of marine aerosol particles which may impact the radiation budget of the earth directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and indirectly by affecting cloud formation processes. Marine aerosol particles are produced at the sea surface primarily due to interaction between wind and waves (bubble bursting) and secondarily by gas-to-particle conversion (secondary organic aerosol, SOA; e.g., de Leeuw et al. 2014. These naturally produced aerosol particles can then be influenced by various environmental factors. In particular, submicron aerosol particles (PM1) that have an atmospheric lifetime of several days (Madry et al., 2011) may be affected as a result of processing in the atmosphere and by anthropogenic impacts. Frossard et al. (2014) measured significant contributions of continental sources and ship pollution to aerosol particles sampled in different regions of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. In other regions (North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean), however, these authors could identify the aerosol particles as largely marine in nature. Using isotopic carbon analysis, Ceburnis et al. (2011) found a strong marine organic aerosol source in the North Atlantic under bloom conditions and showed that over 80% of the detected carbon originated directly from plankton emissions. Recently, Miyazaki et al. (2016) identified a significant contribution of oceanic dissolved organic carbon to submicron particles in the marine boundary layer, regardless of the oceanic area. They demonstrated that water soluble organic carbon in seawater is closely linked with the submicron water soluble organic carbon on aerosol particles. McCoy et al. (2015) reported that natural aerosol particles are linked to seasonal and spatial patterns of Southern Ocean cloud albedo. In conclusion, despite possible anthropogenic influences, naturally produced aerosol particles may play a dominant role in the remote marine boundary layer, depending on the region and meteorological condition.
The chemical composition of aerosol particles determines their role in cloud processes. Research of the last two decades has shown that marine aerosol particles contain a large quantity of organic material (e.g., Quinn and Bates, 2011, and references therein). As enrichment increases with particle size (O’Dowd et al., 2004), the sub-micrometer aerosol particles that play a critical role in the formation of cloud condensation nuclei are often dominated by organic matter (OM) (Quinn and Bates, 2011). Yet, the environmental drivers and mechanisms for the OM enrichment are not very clear. Biological activity in the surface ocean has been suggested to be one important parameter. Concentrations of marine organic aerosols were found to be dependent on seasonal cycles of phytoplankton activity as reflected in correlations between chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and organic aerosol mass (O’Dowd et al., 2004; Facchini et al., 2008a; Ovadnevaite et al., 2011; Rinaldi et al., 2013; Schwier et al., 2015). On the other hand, there are several studies in which a direct link between chl-a concentration and organic matter on aerosol particles could not be detected. For example, Quinn et al. (2014) suggested that the high reservoir of dissolved organic carbon in the ocean is responsible for the organic enrichment in freshly emitted sea spray aerosol, thus dominating over any influence of recent local biological activity based on chlorophyll concentrations. In a mesocosm experiment, a negative correlation between organic particles (of a specific size range) and chl-a was identified, although a positive correlation between these particles and bacterial abundance was observed (Prather et al., 2013). These authors concluded that the response of aerosol composition and its mixing state to changes in seawater is size-dependent. Such findings demonstrate the high variability of characteristics observed in organic aerosol particles in the marine environment, while also reflecting the limitations of current knowledge on the effects of biogeochemical drivers on marine aerosol particle organic composition.
When regarding the upwards export of organic material from the oceans, not only the bulk ocean water has to be considered, but also the sea surface microlayer (SML), representing the uppermost layer of the ocean and therefore the interface for all gaseous, liquid and particulate mass transfer processes between the ocean and the atmosphere (Cunliffe et al., 2013). The SML has often been reported to be enriched with both inorganic and organic matter (e.g., Liss and Duce, 1997; Wurl et al., 2011b; Engel and Galgani, 2016) and to enable interfacial photochemical processes leading to the production of important aerosol precursors such as volatile organic compounds (Liss and Duce, 1997; Ciuraru et al., 2015). Specific organic compound groups (e.g., gel-like organic material) originating from the SML have been detected on submicron aerosol particles. These biopolymers are understood to influence the cloud condensation and ice nucleating properties of the particles (Matrai et al., 2008; Orellana et al., 2011; Wilson et al., 2015). Russell et al. (2010) have demonstrated that the enrichment of OM in the submicron marine aerosol particles is several orders of magnitude higher than OM enrichment measured in the SML (in comparison to bulk seawater).
In a conceptual relationship Gantt et al. (2011) proposed that, besides aerosol size, wind speed and biological activity (as reflected in chl-a concentrations) are the most important parameters regulating the organic matter content of primary aerosol particles (particles that are generated at the ocean surface, often referred to as sea spray aerosol or SSA). Based on this model it is predicted that highest organic enrichment in SSA particles occurs at low wind conditions when marine aerosol production is minimal and the SML covers the ocean surface. At higher wind speeds the sea spray production is increased; however, the organic matter in the sea spray aerosol (OMSSA) is reduced due to the stronger mixing of the SML with bulk seawater and the consequently smaller SML coverage. Rinaldi et al. (2013) confirmed an inverse correlation between the organic aerosol fraction and wind speed and presented a function of OMSSA including wind speed and chl-a as driving factors from a two-dimensional regression analysis. In the context of the depicted source function the best fit was obtained using chl-a data with a time resolution of about one week, thus averaging over fast temporal changes.
Despite the progress in parameterizations, currently there are few comprehensive field studies on organic matter in the marine environment that take into account biogeochemical parameters in order to understand processes and to evaluate and develop concepts outlining air-sea exchange of organic matter, especially involving the SML.
In this study, measurements of organic carbon in seawater (both in the SML and the bulk water), as well as in submicron marine aerosol particles, were conducted as concerted measurements throughout different regions of the Atlantic Ocean. A large dataset was obtained during various field campaigns covering large parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Specifically, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) both in seawater and in the SML, as well as water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-insoluble organic carbon (WISOC) in the submicron aerosol particles, were determined. Enrichment factors of organic carbon in the submicron aerosol particles (EFaer) were calculated, representing the first EFaer for ambient marine aerosol particles based on simultaneous measurements. In order to investigate the influence of biogeochemical parameters, the organic carbon concentrations (in the SML, bulk water and aerosol particles) were analyzed as functions of chl-a concentration and wind speed to determine if and to what extend wind stress and biological activity in the surface ocean have an impact on the concentration and enrichment of organic carbon in the marine environment. Finally, the WISOC results were applied to existing (Rinaldi et al., 2013), as well as newly developed, source functions based on chl-a concentration and wind speed.
## 2 Experimental
### 2.1 Sampling areas
The sampling regions for the present study were located in the tropical and the temperate climate zones of the Atlantic Ocean (Table 1, Figure 1). Samples were taken during campaigns conducted at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO), a remote marine station described in Carpenter et al. (2010) and Fomba et al. (2014) during May 2011 and November 2011 and 2013. Samples were also taken at the location of Raune Fjord in Bergen, Norway, following a spring bloom during May–June 2011, as well as during two transects with the RV Polarstern from Punta Arenas, Chile, to Bremerhaven (ANT-XXVIII/5) during spring 2012 and from Cape Town to Bremerhaven (ANT-XXIX/10) during spring 2014. Within these two transects regions in the tropical climate zone (CVAO) and the temperate climate zone (Bergen), as well as a large part of the Atlantic Ocean, are covered.
Table 1
Details of the sampling campaigns included in this study. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.t1
Campaign Sampling area Sampling date No. of paired samples of SMLa + bulk seawater No. of marine aerosol samples (filters)
Cape Verde SOPRAN 2011-I North Atlantic (tropical zone) offshore May 2011 6 6
Cape Verde SOPRAN 2011-II North Atlantic (tropical zone) offshore November 2011 15 7
Cape Verde SOPRAN 2013 North Atlantic (tropical zone) offshore/onshore November 2013 11 8
Bergen 2011 North Atlantic onshore May–June 2011 10 15
Polarstern ANT-XXVIII/5 2012 North–South Atlantic (transect) offshore April–May 2012 22 20
Polarstern ANT-XXIX/10 2014 North/South Atlantic (transect) offshore March–April 2014 17 8
a Sea surface microlayer.
Figure 1
Illustration of generalized cruise tracks of the different campaigns included in this study. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.f1
#### 2.1.1 Aerosol particle sampling
A high volume Digitel sampler DHA-80 (Walter Riemer Messtechnik, Germany) was used for aerosol particle sampling. At the CVAO measurement station, the aerosol sampler was installed at a height of 30 m on top of a tower located directly at the seaside. During the Bergen campaign, the aerosol sampler was placed on a hill, at a height of approximately 10 m, facing the Fjord. During the Polarstern cruises, the sampler was mounted on top of the observation deck at a height of approximately 30 m. Submicron aerosol particles (PM1) were collected on preheated 150 mm quartz fiber filters (Munktell, MK 360) at a flow rate of 500 L min–1. A sampling time of approximately 24 hours, from midnight to midnight (UTC), was applied. Following the sampling, filters were stored in aluminum boxes that were kept in a freezer at –20 °C. At the end of the campaigns, the samples were transported on dry ice to the laboratories located in the TROPOS Institute, Leipzig.
#### 2.1.2 Water sampling: SML and bulk water
At the CVAO, the water samples were taken by use of a fishing boat either in front of the station (onshore samples) or within a distance of at least 5 km from the station (offshore samples). During the Polarstern campaigns, water sampling was performed using a rubber boat that was launched from the vessel; samples were taken beyond a distance of approximately 500 m from the vessel in order to avoid contamination. In Bergen, the samples were taken in the Fjord from a rubber boat while at a maximum distance of 500 m to the coast (onshore samples).
For SML sampling, the glass plate technique as one typical SML sampling strategy was applied (Cunliffe and Wurl, 2014). A glass plate with a sampling area of 2000 cm2 was vertically immersed into the water and then slowly drawn upwards. The surface film adheres to the surface of the glass and is removed using framed Teflon wipers (Stolle et al., 2010; van Pinxteren et al., 2012). Great care was taken to ensure that during all field campaigns a uniform withdrawal rate of approximately 10 cm s–1 was applied. Bulk seawater was collected from a depth of 1 m using a specially designed device consisting of a glass bottle mounted on a telescopic rod used to monitor sampling depth. The bottle was opened underwater at the intended sampling depth with a specifically conceived seal-opener.
A portion of each water sample was filtered over Whatman GF-F filters (pore size: 0.7 µm) for POC analysis. Also, additional bulk water samples were taken at each sampling day and filtered over Whatman GF-F filters for chl-a analysis (volumes of 0.5–5 L). All water samples were stored in glass bottles at –20 °C until the time of analysis. Following each sampling procedure, all materials were cleaned extensively using reagent water.
Blank samples were collected at the beginning, middle and end of the campaign during all campaigns. To this end, reagent water was loaded into bottles (the same kind used for the purpose of bulk water/SML sampling), which were taken to the field and subjected to the same procedures applied to the field samples, such as filtering and freezing. Blank values were generally lower than 10% of the DOC and POC concentrations values identified in the field samples. Average blank values were subtracted from the measured DOC and POC concentrations.
### 2.2 Analytics
#### 2.2.1 Aerosol particle filter analytics
Prior to their application, aerosol filters were preheated at a temperature of 105 °C for a duration of 24 hours. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) determination was carried out by means of a thermal-optical method using the Sunset Laboratory Dual-Optical Carbonaceous Analyzer (Sunset Laboratory Inc., U.S.A.) from a filter piece with an area of 1.5 cm2. The EUSAAR 2 temperature protocol was utilized, and a charring correction was applied (Cavalli et al., 2010). The correction value for pyrolytic carbon was determined based on measurements of a sample transmission using a 678 nm laser. Samples were thermally desorbed from the filter medium under an inert He-atmosphere followed by an oxidizing O2/He-atmosphere while applying carefully controlled heating ramps. A flame ionization detector was used to quantify methane following a catalytic methanation of CO2.
The WSOC content of the collected aerosol samples was measured by analyzing filtered aqueous particle extract (from a filter piece of approximately 21 cm2 extracted in 25 mL water) using a 0.45 µm syringe filter and, subsequently, a TOC-VCPH analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan). To convert inorganic carbonates to carbon dioxide (CO2), 1.5 vol% of a hydrochloric acid solution (2 M) was added to the aqueous extract, resulting in a pH value of 2. Afterwards, synthetic particle-free air was channeled through the acidified sample in order to remove the formed CO2. The oxidation of the carbon present within the sample was induced by adding 300 µL of the carbonate-free solutions to a catalyst (aluminum oxide/platinum on quartz wool) maintained at a temperature of 720 °C. The formed carbon dioxide was analyzed by means of non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) detection. For quantification, an external calibration with potassium hydrogen phthalate was applied. WISOC concentrations were calculated as the difference between OC and WSOC (Cavalli et al., 2004).
Concentrations of sodium and other inorganic ions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium) in filtered (0.45 µm syringe filter) aqueous extracts (25% of the filter in 30 mL of water) were determined using ion chromatography (ICS3000, Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), as described by Müller et al., (2010).
Field blanks were obtained by inserting the filters into the Digitel sampler for a duration of 24 hours without loading them. Three field blanks were collected during the course of each campaign. The mean values of the obtained blanks were subtracted from the WSOC concentrations and OC concentrations, whereas sodium blanks always fell below the detection limit.
#### 2.2.2 Seawater analytics
For seawater DOC, the organic carbon was quantified in filtered seawater (GF-F Whatman filters) using the TOC-VCPH analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan), the same instrument applied to aerosol particles. Repetitive analysis of frozen samples revealed that no artifacts were caused as a result of freezing and storing procedures, as the values of the re-analyzed samples showed relative standard deviations below 10%.
For the purpose of POC analysis, different quantities of seawater were filtered over preheated Whatman GF-F filters kept at 450 °C for 5 hours, following the procedure reported by Taucher et al. (2012). From these filters, POC concentrations were measured directly by applying a two-step thermographic method using a commercial carbon analyzer C-mat 5500 (Ströhlein, Germany). The applied method is a variation of the method described in the VDI Guideline (VDI 2465, Part 2) issued in Germany. As a first step, nitrogen was employed to act as a carrier gas, kept at a temperature of 650 °C, for the purpose of OC volatilization. Furthermore, as a second step, EC was combusted at a temperature of 650 °C in an oxygen atmosphere. The EUSAAR 2 temperature protocol could not be applied, as the final temperature (850 °C) would have caused the GF-F filters to melt.
Salinity in the SML and the bulk water was measured occasionally, using a refractometer (OCS.tec GmbH & Co. KG, Neuching, Germany). The detected salinities varied between 35 and 39 ppt (formerly given as PSU) in all investigated regions.
#### 2.2.3 Back trajectories and wind speed
Information regarding the origins of air masses was obtained on the basis of back trajectory analyses. Seven-day back trajectories were calculated on an hourly basis within the sampling intervals, using the NOAA HYSPLIT model (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory, http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html, 26.11.16) in the ensemble mode at an arrival height of 500 m ± 200 m (van Pinxteren et al., 2010).
The wind speeds reported here represent either the averaged wind speed over the aerosol sampling period (typically 24 hours) or the wind speed at the sampling time in case of seawater sample collection. The wind speed values were achieved on the basis of on-board measurements during the Polarstern cruises (König-Langlo, 2012; König-Langlo, 2014) and from local weather stations at the CVAO and the Bergen campaign. The registered values were converted to a uniform wind speed at a height of 10 m according to Equation 1 provided by Kleemann and Meliß (1993):
${v}_{h}={v}_{10}{\left(\frac{h}{10}\right)}^{g}$
(1)
where vh indicates wind speed at the measured height while v10 indicates the wind speed at a height of 10 m. For open areas such as oceans or deserts, the exponent g is set to 0.16 (Kleemann and Meliß, 1993). Wurl et al. (2011b) have categorized the wind speeds into three groups: low (0–2 m s–1, referring to state 0), moderate (2–5 m s–1, referring to states 1–2) and high (5–10 m s–1, referring to states above 2.5) conditions according to Pierson and Moskowitz (1964). The data obtained in the present study consistently showed wind speeds at higher than 2 m s–1. Therefore, we slightly modified the respective ranges suggested by Wurl et al. (2011b) and classified our data into two categories designating either “low wind”, at values ranging between 2 and 5 m s–1, or “high wind” conditions at wind speeds of higher than 5 m s–1.
#### 2.2.4 Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a)
Chl-a is a regularly applied and well accessible indicator for the purpose of describing biological activity of the surface ocean (O’Dowd et al., 2004; de Leeuw et al., 2011). Chl-a values may be derived from satellite retrievals or directly from seawater measurements. For this study, chl-a concentrations were measured by means of HPLC and fluorescence detection (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). GF-F filters were extracted in 5 mL ethanol, and 20 µL of the extract were injected into the HPLC system under gradient elution using methanol/acetonitrile/water systems as eluents. Chl-a concentrations were also obtained from satellite retrievals provided by the Ocean Color Web operated by the NASA (http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/, 26.07.16). The concentrations were obtained using MODIS-AQUA and MODIS-TERRA within a radius of 1° from the sampling location and then averaged based on results from both instruments in order to fill data gaps due to cloud coverage. The resulting values from both approaches were categorized into “low chl-a” for chl-a values between 0.1 and 0.6 µg L–1 or “high chl-a” for values starting at 0.9 µg L–1. Chl-a concentration values below the detection limit were set to the detection limit value and classified as within the “low chl-a” category.
#### 2.2.5 Data analysis
The enrichment factor (EF) in the SML was calculated by dividing the concentration (c) of DOC or POC in the SML by the respective concentration measured in the bulk water (BW) using the following equations:
(2)
(3)
Enrichment of DOC and POC in the SML is indicated by EF > 1, while depletion is indicated by EF < 1.
The thickness of the SML (Df) was determined based on the quotient between the sampled volume of the SML and the sampling area of the glass plate:
(4)
In order to calculate the enrichment factors for the organic carbon on submicron aerosol particles, the WSOC (on aerosol particles) was assigned to DOC (in seawater) and the WISOC (on aerosol particles) was assigned to POC (in seawater). The abbreviations EFaer (DOC) and EFaer (POC) were applied uniformly:
(5)
(6)
The EFaer values were calculated combining the data points sampled on a daily basis. To this end, aerosol concentrations, typically sampled at a 24-hour interval, were combined with SML concentrations (spot samples) that had been collected in the middle of the aerosol sampling period. During the Bergen campaign, however, the aerosol sampling did not occur simultaneously with the water sampling, as the aerosol filters collected during SML sampling did not meet the criterion of clean marine air (i.e., low EC concentrations, air masses of marine origin, similar and overall low concentrations of inorganic ions across campaigns; more details can be found in Section 3.2). Therefore, for the Bergen campaign, aerosol and SML concentrations were clustered according to the respective chl-a and wind speed categories. Subsequently, median DOC and POC concentrations as well as median WSOC, WISOC and sodium concentrations were calculated to then determine EFaer (DOC) and EFaer (POC) according to Equations 5 and 6.
According to the applied analytical standard protocol, the separation of WSOC/DOC and WISOC/POC is obtained via filtering. As previously described, filters with a pore size of 0.7 µm are utilized routinely for DOC analysis of seawater (GF-F glass fiber filter, Whatman). However, in order to separate WSOC and WISOC in aerosol particle analysis, pore sizes of 0.45 µm are applied as a standard procedure, which is necessary in order to be able to compare data with values reported in the literature. The usage of different filter sizes may cause a higher ratio of DOC to POC compared to the ratio of WSOC to WISOC.
A Pearson correlation matrix was compiled for all data (XLSTAT software). To this end, a Box-Cox transformation of the data was applied when necessary to reduce skewness in the variables. Also, T-tests were performed to test statistical significance using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Finally, two-dimensional regression approaches were calculated using the software MATLAB.
## 3 Results and discussion
### 3.1 Seawater
#### 3.1.1 Overview of concentration and enrichment of DOC and POC in seawater and the SML
The measured concentrations of DOC averaged 161 ± 139 (standard deviation, SD; n = 78) with a median value of 122 µmol L–1 in bulk seawater, and averaged 225 ± 175 (n = 79) with a median value of 164 µmol L–1 in the SML (for the complete data set see Table S1). These concentration values lie within the range of DOC concentrations for coastal and open ocean water samples reported in the literature (e.g., Carlson, 1983; Mostofa et al., 2013). DOC concentrations in the SML differed significantly from DOC concentrations in bulk water (ANOVA, oneway, p = 0.024 at a 0.05 level). POC concentrations averaged 13 ± 11 µmol L–1 (n = 80) (median: 7.4 µmol L–1) in bulk water, and 17 ± 10 µmol L–1 (n = 80) (median: 13.2 µmol L–1) in the SML. POC concentrations in the SML also differed significantly from bulk water concentrations (p = 0.029). Romankevich (1984) summarized the results of POC measurements obtained in a number of studies and found average POC concentrations in the Atlantic Ocean to be approximately 5 µmol L–1, with maximum values up to 52 µmol L–1. However, in most of the studies presented by Romankevich (1984), GF-C filters with a pore size of 1.2 µm were applied for the purpose of POC analysis. In the present study we applied GF-F filters with a pore size of 0.7 µm in accordance with the Practical Guidelines for the Analysis of Seawater (Wurl, 2009). GF-F filters are the classical filter material due to ease of cleaning and low blanks (Wurl, 2009). The smaller pore size applied in the present study might explain the slightly higher average POC values when compared to Romankevich (1984), as a larger amount of POC is retained on the filters. Overall differences in analytical protocols and determination methods applied during DOC and POC analysis need to be taken into account when comparing DOC and POC concentrations to literature values. The average enrichment of POC in the SML is slightly higher (EF = 2.3 ± 1.9, n = 76) than enrichment of DOC (EF = 1.8 ± 1.5, n = 75).
There were no clear patterns observable between wind speed and SML enrichment or concentration of DOC or POC. Had particular subgroups of DOC and POC been measured, they might have shown a different enrichment behavior depending on wind stress. For example, surfactants are consistently enriched in the SML at wind speeds above 5 m s–1 (Wurl et al., 2011b), while carbohydrates and gel-particles show depletion in the SML and their concentrations often correlate negatively with wind speed (Wurl et al., 2011a, and references therein). Rather than a consistent enrichment of DOC or POC in the SML, our data sets indicate that high enrichment generally occurs when bulk water samples have low DOC concentrations, while low to no enrichment (or even depletion) is observed when bulk water samples have high DOC concentrations (Figure 2a). This observation is confirmed by the negative Pearson coefficient (–0.60) determined for bulk water concentration and enrichment factor (Table 2). It seems to be a general trend within various data sets, as summarized by Burrows et al. (2014), and is consistent with a surface saturation effect. At higher bulk water concentrations, there are more molecules competing for a smaller available surface area (Burrows et al., 2014). Lower DOC concentrations are typically observed in open ocean waters, whereas coastal seawaters contain a higher amount as well as a higher variance in DOC concentrations, partly as a result of terrestrial inputs (Mostofa et al., 2013). DOC concentrations determined in the present study are consistent with this regional difference: generally lower concentrations were observed in the open ocean while higher concentrations were detected in onshore regions (Figure 2a). These findings are also in agreement with a study conducted by Carlson (1983), who reported DOC as often enriched in the SML, while differences between DOC concentrations measured in SML and bulk water were said to be generally small. He concluded that differences in enrichment between costal and oceanic samples may reflect differences in microlayer accumulation and removal processes depending on the region. For POC concentrations in this study, the same patterns were observed as for DOC; i.e., high enrichment at low bulk water concentrations and vice versa (Pearson coefficient of –0.8; Table 2). However, unlike the case for DOC – where low concentrations were mainly found in oceanic samples – low POC concentrations also occurred in coastal samples, and high POC concentrations in oceanic samples (Figure 2b). We conclude that POC is more evenly distributed among oceanic and coastal water than is DOC.
Figure 2
Bulk water concentrations versus enrichment. Bulk water concentrations of DOC (a) and POC (b) versus the enrichment in the SML (EFSML) grouped according to different sampling regions. The dashed line represents an enrichment factor of one. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.f2
Table 2
Pearson correlation matrix on Box-Cox transformed data.a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.t2
Variablesb DOC BW DOC SML POC BW POC SML EFSML (DOC) EFSML (POC) Df WSOC WISOC EC Sodium Chl-a Wind speed EFaer (DOC) EFaer(POC) SST
DOC BW 1 0.271 0.094 –0.147 –0.595 –0.143 0.089 –0.195 0.370 0.062 –0.017 0.029 0.061 –0.149 0.465 0.235
DOC SML 0.271 1 –0.053 0.165 0.499 0.162 0.192 –0.242 0.383 0.146 0.090 0.049 0.072 –0.423 0.286 0.179
POC BW 0.094 –0.053 1 0.103 –0.121 –0.813 0.128 0.264 0.074 0.018 –0.082 0.112 –0.043 0.194 0.106 0.020
POC SML –0.147 0.165 0.103 1 0.231 0.358 0.137 –0.002 –0.065 –0.034 –0.084 0.132 –0.113 0.034 –0.262 –0.047
EFSML (DOC) –0.595 0.499 –0.121 0.231 1 0.261 –0.011 –0.141 0.023 0.014 0.165 0.023 0.036 –0.324 –0.157 –0.048
EFSML (POC) –0.143 0.162 –0.813 0.358 0.261 1 –0.033 –0.250 –0.177 –0.064 0.032 0.017 –0.067 –0.165 –0.261 –0.051
Df 0.089 0.192 0.128 0.137 –0.011 –0.033 1 0.038 0.606 0.094 –0.172 0.610 –0.099 0.063 0.280 –0.332
WSOC –0.195 –0.242 0.264 –0.002 –0.141 –0.250 0.038 1 –0.256 0.106 –0.059 –0.025 –0.352 0.543 –0.093 –0.305
WISOC 0.370 0.383 0.074 –0.065 0.023 –0.177 0.606 –0.256 1 0.465 0.087 0.643 0.055 –0.319 0.780 0.370
EC 0.062 0.146 0.018 –0.034 0.014 –0.064 0.094 0.106 0.465 1 0.166 0.155 –0.063 –0.171 0.206 0.078
Sodium –0.017 0.090 –0.082 –0.084 0.165 0.032 –0.172 –0.059 0.087 0.166 1 0.304 0.152 –0.780 –0.131 –0.239
Chl-a 0.029 0.049 0.112 0.132 0.023 0.017 0.610 –0.025 0.643 0.155 0.304 1 0.081 –0.227 0.221 –0.589
Wind speed 0.061 0.072 –0.043 –0.113 0.036 –0.067 –0.099 –0.352 0.055 –0.063 0.152 0.081 1 –0.338 0.115 –0.038
EFaer (DOC) –0.149 –0.423 0.194 0.034 –0.324 –0.165 0.063 0.543 –0.319 –0.171 –0.780 –0.227 –0.338 1 –0.069 –0.054
EFaer (POC) 0.465 0.286 0.106 –0.262 –0.157 –0.261 0.280 –0.093 0.780 0.206 –0.131 0.221 0.115 –0.069 1 0.320
SST 0.235 0.179 0.020 –0.047 –0.048 –0.051 –0.332 –0.305 0.370 0.078 –0.239 –0.589 –0.038 –0.054 0.320 1
a Pearson coefficients higher than 0.6 in bold.
b BW = bulk seawater, SML = sea surface microlayer, EF = enrichment factor, Df = thickness of SML, WSOC = water-soluble organic carbon, WISOC = water-insoluble organic carbon, EC = elemental carbon, aer = aerosol particles, SST = sea surface temperature.
#### 3.1.2 Concentration and enrichment of DOC and POC in relation to wind and chl-a conditions
As a next step, the DOC and POC concentrations were divided into four groups according to their chl-a and wind speed profile, because biological activity and wind speed have been suggested to be two important drivers for the concentration and enrichment of organic carbon into sea spray aerosol (Gantt et al., 2011). The results of a comparison between measured and satellite-derived chl-a concentrations (for details see Section 2.2.4) revealed a reasonably good correlation between the two approaches (R2 = 0.62, slope: 0.39, intercept: 0.08; Figure S1). Both datasets show the same trend of highly elevated chl-a levels during the Bergen campaign. However, measured values and satellite values do not agree at times, and the measured values are generally higher than those derived from satellite data. This difference has to be taken into account when evaluating the single campaigns in detail. Both of these chl-a approaches have their limitations; i.e., satellite data are sensitive to cloud coverage, and the measured values represent single spot samples. A diurnal variation of chl-a was also visible in our data; i.e., when chl-a samples were taken twice a day, the afternoon values were mostly higher (by about 30%) than those observed in the morning. We cannot account for such variations here, as usually only one data point per day was obtained; however, sample collection was generally performed around midday. As only a limited number of chl-a values based on satellite retrievals were available for some campaigns (e.g., only two values could be obtained for the Bergen campaign for the time span of aerosol sampling; see Table S2), the measured chl-a values were applied consistently in the subsequent analyses of this work.
Box plots of the DOC and POC concentrations are shown in Figure 3, and summary statistics of the data (medians, means, maxima and minima) are presented in Table 3. Most of the data can be seen (Figure 3) to lie within the category “high wind and low chl-a” (n = 56), followed by “low wind and low chl-a” (n = 11). During the Bergen campaign, which was conducted during a bloom period, chl-a was significantly elevated (about 1 µg L–1); the Bergen data can be referred to as encompassing both of the categories, “high wind and high chl-a” (n = 8) and “low wind and high chl-a” (n = 4). DOC concentrations detected in the SML and in bulk water did not differ significantly at low chl-a concentrations. However, during high wind and periods characterized by high chl-a values, the concentrations in the SML were significantly higher than those in bulk water (p < 0.05).
Table 3
Concentrations of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC, POC) in the sea surface microlayer (SML) and in bulk water (BW) and their enrichment factors in the SML (EFSML) according to different wind speed and chl-a categories. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.t3
Statistic DOC (µmol L–1) in SML DOC (µmol L–1) in BW
median 153 163 177 234 107 122 140 94.0
mean 164 240 172 258 118 173 142 131
max 314 946 255 459 192 856 199 233
min 64.1 74.0 109 120 64.8 44.4 75.5 79.5
n 11 56 4 8 11 56 4 7
Statistic POC (µmol L–1) in SML POC (µmol L–1) in BW
median 13.2 12.8 16.4 13.3 18.0 6.3 6.1 14.9
mean 20.4 16.1 15.8 16.9 18.6 11.8 6.6 17.3
max 59.6 44.5 19.3 39.3 32.9 43.2 11.4 39.8
min 5.4 2.0 10.2 5.4 4.8 2.7 2.7 2.0
n 11 57 4 8 11 57 4 8
Statistic DOC EFSML POC EFSML
mediana 1.35 1.53 1.37 1.51 1.83 2.25 1.52 1.98
meana 1.36 1.93 1.30 1.99 1.88 2.51 1.42 1.95
min 0.99 0.20 0.76 0.80 0.44 0.20 0.20 0.20
max 1.68 9.09 1.79 5.25 3.96 12.9 2.53 5.06
n 10 54 4 7 10 54 4 8
Variable Wind speed and chl-a categories
wind low high low high low high low high
chl-a low low high high low low high high
a The median and mean enrichment factors were calculated from the data pairs listed in Table S1.
Figure 3
Concentrations of DOC and POC. Box and whisker plot of the concentrations of DOC (a) and POC (b) found in SML and bulk water. Each box encloses 50% of the data, the mean value is represented as an open square and the median value as a line. The bottom of the box marks the 25% limit of the data, while the top marks the 75% limit. The lines extending from the top and bottom of each box are the 5% and 95% percentiles within the data set, while the asterisks indicate the data points lying outside of this range (“outliners”). Boxes are color-coded to indicate paired samplings of DOC and POC. The light green dashed lines encompass data from locations with low chl-a concentrations; the dark green dashed lines, those from locations with high chl-a concentrations. The solid blue fields highlight data from locations with high wind speeds. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.f3
For POC, during time periods characterized by high chl-a concentrations and low wind speeds, concentrations detected in the SML are slightly higher than those observed in the bulk water (p = 0.02). Despite the high variability of the data, no further significant differences between POC concentrations in the SML and bulk water were found for the other respective conditions. Occasionally, however, high POC and DOC concentrations occurred at low chl-a concentrations (Figures 2 and 3). These high concentrations point to an organic matter source not represented by chl-a concentration.
A comparison of the enrichment factors (EFSML) for DOC with POC based on different wind and chl-a conditions shows that enrichment was consistently higher than 1 (Table 3 and Figure S2). However, the enrichment did not differ significantly among the investigated categories. For high wind speeds, however, maximum EFs were consistently higher than 5, indicating a higher dynamic at high wind stress.
#### 3.1.3 SML thickness
The thickness of the SML (Df) was determined according to Equation 4 and is shown in Table 4 and Figure 4. To date, no uniform standard procedure exists for SML sampling, and the SML thickness data in this study are based on an operational definition that is certainly dependent on the applied sampling strategy. A valuable contribution to allow representative and standardized SML sampling has been achieved by Cunliffe and Wurl (2014). They published a “guide to best practices to study the ocean’s surface” and reviewed current SML sampling strategies in order to provide best sampling protocols and create a consensus definition of the SML. In all campaigns of the present work, the same glass plate device and a uniform withdrawal rate of 10 cm s–1 were applied. Hence, among the campaigns, data are comparable. The median thickness of the SML at low chl-a concentrations was determined to be approximately 80 µm, which closely corresponds to findings reported by Zhang et al. (2003), who demonstrated in the context of experiments that the typical SML thickness lies at approximately 60 µm. During the Bergen campaign, characterized by a time period of high chl-a conditions, a much thicker SML was observed, with a mean thickness of 230 µm. The sea surface temperature (SST) in Bergen was much lower (11 °C) when compared to the other investigated regions (Table S1). Despite the fact that no clear correlation between SST and SML thickness was found for the different campaigns (Figure S3), the low SST values coincided with the high chl-a levels detected in Bergen (Pearson coefficient = –0.6; Table 2). The cold waters tend to be more nutrient-rich, and phytoplankton more abundant, compared to warm waters (see, e.g., global maps of chl-a concentration and SST on http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/, 29.11.16). The greater thickness of the SML sampled during the Bergen campaign can be taken to indicate an influence of oceanic biological activity on SML thickness, consistent with Galgani and Engel (2013) who demonstrated that enrichment of organic matter can enhance the SML thickness. However, in the present data set this difference in thickness is not reflected in either the EF or the concentration of the (bulk) organic parameters. A much thicker surface film was observed without detecting, correspondingly, a higher enrichment of DOC or POC in the sampled film when compared to the other regions. Surface-active compounds are likely to be enriched in the SML at high chl-a conditions, as previous work has shown that marine gel particles such as transparent exoploymer particles (TEP) and surfactants such as amino acids and fatty acids are strongly enriched there (Wurl et al., 2011a; Engel and Galgani, 2016). Such compounds, however, represent only a portion of DOC and POC; hence, variations in their concentrations and enrichment may not be reflected in the bulk parameters (e.g., van Pinxteren et al., 2012). A more detailed study on the nature of DOC and POC appears to be required in order to further investigate the impact of specific compound groups on the SML thickness.
Table 4
Film thickness (Df) of the SML, according to different wind speed and chl-a categories. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.t4
Statistic Df (µm)
median 89.4 82.1 243 237
mean 91.0 83.0 242 209
min 50 52.0 241 91.8
max 114 111 243 243
n 11 57 3 8
Variable Wind speed and chl-a categories
wind low high low high
chl-a low low high high
Figure 4
Film thickness of the SML. Box and whisker plot of the film thickness (Df) of the SML. Each box encloses 50% of the data with the mean value represented as an open square and the median value represented as a line. The bottom of the box marks the 25% limit of the data, while the top marks the 75% limit. The lines extending from the top and bottom of each box are the 5% and 95% percentiles within the data set, while the asterisks indicate the data points lying outside of this range (“outliners”). The light green dashed lines encompass data from locations with low chl-a concentrations; the dark green dashed lines, those from locations with high chl-a concentrations. The solid blue fields highlight high wind speeds. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.f4
Overall, the parameters POC and DOC were often found to be enriched, while concentration differences between SML and bulk seawater were relatively small; i.e., the enrichment factor was not high. POC was not significantly more enriched than DOC. Less enrichment was observed when concentrations were higher, which may be due to a sea-surface saturation effect. At high wind speeds, a higher variability of EFs occurred: i.e., higher maximum values were observed. At high chl-a conditions only slight differences in DOC and POC concentrations between SML and bulk water were detected. Although the SML thickness was significantly increased at high chl-a conditions, strong dependencies of DOC and POC concentrations and enrichment on wind conditions and chl-a concentrations were not observed.
### 3.2 Aerosol particles
#### 3.2.1 Organic parameters WSOC and WISOC
Submicron aerosol particles (PM1) were sampled at all areas listed in Table 1. Similar to seawater and SML measurements, OC was distinguished into a water-soluble part (WSOC) and a water-insoluble part (WISOC). To ensure that measured aerosol particles would be of marine origin, only samples showing EC concentrations ≤ 70 ng m–3, and therefore below the maximal EC concentration reported for clean marine air (Cavalli et al., 2004), as well as those from locations with air masses predominantly originating from the ocean (residence time index over water/ice > 0.7; van Pinxteren et al., 2010), were considered in this study. Therefore, approximately 90% of the sampled aerosol filters utilized at the CVAO, but only 20% (Polarstern ANT-XXIX/10 2014) and 50% (Polarstern ANT-XXVIII/5 2012) of the filters applied during the ship cruises and 40% of the filters obtained during the Bergen campaign could be included in the interpretation. For the selected aerosol particles, no correlation between EC and WSOC or WISOC was observed. This lack of correlation served as a further confirmation that the influence of anthropogenic sources is of minor importance (Rinaldi et al., 2013). The observed concentrations of the main inorganic ions were quite similar across the different campaigns, falling within the ranges reported to indicate clean marine aerosol particles. Sulfate concentrations were observed to be between 0.42 and 0.73 µg m–3, which is in good agreement with concentration values reported for the remote tropical region (e.g., Müller et al., 2010). Sodium and magnesium correlated very well (R2 = 0.78) and nitrate concentrations were between 0.02 and 0.05 µg m–3. The molar ratio of Cl to Na+ was between 0.34 and 0.76 for the different campaigns and a lower Cl/Na+ ratio appeared to be mostly connected to a higher sulfate concentration (Figure S4). This connection could point to gas phase reactions (“aging”) of the particles resulting in a depletion of chloride and acidification of the particles. However, acidification of sea spray particles occurs in the timescale of seconds (e.g., Keene et al., 2007). Recently, Miyazaki et al. (2016) found a molar ratio of Cl/Na+ between 1.06 and 0.32 during different parts of a cruise in the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, based on isotopic carbon measurements, they found that the natural sources of the aerosol particles (regarding WSOC) were dominant during the entire cruise. Further detailed chemical investigations (e.g., products of gas phase reactions) would be required to study atmospheric processing (“aging”) of the particles. Based on the qualities of low EC, air masses of marine origin, and similar and overall low concentrations of inorganic ions across campaigns, the aerosol data reported in this study were considered to represent natural marine aerosol particles with minor contribution of anthropogenic sources. In the future, however, we plan to further confirm the “clean marine aerosol” classification by additional methods such as isotopic carbon measurements (e.g., Ceburnis et al., 2011).
WSOC concentrations of approximately 0.2 (±0.12, n = 64) µg m–3 were detected, therefore falling within the range of previously reported marine aerosol concentrations (e.g., by Cavalli et al., 2004). WISOC concentrations showed a higher variance with concentrations between 0.01 and 0.9 µg m–3. During some periods, the high WISOC concentrations appeared to correspond to low EC concentrations between 10 and 30 ng m–3. An overview about organic aerosol concentrations in clean marine air has been published by Gantt and Meskhidze (2013). The concentrations of the present work fit well with the compilation of Gantt and Meskhidze (2013); however, in most of the studies no differentiation was made between WSOC and WISOC. Cavalli et al. (2004) summarized WISOC concentrations of the Mace Head region and reported WISOC values that averaged 0.66 µg m–3. At the same location, very high organic marine aerosol concentrations, peaking at 3.8 µg m–3 during moderate wind speeds, have been reported by Ovadnaite et al. (2011) using aerosol mass spectrometry (measuring PM1 aerosol particles). These concentrations are much higher than determined with offline techniques, and they comprised 77% of the total submicron non-refractory mass. The pattern of the organic mass also revealed a unique marine fingerprint (Ovadnaite et al., 2011). O’Dowd et al. (2015) had reported previously high ambient submicron organic matter concentration (measured with aerosol mass spectrometry) exceeding 4 µg m–3 at the Mace Head station during blooms. These aerosol organic matter concentrations measured with online techniques are not directly comparable to the offline method applied in the present work because with time-averaged offline sampling such high plumes cannot be captured. Nevertheless, the measured concentrations suggest a far stronger source of primary organic matter in marine air than assumed.
Regarding all aerosol data in this study, no significant correlation between WSOC and WISOC concentrations was found. In addition, no correlation of WSOC or WISOC concentrations to wind speed could be observed over the sampling time of 24 hours, nor was a significant correlation apparent between chl-a concentration, serving as an indicator of seawater biological activity, and WSOC concentration. However, a connection between measured chl-a and WISOC concentrations was observed (Pearson coefficient = 0.64; Table 2).
#### 3.2.2 WSOC and WISOC in relation to wind and chl-a categories
As for procedures applied to seawater, the obtained WSOC and WISOC data were classified into groups according to differing biological and meteorological conditions. The results are presented in Table 5 and Figure 5. Compared to the results obtained for DOC and POC concentrations in seawater, wind and chl-a conditions generally had a stronger impact on WSOC and WISOC concentrations sampled on aerosol particles. Differences in concentration values at low chl-a conditions were minor.
Table 5
Concentrations of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-insoluble organic carbon (WISOC) in submicron aerosol particles (PM1) and enrichment factors of DOC and POC in PM1 (EFaer), according to different wind speed and chl-a categories. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.t5
Statistic WSOC (µg m–3) in PM1 WISOC (µg m–3) in PM1
median 0.18 0.16 0.33 0.21 0.04 0.10 0.83 0.68
mean 0.19 0.17 0.35 0.19 0.07 0.14 0.75 0.62
max 0.26 0.64 0.50 0.30 0.17 0.66 0.92 0.90
min 0.16 0.01 0.24 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.44 0.14
n 10 39 4 11 8 37 4 11
Statistic EFaer (DOC)a EFaer (POC)a
median 1.1 × 104 1.5 × 104 3.4 × 104 1.2 × 104 6.4 × 103 9.0 × 104 6.6 × 105 5.7 × 105
mean 1.5 × 104 1.8 × 104 2.1 × 104 1.8 × 105
max 4.0 × 104 6.4 × 104 8.6 × 104 9.8 × 105
min 4.4 × 103 6.4 × 101 1.8 × 103 3.3 × 103
n 6 35 1 1 5 31 1 1
Variable Wind speed and chl-a categories
wind low high low high low high low high
chl-a low low high high low low high high
a EFaer were calculated based on combinations of daily samples of SML and aerosol sampling events (see text for details).
Figure 5
Concentrations of WSOC and WISOC. Box and whisker plot of the concentrations of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-insoluble organic carbon (WISOC) found on aerosol particles. Each box encloses 50% of the data with the mean value represented as an open square and the median value represented as a line. The bottom of the box marks the 25% limit of the data, while the top marks the 75% limit. The lines extending from the top and bottom of each box are the 5% and 95% percentiles within the data set, while the asterisks indicate the data points lying outside of this range (“outliners”). Boxes are color-coded to indicate paired samplings of WSOC and WISOC. The light green dashed lines encompass data from locations with low chl-a concentrations; the dark green dashed lines, those from locations with high chl-a concentrations. The solid blue fields highlight data from locations with high wind speeds. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.f5
During the Bergen campaign that was shaped by high chl-a concentrations, concentrations of both WSOC and WISOC were higher and showed greater variance, and WISOC concentrations were significantly higher than WSOC (p < 0.05; compare box plots in the high chl-a section of Figure 5). On average, WSOC was higher by 30% and WISOC by 85% compared to periods shaped by low chl-a concentrations. Furthermore, approximately 60% more WISOC than WSOC was present on the aerosol particles. That contamination from terrestrial sources may have biased the data cannot be ruled out completely. However, the application of the “clean marine air” criteria suggested that only a minor contribution may have derived from anthropogenic sources. Besides chl-a concentrations, the WISOC was also connected to SML thickness (Pearson coefficient = 0.61; Table 2). The high WISOC concentrations are likely caused by an oceanic bubble bursting source, as also previously reported (Ceburnis et al., 2008; Facchini et al., 2008b), and seem to be additionally affected by biological activity in the ocean. High WISOC concentrations occurring even at low wind speeds suggest that wind intensity above the oceans is consistently sufficient for organic matter to be transferred from the oceans to the atmosphere. However, besides wind, other sources have been identified that may be responsible for the transfer of organic matter from the ocean to the atmosphere, as previously observed, for example, in the Arctic at low wind speeds (Leck et al., 2002). Bubbles can be formed as a result of processes such as microbial respiration (Johnson and Wangersky, 1987), presenting an additional transfer possibility for organic matter – predominantly at time periods characterized by high biological activity, such as during the Bergen campaign. WSOC concentrations can in part be attributed to other (secondary) sources and may therefore not be as strongly affected by oceanic biological activity as WISOC.
### 3.3 Enrichment factors in submicron aerosol particles (EFaer)
As a next step, the organic carbon concentrations detected in the SML and on the aerosol particles were considered in relation to each other. Seawater and aerosol samples were taken simultaneously, and only clean marine air masses were considered (see Section 3.2.1). At the CVAO, for example, the air masses were demonstrated to follow the water current (Figure S5), enhancing the organic carbon link between the SML and the aerosol particles. As mainly winds drive the ocean currents in the upper 100 m of the ocean, there is a likely connection between organic carbon on aerosol particles and organic carbon observed in the SML.
To compare organic carbon concentrations found in seawater and aerosol particles, enrichment factors of the organic carbon on the submicron aerosol particles (EFaer) were determined by relating the WSOC (WISOC) observed in the aerosol particles and the DOC (POC) found in the SML to sodium as a conservative tracer for sea salt (e.g., Sander et al., 2003; Keene et al., 2007; Russell et al., 2010) applying Equations 5 and 6. Overall, the EFaer (DOC) is about 104 and the EFaer (POC) is about 105 (Table 5, Figure S6). These data represent the first EFaer (DOC) and EFaer (POC) obtained on the basis of concerted measurements, i.e., from simultaneous measurements of the SML and submicron aerosol particles in the marine environment. Figure 6 illustrates that the enrichment of DOC and POC detected in the aerosol particles is orders of magnitude higher than the enrichment of DOC and POC in the SML. The concentrations of DOC and POC detected in the SML, however, are strongly dependent on the thickness of the SML sampled and thus the sampling technique. By use of the described sampling method involving a glass plate, SML thicknesses of 83–242 µm were determined (Table 4). It is likely that the thinner the sampled SML, the higher the DOC/Na and POC/Na ratios, so that methods yielding thinner SML samples would result in smaller EFaer for DOC and POC.
Figure 6
The enrichment of DOC and POC in the SML and in aerosol particles. Comparison of the seawater and aerosol ratios of DOC (WSOC) to sodium (Na+) (a) and POC (WISOC) to Na+(b) to illustrate their enrichments in SML and aerosol particles at different wind and chl-a conditions. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) arrow in (a) illustrates that additional DOC originating from the gas phase is likely to contribute to the concentrations measured on aerosol particles. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.f6
Data reported in the literature for enrichment factors of organic carbon in aerosol particles have been obtained mostly in the context of laboratory experiments, often utilizing natural seawater with an artificial bubbling apparatus. As the enrichment factors for organic carbon are often reported as a total sum (without distinguishing between DOC and POC), they are designated as EFaer (OC) in the following discussion. Based on artificial bubbling experiments, EFaer (OC) values ranging between 103 and 104 but also values up to 105 have been reported (Quinn et al., 2015, and references therein). Only one study reports EFaer (OC) values for ambient marine aerosol particles, with maximal values of about 103 (Russell et al., 2010). These authors measured organic carbon on aerosol particles and combined them with data on organic carbon in seawater from the literature. Given the range of published EFaer (OC) values, the EFaer (DOC) and the EFaer (POC) values in the present study (Table 5), based on ambient marine measurements, are located at the upper end.
The results presented in Figure 6 and Table 5 demonstrate that the EFaer (DOC) values are quite uniform (104), independent of the different wind and chl-a conditions. As mentioned in the introduction, DOC can be transferred to aerosol particles via bubble bursting and via secondary production by gas-to-particle conversion (secondary organic aerosol, SOA). The contribution of SOA in the marine atmosphere, however, is highly uncertain according to a recent review, and probably significantly smaller than the direct or primary transfer mechanism via bubble bursting (Quinn et al., 2015, and references therein). From the data here, we cannot differentiate between primary and secondary sources for the WSOC on the aerosol particles and therefore indicated the additional SOA processes in Figure 6. However, the transfer of POC to WISOC is naturally related to primary, bubble bursting transfer processes. The EFaer (POC) values, as a result of POC and WISOC concentrations, exhibit a greater variability and are significantly higher at high chl-a conditions. Highest enrichment values of organic matter in aerosol particles occurring when biological activity is also high has been reported previously (O’Dowd et al., 2004; Facchini et al., 2008b). However, in other studies of mainly oligotrophic areas, such a correlation between organic matter on aerosol particles and chl-a concentration could not be observed (Russell et al., 2010; Quinn et al., 2014). Some studies report high organic aerosol concentrations in connection to dimethylsulfide (Bates et al., 2012) or to heterotrophic bacteria (Prather et al., 2013) rather than to chl-a conditions. The EFaer (POC) values obtained during this study support the hypothesis that organic carbon enrichment in marine aerosol particles is coupled to oceanic biological activity represented by chl-a conditions.
In general, on the basis of the results reported here, no strong fluctuations in bulk water and SML concentrations or in the SML enrichment of DOC and POC at different wind speeds and chl-a conditions were observed. WSOC and WISOC concentrations in the aerosol particles, however, were significantly affected by elevated chl-a concentrations. These findings, along with very high and highly variable values for EFaer (DOC) and EFaer (POC), suggest that processes within the water column selectively transport organic carbon from the bulk water to the SML and subsequently from the ocean surface into the atmosphere. Such transfer processes have been studied in detail by Schmitt-Kopplin et al. (2012), who reported a vertical enrichment of biomolecules (such as functionalized fatty acids, monoterpenes and sugars) from the surface ocean into the atmosphere by bubble-mediated processes. The surface-active molecules are selectively transported from the surface water to the bubble interface and then into the aerosol phase via sea spray. The authors concluded that there is a chemo-selective transfer of natural organic compounds from seawater to atmosphere.
More specifically, Frossard et al. (2014) found that the organic composition of aerosol particles changed while bubbling oligotrophic versus eutrophic seawater, although the average composition of seawater OM remained fairly similar. These authors suggested that the presence of a thick SML at high biological activity stabilizes the bubble film and increases bubble persistence at the seawater surface. The longer the bubbles persist, the more they potentially drain. This increase in bubble persistence time leads to a drainage of more soluble compounds, leaving the less soluble compounds enriched on the bubbles. The end result is the presence of bubble films and primary aerosol particles with a larger fraction of non-soluble compounds (Frossard et al., 2014).
The findings of the present study – that more WISOC (less soluble compounds) are present on aerosol particles at high biological activity while the seawater concentrations do not differ significantly – agree with the observations described by Frossard et al. (2014). They indicate the involvement of different transport mechanisms depending on the level of oceanic biological activity. Furthermore, the low SST registered in Bergen (compared to the other investigated regions) may also affect the organic transfer processes, as bubble bursting processes are suggested to be influenced by the SST (Lewis and Schwartz, 2004). In the future, more systematic laboratory studies are needed in order to elucidate the transfer of organic carbon with its different chemical compound classes with emphasis on clarifying the role of bubble interfaces against direct transfer from the SML.
### 3.4 Implementation of OMSSA in a source function based on wind speed and chl-a conditions
Rinaldi et al. (2013) presented a source function for the prediction of sea spray organic matter (OMSSA) in PM1 based on chl-a conditions and wind speed. This source function was developed for use at the Mace Head station at the easterly rim of the North Atlantic Ocean. As the present measurements were conducted in the Atlantic Ocean, with the majority located in the Northern hemisphere, these measurements were compared with the source function. First, the OMSSA fraction was calculated on the basis of the WISOC measurements (as shown in Figure S7), based on the assumption that primary marine organic matter is primarily water-insoluble (Rinaldi et al., 2013). The OMSSA fractions are highly variable with fractions up to 90% in the productive region of Bergen. These fractions are much higher than the low and constant (around 10%) OMSSA fractions reported by Quinn et al. (2015) in northwestern Atlantic and Pacific waters. Model calculations report overall organic fractions of submicron sea spray in the range of 0.5 to 0.7 over blooming regions (Burrows et al., 2016). However, at the Mace Head station in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean (regionally close to Bergen), Rinaldi et al. (2013) observed a maximum OMSSA fraction of 78%, and O’Dowd et al. (2015) reported that OMSSA factions can reach up to 95% of submicron mass. The comparison of the measured and the predicted OMSSA fractions is illustrated in Figure 7. It shows an apparent large scattering for low OMSSA fractions, while better agreement is achieved for high OMSSA fractions at elevated chl-a values. A strong underestimation of calculated OMSSA (approximately 30%) is found under conditions characterized by low chl-a concentrations and high wind speeds. Rinaldi et al. (2013) were able to improve the source function by using chl-a data with a time lag of one week between the chl-a and the particle OMSSA determinations. O’Dowd et al. (2015) also recently suggested that large quantities of transferable organic carbon are released during the decay phase of the bloom. However, the application of chl-a data with a time delay of seven days to the present measurements led to an even greater underestimation of OMSSA in the high OMSSA range (Figure S8). A time delay was therefore not applied to the present data. Altogether, it appears that the source function yields good results for time periods characterized by high degrees of biological activity, but fails to predict OMSSA in oligotrophic regions, especially at high wind speeds.
Figure 7
Calculated and measured organic mass fractions (OMSSA). Scatter plot showing the relation between measured WISOC concentrations (transferred to OMSSA) and the calculated OMSSA according to the parameterization by Rinaldi et al. (2013) using chl-a concentrations and wind speed conditions as input parameters. The applied equation from Rinaldi et al. (2013) is (R = 0.82): OMSSA = (56.9 × chl-a) + (–4.64 × wind speed) + 40.9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.f7
As a next step, the issue of whether a variation of the parameters of the source function would result in a better description of the OMSSA in relation to wind speed and chl-a concentrations was investigated. To this end, several two-dimensional regression approaches were tested. The large scatter of the data, however, especially in the low chl-a concentration range, could not be represented properly in the different applied source functions. The best and quite simple function was based on a linear regression, with R2 = 0.48:
$\text{O}{\text{M}}_{\text{SSA}}=23.64+\left(35.25×\text{chl - a}\right)+\left(0.11×\text{wind speed}\right).$
(7)
Once again, the results (Figure 8) clearly reveal that OMSSA levels are at their highest at elevated chl-a conditions (OMSSA median: 78%), which is in good agreement with Rinaldi et al. (2013). However, at low chl-a conditions, the OMSSA levels occur in two distinct fractions: a medium (OMSSA median: 42%) and a low (OMSSA median: 7%) fraction. The low OMSSA fractions are again in good agreement with the results of the source function from Rinaldi et al. (2013). However, the medium OMSSA fractions are not in good agreement with the source function and apparently cannot be represented by chl-a and wind speed exclusively. This result suggests the presence of an additional OMSSA source during oligotrophic conditions. This additional source could either be biological – where chl-a, however, does not serve as an indicator – or possibly of a different nature. As mentioned in Section 3.3, other authors have observed high organic aerosol concentrations in connection to dimethylsulfide (Bates et al., 2012) or to heterotrophic bacteria (Prather et al., 2013). The medium OMSSA fractions were mainly found in the region of the Cape Verde islands (campaigns: November 2011 and 2013) under remote marine conditions, with chl-a concentrations around 0.2 µg L–1 and wind speeds of 7.6 m s–1 on average. Of particular interest to our future investigations will be a closer inspection of the nature of the medium OMSSA fraction in oligotrophic regions. Regarding the impact of wind speed, Rinaldi et al. (2013) and Gantt et al. (2011) predicted that the highest organic enrichment in sea spray aerosol particles will occur during calm winds when the ocean surface is strongly covered by the SML. Gantt et al. (2011) demonstrated that at higher wind speeds (up to 8 m s–1), the sea spray production is elevated, whereas OMSSA in aerosol particles is reduced due to the stronger mixing of SML with bulk water and the corresponding lower SML coverage. Based on the WSOC and WISOC measurements as well as the OMSSA fraction (Figure S7) obtained in this study, no inverse relation between OMSSA fraction and wind speed could be observed. Generally, the biological activity of the ocean, as reflected by chl-a conditions, had a significantly higher impact on OC transfer from seawater onto aerosol particles compared to wind speed. Source functions aimed at predicting the occurrence of organic matter on marine aerosol particles based solely on wind speed and chl-a concentration levels, however, should be taken with caution when investigating different regions of the Atlantic Ocean. Certainly, other meteorological parameters besides wind speed, as well as biological parameters beyond chl-a concentration, affect organic matter on marine aerosol particles, especially in oligotrophic regions.
Figure 8
Plot of the OMSSA source function. Plot of the two-dimensional regression analysis for OMSSA based on chl-a concentrations and wind speed. Function of best fit (R2 = 0.48): OMSSA = 23.64 + (35.25 × chl-a) + (0.11 × wind speed). The upper limit of OMSSA in the source function was set to 91% (corresponding to the maximum OMSSA values observed), while the lower limit was set to 0%, as some combinations of chl-a levels and wind speed lead to negative OMSSA values. The color bar indicates % OMSSA; the graph clearly illustrates a threefold division of the OMSSA fractions: high OMSSA (OMSSA median: 78%) at high chl-a conditions, and medium OMSSA (OMSSA median: 42%) and low OMSSA (OMSSA median: 7%) at low chl-a conditions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.225.f8
## 4 Summary and conclusions
The results of measurements of DOC and POC concentrations and enrichment factors in the SML, as well as WSOC and WISOC measurements in marine aerosol particles, were presented. The concentrations of DOC and POC in seawater (bulk water and the SML) tended to be relatively uniform across the particular regions of the North and Central Atlantic Ocean. Organic carbon was enriched in the SML by a factor of two on average, following a pattern that may be explained by a surface saturation effect (higher enrichment at lower concentrations). The impact of different wind speeds and varying degrees of biological activity, as indicated by chl-a concentration levels, on DOC and POC concentrations as well as enrichment factors were observed to be minor. However, a thicker surface film was observed at elevated chl-a concentration levels, which may be due to surface-active species assumed to represent only a small fraction of DOC and POC. In contrast to organic carbon measured in seawater, the organic carbon levels observed in aerosol particles were significantly affected by varying levels of chl-a.
On the basis of the present ambient concerted measurements, enrichment factors for DOC and POC in ambient marine aerosol particles, hitherto not reported in the literature, were obtained. These enrichment factors fall at the upper end of the range of values reported in the framework of experimental studies using artificial bubbling devices in the laboratory and in the field. This finding indicates that the transfer of organic carbon from the SML into the aerosol phase in the real-world marine environment is consistent with processes described in laboratory studies.
The results obtained in the present study support the thesis that elevated local biological activity (as indicated by chl-a concentrations) enhances (primary) organic carbon concentration on aerosol particles. These field results furthermore support the thesis of a chemo-selective transfer of organic compound groups, which has been reported in the framework of studies using artificial bubbling devices. However, a prediction of the WISOC measurement results (transferred to OMSSA) by source functions based on wind speed and chl-a levels showed a strong underestimation of OMSSA in oligotrophic regions, especially at high wind speeds. For the North and Central Atlantic Ocean there may be additional parameters – either connected to biological factors not served by chl-a level as an indicator or to factors of a different nature – that must be taken into consideration in order to accurately predict the organic fractions on aerosol particles.
In the future, a more detailed investigation of the chemical nature of DOC and POC in seawater and aerosol particles is required in order to identify suitable tracers for primary and secondary organic aerosols. Moreover, a more comprehensive classification of “clean marine aerosol particles” is needed. Besides characterization of the chemical nature, isotopic analysis can help to differentiate marine and continental sources. In addition, further studies on suitable proxies for oceanic biological activity are needed to describe the organic composition of seawater. Burrows et al. (2014) recently introduced a new concept aimed at predicting the mass of organic matter in aerosol particles based on their different physical and chemical properties. Representative model compounds as suggested by Burrows et al. (2014) should be measured in ambient marine samples.
## Data Accessibility Statement
The datasets will be available in the PANGAEA database.
## Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the captain and crew of the Polarstern ANT-XXVIII/5 2012 (BSH20120081) and Polarstern ANT-XXIX/10 2014 (BSH20120320) cruises as well as the organizers of the Bergen 2011 campaign at the Raune Fjord; Kerstin Lerche for chlorophyll-a analysis, René Rabe, Marina Voyevoda, Susanne Fuchs, Anett Dietze and Anke Roedger for technical assistance. Finally, the authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.
## Funding information
The authors would like to thank the Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research) for funding within the SOPRAN project (FKZ03F0662-J) and the Leibniz Association (OCEANET project in the framework of PAKT).
## Competing interests
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
## Author contributions
• MvP and HH designed and organized the field campaigns.
• MvP, KWF and KM performed the field campaigns and contributed to the acquisition of the data.
• SB contributed to the regression analysis.
• WvT organized and conducted analysis of biological tracers.
• MvP and HH performed the data interpretation and wrote the paper with input from all authors.
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## Works by Gregory Johnson
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1. Gregory Johnson (2009). Mechanisms and Functional Brain Areas. Minds and Machines 19 (2):255-271.
Explanations of how psychological capacities are carried out often invoke functional brain areas. I argue that such explanations cannot succeed. Psychological capacities are carried out by identifiable entities and their activities in the brain, but functional brain areas are not the relevant entities. I proceed by assuming that if functional brain areas did carry out psychological capacities, then these brain areas could be included in descriptions of mechanisms. And if functional brain areas participate in mechanisms, then they must engage in (...)
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2. Gregory Johnson (2012). The Relationship Between Psychological Capacities and Neurobiological Activities. European Journal for Philosophy of Science 2 (3):453-480.
This paper addresses the relationship between psychological capacities, as they are understood within cognitive psychology, and neurobiological activities. First, Lycan’s (1987) account of this relationship is examined and certain problems with his account are explained. According to Lycan, psychological capacities occupy a higher level than neurobiological activities in a hierarchy of levels of nature, and psychological entities can be decomposed into neurobiological entities. After discussing some problems with Lycan’s account, a similar, more recent account built around levels of mechanisms is (...)
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3. Gregory Johnson (2016). Methodological Functionalism and the Description of Natural Systems. Philosophical Psychology 29 (3):374-389.
The primary way that explanations are constructed in cognitive psychology is by methodological functionalism: in short, functionally defined components are proposed in order to explain how inputs are turned into behavior. But despite its close association with cognitive psychology, methodological functionalism is a technique that can be used to describe any natural system. I look at how methodological functionalism has fared when used by other special sciences and what lessons can be learned from these cases. Three explanations of chemical and (...)
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5. Gregory R. Johnson (1990). Hermeneutics: A Protreptic. Critical Review 4 (1-2):173-211.
An argument is made for the relevance of phenomenological hermeneutics to economics, with special attention to recent debates on hermeneutics among economists of the Austrian school of Ludwig von Mises and F. A. Hayek. Hermeneutics is explicated in the context of Husserlian phenomenology, with special attention to phenomenology's Aristotelian roots. Naive and methodological forms of ?objectivism?; are contrasted with hermeneutics, which recovers the horizons of scientific knowledge: the whole, and the activities of the human knower. Finally, the charges that hermeneutics (...)
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6. Gregory Johnson (2008). LeDoux's Fear Circuit and the Status of Emotion as a Non-Cognitive Process. Philosophical Psychology 21 (6):739 - 757.
LeDoux (1996) has identified a sub-cortical neural circuit that mediates fear responses in rats. The existence of this neural circuit has been used to support the claim that emotion is a non-cognitive process. In this paper I argue that this sub-cortical circuit cannot have a role in the explanation of emotions in humans. This worry is raised by looking at the properties of this neural pathway, which does not have the capacity to respond to the types of stimuli that are (...)
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7. Gregory Johnson & Glenn Magee (2000). Berlin on Liberalism and Objective Value. Journal of Value Inquiry 34 (4):397-408.
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8. Gregory R. Johnson (1998). Rethinking Political Theory. New Vico Studies 16:125-127.
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9. Gregory R. Johnson (1998). Myth and the Limits of Reason. New Vico Studies 16:123-125.
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10. Gregory R. Johnson (1997). Sullivan, Roger J. An Introduction to Kant's Ethics. Review of Metaphysics 50 (4):926-927.
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11. Gregory R. Johnson (1997). Recasting Conservatism. Review of Metaphysics 50 (4):876-878.
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12. Gregory R. Johnson (2000). Plato the Myth Maker. New Vico Studies 18:145-147.
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13. Gregory R. Johnson & Chris Matthew Sciabarra (2001). Ayn Rand in the Scholarly Literature. [REVIEW] Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 3 (1):165 - 169.
Gregory R. Johnson and Chris Matthew Sciabarra discuss references to Ayn Rand in the works of Paul Feyerabend and Slovaj Žižek.
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14. Gregory R. Johnson (1997). Shell, Susan Meld. The Embodiment of Reason: Kant on Spirit, Generation, and Community. Review of Metaphysics 50 (4):918-920.
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15. Gregory R. Johnson (1997). Page, Carl R. Philosophical Historicism and the Betrayal of First Philosophy. Review of Metaphysics 50 (4):912-915.
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16. Gregory R. Johnson (2000). Philosophy as a Way of Life. New Vico Studies 18:135-138.
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17. Gregory R. Johnson (2000). Rejoinder to Thomas and Vacker: Ayn Rand and the Mastery of Nature. Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 2 (1):229 - 240.
Gregory R. Johnson argues, contra Barry Vacker, that reductionist thinking and nonlinear aesthetics are not mutually exclusive, and that the passages in The Fountainhead cited by Vacker actually support the mastery of nature thesis. Johnson also addresses some miscellaneous criticisms offered by William Thomas, who wrote a review of Johnson's "Liberty and Nature" (Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, Fall 1999) that appeared in Navigator.
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18. Gregory R. Johnson & David Rasmussen (2001). Rejoinder to Machan and Tabarrok: Rand on Abortion, Revisited. Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 2 (2):469 - 485.
Gregory R. Johnson and David Rasmussen defend their critique of Ayn Rand's views on abortion, arguing that their critics miss its main points. Tibor Machan and Alexander Tabarrok actually depart from Rand's own position under the guise of defending it; they introduce a non-Randian distinction between being a human organism and being a moral person.
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19. Gregory M. Johnson (2010). Abstract Elementary Classes with Löwenheim-Skolem Number Cofinal with Ω. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 51 (3):361-371.
In this paper we study abstract elementary classes with Löwenheim-Skolem number $\kappa$ , where $\kappa$ is cofinal with $\omega$ , which have finite character. We generalize results obtained by Kueker for $\kappa=\omega$ . In particular, we show that $\mathbb{K}$ is closed under $L_{\infty,\kappa}$ -elementary equivalence and obtain sufficient conditions for $\mathbb{K}$ to be $L_{\infty,\kappa}$ -axiomatizable. In addition, we provide an example to illustrate that if $\kappa$ is uncountable regular then $\mathbb{K}$ is not closed under $L_{\infty,\kappa}$ -elementary equivalence.
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20. Gregory R. Johnson (1993). Heidegger's Confrontation with Modernity. Review of Metaphysics 47 (2):402-403.
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21. Gregory R. Johnson (1991). A Friend of Reason: José Guilherme Merquior. Critical Review 5 (3):421-446.
This essay surveys and assesses J. G. Merquior's principal English?language contributions to liberal social and political theory. The greatest strength of Merquior's work is his recognition that one can neither understand nor defend liberalism without first understanding and defending modernity. The greatest weakness of Merquior's work is his overly oppositional conception of the relationship between modernity and its postmodern critics, particularly his failure to recognize that both the positive and negative features of postmodernism are simply radicalizations of the positive and (...)
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22. Gregory R. Johnson & David Rasmussen (2000). Rand on Abortion: A Critique. Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 1 (2):245 - 261.
GREGORY R. JOHNSON and DAVID RASMUSSEN argue that Rand's defense of abortion on demand is inconsistent with her own fundamental metaphysical, epistemological, and moral principles, namely that everything that exists has a determinate identity, that the concept of man refers to all of man's characteristics, not just his essential characteristics, and that there is no gap between what an organism truly is and what it ought to be.
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23. Gregory R. Johnson (1999). Liberty and Nature: The Missing Link. Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 1 (1):135 - 166.
GREGORY R. JOHNSON examines the link between Ayn Rand's ethics, which can be broadly characterized as Aristotelian, and her political philosophy, which can be broadly characterized as classical liberalism of the Lockean, natural rights variety. He maintains that Rand's argument for classical liberalism on the basis of the objectivity of values fails because of a reductionistic and excessively intellectualistic conception of human nature. In addition to discussing Rand's arguments, he surveys the Rand-influenced work of Douglas B. Rasmussen and Douglas (...)
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24. Gregory R. Johnson (1999). The Role of Religion in History. New Vico Studies 17:138-140.
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25. This rich and varied collection of essays addresses some of the most fundamental human questions through the lenses of philosophy, literature, religion, politics, and theology. Peter Augustine Lawler and Dale McConkey have fashioned an interdisciplinary consideration of such perennial and enduring issues as the relationship between nature and history, nature and grace, reason and revelation, classical philosophy and Christianity, modernity and postmodernity, repentance and self-limitation, and philosophy and politics.
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26. The contributors to The Moral of the Story, all preeminent political theorists, are unified by their concern with the instructive power of great literature. This thought-provoking combination of essays explores the polyvalent moral and political impact of classic world literatures on public ethics through the study of some of its major figures-including Shakespeare, Dante, Cervantes, Jane Austen, Henry James, Joseph Conrad, Robert Penn Warren, and Dostoevsky. Positing the uniqueness of literature's ability to promote dialogue on salient moral and intellectual virtues, (...)
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27. Gregory R. Johnson (2000). Ayn Rand and the Mastery of Nature. Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 2 (1):229-240.
GREGORY R. JOHNSON argues, contra Barry Vacker, that reductionist thinking and nonlinear aesthetics are not mutually exclusive, and that the passages in The Fountainhead cited by Vacker actually support the mastery of nature thesis. Johnson also addresses some miscellaneous criticisms offered by William Thomas, who wrote a review of Johnson's "Liberty and Nature" that appeared in Navigator.
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28. Gregory R. Johnson (ed.) (2004). Are We in Time?: And Other Essays on Time and Temporality. Northwestern University Press.
The summa of a distinguished philosopher's career, and full treatment of the temporal in philosophical terms, this volume shows us that by taking time seriously we can discover something essential to almost every question of human concern. Are we IN time? Charles Sherover asks, and in pursuing this question he considers time in conjunction with cognition, morality, action, physical nature, being, God, freedom, and politics. His essays, while drawing upon Royce, Heidegger, Kant, Leibniz, and even Hartshorne and Bergson, defy categorization (...)
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29. Gregory Johnson (1994). Heraclitus Seminar by Martin Heidegger & Eugen Fink. [REVIEW] Classical World: A Quarterly Journal on Antiquity 88:58-59.
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30. Gregory R. Johnson & Glenn Alexander Magee (eds.) (2003). Kant on Swedenborg: Dreams of a Spirit-Seer & Other Writings. Swedenborg Foundation Publishers.
_Dreams of a Spirit-Seer_, Immanuel Kant's book on Emanuel Swedenborg, has mystified readers since its publication in 1766 during Swedenborg's lifetime. The unusual style and content of _Dreams_ have given rise to two opposing interpretations. Most Kant scholars regard the work as a skeptical attack on Swedenborg's mysticism. Other critics, however, believe that Kant regarded Swedenborg as a serious philosopher and visionary, and that _Dreams_ both reveals Kant's profound debt to Swedenborg and coneals that debt behind the mask of irony. (...)
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31. Gregory Johnson (1995). Luttwak Takes a Bath. [REVIEW] Reason Papers 20:121-124.
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32. Gregory Johnson & Glenn Magee (1991). Preface. Reason Papers 16:2-2.
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33. Gregory R. Johnson & David Rasmussen (2001). Rand on Abortion, Revisited. Journal of Ayn Rand Studies 2 (2):469-485.
GREGORY R. JOHNSON and DAVID RASMUSSEN defend their critique of Ayn Rand's views on abortion, arguing that their critics miss its main points. Tibor Machan and Alexander Tabarrok actually depart from Rand's own position under the guise of defending it; they introduce a non-Randian distinction between being a human organism and being a moral person.
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34. Gregory Johnson (1997). Strange New World. [REVIEW] Reason Papers 22:140-143.
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36. Gregory R. Johnson (1997). Update: Publications Through 1997. New Vico Studies 15:90-94.
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https://flaviocopes.com/c-array-length/
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C does not provide a built-in way to get the size of an array. You have to do some work up front.
I want to mention the simplest way to do that, first: saving the length of the array in a variable. Sometimes the simple solution is what works best.
Instead of defining the array like this:
int prices[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
You use a variable for the size:
const int SIZE = 5;
int prices[SIZE] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
So if you need to iterate the array using a loop, for example, you use that SIZE variable:
for (int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++) {
printf("%u\n", prices[i]);
}
The simplest procedural way to get the value of the length of an array is by using the sizeof operator.
First you need to determine the size of the array. Then you need to divide it by the size of one element. It works because every item in the array has the same type, and as such the same size.
Example:
int prices[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
int size = sizeof prices / sizeof prices[0];
printf("%u", size); /* 5 */
int size = sizeof prices / sizeof prices[0];
int size = sizeof prices / sizeof *prices;
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http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/48543/do-some-half-lives-change-over-time/48544
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Do some half-lives change over time?
I was recently doing some physics tuition on radioactivity and the student claimed her chemistry teacher had said that radioactive substances can be grouped into two divisions: those whose half-life is constant and those whose half-life changes over time.
I had never heard of this before and can't think of any reason why a half-life should change, so does anyone else know anything about this?
(I know some half-lives can be altered under certain conditions, but I'm talking about a natural change over time).
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The short answer is no: halflives are constant.
However, let's discuss a situation in which that comment might have some kind of truth behind it. If you have a parent nucleus that decays to a radioactive daughter so that there will be two (or more) decays before stability. In general there are two possibilities for this:
• The daughter has a shorter halflife than the parent. In this case the concentration of the daughter is always $\displaystyle\frac{\tau_\text{daughter}}{\tau_\text{parent}}$ of the parent concentration. This means that the concentration of the daughter actually decays on the parent's halflife (because the daughter is constantly refreshed from the parent).
• The daughter has a longer half life than the parent. In this case the daughter will accumulate steadily as the parent decays away.
The latter case is interesting to us here because at the start the sample will register an activity that decays with the parent's (short) halflife, but after a number of those halflifes have passed the activity of the sample will be dominated by the daughter and exhibit a longer halflife.
That is something that your instructor could have meant which would not be wrong. However, the halflife of each isotope remains the same: it is only the halflife of the sample (which contains more than one isotope) that varies.
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Thanks, OP here (sorry, couldn't remember password, had to sign in under a different name). I did consider what you mention, but it doesn't seem to fit particularly well with having two distinct categories of radionuclide. I suspect the answer is one or both of a) the student's misremembering what the teacher said and/or b) the teacher talking nonsense. Wouldn't be the first time... – James Jan 9 '13 at 14:48
There have been reports of annual modulation of radioactive decay rates in certain elements. That is, a change in decay rates that depends (apparently) on the position of the Earth around the sun. Here is a fairly recent example (disclaimer: I can't get behind the paywall at the moment). The effect is very small and at the moment there is no consensus on the cause. It is probably a systematic error in the measurements themselves. A more exotic (and unlikely) possibility is new physics.
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The following may have little practical use (at least so far), but it seems very interesting to me that, strictly speaking, the exponential law (and, therefore, constant half-life) is incompatible with quantum mechanics (this is an old result by Khalfin). It is very difficult to observe the deviations from the exponential law though. Some details and a reference to Khalfin's work can be found in Nature vol. 335, p. 298 (22 September 1988).
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Is this the same work refernced in Long time deviations from exponential decay in radioactivity? – dmckee Jan 9 '13 at 11:04
Yes. There is also a somewhat earlier work - L. A. Khalfin (1957, Doklady Akad. Nauk USSR, 115, 277) - the original paper in Russian (L.A.Khalfin, Sov.phys.Doklady 2, 340 (1957) - the English translation). – akhmeteli Jan 9 '13 at 11:59
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http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/9/e1701471
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Research ArticleSPACE SCIENCES
# Water on the surface of the Moon as seen by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper: Distribution, abundance, and origins
See allHide authors and affiliations
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https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/linearlyweightedmovingaverage.asp
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## What Is a Linearly Weighted Moving Average?
A linearly weighted moving average (LWMA) is a moving average calculation that more heavily weights recent price data. The most recent price has the highest weighting, and each prior price has progressively less weight. The weights drop in a linear fashion. LWMAs are quicker to react to price changes than simple moving averages (SMA) and exponential moving averages (EMA).
### Key Takeaways
• Use a linearly weighted moving average in the same way as an SMA or EMA.
• Use a LWMA to more clearly define the price trend and reversals, provide trade signals based on crossovers, and indicate areas of potential support or resistance.
• Traders who want a moving average with less lag than an SMA may wish to utilize a LWMA.
## The Formula for the Linearly Weighted Moving Average (LWMA) Is:
\begin{aligned} &\text{LWMA}=\frac{\left(P_n*W_1\right)+\left(P_{n-1}*W_2\right)+\left(P_{n-2}*W_3\right)...}{\sum{W}}\\ &\textbf{where:}\\ &\text{P = Price for the period}\\ &\text{n = The most recent period, n-1 is the prior period,}\\ &\text{and n-2 is two periods prior}\\ &\text{W = The assigned weight to each period, with the}\\ &\text{highest weight going first and then descending linearly}\\ &\text{based on the number of periods being used}\\ \end{aligned}
## How to Calculate the Linearly Weighted Moving Average (LWMA)
1. Choose a lookback period. This is how many n values will be calculated into the LWMA.
2. Calculate the linear weights for each period. This can be accomplished in a couple of ways. The easiest is to assign n as the weight for the first value. For example, if using a 100-period lookback, then the first value is multiplied by a weight of 100, the next value is multiplied by a weight of 99. A more complex way is to choose a different weight for the most recent value, such as 30. Now each value will need to drop by 30/100 so that when n-99 (100th period) is reached the weight is one.
3. Multiply the prices for each period by their respective weights, then get the sum total.
4. Divide the above by the sum of all the weights.
Let’s say we are interested in calculating the linearly weighted moving average of the closing price of a stock over the last five days.
Begin by multiplying today’s price by 5, yesterday’s by 4, and the price of the day before by 3. Continue multiplying each day’s price by its position in the data series until reaching the first price in the data series, which is multiplied by 1. Add these results together, divide by the sum of the weights, and you will have the linearly weighted moving average for this period.
((P5*5)+(P4*4)+(P3*3)+(P2*2)+(P1*1)) / (5+4+3+2+1)
Let’s say that the price of this stock fluctuates as so:
Day 5: $90.90 Day 4:$90.36
Day 3: $90.28 Day 2:$90.83
Day 1: $90.91 ((90.90*5)+(90.36*4)+(90.28*3)+(90.83*2)+(90.91*1)) / (5+4+3+2+1) = 90.62 The LWMA of this stock over this time period is$90.62.
## What Does the Linearly Weighted Moving Average (LWMA) Tell You?
The linearly weighted moving average is a method of calculating the average price of an asset over a given period of time. This method weights recent data more heavily than older data, and is used to analyze market trends.
Generally, when the price is above the LWMA, and the LWMA is rising, the price is above the weighted average which helps confirm an uptrend. If the price is below the LWMA, and the LWMA is pointed down, this helps confirm a downtrend in price.
When the price crosses the LWMA that could signal a trend change. For example, if the price is above the LWMA and then drops below it, that could indicate a shift from an uptrend to a downtrend.
When assessing trends, traders should be aware of the lookback period. The lookback period is how many periods are being calculated into the LWMA. A five-period LWMA will track price very closely and is useful for tracking small trends as the line will be easily breached by even minor price oscillations. A 100-period LWMA will not track the price as closely, meaning there will often be room between the LWMA and the price. This allows for the determination of longer-term trends and reversals.
Like other types of moving averages, the LWMA may sometime be used to indicate support and resistance areas. For example, in the past, the price bounced off the LWMA on multiple occasions and then moved higher. This indicates the line is acting as support. The line may continue to act as support in the future. Failure to do so could indicate the price trend has undergone a change. It could be reversing to the downside or may be starting a period where it moves more sideways.
## What is the Difference Between a Linearly Weighted Moving Average (LWMA) and a Double Exponential Moving Average (DEMA)?
Both of these moving averages are designed to reduce the lag that is inherent in the SMA. The LWMA does this by applying greater weight to recent prices. The double exponential moving average (DEMA) does this through multiplying the EMA over a certain period by two, and then subtracting a smoothed EMA. Because the MAs are calculated differently they will provide different values on a price chart.
## The Limitations of Using a Linearly Weighted Moving Average (LWMA)
All moving averages help to define trends when they are present, but provide little information when the price action is choppy or moving predominantly sideways. During such times the price will oscillate around the MA. The MA will not provide good crossover or support/resistance signals during such times.
A LWMA may not provide support or resistance. This is especially likely if it hasn't done so in the past.
Multiple false signals may also occur before a significant trend develops. A false signal is when the price crosses the LWMA but then fails to move in the direction expected, resulting in a poor trade.
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https://carlbrannen.wordpress.com/category/gravity/
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# Category Archives: gravity
## Quantization of event horizon radius and Quasar Redshifts
I’m getting ready for the FFP10 meeting later this month. In reading the abstracts of those who will be giving talks or posters, I came upon “Analyses of the 2dF deep field” by Chris Fulton, Halton Arp and John G. Hartnett. The abstract is about the relationship between low redshift and high redshift astronomical objects. The claim is that some quasars have redshifts that do not give their true distance; instead, they are much closer. Looking on arXiv finds: The 2dF Redshift Survey II: UGC 8584 – Redshift Periodicity and Rings by Arp and Fulton.
If these high and low redshift objects actually are related, this places doubt on the Hubble relation. In addition, when low and high redshift objects appear to be related, their redshifts are related by quantum values . From observations, Arp has proposed that quasars evolve from high to low redshift, and finally become regular galaxies.
Now for quasars to have redshifts that differ from their true distances implies that their redshifts are determined gravitationally; that is, what we are seeing is partly the redshift of light climbing out of a gravitational potential. And if these redshifts are quantized, this gives a clue that the structure inside the event horizon of a black hole is not a simple central singularity but instead there must be repetitive structure.
In a classical black hole, the region inside the event horizon can only be temporarily visited by regular matter. Even light cannot be directed so as to increase its radius in this region. Let’s refer to this region as the “forbidden region” of the black hole as it is near the central singularity. For the classical black hole, this includes everything inside the event horizon. We will be considering the possibility that the forbidden regions of a black hole occur as infinitesimally thin shells, and that between these shells, light can still propagate outwards:
Forbidden regions shown in red.
Event Horizons as Quantum amplitudes
If we were looking for a quantum mechanical definition of the inside of a black hole, we could define it as the region where particles have a zero probability of moving outwards. We could say that the transition probability for the particle moving outwards is zero. However, in quantum mechanics probabilities are defined as the squared magnitudes of complex amplitudes. The way we compute transition probabilities is from complex transition amplitudes. If the transition amplitude between two states is zero, we say that they are “orthogonal”. Zero transition amplitudes correspond to points where a sine wave is zero; at these points, deviations to either side give nonzero transition amplitudes:
How to get zero probabilities from nonzero in QM.
Filed under gravity, particle physics, physics
## My Gravity paper accepted for publication
I’ve just got notice that my gravity paper, titled The force of gravity in Schwarzschild and Gullstrand-Painleve coordinates has been accepted for publication in the International Journal of Modern Physics D, with only a very minor modification.
I’m kind of surprised by this, given that the paper proposes a new theory of gravity. I was expecting to have that portion excised.
And to help make a week more perfect, my paper for Foundations of Physics, titled Spin Path Integrals and Generations, got a good review along with a nasty one (and much good advice from both), and the editor has asked for me to revise the manuscript and resubmit. So I suppose this paper will also eventually be published. I’m a little over half finished with the rewrite. This paper is, if anything, even more radical than the gravity paper.
Finally, the Frontiers of Fundamental and Computational Physics conference organizers have chosen my abstract (based on the Foundations of Physics paper) for a 15 minute talk. The title is Position, Momentum, and the Standard Model Fermions. Marni Sheppeard (my coauthor for a third paper, “The discrete Fourier transform and the particle mixing matrices” which so far is having some difficulty getting published), is giving a related talk, Ternary logic in lepton mass quantum numbers immediately following mine.
So all in all, I am a very lucky amateur physicist
Filed under gravity, heresy, particle physics, physics
## Dark Flow, the Speed of Gravity, and the CMB
Kashlinsky, Atrio-Barandela, Kocevski, and Ebeling have just put out a preprint on the peculiar motions of galactic clusters: A measurement of large-scale peculiar velocities of clusters of galaxies: results and cosmological implications. In short, they claim that all galactic clusters appear to have a motion with respect to the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The motion of a galactic cluster slightly effects the energy of the microwave radiation that travels through it, so they use the temperature map of the CMB to determine the velocity of those galactic clusters.
And the result is that the whole (observable) universe appears to be moving with respect to the CMB. This was not expected because the observable universe is approximately isotropic and so shouldn’t be going anywhere. They write (in the abstract):
This flow is difficult to explain by gravitational evolution within the framework of the concordance LCDM model and may be indicative of the tilt exerted across the entire current horizon by far-away pre-inflationary inhomogeneities.
However, the tilt is easy to explain when you assume that the speed of gravity is larger than C: If gravitational interactions travel faster than light, you will automatically be able to feel the gravitational attraction of matter even if it is too far away for you to see.
Filed under gravity, physics
## Lorentz Violation and Feynman’s Checkerboard Model
Lubos Motl brings to our attention a paper by Ted Jacobson and Aron C. Wall on black hole theremodynamics and Lorentz invariance, hep-ph/0804.2720 and claims that theories that violate Lorentz invariance are ruled out because they will also violate the second law of thermodynamics, the law that requires that entropy never decreases. Lubos concludes, “At any rate, this is another example showing that the “anything goes” approach does not apply to quantum gravity and if someone rapes some basic principles such as the Lorentz symmetry or any other law that is implied by string theory, she will likely end up not only with an uninteresting, ugly, and umotivated theory but with an inconsistent theory.” I disagree with this.
First, the abstract of the article:
Recent developments point to a breakdown in the generalized second law of thermodynamics for theories with Lorentz symmetry violation. It appears possible to construct a perpetual motion machine of the second kind in such theories, using a black hole to catalyze the conversion of heat to work. Here we describe the arguments leading to that conclusion. We suggest the implication that Lorentz symmetry should be viewed as an emergent property of the macroscopic world, required by the second law of black hole thermodynamics.
From the abstract, we see that Lubos has put the cart in front of the horse. Rather than proving that Lorentz symmetry has to be exact “all the way down”, the authors instead say that Lorentz symmetry does not have to be present at the foundations of elementary particles because it will automatically emerge macroscopically as a result of requiring that the second law of thermodynamics apply to black holes. And I agree wholeheartedly with this.
Filed under gravity, heresy, physics
## The Painleve Equations of Motion
In the general theory of relativity, the orbits are given by geodesics. A geodesic is a path that extremizes the path length. The path length is defined as the integral of $ds$ over the path, where $ds^2$ is the metric. For the case of Painleve coordinates on the Schwarzschild metric, $ds^2$ is given by:
. Let’s let our path start at time t=0 and end at time t=1. For the path to be a geodesic, we must extremize the following integral (I’ll quickly sneak in a minus sign to make the path be timelike instead of spacelike):
To make life easier for us, we will make the assumption that the orbital motion is in the $\theta = \pi/2$ plane so there’s no $\theta$ dependence. That turns the angular part of the square root into $r^2\;(d\phi/dt)^2$. Furthermore, since the simulation is going to use Cartesian, (x,y) coordinates, we might as well replace $r^2\;(d\phi/dt)^2$ with $(x\;dy/dt-y\;dx/dt)^2$, and $dr/dt$ with $x\;dx/dt + y\;dy/dt$, their Cartesian equivalents. And put M=1, we can always fix it later by dimensional analysis.
Filed under gravity, physics
## Painleve Coordinates
In the previous post, we took a tour through the literature and found that when general relativity is translated into the elegant mathematical language of the geometric algebra, the natural coordinates for a black hole turn out to be Painleve or Gullstrand-Painleve coordinates instead of the more common Schwarzschild coordinates. Our next post will derive the equations of motion for orbits in this coordinate system, but before we get into the difficult mathematics, we should take a quick look at the Painleve coordinates.
First of all, most of my readers will know that in general relativity, the choice of coordinates is quite arbitrary. Both Schwarzschild and Painleve coordinates describe the same object, the gravity field of a gravitating object which is spherically symmetric (and therefore non rotating), i.e. they are all descriptions of the black hole. In this sense they correspond to the same solution to Einstein’s field equations, which is sometimes called “Schwarzschild’s Solution”, or the “Schwarzschild Metric”. This is a little confusing, “Schwarzschild” was the person who found the Schwarzschild metric and he found it using the Schwarzschild coordinates, so his name is used twice here.
I guess I should put a pretty picture from the gravity simulation that resulted from all this here so it will show above the fold. This is a set of “knife edge” orbits, that is, orbits that quite nearly fall into the black hole but do not. Due to the time spent near the black hole, whose event horizon is marked in gray, the test masses get huge precession:
We will be discussing the less pretty, but more mathematical subject of Painleve and Schwarzschild coordinates in this post.
1 Comment
Filed under gravity, physics
## General Relativity, Painleve and QFT
The first problem in writing gravitation as a particle interaction is the fact that QFT works best on flat space, while general relativity is almost always written in arbitrary coordinates. One of the underlying principles of general relativity is that coordinates shouldn’t matter (background independence), so this problem appears to be a deep one. The point of view we will take here is that of the “new physics” .
That is, we will treat the equations of the old physics with more respect than we treat their theories. Consequently, instead of chasing after will-o-the-wisps like background independence, we will instead search for a method of writing general relativity using the mathematical tools of quantum field theory. Very fortunately for us, that method has already been found; it is the gauge theory of gravity discovered by the Cambridge Geometry Algebra Research Group. The purpose of this post is to introduce the theory to those who have not yet been exposed to it, and to note that this gravity theory (which is identical to GR so long as you restrict your attention to stuff that happens outside of the event horizons of black holes) picks out Painleve coordinates as a natural flat space (and therefore QFT compatible) coordinate system for a non rotating black hole.
Those with a graduate education in physics are already familiar with the Geometric Algebra (GA) in that it is equivalent to the Gamma matrices used throughout quantum field theory. So a gravitation theory that is equivalent to general relativity, but is written with gamma matrices, is a natural starting point for a search for a unified field theory.
The primary proponent for the use of GA in physics (outside of QFT) is David Hestenes, who applied it to classical and quantum mechanics. As the introduction to GA article at the Cambridge Geometry group’s website puts it:
We believe that there are two aspects of Hestenes’ work which physicists should take particularly seriously. The first is that the geometric algebra of spacetime is the best available mathematical tool for theoretical physics, classical or quantum. Related to this part of the programme is the claim that complex numbers arising in physical applications usually have a natural geometric interpretation that is hidden in conventional formulations. David’s second major idea is that the Dirac theory of the electron contains important geometric information, which is disguised in the conventional matrix based approaches.
Now that’s a pretty big claim: that geometric algebra is the best mathematical tool for all physics. I will spend the rest of this post exploring this claim in the case of general relativity, and then tracing the consequences for a unified field theory.
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https://runestone.academy/ns/books/published/fopp/BuildingPrograms/TheStrategy.html
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# 21.1. Building A Program: A Strategy¶
Building on lessons learned in the first debugging interlude, this chapter offers a strategy for writing a program to solve a problem such as those that appear in the exercises at the ends of the chapters in this book. (A similar approach is helpful for writing larger programs, but that will come later.)
Warning.
You may find it tempting to start an exercise by copying and pasting a snippet of code from somewhere in the textbook, and hoping that a small edit will lead to a solution to the current problem. Often this will lead to frustration and confusion; after trying a few code substitutions that feel vaguely familiar to you, you’ll find the code looking kind of complicated and the outputs baffling.
Copying and editing snippets of code is actually a useful element of the strategy we outline below. But it comes a little later in the process, not as the first thing. And it requires a fair bit of work to make sure you understand the code snippet that you’ve copied. Only then will you be able to find the right small edits to the code snippet to make it do what you want.
There are three basic steps to the strategy we recommend: Outline; Code One Section at a Time; Clean Up.
## 21.1.1. Sketch an Outline¶
We are suggesting you first write down all the steps you want the program to do. You can do this in any manner you like. We are going to show you how to outline using comments, but if you are more visual you might want to sketch on a piece of paper and if you are more spatial try walking around the room. The big trick is to understand everything you want to do first in your own words, so then you are translating them to the computer.
## 21.1.2. Code One Section at a Time¶
After you outline your program, you should write code one section at a time, and carefully test that section before you go on. The idea here is to make sure your program is doing what you think it’s doing at each stage.
Translating your English description of a step into code may be the most challenging step for you early in your learning about programming. Later it will come more naturally. Here is a checklist of questions that you may find useful in trying to find the right python code to express your idea, based on what you’ve learned so far:
• Is this operation pulling out an item from a list or string or dictionary? If so, use [] to pull out the item you want.
• Is this operation transforming a string into another string? If so, look at the summary of string methods.
• Is this operation modifying a list? If so, look at the material on lists.
• Is the operation doing something multiple times? If so, you’ll want a for loop. Start by making a skeleton version of a for loop, and then fill in the parts that are in <brackets>
for <varname> in <seq>:
<code block line 1>
<code block line 2>
...
• Is the operation something that should only occur in some circumstances and not in others? If so, you’ll want an if statement. Start by making a skeleton version of an if/then/else code snippet, and then fill in the parts that are in <brackets>
if <boolean exp>:
<if block here>
...
else:
<else block here>
...
• Is this an accumulator pattern? If so, start by making a skeleton version of it, and then fill it in.
#initialize accumulator
a = <initial value>
for <varname> in <seq>:
<some code in for block>
a = <new_value>
<other code in for block>
print(a)
Finally, you may be reminded of a snippet of code somewhere in the textbook that did something similar to what you want to do. Now is the time to copy and edit that code. But wait! Before you start editing that code snippet, make sure you understand it. See the section below on understanding code.
## 21.1.3. Clean Up¶
When you are done with outlining and testing your program, delete any diagnostic print statements from your program. No one really needs to see the test statements you wrote, and leaving test statements in the program might confuse you if you add more to the program.
Extra comments do help other people read your code, but try to leave in only the bits that you think are useful. There is an art to writing good informative comments, and you can only learn this art by reading other people’s programs and having your peers read your programs. As a rule of thumb for comments, when in doubt, keep it; it you’re worried it won’t make sense to you or someone else later, add more detail to it.
In the next few pages, we’ll go through this process using a question similar to something that you may have already seen before.
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https://mathoverflow.net/questions/104645/descartes-rule-of-signs-for-a-noncommutative-polynomial-in-matrix-variables
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# Descartes rule of signs for a noncommutative polynomial in matrix variables
Recently, while studying certain notions of "averaging" a set of input matrices, I obtained a nonlinear polynomial in matrix variables. A simple example is
\begin{equation*} \mathcal{G}(X) := X^n - \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} (C_iX^i + X^iC_i), \end{equation*}
where the $C_i$ are symmetric positive definite matrices.
If all the terms above were scalars, then Descartes' Rule of Signs tells us that $\mathcal G$ has exactly one positive root. This led me to wonder if a similar "rule" is also known for the above case.
Does there exist a unique symmetric positive definite solution to $\mathcal{G}(X)=0$?
EDIT If the $C_i$ commute with each other, we can simplify matters as follows. Since the $C_i$ commute, they can be simultaneously diagonalized by the same orthogonal matrix $U$; thus, let $C_i=U\Lambda_i U^T$. Suppose for a moment that $\mathcal{G}(X)=0$ does have a solution. Then, pre and post multiplying by $U^T$ and $U$, respectively, we see that this solution must satisfy
\begin{eqnarray*} U^TX^nU &=& \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} (U^TC_iUU^TX^iU + U^TX^iUU^TC_iU),\\\\ Y^n &=& \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} (\Lambda_iY^i + Y^i\Lambda_i), \end{eqnarray*} where $Y=U^TXU$. Now, if we pick $Y$ to be diagonal, then we see that indeed, for each diagonal entry we have a separate polynomial that has a unique positive root. Hence, we have a unique diagonal matrix $Y$. But as Mark Sapir alerted me in a comment below, it seems that having a unique diagonal $Y$ (and thus possibly non-diagonal $X=UYU^T$), does not yet rule out the possibility of other solutions.
Update After some hours of struggle due to the pressure of having posted my question on MO, under the additional assumption that each term in the sum is positive definite, the answer is "yes". But this assumption seems to be way too strong...
• This may be a stupid question, but while it is obvious that $\mathcal{G}(X)$ is symmetric when $X = I,$ it is not so clear it is ever symmetric otherwise, unless the system is very special. Am I missing something? – Igor Rivin Aug 13 '12 at 21:53
• @Igor: I think $X$ is supposed to be symmetric too. Then, since $C_i$ are symmetric, the sum is also symmetric. – user6976 Aug 13 '12 at 21:59
• Aha, I see, I was careless reading the equation! – Igor Rivin Aug 13 '12 at 23:15
• @Suvrit: Could you explain why if all $C_i$ pairwise commute, you can diagonalize everything? You cannot assume that $X$ commutes with $C_i$. – user6976 Aug 14 '12 at 1:14
• @Mark: Hmm...if all the $C_i$ commute, we diagonalize them, and then we see that there exists a unique diagonal matrix that satisfies the equation. But you are right, just because we have a unique diagonal matrix, does not mean that the solution to the original equation is unique. I'll edit the question to work in these details. Thanks. – Suvrit Aug 14 '12 at 7:35
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https://dralb.com/2019/02/16/integration-techniques-1-substitution/
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# Integration Techniques 1-Substitution
Today, I am going to begin to look at integrals using the different integration techniques shown in Calculus 2. For the next week, I will be giving a new post everyday describing how to evaluate a different integral. By the end of the week we will have an example of each of the integration techniques.
Hopefully you will join me each day as I go through these integrals in both a post and in a video. Along the way, I hope you learn something, and, if you are taking Calculus 2, you are in a great position to do very well on any upcoming exams you may have. You can find more Calculus 2 study help posts here. I also have a decision tree available so that you can follow along as we determine what technique of integration to use. I also have a useful list of formula sheet available.
## Find $$\int \cos^{2}(x)\sin(x)dx$$.
In order to find this integral, we start by looking at our decision tree.
• Can you guess the answer.
Here I will work with the assumption that we cannot guess what the answer is going to be.
• Is there an inside function.
Yes, there is indeed an inside function. We can pick $$i=\cos(x)$$. In order to continue with substitution, we then find that $$di=-\sin(x)dx$$ and $$dx=\frac{-di}{\sin(x)}$$. This gives us that
\begin{align*}
\int \cos^{2}(x)\sin(x)dx&=\int i^{2}\sin(x)\frac{-di}{\sin(x)} \\
&=-\int i^{2} di.
\end{align*}
• Since we were able to cancel all of the $$x$$s, we begin the decision tree again for the new integral.
• For $$\int i^{2}di$$, we should be able to guess the answer with the power rule, and we find that
\begin{align*}
\int i^{2}di =\frac{i^{3}}{3}+c.
\end{align*}
• Next, we make sure this is correct by finding the derivative of our answer. We see that $$\frac{d}{di}(\frac{i^{3}}{3}+c)=\frac{3i^{2}}{3}=i^{2}$$. Therefore, we have integrated correctly.
• In order to solve our initial problem, we now use this and substitute $$i=\cos(x)$$ to get the answer,
\begin{align*}
\int \cos^{2}(x)\sin(x)dx&=-\frac{i^{3}}{3}+c \\
&=-\frac{\cos^{3}(x)}{3}+c.
\end{align*}
Therefore, we have found the integral we were looking for.
## Conclusion
Here we were able to find a solution using substitution. While it may also have been possible to complete this integral using another technique, I have set up the decision tree to always try substitution first because it is almost always the easiest techniques to use. Because we have an answer, there is no reason to try another technique, so we would move onto our next problem.
I hope you learned something from this post and found it helpful. If you did, make sure to share it and the video with anyone else you know that may need some extra help with integrals.
## 1 thought on “Integration Techniques 1-Substitution”
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https://www.kybernetika.cz/content/2005/6/713
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František Rublík
# Abstract:
The two-sample Lepage test, devised for testing equality of the location and scale parameters against the alternative that at least for one of the parameters the equality does not hold, is extended to the general case of $k>1$ sampled populations. It is shown that its limiting distribution is the chi-square distribution with $2(k-1)$ degrees of freedom. This $k$-sample statistic is shown to yield consistent test and a formula for its noncentrality parameter under Pitman alternatives is derived. For some particular alternatives, the power of the $k$-sample test is compared with the power of the Kruskal-Wallis test or with the power of the Ansari-Bradley test by means of simulation estimates. Multiple comparison methods for detecting differing populations, based on this multisample version of the Lepage test or on the multisample version of the Ansari-Bradley test, are also constructed.
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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-macroeconomics/chapter/reading-price-floors/
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## Price Floors
A price floor is the lowest legal price that can be paid in markets for goods and services, labor, or financial capital. Perhaps the best-known example of a price floor is the minimum wage, which is based on the normative view that someone working full-time ought to be able to afford a basic standard of living. The federal minimum wage at the end of 2015 was $7.25 per hour, which yields an income for a single person slightly higher than the poverty line. As the cost of living rises over time, the Congress periodically raises the federal minimum wage. Image from the NYC Rally To Raise The Minimum Wage, by The All Nite Images. Accessed via Flickr, CC-BY-SA. Price floors are sometimes called “price supports,” because they support a price by preventing it from falling below a certain level. Around the world, many countries have passed laws to create agricultural price supports. Farm prices and thus farm incomes fluctuate, sometimes widely. So even if, on average, farm incomes are adequate, some years they can be quite low. The purpose of price supports is to prevent these swings. The most common way price supports work is that the government enters the market and buys up the product, adding to demand to keep prices higher than they otherwise would be. According to Reuters News, the European Union (EU) will spend about$60 billion per year, or roughly 38% of the EU budget, on price supports for Europe’s farmers from 2014 to 2020.
Figure 3.22 illustrates the effects of a government program that assures a price above the equilibrium by focusing on the market for wheat in Europe. In the absence of government intervention, the price would adjust so that the quantity supplied would equal the quantity demanded at the equilibrium point E0, with price P0 and quantity Q0. However, policies to keep prices high for farmers keeps the price above what would have been the market equilibrium level—the price Pf shown by the dashed horizontal line in the diagram. The result is a quantity supplied in excess of the quantity demanded (Qd). When quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded, a surplus exists.
The high-income areas of the world, including the United States, Europe, and Japan, are estimated to spend roughly \$1 billion per day in supporting their farmers. If the government is willing to purchase the excess supply (or to provide payments for others to purchase it), then farmers will benefit from the price floor, but taxpayers and consumers of food will pay the costs. Numerous proposals have been offered for reducing farm subsidies. In many countries, however, political support for subsidies for farmers remains strong. Either because this is viewed by the population as supporting the traditional rural way of life or because of the lobbying power of the agro-business industry.
For more detail on the effects price ceilings and floors have on demand and supply, see the following Application feature.
Figure 3.22. European Wheat Prices: A Price Floor Example. The intersection of demand (D) and supply (S) would be at the equilibrium point E0.
Do price ceilings and floors change demand or supply?
Neither price ceilings nor price floors cause demand or supply to change. They simply set a price that limits what can be legally charged in the market. Remember, changes in price do not cause demand or supply to change. Price ceilings and price floors can cause a different choice of quantity demanded along a demand curve, but they do not move the demand curve. Price controls can cause a different choice of quantity supplied along a supply curve, but they do not shift the supply curve.
### DEMAND AND SUPPLY AS A SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM
The demand and supply model emphasizes that prices are not set only by demand or only by supply, but by the interaction between the two. In 1890, the famous economist Alfred Marshall wrote that asking whether supply or demand determined a price was like arguing “whether it is the upper or the under blade of a pair of scissors that cuts a piece of paper.” The answer is that both blades of the demand and supply scissors are always involved.
Image of store publicizing their price increases. By George Kelley. Accessed via Flickr and licensed under a CC-BY-ND license.
The adjustments of equilibrium price and quantity in a market-oriented economy often occur without much government direction or oversight. If the coffee crop in Brazil suffers a terrible frost, then the supply curve of coffee shifts to the left and the price of coffee rises. Some people—call them the coffee addicts—continue to drink coffee and pay the higher price. Others switch to tea or soft drinks. No government commission is needed to figure out how to adjust coffee prices, which companies will be allowed to process the remaining supply, which supermarkets in which cities will get how much coffee to sell, or which consumers will ultimately be allowed to drink the brew. Such adjustments in response to price changes happen all the time in a market economy, often so smoothly and rapidly that we barely notice them.
Think for a moment of all the seasonal foods that are available and inexpensive at certain times of the year, like fresh corn in midsummer, but more expensive at other times of the year. People alter their diets and restaurants alter their menus in response to these fluctuations in prices without fuss or fanfare. For both the U.S. economy and the world economy as a whole, markets—that is, demand and supply—are the primary social mechanism for answering the basic questions about what is produced, how it is produced, and for whom it is produced.
## Self Check: Price Floors
Answer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section. This short quiz does not count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.
You’ll have more success on the Self Check if you’ve completed the two Readings in this section.
Use this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.
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http://eprint.iacr.org/2009/198
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## Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2009/198
DAA: Fixing the pairing based protocols
L Chen and P. Morrissey and N.P. Smart
Abstract: Previously we presented a pairing based DAA protocol in the asymmetric setting, along with a security proof''. Jiangtao Li has pointed out to us an attack against this published protocol, thus our prior work should not be considered sound.
In this paper we give a repaired version, along with a highly detailed security proof.
A full paper will be made available shortly. However in the meantime we present this paper for the community to check and comment on.
Category / Keywords: cryptographic protocols / DAA, Pairings
Date: received 7 May 2009, withdrawn 4 Dec 2011
Contact author: nigel at cs bris ac uk
Available format(s): (-- withdrawn --)
Note: The model in the paper contains a major flaw. Indeed no protocol can be proved secure in this model (for any protocol there is a trivial distinguisher between the real and ideal worlds).
The protocol we propose has issues related to linking, and the "ZK proof" in the Join protocol is the wrong way around. These latter two points can be fixed (which will be done in a soon to be posted paper to e-print)
Short URL: ia.cr/2009/198
[ Cryptology ePrint archive ]
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https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/7705/explaining-the-oxidation-states-of-palladium
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# Explaining the oxidation states of palladium
Palladium follows an exception to normal electron filling-up rules and so has the electron configuration of $\ce{[Kr] 4d^{10} 5s^0}$
The oxidation states of palladium are $\ce{+II}$ and $\ce{+IV}$. How can these oxidation states be explained by looking at the special electron configuration of $\ce{Pd}$?
Ions of the transition metals do not often occur "naked" the way one might think of a sodium ion. Of course, sodium ions cannot occur by themselves either, but let's compare the two for a moment.
Sodium nitrate, $\ce{NaNO3}$
When $\ce{NaNO3}$ dissolves in water, the two ions dissociate.
$$\ce{NaNO3 -> Na+(aq) + NO3- (aq)}$$
Both ions are solvated by the solvent. The water molecules (which are polar) surround the ions. The partial charges due to the dipoles in the water molecules stabilize the charges on the ions. However, the interactions between the sodium ions and the water molecules are fleeting. These interactions are not strong enough to be consider "bonds" (there is no covalent electron sharing between water and sodium ion). Thus, we often consider sodium ions in solution (despite their solvation) to be "just" sodium ions.
Palladium nitrate, $\ce{Pd(NO3)2}$
Transition metal ions are different. They tend to form complex ions by coordinating solvent molecules. These dative interactions are far stronger than the ion-dipole interactions in solvated sodium ions.
Palladium nitrate does dissociate, but the palladium ion picks up water molecules that it holds tightly. Thus, we do not worry about the electron configuration of $\ce{Pd^{2+}}$, since it never exists on its own. It is always part of a complex ion or coordination compound, and we care about the electron configuration of that complex ion.
$$\ce{Pd(NO3)2 + nH2O -> Pd(H2O)6^{2+}(aq) + 2NO3- (aq)}$$
• But he didn't say solvated in water- Of course the ion in salt going to have some covalent nature. – user2617804 Jan 9 '14 at 6:29
• The OP did not say solvated in water, but then there will always be a counterion. – Ben Norris Jan 9 '14 at 13:07
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https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/78518/a-puzzle-in-kindergartens-book
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A puzzle in kindergarten's book
I found the following puzzle in a kindergarten book:
Can anyone give a clear explanation as to what the answer is and why?
The first time I tried to solve it I got an answer of 6, by noting that the sum of the top and bottom pair of each set are equal:
For the first:
3 6
7
4 5
Where, 3+6 = 4+5
The second:
2 9
9
8 3
2+9 = 8+3
And so on.
But this solution completely ignores the centre number, leading me to believe it is wrong! Can anyone think of a better or more logical solution?
The only logical explanation I can come up with at a kindergarten level of knowledge would be that they author intended the child to spot that the $$\cup$$ and the $$\cap$$ shape have the same sum, i.e. for
3 6
7
4 5
we would have
$$3+7+6=4+7+5$$
As an adult we can very easily spot that we don't need to count the middle one for it to still work however a child may not spot this if they are looking for a pattern which uses all the boxes in each diagram.
This then gives us that
\begin{align}7+5+8&=9+5+?\\ 20&=14+?\\ ?&=6\end{align}
I tried a few other simple patterns, such as summing diagonals, or adding all the numbers and looking for a pattern between the diagrams but nothing jumped out and I think that is getting quite close to the limit of an average kindergarten child's knowledge.
8
because:
add up each set of boxes - 3+6+7+4+5=25, 2+9+9+8+3=31, 7+8+5+9+8=37 for AP(25,6).
Plus:
the typeset gaps between the sets of boxes are wonky, so obviously this kindergarten puzzle is from a low quality text book.
• I think your answer is good enough for kindergarten! Upvoted! – Chau Giang Jan 21 '19 at 3:52
Just a partial answer in all probability:
The missing number is
6
I would be using the following notations for explanation:
Top-Right => TR
Top-Left => TL
Bottom-Right => BR
Bottom-Left => BL
2 reasons:
1.
The sum of the numbers in the upper horizontal boxes is the same as that of the lower ones: TR + TL = BR + BL, hence: 1st: 3 + 6 = 4 + 5; 2nd: 2 + 9 = 8 + 3, which should mean, for the 3rd, 7 + 8 = 9 + BR ==> BR = 6.
2.
The difference between the numbers in the left vertical boxes is the same as that of the right ones: BL - TL = TR - BR, i.e, 1st: 4 -3 = 6 - 5; 2nd: 8 - 2 = 9 - 3, which should mean, for the 3rd: 9 - 7 = 8 - BR ==> BR = 6
P.S
Couldn't figure out what the middle boxes have to do here though.
• Rule 2 is necessarily true if Rule 1 is - rot13(fhogenpg OE naq GY sebz obgu fvqrf) of Rule 1. – ZanyG Jan 17 '19 at 6:55
• good point @Zanyg. I failed to notice that. – Harshith Rai Jan 17 '19 at 8:30
• The middle ones are there to confuse the kids. 4 - 3 = 1 which looks like a seven if written continental European style, 8 -2 = 6 which looks like a 9 if turned upside dow. 9 - 7 = 2 which looks like five if turned upside down :) – yunzen Jan 18 '19 at 11:34
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http://www.distributome.org/js/exp/FExperiment.html
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X Distribution graph Y Distribution graph F Distribution graph
#### Description
The experiment simulates a random sample $$\boldsymbol{X} = (X_1, X_2, \ldots, X_m)$$ of size $$m$$ from the normal distribution with mean $$\mu$$ and variance $$\sigma^2$$, and a random sample $$\boldsymbol{Y} = (Y_1, Y_2, \ldots, Y_n)$$ of size $$n$$ from the normal distribution with mean $$\nu$$ and standard deviation $$\tau$$. The samples are independent. Random variable $$V$$ is
$V = \frac{S_X^2 / \sigma^2}{S_Y^2 / \tau^2}$
where $$S_X^2$$ and $$S_Y^2$$ are the sample variances of $$\boldsymbol{X}$$ and $$\boldsymbol{Y}$$, repsectively. Random variable $$V$$ has the $$F$$ distribution with $$m$$ degrees of freedom in the numerator and $$n$$ degrees of freedom in the denominator. On each run, the applet shows the normal samples in the first two graphs. The $$F$$ distribution is shown in the last graph and in the second table. As the experiment runs, the empricial density and moments are shown in this graph and recorded in this table. The parameters $$\mu$$, $$\sigma$$, $$\nu$$, $$\tau$$, $$m$$ and $$n$$ can be varied with the input controls.
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https://forum.bebac.at/forum_entry.php?id=23134
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## TPD! [Regulatives / Guidelines]
Dif-tor heh smusma 🖖🏼 Довге життя Україна!
Helmut Schütz
The quality of responses received is directly proportional to the quality of the question asked. 🚮
Science Quotes
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http://judithcurry.com/2011/10/26/best-pr/
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# BEST(?) PR
by Judith Curry
The Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature (BEST) project is giving us much to discuss. A number people have criticized the BEST PR in terms of posting the papers before the peer review process has completed, issuing a press release, etc.
Some history
Last February, the BEST project was announced publicly, and I did a blog post on the background and rationale for the study. At the time, this didn’t generate too much interest or controversy; people on both sides of the debate seemed to think this was a good idea.
The BEST group engaged extensively with the other groups producing surface temperature data sets and also with interested skeptics and auditors (e.g. Watts, Mosher, Zeke).
In March, Richard Muller testified before the U.S. Congress regarding the BEST project, I posted on this [here]. Muller took heat from both sides.
Since summer, people have been asking on this blog: “What’s going on with BEST?” “Why aren’t we hearing anything about BEST?”
BEST’s recent PR
A few weeks ago, I became aware that the BEST data set was nearly ready for public release and that a press release was being prepared. I was not involved in any of the deliberations surround this; this was merely a “heads up” saying that I may be contacted by journos.
On the two recent BEST threads, and elsewhere across the blogosphere and media, many are criticizing the BEST project particularly with regards to their PR: issuing a press release before acceptance of the papers for publication, and the public statements made by Muller. Of the discussions of these issues on the Climate Etc. threads, I have found comments by MattStat to be insightful:
MattStatt writes:
The BEST team has drawn some heat for putting their drafts on line prior to peer review and publication, but I think that your selection of critiques displays the wisdom of their (and, by extension, your) approach. Whatever the results of peer-review might have been, this has been in fact a very severe review by talented experts who were not likely to have been selected as reviewers. You’ll recall that the paper in Annals of Applied Statistics by McShane and Wyner had critiques by 9 teams of colleagues as well as a rejoinder, that paper was put on line well in advance of publication, and the authors referred to the online critiques as well as published critiques in their printed rejoinder and supporting online material (the published version alone amounted to 110 pp.)
I think that Dr. Muller had it right: this is a modern-day version of circulating a preprint while the paper is in review. The published version is likely to be much improved, even if not every critique can be resolved to the satisfaction of all involved.
From another MattStat comment:
As to “media blitz”, I do not think it credible that they might have put up their 4 papers and their data and code and then said (as I would have recommended them to say) “No comment” to all media inquiries. Anything they might have said, and all of their silences, would have been attacked from left and right, from believers, skeptics and deniers. Of the zillions of imperfect ways to handle the media for this politicized topic, they chose one of the imperfect ways.
JC’s Monday morning quarterbacking
The reason I think a press release was appropriate for the release of the BEST data is aptly stated by Steve McIntyre:
The entry of the BEST team into this milieu is therefore welcome on any number of counts. An independent re-examination of the temperature record is welcome and long overdue, particularly when they have ensured that their team included not only qualified statistical competence, but eminent (Brillinger).
Whatever the outcome of the BEST analysis, they have brought welcome and fresh ideas to a topic which, despite its importance, has had virtually no intellectual investment in the past 25 years.
The data set itself is of importance, the notion of public availability and complete transparency is important (particularly in the wake of Climategate and the issues with the CRU data set), and the idea of a fresh look by experts outside of the climate field is important. If I had been in charge of the PR for BEST, this is what I would have emphasized.
Muller chose to emphasize the actual scientific results as described in 4 manuscripts that are in the early stage of the peer review process. I am totally supportive of making submitted papers public available for public scrutiny. However, I am not so supportive of overselling the results of the papers. As I stated in my original post on this, I felt that two of the papers (AMO and surface station quality) were not yet ready for prime time.
I was contacted by a few journos last week, I made my points, but they were interested in the implications for trend analysis, UHI effect, station quality. I made the point that these were complicated issues, and that I regarded the BEST papers (which were as yet unpublished) to be the first of many analyses on these topics using the new data set. This wasn’t what the journos found interesting, and I don’t think any of my quotes on this made it into print.
The issue for which Muller has taken the most heat is his public statements regarding his analysis as being the end to climate change skepticism. To Muller’s credit, he has taken the initiative to engage with and listen to skeptics, albeit on the narrow topic of the surface land temperature data record. Relative to the broader issue of attribution, which are at the heart of skeptical concern, details of the surface temperature record don’t play a terribly large role in most people’s skepticism about climate change.
My bottom line assessment is:
• a press release on this was warranted
• I applaud making the submitted papers publicly accessible at this time
• the spin on the press release and Muller’s subsequent statements have introduced unnecessary controversy into the BEST data and papers
I will meet with Muller and Rohde next week in Santa Fe (more on this meeting in a few days). I will see if they will agree to an interview for Climate Etc. This thread is an opportunity for you to craft questions for them to respond to.
### 241 responses to “BEST(?) PR”
1. RiHo08
Please. What would Anthony Watts’ contribution look like with his recommended 30 year time series assessment vs what is purported to be a 60 year time series. Side-by-side comparisons would be helpful. Rationale for one over the other provides an opportunity to agree/disagree with the authors’s stance.
2. pokerguy
An interview would be a wonderful opportunity. Hope that comes to pass. I’ve no problem with the way they’ve done things. TRuthfully, I don’t understand Anthony Watts resentment. I don’t believe he’s being objective.
I actually look at the paper as a victory of sort for the skeptics. No one was arguing that we haven’t warmed. And that one line to the effect that man’s contribution to said warming may be somewhat overstated is the important take-away as far as I’m concerned. I wish they’d left out the qualifier “somewhat,” but I’ll take it…
• On the contrary, a number of people have argued that it has not warmed, or not nearly as much as indicated by the statistical models. I do not see the Muller et al results changing that. They have not changed my mind.
• KnR
Actual it was Phil Jones that said there had been no statistical signification warming over the last few years , and in science if its not that its not jack .
• There will never have been statistically significant global warming is the last few years, because statistical significance is heavily dependent on the amount of data points and hence the length of the record you are trending.
There has been statistically significant warming over the last three decades and there is no indication that that warming has stopped.
• Muller says it has warmed 1.5C since 1800. Do you think this is too high? what number would satisfy you as being “right”
• GaryM
A trenberthian shifting of the burden of proof.
• Turn that around and ask what the historical probability of seeing a 1.5 degree change in two centuries?
I did this chart the other day from the Vostok Ice Core data:
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-k1vYjQ8Qthk/TqdulOhrSEI/AAAAAAAAAko/0H9kUnzIcZs/s1600/vostok_temperature_changes.gif
The top chart is a cumulative and you can see that the probability of seeing a 0.75 degree change per century is just a few hundredths in historical terms. If it is a 1 degree change in a 100 years, it is even less. Anything higher than that and the probability drops like a rock.
That’s what makes this topic interesting, as these numbers are really borderline in terms of extreme value probability distributions.
• Steven Mosher
It is not a shifting of the burden of proof. I am not asking him to prove anything. Do you believe in a LIA? that is do you believe it was colder in the LIA than now? how much colder? If Muller said it was 1C warmer now than then would that get davids approval?. If muller said it was as cool now as in the LIA I’m sure david would find a way to object. So I’m merely asking him what number will make him happy.
1. people wanted more data, Best got more
2. people wanted raw, they got raw
3. people wanted professional statisticians.. well the professionals had already SHOWN that cru and giss were too low ( see below) Best gave them professional statisticians.
So, I repeat my question to you? if muller says 1.5 and you think thats too high, just warm was the LIA?
You know some time ago two fine skeptical thinkers at jeffIds did there own method. None other than RomanM ( of climate audit fame) and JeffId.. one of the guys who took down Steig. RomanM of course is a professional statistician. Their answer was also warmer than CRU and GISS. Nobody in the skeptic camp said boo. none of us lukewarmers said boo. we like the method because its a better method. It says CRU and GISS are too cool.
http://noconsensus.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/thermal-hammer-part-deux/
• GaryM
“So, I repeat my question to you? if muller says 1.5 and you think thats too high, just warm was the LIA?”
I have no idea what the actual temperature of the LIA was within tenths of a degree (or within a degree or two for that matter). Nor do I believe anyone else does. I believe it was colder then than now because of what i have read about the extent of ice and glaciers then, as well as historical accounts of conditions in Europe. And believe is the operative word.
No amount of statistical analysis or computer programming will, in my opinion, create data of the precision claimed by the “consensus” as to global, or even local, temperatures when the instrumentation and siting of that time was even less accurate than what we know to be the case of the weakness of modern US temperature stations.
I don’t believe we can know what the “global average temperature” today is, let alone decades, centuries or millenia ago. So I’m the wrong guy to ask. I feel no need in criticizing the precision of someone else’s hubristic statements, to counter them with my own.
How warm was the little ice age? Ask me how many stars there are in the sky, or how many angels can dance on the head of a pin. I find those questions as much non sequitors as the one you pose. Asking someone who believes “we don’t know the answer,” what the answer is, doesn’t make much sense to me.
• Joshua
Very interesting post, Gary – very well-considered.
I believe it was colder then than now because of what i have read about the extent of ice and glaciers then, as well as historical accounts of conditions in Europe. And believe is the operative word.
So while you believe it was colder then than now, you really have no idea where the climate today lies within a trend. Maybe 50 years ago it was colder than now and it is getting warmer, or maybe 50 years ago it was warmer than now and it’s getting colder (but still not yet as cold as during the LIA)? Or have you seen evidence that you “believe” is instructive at some level, of a pattern in global temperatures today relative to, say, 50 years ago?
Are you another “sketpic” who does doubt that the “world is getting warmer?”
• Tom
Joshua, You are wrong, right? When you wrote: “Are you another ‘sketpic’ who does doubt that the world is getting warmer?”, to GaryM…
Did you mean to say that the Troposphere, is getting warmer? There is no, Global world/earth Temp. is there? Or is this some sort of start to GET; expensive? So now, how about it?
• Don Monfort
Josh-ua,
Now this is why people don’t like you. You have to turn everything into a freaking inquisition. You are badgering the man about what he “believes”, and trying to hang “the dumb stubborn skeptic, who doesn’t believe it’s warming” tag around his neck. You are always on a witch hunt. He said that it is warmer now than it was in the LIA. What is your problem with that? Do you demand that he pretend to believe that he knows the global temperature trend down to a tenth of a degree, because somebody told him they calculated it with the messy data at hand? Grow up Josh. We know that you are somewhat intelligent and articulate. You don’t have to run somebody else down to get attention. Be like Fred, not like Josh-ua.
• GaryM
Joshua,
Don,
Joshua asks questions because it is so much easier than taking an actual position. I am surprised he didn’t try to divert the thread into a semantic discussion on some obscure point. He’s a progressive. He sees humility as a weakness and elitist arrogance as a strength. Pay him no attention.
Tom,
My point exactly. We are still seeing debates about the most sampled areas of the globe – US land stations. How on earth anyone claims to know the total global average temperature today, including all layers of the oceans and atmosphere, begs belief. Maybe someday we will have sufficiently accurate instruments, in a sufficient number of locations, in each of the areas involved, to make an educated guess. But we are nowhere near that now.
What we do have at present are limited, highly suspect (according to Muller, errors of 2 to 5 degrees Celsius), land surface temperatures. For the LIA, MWP or any historical period, we have thermometers in buckets, statistically massaged proxy records, historical accounts and not much else. I am not sure how Joshua thinks he knows the average temperature of the atmosphere and oceans 50 years ago, let alone during the LIA, but I have no interest in finding out.
But the difference between Joshua and myself is that I make my best informed guess on the issues based on: what other more qualified people say; review to the extent possible of their basis for saying what they do; and with a healthy dose of skepticism based on my lifetime experience with the hubris and ignorance of those who consider themselves “experts” in many fields.
If I were willing to let other people tell me what to think and be done with it, I’d just take the easy way out and be a progressive – like Josh.
• Joshua
Actually, Gary, as I said I thought your post was interesting and well-considered.
It is unfortunate that you think the appropriate response is to stereotype me and post a cartoon – but it is what it is. Although it is curious that despite characterizing me as someone not worthy of a meaningful response, you nonetheless devote yet another post in a succession of posts focused on my comments.
I am not sure how Joshua thinks he knows the average temperature of the atmosphere and oceans 50 years ago, let alone during the LIA, but I have no interest in finding out.
Well – on the off chance that you might mistakenly read my response, I’ll tell you that I don’t know the average temperature of the atmosphere and oceans 50 years ago, let alone during the LIA. I think that it is an interesting and important question, and while I fully agree that there is some degree of uncertainty, I’m also not inclined to reject the analysis of experts in the area – nor the fact that an analysis that returns warming is considered probable by the majority of them. The fact that I’m not inclined to reject their analysis does not imply that I have blind (non-skeptical) “belief” in their conclusions.
If I were willing to let other people tell me what to think and be done with it, I’d just take the easy way out and be a progressive – like Josh.
This is neither an accurate representation of my thinking nor that of the majority of people that I know who self-identify as “progressives.”
My point of interest, specific to what you wrote above, is to understand whether you, as a “skeptic” believe that “the world is warming,” and on what evidence you base your “belief.”
As near as I can tell, the evidence that you trust as solid relates to “extent of ice and glaciers then, as well as historical accounts of conditions in Europe. ”
What I don’t understand is how someone could formulate a belief about current trends given that evidence. If I understand you correctly, you don’t have a solid “belief” that “the world is warming” and you appropriately recognize that there is a distance between your “belief” and a hard-and-fast conclusion.
As I see it, that translates into a fair conclusion that, as a “skeptic” you do have doubt that “the world is warming.”
Since you don’t consider my opinions to be worthy of response to me, perhaps you will again direct a comment to someone else as a means of actually addressing my comment, and in that I’ll see your correction if my translation was accurate.
• GaryM
Joshua,
I don’t reply to you directly because you are an immature “debater.” On the rare occasion you respond to a comment on point, rather than divert into semantics, you invariably find another way to divert the discussion.
Your comments here are a case in point. In fact, you not only actually quoted what I wrote (rather than mischaracterizing it as is your wont), you paraphrased it accurately. You understand what I wrote, but rather than disagree with my comment, and take your own position, you make your usual attempt to continue asking questions.
But just for you, since you are following my comments so closely apparently, I will humor you.
“Are you another ‘sketpic’ who does doubt that the ‘world is getting warmer?’”
I already wrote what I believe is the case in general since the LIA, and why. So I will pretend your comment is on something more meaningful. Yes, I doubt the global climate system as a whole is getting warmer currently; I also doubt that the global climate system as a whole is getting cooler currently; and I also doubt that the temperature of the global climate system as a whole is static currently. That is what “we don’t know” means. I don’t believe climate scientists know any where near as much as they think they do about “global average temperature,” let alone the tenths of a degree change per year they claim to detect.
Climate scientists are quite good at conflating. They conflate “global warming” with “anthropogenic global warming” with “dangerous anthropogenic global warming.” They also conflate “surface atmospheric average temperature” with “global average temperature.”
What is the global average temperature today; what is the trend of the global average temperature over the last 50 years; what was the global average temperature during the LIA; and what was the global average temperature during the MWP? Please cite your source(s).
(Cue the Final Jeopardy music….)
• Joshua
Yes, I doubt the global climate system as a whole is getting warmer currently;
Thank you, Gary. And as always, thanks for reading. I know it’s painful for you, and I appreciate your sacrifice.
What is the global average temperature today; what is the trend of the global average temperature over the last 50 years; what was the global average temperature during the LIA; and what was the global average temperature during the MWP? Please cite your source(s).
I don’t know the answers to those questions precisely, Gary.
My understanding of the viewpoint of the majority of experts in related fields is that analysis shows that relative to 50 years ago, and the LIA, and the MWP, average global temperatures are warmer, and increasing in warmth at an anomalous rate than indicated by the data on previous time periods, including the MWP. I think that you’re probably more familiar with the sources for those analyses that I am.
And Gary – I try to make it a habit to answer direct questions when they are addressed to me – when they seem like questions asked in good faith. Sometimes I miss the questions, of course. And I would imagine that occasionally I might duck a question. If you see me doing the latter, please point it out.
• Don Monfort
“My understanding of the viewpoint of the majority of experts in related fields is that analysis shows that relative to 50 years ago, and the LIA, and the MWP, average global temperatures are warmer, and increasing in warmth at an anomalous rate than indicated by the data on previous time periods, including the MWP. I think that you’re probably more familiar with the sources for those analyses that I am.”
OMG! This is the extent of Josh-ua’s understanding! That explains a lot.
• GaryM
Joshua,
“I don’t know the answers to those questions precisely, Gary.”
Since you base your belief on the current warming trend on the opinions of experts on the matter, do you know of their answers to the questions I asked? Or do you assume the questions have been answered satisfactorily?
• Don Monfort
Josh-ua doesn’t care whether or not the questions have been answered satisfactorily. He just cares about being properly aligned with the consensus opinion of the majority of the experts.
• “Muller says it has warmed 1.5C since 1800.”
That’s the land records only. Global warming over that period is somewhat less, since oceans don’t warm as quickly as land.
• Latimer Alder
And have any of the dreadful frightening consequences of such an enormous rise in temperature manifested themselves in that time?
Or has it all been pretty much business as usual?
Becasue if we’d had a 1.5C rise and nobody has really noticed until they started lookimg for such horrors thirty years ago, I have to question whether they are in fact as horrific as imagined. And equally whether the consequences of a suppoed future tempearature change would be anything other than banal in impact.
Seems to me that the argument has been arse about face. If there had been some tarnge things going on that we didn’t understand, investigated it and came up with the previously unknown idea that the climate is changing, then that is a good argument. But instead some giys found the climate was changing a bit and then scurried around trying to find some evidence that the consequences were/will be scary. That’s the wrong way round.
• JCH
What frightening things do you think you were told would happen by 2011?
Distort much?
• Latimer Alder
@JCH – in consequence of a 1.5C rise in temperature we have been warned of at least 800 dire consequences. But here’s soem of them:
Inundation by Sea
Floods due to increased prectpitation
Drought due to reduced precitptation
Pestilence of every conceiveable variety
Failure of crops
Disappearnce of teh North Pole
Cultivation of Greenland
Snow being unknown in UK
Terminal failure of European Winter Sports Industry
More pestielnce
50 million climate refugees
Tsunamis (yep..that’s what ;environmental graffiti tell us)
Cold spells (ditto)
Increased volcanic activity (ditto)
More dangerous thunderstorms (again)
Death of ocean life
(see here for some of the wierder ones
and most importantly – all the cute polies getting drownded.
So my simple question is
‘If all these dreadful things didn’t happen so as anybody really noticed last time, what is is that makes you believe in appalling consequences next time?’ A sort of ‘failure by induction’
Just shouting that ‘it’ll be different this time!’ will be a spectacular fail. You will need to provide some observational evidence. And ‘We are Climate Scientists – you must believe us’ is pretty thin too.
Look forward to your replies…with reasons why the next 1.5K will have much worse consequences than the last 1.5K. Should be good!
• JCH
Like I said, distort much?
Start here.
• Latimer Alder
JCH (above) guides me to the blank input screen for a Google Scholar search.
Once I had recovered my composure after this devastating piece of razor-sharp wit and sparkling repartee, I pondered the message that he was trying to send.
And I concluded that in JCH’s opinion *none* of the things that I had listed above – all genuinely advanced as inevitable consequences of a small rise in GAT by the alarmists – were likely plausible outcomes.
So I wonder exactly which terrible consequences I should be wetting my knickers about? Since the whole debate will be effectviely dead if the real answer is
‘we think that there is going to be a bit of gloabal warming, but you won’t notice the difference’,
then I’d expect those wo wish us to join them in their alarmism to have at least the top 5 scary things on the tip of their tongue – ready to convert unbelievers like me at every opportunity.
But just fobbing an enquirer off with ‘do a google search’, suggests that either JCH doesn’t actually know what we should be frightened about (weak) or that he doesn’t care suffciciently to try to persuade me (bizarre).
If I turned up in a debating forum where a man of religion was attending and asked ‘what are the basic tenets of your faith’, I’d be very surprised if he was incapable of a brief but incisive answer and insetad sent me to a computer and told me to ‘look it up’.
Still ,…that’s alarmism fro you, Just a nameless dread that something awful will happen, but very litttle actual evidence to back up the fear. Ho hum.
• Joshua
There is no, Global world/earth Temp. is there?
So that would put you in the “I doubt that the world is warming” category. Is that right?
• Tom
We all know that you are a judge of such things, Joshua.
• Don Monfort
Josh-ua,
Again. Tsk, tsk. Grow up.
3. AK
Since I’m in a position to post early in the thread, I’m going to cross-post from the one I just posted in Best of the Best:
It’s important to note that as we move from models trying to replicate/estimate global average temperature to models actually trying to get regional effects right, this new database is going to be an enormous asset. This, IMO, is much more important than squabbling over the wording of his press communications.
4. Making pre-prints available to all is standard practice in economics and physics, and I believe it is good practice as it ensures the widest possible review.
I would usually frown upon drawing media attention to a paper that has yet to be reviewed. In this case, however, it was the best option. If the papers were posted without press release, the media would have picked it up anyway and the public image would be driven by someone like Joe Romm or Marc Morano. Through the press release, the BEST team kept a degree of control over the media.
• That is if you regard headlines saying skepticism is dead, or words to that effect, as keeping a degree of control. I would say it went out of control.
• Brian H
Indeed. The de facto behavior of the Muller Team suggests an urgent desire to sell their conclusions in advance of peer review.
As for Watt’s resentment of the Bait and Switch with the 60-yr timeline, again look to the de facto effect on conclusions. This is another version of trend manipulation by pasting on of end-points. The M-Team also gave him numerous assurances about process and analytic methods that they threw to the winds.
• Ron Cram
The papers could have been circulated to experts for review comments months prior to press releases. Anthony Watts had two days I think. And then BEST did not make the corrections he suggested, not even the spelling corrections.
The paper should have been sent privately to Watts, Pielke, Henne, McIntyre, Hansen, Jones, Briggs – all of them and more – to get comments. Each of the comments should have been seriously considered, not blown off the way the comments by Anthony Watts were. Only after it had gone through this gauntlet should there be any press releases.
It just was not done well.
• Ron, I am in complete agreement. Use of the internet for robust peer review is to be commended.
Arranging cover story PR at the Economist, Editorial of Wall Street within a week of confidential “courtesy” review and even before even factual and spelling corrections to citations, is to be criticized.
I commend A. Watts for two posts which gives light to an important Oct. 15 backstory on the confidential review and Oct 20 the PR blitz.
Oct 20 was not an exercise in science. It was an exercise in PR. Follow the money.
• Oct 20 was not an exercise in science. It was an exercise in PR. Follow the money.
Omigod… The money seems to lead back to the Koch Brothers (gasp)
• Omigod… The money seems to lead back to the Koch Brothers (gasp)
WIN
• Striling English
Who are these Cock Brothers that get you all so exicted? Never heard of them in UK. Why are they so often mentioned?
• Here you have on view on them
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/30/100830fa_fact_mayer
I’m sure there are also very different views.
• It’s a brilliant article, even if one comes from a point in political phase space quite distant from Jane Meyer, as I probably do.
5. Bart R
What the past three decades have shown, scientists on any issue that will have the least traction in the wider scientific community or publicity outside that community must be aware of and prepared for public relations.
And no matter what PR or activism, credentials or proofs of impartiality, there will still be those who can find fault.
Some of those findings of fault may even contribute to better future approach to PR.
For instance, accompanying a pre-release with a more clear open invitation to comment might have gone far. Perhaps even a dedicated pre-release commentary page might be good.
6. Wagathon
True / False: “Predictions of harmful climatic effects due to future increases in hydrocarbon use and minor green house gases like CO2 do not conform to current experimental knowledge.”
• gbaikie
True / False: “Predictions of harmful climatic effects due to future increases in hydrocarbon use and minor green house gases like CO2 do not conform to current experimental knowledge.”
True. And certainly true 30+ years ago.
The fingerprints are smudge at best.
• I have spent more of my time as a citizen scientist looking at the system as a whole rather than concentrating on global warming and climate change. The system is the global economy based on relatively cheap fossil fuels, which has created this huge debt-based machine running out of control. If we are looking for a lack of public relations, it is this issue more than any current global warming where we are currently feeling the hurt — w/o it being advertised overtly.
The way a debt-based system works is that cheap energy allows deal-makers to raise enormous amount of capital, with the promise that the payoff will be large. In the past this has worked out fine, because cheap oil and gasoline is indeed a wondrous thing, allowing huge construction projects with really minor human involvement. However, now that we have gotten ourselves in a pinch with the cheap liquid FF energy becoming more depleted and therefore more expensive, these debt-based deals are starting to unravel. The promises of economic growth have turned into Ponzi schemes as all construction progress is starting to dry up. Financial derivatives and other instruments are creative ways to drain whatever wealth remains from the have-nots to the haves. Any economic progress that comes out of GDP numbers is attributed to financial markets and the profits of oil companies as the price of oil goes up and drags other prices along with it.
In retrospect, we could have turned down the throttle on our energy use, but then we may not have created this wondrous modern lifestyle, full of conveniences that we now enjoy. I realize that if everyone hopped on a bike, like I do every morning on my way to work, we probability wouldn’t have created a large middle-class citizenry who got a sizable paycheck going to the factory and stamping out huge metal behemoths of one sort or another, year after year. China is making a go of it still, for while at least (we will see how that turns out for them).
I am not a “warmist”, but a “realist” who realizes the global warming concerns is a long-term sideshow compared to our current economic concerns. Unfortunately putting a PR spin on explaining a cheap-energy/debt-based economy to the citizenry is not the right approach for the political class, and they won’t go near it with a 10-ft pole. All it would do is put everyone in a deep funk as we watch our oil supplies deplete.
There you go, and sorry for this intermission describing our current economic reality.
• Joshua
Interesting way to look at it.
I have a different perspective. It wasn’t the existence of an industrial economy that reflected an imbalance between input and output that accumulated into a “debt-based machine running out of control.”
For quite a number of decades, Americans attaining middle-class lifestyles by working in an industry-based economy was sustainable. At the individual level people didn’t need to borrow money to sustain their lifestyle advances. At a global level, American middle-class lifestyles were not being built through the sweat of poorly-paid workers in foreign countries – and despite that the American economy was based on American labor, starvation rates decreased (and living standards increase) globally nonetheless.
For the U.S., the debt-based growth largely coincided with the exponential growth of the financial sector and the accompanying decrease in the proportion of GDP generated from industry. IMO, it’s a simple matter of “physics.” Previously, the economy was based on someone making something and someone else buying that object that was made. More recently, the economy has been increasingly based on someone seeking to extract capital from that balanced equation. No longer were profits being obtained from a balanced equation of input and output. Now huge profits were being generated with no balancing value added. This required some additional resources to be added to balance the equation, and the additional resources turned out to be reduced (or flattened) wage growth, reduced expendable income (without taking on debt at the individual level – which Americans did at rapidly growing levels), and national debt.
The massive financial sector, fueled by exponential growth, increasing made money from nothing. No input of value – only extraction of capital. Investors buy stocks in companies not based on those companies’ business plans, not based on their long-term profitability but, amazingly enough, on whether they assumed sufficient levels of debt – or based purely on speculation (i.e., a gamble on the whims of herd mentality). Look up the history of Emerson electric, a company that payed a better than expected return on investment – as well as dividends – for decades yet still had undervalued stock prices relative to other companies in their industry and the S & P 500. They took on more debt simply to attract investors (stock buy-back).
Herd mentality and gambling based on flawed risk assessments became the new American industry. And unfortunately, the apologists for that system line up endlessly and say “Please give me more.”
• Joshua, spot on as usual. I just think that the historically cheap oil was the “forcing function” that kept the financial weapons of destruction at bay. Now that oil is getting more expensive with no signs of relief, the financial sector is making things up to keep the appearance of business-as-usual (BAU). The things financiers make up are derivatives, options, high-speed trading, out-sourcing to cheaper labor, etc., yet these are all temporary as they are even less sustainable than depending on cheap energy (which has kept us going since the 1800’s).
As far as correlation, look at how correlated the price of oil has been to stock market returns recently:
At one time the relationship was somewhat hidden but now the causality is plain to see. Economic activity is tied to the price of energy and therefore to its cost of discovery and extraction.
http://gailtheactuary.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/food-and-oil-prices-tend-to-rise-together.png
• JCH
I don’t think cheap oil fueled anything other than terrible decisions.
• Joshua
WHT –
I have to think more about your response – but my quick response is that it isn’t clear to me whether there is a clearly discernible cause and effect relationship between the economy, oil prices, and food prices, and whether either of those three variables are a mediator or moderator of the relationship between the other two.
Any thoughts on how to determine cause and effect out of a correlation?
• Any thoughts on how to determine cause and effect out of a correlation?
This is a similar issue to the effects of CO2 and temperature. The CO2 can increase radiative forcing, the radiative forcing will increase the temperature of the oceans, this will draw out more CO2, and the positive feedback cycle will continue.
This may or may not be the causality chain, and so too the same can be said with prices. Fuel gets more expensive. This means transportation, fertilization, and cultivation costs more, which leads to food getting more expensive as the farmer recoups his investment. Seems a little more plausible.
The solution with all this is to wait it out and watch it unfold.
• DaveR
What’s a “citizen scientist”?
• What’s a “citizen scientist”?
By my definition, it’s a blogger that knows some science, and can place charts and math on the web for others to look at.
The term has been around for a while, see The Citizen Scientist website: http://www.sas.org/tcs/
I think it is “under the radar” musings in general.
• DaveR
Do you wear a cape?
• Do you wear a cape?
Funny in a sad way. Many of the amateur citizen scientists do things as simple as bird counts and surveys. I happen to enjoy going through the data myself, and see what I can add
http://mobjectivist.blogspot.com/2010/10/bird-surveys.html
• M. carey
Could be true if you are a fish.
7. Correction:
Big Brother’s PR is absolutely no match for the Great Reality!
http://www.tparents.org/library/unification/books/world-s/WS-10-06.htm
• Faustino
Call me a sceptic, Oliver, but that link includes quotes from Buddhism – a religion first mentioned several hundred years after the Buddha’s death; he did not found a religion – but nothing from the Buddha’s own voluminous teachings. He stressed that you can find enlightenment only through your own efforts, not via any organised religion. (As this is a climate blog, I’ll stop there!)
• The first sentence in the link says, “Enlightenment means dispelling the darkness of ignorance.”
Science does not have a monopoly on grasping truths about reality. Nor do any particular religions, cults, politicians or scientific organizations.
We each find enlightenment through our own efforts. Fifty years of experimental data and observations leave little doubt that Earth’s heat source is a pulsar, encased in a mantle of the elements that comprise ordinary meteorites and rocky planets (Fe, O, Ni, Si, S, Mg and Ca), obscured from view by an Incandescent globe of waste products (91% H and 9% He).
Please feel free to offer a better explanation for observations summarized here:
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1102.1499v1
http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0501441
http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0410717v1
8. Wagathon
This thread is an opportunity for you to craft questions for them to respond to.
e.g.,
True / False: “If, through misunderstanding of the underlying science and through misguided public fear and hysteria, mankind significantly rations and restricts the use of hydrocarbons, the worldwide increase in prosperity will stop. The result would be vast human suffering and the loss of hundreds of millions of human lives. Moreover, the prosperity of those in the developed countries would be greatly reduced.”
• M. carey
False. I been doing it at home, and I have more money as a result.
• stan
That kind of analysis is of a quality that is beyond my ability to describe.
• M. carey
It’s very simple. I have reduced my consumption of fossil fuels by being more efficient in my use of electricity, natural gas, and gasoline. I have rationed myself, so to speak. I spend and invest the money I have saved, which of course creates a need for workers.
9. KnR
Although it may be nice to think such work is intended and aimed at the scientific community, in realty climate science is so heavenly politicized and so bond with up advocacy groups , thanks to the actions of some of its leaders, you can’t ignore the work may be done to ‘achieve’ headlines not to advice knowledge .
In the UK there is saying today’s news is tomorrow chip wrapper. Is relates to the way newspapers that did not sell on one day got used to wrap-up fast day in the next. Its used as a metaphor for the way news is transient and that the public interest is rarely maintained in a story over time .
In this case your left with the strong feeling that the PR blitz is what really mattered ,not the science , becasue the authors are aware that even if it all goes wrong in review, that fact would get little coverage as this story would then be ‘old news’ only fit to wrap chips with. So no headlines to cover this , unlike like the media deluge we just seen.
• “you can’t ignore the work may be done to ‘achieve’ headlines not to advice [advance] knowledge .”
I, too, have that feeling.
10. hunter
Pre-press papers is not new.
Whether or not the BEST effort stands the test of time, the PR campaign is not really that big a deal.
11. Wagathon
This thread is an opportunity for you to craft questions for them to respond to.
e.g.,
True / False: “In effect, an experiment has been performed on the Earth during the past half-century – an experiment that includes all of the complex factors and feed back effects that determine the Earth’s temperature and climate. Since 1940, hydrocarbon use has risen 6-fold. Yet, this rise has had no effect on the temperature trends, which have continued their cycle of recovery from the Little Ice Age in close correlation with increasing solar activity.”
• M. carey
False and silly.
12. Rob Starkey
Judith writes:
“Relative to the broader issue of attribution, which are at the heart of skeptical concern, details of the surface temperature record don’t play a terribly large role in most people’s skepticism about climate change.”
I agree that the details of the surface temperature record is not the key issue in any discussion of the actual impact on people’s lives or the key issue which has led me to disagree with the IPCC’s conclusions.
I am not certain what Judith means when she discusses the broader issue of attribution however. When I think of attribution on this issue I consider it whether or not the additional heat was caused by additional CO2, and then whether that additional CO2 was caused by humans. While I also agree that the actual evidence of either of these issues is MUCH weaker than most people believe, I do not think that attribution is really the key issue at all.
IMO, the key issue is what happens as a result of any additional heat to the different areas of the planet and what impact that will have on the lives of the people on the planet. In order to determine that it would seem necessary to be able to have a GCM that could accurately predict future measureable conditions as a function of CO2 levels. Issues such as temperature, precipitation, and perhaps sea level would seem to be what would be most important to the life of humans if CO2 rises. Since we do not have these models, it seems impossible to support anything other than “no regrets” policies on the issue and that those supporting expensive climate mitigation actions to be doing so not based on the science, but on their personal set of belief system.
• Faustino
Agreed.
• Faustino
My comment on yesterday’s Australian editorial:
“Three years ago, Bjorn Lomborg used the UK government’s own data to show that its \$250 bn windpower scheme, which would need to be replaced every 20-25 years, would reduce global temperatures in 2100 by 0.0004C (The TImes article, 30/9/08). The Australian continues to stress its support for emissions-reduction policies in Australia (“Cost of living pressures hamper carbon tax task,” 26/10). Given Lomborg’s calculations, could you tell your readers exactly what reduction in temperature you think Australia’s measures would achieve, what they would cost, and the outcome of your cost-benefit analysis?
“Until you can demonstrate a plausible and worthwhile net benefit, you should cease your support for emissions reductions.”
From my point of view, the implications for policy are critical, and the case for urgent drastic action has not been made, by BEST or anyone else. (The Oz frequently, and correctly, demands rigorous scrutiny and CBA of shonky government policies.)
• Rob Starkey
I just have difficulty understanding the logic of others thinking on the subject.
Look at all the discussion and interest on the topic of the “Best Data”. From the macro perspective the arguments are of a very point to the overall issue, but bloggers seem to love to debate the issue somewhat like argueing over “how many angels can fit onto the head of a pin”. (ok, that is a bit over the top- but we will never fully understand the issue of attributition, and it really doesn’t matter to the long term models)
13. Ron Cram
Judith,
I agree with much of what you have said. The difference I think is the way in which the press release and other publicity is worded. BEST came across sounding like the issue is settled – the world has warmed and mankind is responsible. If they really wanted the community to check their work and improve their papers, they would not have sounded so confident in their results. The fact they did not seek to make the corrections given to them by Anthony Watts, even the spelling corrections, does not inspire confidence.
When a recent experiment seemed to indicate neutrinos are faster than light, the researchers had to report the result but they asked for help in analyzing it.
“Rather, OPERA researchers are simply presenting a curious result that they cannot explain and asking the community to scrutinize it. “We are forced to say something,” he says. “We could not sweep it under the carpet because that would be dishonest.” The results will be presented at a seminar tomorrow at CERN.”
http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/09/neutrinos-travel-faster-than-lig.html
If BEST had displayed that type of humility, they would have gotten an entirely different response. I would have preferred they had circulated the papers to a number of experts on all sides of the debate and given them enough time to properly analyze the results before they issued any press releases. What’s the hurry? This is not the newspaper business. Better to get the news right than fast.
• I too was frustrated at the triumphalist PR. I was troubled by Muller’s Wall Street Journal title “The Case Against Global-Warming Skepticism”.
The WSJ byline “There were good reasons for doubt, until now” was particularly galling as directly contrary to the foundations of science.
Muller emailed:
“The title was changed by the WSJ without my OK. My title: cooling the warming debate.”
The WSJ editors sold papers at the expense of truth.
The article states:
Perhaps our results will help cool this portion of the climate debate.
That got lost in the title and byline and the conclusion:
“Global warming is real.”
That feels like a strawman argument.
Muller noted that their key result.
was not that warming has occurred; it was that the level of warming was not affected by station selection bias, by homogenization bias, by poor station quality.
Emphasizing that without the triumphalist strawman would have helped.
• GaryM
Methinks he doth protest too much.
The headline “There were good reasons for doubt, until now” is not substantially different from “But now let me explain why you should not be a skeptic, at least not any longer.”
• stan
No problem with the release before peer review (peer review is an overrated relic anyway). The papers will get more substantial critiques this way.
No problem with a press release provided it is honest and accurate.
The problem is the ridiculously ham-handed disaster that was Muller’s piece in the WSJ. “What a maroon!” He leaves us to wonder if he’s really that devious or really that dumb. Either way, he’s done enormous damage to his own credibility.
• I agree, Ron. BEST’s UHI paper sticks out as a prime example. Are we to believe that BEST’s work to find UHI in the temperature data ranks up there with Michaelson-Morley’s failed search for the aether wind?
Or is it perhaps, “You know, this UHI is a lot harder to quantify than we first thought. For the community, here’s what we did. It didn’t work. Don’t do what we did. Try something else.”
• Joshua
BEST came across sounding like the issue is settled – the world has warmed and mankind is responsible.
Yes – especially those quotes from Muller where he say that the study didn’t examine attribution.
• JCH
Joshua, of course the study did not examine attribution ’cause he’d already decided it was humans that done it.
• Joshua
“…’cause he’d already decided it was humans that done it.”
Don’t you just hate it when that happens? If only we could prevent scientists from drawing conclusions from evaluating evidence.
I mean if one of two of them do it, it’s not usually that big a deal – but when over 90% of the scientific experts in a field do it, the public tends to get the impression that there’s some kind of consensus. I hate it when that happens.
14. timg56
Well put Dr Curry.
Didn’t know you were at GA Tech. I have a niece there now, another who graduated from there and one of my brothers. GT is a school I hold in high regard.
Of course when my brother and my dad argue which is the better engineering school – GT or Case Institute – I have to remind them they are both incorrect. It is obviously the University of Maryland, where a BA in History qualifies one to hold an engineering position at a nuclear power plant.
• GT is best :)
• Chuck L
Go Yellow Jackets! My son graduated with a Bachelors in Material Science Engineering and a Masters in Quantitative and Computational Finance.
• manacker
Hooray for those “ramblin’ wrecks…”
• timg56
Man,
I can’t wait till basketball season. Then we’ll see who is crowing, Terps or Techies.
Well, maybe not either. Maryland is pre-ranked 9th in the conference and Georgia Tech last. I miss the days of Bobby Cremins.
15. vukcevic
Dr. Curry
We find that the strongest cross-correlation of the decadal fluctuations in land surface temperature is not with ENSO but with the AMO
16. Wagathon
This thread is an opportunity for you to craft questions for them to respond to.
e.g.,
True / False: “Official thermometers are overwhelmingly in warm localities such as near air conditioner exhaust vents, buildings, concrete, tarmac, or asphalt.”
• M. carey
Depends on whether you are Anthony Watts.
• manacker
Wagathon
You got the question wrong. It should read:
True / False: “Official thermometers located next to AC exhausts tend to show higher temperatures than those that are not.”
Max
17. pokerguy
D.W. “On the contrary, a number of people have argued that it has not warmed, or not nearly as much as indicated by the statistical models. I do not see the Muller et al results changing that. They have not changed my mind.”
You’re right. I stand corrected. Some do not accept any warming..That was sloppy on my part. And I did not mean to imply that the degree of warming is not an ongoing issue.
18. Wagathon
This thread is an opportunity for you to craft questions for them to respond to.
e.g.,
True / False: “The Russian, Chinese and Indian climate establishments, which are financially independent of the western climate establishment, are all skeptical. As are many scientists from other branches of science, as well as many retired climate scientists (who no longer have anything to lose by speaking their minds).”
• M. carey
False. China spends a much larger proportion of it’s GDP on renewable energy than the U.S. does.
http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2009/04/21/172732/china-green-economy/
• Don Monfort
Now that is really ridiculous. China is one big scam. Do you really believe their propaganda? Google China corruption Google China pollution Google China, whatever and you will find nothing but lies.
You must have been an investor in Sino-Forest and some of the other hundreds of reverse merger scams. I made a fortune shorting that crap.
Here is a good one for you. Everything in China is fake. They are even ripping off the chickens:
OMG! I can’t believe you brought up China.
Look at this, green stuff:
http://www.chinahush.com/2009/10/21/amazing-pictures-pollution-in-china/
• GaryM
Anyone who thinks they know what is going on in the Chines economy is delusional. The U.S. can’t get its own economic statistics right, and fudges them for the public all the time. Does anyone really believe that stats put out by the Communist Chinese government are believable? The economic geniuses who are building “ghost cities?”
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2005231/Chinas-ghost-towns-New-satellite-pictures-massive-skyscraper-cities-STILL-completely-empty.html
• JCH
Thank gawd our economic geniuses never did nuthun’ that stupid.
• manacker
GaryM and JCH
Waal, talkin’ ’bout ekunohmic geniuses…
Which nation is in debt over its ears: China or USA?
On the other hand:
Where would you rather live: China or USA?
But to get this back on the general topic of “climate change”, it is clear to me that the leaders of China are not about to endanger their nation’s continued economic growth by engaging in the “rich, white-man’s folly” of worrying about CO2 emissions.
Max
• M. carey
Damn Bush for borrowing all that FAKE money from China, which we will have to pay back with real dollars.
Damn money-grubbing Wal-Mart for stocking its shelves with imaginary goods from China.
I have a Hair toaster. I’m not sure of the spelling. It could be “Hiar” or “Hare,” it was made by one of China’s hybrid state/private owned enterprises. One side makes communist toast, and the other side makes capitalist toast.
• GaryM
Yeah, that idiot Bush borrowed a total of about 2 trillion dollars to finance his rampant government spending over 8 years.
Fortunately we now have the genius Obama who has borrowed over 4 trillion in less than 3. Change we can believe in!
19. Wagathon
Question:
“Why does the climate establishment persist in measuring the official temperature record from thermometers that are nearly all too close to artificial sources of heat? What motive could there be, other than to inflate official temperatures? Why have we only found out about it because volunteers went out and photographed the official thermometers?”
• M. carey
To make people who don’t understand anomalies look like dummies.
20. Wagathon
Question:
“Is the mainstream media failing to do their job and covering up for the climate establishment?”
21. Wagathon
Question:
“Isn’t the climate establishment measuring urban warming and airport warming rather than global warming?”
22. Wagathon
True / False: “The current global warming trend started before 1700, some 310 years ago. That was preindustrial, so a natural climate force must have started the current global warming trend.”
• M. carey
False, but a good example of the logical fallacy that says nature has caused warming therefore man can’t.
• manacker
False, but a good example of the logical fallacy that says “our models can only explain it if we include human forcing”.
23. Anteros
I think a pertinent question to ask Richard Muller would concern whether he thinks the majority of sceptics predicated their scepticism on unreliable temperature records. Also, perhaps a more open-ended question would be what does he think the average sceptic MEANS when they say “I am sceptical about AGW, or CAGW, or the consensus position on climate sensitivity, or IPCC statements, or the possibility of mitigation…”
Perhaps you could give him some rough feedback about how the results from BEST impact upon the scepticim – such that it is – of the majority of your denizens. From the murmurings I’ve picked up so far I would suggest that might be ‘not measurably’ i.e. they are pretty much irrelevant as regards scepticism goes or at least that which is expressed here on your blog. However, as many people have sensibly suggested, they are at least welcome, interesting and refreshing.
BTW, the schedule of the conference looks fascinating – it is laid out here at R Pielke’s site –
http://pielkeclimatesci.wordpress.com/2011/10/26/schedule-of-presentations-at-the-third-santa-fe-conference-on-global-and-regional-climate-variability-october-31-november-4-2011/
Will you be attending for the duration?
P.S. I notice a complete lack of Team members giving talks – is that just a coincidence or indicative of something about the conference?
P.P.S Enjoy the trip! :)
• Joshua
Perhaps you could give him some rough feedback about how the results from BEST impact upon the scepticim – such that it is – of the majority of your denizens. From the murmurings I’ve picked up so far I would suggest that might be ‘not measurably’ i.e. they are pretty much irrelevant as regards scepticism goes or at least that which is expressed here on your blog.
I had a little trouble understanding that – but from what I understand I think I disagree. It is interesting that my impression of the reaction from quite a few “skeptics” at this blog and others to their results are that BEST’s work is yet another attempt to cover over a weak empirical basis for concluding that the “world is warming.” Not irrelevant in the least – but part of a larger pattern of overextending the science to serve an agenda.
It’s certainly hard to quantify such a diverse set of reactions, but I’d say that comments stating that BEST’s results are “pretty much irrelevant as regards ‘skepticism'” number in the minority.
• Anteros
Do you mean from the position of the sceptics themselves? Or from the position of those who take the utterances of a few lunatics (Singer included) and generalise them to a whole lot of other people who actually don’t hold any similar views?
I honestly haven’t heard any “sceptics” saying “Yep, that’s it, my scepticism has evaporated with the publishing of a fourth interpretation of the temperature record that agrees with the first three”
Perhaps I really didn’t express myself very well. Can you point to any sceptics whose scepticism has been altered by the BEST results – one way or another?
Of course, I tend to mean by ‘sceptics’, those who have serious, considered, reasonable and intellectually justifiable doubts about any one of the central findings of AR4. Those who look at the the climate issue through idealogical lenses (of any sort) aren’t affected by the results because they simply reinterpret them according to their prejudices. As you well know.
• Anteros
Hm. ‘as you well know’ was not intended sarcastically. I know it too..
24. Our host is fond of understatements tonight.
BEST did not just issue a press release, it contacted journalists the world over in order to have an avalanche of (piloted, and parroting) articles published at the right time.
Having failed to say a word on this, the post above can only be classified as sub-par for this blog. But then, as I said already, it’s next to impossible for Judith or anybody else to blog openly and 100% truthfully about one’s work.
25. Joshua
Judith –
Relative to the broader issue of attribution, which are at the heart of skeptical concern, details of the surface temperature record don’t play a terribly large role in most people’s skepticism about climate change.
Well – credit where credit’s due. At least you have morphed from the notion that “skeptics” don’t doubt warming, to that “most” skeptics are relatively less concerned about whether it is warming than they are about attribution.
There again, however, I’d say that your “don’t play a terribly large role” is rather unqualified, and likely understated.
How do you quantify a “large role,” and how do you quantify “many?”
For example, we have seen quite a number of examples over the past few days of “skeptics” at this very site posting the opinion that land surface data on temperature trends are so unreliable as to be useless. Not only, they say, are the records themselves fraught with error, but so are the statistical methodologies employed to analyze trends in those data.
Wouldn’t that imply that they are, actually, quite concerned about the details of land surface temperatures (not to say that those concerns are mutually exclusive with concerns about attribution).
We have seen statements from noted “skeptics” like Singer that satellite data show no warming.
Could you pin down a bit further what you mean by “most,” and your “certainty” on the degree of concern in that group?
26. gyptis444
There seem to be some disturbing parallels with IPCC behaviour viz.
public statements of (over)confidence in results ahead of formal publication
political overtones in the press release
failure to respond to critical review comments (although admittedly it is ‘early days’ yet).
Climate science still has much to be humble about IMO. I look forward to seeing the expert critiques and the responses from the BEST team in due course.
• gyptis444
Credit where credit is due…At least the transparency issue has been addressed by BEST. Bravo!
27. manacker
Judith writes:
Relative to the broader issue of attribution, which are at the heart of skeptical concern, details of the surface temperature record don’t play a terribly large role in most people’s skepticism about climate change.
Correct, as far as the record since 1850 is concerned.
Even if there were a spurious UHI warming signal, it would not explain all the observed warming.
More important to me are the observed multi-decadal warming/cooling cycles. The IPCC explanations for these are weak or non-existent. They obviously have little to do with human GHG emissions.
It is also strange to me that IPCC does not recognize the latest of these cycles (starting around 1976) as just another “cycle” (like the others, from which it is “statistically indistinguishable” – Jones, 2010) but describes it as “a widely acknowledged ‘climate shift’ (e.g. Trenberth, 1990)” (AR4 WG1 Ch.3 p.240), upon which it builds its AGW attribution story.
So, yeah, “the broader issue of attribution” does indeed lie at the heart of my personal rationally skeptical concern much more so than the accuracy of the surface temperature record.
Max
28. manacker
Let’s hope to God that BEST is not bamboozling us.
I have no reason to believe that it is, so I will assume that it is not.
But, if it does try to do so, it will undoubtedly be exposed.
Max
29. Foxgoose
I understand that Prof Muller’s daughter Elizabeth, who is CEO of his “GreenGov” consultancy business, was responsible for orchestrating the co-ordinated BEST PR campaign to meet the October 20th deadline.
It was noticeable that many journalists and environmental groups used a similar story line, along the lines of “Sceptical scientist funded by Koch brothers finds that global warming is real”.
Although he has recently made some stinging criticisms of Mann’s hockey stick work, Muller’s written work, statements and interviews over many years show that he has always been a firm supporter of AGW.
Perhaps he could tell us whether any of the press briefings given by his team included references to his “scepticism” and the partial funding by Koch – so as to steer them towards a desired narrative.
• Foxgoose – statement over the years can be used to “demonstrate” that Muller is anything, from a hardcore skeptic to the most brainless believer.
• BlueIce2HotSea
omnologos –
[Muller can be ] “anything, from a hardcore skeptic to the most brainless believer”.
Correction: hardcore skeptic to the most brainy believer.
30. gyptis444
True/False? The distribution, cyclical pattern, rate, and extent of recent global warming are [fully/mostly/partially/not] consistent with natural variability in Earth’s climate.
• manacker
MattStat
The answer is somewhere between “perhaps” and “maybe”
Max
31. Wagathon
Question: “Are we currently in a cooling trend?”
• M. carey
Probably not, but Best (see link) shows a whole lot of cooling trends since 1800. I stopped counting at 20.
http://www.woodfortrees.org/plot/best/mean:60/plot/best/trend
• manacker
M. carey
Yeah. The record does show those pesky multi-decadal warming cooling cycles, doesn’t it? (The ones IPCC has had difficulty seeing but Girma has analyzed so nicely for us.)
Of course, the first 10 years or so of the current cooling half-cycle (?) is still impossible to see when one uses 10-year averaged data. But it is clearly visible when one uses monthly or annually averaged data.
Max
• JCH
How many prior “cooling cycles” had a year that came an eyelash from being the hottest year on all temperature series?
Smith et al said the initial years would be cool. Some of them have been somewhat cool. I don’t think Smith et al are sweating this thing one bit.
• manacker
JCH
How many prior “cooling cycles” had a year that came an eyelash from being the hottest year on all temperature series?
Question 1: Define “an eyelash” (in scientific terms).
Question 2: If the 1990s warm by 0.18C per decade and the ensuing 2000s cool by 0.06C per decade, which decade will have “warmer years” on average?
Max
• JCH
Max – obviously I’m not a scientist, and do not pretend to be one. As late as November of 2010 there were predictions that 2010 would finish as the warmest year on 2 of the 3 series: Gistemp, NOAA, and HadCrut.
Half of 2010 was under La Nina, and the last quarter was under a very strong La Nina. To this layperson, it took that to derail 2010 from being the hottest year on all three series.
Eyelash.
• Edim
Answer: It depends on the time scale.
(Multi)-Decadal: warming seems to be shifting to cooling.
(Multi)-Centennial: warming, may also shift to cooling later in the 21st century.
(Multi)-Millennial: cooling
• Joshua
(Multi)-Decadal: warming seems to be shifting to cooling.
What is your evidence for this determination?
• Edim
My evidence is:
1) instrumental records – almost all are either plateauing or cooling in the last decade. Many predictions (oceanic oscillations) for the next decades are on the cool side.
2) solar cycles – 1 weak cycle (23) already caused the temperature plateau, SC24 seems to be even weaker and predictions for the SC25 are also on the cool side.
3) sea level – also plateauing
4) the interglacial peak was ~8.000 years ago, temperature can only go down in the long term.
That’s off the top of my head.
• Joshua
And just to clarify:
Decadal = “….seems to be shifting to cooling”
Centennial = “…..may also shift to cooling….”
MIllennial =: “cooling”
Let’s tally that up. Clearly, Edim is another “skeptic” that doubts that “the world is warming.”
• Edim
Joshua,
No, “the world is warming” is pseudo-scientific nonsense, without the time scale specified.
Don’t you agree that the world is cooling, on (multi)-millennial time scales (~ 2 – 8 ka)?
• Joshua
Edim –
It seems to me that if you think that to state that “the world is warming” is pseudo-scientific nonsense, then you doubt that “the world is warming.”
That is, simply, what I’m trying to determine.
I don’t know what’s happening on a (multi)-millennial time-scale.
I haven’t studied the data, nor would I be smart enough to understand them. But while I am somewhat concerned about that time-scale, I’m not particularly concerned about a (multi)-millennial time scale, as I assume that the longer the time-scale frame of reference, the less likely there’s anything we can do to affect change. I am more concerned about the (multi)-decadal time frame. (Of course, those two frames are not necessarily independent of each other.)
• Edim
Well Joshua, at the time frame you’re concerned about, the instrumental records show a positive trend (warming). There’s nothing special about it, apart that it concerns you.
• Joshua
Edim –
I know it doesn’t seem that way, but I am trying to understand your perspective.
You say above that on a (multi)-decadal scale the climate “seems to be shifting to cooling.”
Yet then after that you say, with apparent complete confidence, that on a (multi)-decadal scale instrumental records show a positive trend.
How do you reconcile those two statements?
• Edim
“How do you reconcile those two statements?”
Easy – the positive trend (warming) seems to be shifting to cooling.
32. MattStat
Wow, I have been quoted. I was just trying to imagine during my exercise what would have been the response had Muller et al taken my hypothetical advice and remained quiet: “Their silence on these questions speaks volumes!”
33. Dr. Curry
“I felt that two of the papers (AMO and surface station quality) were not yet ready for prime time.”
So, why did you consent to sign on as co-author ?
• MattStat
Among the feedbacks that you get from the reviewers in the review process is a list of things to do to improve the paper. After you address those recommendations (perhaps pointing out to the editor that the paper is already really long, or that some of the recommendations contradict others), then the paper is ready for prime time.
It is seldom that all of the authors of a multi-authored paper are really happy with all parts of the paper. At minimum, each author wants more detail in his or her specialty, which, if honored, would make most papers too long and boring for their audiences.
Dr. Curry may have her own response.
34. kim
Bit of soapy suds;
Rinse and repeat as needed.
Got the blanny germ.
============
35. Dr. Curry,
Your sincerity and honesty in making this statement (“not ready for prime time”) is greatly appreciated.
Maybe a more complete and formal statement to the effect, including the reasons for this feeling, is in order.
36. Don Monfort
“I think that Dr. Muller had it right: this is a modern-day version of circulating a preprint while the paper is in review. The published version is likely to be much improved, even if not every critique can be resolved to the satisfaction of all involved.”
“As to “media blitz”, I do not think it credible that they might have put up their 4 papers and their data and code and then said (as I would have recommended them to say) “No comment” to all media inquiries.”
Muller’s article, which I am sure the WSJ did not have to drag out of him, was on the opposite side of the irresponsible dishonest blabbermouth spectrum from “No comment”.
Read that article and then read how that left-wing looney from the Washington Post used Muller’s assertions to paint “climate skeptics” as knuckle-dragging, die-hard, deniers. Of course he did not fail to lump Republican Presidential candidates into that ignominious group of ignorant buffoons. (I am not providing any more links, done that already in the last thread.)
The article in the WSJ and the media’s breathless coverage of the debate ending papers has the same theme. I haven’t read the press release, but I doubt it says anything explicit about moron climate skeptics no longer having a leg to stand on. But I am sure that in behind the scenes communication with the press, that is how they are playing it. After all, the boss made it explicit in the WSJ.
All in all, a disgusting display of dishonesty and a perversion of science. And I would still like for someone to say why there are all blue dots homogeneously mixed in with the red. A climate scientist could help.
• Don Monfort
correction “all those blue dots”
• MattStat
Muller wrote this: Global warming is real. Perhaps our results will help cool this portion of the climate debate. How much of the warming is due to humans and what will be the likely effects? We made no independent assessment of that.
If you think that is irresponsible dishonest blabbermouth, then I just do not agree with you.
• Don Monfort
Matt,
You must have skipped over the rest of it. Although I could have picked a couple of other sentences out of the trash talk that weren’t so bad.
• MattStat
And maybe she likes long tedious “Socratic Dialogues” and punching the tar baby.
• MattStat
This is misplaced and I am sorry I wrote it anyway.
37. Jim S
I would ask him if he has ever in the past used such spotty data (the historical temperature record) as the basis for a peer reviewed paper? And if not, why did he choose to do so now?
38. Bill Illis
I’m assuming one of the objectives was to assuage the doubts of many sceptics about the integrity of the temperature record – the land temperature record in particular.
The PR campaign and the lack of interest in addressing concerns certainly did not meet that objective.
While some sceptics might now be more accepting of the record, the majority have now put the BEST team into the category of groups that we have serious doubts about.
39. Gary
Dr. Curry: One line of questions you might pursue concerns the one third of stations that show cooling trends. What are their characteristics, reliability of the data and meta-data, ranges and relationships of Tmin and Tmax, number of relocations, etc.? What factors explain this apparent anomalous behavior of such a large proportions of stations?
• Good question. Yet, we also would need to ask the same about the sites that show well above average heating trends. For every cooling trend a much higher warming trend exists to more than compensate the cooling so as to keep the mean trend warming. This figure is from the BEST report
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pEEYO-I0_fA/TqduktntOEI/AAAAAAAAAkg/F2PKph74I3k/s1600/berkeley.gif
Consider this observation: If there were no cooling trends, then the distribution would need to be much narrower if it were to maintain its symmetry. As it stands the dispersion in rates is quite significant and it would be quite useful to attribute it to either natural variability or to measurement error, or fractions of both.
As a hypothesis, it is also possible that variability increases due to a forcing function as the system moves from its long-term steady state. The whole idea of metastability surrounded by positive feedback factors supports this idea. See Lea
http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/1520-0442%282004%29017%3C2170%3ATYCITS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
And of course, there is the Vostok data, which shows the historical warming and cooling behavior in a single location but over 100 year periods.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-k1vYjQ8Qthk/TqdulOhrSEI/AAAAAAAAAko/0H9kUnzIcZs/s1600/vostok_temperature_changes.gif
That curve that runs through the cumulative density function (CDF) is a maximum entropy estimate. The following constraint gives a double-sided exponential or Laplace probability density function (PDF) shown in the lower curve
$\int_{I}{|x| p(x)\ dx}=w$
which when variationally optimized gives
$p(x)={\beta\over 2}e^{-\beta|x|},\ x\ \in I=(-\infty,\infty)$
• What makes you think its anomalous?
• Gary
Mosh, “anomalous” only in the context of the twice as many stations showing a warming trend. Given the aggregate warming trend, what is it about these cooling stations that make their behavior different from the others? Maybe “different” is a less loaded term. Not taking a position here on which direction is the truth.
• MattStat
I wouldn’t use the word anomalous, and I think that the BEST team can not answer the question with the information that they have. If phrased as a question, how about:
“Do you think that your results highlight this limitation of the current data?”
or
“Do you think a major effort to study ( stratified random samples of) the warming and cooling sites would be worthwhile?”
Some “best” version of this general question should for sure be put to Dr. Muller et al. It would have to be a random sample because Anthony Watts has shown how hard it is to bet the information on all sites, and because we need the history of each site included for study. The BEST procedure of identifying jumps in the records and cutting and splicing at the jumps goes a long way toward answering part of the question.
It could be that Steven Mosher is right and the result would be to show that he is right. Or it could be that UHI is a larger component of all warming than the preliminary analyses of the BEST team show.
• JCH
Where does this pointless rathole end? How close to buildings and AC exhausts are the space things UAH uses for their series?
40. Michael Larkin
What I’d like to know from Muller is why no one, including him, actually identifies truly rural sites. I may be absurdly literal-minded, but a rural site to me is in a rural area. No buildings within miles.
IIRC, Spencer found that UHI begins at quite low levels of urbanisation. If so, and if most temperature stations are actually in areas with some degree of urbanisation, how could it be that the UHI effect could be negative?
• Spencer unfortunately uses Grump 30 arc second population data which is an ALPHA release. The station location information in metadata has known errors ( on average about 2.5km ). therefore, when Spencer uses station metadata to reference the Grump population data ( Or GPW data available at the same site he referenced) he does not account for station location accuracies. If he wanted to use better data I would suggest Landscan.
Further, his test has to be confirmed by actual field measurements of UHI effects at small or zero population sites. That’s easy, he can use Modis LST (for example) to do that in conjuction with ground observations. That would be a complete study.
• Don Monfort
steven,
Did BEST do a complete study? In the WSJ Muller said they compared urban to very rural, but that isn’t true. Was their methodology, correct? Or was it sloppy and lazy? Were they justified in reporting a negative result for UHI influence on the temperature record?
• No they did not do a complete study. There methodology was weak. There definition of rural/urban was not very rigorous. I’d say the truth for UHI bias lies between Jones (.o5c) and Mckittrick (.3C) That means it will be hard to find. A couple of tweaks to their test are all that is needed….
• Don Monfort
Thanks steven. I wonder why they didn’t bother to make the couple of needed tweaks. I don’t have a clue about statistical analysis, yet I knew there were deficiencies in their method, after small amount of discussion here. Is this SOP in the climate industry? Is this how they do it in the defense industry, steve? Rhetorical question. I know the answer.
• MattStat
A couple of tweaks to their test are all that is needed….
Of that I am doubtful. I think that new information is required. However, I am persuadable. What tweaks do you have in mind, and how would they settle the issue?
I think I can write your question for you. “Dr Muller, I tweaked your procedure and got these results. What do you think of them?” Just kidding. If you do something and want to run your work by someone, you may send them to me.
41. Dr. Curry,
My major concern with the BEST PR strategy is similar to that outlined by Ron Cram above. I find it hard to believe that BEST was unaware of how badly the MSM has behaved for so many years when reporting developments that have any bearing (valid or ultimately invalid) on climate science.
Yet, when I reviewed the text of the release on the BEST site, it seemed to me that (giving them the benefit of the doubt!) they were incredibly naïve – and very presumptuous in their claim to the effect that the papers were ready for inclusion in AR5.
Seems that everything was geared towards an Oct. 20 release date. But I’d like to know what was so magical or crucial about Oct. 20.
Why choose a deadline that evidently precluded incorporating the changes that Anthony had suggested – not to mention, a more thoughtful consideration (prior BEST to going public or submitting to journal) by quiet circulation (with ample time for discussion and incorporation of feedback) to Pielke, Watts and McIntyre amongst others?
This was compounded by Muller’s simplistic ‘you don’t have to be a skeptic anymore because of our wonderful work’ Op Ed in the WSJ.
I do appreciate that both Muller’s Op Ed and the Press Release do state (albeit somewhat differently):
What Berkeley Earth has not done is make an independent assessment of how much of the observed warming is due to human actions.
Yet there is no indication or acknowledgement that this is a major – if not the primary – point of contention from the perspective of many skeptics. (Although, it does suggest at least one reason that the RC crowd are not particularly thrilled with BEST).
Furthermore, is that which was not done by BEST somewhat more relevant and “important in the run-up to COP 17 meetings …at which targets for GHG emissions … financing, technology transfer and cooperative action” will be discussed, than that which was done?!
Another issue that I find somewhat disconcerting .. the Press Release indicates that the team consists of inter alia “climatologists” [note the plural!]. Yet, if one views the credentials attributed to “The Berkley Earth Team”, you are the only person who is identified as a climatologist. And all four papers (as you had previously indicated) have your name as a co-author (notwithstanding your stated limited involvement).
Unfortunately, this reminds me of an incident that occurred – many, many moons ago in a completely different field! An academic was persuaded to participate in an organization’s project, in which the person had a strong professional and personal interest.
However, it subsequently became apparent that the project’s principals had selected this individual only to provide academic cachet ‘n cover (for journal publication purposes) to (what turned out to be) their considerably less than ethically conducted research. Had their methodology ever come to public light, it would have destroyed the academic’s professional reputation.
It was only by chance that the academic became aware of the methodology – at which point (to make a long story short), since the principals refused to acknowledge the error of their ways (or take the professionally recommended corrective action) the academic withdrew from the project, and severed all ties with the organization.
The parallel I draw from this incident is that, while you were fortunate not to have been used by the IPCC, I’m not entirely confident that you may not have been used by BEST. Not to mention that ever since I learned of Muir Russell’s endorsement of the “team-work” sidestep, I have reservations about how easily responsibility and accountability become foggily diffused when I read/hear that “this was a team effort”, OWTTE.
P.S. The premise of “Lead scientist”, Richard Rhode’s Global Warming Art Project, in combination with Muller’s consultancy focus – and some of his statements as noted in other threads here – leave me somewhat less than convinced about the objectivity and skepticism inherent in BEST’s approach (not to mention the conspicuous absence of humility).
• Aaack … typos!
“(prior BEST to going public…” s/b “prior to BEST going public…”
“The Berkley Earth Team” s/b “…Berkeley…”
• GaryM
Inclusion of Dr. Curry as an author on all four papers could also have been intended to mute whatever criticism might be expected on a certain blog that seems to particularly concern the CAGW activists.
The further the process goes, the more convinced I am that BEST was conceived from the start as a PR climate rapid response to Anthony Watt’s surface stations project.
• GaryM
Which would bring to mind a possible question for Muller if he agrees to be interviewed:
Did you have any communications with any of the following regarding either the BEST project or surfacestations.org with any of the following prior to announcing the BEST project: Schmidt, Trenberth, Hansen, Mann any IPCC members or other prominent consensus scientists? If so, what was the nature of those communications?
• Joshua
But Gary –
Your question would be a great one, but with your naturally trusting and honest nature you just don’t realize how devious this cabal is. Of course he’d never admit the full extent of the plot. It’s obvious that Muller is just a puppet of Mann, Hansen, Schmidt, and Trenberth. I’m sure that he’s sworn to secrecy under the penalty of death!
• GaryM
• JCH
I think Muller actually believed there was something to Michael Crichton. I think he thought he would uncover vast incompetence and fraud, and a distinctly different temperature graph would result. As it is, NOAA and Best are as close as gissin’ cousins.
• GaryM
Muller wrote this in his WSJ op-ed:
“A careful survey of these stations by a team led by meteorologist Anthony Watts showed that 70% of these stations have such poor siting that, by the U.S. government’s own measure, they result in temperature uncertainties of between two and five degrees Celsius or more.”
It seems to me that with uncertainties in 70% of the reporting stations of “two to five degrees Celsius or more,” with the right statics and assumptions you can get pretty much any graph you like. I seriously doubt he was shocked by his results.
• JCH
Well, I think it probably took him a few days to rise up off the floor.
• tempterrain
I’m just wondering what is going on at the WSJ? They’ve given Rich Muller an opportunity to express his opinion and, so, are proving me wrong. There was I, thinking the WSJ wasn’t interested in scientific argument, and were intent on protecting the short term economic interests of large energy corporations at the longer term expense of the environment.
I’m more used to their printing this sort of nonsense.
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124597505076157449.html
Is this just a short term aberration, do you think?
• Inclusion of Dr. Curry as an author on all four papers could also have been intended to mute whatever criticism might be expected [...]
Yes, that, too!
• Joshua
Inclusion of Dr. Curry as an author on all four papers could also have been intended to mute whatever criticism might be expected on a certain blog that seems to particularly concern the CAGW activists.
Yes! Yes! Yes!
It’s so simple, Yet so devious. And simple. And devious.
Poor Judith must be aghast that she fell prey to their simple yet devious plot!
• Joshua
Hilarious.
It was all a conspiracy. Tens (hundreds?) of people conspired to rig the PR output and to time the release for the COP 17 meetings. They’re all in on it and none will spill the beans.
Muller was only pretending to criticize climate scientists after Climategate so he could set up this ruse further down the line,
And to top it all off, Judith was duped into falling for their tricks.
All I can say is thank God someone like Hilary (notice the correct spelling so as to not upset her) can see through this intricate plot. I only hope that she can get to Judith in time before her integrity is even further compromised by this cabal.
Outstanding!
• Don Monfort
“What Berkeley Earth has not done is make an independent assessment of how much of the observed warming is due to human actions.”
I am sure that most readers eyes and minds had glazed over, before they got to that little afterthought, buried down in the last line of the article.
The message Muller is selling, is in his headline:
“The Case Against Global-Warming Skepticism
There were good reasons for doubt, until now.”
He goes on to fail to point out that the issues skeptics are most concerned about do not necessarily include whether there has been some warming. The more relevant issues concern whether whatever warming that has occurred can be substantially, or entirely attributed to human CO2 emissions, and whether we are really in danger of burning up, if we don’t take draconian measures to stop it.
He set up, for the amusement of the reader, a straw global-warming skeptic caveman (Tea Partier), who has been shown the evidence for Global Warming but was just too dim or un-trusting of the scientists to get it. Muller initially sympathizes with the straw skeptic caveman’s doubts, and explains that he has taken it upon himself to help straw skeptic caveman, by disabusing him of his ignorance. A very nicely planned and well executed piece of political propaganda. I could have used Muller, in a line of work I used to be in.
Climate science is not rocket science. We would have never gotten to the moon with this stuff.
• BlueIce2HotSea
Don Montfort:
The message Muller is selling, is in his headline:
The Case Against Global-Warming Skepticism
There were good reasons for doubt, until now.
He goes on to fail to point out that the issues skeptics are most concerned about do not necessarily include whether there has been some warming. The more relevant issues concern whether whatever warming that has occurred can be substantially, or entirely attributed to human CO2 emissions, and whether we are really in danger of burning up, if we don’t take draconian measures to stop it.
He set up, for the amusement of the reader, a straw global-warming skeptic caveman (Tea Partier)…
Nowhere in Muller’s op-ed article does he discuss a “caveman” or “Tea Partiers”.
A very nicely planned and well executed piece of political propaganda.
You see the irony. Now, focus on this possibility. Muller is at odds with the Tea Party, the Progressive Party and ANY party that gains political advantage through distortion/exaggeration of climate science.
Climate science is not rocket science. We would have never gotten to the moon with this stuff.
Yes. Climate science is the new rocket science. Some of the brightest minds in the world are working to solve ‘hard’ problems. It takes enormous self-discipline to think clearly with all the political noise. Obviously some on the inside and many on the outside have failed the political test, some failing more often than others. My kudos and respect go to those who scrutinize their own motives as much as they do others.
Not trying to pick a fight with you.
BlueIce
42. GaryM
“But now let me explain why you should not be a skeptic, at least not any longer.”
News of the death of CAGW skepticism has been greatly exaggerated.
Again.
43. Judith,
I would like to know if Richard Muller was asked permission for the publication of (some of) his correspondence in response to the criticisms of Doug Keenan, reproduced here, among other places:
http://www.bishop-hill.net/blog/2011/10/21/keenans-response-to-the-best-paper.html
In fact, we do not know if he was made aware of it. I suppose so.
Parts of these email seem to hint at the fact that he was not asked permission.
In any case, I would like you to ask him for a public reaction to the disclosure, if it was one, of course.
Many thanks,
w
• simple willard. write me and I will pass your question on to doug or i’ll ask Muller for you.
• tempterrain
Steven,
I notice that its first name terms for “doug”. The good guy? But not for “Muller” , the bad guy? Those grapes must taste real sour, eh?
• First Romm accuses me and Richard being in kahoots. now this? read what I written elsewhere about keenan. Its not complimentary.
• Even Romm isn’t as bad as Rain, that’s what I say.
(His friends call him Tempter. That says it all.)
• Steven Mosher
I love the way guys like tt think that they can interpret motivations from word choice. I would have flunked every one their ignorant butts.
We should mark this one Richard. I wont say why but its funny as hell.
• steven mosher,
Doug has been forwarded the question by our good Bishop, but please do ask Muller for me about his personal reaction.
If you can ask him why Billinger has not been listed as a co-author, I’m sure Nick Stokes would appreciate this.
Many thanks and happy belated birthday!
w
PS: Would you authorize MT to send me a copy of your book?
44. GaryW
I’ve noticed that the text version of the BEST data does not contain the original raw data values. Can someone tell me if the raw values are present in the MATLAB version. I’d hate to think that we are again left with no way to verify that the BEST algorithms are correct and are implemented properly.
45. M. carey
Many probably have already noticed BEST at woodfortrees.org.
http://www.woodfortrees.org/
46. My impression when I first heard about the BEST project in April was that the problem they were addressing was less in the nature of mainstream climate science than of public relations. This is not to say the problem is easier than the central problems of climate science, in fact I would say it is at least as hard for the following reasons.
1. Those who were already satisfied that the extant data was sufficient to base significant advances in climate science on aren’t going to be made any less satisfied.
2. Those with doubts about the data are unlikely to feel that this additional analysis has resolved all their doubts, with the possible exception of those whose only concern was with the UHI effect. The attention to the kriging methodology notwithstanding, it seems to me that those most likely to be persuaded by BEST’s arguments that UHI is no longer an issue will be the same people that did not see it as a major shortcoming of the data to begin with.
While the public may well be having both real and imagined difficulties with the quality of the extant data, the main issues climate science faces today have more to do with its interpretation. Under the most optimistic assumptions that every reading at every station is 100% faithful to the local temperature averaged over say a 10-mile radius around that station (as opposed say to an airport tarmac or windy valley), what could such gorgeous data tell us about where the temperature is heading in the long run, in particular in 2060 and 2100, and how much of that is our fault?
Whether or not the public finds the BEST team’s results reassuring, they should bear in mind that this effort was originally conceived as being for their benefit. Its contribution to climate science per se might best be characterized as improvements to hygiene in data collection. Einstein said that if you are out to describe the truth, leave elegance to the tailor, by which he meant it was already elegant enough for the purposes of physics. He could well have added “and leave hygiene to the hygienist.”. The BEST team itself appears to be under no delusions in that regard: its two-page executive summary has a short paragraph at the end explicitly acknowledging that they have not assessed the extent of the human component of global warming, and that their next step is to address the total warming of the oceans.
It seems to me that the shortcomings of climate science today reside not in the quality of its data, which is already close to as good as it’s going to get with our present resources, at least for the purposes of immediate advances in climate science, but rather in its inability to answer the following questions with anything better than consensual guesswork.
1. By how much will the temperature rise during the coming century?
2. For any given interval of time, what proportion of the temperature rise during that interval can be attributed to humans?
3. What informative definitions of “climate sensitivity” are possible, and what is its value under each of the best of these?
4. What are the principal unknowns contributing to our uncertainty of the above, to what extent do they influence the values, and what are the prospects for reducing these uncertainties through improved understanding of those unknowns?
I believe that the current state of the art in answering these questions based on the data we already have can be greatly improved. The BEST work may well be a worthwhile exercise in public relations, by raising the public’s level of confidence in the data, but it does not address any of the above questions. To its credit the BEST team seems clear in its own mind as to its goals, and has been careful not to leave that misimpression.
• Where I wrote “climate science” in the foregoing, I probably should instead have written “global warming” as a very important hot button area within climate science.
• Bart R
Vaughan Pratt
With respect, as one of those whose mind will change, pending review and after hearing out the critics, if BEST is largely confirmed, I disagree.
Before BEST, there was significant thermometer data floating around one could suspect might have been used to produce a more complete picture if only enough work was done to make it fit to purpose.
Now, a huge amount of that data has been collected into the ensemble of raw data. This is a substantial change in the state of historical global climate analyses dependent on thermometers in itself.
Before BEST, there were many calls for thorough vetting of the data and complaints about inadequate audit of the dataset itself. These doubts in themself were an issue just by going unanswered. Now, only a paranoid conspiracy theorist could hold such an opinion.
Before BEST, the above questions aside, strict mathematical analyses of the data could not reach above a 90% CI on any substantial span of years, nor could reach a similar CI against alternative hypotheses based on some views of ocean variability.
Now, a robust 95% CI is available for almost 60 years, and while that 5% doesn’t sound like much, it’s a full additional sigma level in and of itself. It all by itself halves the doubt associated with this claim.
Those with even the basic statistical training of a first year college student in any technical field ought understand that change to be significant.
Sure, the UHI questions arising from BEST are interesting and valuable, and completely dismantle the original UHI complaints upon which WUWT is founded, and I’m with you that it’s not so much in itself as to be worth a Nobel, but it’s not nothing, and if it were all BEST achieved, it would be worthwhile.
Likewise, the 2-15 year trend profile for ocean effects means we can re-evaluate the signal:noise problems of the dataset. Perhaps we can identify meaningful trends of less than 17 years now on the BEST dataset. That’d be helpful.
Now, I disagree with Steve McIntyre’s opinions about LIA coming out of BEST. If anything, especially if anyone has historical knowledge of the period 1800-1880, the very existence of LIA is much less likely, and its size and span apparently much less than most claim. At most, LIA appears to have been a coincidence of Northern Hemisphere lows that either largely ended before 1800 or was very mild.
For myself, having experience looking at the body of knowledge of various fields as they develop, BEST has achieved in one stroke what often takes decades of intensive work on multiple fronts.
Further, the consilience of the effects of this rising tide of knowledge BEST has produced all move climate science in one direction. That’s not common.
Even the spin machine appears to be having trouble digesting and attacking BEST. It’s too much of a mouthful to easily corrupt and obscure, at least so far. This is a substantially different case from, for example, the Wagner resignation.
• Don Monfort
Bart R,
What? They didn’t have any data available to them that the others didn’t have. All they have done is to throw it all together. The results still suffer from the same problems as all the separate data sets. you don’t subtract problems by adding them together and averaging them away.. It’s deja vu, all over again. Like the model ensemble BS, there are a lot of data sets, and they ain’t so good, but if you add all of them up and average ‘em out, boy you got something you can count on.
39,000 sites and they decided that 41% of them are “very rural”, after they admitted that using MODIS they can’t tell urban from rural. Oh, but let’s add urban to rural and call that rural, then we can call the other stuff very rural and away we go. Read the freaking paper on UHI. They say that they did not study the UHI effect on the temperature record explicitly. They did not compare urban data to very rural data. They did not address the concerns of Anthony Watts, et al concerning the well documented siting issues. They just claimed they did. And I would like to see somebody explain why the sites that they have identified as having a long-term cooling trend are so homogeneously spread among the sites with warming trends. How does that work with that kriging thing? Anybody? Steven? Judy? Josh? :)
• Bart R
Don Monfort
Wow. Where does one begin?
Central tendency, or reversion (regression) to the mean, says exactly you can subtract problems by adding them together and averaging them away, if you do it competently.
Given we’re talking about Nobel laureates who show their work and have self-audited seven-ways from Sunday in addition to having external audits at every stage, I’m laying odds on “competent” being found by peer review.
Second, “All they have done is to throw it all together,” is a specious contrivance both reflecting no understanding of the process of building a dataset, and also denying the volumes of complaints that not all the data that was available was being used.
Perhaps you weren’t in the camp doing that complaining, but you can hardly be unaware of it, as you’re repeating one of its central planks about ensembles.
Further, BEST’s approach curtailed error using robust methods, as well as took into account issues of propagation of error, so your ensemble issue is an apparent problem of you haven’t caught up yet with just how dead BEST killed it as a question. It’s squashed like a bug, now.
I’ve read the UHI paper several times now. For me, UHI’s always been something of a shrug, because I can do estimation, and at most UHI’s 10% of the anthropogenic effect at first causes, and it happens to be mainly additive to that effect too, so doesn’t wash as a counter-argument.
If you’re saying the UHI paper only claimed to address the WUWTspun concerns, but did not, that will be caught in peer review. Unsubstantiated claims are easy to spot, and one of the first things looked for. I looked for such myself. Your argument bears little close inspection, when compared to the actual paper, in my view. I’m willing to wait on peer review, just so.
Now, the long-term cooling trends somewhat homogeneously mixed with warming trends, that is a fascinating question.
I think it bears much more study.
If a frequency of sites spatially and of data collection over time can produce enough dynamically significant data points to satisfy the requirements of Chaos (eg, antialiasing, bifurcation), then we can know just how badly we are measuring the climate, and whether some currently ontic variability is really aleatory, or may be semi-deterministic in some spans and scales if only we have enough granularity in our sampling.
• Don Monfort
Bart R,
The data suffers from well known issues with poor siting, UHI, discontinuity, uneven coverage, moving stations, blah…blah…blah. You can’t make those separate issues go away, by adding them together and averaging. If that is the answer, why didn’t any of the geniuses in the climate science game do it before now? They have been screwing around with this crap for a long time and spending a lot of money., and they are still on square 2, at best.
I read your reply quickly and it seemed rather silly and unresponsive so forigive me if my scotch and I don’t spend too much time on stuff like “the peer review will catch it”. Puleeeze!
The UHI paper is a joke, and I would like to see Judy explain why it is not, if she cares to defend something that carries her name.
I am not going to look again, but I don’t believe you had any explanation for the blue dots among the red thing. So you obviously can’t be of any further help to my understanding of this muddled BS. Like I said, climate science, ain’t rocket science. Good night.
• Bart R
Okay, Vaughan
I should know better than to bet against cynicism.
• Don Aitkin
I am inclined to agree with this useful summary, but would add the following.
(1) There are real and worrying aspects about the original temperature data, quite apart from UHI issues. I doubt that prior to 1950 one can say anything much about whether or not the world had warmed from thermometer data. After 1950 the data are better, but my gut feeling is that the real error bars are quite large. On the whole I would prefer satellite and balloon data to thermometers. I agree that there is a rough similarity in the pictures they present.
(2) There seems to be much more warming over the land in the northern hemisphere than in the south. This is a puzzle, at least to me, because it doesn’t look very ‘global’.
(3) The SST data are awful, and they cover 70 per cent of the planet’s surface.
(4) In consequence, it may well be that the planet has warmed over the 20th century, and maybe one day we will be able to say so with confidence from new data and new methodologies (WRT proxies, of course).
I don’t think we have much idea of how much global warming has occurred, and much of the argument about it seems almost theological to me (angels/pins).
Finally, I agree that this is not much of a help to that debate! I would pass on to Vaughan Pratt’s four questions, which I (and many others) have asked before in various forms.
47. Judith.
It might be a good idea for people to do some reading.. perhaps back to the start of this idea
http://rankexploits.com/musings/2010/design-a-program-for-surface-temperature-records/
http://rankexploits.com/musings/2010/design-a-program-for-surface-temperature-records/#comment-33212
And see how well they did relative to the advice some of us gave before starting.
I’ll quote myself:
“Its probably best if they just announce the facts with out
positioning statements. Its .65C. Advocacy groups can very easily spin to their hearts content. ”
My opinion then was stay away from PR. just the facts. But what did I know?
I note a few other things. Not a SINGLE one of the critics of the BEST method had anything to say when JeffId and RomanM created a new method that was warmer than CRU and GISS.
In terms of methods I think BEST is an advance. In terms of data, an advance. The UHI effort raised more questions than it answered. That’s not unique for UHI. The station quality paper, likewise. AMO.. I dont read that stuff.
The key will be is the code useable as a TOOL.. or is it code to generate answers. I’ll know more when I crack it open, in a few days. If its not a TOOL, then I’ll probably rewrite it as a usable tool.
• Don Monfort
Steven,
You are good with numbers. How much cooling would you estimate occurred in the sites that exhibited a cooling trend, if the average of all sites is +.65C and the 2/3 of sites that showed a warming trend were on average between +1-2C? And why are those blue dots spread so homogeneously among the red ones? Am I making any sense, steve old buddy? Hello!
• why wouldnt they be spread homongeneously? The charts will show you the distribution of cooling trends. For me blue dots dont cut it.. id look first at the strongest cooling trends.. tonyb found some interesting patterns that I also happened upon.. I need to finish the present work then I can get on the cooling trend stuff. see my post at my blog on cooling cities
• Don Monfort
Steven,
I will have a look at your blog and hope for further enlightenment. In the meantime, I will continue to wonder why a cluster of red dots representing stations with long-term warming trends of 1-2C, surrounds a blue dot or two that show a cooling trend. It also looks like from bare eyeballing, that the dense clusters of red dots are urban areas.
• Steven Mosher
the red only tells you positive. blue negative.
it could very well be that those red are .000001 positive
and the blue is -.0000000001
That’s why dots dont cut it. They just create a mystery
You will find urban that warm more than rural. without a doubt. that has never been the question..
To be clear, the red dots in the figure represent ANY positive trend
not 1-2C, although some will be 1-2C.
In the end if you eliminate all urban cities. the world is still warming and GHGs are a part of the cause. get this, if they were ALL cooling, C02 would still cause warming.
• GaryM
“get this, if they were ALL cooling, C02 would still cause warming.”
If the total global average temperature (assuming there is such a thing) were falling, CO2 wouldn’t be “caus[ing] warming.” It would at best be slowing cooling.
(Sorry, just wanted to see what it feels like to make a boring semantic argument that has no effect on the substance of the debate.)
48. Rich R.
1) Do we really have a sense of what the best metric for global temperature is? (land, sea, atmospheric)?
2) Given what measurements are available, does any temperature change follow CO2 or precede CO2 change?
• M. carey
Both. It’s kinda like debt and interest. Debt causes interest and interest causes debt.
• Rich R.
Ah..and in this case we had both before “money” was invented.
49. JJ
The problem with BEST’s recent media blitz was not that they released the papers for wide review. The problem was the coordinated PR campaign, and the overreaching conclusions drawn by the authors and trumpted to the media. Skips right over the wider review that was the alleged motive, and moves straight on to the politicization.
Attempting to conflate the two into one is dishonest, Judith. You know the difference.
BEST, including you, are having trouble keeping your snouts and fangs from poking out from beneath your “I’m skeptical, really I am” sheepskins.
• manacker
omnologos
Since GoogleMap does not give historical data, believe it will not give any info on trends (which is what the discussion is all about).
Here is a summary on UHI from “ice cap” with many cited references.
The question seems not to be whether or not urbanization causes warming (pretty obvious, based on all the data out there) but whether or not the UHI distortion has represented a significant part of the recorded land surface warming since the record started in 1850 and whether or not this has significantly distorted the globally averaged trend.
I have a hard time imagining that UHI has caused a major part of the observed globally averaged warming, but I would estimate that it has been significantly higher than the IPCC estimate of “less than 0.006 degreesC per decade”.
But even if IPCC is off by a factor of 5:1, the UHI distortion would only be 0.03 degrees C per decade.
BTW, this is the difference between the warming trend of the surface and satellite records since 1979, so would IMO represent an “upper limit” to the UHI distortion on the global record.
Max
PS But one thing is certain: urbanization has NOT caused 0.019C per decade COOLING as the BEST data would suggest.
• steven
I’m not sure they are saying urbanization caused the cooling. If they are only going from 1950 to 2010 and taking areas that were already urbanized at the initiation of the evaluation, it isn’t difficult to imagine scenarios where lighter building materials and a reduction in soot more than counteracted any growing UHI effect.
• manacker
steven
Whether or not it covers the period “from 1950 to 2010″ or a longer period, BEST shows that the net impact of urbanization was a spurious cooling trend of -0.019C per decade. In view of the many local studies that show exactly the opposite trend, it is very hard to imagine anything that could make increased urbanization lead to cooling.
And then there is the satellite record, which has no UHI effect and has a warming trend that is 0.03C per decade cooler that the surface trend, even though GH theory tells us the troposphere should be warming faster than the surface..
But, hey, this is simply the sub-committee’s first crack at this analysis.Let’s see what BEST comes up with once they’ve done a bit of “rework”.
And, finally, it is not all that important, as Judith has written. UHI certainly cannot account for all of the observed past warming, even if it is significantly higher than the 0.006C per decade over land, as estimated by IPCC.
Much more important, as Judith points out, are uncertainties regarding the question of attribution (which BEST has not addressed)
Max
• steven
Max, it will be interesting to see what they come up with. I think they will find out they are fairly accurate and that the deciding factor was the conversion of red brick soot covered buildings to more reflective concrete ones, but who knows. I do know that there is some indication this is possible. I would agree it probably isn’t important but I find it interesting anyway.
http://surfaceheat.sites.yale.edu/evaluating-chicago-s-urban-heat-island-policy-remote-sensing
• Tilo Reber
This is going to be a new issue for climate science. In the 25 years that I’ve lived in the Denver area, the skyline has definitely greened. I’ve also noticed that many more road improvement projects now have tree planting as an integral part. Hey, something that libs and conservatives can both get behind. What’s not to like about more trees? What if the 50 billion that we have wasted chasing AGW had been used to plant trees?
50. Now that Nature agrees with my assessment on the consequences of Muller’s PR Blitzkrieg, I wonder if we really can’t get anything better on uhi in these days of Google Earth?
• NetDr
in 1977 the site of DFW airport was a cow pasture. It is now surrounded by a town of 30 K with runways and airplanes and heated buildings. [ this effect may be more pronounced in winter.]
The change in UHI over time is what is critical to sorting it’s effect on measurement of climate change.
It has been shown that the UHI caused by growing to a small town etc from a cow pasture is greater than a large city growing slightly.
The BEST methodology seems suspect in that this effect seems not to be compensated for.
• Tilo Reber
Under the BEST method of classification, a small town would still be classified as “very rural”, as long as it is at least 10km from a place that is classified as urban. So, yes, the BEST UHI test was a big failure right from it’s design.
51. Faustino
Oliver, we are in agreement on enlightenment, and I have been making efforts to “dispel the darkness” for many years. As for your papers, the material is fascinating but I don’t have the background or capacity to take a view.
52. Faustino
Oliver, we are in agreement on enlightenment, and I have been making efforts to “dispel the darkness” for many years. As for your papers, the material is fascinating, but I don’t have the background or capacity to take a view.
[I thought I'd posted this, but it hasn't shown up, I'll risk a double-post.]
53. Faustino
Mmm, some misplacement here; I didn’t realize that my reply to Oliver’s second post appeared before his posts and my firtsreply; let’s see where this one ends up. It’s 6.43 pm in Brisbane, Australian Eastern Standard Time. (GMT + 10 hours)
54. Jim in SC
Oh my, it is warmer than it was in 1970. Let’s ignore that It is not warmer than it was in 1500 BC nor is it warmer than it was in 5500 BC. Carry on and have fun with your models and statistics.
55. Tomas Milanovic
Judith
Relative to the broader issue of attribution, which are at the heart of skeptical concern, details of the surface temperature record don’t play a terribly large role in most people’s skepticism about climate change.
Add me definitely to that category. Terribly large is an understatement. It doesn’t play any role at all for me. Computing surface averages of something be it temperature or whatever else from a finite and incomplete number of points dispersed randomly has no interest for the dynamics.
It can lead to intellectually interesting and challenging discussions among statisticians but that’s about it.
And that we are in a globally warming phase is anyway obvious for anybody who heard at least once the word “interglacial”.
• I’m with you Tomas – as far as my limited brain can take me!
• Joshua
So, in your opinion the land surface temperature record is intellectually interesting but completely irrelevant.
And we are in a warming phase, of that you have no doubt.
What is the evidence that you use to conclude that we are in a warming phase – and what evidence do you use to determine whether that phase might not have paused or even ended over the last 100 or 50 years? Satellite data? Melting of glaciers? Would any particular 100 or 50 years be too short a time span to support conclusion WRT warming/cooling on a geological scale?
• Tomas Milanovic
What is the evidence that you use to conclude that we are in a warming phase –
Is this question some kind of trolling? Or is it really as stupid as it looks?
Never heard interglacial?
If no, then this is a period that follows a glacial period. Always.
Of course, quite trivially the temperature increases on most places during this period and this is ususually a process that is called “warming”.
And now I observe like everybody should that we are now in 2011 and that this happens to be an “integlacial”.
Consequence – it is currently warming as it always did and will continue for quite a long time. Even if I looked at no data, the simple observation of the time coordinate would tell me that we must be warming.
At one time (nobody knows exactly when but it’s much more than a few centuries) we will go again towards the next glacial. Etc on every cycle.
As the glacial period is much cooler than now or at the inversion point, to get there the system will have to cool.
So after having warmed, it will cool again (oceans will get colder on many places, there may be more clouds, more ice, winters will be longer on many places and all those phenomena generally associated with cooling).
What is so difficult to understand about that?
56. Don B
If I were a cynic, I might suggest the sceptics-should-now-realise-global-warming-is-real media blitz was designed to facilitate future funding.
57. pokerguy
Dr. Singer’s letter to Nature (filched from WUWT)..My understanding is they’ve published it…:
Fred Singer said:
Dear Editors of Nature:
What a curious editorial [p.428, Oct.26} ? and how revealing of yr bias!
“Results confirming climate change are welcome, even when released before peer review.”
(above is quote from their editorial)
You imply that contrary results are not welcomed by Nature. But this has been obvious for many years.
Why are you so jubilant about the findings of the Berkeley Climate Project that you can hardly contain yourself? What do you think they proved? They certainly added little to the ongoing debate on human causes of climate change.
They included data from the same weather stations as the Climategate people, but reported that one-third showed cooling — not warming. They covered the same land area ” less than 30% of the Earth?s surface ” housing recording stations that are poorly distributed, mainly in the US and Western Europe. They state that 70% of US stations are badly sited and don’t meet the standards set by government; the rest of the world is likely worse.
But unlike the land surface, the atmosphere has shown no warming trend, either over land or over ocean — according to satellites and independent data from weather balloons. This indicates to me that there is something very wrong with the land surface data. And did you know that climate models, run on super-computers, all insist that the atmosphere must warm faster than the surface? And so does theory.
And finally, we have non-thermometer temperature data from so-called “proxies”: tree rings, ice cores, ocean sediments, stalagmites. They don’t show any global warming since 1940!
The BEST (Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature) results in no way confirm the scientifically discredited Hockeystick graph, which had been so eagerly adopted by climate alarmists. In fact, the Hockeystick authors never published their post-1978 temperatures in their 1998 paper in Nature ? or since. The reason for hiding them? It’s likely that those proxy data show no warming either. Why don’t you ask them?
One last word: You evidently haven’t read the four scientific BEST papers, submitted for peer review. There, the Berkeley scientists disclaim knowing the cause of the temperature increase reported by their project. They conclude, however: “The human component of global warming may be somewhat overestimated.” I commend them for their honesty and skepticism.
********************************************************************
S. Fred Singer is professor emeritus at the University of Virginia and director of the Science & Environmental Policy Project. His specialty is atmospheric and space physics. An expert in remote sensing and satellites, he served as the founding director of the US Weather Satellite Service and, more recently, as vice chair of the US National Advisory Committee on Oceans & Atmosphere. He is co-author of Climate Change Reconsidered [2009 and 2011] and of Unstoppable Global Warming 2007.
• Joshua
“The human component of global warming may be somewhat overestimated.”
This is a classic distortion – based on an inappropriately inaccurate quotation (creating a full sentence out of a conditional clause selectively lifted out of a larger sentence) – with a deliberate intention to mislead.
That anyone would repeat that type of “fraudulence” is unfortunate. I look forward to the day when “skeptics” seek to distance themselves from this type of input from “skeptical” scientists.
• MattStat
That is not fraudulent, it is a conclusion. That it is a dependent clause is of no matter, because in the full context the conclusion is the same.
58. M. carey
Despite all those cooling cycles, BEST tries to fool us into thinking it’s been getting warmer by coloring the cycles RED, which of course suggests hot, and then drawing a skyrocketing line through the whole thing in the color GREEN to suggest temperature has accelerated like a dragster driven by a spoiled teen age punk.
59. Tilo Reber
For what it’s worth, I could care less when BEST posts their stuff. I do care that, by their own admission, they have posted code that won’t run.
60. Wagathon
During the present ‘warming hiatus’ we need to come together and do what we must to create more warming or prepare for global cooling with no end to the cooling in sight. In either case what’s needed with what we have and we have Greece so it’s time to burn government bureaucrats and roast’m in their own snakeoil..
61. manacker
Here is a link to a lecture by Professor Richard Muller that may give an insight on his thoughts on the whole debate
Major take-homes for me:
– Muller believes humans are changing climate with CO2 emissions
– humans have been responsible for “most” of a 0.4C warming since 1957, almost none of the warming before then
– IPCC is in trouble due to sloppy science, exaggerated predictions; chairman will have to resign
– the “Climategate” mails were not “hacked” – they were “leaked” by an insider
– due to “hide the decline” deception, Muller will not read any future papers by Michael Mann
– there has been no increase in hurricanes or tornadoes due to global warming
– automobiles are insignificant in overall picture
– China is the major CO2 producer, considerably more than USA today
– #1 priority for China is growth of economy – global warming is not considered important
– China CO2 efficiency (GDP per ton CO2) is around one-fourth of USA today, has much room for improvement
– China growth will make per capita CO2 emissions at same level as USA today by year 2040
– if it is “not profitable” it is “not sustainable”
– US energy future depends on shale gas for automobiles; hydrogen will not be a factor – nor will electric cars, due to high cost
– Muller is upbeat on nuclear (this was recorded pre-Fukushima)
– there has been no warming in the USA
– Muller was not convinced of Hansen’s GISS temperature record; hopes BEST will provide a better record.
Just to give a snapshot of how Muller sees the whole debate today.
He is not a “skeptic” by any means – but he is also not a “believer” in IPCC.
Max
• Max,
I remember watching that video some time ago, and my recollection of my impressions is similar to those you’ve articulated. With one exception:
He is not a “skeptic” by any means – but he is also not a “believer” in IPCC.
I agree with your conclusion that he’s not a “skeptic” – but I’m not sure how you concluded that he’s “not a ‘believer’ in IPCC”. BEST’s press release specifically mentioned ‘ready for inclusion in the next IPCC assessment report’. These don’t sound like the words of a non-believer to me! Nor, for that matter, does their claim of relevance to COP 17 – the confab of the UNFCCC (which Pachauri maintains is the IPCC’s “main customer”) – suggest … uh … divergence from the party line!
But Muller’s WSJ Op Ed was the most troubling part of this PR media blitz to me. Methinks this project’s principal may have abandoned some principles he had articulated circa Dec. 2003:
In most fields of science, researchers who express the most self-doubt and who understate their conclusions are the ones that are most respected. Scientists regard with disdain those who play their conclusions to the press. [...]
[...]
When a conclusion is attractive, I am tempted to lower my standards, to do shoddy work. But that is not the way to truth. When the conclusions are attractive, we must be extra cautious.
[...]
Present results with caution, and insist on equivocating. Leave it to the president and his advisors to make decisions based on uncertain conclusions. Don’t exaggerate the results. Use both hands. We cannot afford to lower our standards merely because the problem is so urgent. (emphases added -hro) [Source]
Maybe I missed it, but I didn’t see any sign of “self-doubt” – or “caution” (not to mention “extra caution”!) -or “uncertainty” in either the press release or the Op Ed. And considering the spin that the “churnalists” have spun, if there was any “equivocation” in the press release, they must have missed that, too. And (pardon my skepticism, but) Muller/BEST probably knew that this would happen. Just as BEST seemed to know that the “churnalists” would overlook (what to me was) the most important part of the press release:
What Berkeley Earth has not done is make an independent assessment of how much of the observed warming is due to human actions.
• manacker
hro001
Yes. I agree that I may have drawn the false conclusion from Muller’s statements that “the IPCC is in big trouble” and “its Chairman should resign”.
He also openly attacked IPCC on the Himalaya blunder, human cause of increased hurricanes or tornadoes, and other points. He did, state his opinion that human CO2 has contributed to global warming – he tossed out a figure of 0.2C (since 1950, I believe).
He confirmed that China (and India) would be the primary CO2 emitters of the 21st century, that they “have a right” to develop their economies even if this means emitting more CO2 and that any CO2 curtailment activities made by the already industrialized nations of North America, Europe plus Japan will be futile unless China and India join in. He also pointed out that they will not join in unless economically viable (i.e. inexpensive) solutions are found to get away from coal, which both nations have large reserves of.
So, yeah, he “buys into” the IPCC claim of human GHGs (primarily CO2) causing a part of past warming and representing a possible future threat, but he rejects many of the other IPCC claims.
This is just one snapshot of Professor Muller.
He appears to like the media – so I’m sure we’ll see more of him. Let’s see who he really is.
Max
• This is just one snapshot of Professor Muller.
He appears to like the media – so I’m sure we’ll see more of him. Let’s see who he really is.
Indeed! I had actually started to ask myself this question in early July (that post, one of many on my backburner, I had tentatively titled “Will the real Richard Muller please stand up”) Maybe it’s time for me to consider finishing that post ;-)
• tempterrain
Dan,
You are cruel! Look, Judith is upset with Rich Muller.
“When I saw he was saying that I just thought, ‘Oh my God’ !”
And Judith wasn’t even consulted properly!
“I was informed only when I got a group email.”
The feathers are starting to fly!
• MangoChutney
Judith needs to confirm the interview is accurate before we take the Mail’s word
62. BBC Radio 4 news just mentioned the Mail on Sunday and Judith Curry. It was like hearing Nietzsche on Vatican News.
• Mrsean2k
I had high hopes that they would cover it on Broadcasting House in the paper review. Holding me breath…
63. manacker
tempterrain
Yeah. It looks like Muller screwed up and Curry called him on it. But I hardly believe that this will result in a “spat” between the two.
BEST estimates show no warming for the most recent 13 years, which he failed to acknowledge (big mistake).
The world’s press jumped on Muller’s PR release in a “aha! the science is settled!” moment.
Yet the preminary BEST study did not even address the attribution question (the biggest bone of contention between IPCC and its skeptics, which Dr. Curry has also addressed separately.
In addition, BEST released an absurd preliminary finding that urbanization since 1950 had caused a spurious COOLING signal to the record, glossing over this finding by saying there was no impact:
The small size, and its negative sign, supports the key conclusion of prior groups that urban warming does not unduly bias estimates of recent global temperature change.
Pardon me, Professor Muller – the “negative sign” supports the conclusion that your sub-group’s study was basically flawed and should be redone – what assumptions were made?, how were “rural” and “non-rural” sites split?, how were airport sites handled?, etc. etc. Time for some rework here, professor. Your conclusion is not credible.
There is enough evidence out there from studies all over the world that urbanization causes warming. The question was only: how significant was this warming signal over the 20th century? Some studies have pointed to a warming impact of 0.25C to 0.5C. IPCC has conceded an impact of 0.06C over land. But NO studies (up until this BEST preliminary study) have shown a COOLING impact from urbanization.
To me, this is the biggest BEST screw-up.
Max
64. manacker
BEST confirms global temperature standstill</strong
http://thegwpf.org/the-observatory/4230-best-confirms-global-temperature-standstill.html
Looks pretty straightforward to me.
Max
65. Lou
I do not know if it’s just me or if perhaps everybody else encountering problems with your website. It looks like some of the written text on your content are running off the screen. Can somebody else please provide feedback and let me know if this is happening to them as well? This could be a problem with my web browser because I’ve had this happen
previously. Thank you
|
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https://gmatclub.com/forum/a-rectangular-photograph-is-surrounded-by-a-border-that-is-72686.html
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# A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1
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A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 [#permalink]
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Updated on: 29 Oct 2013, 02:33
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A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 inch wide on each side. The total area of the photograph and the border is M square inches. If the border had been 2 inches wide on each side, the total area would have been (M + 52) square inches. What is the perimeter of the photograph, in inches?
A. 34
B. 36
C. 38
D. 40
E. 42
Originally posted by petercao on 09 Nov 2008, 19:19.
Last edited by Bunuel on 29 Oct 2013, 02:33, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 [#permalink]
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29 Oct 2013, 02:43
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petercao wrote:
A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 inch wide on each side. The total area of the photograph and the border is M square inches. If the border had been 2 inches wide on each side, the total area would have been (M + 52) square inches. What is the perimeter of the photograph, in inches?
A. 34
B. 36
C. 38
D. 40
E. 42
Similar questions to practice about rectangles:
a-square-wooden-plaque-has-a-square-brass-inlay-in-the-89215.html
a-border-of-uniform-width-is-placed-around-a-rectangular-144434.html
a-rectangular-yard-is-20-yards-wide-and-40-yards-long-it-is-8453.html
the-figure-above-represents-a-square-plot-measuring-x-feet-o-160568.html
Similar questions to practice about circles:
marty-s-pizza-shop-guarantees-that-their-pizzas-all-have-a-148428.html
the-figure-above-shows-a-circular-flower-bed-with-its-cente-144448.html
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### Show Tags
09 Nov 2008, 19:46
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D.
First, we know that M is the area of the picture AND the border, and that the border is 1 in wide. If you have a border around a picture that is 1" wide, it doesn't add just 1" to the width and height, but actually 2" to the width and 2" to the height because you have an extra inch on each side for the border.
So, if we want to let x = width of the photograph (no border) and y = height of the photograph (no border), then we know that M = (border width + photograph width) * (border + photograph height).
A border adds twice its width to the width of the photograph. A 4" picture will have a 1" border on the right and left, so it adds 2", for a new width of 6". (Hypothetical example). For a 2" wide border, the added dimensions will be twice the width of the border, or 4" (2" for each left and right side).
(x+4)(y+4) = M + 52
But we know that M is the area of the photograph plus a 1" border. This is represented alegbraically like:
(x+2)(y+2) = M
So substitute in:
(x+4)(y+4) = (x+2)(y+2) + 52, Now lets reduce as far as we can. First do FOIL.
xy + 4x + 4y + 16 = xy + 2x +2y +4 +52
The xy on each side cancels each other out.
4x + 4y + 16 = 2x + 2y + 56
subtract the following values from each side: 2x, 2y and 16
2x + 2y = 40.
We can reduce further if you want to, but it isn't necessary.
If you have a rectangle with height (x) and width (y) and you want to find the perimeter, then you can do x + x + y + y = perimter. Also known as 2x + 2y = Perimeter.
This shows us that the perimter should be 40.
petercao wrote:
A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 inch wide on each side. The total area of the photograph and the border is M square inches. If the border had been 2 inches wide on each side, the total area would have been (M + 52) square inches. What is the perimeter of the photograph, in inches?
A. 34
B. 36
C. 38
D. 40
E. 42
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##### General Discussion
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### Show Tags
09 Nov 2008, 19:54
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petercao wrote:
A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 inch wide on each side. The total area of the photograph and the border is M square inches. If the border had been 2 inches wide on each side, the total area would have been (M + 52) square inches. What is the perimeter of the photograph, in inches?
A. 34
B. 36
C. 38
D. 40
E. 42
width = x, height = y,
2x+2y=?
(x+4)(y+4)-(x+2)(y+2)=M+52-M
2x+2y=40
D
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### Show Tags
17 Aug 2010, 20:28
Sion wrote:
petercao wrote:
A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 inch wide on each side. The total area of the photograph and the border is M square inches. If the border had been 2 inches wide on each side, the total area would have been (M + 52) square inches. What is the perimeter of the photograph, in inches?
A. 34
B. 36
C. 38
D. 40
E. 42
width = x, height = y,
2x+2y=?
(x+4)(y+4)-(x+2)(y+2)=M+52-M
2x+2y=40
D
Agreed.
Outer rectangle area when width is two inches on either side - Outer rectangle area when the width is 1 inch
= M + 52 - M.
2 (l+b) = 40 units.
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25 Jan 2015, 03:08
I did not understand how 1 inch border is counted as 2. Can somebody please explain?
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Re: A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 [#permalink]
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25 Jan 2015, 03:12
Salvetor wrote:
I did not understand how 1 inch border is counted as 2. Can somebody please explain?
1 inch from right and left sides of the photograph give 2 inches. Similarly 1 inch from top and bottom of the photograph give 2 inches.
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A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 [#permalink]
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25 Jan 2015, 05:40
1
1
Here we go----
Let Length and Breadth of photograph be L and B respectively.
Perimeter is given by 2*(L+b) -----(1)
According to the question:
(L+2)(B+2) = m ----(2)
and
(L+4)(B+4) = m + 52 ---------> (L+4)(B+4) - 52 = m ------(3)
Equating (2) and (3)
(L+2)(B+2) = (L+4)(B+4) - 52
LB + 2L + 2B + 4 = LB + 4L + 4B + 16 -52
Simplify
2L + 2B = 40 ------> 2(L+B) = 40 (Check eq (1))
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Re: A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 [#permalink]
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25 Jan 2015, 23:57
x*y=M
(x+2)*(y+2)=M+52, because every 1 inch in side gives additional 2 inches in lenght
2x+2y+4=52
2(x+y)=48, it is perimeter with border
48-8=40, where 8 is total lenght of border sides
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Re: A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 [#permalink]
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26 Jul 2015, 09:12
Attachments
File comment: Here is a visual that might help. Notice how I'm plugging in lengths and widths to make the prompt true: usually we plug in constants, but it's a good example of how you can even plug in variables.
Screen Shot 2015-07-26 at 10.09.22 AM.png [ 167.72 KiB | Viewed 49944 times ]
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Re: A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 [#permalink]
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28 Apr 2017, 13:58
2
1
petercao wrote:
A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 inch wide on each side. The total area of the photograph and the border is M square inches. If the border had been 2 inches wide on each side, the total area would have been (M + 52) square inches. What is the perimeter of the photograph, in inches?
A. 34
B. 36
C. 38
D. 40
E. 42
We are given that a rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 inch wide on each side and that the total area of the photograph and border is M square inches. If we let L = the length of the photograph and W = the width of the photograph, since the border surrounds the length and width on two sides, the length of the photograph and border is L + 2 and the width of the photograph and border is W + 2.
Let’s represent this in a diagram:
We can now represent the area of the border and photograph:
area = length x width
M = (L + 2)(W + 2)
M = WL + 2W + 2L + 4
We are also given that if the border had been 2 inches wide on each side, the total area would have been (M + 52) square inches. Thus, the new length of the border and photograph would be L + 4 and the new width of the border and photograph would be W + 4.
We can again represent this in a diagram:
The new area of the border and photograph is:
M + 52 = (L + 4)(W + 4)
M + 52 = WL + 4W + 4L + 16
M = WL + 4W + 4L – 36
We have two equations for M. Let’s equate them and simplify:
WL + 2W + 2L + 4 = WL + 4W + 4L – 36
2W + 2L + 4 = 4W + 4L – 36
2W + 2L = 4W + 4L – 40
2W + 2L = 40
Since perimeter = 2L + 2W, the perimeter of the photograph is 40 inches.
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A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 [#permalink]
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14 Aug 2017, 02:14
LB=M
(L+2)(B+2) = M+52
2(L+B) = 48
Perimeter of pic = 2x (L-2+B-2) = 2(L+B)-8 = 48-8 =40
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Re: A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 [#permalink]
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16 Jul 2018, 21:49
petercao wrote:
A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 inch wide on each side. The total area of the photograph and the border is M square inches. If the border had been 2 inches wide on each side, the total area would have been (M + 52) square inches. What is the perimeter of the photograph, in inches?
A. 34
B. 36
C. 38
D. 40
E. 42
You can get a quick solution geometrically...
The area of just outer boundary is M+52-M=52..
Draw a line (red) to divide this boundary into 4 parts..
1) 2 parts are rectangle with sides (X+4) and 1
So area = $$(X+4)*1=X+4$$... Area of both parts = $$2(X+4)=2x+8$$
2) 2 parts are rectangle with sides (y+2) and 1
So area = $$(y+2)*1=y+2$$......area of both parts =$$2(y+2)=2y+4$$
Total area =$$52=2x+8+2y+4=2x+2y=12.$$..
So $$2x+2y=52-12=40........2(X+y)=40$$
2(X+y) is nothing but the perimeter of photograph.
Hence Ans 40
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PicsArt_07-17-09.04.48.jpg [ 49.14 KiB | Viewed 9649 times ]
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Re: A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1 &nbs [#permalink] 16 Jul 2018, 21:49
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# A rectangular photograph is surrounded by a border that is 1
Powered by phpBB © phpBB Group | Emoji artwork provided by EmojiOne Kindly note that the GMAT® test is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admission Council®, and this site has neither been reviewed nor endorsed by GMAC®.
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http://mathhelpforum.com/statistics/121871-maximum-damage.html
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1. ## Maximum Damage
Hi. I'm playing an online game and I have a decision to make. I'm trying to get the maximum damage I can get and one of the decisions I have to make is proving a little difficult. I have to equip an item and I have a choice between one item that does +100 damage per hit and another item that gives me +13% chance of critical damage per hit.
My Normal Damage (non critical) is 2279 per hit
A Critical Hit does 4624 (which is an extra 2345 dmg than a normal hit)
The question is, over a long period of time, which item should I equip? +100 damage per hit guaranteed or an extra 13% chance of +2345 damage?
2. Originally Posted by Corpsecreate
Hi. I'm playing an online game and I have a decision to make. I'm trying to get the maximum damage I can get and one of the decisions I have to make is proving a little difficult. I have to equip an item and I have a choice between one item that does +100 damage per hit and another item that gives me +13% chance of critical damage per hit.
My Normal Damage (non critical) is 2279 per hit
A Critical Hit does 4624 (which is an extra 2345 dmg than a normal hit)
The question is, over a long period of time, which item should I equip? +100 damage per hit guaranteed or an extra 13% chance of +2345 damage?
What does "+100 damage" mean? 100 times 2279= 227900 or 2279+ 100= 2379?
If the former, then the "+100" item is far better. If the latter, which is more likely, .13(4624)= 601 so the "13%" item does an average of only 601 per hit and the "+100" is still much better.
3. +100 damage means instead of doing 2279 damage per hit you do 2379. Taking 13% of the critical damage doesnt make sense to me. If anything, shouldnt you be taking 13% of (4624-2279) = 305
Since writing this I have tried it using binomial probabilities and I find that the +13% critical is better.
4. Originally Posted by Corpsecreate
Hi. I'm playing an online game and I have a decision to make. I'm trying to get the maximum damage I can get and one of the decisions I have to make is proving a little difficult. I have to equip an item and I have a choice between one item that does +100 damage per hit and another item that gives me +13% chance of critical damage per hit.
My Normal Damage (non critical) is 2279 per hit
A Critical Hit does 4624 (which is an extra 2345 dmg than a normal hit)
The question is, over a long period of time, which item should I equip? +100 damage per hit guaranteed or an extra 13% chance of +2345 damage?
The expected damage with the +100 item is $2379$
The expected damage from the +13% on critical item is $0.87 \times 2279 + 0.13 \times 4624$
It would be normal practice to choose the option with the higher expected damage.
CB
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https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/67562/tiling-rectangles-with-a-heptomino-plus-2x2-square/67565#67565
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# Tiling rectangles with a Heptomino plus 2x2 square
Previous puzzle in this series Tiling rectangles with Heptomino plus rectangle #7
The goal is to tile rectangles as small as possible with each of the given heptominoes (see diagram in example below) plus 2x2 squares.
Example Using the snake heptomino 'e' plus 2x2 squares you can tile a $3\times 5$ as follows:
Use each of these heptominoes. Solutions may exist for other heptominoes, I only found solutions for these ones. Note that I omitted labels 'W', 'j', 'l':
All of these could all be tiled by hand, of course the bigger ones will be challenging. I'm making this one a 'hand tiling only' puzzle. In other words, use a computer to do anything except look up or compute the arrangements.
• There are trivial solutions for 'j' and 'l' - put two 'j's together to make a 2x7 rectangle. If a 2x2 is required, stick it on the end to make a 2x9. Likewise, two 'l's make a 2x7 and you can add a 2x2 on the end. Or if the 2x2 is not required, one 'l' by itself makes a rectangle already. 'W' may be impossible. Oct 17 '19 at 14:22
• j and I were omitted because they trivially make rectangles on their own. W is probably impossible, I haven't thought of an elegant way to stop my program bogging down making width-7 right-angles when tiling the quarter plane. Oct 18 '19 at 1:14
Interesting twist; indeed, the $2 \times 2$ are often hard to tile. Here are some of the solutions:
Here are two improvements on Jaap's tiles B and D:
and G (can't believe I've missed that one)
Here's a better ($9 \times 10$) version of H:
and the final three:
• You're over half way... all minimal I think, will check properly later. Jun 27 '18 at 18:11
• OK all have labels now. Your first three are T,a=8x8 minimal, Q not. Then Y,U, neither is minimal. Z=3x6 b,n=3x5 all minimal. o no, m=4x12 yes. S=8x8 yes. P no. d=8x8 yes.f,c,V,P (again)=5x6 yes. k no, h=4x10 yes. X=8x10 yes. B=6x13 yes. D=12x16 yes. G=8x8 yes. H=9x10 yes. i nice but not minimal. R=10x12 yes. g=12x14 yes. Is that all, given you repeated 'P'? Jul 2 '18 at 2:57
• I can't see any missing ones... just a few (7?) non-minimal. Jul 2 '18 at 3:13
All $14\times16$
All $14\times14$
All $8\times14$
Unlike the other solution sets, these three solutions are not related.
$10\times12$
$8\times10$
$5\times10$
All $16\times22$
• Big effort. 14x16: A,C minimal, B,D not. 14x14: E,F minimal, G not. 8x14: H,I,J not minimal Jun 28 '18 at 2:49
• @theonetruepath Glorfindel has found improvements for B,D,G, so I've been trying to find better solutions for H,I,J, but not getting very far. They all have $7\times16$ solutions, but that is the same area as the $8\times14$ I already found. Jun 30 '18 at 5:24
• I found a better one for H (9x10 IIRC), will post it tomorrow. Jun 30 '18 at 12:22
• I added labels which should agree with yours so far. Also I checked H,I,J. There is a smaller one for H but I and J are indeed the same as yours in area (7x16), apologies for that, hope you didn't waste too much time. Jul 2 '18 at 1:26
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http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/65642/use-a-custom-shape-as-a-building-block
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# Use a custom shape as a “building block”
I want to create a custom shape (not a big one) and use it in custom places. The shape is a camera and is quite simple:
\draw [fill=black](0,0) -- (2,2.5) -- (-2,2.5) -- cycle;
\draw [fill=white,ultra thick](0,0) circle (1);
What I want is to be able to place my custom shape in arbitrary places and to be able to rotate it. The origin for placement and rotation should be the (0,0) point.
Is it there an easy way to do this or do I have to redraw it for rotation and positioning?
-
First things first: There's nothing wrong with JLDiaz answer.
But you wanted a shape.
The \pgfdeclareshape definition is copied from the forbidden sign (that is only a circle with a full-diameter slash) and adjusted to add the actual camera-thing. Both implemented cameras inherit the circle shape, so everything that applies to circle applies to fix- and rotcamera, too.
There is much room for improvement (don't use the camera shapes without a draw, for example), I actually don't prefer that the default direction the camera “looks” in is north as one would assume that the east direction is the standard one (i.e. angle = 0). This can easily fixed for rotcamera by replacing the line
\pgftransformrotate{\pgf@camera@rotate}%
with
\pgftransformrotate{\pgf@camera@rotate-90}%
It is also possible replacing the \pgfmathsetmacro line or by redefining the \pgfmath… lines.
For the fixcamera one must only add the line
\pgftransformrotate{-90}%
before the \pgfmath… part.
I prefer rotcamera with a default east direction (i.e. with -90 added).
The circle part is (much like the original circle shape) transparent, so the background is visible and is not over-drawn (use fill=white if you want this); this can be seen in the last example and picture.
## Content
### fixcamera shape
The shape fixcamera can only be rotated with the /tikz/rotate key (similar to JLDiaz' \camera). Note, that this also rotates the . reference (like .90 or .north).
### rotcamera shape and /tikz/camera rotate
The shape rotcamera is nearly the same as fixcamera only that it rotates the camera-thing (not the circle itself) by the value of the /tikz/camera rotate key (that is initialized with 0).
### camera and its optional parameter.
Additionally I introduced a camera key that takes one optional argument (the rotation).
The key also holds the keys draw, the setting minimum size = 2cm and ultra thick to mimic your original design. The parameter #1 will be given to camera rotate, it is set per default to 0 by
camera/.default=0
after the definition of camera/.style itself.
## Code
\documentclass[tikz,border=2pt]{standalone}
\makeatletter
% this declares a camera that rotates
\pgfdeclareshape{rotcamera}
{
\inheritsavedanchors[from=circle] % this is nearly a circle
\inheritanchorborder[from=circle]
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{north}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{north west}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{north east}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{center}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{west}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{east}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{mid}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{mid west}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{mid east}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{base}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{base west}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{base east}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{south}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{south west}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{south east}
\inheritbackgroundpath[from=circle]
\foregroundpath{
\centerpoint%
\pgf@xc=\pgf@x% \pgf@xc = x value of centerpoint
\pgf@yc=\pgf@y% \pgf@yc = y value of centerpoint
\pgfmathsetlength{\pgf@xb}{\pgfkeysvalueof{/pgf/outer xsep}}% \pgf@xb = outer xsep
\pgfmathsetlength{\pgf@yb}{\pgfkeysvalueof{/pgf/outer ysep}}% \pgf@yb = outer ysep
\pgfmathsetmacro{\pgf@camera@rotate}{\pgfkeysvalueof{/tikz/camera rotate}}% \pgf@camera@rotate = camera rotate
\ifdim\pgf@xb<\pgf@yb%
\else%
\fi%
\pgftransformrotate{\pgf@camera@rotate}% add -90 for standard east direction
\pgfpatharc{128.6598083}{51.34019175}{\pgfutil@tempdima}
\pgfpathclose
\pgfsetfillcolor{black}
\pgfusepath{fill}
}
}
% this declares a fixed camera, it has to be rotated by the /tikz/rotate key
\pgfdeclareshape{fixcamera}
{
\inheritsavedanchors[from=circle] % this is nearly a circle
\inheritanchorborder[from=circle]
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{north}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{north west}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{north east}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{center}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{west}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{east}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{mid}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{mid west}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{mid east}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{base}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{base west}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{base east}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{south}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{south west}
\inheritanchor[from=circle]{south east}
\inheritbackgroundpath[from=circle]
\foregroundpath{
\centerpoint%
\pgf@xc=\pgf@x% \pgf@xc = x value of centerpoint
\pgf@yc=\pgf@y% \pgf@yc = y value of centerpoint
\pgfmathsetlength{\pgf@xb}{\pgfkeysvalueof{/pgf/outer xsep}}% \pgf@xb = outer xsep
\pgfmathsetlength{\pgf@yb}{\pgfkeysvalueof{/pgf/outer ysep}}% \pgf@yb = outer ysep
\else%
\fi%
%\pgftransformrotate{-90}%
\pgfpatharc{128.6598083}{51.34019175}{\pgfutil@tempdima}
\pgfpathclose
\pgfsetfillcolor{black}
\pgfusepath{fill}
}
}
\makeatother
% this sets the default value of /tikz/camera rotate to 0 (no rotation, camera is oriented north)
% if we don't set it, it's automatically zero
\pgfkeyssetvalue{/tikz/camera rotate}{0}
% this defines a /tikz/camera style that takes one optional argument,
% i.e. the rotation of the camera (which, again, is zero, if the argument is omitted
\tikzset{
camera/.style={
draw,
ultra thick,
minimum size=2cm,
rotcamera,
camera rotate=#1
},
camera/.default=0
}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={draw, ultra thick, minimum size=2cm}]
\node[fixcamera, rotate = 0] (c1) at (0,0) {};
\node[fixcamera, rotate = 30] (c2) at (3,3) {};
\node[fixcamera, rotate = -100] (c3) at (2.8,-1) {};
\draw[ultra thick, blue] (c1.south) to[out=270, in=210] (c3.210)
(c3.80) to[out=80, in=320] (c2.320)
(c2.255) to[out=255, in=15] (c1.15);
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={draw, ultra thick, minimum size=2cm}]
\node[rotcamera, camera rotate = 0] (c1) at (0,0) {};
\node[rotcamera, camera rotate = 30] (c2) at (3,3) {};
\node[rotcamera, camera rotate = -100] (c3) at (2.8,-1) {};
\draw[ultra thick, blue] (c1.south) to[out=270, in=210] (c3.210)
(c3.80) to[out=80, in=320] (c2.320)
(c2.255) to[out=255, in=15] (c1.15);
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\node[camera ] (c1) at (0,0) {};
\node[camera= 30] (c2) at (3,3) {};
\node[camera= -100] (c3) at (2.8,-1) {};
\draw[ultra thick, blue] (c1.south) to[out=270, in=210] (c3.210)
(c3.80) to[out=80, in=320] (c2.320)
(c2.255) to[out=255, in=15] (c1.15);
\end{tikzpicture}
\begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={draw}]
\draw (0,0) -- node[midway,rotcamera] {} (3,0)
-- node[pos=.7,rotcamera, camera rotate=90] {} (3,3) to[out=180,in=90] (0,0) -- cycle;
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
## Outputs
### Output of a draw path with cameras
-
Really nice answer! – Gonzalo Medina Oct 30 '12 at 2:43
The following code implements a macro which draws your camera symbol at a given position and angle. An example of use is included.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\begin{document}
\def\camera#1#2{
\begin{scope}[shift={#1}, rotate=#2]
\draw [fill=black](0,0) -- (2,2.5) -- (-2,2.5) -- cycle;
\draw [fill=white,ultra thick](0,0) circle (1);
\end{scope}
}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\camera{(0,0)}{0}
\camera{(3,3)}{30}
\camera{(2.8,-1)}{-100}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
-
wow man, u blew up my mind. Thanks! – msmechanized Aug 2 '12 at 23:15
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|
https://par.nsf.gov/search/author:%22Han,%20R.%22
|
skip to main content
# Search for:All records
Creators/Authors contains: "Han, R."
Note: When clicking on a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number, you will be taken to an external site maintained by the publisher. Some full text articles may not yet be available without a charge during the embargo (administrative interval).
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1. Due to the prevalence and severe consequences of cyberbullying, numerous research works have focused on mining and analyzing social network data to understand cyberbullying behavior and then using the gathered insights to develop accurate classifiers to detect cyberbullying. Some recent works have been proposed to leverage the detection classifiers in a centralized cyberbullying detection system and send notifications to the concerned authority whenever a person is perceived to be victimized. However, two concerns limit the effectiveness of a centralized cyberbullying detection system. First, a centralized detection system gives a uniform severity level of alerts to everyone, even though individual guardiansmore »
2. We prove a conditional theorem on the positivity of the Lyapunov exponent for a Schrödinger cocycle over a skew-shift base with a cosine potential and the golden ratio as frequency. For coupling below $1$ , which is the threshold for Herman’s subharmonicity trick, we formulate three conditions on the Lyapunov exponent in a finite but large volume and on the associated large-deviation estimates at that scale. Our main results demonstrate that these finite-size conditions imply the positivity of the infinite-volume Lyapunov exponent. This paper shows that it is possible to make the techniques developed for the study of Schrödinger operatorsmore »
3. Free, publicly-accessible full text available June 1, 2023
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https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/arxpapers/1608.06121.htm
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# Volatility and Arbitrage
E. Robert Fernholz, Ioannis Karatzas and Johannes Ruf
Papers from arXiv.org
Abstract: The capitalization-weighted total relative variation $\sum_{i=1}^d \int_0^\cdot \mu_i (t) \mathrm{d} \langle \log \mu_i \rangle (t)$ in an equity market consisting of a fixed number $d$ of assets with capitalization weights $\mu_i (\cdot)$ is an observable and nondecreasing function of time. If this observable of the market is not just nondecreasing, but actually grows at a rate which is bounded away from zero, then strong arbitrage can be constructed relative to the market over sufficiently long time horizons. It has been an open issue for more than ten years, whether such strong outperformance of the market is possible also over arbitrary time horizons under the stated condition. We show that this is not possible in general, thus settling this long-open question. We also show that, under appropriate additional conditions, outperformance over any time horizon indeed becomes possible, and exhibit investment strategies that effect it.
Date: 2016-08
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations View citations in EconPapers (1) Track citations by RSS feed
Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.
Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text
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http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/16491/aligning-tikz-trees-with-other-nodes/16493
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# Aligning TikZ trees with other nodes
I would like to align a TikZ tree with another node by considering the tree as a whole like as if it was a node with anchors. For the moment I am only able to align the root node of the tree, not the whole tree itself. I use PGF 2.10.
The following picture shows what I have:
What I want is that the left node and the tree are horizontally aligned and the arrow goes from the east anchor of the left node to the west anchor of the tree, i.e. more or less the left child of the root node as shown here:
Please ignore the outer border on both images.
Do you know a way to achieve this?
My test code is given below. I compile it with xelatex.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,calc,positioning,trees}
\usepackage[graphics,tightpage,active]{preview}
\PreviewEnvironment{tikzpicture}
\newlength{\imagewidth}
\newlength{\imagescale}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
->, >=stealth', shorten >=1pt, semithick, node distance=1cm, level distance=7mm, level/.style={sibling distance=10mm/#1},
block/.style = {draw, rectangle, rounded corners, minimum height=1cm},
every node/.style={circle, draw, fill=none, anchor=north}
]
\node [block] (SOURCE DOCUMENT) {\parbox{2cm}{\centering source document}};
\node (SOURCE TREE)[right=of SOURCE DOCUMENT] {}
child { node {} }
child { node {}
child { node {} }
child { node {} }
};
\draw [->] (SOURCE DOCUMENT) edge (SOURCE TREE);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
-
In case you want to know how to align multiple trees with other nodes, go read the post Aligning multiple TikZ trees with other nodes – Ludovic Kuty May 4 '11 at 20:14
Using fit library you may create additional node, that would contain every node in your tree. After that use it's anchors to perform your justification.
Here's result of such solution:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,calc,positioning,trees,fit}
\usepackage[graphics,tightpage,active]{preview}
\PreviewEnvironment{tikzpicture}
\newlength{\imagewidth}
\newlength{\imagescale}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
->, >=stealth', shorten >=1pt, semithick, node distance=1cm, level distance=7mm, level/.style={sibling distance=10mm/#1},
block/.style = {draw, rectangle, rounded corners, minimum height=1cm},
every node/.style={circle, draw, fill=none, anchor=north}
]
\node (SOURCE TREE) {}
child { node {} }
child { node {}
child { node {} }
child { node {} }
};
\node[fit=(SOURCE TREE) (SOURCE TREE-1) (SOURCE TREE-2) (SOURCE TREE-2-1) (SOURCE TREE-2-2),
draw=none, rectangle, inner sep=0] (whole tree) {};
\node[block, left=of whole tree] (SOURCE DOCUMENT) {\parbox{2cm}{\centering source document}};
\draw (SOURCE DOCUMENT) -- (whole tree);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
-
Thank you. It works just how I wanted to. Listing all the nodes of the tree in the fit option is quite tedious but I found out that I can just list the "outer" child nodes (root, left child of root and rightmost node) to get the right bounding box. I also like your notation SOURCE TREE-2-1 avoiding to name the nodes explicitly. – Ludovic Kuty Apr 24 '11 at 14:17
@Ludovic: 1. on notation - this is how TikZ works. No credentials for me. 2. on tediousness - my answer to my own question may shed some light on how to avoid this: tex.stackexchange.com/questions/15147/…. 3. Listing outer nodes is completely legal. – Dmitrii F. Volosnykh Apr 24 '11 at 14:34
Instead of placing the tree to the right of the box, place the box to the left of the (selected, suitably named) child node:
...
\node (SOURCE TREE) {}
child { node (x) {} }
child { node {}
child { node {} }
child { node {} }
};
\node [block,left=of x] (SOURCE DOCUMENT) {\parbox{2cm}{\centering source document}};
\draw [->] (SOURCE DOCUMENT) edge (x);
...
-
That's a good idea except that is specific to my example of a tree having an odd depth and containing edges of equal sizes. I prefer the solution given above because it works in all cases and I also have a bounding box with the fitting node that I can use to do other things. – Ludovic Kuty Apr 24 '11 at 14:15
|
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|
http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/users/wwwb/cgi-bin/tr-info.cgi/1994/CS/CS0799
|
# Technical Report CS0799
TR#: CS0799 Class: CS Title: A PARALLELIZABLE INCOMPLETE LU-TYPE PRECONDITIONER FOR THE SOLUTION OF SPARSE LINEAR SYSTEMS. Authors: Y. Shapira, A. Sidi and M. Israeli PDF Not Available Abstract: An algebraic condition ensuring stability of the ILU (1,1) decomposition of sparse matrices is given. A stability and convergence theory for some multi-dimensional recursions that are relevant to the ILU preconditioning method for the solution of sparse linear systems is presented. Relying on this theory, a parallelizable truncated ILU (PTILU) preconditioning method is developed. Numerical experiments show that for grids of size up to 160 \times 160, with 8 \times 8 subdomains, the amount of arithmetic operations of PTILU is very similar to that of standard ILU, no more than 3 times larger when implemented as a modification of Row-Sum ILU (RSILU) and no more that twice larger when implemented as a modification of Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) methods. In addition, PTILU is applicable as a smoother in multigrid methods. Copyright The above paper is copyright by the Technion, Author(s), or others. Please contact the author(s) for more information
Remark: Any link to this technical report should be to this page (http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/users/wwwb/cgi-bin/tr-info.cgi/1994/CS/CS0799), rather than to the URL of the PDF or PS files directly. The latter URLs may change without notice.
|
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|
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/299467/a-standard-name-for-a-function-satisfying-the-intermediate-value-theorem
|
A standard name for a function satisfying the intermediate value theorem?
Do you know any (standard) name for a function $f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ having the following weak intermediate value property:
$(*)$ for any connected subset $C\subset \mathbb R$ and points $a,b\in C$ with $f(a)< f(b)$ there exists a point $x\in C\setminus\{a,b\}$ such that $f(a)\le f(x)\le f(b)$.
Remark 1. Functions with a bit stronger property:
$(S)$ for any connected subset $C\subset \mathbb R$ and points $a,b\in C$ with $f(a)<f(b)$ there exists a continuity point $x\in C$ of $f$ such that $f(a)<f(x)<f(b)$
are called Świątkowski functions.
Remark 2. Another stronger property
$(D)$ for any connected subset $C\subset \mathbb R$ the image $f(C)$ is connected
is called the Darboux property.
So, functions with (*) can be called either weak Świątkowski function or weak Darboux functions. Are there any other names or ideas?
Motivation: I need to call somehow this property $(*)$ since I can prove a nice
Theorem 1. A function $f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ is continuous if and only if it has closed graph and possesses the property $(*)$.
This theorem implies its own self-generalization:
Theorem 2. A function $f:X\to\mathbb R$ defined on first-countable path-connected topological space $X$ is continuous if and only if it has closed graph and possesses the property $(*)$.
But maybe these two theorems are known? If yes, could you provide me with a suitable reference?
• – Francois Ziegler May 5 '18 at 12:12
• @FrancoisZiegler Darboux seems much stronger, it is a bit like the surjective version of what Taras Banakh is proposing. (oh I see this has been incorporated already) – Frank Waaldijk May 5 '18 at 12:17
• If you haven't yet looked through the survey paper Darboux like functions by Richard G. Gibson and Tomasz Natkaniec [Real Analysis Exchange 22 #2 (1996-1997), pp. 492-533], then I recommend starting there, including its bibliography. After this, if you still haven't found anything, perhaps google the title of this paper for more recent papers. – Dave L Renfro May 5 '18 at 17:32
• Yes, it suffices that $f$ is Darboux and $f^{-1}(\{r\})$ is closed for each rational $r$: W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Chapter 4, exercise 19 – Dap May 6 '18 at 15:54
• Maybe call it the 'discrete Swiatkowski property'; after all, it is the Swiatkowski property in the discrete topology... I generally feel that it is better to avoid generic adjectives (weak, strong, good, `quasi-' and so on) in terminology, because they are very much overloaded as is. – t3suji May 6 '18 at 17:04
|
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|
http://www.techtimes.com/articles/145249/20160330/scientists-detect-first-possible-signature-of-dark-matter-annihilation-in-the-milky-way.htm
|
# Scientists Detect First Possible Signature Of Dark Matter Annihilation In The Milky Way
Close
This decade has been fascinating for astrophysics because of dramatic discoveries such as cosmic acceleration, exoplanets and the detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes. However, none of these breakthroughs have been as challenging and surprising as the identification of dark matter.
Most people think that the entire universe is comprised of ordinary tangible matter, or those that are made up of atoms. Scientists say that more than 80 percent of the universe is comprised of dark matter, which cannot be observed directly, but has a mass and can affect normal matter.
Various theories have been formulated about what comprises dark matter, and the common belief is that besides gravity, it shares another property with general matter.
Dark matter also comes in two forms - regular matter and anti-matter. When these two collide, they annihilate, or destroy each other. In the process, energy is conserved and a new high energy particle like a photon or gamma-ray is formed.
In a recent study, published in the journal Physics of the Dark Universe, researchers have recognized one such signature of dark matter annihilation.
The physicists studied the spatial distribution of gamma-ray emission, particularly in the Milky Way's Galactic Center. This region has higher matter density and is relatively nearby.
Should dark matter annihilation occur in this area, the location is expected to become bright. Indeed, scientists have observed a large gamma-ray signature that extends beyond hundreds of light years.
There are other possible sources of gamma-ray, such as, a large number of rapidly spinning pulsars emitting electromagnetic radiation. Hence, the scientists revisited some earlier observations and applied new data reduction methods in order to better assimilate the location of gamma-ray emissions.
The findings demonstrated that the distribution of the radiation works better with models of dark matter annihilation than with pulsar models. If confirmed, the study can be used as evidence about the mysterious dark matter.
TAG
#### Most Popular
Earth/Environment
Public Health
Space
Animals
Animals
|
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|
http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/bent-wire-shown-figure-lies-uniform-magnetic-field-straight-section-24-m-long-makes-angle--q973357
|
## Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
The bent wire shown in the figure below lies in a uniform magnetic field. Each straight section is 2.4 m long and makes an angle of ? = 60° with the x axis, and the wire carries a current of 2.0 A.
(a) What is the net magnetic force on the wire in unit-vector notation if the magnetic field is 4.0T?
magnitude ____N direction ______ (x, y, z, -x, -y, -z, or Force is zero).
(b) What is the net magnetic force on the wire in unit-vector notation if the magnetic field is 4.0 T?
magnitude ___N direction _____ (x, y, z, -x, -y, -z, or Force is zero).
|
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|
https://uk.arxiv.org/list/hep-th/pastweek?show=154
|
# High Energy Physics - Theory
## Authors and titles for recent submissions
[ total of 140 entries: 1-140 ]
[ showing up to 154 entries per page: fewer | more ]
### Tue, 28 Sep 2021
[1]
Title: Irrelevant Deformations with Boundaries and Defects
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[2]
Title: The spatial gauge-dependence of single-field inflationary bispectra
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[3]
Title: Real valued functions for BFKL eigenvalue
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[4]
Title: Surface charges in Chern-Simons gravity with $T\bar{T}$ deformation
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[5]
Title: Solution to the ghost problem in higher-derivative gravity
Comments: 8 pages. Prepared for the Proceedings of the Workshop on Quantum Gravity, Higher Derivatives and Nonlocality that was held in March 2021. Editors L. Buoninfante and S. Kumar
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[6]
Title: Spectral Statistics of Dirac Ensembles
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Operator Algebras (math.OA); Quantum Algebra (math.QA)
[7]
Title: Replica Wormholes from Liouville Theory
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[8]
Title: Spin Multipole Expansion of the Memory Effect
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
[9]
Title: Holographic Representations of Supertranslation Eigenstates
Comments: v1: 15 pages, dedicated to the memory of Prof. Steven Weinberg
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[10]
Title: On Warped String Vacuum Profiles and Cosmologies, II. Non-Supersymmetric Strings
Comments: 67 pages, LaTeX, 6 tables, 9 eps figures
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[11]
Title: String theory at order $α'^2$ and the generalized Bergshoeff-de Roo identification
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[12]
Title: Background Field Method and Generalized Field Redefinitions in Effective Field Theories
Comments: 8 pages. Submitted to the Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Radiative Corrections:Applications of Quantum Field Theory to Phenomenology,FSU, Tallahasse, FL, USA, 17-21 May 2021
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[13]
Title: Holographic approach to transport in dense QCD matter
Comments: 31 pages + appendices, 6 figures
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
[14] arXiv:2109.13161 (cross-list from math.AG) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Characterizing Jacobians of algebraic curves with involution
Authors: Igor Krichever
Subjects: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
[15] arXiv:2109.13082 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Displacement memory and BMS symmetries
Authors: Shailesh Kumar
Comments: Submitted to the Proceedings of the Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[16] arXiv:2109.13048 (cross-list from math.AG) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Log Calabi-Yau surfaces and Jeffrey-Kirwan residues
Subjects: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[17] arXiv:2109.12938 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Modified regular black holes with time delay and 1-loop quantum correction
Authors: Yi Ling, Meng-He Wu
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[18] arXiv:2109.12920 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Phenomenology of the companion-axion model: photon couplings
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[19] arXiv:2109.12826 (cross-list from cond-mat.stat-mech) [pdf, other]
Title: Entanglement of magnon excitations in spin chains
Subjects: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[20] arXiv:2109.12771 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Gauge Kinetic Mixing and Dark Topological Defects
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[21] arXiv:2109.12752 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Quantum backreaction on a classical universe
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[22] arXiv:2109.12698 (cross-list from math.RT) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: The Drinfeld--Sokolov reduction of admissible representations of affine Lie algebras
Authors: Gurbir Dhillon
Subjects: Representation Theory (math.RT); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Quantum Algebra (math.QA)
[23] arXiv:2109.12579 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Integrability and dynamics of the Rajeev-Ranken model
Authors: T R Vishnu
Comments: PhD thesis, defended September 15, 2021, Chennai Mathematical Institute, 109 pages. Based on arXiv:1804.02859, arXiv:1906.03141 and arXiv:2004.05791
Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
[24] arXiv:2109.12345 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Horndeski Proca stars with vector hair
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[25] arXiv:2109.12336 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Black hole surface gravity in doubly special relativity geometries
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[26] arXiv:2109.12250 (cross-list from math.AT) [pdf, other]
Title: Differential Cohomology: Categories, Characteristic Classes, and Connections
Comments: Comments very welcome! 232 pages. Edited by: A. Amabel, A. Debray, P. Haine. Talks by: A. Amabel, D. Chua, A. Debray, S. Devalapurkar, D. Freed, P. Haine, M. Hopkins, G. Parker, C. Reid, and A. Zhang
Subjects: Algebraic Topology (math.AT); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Differential Geometry (math.DG)
[27] arXiv:2109.12245 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: On the phenomenology of a non-linear $U(1)_{\rm Y}$ sector
Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[28] arXiv:2109.12116 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Scalar conformal primary fields in the Brownian loop soup
Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Probability (math.PR)
### Mon, 27 Sep 2021
[29]
Title: The Radial Action from Probe Amplitudes to All Orders
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[30]
Title: Rotating strings and particles in AdS: Holography at weak gauge coupling and without conformal symmetry
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[31]
Title: Notes on symmetries in particle physics
Authors: Akash Jain
Comments: 86+1 pages, 1 figure, 1 table
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
[32]
Title: Non-perturbative aspects of gauge theories from gauge-gravity dualities
Authors: John Roughley
Comments: Ph.D. thesis. 231 pages, 36 figures, 7 tables
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[33]
Title: Massive Integrability: From Fishnet Theories to Feynman Graphs and Back
Comments: 6 Pages, Contribution to the Proceedings of the European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP2021), 26-30 July 2021
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[34]
Title: One-loop calculations in Lorentz-breaking theories and proper-time method
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[35]
Title: Phases of $\mathcal{N}=1$ Quivers in $2+1$ Dimensions
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[36]
Title: Dimensional Regularization for the Particle Transition Amplitude in Curved Space
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[37]
Title: Godel-type Solutions in Einstein-Maxwell-Scalar Field Theories
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[38]
Title: AdS3's with and without BTZ's
Authors: Emil J. Martinec
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[39]
Title: The spectrum of marginally-deformed ${\cal N} = 2$ CFTs with AdS$_4$ S-fold duals of type IIB
Comments: 46 pages, 5 figures and 12 tables
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[40]
Title: The ChPT: top-down and bottom-up
Authors: Karol Kampf
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[41]
Title: Brown-York charges at null boundaries
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[42]
Title: Cheeger bounds on spin-two fields
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Differential Geometry (math.DG); Metric Geometry (math.MG)
[43]
Title: Natural Chain Inflation
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[44]
Title: Holographic description of SCFT$_5$ compactifications
Comments: 26 pages, 5 figures + appendices
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[45] arXiv:2109.12097 (cross-list from hep-lat) [pdf, other]
Title: Study of a lattice 2-group gauge model
Comments: Proceedings of the 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, LATTICE2021, 26th-30th July, 2021, Zoom/Gather@Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[46] arXiv:2109.12088 (cross-list from astro-ph.CO) [pdf, other]
Title: Cosmological Implications of Axion-Matter Couplings
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[47] arXiv:2109.12086 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Running vacuum interacting with dark matter or with running gravitational coupling. Phenomenological implications
Authors: Joan Sola
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[48] arXiv:2109.11842 (cross-list from quant-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Loop-Free Tensor Networks for High-Energy Physics
Comments: 20 pages, 2 figures, invited manuscript for Philosophical Transactions A
Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[49] arXiv:2109.11831 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Phonon emission by acoustic black holes
Comments: Contribution to the 2021 Gravitation session of the 55th Rencontres de Moriond
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[50] arXiv:2109.11829 (cross-list from astro-ph.CO) [pdf, other]
Title: Viable Intermediate Inflation in the Mimetic DBI Model
Comments: 24 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables
Journal-ref: Eur. Phys. J. C (2021) 81: 834
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[51] arXiv:2109.11824 (cross-list from quant-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Qubit alive thanks to the anomaly
Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[52] arXiv:2109.11810 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Higher order mimetic gravity after GW170817
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[53] arXiv:2109.11701 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Microphysical manifestations of viscosity and consequences for anisotropies in the very early universe
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[54] arXiv:2109.11681 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: On the viability of the evolution of the universe with Geometric Inflation
Authors: Luisa G. Jaime
Comments: 17 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Physics of the Dark Universe (this https URL)
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[55] arXiv:2109.11599 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Gravitational Memory and Compact Extra Dimensions
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[56] arXiv:2109.11561 (cross-list from quant-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: When entanglement harvesting is not really harvesting
Comments: 13+6 pages, 8 figures; REVTeX4-2
Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[57] arXiv:2109.11552 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Dark Confinement and Chiral Phase Transitions: Gravitational Waves vs Matter Representations
Comments: 27 pages, 12 figures, 4 tables
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[58] arXiv:2109.10960 (cross-list from cond-mat.stat-mech) [pdf, other]
Title: Quantitative analysis of phase transitions in two-dimensional XY models using persistent homology
Subjects: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Machine Learning (cs.LG); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Algebraic Topology (math.AT)
[59] arXiv:2109.07391 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Bi-Hamiltonian structure of Sutherland models coupled to two ${\mathfrak u}(n)^*$-valued spins from Poisson reduction
Authors: L. Feher
Comments: 30 pages, v2: fixed typos
Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
### Fri, 24 Sep 2021
[60]
Title: $\mathbb{P}^1$-fibrations in F-theory and String Dualities
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[61]
Title: Quantization Conditions and the Double Copy
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[62]
Title: Perturbative Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian in a parity-violating Abelian gauge theory
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[63]
Title: Logarithmic of prime numbers to black hole entropy
Authors: M. Bousder
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[64]
Title: On quantum corrections to BPS Wilson loops in superstring theory on $\mathbf{AdS_3\times S^3 \times T^4}$ with mixed flux
Authors: Daniel Pajer
Comments: Corrected typos in equation 2.8
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[65]
Title: Callan-Rubakov Effect and Higher Charge Monopoles
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[66]
Title: Understanding the index theorems with massive fermions
Authors: Hidenori Fukaya
Comments: 31 pages, 3 figures, invited review in IJMPA
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); Differential Geometry (math.DG)
[67]
Title: Considerations on anomalous photon and Z-boson self-couplings from the Born-Infeld weak hypercharge action
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[68]
Title: Swampland Constraints on Neutrino Masses
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[69]
Title: Non-perturbative BRST symmetry and the spectral structure of the ghost propagator
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[70]
Title: Interfaces and Quantum Algebras, I: Stable Envelopes
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Algebraic Geometry (math.AG); Representation Theory (math.RT)
[71]
Title: 3d $\mathcal{N}=4$ Gauge Theories on an Elliptic Curve
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
[72] arXiv:2109.11539 (cross-list from cond-mat.str-el) [pdf, other]
Title: Ungappable edge theories with finite dimensional Hilbert spaces
Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[73] arXiv:2109.11325 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Crystal gravity
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[74] arXiv:2109.11217 (cross-list from astro-ph.CO) [pdf, other]
Title: Covariant Formulation of refracted gravity
Comments: 16 pages, 1 figure, small change in the title, submitted to Physical Review D
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[75] arXiv:2109.11112 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Effects of the quark anomalous magnetic moment in the chiral symmetry restoration: magnetic catalysis and inverse magnetic catalysis
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
[76] arXiv:2109.11110 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Pseudo-Hermitian Dirac operator on the torus for massless fermions under the action of external fields
Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[77] arXiv:2109.11068 (cross-list from quant-ph) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Mathematical expressions for quantum fluctuations of energy for different energy-momentum tensors
Authors: Rajeev Singh
Comments: 5 Pages; Presented at The Ninth Annual Conference on Large Hadron Collider Physics-LHCP2021, 7-12 June 2021 (online)
Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[78] arXiv:2109.11042 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Two-loop application of the Breitenlohner-Maison/'t Hooft-Veltman scheme with non-anticommuting $γ_5$: Full renormalization and symmetry-restoring counterterms in an abelian chiral gauge theory
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[79] arXiv:2109.11039 (cross-list from cond-mat.str-el) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Classification of (2+1)D invertible fermionic topological phases with symmetry
Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Algebra (math.QA); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[80] arXiv:2109.11038 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Stationary analysis for coupled nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations
Comments: to appear in J. Phys. Conf. Ser. (IC-MSQUARE 2021)
Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD)
[81] arXiv:2109.11015 (cross-list from quant-ph) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Chiral Dirac Equation and Its Spacetime and CPT Symmetries
Journal-ref: Symmetry 2021, 13(9), 1608
Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[82] arXiv:2109.10940 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Ringing Black Hole is Superradiant: Ultra-light Scalar Field
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[83] arXiv:2109.10938 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Multiple Hierarchies from a Warped Extra Dimension
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[84] arXiv:2109.10932 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Violent nonlinear collapse in the interior of charged hairy black holes
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
[85] arXiv:2109.10928 (cross-list from astro-ph.CO) [pdf, other]
Title: Dark Matter Superfluidity
Authors: Justin Khoury
Comments: 20 pages, 1 figure, Submitted to SciPost Physics Lecture Notes, Les Houches Summer School Series
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[86] arXiv:2109.10923 (cross-list from cond-mat.stat-mech) [pdf, other]
Title: Periodically, Quasi-periodically, and Randomly Driven Conformal Field Theories (II): Furstenberg's Theorem and Exceptions to Heating Phases
Comments: 65 pages, 1 table, many figures; This is part 2 on randomly driven CFTs
Subjects: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
[87] arXiv:2109.10922 (cross-list from cond-mat.str-el) [pdf, other]
Title: Anomaly cascade in (2+1)D fermionic topological phases
Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Algebra (math.QA)
[88] arXiv:2109.10913 (cross-list from cond-mat.str-el) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Fermionic symmetry fractionalization in (2+1)D
Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Algebra (math.QA)
[89] arXiv:2109.10911 (cross-list from cond-mat.str-el) [pdf, other]
Title: Characterization and Classification of Fermionic Symmetry Enriched Topological Phases
Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Algebra (math.QA)
### Thu, 23 Sep 2021
[90]
Title: Coherent and cat states of open and closed strings
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[91]
Title: Exact Quench Dynamics from Algebraic Geometry
Comments: 6 pages, with the supplementary material attached
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
[92]
Title: Perturbative renormalization of the $T \bar{T}$-deformed free massive Dirac fermion
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[93]
Title: Non-perturbative field theoretical aspects of graphene and related systems
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
[94]
Title: N=(0,4) Black String Chains
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[95]
Title: Gravitational Collapse in Massive Gravity on de Sitter Spacetime
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[96]
Title: Chiral string theories as an interpolation between strings and particles
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[97]
Title: Weighed average over Narain moduli space as $T \bar T$ deformation of CFT target space
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[98]
Title: Pole inflation from non-minimal coupling to gravity
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
[99]
Title: Holographic Evolution with Dynamical Boundary Gravity
Comments: 5 pages, 5 figures, numerical code available at this http URL
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[100] arXiv:2109.10826 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Chiral theory of $ρ$-meson gravitational form factors
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
[101] arXiv:2109.10812 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Scalar Cherenkov radiation from high-energy cosmic rays
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[102] arXiv:2109.10753 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Through a Black Hole Singularity
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[103] arXiv:2109.10744 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Quasi-normal modes and Microscopic Structure of the Schwarzschild Black Hole
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[104] arXiv:2109.10710 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Analytic Continuation of Stochastic Mechanics
Authors: Folkert Kuipers
Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[105] arXiv:2109.10578 (cross-list from math.NT) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Weyl invariant $E_8$ Jacobi forms and $E$-strings
Subjects: Number Theory (math.NT); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[106] arXiv:2109.10388 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity Generated By Invisible Extra Dimensions
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[107] arXiv:2109.10370 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: The role of the chiral anomaly in polarized deeply inelastic scattering II: Topological screening and transitions from emergent axion-like dynamics
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
[108] arXiv:2109.09768 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Dynamical attractors in contracting spacetimes dominated by kinetically coupled scalar fields
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[109] arXiv:2109.09573 (cross-list from astro-ph.CO) [pdf, other]
Title: The Large Scale Structure Bootstrap: perturbation theory and bias expansion from symmetries
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
### Wed, 22 Sep 2021
[110]
Title: Classical Double Copy of Worldline Quantum Field Theory
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[111]
Title: Infraparticle quantum fields and the formation of photon clouds
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
[112]
Title: Effective field theory of fluctuating wall in open systems: from a kink in Josephson junction to general domain wall
Comments: 37 pages, 5 figures, Submission to SciPost
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
[113]
Title: Bootstrapping Large Graviton non-Gaussianities
Comments: 55 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[114]
Title: On the spacetime structure of infrared divergencies in QED
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
[115]
Title: Exact solutions and Birkhoff's theorem in Jackiw-Teitelboim Gravity
Authors: Davood Momeni
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[116]
Title: General One-loop Reduction in Generalized Feynman Parametization From
Authors: Hongbin Wang
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[117]
Title: Quantum thermodynamics of holographic quenches and bounds on the growth of entanglement from the QNEC
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[118]
Title: Emergence of Lie group symmetric classical spacetimes in canonical tensor model
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[119]
Title: One-loop renormalisation of cubic gravity in six dimensions
Authors: Benjamin Knorr
Comments: 5 pages + 13 pages of supplemental material, 1 ancillary Mathematica notebook
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[120]
Title: Dilaton in scalar QFT: a no-go theorem
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
[121]
Title: More on the SW-QNM correspondence
Comments: 33 pages plus appendices and 4 figures
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[122]
Title: Solving the Hagedorn temperature of AdS5/CFT4 via the Quantum Spectral Curve: Chemical potentials and deformations
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[123]
Title: Circuit Complexity in $\mathcal{Z}_{2}$ ${\cal EEFT}$
Comments: 49 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[124]
Title: Graviton corrections to the Newtonian potential using invariant observables
Comments: 28 pages, many figures. Fixed references
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
[125]
Title: Implications of the Landau Equations for Iterated Integrals
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[126] arXiv:2109.10339 (cross-list from physics.hist-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Lack of Value Definiteness in Quantum Gravity
Subjects: History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
[127] arXiv:2109.10288 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Electric Penrose process: high-energy acceleration of ionized particles by non-rotating weakly charged black hole
Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted to Phys. Rev. D
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA); High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[128] arXiv:2109.10121 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Holography of Strongly Coupled Gauge Theories
Authors: Nick Evans
Comments: 8 pages, 2 figures. Talk at (virtual) "Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum 2021", 2-6 August 2021, Stavanger, Norway
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[129] arXiv:2109.10051 (cross-list from cond-mat.str-el) [pdf, other]
Title: Sigma-model analysis of $SU(3)$ antiferromagnetic spins on the triangular lattice
Subjects: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el); Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[130] arXiv:2109.10017 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Black holes as frozen stars
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[131] arXiv:2109.09982 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Quantum gravitational states of ultracold neutrons as a tool for probing of beyond-Riemann gravity
Journal-ref: Physics Letters B 822, 136640 (2021)
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
[132] arXiv:2109.09814 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Dynamics and Observational Signatures of Shell-like Black Hole Mimickers
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[133] arXiv:2109.09797 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, other]
Title: Effective potential of scalar-tensor gravity with quartic self-interaction of scalar field
Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[134] arXiv:2109.09788 (cross-list from math.RT) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: A boson-fermion correspondence in cohomological Donaldson-Thomas theory
Authors: Ben Davison
Comments: 20 pages, prepared for the 2020 British Mathematical Colloquium in Glasgow
Subjects: Representation Theory (math.RT); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
[135] arXiv:2109.09771 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Transverse momentum dependent operator expansion at next-to-leading power
Comments: 57 pages, and 8 figures
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[136] arXiv:2109.09767 (cross-list from cond-mat.stat-mech) [pdf, other]
Title: Duality and Form Factors in the Thermally Deformed Two-Dimensional Tricritical Ising Model
Comments: 62 pages, 17 figures, 17 tables
Subjects: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[137] arXiv:2109.09756 (cross-list from math.RT) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: An Overview of Penumbral Moonshine
Subjects: Representation Theory (math.RT); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
[138] arXiv:2109.09755 (cross-list from hep-ph) [pdf, other]
Title: Friendship in the Axiverse: Late-time direct and astrophysical signatures of early-time nonlinear axion dynamics
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http://piping-designer.com/index.php/disciplines/electrical/1015-current-electrical
|
# Current (Electrical)
Written by Jerry Ratzlaff on . Posted in Electrical
Current is the rate of flow of electricity in a circuit, measured in amperes.
Amp is a unit of current. One ampere (amp) is the current flowing through one ohm of resistance at one volt potential.
## formula
$$Amps = \frac{Volts}{Ohms}\;\; = \;\;I = \frac{V}{R}$$
$$Amps = \frac{Watts}{Volts}\;\; = \;\;I = \frac{P}{V}$$
$$Amps = \sqrt{\frac{Watts}{Ohms}}\;\; = \;\;I = \sqrt{\frac{P}{R}}$$
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/spivaks-calculus-5-x-use-ix-backwards.263468/
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# Spivak's Calculus, 5(x) - Use (ix) backwards
1. Oct 11, 2008
### Tasaio
Spivak's Calculus, 5(x) -- "Use (ix) backwards..."
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
Prove the following:
(x) If $$a,b\geq0$$ and $$a^{2}<b^{2}$$, then $$a<b$$. (Use (ix), backwards.)
2. Relevant equations
(ix) If $$0 \leq a<b$$, then $$a^{2}<b^{2}$$.
3. The attempt at a solution
Suppose $$a,b\geq0$$ and $$a^{2}<b^{2}$$.
Here's my problem. What does "Use (ix) backwards" mean? I'll assume he means to use the converse of (ix). In that case...
The converse of (ix):
$$\neg(a^{2}<b^{2})\rightarrow\neg(0\leq a<b)$$
Hence $$(a^{2}\geq b^{2})\rightarrow\neg(0\leq a\&\&a<b)$$;
hence $$(a^{2}\geq b^{2})\rightarrow(0>a)\Vert(a\geq b).$$ $$(\star)$$
Since $$a^{2}<b^{2}$$, then $$a^{2} \leq b^{2}$$. So $$b^{2} \geq a^{2}$$.
Then by $$(\star)$$, $$(0>b)\Vert(b \geq a)$$.
Since $$b \geq 0$$, then we know $$0>b$$ cannot be true.
This means that $$b\geq$$ a must be true.
But if $$b=a$$, then $$b^{2}=a^{2}$$; this is a contradiction since we are given that $$a^{2}<b^{2}$$.
Hence b>a must be true.
Hence a<b.
2. Oct 11, 2008
### HallsofIvy
Re: Spivak's Calculus, 5(x) -- "Use (ix) backwards..."
What you have done is perfectly good.
|
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/probability-measure-on-smooth-functions.435404/
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# Probability measure on smooth functions
1. ### Tac-Tics
810
Is there a "standard" probability measure one would use for the set of smooth real-valued functions on [a, b]?
My intuition is picturing a setup where you cut out shapes in the x-y plane, and then the set of functions whose graphs are contained in that shape have a measure proportional to the Euclidean area of the shape. But I can't quite make that intuition exact.
2. ### Eynstone
336
Do you have the Borel measure ( under the sup metric ) in mind?
3. ### simeonsen_bg
9
I suppose, you have to consider functions uniformely bounded by some constant M (or even vith uniformely bounded variation?), otherwise the whole set gets infinite measure, not 1, the way you described the measure.
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http://www.cheenta.com/2013/09/21/gre-math-subject-test/
|
# GRE Math Subject Test
Bottom Line: 170 minutes; 66 multiple choice problems;
Scoring: +1 for every correct answer; -1/4 for every incorrect answer (raw score is scaled later)
## Syllabus:
### Calculus – 50%
Material learned in the usual sequence of elementary calculus courses—differential and integral calculus of one and of several variables—includes calculus-based applications and connections with coordinate geometry, trigonometry, differential equations, and other branches of mathematics.
### Algebra – 25%
Elementary algebra: basic algebraic techniques and manipulations acquired in high school and used throughout mathematics. Linear Algebra: matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, vector spaces, linear transformations, characteristic polynomials, and eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Abstract algebra and number theory: elementary group theory, rings and modules, field theory, and elementary number theory.
### Additional Topics – 25%
Introductory real analysis: sequences and series of numbers and functions, continuity, differentiability and integrability, and elementary topology of R and $$R^n$$ .Discretemath: logic, set theory, combinatorics, graph theory, and algorithms. General topology, geometry, complex variables, probability and statistics, and numerical analysis.
## Books:
• Cracking the GRE Mathematics Subject Test, 4th Edition (Graduate School Test Preparation)- Princeton Review (1 sample test)
• GRE Mathematics (GRE Test Preparation) by O. P. Agrawal, T. Elsner, J. Robertson, J. W. Samples – (6 sample tests)
• Real Analysis by Bartle Sherbert
• Multivariable Calculus by Marsden
• Algebra by Artin
### Who Should Take The Test
Applicants to Graduate School should check with the respective department to find out whether GRE Math Subject Test is necessary or not.
## 2 Replies to “GRE Math Subject Test”
1. I offer Online Math Training problem which involves problem solving and concept building for entrances like GRE Math Subject Test, I.S.I.M.Math entrance, IIT JAM. If you wish you may take a trial class of that. E Mail me at [email protected] and I will help you to attend the free trial class.
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|
http://www.ams.org/bookstore?fn=20&arg1=collseries&ikey=COLL-35-D
|
New Titles | FAQ | Keep Informed | Review Cart | Contact Us Quick Search (Advanced Search ) Browse by Subject General Interest Logic & Foundations Number Theory Algebra & Algebraic Geometry Discrete Math & Combinatorics Analysis Differential Equations Geometry & Topology Probability & Statistics Applications Mathematical Physics Math Education
Coefficient Regions for Schlicht Functions
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Colloquium Publications
1950; 311 pp; softcover
Volume: 35
ISBN-10: 0-8218-9842-6
ISBN-13: 978-0-8218-9842-0
List Price: US$48 Member Price: US$38.40
Order Code: COLL/35.D
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Instead of investigating various isolated extremal problems in the theory of schlicht functions, the authors have concentrated their efforts on the investigation of the family of extremal schlicht functions in the large.
• History of schlicht functions and elementary properties of the $$n$$th region
• Variations of schlicht functions
• The critical points of the differential equation
• The $$\Gamma$$-structure. Behavior in the large
• Geodesics. Continuity theorem
• Functions which are regular in $$|z| < 1$$ and satisfy the differential equation
• The length-area principle. Teichmüller's method
• Relations between $$P(w)$$ and $$Q(z)$$
• Löwner curves
• Linear forms and the supporting surface
• The portion of the boundary of $$V_n$$ corresponding to single analytic slits
• Parametrization of the boundary of $$V_n$$
• The region $$V_3$$
• A method for investigating the conjecture $$|a_4|\leq 4$$
• The region of values of the derivative of a schlicht function (by Arthur Grad)
• Appendix
• Bibliography
• Index
|
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https://svn.eiffel.com/viewvc/eiffelstudio/trunk/Delivery/studio/?view=log&pathrev=63001
|
# Log of /trunk/Delivery/studio
Sticky Revision: (Current path doesn't exist after revision 88235)
Revision 62945 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Aug 25 15:18:18 2006 UTC (13 years, 5 months ago) by patrickr
```removed version.eif, fixes bug#5098
```
Revision 62902 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 23 23:07:18 2006 UTC (13 years, 5 months ago) by patrickr
```removed because this error no longer exists
```
Revision 62455 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Aug 12 00:22:17 2006 UTC (13 years, 5 months ago) by konradm
```Added help messages for VPIR errors for inline agents
```
Revision 62334 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 8 15:22:29 2006 UTC (13 years, 5 months ago) by alexk
```Added checks for VYCP(2,3) and VYCQ(2,3).
```
Revision 62215 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 1 22:39:28 2006 UTC (13 years, 5 months ago) by tedf
```Added pixmaps used by docking Eiffel Studio.
```
Revision 62178 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 1 02:11:15 2006 UTC (13 years, 5 months ago) by jasonw
```Added new metrics.
```
Revision 62168 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 1 00:52:18 2006 UTC (13 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Added number of compiled classes as basic metric.
```
Revision 62162 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 1 00:09:10 2006 UTC (13 years, 5 months ago) by paulb
```Corrected typo that caused metric icons to go missing.
```
Revision 62159 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jul 31 23:53:35 2006 UTC (13 years, 5 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icon
```
Revision 61755 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 28 18:40:38 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by patrickr
```Generate an error if we try to do .NET compilation on a non .NET system, fixes bug#10782
```
Revision 61713 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 28 03:50:09 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Moved metrics to studio subdirectory as it is a studio thing.
```
Revision 61690 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 27 19:23:21 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by patrickr
```Fixed typo, fixes bug#10551
```
Revision 61682 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 27 16:59:55 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 61674 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 27 07:53:29 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by jfiat
```Removed non wanted file
```
Revision 61673 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 27 02:44:41 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by jasonw
```Added metrics directory.
```
Revision 61607 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jul 24 23:46:47 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Implemented suggestion bug#10582 for using \$MAKE when it exists.
```
Revision 61585 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jul 24 18:38:16 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Made sure to export ISE_LIBRARY as otherwise the previous fix won't work.
```
Revision 61469 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jul 19 17:20:35 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by patrickr
```fixed some problems with changing a target to abstract, update configuration ast, report an error if the application target is abstract, fixes bug#10700, bug#10699
set focus on tab in file rule dialog if we have a tab, fixes bug#10694
```
Revision 61456 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jul 19 01:16:48 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Define ISE_LIBRARY if not defined.
```
Revision 61363 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jul 15 00:09:26 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added new cursors
```
Revision 61361 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 14 23:53:03 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added uncommitted icons
```
Revision 61359 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 14 23:51:16 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 61331 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 14 04:54:25 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Fixed bug#10607 for wrong description.
```
Revision 61092 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jul 8 00:34:49 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Corrected ordering
```
Revision 61091 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jul 8 00:34:36 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Fixed trimmed icons
```
Revision 61071 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 7 22:39:23 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added docking cursors.
```
Revision 61070 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 7 22:39:02 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 61030 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 6 23:06:08 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Removed ++ from C output tool icon
```
Revision 61014 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 6 16:43:18 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added icons for go to definition and a precompiles group folder
```
Revision 61012 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 6 16:16:55 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added icons for precompiled libraries
Added more icons for new metric tool
```
Revision 61005 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 6 08:44:49 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Moved EiffelStudio splash screen from Src/tools/estudio/config into Delivery/studio/bitmaps/png as the tool itself does not really need it to work properly, but having the splash screen file makes it nicer. To make the checkout of the Delivery easier it makes sense to put the splash screen there.
```
Revision 60961 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 4 16:55:43 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Removed non-need file for Unix.
```
Revision 60959 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 4 16:51:50 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Removed empty directory.
```
Revision 60941 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jul 3 22:33:15 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons - close, close all, edit library.
Fixed order of feature clause icons.
```
Revision 60917 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jul 3 15:51:53 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Redrew target config icon because of it's changed usage.
Added icon for config folders.
```
Revision 60915 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jul 3 15:40:47 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added send to external editor icon
```
Revision 60912 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jul 3 15:32:14 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Removed obsolete cursors
```
Revision 60911 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jul 3 15:27:50 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Changed AND and OR metric icons
```
Revision 60893 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 30 22:33:26 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Redrew close and minimize icons
```
Revision 60889 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 30 22:29:40 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added icons for move up and move down
```
Revision 60881 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 30 18:34:56 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added thread and find results window icons
```
Revision 60866 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 30 14:17:14 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Forgot to protect call to `eif_thr_init_root' in the non-multithreaded case.
```
Revision 60815 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 29 21:47:09 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added new watch tool icon
```
Revision 60790 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 29 18:52:06 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```To avoid GC deadlock, we let the GC believe that there is no Eiffel code executing apart from a DLL
entry point is called.
```
Revision 60762 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 29 15:03:59 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons for metric
```
Revision 60707 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jun 28 16:10:27 2006 UTC (13 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Increased size from 512 to 1024 as otherwise one cannot precompile Vision2.
```
Revision 60693 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jun 28 04:21:38 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```Made it work when DLL is compiled in multithreaded mode. Basically, the runtime
is initialized once during the DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH, then destroyed in DLL_PROCESS_DETACH.
For each thread creation, we initialize the once per thread data like it is done
in `eif_thr_entry'. This solves problem with bug#10224.
```
Revision 60677 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 27 22:19:14 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by patrickr
```removed some settings/options that are already the default
```
Revision 60676 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 27 22:18:20 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by patrickr
```removed some settings/options that are already the default
```
Revision 60667 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 27 22:10:59 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by patrickr
```removed some settings/options that are already the default
```
Revision 60619 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 27 18:04:05 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Fixed ascending and descending sort icons
```
Revision 60604 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 27 17:52:41 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Made preference icons more legible
```
Revision 60466 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 26 23:12:23 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Fixed minor pixel shift in Windows icon
```
Revision 60447 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 26 20:14:26 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added cursor pixmap matrix configuration file
```
Revision 60446 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 26 20:13:48 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added cursor pixmap matrix
```
Revision 60437 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 26 20:09:21 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added matrix for 12x12 icons
```
Revision 60410 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 26 17:17:51 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 60404 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 26 17:09:10 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new pixmaps
```
Revision 60264 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jun 24 00:13:52 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 60263 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jun 24 00:10:05 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by patrickr
```enable warnings in new projects
```
Revision 60212 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 23 00:30:59 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 60198 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 22 21:47:44 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```Removed because empty.
```
Revision 60185 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 22 20:20:54 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons.
Reordered and grew matrix horizontally to allow changes without interfering with development versions of EiffelStudio
```
Revision 60105 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jun 21 22:52:11 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 60069 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jun 21 19:46:20 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 60068 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jun 21 19:46:06 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Fixed look of new class and new cluster icons
```
Revision 60025 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 20 19:15:08 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 60013 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 20 16:59:07 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Corrected name variable
Added new icons
```
Revision 60012 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 20 16:58:48 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Corrected name variable
```
Revision 59978 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 19 23:42:10 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Tweaked features tool feature signature related icons
```
Revision 59977 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 19 23:41:34 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 59954 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 19 19:48:54 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added assigner icon
Tweaked a number of icons for better display.
```
Revision 59953 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 19 19:48:27 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added assigner icon
```
Revision 59949 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 19 19:15:03 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new 10x10 icons
```
Revision 59902 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 16 22:59:08 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons
```
Revision 59901 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 16 22:58:55 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added emcgen configuration file.
```
Revision 59876 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 16 17:41:47 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Redrew folder icons and feature icons.
Added new icons
```
Revision 59841 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 15 23:31:34 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icon matrix for new icons
```
Revision 59749 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jun 14 03:41:09 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```Made sure to have native property set, otherwise on Unix it does not
look good.
```
Revision 59718 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 13 19:43:29 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by larryl
```Changed back. Added external GdiPlus.lib link option in WEL library config file instead.
```
Revision 59702 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 13 16:53:42 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by larryl
```Added link option: "GDIPLUS.lib".
```
Revision 59655 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 12 18:10:39 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```Refined meaning of VWEQ validity warning.
```
Revision 59512 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 8 15:20:00 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by tedf
```Extended matrix height, and added remember size icon.
```
Revision 59509 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 8 14:12:49 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by jfiat
```Fixed transparent color (I broke it in the previous revision)
```
Revision 59504 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 8 11:22:43 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by jfiat
```added "copy call stack to clipboard" mini toolbar item on the callstack tool.
implemented suggestion: bug#10427 : Ability to Send call stack to External Editor
```
Revision 59425 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 5 22:54:51 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added call stack icon
```
Revision 59423 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 5 21:46:20 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added overloaded feature icon and watch window icon.
```
Revision 59384 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 2 23:22:13 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by patrickr
```cleaned up some short error/warning messages
```
Revision 59334 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 1 15:14:19 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by tedf
```Added four icons, "Filter completion list", "Show return type", "Show signature" and "Show disambiguated name".
Set background transparent.
```
Revision 59329 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 1 12:29:42 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by jfiat
```added 3 mini pixmap for breakpoints tool: enable, disable and clear
```
Revision 59292 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 31 13:24:20 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Changed EOL style to native.
```
Revision 59291 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 31 13:21:55 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Added a validity rule that prevents from declaring IL properties with several arguments if they have setters as the order of arguments in Eiffel assigner commands and IL property setters is different.
```
Revision 59290 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 31 11:55:50 2006 UTC (13 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Added a validity rule that prevents from declaring IL property of the same name multiple times.
```
Revision 59185 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 24 23:15:24 2006 UTC (13 years, 8 months ago) by tedf
```Added "add" and "remove" pixmaps.
```
Revision 59126 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon May 22 20:25:47 2006 UTC (13 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```New validity error for .NET constructors specification in indexing clause of a class.
```
Revision 59035 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 17 20:19:17 2006 UTC (13 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Renamed all .acex file into .ecf file as requested to match the
definition we currently give in the open dialog (Eiffel Config File).
It also makes life easier when building Windows installation since
we don't need to use the short name with the wrong extension (use ACE
instead of ACEX).
```
Revision 59004 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 16 19:20:49 2006 UTC (13 years, 8 months ago) by tedf
```Slightly modified some icons.
```
Revision 59003 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 16 17:57:45 2006 UTC (13 years, 8 months ago) by tedf
```Added icons for external command, callee icons.
```
Revision 58888 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 10 23:48:49 2006 UTC (13 years, 8 months ago) by paulb
```Added assigner, expand all and collapse all icons
```
Revision 58673 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 3 23:39:08 2006 UTC (13 years, 8 months ago) by tedf
```Added loop marks to quick search bar.
```
Revision 58606 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Apr 30 17:30:39 2006 UTC (13 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Normalized the XML content to follow result of an XSL Transformation.
```
Revision 58605 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Apr 30 17:27:55 2006 UTC (13 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Normalized the XML content to follow result of an XSL Transformation.
```
Revision 58548 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Apr 28 15:41:10 2006 UTC (13 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Added MSIMG32.lib for AlphaBlend routine in WEL.
```
Revision 58267 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 18 19:32:21 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Updated to new configuration file format.
```
Revision 58266 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 18 18:30:05 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Merged unix_resources into resources.
Updated to use new configuration file system.
```
Revision 58261 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 18 17:16:41 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Removed because empty.
```
Revision 58260 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 18 17:00:51 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Updated to new project configuration format.
Use \${XX} instead of <XX> for substitution as XML does not like <>
```
Revision 58259 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 18 17:00:13 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Use \${XX} instead of \$XX has sometime we also have \$XX_YY and the simple
substitution we do would not work correctly without an end delimiter.
```
Revision 58256 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 18 16:10:28 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Added \$uuid which is replaced by the wizard with a new UUID, since all projects
must have a different UUID.
Updated inlining settings.
```
Revision 58255 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 18 16:07:16 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Merged Unix and Windows to the `resources' directory thanks to the new configuration system.
Updated config files to use \$XXX instead of <XXX> as the <> don't work that well in XML.
```
Revision 58242 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 17 22:47:23 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by paulb
```Added icons for context tools
```
Revision 58241 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 17 21:02:00 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Removed since empty.
```
Revision 58240 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 17 21:00:56 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Merged both Unix and Windows defaults directory into one common directory
thanks to the ACEX new format which can handle both platforms now.
```
Revision 58226 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 17 18:13:12 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by paulb
```Added new icons for new configuration view in "clusters" pane
```
Revision 57957 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 31 16:43:57 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by tedf
```New icons of pins and sorting arrows.
```
Revision 57948 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Mar 30 22:43:35 2006 UTC (13 years, 9 months ago) by tedf
```Added new icons for library, assembly and override.
```
Revision 57786 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Mar 27 18:01:19 2006 UTC (13 years, 10 months ago) by patrickr
```Changes for new configuration system (new EIFGENS directory layout)
```
Revision 57769 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Mar 26 01:03:29 2006 UTC (13 years, 10 months ago) by jasonw
```Added icons.
```
Revision 57650 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Mar 23 07:55:12 2006 UTC (13 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Added Unicode options for compiling C code.
```
Revision 57145 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 24 04:42:34 2006 UTC (13 years, 11 months ago) by manus
```New validity error for named tuple when one of the label has the same name
as a feature of the TUPLE class.
```
Revision 56908 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Feb 4 00:14:08 2006 UTC (13 years, 11 months ago) by manus
```Added modified version of the configuration files for VXWorks.
```
Revision 56816 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Feb 1 22:01:22 2006 UTC (13 years, 11 months ago) by tedf
```Added icons for quick search bar.
```
Revision 56461 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jan 6 20:41:09 2006 UTC (14 years ago) by tedf
```Added new external command icon and send input icon.
```
Revision 56118 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 14 01:25:15 2005 UTC (14 years, 1 month ago) by tedf
```Added save all and new editor icons.
```
Revision 56054 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 8 00:57:51 2005 UTC (14 years, 1 month ago) by neilc
```Changed ISE_EIFFEL to ISE_LIBRARY
```
Revision 55390 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Oct 27 08:42:38 2005 UTC (14 years, 3 months ago) by alexk
```Added implementation-specific validity rules that prevent inheritance links
to external classes from expanded types.
```
Revision 55223 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 18 21:20:46 2005 UTC (14 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```New errors for specification of custom attributes.
```
Revision 55120 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Oct 13 23:38:37 2005 UTC (14 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```Added new `ccldflags' entry used by \$(CCLDFLAGS) for linking executable instead
of \$(LDFLAGS). Since we do not have special flags for LD, ldflags and mtldflags
definition is now empty.
```
Revision 55119 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Oct 13 23:36:34 2005 UTC (14 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```Added new `ccldflags' entry used by \$(CCLDFLAGS) for linking executable instead
of \$(LDFLAGS).
To ensure that the config file works between 5.6 and new version of the compiler
that generate the CCLDFLAGS entry, the value of `ldflags' and `mtldflags' have
been preserved. Once the changes made we should put an empty definition.
```
Revision 54562 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 30 21:50:18 2005 UTC (14 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Added icons for invariants formatter.
```
Revision 54525 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 30 16:38:06 2005 UTC (14 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Cosmetics: use `0:255:0' for transparency, use `255;255;255' for white.
Added `Creators' icon.
```
Revision 54522 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Aug 29 23:31:30 2005 UTC (14 years, 4 months ago) by king
```Formatting
```
Revision 54521 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Aug 29 23:31:00 2005 UTC (14 years, 4 months ago) by king
```Removed use of table_eiffel3
```
Revision 54504 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Aug 29 17:44:24 2005 UTC (14 years, 4 months ago) by paulb
```Added default EiffelStudio icon.
```
Revision 54460 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Aug 25 05:16:41 2005 UTC (14 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Added support for `distcc'.
```
Revision 53662 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 21 21:52:42 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Removed anti-aliasing from class bubbles.
```
Revision 53311 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jul 11 21:40:14 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Removed because in the `editor' cluster already and not used by eiffelstudio.
```
Revision 53224 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 8 22:47:10 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Changed client links to green to match diagram tool
```
Revision 53204 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 8 17:36:05 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Fixed a couple of color related issues and remove antialiasing pixel from class icons.
```
Revision 53167 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 7 23:31:50 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Fixed class/cluster icons and cursors for release.
```
Revision 53008 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 19:13:02 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Now in a matrix
```
Revision 53004 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 19:10:10 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added 32x32 matrix
```
Revision 53002 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 18:49:46 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Renamed
```
Revision 53001 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 18:48:52 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```No longer used by EiffelStudio
```
Revision 53000 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 18:48:41 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Removed as they have long been obsolete (copyright date 2001 - EB version 4)
```
Revision 52999 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 18:40:39 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```No detectable usage found
```
Revision 52996 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 18:08:36 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Fixed fit to screen icon (again)
```
Revision 52995 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 18:07:01 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```No longer used by EiffelStudio
```
Revision 52994 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 18:02:48 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Icons are now in matrixes
```
Revision 52993 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 18:01:42 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added icon to reset view
```
Revision 52992 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 18:01:31 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Fixed hex output icon by removing shadow
```
Revision 52975 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 16:40:58 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Updated fit-to-screen icon
```
Revision 52974 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 5 16:40:45 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Fixed maximize and restore icons
```
Revision 52904 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jul 2 00:11:53 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Moved into matrix
```
Revision 52903 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jul 2 00:11:42 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Renamed file
```
Revision 52902 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jul 2 00:10:55 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added sized icon matrixes
```
Revision 52887 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 1 17:57:03 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Merge all cursors into one matrix
```
Revision 52886 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 1 17:56:48 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Merged into cursor matrix
```
Revision 52885 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 1 17:56:21 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Cursor is never used
```
Revision 52844 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 30 18:32:23 2005 UTC (14 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Added local/argument bitmap
```
Revision 52667 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 28 02:35:41 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```Updated to the right coordinate format.
```
Revision 52655 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 27 23:40:43 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Removed individual breakpoint icons
```
Revision 52654 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 27 23:40:11 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added matrix for breakpoints
```
Revision 52616 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 24 20:39:00 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```Use -MT in C compilation flags to reflect change on Windows where using VS
now requires this flag as it will not work link when using VS 2005.
Added `boehmgc' entry to get the name of the Boehm library on Windows.
```
Revision 52600 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 24 17:28:37 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Icon is never used
```
Revision 52416 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 21 14:25:03 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Replaced non-standrad validity error codes with new standard ones.
```
Revision 52415 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 21 14:23:45 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Updated a validity rule description to match ECMA standard wording.
```
Revision 52414 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 21 14:23:19 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Renamed new error codes to follow the same naming convention ECMA-Vxxx.
```
Revision 52413 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 21 14:19:09 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Added a new description of a validity rule.
```
Revision 52412 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 21 14:17:55 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Renamed new error codes to follow the same naming convention ECMA-Vxxx.
```
Revision 52398 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 21 08:12:51 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by jfiat
```added mini up and mini down toolbar buttons
```
Revision 52304 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 17 15:06:32 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by jfiat
```renamed new icon for Pixmaps.Icon_small_open_menu
```
Revision 52303 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 17 15:05:12 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by jfiat
```added new icon for Pixmaps.Icon_small_open_menu
```
Revision 52196 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 16 00:08:23 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```Use `objects_redirection' instead of a for loop as when OBJECTS contains
many elements `nmake' might reject this because it is too long. Now
finish_freezing will list the files in Makefile.
```
Revision 52003 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 10 12:24:20 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Added checks for violation of assigner call validity rule (VBAC).
```
Revision 51946 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 9 06:55:52 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Used more consistent style for all toggles in feature tree.
```
Revision 51910 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jun 8 17:43:59 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Added command to toggle assigner command in feature tree.
```
Revision 51884 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jun 8 12:27:29 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Added checks for violation of assigner command validity rules that are not in
standard yet.
```
Revision 51803 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 7 09:25:11 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Added assigner command validity rule (VFAC).
```
Revision 51510 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 31 09:56:44 2005 UTC (14 years, 7 months ago) by alexk
```Added a bracket expression (VWBR) validity rule.
```
Revision 51445 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 26 22:43:12 2005 UTC (14 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Put a default stack size of 5MB, because the default one of 1MB is not enough
for deep structures, but on 64 bits, it is almost as if we only had 512KB
as pointers are twice as big.
```
Revision 51404 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 26 13:41:58 2005 UTC (14 years, 8 months ago) by alexk
```Added descriptions of new errors corresponding to alias name validity rules.
```
Revision 51209 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 19 13:19:16 2005 UTC (14 years, 8 months ago) by alexk
```Changed image to be different from "show signature" toggle.
```
Revision 51132 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 18 14:50:44 2005 UTC (14 years, 8 months ago) by alexk
```Added an icon for alias name toggle.
```
Revision 51076 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat May 14 10:20:20 2005 UTC (14 years, 8 months ago) by alexk
```Added description of VFAV errors.
```
Revision 50273 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Apr 21 15:59:59 2005 UTC (14 years, 9 months ago) by alexk
```Corrected error explanation to take into account that inspect constants may
be not only constant attributes but also manifest constants.
```
Revision 50088 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 18 11:34:33 2005 UTC (14 years, 9 months ago) by alexk
```Added a warning for once routines declared in generic classes.
```
Revision 49550 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Mar 26 01:39:11 2005 UTC (14 years, 10 months ago) by neilc
```Syntax files
```
Revision 49303 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 18 18:53:33 2005 UTC (14 years, 10 months ago) by neilc
```Added preference icons
```
Revision 49219 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Mar 15 23:26:35 2005 UTC (14 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Fixed grammar.
```
Revision 49038 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Mar 9 11:24:25 2005 UTC (14 years, 10 months ago) by jfiat
```new pixmap for debugger tool error (in tree view)
```
Revision 48564 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 18 20:30:25 2005 UTC (14 years, 11 months ago) by manus
```Added new type of callers: assigners/creators.
```
Revision 48541 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 17 20:33:26 2005 UTC (14 years, 11 months ago) by paulb
```Added obsolete and frozen icons.
```
Revision 48193 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Feb 1 12:33:32 2005 UTC (14 years, 11 months ago) by alexk
```Added a check for maximum allowed count in BIT types.
```
Revision 47742 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jan 20 20:39:27 2005 UTC (15 years ago) by bennob
```Added icon for force settings and changed icon for force directed graphs.
```
Revision 47693 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 19 23:41:32 2005 UTC (15 years ago) by bennob
```Add icon for reseting diagrams.
```
Revision 47602 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jan 17 18:01:09 2005 UTC (15 years ago) by manus
```Got rid of `-- class XXX' comment at the end of a class text as ECMA recommends
its removal.
```
Revision 47484 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jan 10 23:17:34 2005 UTC (15 years ago) by manus
```Take into account MAKELEVEL so that if `finish_freezing' is run from a makefile
it does not use the `-j' option which may kill the performance of a build
if parent `make' is already using it (suggestion made by Darren Hiebert)
Refactored code a little bit to look nicer.
```
Revision 47379 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 5 21:57:31 2005 UTC (15 years ago) by manus
```Replaced O2 by Ox as O2 does string pooling and it takes a huge amount of time
at the link stage. The only advantage of using O2 is that it takes less
space on disk.
```
Revision 47377 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 5 19:19:07 2005 UTC (15 years ago) by king
```Fixed slight artifact on remove icon
```
Revision 47370 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 5 01:55:04 2005 UTC (15 years ago) by king
```Made more of a contrast between user and library classes
```
Revision 47369 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 5 01:54:39 2005 UTC (15 years ago) by king
```Updated class icons to signify user classes
```
Revision 47320 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jan 3 17:29:06 2005 UTC (15 years ago) by king
```Added missing icon_arrow_empty
```
Revision 47292 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 29 00:44:00 2004 UTC (15 years ago) by king
```Cleaned up and updated new diagram tool icons
```
Revision 47291 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 29 00:43:43 2004 UTC (15 years ago) by king
```Added new diagram tool icons
```
Revision 47259 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Dec 28 17:46:44 2004 UTC (15 years ago) by bennob
```Additional cursors for diagram tool.
```
Revision 47258 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Dec 28 17:33:35 2004 UTC (15 years ago) by bennob
```Additional icons for diagram tool.
```
Revision 47255 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 27 23:21:21 2004 UTC (15 years ago) by king
```Removed icons that are now present in the icon matrix
```
Revision 47252 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 27 21:46:41 2004 UTC (15 years, 1 month ago) by king
```More cleaning
```
Revision 47251 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 27 21:46:17 2004 UTC (15 years, 1 month ago) by king
```Updated cluster cursors
```
Revision 47250 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 27 20:07:16 2004 UTC (15 years, 1 month ago) by king
```Initial matrix file for 32 by 32 cursors
```
Revision 47249 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 27 20:05:35 2004 UTC (15 years, 1 month ago) by king
```Updated size to 32 by 32 so that it can be displayed correctly using Remote Desktop
```
Revision 47244 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Dec 25 02:24:34 2004 UTC (15 years, 1 month ago) by manus
```Use -O2 which is equivalent or even better than -Ox.
Use -D_CRT_SECURE_NO_DEPRECATE to avoid warnings in new MSVC++ compiler
for using ANSI C API.
```
Revision 47122 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 20 18:34:44 2004 UTC (15 years, 1 month ago) by manus
```Moved `precompile' into `others/precompile' to have a better hierarchical
structure for wizards. Now we have two categories: new_projects and others.
```
Revision 47107 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Dec 17 22:40:53 2004 UTC (15 years, 1 month ago) by king
```Cleaned up and updated existing icon set
```
Revision 47106 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Dec 17 22:38:04 2004 UTC (15 years, 1 month ago) by king
```Updated to new style
```
Revision 46696 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Nov 29 23:24:07 2004 UTC (15 years, 1 month ago) by king
```Initial 16 x 16 icon matrix for both pixmaps and cursors
```
Revision 46429 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Nov 11 17:09:23 2004 UTC (15 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Removed the last ico file that was not removed for some reasons.
```
Revision 46424 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Nov 11 00:57:28 2004 UTC (15 years, 2 months ago) by king
```Removed old cursors as they should no longer be used anywhere
```
Revision 46417 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 10 17:54:30 2004 UTC (15 years, 2 months ago) by king
```Removed old xpm's as they should no longer be used
```
Revision 46416 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 10 17:53:53 2004 UTC (15 years, 2 months ago) by king
```Removed old bmp's as they should no longer be used
```
Revision 46405 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 10 01:33:48 2004 UTC (15 years, 2 months ago) by king
```Removed as it is no longer deemed necessary to use *.ico files for 256 color support
Studio will use PNG for all graphics from now on
```
Revision 45826 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 24 11:07:25 2004 UTC (15 years, 4 months ago) by jfiat
```added new pixmap
```
Revision 45563 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Sep 11 23:21:27 2004 UTC (15 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Fixed grammar.
```
Revision 45499 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 3 23:51:30 2004 UTC (15 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Updated to new ETL3 rules for expanded.
```
Revision 44985 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Aug 20 16:58:00 2004 UTC (15 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Removed specific reference to ! in error message so that it also works
with new `create {A} x.make' syntax.
```
Revision 44797 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 17 16:23:03 2004 UTC (15 years, 5 months ago) by neilc
```Updated ace template that fixes bug that incorrectly added the clr version number
as an ace clause when the user selected to use the most recent clr version
```
Revision 44748 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Aug 15 16:32:04 2004 UTC (15 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Added ISE_CFLAGS and ISE_SHAREDLIBS facilities for Borland.
```
Revision 44746 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Aug 14 02:54:25 2004 UTC (15 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Updated version number to 5.5
```
Revision 44551 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 4 21:51:53 2004 UTC (15 years, 5 months ago) by king
```Removed reference to gel library
```
Revision 44550 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 4 21:51:05 2004 UTC (15 years, 5 months ago) by king
```Updated to gtk version independent implementation
```
Revision 44526 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 3 20:40:29 2004 UTC (15 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Cosmetics.
Changed #1 to match current compiler implementation.
```
Revision 44461 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jul 21 23:45:12 2004 UTC (15 years, 6 months ago) by paulb
```Changed desciption to include incorrect permission possibility.
```
Revision 44023 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 29 23:07:57 2004 UTC (15 years, 6 months ago) by neilc
```Updated template file
```
Revision 44022 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 29 22:59:02 2004 UTC (15 years, 6 months ago) by neilc
```Removed ace files for most recent clr version since now dealt with in the .net wizard automatically
```
Revision 43889 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 17 23:55:12 2004 UTC (15 years, 7 months ago) by neilc
```New ace file templates for the wizard when using most recent CLR version
```
Revision 43567 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 4 23:01:26 2004 UTC (15 years, 7 months ago) by paulb
```Added error description for an invalid specified alternate EAC path in ace.
```
Revision 43513 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 3 19:11:22 2004 UTC (15 years, 7 months ago) by rogers
```Further improvments to filter. Support for a number of tags which were not
implemented, and also removed the extra space added after symbol tags.
```
Revision 43460 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 3 16:34:38 2004 UTC (15 years, 7 months ago) by jfiat
```fixed transparent background
```
Revision 43456 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 3 16:16:16 2004 UTC (15 years, 7 months ago) by jfiat
```added two new pixmap for displaying static value in object tool
```
Revision 43405 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 1 20:06:41 2004 UTC (15 years, 7 months ago) by jfiat
```commited change to icon (commited some time ago for .ico)
```
Revision 43201 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon May 24 21:51:30 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by rogers
```Now uses "Courier New" instead of "Courier".
```
Revision 43169 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat May 22 01:18:21 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by rogers
```Updated filter to alter nesting of opening and closing braces.
```
Revision 43145 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri May 21 22:12:55 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by rogers
```Updated implementation so that it has the appearence of the generated
flat short. This now includes colors and the use of courier font.
```
Revision 43051 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri May 14 19:19:40 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Removed usage of PCH file as they don't speed up compilation now since we
have started using our big files.
```
Revision 43049 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri May 14 18:10:49 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by jfiat
```new icon (maybe nicer ?)
```
Revision 43030 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 13 23:30:44 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by neilc
```Updated filter to account for reserved words and indexing tags
```
Revision 43009 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 13 00:07:09 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by paulb
```Added warning class for attempting to use an Optimized Precompile library
when one is not available.
```
Revision 43008 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 13 00:06:37 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by paulb
```Added warning class for failed Copying of Files
```
Revision 42974 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 12 21:01:21 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by jfiat
```bigger and less fancy
```
Revision 42964 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 12 08:42:54 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by jfiat
```updated and corrected icons (.ico and .png)
```
Revision 42946 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 6 16:49:20 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by jfiat
```fixed font size
```
Revision 42917 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon May 3 13:00:56 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by jfiat
```added icon toggle_signature_small
```
Revision 42899 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Apr 30 14:33:42 2004 UTC (15 years, 8 months ago) by jfiat
```now the debug button "launch" will be "Continue" when debugging is running
```
Revision 42824 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 27 00:16:30 2004 UTC (15 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Fixed typo that was generating incorrect reference to prefix/infix routines.
```
Revision 42257 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Mar 22 08:15:59 2004 UTC (15 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Removed dependency on EXTERNALS, a link error will occurs if some externals
object cannot be reached.
```
Revision 42180 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 19 14:08:33 2004 UTC (15 years, 10 months ago) by jfiat
```new icon used to turn on and off expression evaluation on selected items
```
Revision 42171 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Mar 18 00:07:15 2004 UTC (15 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Cosmetics.
Added support for detection of number of CPU on Mac hardware.
```
Revision 41954 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Mar 9 16:37:20 2004 UTC (15 years, 10 months ago) by jfiat
```new icon
```
Revision 41936 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Mar 8 23:42:54 2004 UTC (15 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Removed `\$(EXTERNALS)' as a dependency for building an exe. We still need to
find a solution while building a library.
```
Revision 41697 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 5 03:35:30 2004 UTC (15 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```For precompilation use `\$sharedlibs' as for normal application. Not using
it was making the use of `ISE_SHAREDLIBS' environment variable completely
useless for precompiles.
```
Revision 41039 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 21 20:11:27 2004 UTC (16 years ago) by rogers
```Initial.
```
Revision 40896 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 31 21:00:06 2003 UTC (16 years ago) by neilc
```Filter for producing XML compliant documentation
```
Revision 40583 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 3 22:54:46 2003 UTC (16 years, 1 month ago) by manus
```Use VSCN instead.
```
Revision 40551 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 1 21:02:32 2003 UTC (16 years, 1 month ago) by manus
```Simply move back all VD22 errors to VD21 as they are very similar.
```
Revision 40333 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Nov 7 00:16:28 2003 UTC (16 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Fixed incorrect code for initalizing exception vector.
```
Revision 40324 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Nov 6 23:21:55 2003 UTC (16 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Removed reference to gel as not needed anymore by EiffelVision2.
```
Revision 40296 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Nov 6 02:31:01 2003 UTC (16 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Added new escape sequence for " as this is definitely a special symbols for
HTML, use " instead now.
```
Revision 40117 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Nov 2 03:07:35 2003 UTC (16 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Made it ready for 5.4 release
```
Revision 40025 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Oct 27 20:00:46 2003 UTC (16 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```Use `-MT' and not `-MD' as otherwise we force users to include the dynamic
version of the Microsoft CRT with their application and one DLL is already
too much.
```
Revision 39977 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Oct 24 18:17:06 2003 UTC (16 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```Use the static version of CW32MT instead, otherwise CC3250MT.dll needs to
be in the path of the user.
```
Revision 39975 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Oct 24 18:08:57 2003 UTC (16 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```Solved linking issue found while compiling on .NET examples/thread/fancy.
In the same process improve linking code by adding the `c0d32.obj' file
needed for DLL startup code. See mode documentation about Borland startup
code in \$EIFFEL_SRC\Eiffel\doc\compiler\c_compiler\borland.html
```
Revision 39622 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 14 05:48:23 2003 UTC (16 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```Fixed incorrect version of `cscompmgd' assembly and incorrect cluster name
for base.net.
```
Revision 39621 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 14 05:48:01 2003 UTC (16 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```Updated syntax to be more Eiffel.
```
Revision 39620 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 14 05:44:52 2003 UTC (16 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```Fixed incorrect major version for `cscompmgd' assembly.
```
Revision 39603 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Oct 13 19:27:51 2003 UTC (16 years, 3 months ago) by paulb
```added symbols FL_ASSEMBLY_VERSION and
FL_CLR_VERSION where relivant
```
Revision 39575 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Oct 11 01:38:35 2003 UTC (16 years, 3 months ago) by jfiat
```new icon for representing external type in object tool debugger
```
Revision 39261 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 24 16:15:22 2003 UTC (16 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Updated VSTA errors.
```
Revision 39046 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Sep 14 23:48:27 2003 UTC (16 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Temporary new error code for conversion errors and TUPLE conformance warning.
```
Revision 39024 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 12 03:24:59 2003 UTC (16 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```IL C code needs to be compiled against DLL multithreaded version of the Microsoft runtime.
```
Revision 38871 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 4 01:47:02 2003 UTC (16 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Removed VDRD7 and VDRD71 as the limitation as been removed from the compiler.
I did not change the numbering as it would cause too many changes, therefore
there is no point 7.
```
Revision 38268 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Aug 1 00:58:53 2003 UTC (16 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Fixed C compilation warnings.
```
Revision 36840 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Apr 18 19:10:13 2003 UTC (16 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Fixed bug in newer version of Linux, where `processor' appears on its own and
with `Physical processor ID'.
```
Revision 36751 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Apr 12 00:01:35 2003 UTC (16 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```New error code when failed to compile resources.
```
Revision 36456 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Mar 20 20:46:57 2003 UTC (16 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```New error code when multiple matches are found when doing a call to an
overloaded feature in IL code generation.
```
Revision 36277 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Mar 11 20:38:32 2003 UTC (16 years, 10 months ago) by julieng
```Add console_application option.
```
Revision 35447 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jan 20 21:26:58 2003 UTC (17 years ago) by manus
```Added protection for `ncpus' in case value could be `0'.
```
Revision 35382 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jan 16 01:15:43 2003 UTC (17 years ago) by manus
```New error message when `mscorsn.dll' cannot be loaded.
```
Revision 34975 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 5 22:28:58 2002 UTC (17 years, 1 month ago) by manus
```New error message when signing key is incorrect.
```
Revision 34956 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 5 05:04:20 2002 UTC (17 years, 1 month ago) by manus
```Removed forced dependence on \$(EXTERNALS) as it is not done in classic mode.
```
Revision 34904 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Nov 22 20:02:26 2002 UTC (17 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Fixed incorrect Ace file specification for `libpng' and `zlib'.
```
Revision 34903 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Nov 22 19:59:44 2002 UTC (17 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Fixed incorrect Ace file specification for `libpng' and `zlib'.
```
Revision 34717 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Nov 1 03:48:27 2002 UTC (17 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```New code generation for Makefile in .NET mode that makes it work with
Borland C++ as well.
```
Revision 34538 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 27 16:32:54 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Added the ability to call `make -j ' on Solaris when default make is the gnu
make.
```
Revision 34527 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 20 18:00:07 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Added `il_resouce' entry for Borland.
```
Revision 34489 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Sep 16 23:37:57 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Removed tabs from text as it usually mess up the display.
```
Revision 34438 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 11 21:17:47 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Added `il_resource' part to be able to add resources into a .NET assembly.
```
Revision 34422 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Sep 10 16:30:23 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by julieng
```Replace EIFFEL_SRC by ISE_EIFFEL in base cluster.
```
Revision 34365 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 4 03:47:15 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Reworded error message.
```
Revision 34331 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Sep 3 02:50:22 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by julieng
```File given by ec.exe where the wizard have to write the result of its execution.
```
Revision 34229 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Aug 31 22:31:43 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```New images used by window to unlock EiffelStudio.
```
Revision 34223 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Aug 31 19:17:49 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```New EiffelStudio logo.
```
Revision 34206 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Aug 31 05:42:22 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Fixed incorrect Borland configuration file.
```
Revision 34165 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Aug 30 05:36:03 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by julieng
```Fix bug. Replace keyword external with assembly.
```
Revision 34147 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Aug 29 18:15:29 2002 UTC (17 years, 4 months ago) by julieng
```Replaced <FL_EXTERNAL_ASSEMBLIES> flag with all default external assemblies. The user of the wizard does not have any more the possibility to choose witch assembly he want to add to his project.
```
Revision 34088 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 28 03:51:42 2002 UTC (17 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```New warning message when we cannot modify Ace file to add missing referenced
assemblies.
```
Revision 34082 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 28 00:58:36 2002 UTC (17 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```New `smart_checking' for Visual Studio to automatically find out where VS
is installed. Default is True.
```
Revision 34053 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 27 02:41:24 2002 UTC (17 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Assembly configuration file, needed to correctly load up local assemblies.
```
Revision 33848 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 20 23:41:19 2002 UTC (17 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Added new error message for kernel classes that have been modified and that
do not match what compiler is expecting.
```
Revision 33845 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 20 22:40:24 2002 UTC (17 years, 5 months ago) by julieng
```Delete tags <FL_ROOT_CLASS_EXTERNAL_NAME> because it does not have any more sens.
Change comment into "Write your code here".
```
Revision 33843 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 20 22:39:15 2002 UTC (17 years, 5 months ago) by julieng
```Add cluster to eiffel base.
Change cluster name from base.net into base_net.
Delete tag <FL_EXTERNAL_CLASSES> because it does not have any more sens in new ace file format.
```
Revision 33596 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Aug 12 18:32:15 2002 UTC (17 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```New error code for invalid custom attribute specification.
```
Revision 33417 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Aug 5 21:36:54 2002 UTC (17 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```New error when XML file of an external class cannot be read.
```
Revision 33245 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 25 22:17:17 2002 UTC (17 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Changed way GEL is included. Simplified exclude section of Vision2.
```
Revision 33156 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jul 20 03:51:23 2002 UTC (17 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Added VIFI1 and VIFI2 instead of just one VIFI error for IL code generation.
```
Revision 33058 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 16 22:16:59 2002 UTC (17 years, 6 months ago) by neilc
```Excluding gtk_gl folder from precompile
```
Revision 33003 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jul 13 06:32:27 2002 UTC (17 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```New error message related to automatic generation of XML file from Eiffel
compiler.
```
Revision 32999 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jul 13 01:26:27 2002 UTC (17 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Fixed HTML compliance of anchor that should not englobe other anchor.
```
Revision 32962 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 12 21:38:45 2002 UTC (17 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Added new error message when `mscorsn.dll' is not found.
```
Revision 32672 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 2 23:26:29 2002 UTC (17 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```New script that handles better multiprocessors.
```
Revision 32316 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri May 31 23:52:26 2002 UTC (17 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```Replaced `eif_econsole.h' by `eif_main.h'
```
Revision 32137 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 21 17:49:50 2002 UTC (17 years, 8 months ago) by rogers
```Corrected type of `pixmap_icon_location' to FILE_NAME instead of
STRING.
```
Revision 31913 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 7 23:30:55 2002 UTC (17 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```New error when a XML file is missing from the `classes' directory in the
Eiffel assembly cache.
```
Revision 31912 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 7 23:15:28 2002 UTC (17 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Give more explanatory details on how to fix the error.
```
Revision 31911 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 7 23:08:39 2002 UTC (17 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Added new error when assembly listed in Ace file is not found on disk.
```
Revision 31836 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri May 3 19:21:21 2002 UTC (17 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Added new error when assembly referred in one of the listed assembly of
the Ace file is not in Ace file.
```
Revision 31695 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 22 00:35:46 2002 UTC (17 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Replaced `creation' by new keyword `create'.
```
Revision 31694 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 22 00:34:00 2002 UTC (17 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Use new keyword `create' instead of `creation'.
```
Revision 31077 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Mar 16 23:32:03 2002 UTC (17 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Added error text for VIFI: Frozen inheritance error.
```
Revision 31073 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Mar 16 19:48:52 2002 UTC (17 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```New error code for two classes with same full name in IL code generation.
```
Revision 31063 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 15 19:07:32 2002 UTC (17 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Error is not raised by compiler anymore so we removed it.
```
Revision 31044 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Mar 14 18:34:44 2002 UTC (17 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Fixed to avoid long command line problems when you have a big project.
```
Revision 31039 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Mar 14 00:05:37 2002 UTC (17 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Ensure strong ANSI C compatibility for use of `setjmp' whose returned value
should never been assigned to. See:
http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&selm=7ovo44%246vg%241%40elf.bsdi.com&rnum=2
```
Revision 30777 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Feb 20 22:30:28 2002 UTC (17 years, 11 months ago) by manus
```Removed all VQMCX messages as they were misleading in their error message about
the type of the constant vs the declaration type. Introduced instead the
VQMC error message which is more general and clearer.
```
Revision 30554 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Feb 6 16:40:02 2002 UTC (17 years, 11 months ago) by manus
```Added definition of "file_exist"
```
Revision 30380 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 23 20:03:44 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by manus
```Added CYGWIN flags.
```
Revision 30379 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 23 19:38:26 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by manus
```Suffix for library is now `.a'.
```
Revision 30377 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 23 19:35:20 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by manus
```New configuration file for Cygwin.
```
Revision 30128 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 9 20:21:14 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by xavier
```This icon is displayed in the status bars during compilations, if the user decides not to use animated icons.
```
Revision 30072 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 8 01:36:20 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by xavier
```Fixed the gray icons (which are no longer gray icons, BTW).
```
Revision 30071 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 8 01:24:47 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by xavier
```Added a colored pixel in all gray icons, because the conversion scripts to png do not work well with gray levels (or is it Vision2??).
```
Revision 30069 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jan 7 23:55:14 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by xavier
```Updated the Linux version of the icons.
```
Revision 30055 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jan 6 07:03:00 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by manus
```Replaced `-del' by `del' and added a protection before deleting file with \$(RM)
to make sure that a file exist before deleting it.
```
Revision 30054 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jan 6 06:44:35 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by manus
```Removed `-del' and put `del' instead as we now only delete files if they exist.
```
Revision 30053 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jan 6 06:14:07 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by manus
```Added file existence test before deleting a file to avoid useless warning
in DOS console.
```
Revision 30034 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jan 3 17:52:09 2002 UTC (18 years ago) by xavier
```Replaced / with \ in the default windows ace.
```
Revision 29964 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 27 23:53:19 2001 UTC (18 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```Finally implemented the pretty print command.
```
Revision 29861 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 20 23:19:41 2001 UTC (18 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```Added new icons that are used in the feature and cluster trees.
```
Revision 29825 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 19 17:44:35 2001 UTC (18 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```Added new icons for the status bars.
```
Revision 29754 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 17 21:00:57 2001 UTC (18 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```Added new icons.
```
Revision 29497 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 5 00:12:20 2001 UTC (18 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```Added two icons for the feature evaluation.
```
Revision 29308 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Nov 27 06:19:55 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Fixed resource file so that it compiles with Borland C++
```
Revision 29171 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Nov 16 02:58:35 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Added command line option for `ilink32' since it fails when Borland is installed
in a path that have spaces in it.
```
Revision 29156 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Nov 15 19:21:40 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Updated version info.
```
Revision 29127 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 14 22:57:59 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by andrew
```Edited for two color display
```
Revision 29126 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 14 22:46:46 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by andrew
```Edited for two color display
```
Revision 29125 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 14 21:44:51 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by andrew
```Fixed for two color display
```
Revision 29124 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 14 21:42:35 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by andrew
```Fixed for two color display
```
Revision 29123 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 14 21:33:24 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by andrew
```Fixed for two color display
```
Revision 29073 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Nov 13 21:37:52 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Cleaned Externals for Vision2 on Unix.
```
Revision 29071 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Nov 13 20:56:45 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Added `True' to invariant otherwise it messes diagram tool when you try to
add a new attribute or feature.
```
Revision 28860 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 7 23:59:32 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Added special flag when compiling C code for IL code generation.
```
Revision 28581 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 30 04:43:59 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Added -x flags to avoid creation of .MAP file
Adapted lsharedflags option to have a meaning with Borland, but it is not yet
working with Borland.
```
Revision 28580 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 30 04:42:38 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Removed warnings during C compilation. If you want them simply define
ISE_CFLAGS environment variable to be -W3.
```
Revision 28543 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Oct 29 17:51:18 2001 UTC (18 years, 2 months ago) by xavier
```Committed the 32x32 cursors, since they are required on Win9x/Me.
```
Revision 28488 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Oct 26 20:12:36 2001 UTC (18 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```Added feature static access on constant validity rules.
```
Revision 28485 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Oct 26 19:57:03 2001 UTC (18 years, 3 months ago) by manus
```Removed addition -I and -L definition since they are now properly setup during
ISE Eiffel install when Borland is selected, ie both `bcc32.cfg' and `ilink32.cfg'
are correctly created.
Make Borland works with CECIL system.
```
Revision 28460 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Oct 26 02:59:29 2001 UTC (18 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```Modified the templates to fit the new new class dialog.
```
Revision 28459 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Oct 26 02:56:23 2001 UTC (18 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```Modified the default templates to fit the new class dialog.
```
Revision 28074 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Oct 11 23:56:05 2001 UTC (18 years, 3 months ago) by eweasel
```Replaced white with transparency
```
Revision 28068 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Oct 11 21:16:28 2001 UTC (18 years, 3 months ago) by eweasel
```Rename bench into studio
```
Revision 28048 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Oct 11 07:21:08 2001 UTC (18 years, 3 months ago) by eweasel
```Added templates for Unix.
```
Revision 27926 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 26 15:52:47 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Added new error codes for static access.
```
Revision 27616 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 14 00:21:53 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Added these two scripts to CVS; they are used on all Unix platforms.
```
Revision 27560 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 12 02:02:50 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Put these files back with the -kk option.
```
Revision 27559 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 12 02:00:53 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Temporarily removed those files in order to integrate them with the -kk option.
```
Revision 27558 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 12 02:00:04 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Reintegrated those files with the -kk option (hopefully).
```
Revision 27557 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 12 01:58:12 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Temporarily removed the templates in order to integrate them with the -kk option.
```
Revision 27556 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 12 01:56:57 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Removed obsolete template files (now in defaults/unix)
```
Revision 27555 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 12 01:39:28 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Added these templates for the new new class dialog.
```
Revision 27554 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 12 01:35:32 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Added two new templates that are used in the new class dialog.
```
Revision 27553 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 12 01:34:55 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```The date and revision were hard-coded in CVS...
```
Revision 27508 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Sep 11 00:48:06 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by eweasel
```Initial conversion using icotool from ico file
```
Revision 27385 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 5 17:59:15 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by karine
```Now uses "library.net/base" since all the library.net folders are now compatible with the new .net base.
```
Revision 27335 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Sep 1 00:55:05 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by etienne
```Updated icons.
```
Revision 27334 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Sep 1 00:46:54 2001 UTC (18 years, 4 months ago) by etienne
```Added icons for new diagram commands.
```
Revision 27176 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Aug 24 18:21:56 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by karine
```Ace file template in the case of `NONE' root class
```
Revision 27173 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Aug 24 18:09:59 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Removed link to a download of precompiled library at http://www.eiffel.com/download.
```
Revision 27065 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Aug 18 02:44:25 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by xavier
```These two errors (that only David Hollenberg has ever seen), now have corresponding error messages.
```
Revision 26973 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 15 17:55:36 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Added default unix ace and class file.
```
Revision 26971 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 15 17:40:33 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Added default windows Ace and class file.
```
Revision 26970 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 15 17:38:11 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Template now includes `base.net' by default.
```
Revision 26969 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 15 17:37:37 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Updated template.
```
Revision 26958 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 15 00:09:35 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Changed configuration files with their new location in the delivery.
```
Revision 26957 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 15 00:07:37 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Renamed `bench' into `studio'
```
Revision 26954 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 14 23:32:32 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by etienne
```Added missing png cursor.
```
Revision 26952 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 14 23:16:57 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Added windows specific files into Delivery
```
Revision 26914 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Aug 13 16:37:11 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by etienne
```Added missing png icons.
```
Revision 26906 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Aug 10 23:44:35 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by etienne
```Added new icons.
```
Revision 26847 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Aug 6 19:01:58 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Added `True' in invariant clause to avoid syntax error when adding a new
invariant clause to the template.
```
Revision 26798 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 1 16:15:28 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by karine
```Replaced comments by `indexing description' clauses.
```
Revision 26797 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Aug 1 16:14:58 2001 UTC (18 years, 5 months ago) by karine
```Replaced `library base' by `all base'.
```
Revision 26742 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jul 25 21:28:30 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by etienne
```Updated icons.
```
Revision 26739 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jul 25 18:53:15 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by etienne
```Added and updated png cursors.
```
Revision 26737 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jul 25 18:26:16 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Added cursor for mouse copy paste.
```
Revision 26732 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jul 25 17:35:45 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by etienne
```Replace old icons with their equivalent with transparent background.
```
Revision 26714 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jul 20 21:57:51 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Changed EiffelBench/ebench into EiffelStudio
```
Revision 26646 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 17 18:24:23 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Added Installation script for .NET
```
Revision 26599 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jul 15 21:18:43 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Updated new path of vision2 libraries (required for Borland support).
```
Revision 26530 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jul 14 12:17:59 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by pichery
```Modified the about pixmap to fit new standards.
```
Revision 26329 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 12 20:12:59 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by pichery
```Updated to take into account recent changes in Vision2
```
Revision 26104 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jul 4 00:27:25 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by karine
```New pixmap because of change from Eiffel# to Eiffel.NET.
```
Revision 26089 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jul 3 22:25:46 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Use of `pre' style for the code so that we can simply generate %T characters instead
of the sequence " %;  %;  %;" which takes a lot of space on disk.
```
Revision 26047 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jul 2 20:58:22 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by xavier
```Modified the icon because Eiffel# was renamed into Eiffel.Net, so that the #
had lost its meaning.
```
Revision 25994 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 29 23:27:16 2001 UTC (18 years, 6 months ago) by pichery
```Improved the vision2 wizard
```
Revision 25923 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 28 21:36:20 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by pichery
```Update to take into account changes in vision2
```
Revision 25887 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 26 23:12:02 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by karine
```Changed base.net into base.
```
Revision 25883 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 26 23:07:50 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by karine
```New Ace file template for .NET applications
```
Revision 25882 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 26 23:06:15 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by karine
```ISE Assembly Manager pixmaps
```
Revision 25881 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 26 23:01:21 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by karine
```.NET application template
```
Revision 25880 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 26 23:00:19 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by karine
```Replaced by `template_application.e'.
```
Revision 25832 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 25 18:29:38 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```Simplified rule VGCC part 3 to allow typed creation of an expanded type.
```
Revision 25754 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 21 00:54:53 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by etienne
```Updated png from ico.
```
Revision 25673 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 18 18:36:22 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by xavier
```[Modification by Bertrand Meyer]
Removed an unnecessary line feed at the bottom of pages.
```
Revision 25668 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jun 17 21:08:19 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```Updated Ace file for .NET application
```
Revision 25667 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jun 17 20:16:14 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by pichery
```Highlighted the target class/feature.
```
Revision 25656 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jun 17 17:24:34 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```New icons which turned the thermometer to blue when freezing/finalizing.
```
Revision 25486 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 12 19:49:34 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by xavier
```Why not use color cursors?
```
Revision 25429 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jun 10 11:04:22 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by pichery
```committed pixmaps using -kb option
```
Revision 25428 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jun 10 11:03:49 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by pichery
```Removed pixmaps committed without -kb option
```
Revision 25263 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jun 3 21:00:02 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by pichery
```Widened the bitmap for large fonts resolutions
```
Revision 25262 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Jun 3 20:59:17 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by pichery
```- Widened the bitmap for large fonts resolutions
- Changed the bitmap
```
Revision 25230 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 1 23:41:56 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by etienne
```Updated png icons.
```
Revision 25113 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 30 22:06:45 2001 UTC (18 years, 7 months ago) by xavier
```Removed the thread library from the default Linux Ace, since nobody objected.
The same should be done in the Windows Ace, but it is not on CVS.
```
Revision 25046 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri May 25 13:50:38 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Updated
```
Revision 25021 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 23 23:57:45 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by xavier
```Added some 3D effects on this icon, to homogenize the icons.
```
Revision 25018 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 23 23:05:24 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by xavier
```Put back this file, in binary mode.
```
Revision 25017 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 23 23:04:49 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by xavier
```Wasn't committed as a binary file.
```
Revision 25011 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 23 20:49:07 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by etienne
```Added / updated png icons.
```
Revision 25010 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 23 19:10:16 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by xavier
```Added an icon for the command to have extended information on compilation errors.
```
Revision 25007 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 23 06:49:01 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Replaced obsolete call
```
Revision 25006 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 23 06:48:41 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Cosmetics
```
Revision 25002 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 22 20:34:32 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Updated the resources
```
Revision 25000 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 22 19:48:39 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by xavier
```Updated the logo ((C) 2001 instead of (C) 1999 and EiffelStudio instead of EiffelBench).
```
Revision 24988 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun May 20 10:44:03 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Added icon for dialogs in EiffelStudio
```
Revision 24987 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun May 20 10:39:39 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Modified the wizard names
```
Revision 24982 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri May 18 03:24:15 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by eweasel
```Cosmetics.
Removed all occurences to a version number.
```
Revision 24973 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 17 20:31:09 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Changed the name of the wizard as it appears in EiffelStudio (as suggested
by Bertrand)
```
Revision 24903 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon May 14 21:03:14 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by xavier
```Softened a bit the 256 color version.
```
Revision 24894 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon May 14 16:38:16 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by xavier
```Changed the .Net icon.
```
Revision 24893 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun May 13 21:13:56 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Redone the profiler icon
```
Revision 24892 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun May 13 20:50:15 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Icon for the preference window
```
Revision 24891 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun May 13 20:49:53 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Added 256 color version
```
Revision 24873 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri May 11 16:34:25 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by etienne
```Updated PNG icons.
```
Revision 24844 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 8 18:38:49 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Added icon for wizard window
```
Revision 24843 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 8 18:32:21 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Added icon for wizard window
```
Revision 24805 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri May 4 23:02:52 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by xavier
```Added this icon for the print command.
```
Revision 24789 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 3 20:20:23 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Converted those files into .png file.
```
Revision 24788 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 3 20:19:28 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Profiler bitmaps are now PNGs.
```
Revision 24786 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 3 20:18:26 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Reintegrated file with -kb option.
```
Revision 24785 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 3 20:17:54 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Removed badly integrated file.
```
Revision 24762 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed May 2 20:35:58 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Eiffel 4 --> Eiffel 5
```
Revision 24738 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 1 22:05:01 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Modified the icon
```
Revision 24729 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 1 03:11:05 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Completed error by the adding that it is also not permitted to undefine a
C external.
```
Revision 24727 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue May 1 01:31:56 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Reduced image size.
```
Revision 24725 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 30 23:35:12 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Added Borland logo to be displayed on the Windows version using BCC as a C compiler.
```
Revision 24718 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 30 20:06:12 2001 UTC (18 years, 8 months ago) by xavier
```Added these icons for the commands allowing users to pop up windows in which
the editor or the context tool is maximized.
```
Revision 24691 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Apr 26 22:12:49 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by xavier
```Added these icons for the sake of the dynamic library window.
```
Revision 24650 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 17 23:56:51 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by xavier
```Improved the shading on these icons.
```
Revision 24649 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 17 23:53:38 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by xavier
```This icon had apparently been forgotten when converting dark blue to black.
```
Revision 24613 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 17 00:59:33 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by xavier
```This integrates the new wizards in the Linux delivery.
```
Revision 24611 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 16 21:45:33 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by xavier
```Added the resources for the Unix platforms, and changed bmps to pngs.
```
Revision 24610 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 16 21:31:09 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by xavier
```Choose the correct cluster when using the wizard library.
```
Revision 24609 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 16 21:30:28 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by xavier
```There was a bug in the name of the class.
```
Revision 24608 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 16 21:24:29 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by xavier
```The Ace file for a default Vision2 application.
```
Revision 24596 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Apr 14 00:12:45 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by xavier
```Changed all bmp files into png files.
```
Revision 24589 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Apr 13 22:07:33 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by xavier
```Added the resources for the Unix delivery relative to the Vision2 Wizard.
```
Revision 24586 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Apr 11 20:50:35 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by etienne
```Added missing png icons and updated the others from .ico files.
```
Revision 24585 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Apr 11 19:30:31 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by etienne
```Added missing png cursor files.
```
Revision 24556 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Apr 4 20:50:10 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by pichery
```Modified the bitmaps
```
Revision 24541 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Apr 4 15:28:21 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by pichery
```Modified the bitmaps
```
Revision 24540 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Apr 4 15:20:32 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by pichery
```Renammed PROJECT_WIZARD_SHARED into
WIZARD_PROJECT_SHARED
```
Revision 24539 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Apr 4 15:19:29 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by pichery
```Modified the bitmaps
```
Revision 24516 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 2 16:05:19 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by pichery
```Added the right working directory to load the pixmaps
```
Revision 24515 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Apr 2 15:19:14 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by pichery
```Updated the icon pixmap
```
Revision 24496 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 30 12:04:23 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by pichery
```Added bitmap for the profiler wizard
```
Revision 24495 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 30 12:04:01 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by pichery
```Added bitmaps for EiffelBench wizards
```
Revision 24492 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 30 09:15:34 2001 UTC (18 years, 9 months ago) by pichery
```Cosmetics (replaced \$ISE_COMPILER with \$ISE_C_COMPILER)
```
Revision 24426 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Mar 26 10:24:03 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Changed icon pixmaps
```
Revision 24359 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Mar 18 22:43:36 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Fixed bug
```
Revision 24357 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Mar 18 22:30:18 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Updated resources
```
Revision 24334 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Mar 17 00:04:37 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Updated
```
Revision 24333 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Mar 17 00:00:41 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Slightly modified
```
Revision 24331 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 16 22:47:03 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Replaced \$EIFFEL5 with \$ISE_EIFFEL
```
Revision 24327 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 16 18:47:11 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```Added icons for the context tool toolbar button.
```
Revision 24326 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 16 18:46:12 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```Changed the text on the icon from Debug to Launch (more intuitive I think)
```
Revision 24284 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Mar 15 00:10:39 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```Added images representing the generated application in the wizard.
```
Revision 24280 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Mar 14 18:20:49 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```The Ace is no longer symbolized as a box.
```
Revision 24279 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Mar 14 18:20:29 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```Made it look more like the suppliers icon.
```
Revision 24278 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Mar 14 18:19:48 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```Broadened the icon, so that it now fits standard 56*16 icons (to save GDI objects...)
```
Revision 24277 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Mar 14 17:41:58 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by etienne
```Updated icons.
```
Revision 24263 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Mar 13 18:02:57 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```This icon is also used in the cluster tree, though it is gray.
```
Revision 24262 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Mar 13 18:01:41 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```This icon must have been removed along with all '_gray' icons, but it is used
in the cluster/favorites tree.
```
Revision 24261 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Mar 13 17:52:48 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```Added a new icon for the .Net command.
```
Revision 24238 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Mar 11 22:23:52 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Removed gray icons.
```
Revision 24237 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Mar 11 21:53:37 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Added new icons
```
Revision 24236 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Mar 11 19:49:30 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Added text icons
```
Revision 24235 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Mar 11 18:12:42 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Changed color from deep blue to black
```
Revision 24205 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Mar 9 21:24:21 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by pichery
```Updated icons.
```
Revision 24146 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Mar 7 20:35:16 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```Updated the look of this icon to fit the new standards.
```
Revision 24145 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Mar 7 20:34:16 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```New icon to simulate combo boxes buttons.
```
Revision 24097 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Mar 6 00:42:25 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```File is now integrated without its version number.
```
Revision 24096 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Mar 6 00:41:58 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Removed file to be integrated later with -ko option.
```
Revision 24084 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Mar 5 19:06:23 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Updated model for class creation.
```
Revision 24083 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Mar 5 19:05:04 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Updated with new environment variable.
Discarded useless Ace files.
```
Revision 24082 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Mar 5 19:05:04 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by manus
```Updated with new environment variable.
Discarded useless Ace files.
```
Revision 24067 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Mar 5 18:02:48 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```Modified this icon to adapt it to the new standards.
```
Revision 24065 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Mar 5 18:01:04 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```Decreased the anti-aliasing on these icons, since the background color for
breakpoints is not necessarily gray.
```
Revision 24064 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Mar 5 17:59:47 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by xavier
```Added a new icon for the metrics.
```
Revision 23938 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Feb 28 17:54:52 2001 UTC (18 years, 10 months ago) by eweasel
```Removed new bench icons which are now in PNG format
```
Revision 23924 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Feb 27 10:46:16 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Replaced "EIFFEL5" with "ISE_EIFFEL"
```
Revision 23923 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Feb 27 10:40:17 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Replaced "EIFFEL5" with "ISE_EIFFEL"
```
Revision 23922 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Feb 27 10:23:24 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Replaced "EIFFEL5" with "ISE_EIFFEL"
```
Revision 23914 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Feb 26 18:33:27 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Renamed!!!
```
Revision 23896 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 23 18:51:29 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by etienne
```Updated icons.
```
Revision 23883 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 23 00:24:00 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by etienne
```Updated icons.
```
Revision 23878 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 21:34:00 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```These icons were too bright.
```
Revision 23877 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 21:33:17 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Updated the icons for read-only classes/clusters.
```
Revision 23876 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 21:31:31 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```This might be more intuitive.
```
Revision 23875 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 21:30:44 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Enlightened this icon (looked too dark)
```
Revision 23871 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 17:34:43 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by raphaels
```Removed "Generated by" notice.
```
Revision 23870 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 16:16:35 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Removed unused icons
```
Revision 23869 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 16:15:26 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Renammed into `icon_format_externals.ico'
```
Revision 23868 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 16:14:29 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Removed unused icon
```
Revision 23867 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 16:13:34 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Renammed into `icon_format_feature_callers_color.ico'
```
Revision 23866 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 16:12:58 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Renammed into `icon_format_feature_ancestors_color.ico'
```
Revision 23865 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 16:09:46 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Added new icons for the formatters
```
Revision 23864 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 16:09:04 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Renammed into `icon_format_suppliers_color.ico'
```
Revision 23863 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 03:06:34 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by raphaels
```Changed link to default.css to be absolute.
```
Revision 23862 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 22 00:39:03 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by raphaels
```Latest versions.
```
Revision 23850 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Feb 21 01:05:06 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Added 2 icons for the pretty print command, and modified the cluster/feature tree icons.
```
Revision 23847 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Feb 20 01:43:06 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Made these icons shinier, since they looked slightly gloomy.
```
Revision 23846 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Feb 20 01:42:24 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Cleared the icon again, to make it look more like ice...
```
Revision 23837 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Feb 19 22:38:07 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Added new icons
```
Revision 23836 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Feb 19 20:06:59 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Unified the design with the `run_debug' command.
```
Revision 23829 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Feb 19 19:01:29 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Changed the design of these icons into a more standard one.
```
Revision 23826 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Feb 17 01:09:35 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Converted this icon to the new style.
```
Revision 23823 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 16 23:57:22 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Changed the Project settings icon
```
Revision 23822 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 16 23:36:20 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Added icons for formatters
```
Revision 23803 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 9 20:27:21 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by etienne
```Converted new .ico icons to png format.
```
Revision 23798 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 9 16:09:23 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Added icons for the preference window.
```
Revision 23788 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Feb 6 19:06:31 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Changed the bug-run command into something more visible (because it is a very
useful command)
```
Revision 23783 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Feb 6 16:02:39 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by pichery
```Added resources for the dotnet wizard
```
Revision 23763 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Feb 1 20:00:24 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by xavier
```Changed most icons into 16*16, non-flashing, almost flat, icons.
```
Revision 23759 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 31 23:04:08 2001 UTC (18 years, 11 months ago) by manus
```Corrected typo.
```
Revision 23732 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 24 17:17:34 2001 UTC (19 years ago) by manus
```Removed references to Eiffel 4.
```
Revision 23721 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 23 21:52:02 2001 UTC (19 years ago) by pichery
```Added precompilation wizard resources.
```
Revision 23717 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jan 19 17:16:53 2001 UTC (19 years ago) by manus
```Changed font size of the comments to 80%.
```
Revision 23711 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jan 18 01:51:16 2001 UTC (19 years ago) by etienne
```Added png files with plain background to delivery.
```
Revision 23692 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Jan 13 00:11:36 2001 UTC (19 years ago) by raphaels
```Cosmetics
```
Revision 23689 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jan 12 22:00:21 2001 UTC (19 years ago) by xavier
```Icons for the call stack.
```
Revision 23677 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jan 10 19:45:07 2001 UTC (19 years ago) by manus
```Added rule for string_url.
```
Revision 23667 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Dec 29 15:10:24 2000 UTC (19 years ago) by pichery
```Cosmetics
```
Revision 23666 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Dec 29 13:32:57 2000 UTC (19 years ago) by pichery
```Replace "MyProject" with the real project name.
```
Revision 23665 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Dec 29 13:09:57 2000 UTC (19 years ago) by pichery
```Fixed bugs due to changes in Vision2.
```
Revision 23664 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 28 19:21:42 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```New icons for the context tool back/forth commands.
```
Revision 23663 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 27 01:28:01 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by etienne
```Changed "EIFFEL4" into "EIFFEL5".
```
Revision 23655 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 20 01:55:04 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by manus
```Added newlines.
```
Revision 23654 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 20 01:44:32 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by manus
```Removed.
```
Revision 23653 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 20 01:43:55 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by manus
```Added first line and footer.
```
Revision 23651 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Dec 19 17:57:53 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by pichery
```Improved the Vision2 wizard code generation
```
Revision 23650 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Dec 19 17:41:57 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by pichery
```Improved the WEL wizard code generation
```
Revision 23640 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Dec 19 00:15:30 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by gauthier
```Added first line and footer.
```
Revision 23636 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 18 18:38:49 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by etienne
```Added new icons.
```
Revision 23634 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 18 18:19:37 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by etienne
```Added xpm icons with plain background.
```
Revision 23627 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 18 17:23:43 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by pichery
```Adding Vision2 wizard
```
Revision 23622 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Dec 16 00:46:14 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```New icons for the diagram.
```
Revision 23621 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Dec 15 23:59:27 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```New icon for the "new metric" buttons.
```
Revision 23617 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 14 16:45:54 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by pichery
```Improved wizards
```
Revision 23616 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 14 16:41:35 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by pichery
```Improved thermometer
```
Revision 23613 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 14 01:38:16 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```New icons to send the stone to the context tool.
```
Revision 23591 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 11 18:06:25 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by pichery
```Added Wizard wizard.
```
Revision 23587 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Dec 9 02:11:04 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```Added and modified the icons indicating the position of the execution in
the debugged features.
```
Revision 23566 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 7 02:06:14 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by raphaels
```Renamed as "index.fil"
```
Revision 23565 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 7 02:06:03 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by raphaels
```Renamed as "documentation.fil"
```
Revision 23564 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Dec 7 02:05:30 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by raphaels
```Filters used for documentation.
```
Revision 23563 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 6 16:37:49 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by pichery
```Adding "new project" wizards
```
Revision 23530 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Dec 5 01:53:21 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```Icons do not swell any more when changing from gray to color or vice versa.
```
Revision 23510 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Dec 4 22:11:37 2000 UTC (19 years, 1 month ago) by xavier
```Put less antialiasing on those icons.
```
Revision 23483 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Nov 28 01:40:54 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by xavier
```Modified the ace icon
```
Revision 23474 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 22 15:34:48 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by pichery
```Added 32x32 icons for the starting dialog.
```
Revision 23473 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 22 15:34:02 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by pichery
```Slightly changed the icon.
```
Revision 23470 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Nov 20 20:15:30 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by xavier
```Modified the object cursor
```
Revision 23469 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Nov 20 20:14:53 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by xavier
```Cursors for the errors (not handled as far as I know)
```
Revision 23468 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Nov 20 17:43:47 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by xavier
```Icons for the debugger
```
Revision 23446 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Nov 14 12:48:56 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by pichery
```New icons for progress bar.
```
Revision 23410 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Nov 6 18:28:19 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by xavier
```All text icons now have the same size, in order to prevent having an image list
per icon
```
Revision 23390 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Nov 3 00:07:18 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by raphaels
```Filters used by documentation tool.
```
Revision 23389 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Nov 2 23:43:19 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by raphaels
```Added basic text token.
```
Revision 23380 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Nov 1 00:59:27 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by xavier
```Modified all debug icons and added an open_file icon
```
Revision 23368 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 31 22:50:41 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```New shell icon.
```
Revision 23366 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 31 22:42:11 2000 UTC (19 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```Removed gif images from xpm cluster.
```
Revision 23349 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Oct 27 17:10:06 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```Fixed a small bug
```
Revision 23342 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Oct 26 22:39:35 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```Forbidden cluster stone.
```
Revision 23339 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 24 23:48:16 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by gauthier
```Default invariant is not empty any more.
```
Revision 23324 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Oct 19 22:17:31 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```Icon for the "remove but do not delete" command.
```
Revision 23232 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Oct 7 03:06:44 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```Icon to localize a class or a cluster in the cluster tree.
```
Revision 23231 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Oct 7 02:46:16 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```The icon was too light (but now it is tooo dark :(
```
Revision 23230 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat Oct 7 02:45:36 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```Added an icon for breakpoint information.
```
Revision 23229 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Oct 6 00:27:19 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```New icons
```
Revision 23227 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Oct 5 17:25:41 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```Icons for the system information command.
```
Revision 23226 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Oct 5 17:24:42 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```Gray was not gray on this icon.
```
Revision 23223 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 3 17:59:00 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```new icon for metrics
```
Revision 23222 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Oct 3 17:48:42 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```New icons for metric view.
```
Revision 23218 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 29 22:12:57 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by xavier
```New icons by Arnaud.
```
Revision 23217 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 29 01:49:31 2000 UTC (19 years, 3 months ago) by eweasel
```Fixed bad integrated file
```
Revision 23216 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 27 23:38:17 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Icons to delete a view on the context diagram.
```
Revision 23215 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 27 21:06:33 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Made the icons 16*16 instead of 20*20.
```
Revision 23214 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Sep 27 20:39:57 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Icons for the context diagram.
```
Revision 23212 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Sep 26 19:09:42 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Icons for the command history.
```
Revision 23171 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 21 16:47:47 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Icon to get rid of icons in dialog boxes.
```
Revision 23169 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 21 01:38:18 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Added icons for the breakpoint commands and the new* ones.
```
Revision 23168 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 21 01:36:11 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Fixed the cluster tool icon that used to resize when gaining/losing focus.
```
Revision 23163 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 15 23:21:52 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Added the -kb option...
```
Revision 23162 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 15 23:20:54 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Forgot the -kb option >:-\
```
Revision 23161 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 15 23:19:10 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Re-added the icons with the -kb option.
```
Revision 23160 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 15 23:17:36 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Forgot the -kb :-\
```
Revision 23159 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 15 22:58:26 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```New hourglass cursor.
Only temporary: the default window hourglass is better.
```
Revision 23158 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 15 22:57:27 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```New pixmaps for new commands.
```
Revision 23138 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Sep 11 17:01:22 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Added color and 16 colors format.
```
Revision 23132 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Sep 8 00:04:33 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by etienne
```Corrected a case problem with unix platforms cursor names
```
Revision 23131 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 7 23:58:32 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by delivery
```Added missing icons for unix platforms
```
Revision 23130 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 7 23:56:17 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by etienne
```Added missing cursors for unix platforms
```
Revision 23127 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 7 17:44:06 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Added diagram cursors.
```
Revision 23126 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 7 17:31:53 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Added a diagram icon
```
Revision 23125 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 7 17:31:15 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Added debugging icons.
```
Revision 23124 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 7 17:13:25 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```New Icons for system tool.
```
Revision 23123 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 7 17:12:27 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by xavier
```Added cursors.
```
Revision 23122 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Sep 7 00:37:31 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by delivery
```Added missing icons for unix platforms
```
Revision 23120 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Sep 5 21:57:56 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by eweasel
```New error for precompiled library. Now you can have only one per Ace file.
```
Revision 23119 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Sep 5 21:51:11 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by eweasel
```Plain bitmap of ISE power with no `New Debugger' mention.
```
Revision 23118 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Sep 5 21:49:12 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by eweasel
```Added debugger dynamic evaluation icon.
```
Revision 23110 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Aug 31 02:27:37 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```New icon for zoom in EiffelCase.
```
Revision 23099 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 29 16:13:35 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Put back all old bitmaps
```
Revision 23098 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 29 15:59:14 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```New about bitmap for EiffelBench.
```
Revision 23097 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 29 15:44:25 2000 UTC (19 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Added new icons in binary format.
```
Revision 23095 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Aug 29 00:29:10 2000 UTC (19 years, 5 months ago) by brendel
```New Vision 2 version bitmaps.
```
Revision 23094 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Aug 28 23:59:10 2000 UTC (19 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Rescucite dead icons.
```
Revision 23093 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Aug 28 23:40:55 2000 UTC (19 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```New bitmap files for Windows 2000
```
Revision 23092 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Aug 28 23:34:32 2000 UTC (19 years, 5 months ago) by manus
```Not needed anymore.
```
Revision 23089 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Aug 25 21:48:06 2000 UTC (19 years, 5 months ago) by brendel
```Renamed.
```
Revision 23088 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Aug 25 19:26:06 2000 UTC (19 years, 5 months ago) by brendel
```Added "Go to: " at the class text field.
```
Revision 23087 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Aug 25 19:21:45 2000 UTC (19 years, 5 months ago) by brendel
```Now refined.
```
Revision 23086 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Aug 24 23:32:07 2000 UTC (19 years, 5 months ago) by brendel
```New color scheme as discussed with Bertrand; still to be refined.
```
Revision 22902 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jul 5 18:46:34 2000 UTC (19 years, 6 months ago) by brendel
```Added tooltip which is displayed on features in class charts.
Hiding origin_comment because the information is already in the tooltip
and puts too much information on the screen.
```
Revision 22901 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jul 5 18:44:25 2000 UTC (19 years, 6 months ago) by brendel
```Added description for tooltip and origin_comment.
```
Revision 22890 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jun 30 21:40:02 2000 UTC (19 years, 6 months ago) by marina
```Filter for COOL: Jex reverse engineering.
```
Revision 22851 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 20 15:28:20 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```New bitmap for EiffelBench Vision2
```
Revision 22850 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 20 15:27:51 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by manus
```New Icon for EiffelBench Vision 2
```
Revision 22817 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Jun 14 20:58:03 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by brendel
```Added header and footer.
```
Revision 22812 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 13 01:19:43 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by brendel
```Added items for non-generated links.
```
Revision 22811 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jun 13 01:19:16 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by brendel
```Added entries for non-generated links.
```
Revision 22810 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 12 22:14:08 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by brendel
```Revised standard HTML output with feature links, red comments,
HTML meta info and quoted text.
```
Revision 22809 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jun 12 22:13:06 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by brendel
```Re-added the old HTML filter for nostalgic purposes.
```
Revision 22769 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 8 22:52:51 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by brendel
```Added hyperlinking items example.
```
Revision 22768 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 8 22:19:13 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by brendel
```Updated for revised filtered generation.
```
Revision 22766 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 8 20:50:33 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by brendel
```Stylesheet for use with html-css.fil.
```
Revision 22765 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jun 8 20:50:09 2000 UTC (19 years, 7 months ago) by brendel
```New HTML filter using stylesheet default.css.
```
Revision 22721 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu May 25 21:43:42 2000 UTC (19 years, 8 months ago) by marina
```Filter for Cayenne reverse engineering tool.
```
Revision 22699 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat May 20 00:48:01 2000 UTC (19 years, 8 months ago) by manus
```Precompiled library cannot be used more than twice in a Ace file
```
Revision 22698 - Directory Listing
Modified Sat May 20 00:47:59 2000 UTC (19 years, 8 months ago) by pichery
```Added new warning: Unreferenced local variable
```
Revision 22109 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 25 00:10:52 2000 UTC (19 years, 9 months ago) by marina
```It is not used.
```
Revision 22108 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Apr 25 00:10:29 2000 UTC (19 years, 9 months ago) by marina
```Filter for E2IDL tool.
```
Revision 19255 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 15 21:20:47 1999 UTC (20 years, 1 month ago) by varsw
```New xpm files for the new debugger.
```
Revision 19254 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Dec 15 21:15:34 1999 UTC (20 years, 1 month ago) by manus
```New bitmaps for debugger.
```
Revision 19023 - Directory Listing
Modified Sun Nov 21 00:54:56 1999 UTC (20 years, 2 months ago) by manus
```New bitmap files
```
Revision 17159 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Sep 7 03:00:42 1999 UTC (20 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Use of `default_create' for the template class, so that it is now compilable.
```
Revision 17158 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Sep 7 02:57:57 1999 UTC (20 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```New error message for Struct encapsulation.
```
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Modified Tue Sep 7 02:57:27 1999 UTC (20 years, 4 months ago) by manus
```Add the COOLGEN filter.
```
Revision 15675 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 22 22:31:12 1999 UTC (20 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Clarify the error message by adding that we need a REFERENCE_TYPE in order to
create an object.
```
Revision 15674 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 22 22:30:01 1999 UTC (20 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Added a small comment to the missing precompiled library files which can be found
for Linux and Windows on our Web site.
```
Revision 15673 - Directory Listing
Modified Thu Jul 22 22:29:16 1999 UTC (20 years, 6 months ago) by manus
```Fixed a missing error message when using the subcluster mechanism from the Ace
file and that the parent cluster does not exist.
```
Revision 13939 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Apr 7 19:19:08 1999 UTC (20 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Removed the mention of 4.3 for Windows.
```
Revision 13938 - Directory Listing
Modified Wed Apr 7 19:09:38 1999 UTC (20 years, 9 months ago) by manus
```Changed the resolution to 256 colors of the splashscreen.
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Modified Fri Feb 26 03:31:09 1999 UTC (20 years, 11 months ago) by delivery
```Fixed a / vs \ problem for Unix.
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Revision 13490 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 26 03:28:51 1999 UTC (20 years, 11 months ago) by delivery
```Add a end of file.
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Revision 13489 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 26 03:28:08 1999 UTC (20 years, 11 months ago) by delivery
```New xpm file, the old one was corrupted.
```
Revision 13253 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Feb 8 22:37:44 1999 UTC (20 years, 11 months ago) by baron
```Filter to generate .bui file, from flat/short format, to import classes
within EiffelBuild.
```
Revision 12983 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 26 20:33:56 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by delivery
```New lace error NOT DEFINED IN ETL: empty ace file.
```
Revision 12694 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jan 18 19:04:47 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```New icons for the new version 4.3
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Revision 12684 - Directory Listing
Modified Mon Jan 18 18:03:19 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```Slighlty modified version of the Precursor rule which now specified that the
routine is effective in C.
```
Revision 12591 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:54:51 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```Missing files of the Unix delivery which were present in the Windows one.
```
Revision 12590 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:46:48 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```Information file for those who would like to add their own profiler.
```
Revision 12587 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:37:36 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```Initial revision
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Revision 12586 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:31:13 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```Changed the name of the column from `descendent' to `descendant'
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Revision 12585 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:29:01 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```New constraint rules.
```
Revision 12584 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:26:01 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```New creation rule which handles the case of creation of formal parameter generic.
```
Revision 12583 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:24:19 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```New Precursor rules (with version 4.3) which fixes some ambiguities
that one can have with the previous implementation (4.2)
```
Revision 12582 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:22:41 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```New Ace file with subclusters
```
Revision 12581 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:11:36 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```New error message for the creation of constraint generic parameter.
```
Revision 12580 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:09:08 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```Split the VJRV rule into two subrules: VJRV1, VJRV2. The first one has the same
meaning has before. The second one is for formal generic parameter, because we
cannot allow a reverse assignment, however the error message was not explicit
enough.
```
Revision 12579 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:03:59 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```Now, it is possible to create an object of the generic parameter type if
there is a creation constraint clause. (Available with 4.3)
```
Revision 12578 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 02:02:51 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```New Precursor rules (implemented in 4.3) which are different from the first
implementation of Precursor in Eiffel 4.2
```
Revision 12577 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 01:57:05 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```Fix version number
```
Revision 12576 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 01:56:20 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```New default class
```
Revision 12575 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 01:55:19 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```New filter which does the same thing as the ASCII one, except
that it generates a ".e" extension instead of a ".txt".
```
Revision 12574 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Jan 12 00:38:46 1999 UTC (21 years ago) by manus
```New html syntax to print in bold and italic Eiffel keywords
Changed the name of `template.fil' into `format.fil-template' so that
it is not taken for a correct filter.
```
Revision 9240 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 20 01:19:40 1998 UTC (21 years, 11 months ago) by delivery
```Added the error messages for the `precursor' keyword
```
Revision 9239 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Feb 20 01:06:54 1998 UTC (21 years, 11 months ago) by delivery
```Cosmetics
Added the precursor error messages
```
Revision 9078 - Directory Listing
Modified Fri Jan 30 05:01:25 1998 UTC (21 years, 11 months ago) by delivery
```Make the pixmap nicer on UNIX
Fixed the version number when iconified
```
Revision 8491 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Nov 11 18:07:21 1997 UTC (22 years, 2 months ago) by delivery
```removed unneceessary bitmaps
```
Revision 8489 - Directory Listing
Modified Tue Nov 11 18:04:36 1997 UTC (22 years, 2 months ago) by delivery
```Renamed darksave.xpm to modified.xpm
```
Revision 8441 - Directory Listing
Added Tue Nov 4 00:32:42 1997 UTC (22 years, 2 months ago) by samik
```Initial revision
```
ViewVC Help Powered by ViewVC 1.1.23
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https://www.acmicpc.net/problem/5168
|
시간 제한 메모리 제한 제출 정답 맞은 사람 정답 비율
7 초 128 MB 0 0 0 0.000%
## 문제
Zebras are very social animals. Like other members of the horse family, they form groups that tend to stick together and hang out fairly regularly, though not exclusively. (Humans also come to mind in this respect.) Lately, researchers have been trying to understand just how the communities of zebras evolve over time, what triggers changes, and so forth. Of course, all they have to go by is observations of where the zebras are over time. From that, we’d like to figure out what are the most natural groups. The assumptions are that (a) if a zebra is part of a group, it tends to spend time close to others in that group, (b) if a zebra is not part of a group, it tends to spend time further away from others in that group, and (c) zebras don’t change their group membership very often.
Let’s make this more precise. You will be given a sequence of observations of zebras. For each observation time, you will have the exact location of each zebra. The distance between two zebras is exactly their Euclidean (straight-line) distance. We assume that there are exactly two groups of zebras in the herd, and will denote them by two colors. What we want to do is color each zebra either red or blue for each time step, expressing membership to one or the other group. To express assumption (c) above, we will assess a penalty of some given number c every time a zebra changes colors. To express assumptions (a) and (b), we look at the distance d(i, j) between every pair i, j of zebras. If i and j are of the same color, then we assess a penalty of a · d(i, j) for this pair. If i and j are of opposite colors, then we assess a penalty of −b · d(i, j) (i.e., we give a bonus).
Thus, if you are given a proposed labeling of all zebras with either red or blue for each time step, you can compute how good an explanation of zebra activity it is. Your goal is to find the best possible labeling, in the sense that it has the smallest possible total penalty. But you’ll only need to output the total penalty of the labeling, not the labeling itself.
## 입력
The first line is the number K of input data sets, followed by the K data sets, each of the following form:
The first line of each data set contains two integers z, t, the number of zebras 2 ≤ z ≤ 10, and the number of time steps 2 ≤ t ≤ 50. Next comes a line with three floating point numbers a, b, c ≥ 0, the penalty multipliers. This is followed by t lines, describing zebra positions. Each line contains 2z floating point numbers, giving the positions of the zebras in the form x1 y1 x2 y2 . . . xz yz. The first line contains the positions at time 1, the second line at time 2, and so forth.
## 출력
For each data set, output “Data Set x:” on a line by itself, where x is its number. On the next line, output the minimum penalty that can be achieved by any grouping over time of the zebras, rounded to two decimals. Each data set should be followed by a blank line.
## 예제 입력
1
5 10
1.0 1.0 20.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 10.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 8.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 9.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 9.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 9.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.5
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 9.0 1.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.5
## 예제 출력
Data Set 1:
-476.30
|
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https://www.tidymass.org/learn/models/sub-sampling/
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# Subsampling for class imbalances
## Learning objective
Improve model performance in imbalanced data sets through undersampling or oversampling.
## Introduction
To use the code in this article, you will need to install the following packages: discrim, klaR, readr, ROSE, themis, and tidymodels.
Subsampling a training set, either undersampling or oversampling the appropriate class or classes, can be a helpful approach to dealing with classification data where one or more classes occur very infrequently. In such a situation (without compensating for it), most models will overfit to the majority class and produce very good statistics for the class containing the frequently occurring classes while the minority classes have poor performance.
This article describes subsampling for dealing with class imbalances. For better understanding, some knowledge of classification metrics like sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic curves is required. See Section 3.2.2 in Kuhn and Johnson (2019) for more information on these metrics.
## Simulated data
Consider a two-class problem where the first class has a very low rate of occurrence. The data were simulated and can be imported into R using the code below:
imbal_data <-
mutate(Class = factor(Class))
dim(imbal_data)
#> [1] 1200 16
table(imbal_data\$Class)
#>
#> Class1 Class2
#> 60 1140
If “Class1” is the event of interest, it is very likely that a classification model would be able to achieve very good specificity since almost all of the data are of the second class. Sensitivity, however, would likely be poor since the models will optimize accuracy (or other loss functions) by predicting everything to be the majority class.
One result of class imbalance when there are two classes is that the default probability cutoff of 50% is inappropriate; a different cutoff that is more extreme might be able to achieve good performance.
## Subsampling the data
One way to alleviate this issue is to subsample the data. There are a number of ways to do this but the most simple one is to sample down (undersample) the majority class data until it occurs with the same frequency as the minority class. While it may seem counterintuitive, throwing out a large percentage of your data can be effective at producing a useful model that can recognize both the majority and minority classes. In some cases, this even means that the overall performance of the model is better (e.g. improved area under the ROC curve). However, subsampling almost always produces models that are better calibrated, meaning that the distributions of the class probabilities are more well behaved. As a result, the default 50% cutoff is much more likely to produce better sensitivity and specificity values than they would otherwise.
Let’s explore subsampling using themis::step_rose() in a recipe for the simulated data. It uses the ROSE (random over sampling examples) method from Menardi, G. and Torelli, N. (2014). This is an example of an oversampling strategy, rather than undersampling.
In terms of workflow:
• It is extremely important that subsampling occurs inside of resampling. Otherwise, the resampling process can produce poor estimates of model performance.
• The subsampling process should only be applied to the analysis set. The assessment set should reflect the event rates seen “in the wild” and, for this reason, the skip argument to step_downsample() and other subsampling recipes steps has a default of TRUE.
Here is a simple recipe implementing oversampling:
library(tidymodels)
library(themis)
imbal_rec <-
recipe(Class ~ ., data = imbal_data) %>%
step_rose(Class)
For a model, let’s use a quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) model. From the discrim package, this model can be specified using:
library(discrim)
qda_mod <-
discrim_regularized(frac_common_cov = 0, frac_identity = 0) %>%
set_engine("klaR")
To keep these objects bound together, they can be combined in a workflow:
qda_rose_wflw <-
workflow() %>%
qda_rose_wflw
#> ══ Workflow ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
#> Preprocessor: Recipe
#> Model: discrim_regularized()
#>
#> ── Preprocessor ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> 1 Recipe Step
#>
#> ● step_rose()
#>
#> ── Model ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> Regularized Discriminant Model Specification (classification)
#>
#> Main Arguments:
#> frac_common_cov = 0
#> frac_identity = 0
#>
#> Computational engine: klaR
## Model performance
Stratified, repeated 10-fold cross-validation is used to resample the model:
set.seed(5732)
cv_folds <- vfold_cv(imbal_data, strata = "Class", repeats = 5)
To measure model performance, let’s use two metrics:
• The area under the ROC curve is an overall assessment of performance across all cutoffs. Values near one indicate very good results while values near 0.5 would imply that the model is very poor.
• The J index (a.k.a. Youden’s J statistic) is sensitivity + specificity - 1. Values near one are once again best.
If a model is poorly calibrated, the ROC curve value might not show diminished performance. However, the J index would be lower for models with pathological distributions for the class probabilities. The yardstick package will be used to compute these metrics.
cls_metrics <- metric_set(roc_auc, j_index)
Now, we train the models and generate the results using tune::fit_resamples():
set.seed(2180)
qda_rose_res <- fit_resamples(
qda_rose_wflw,
resamples = cv_folds,
metrics = cls_metrics
)
collect_metrics(qda_rose_res)
#> # A tibble: 2 x 6
#> .metric .estimator mean n std_err .config
#> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <chr>
#> 1 j_index binary 0.761 50 0.0210 Preprocessor1_Model1
#> 2 roc_auc binary 0.949 50 0.00505 Preprocessor1_Model1
What do the results look like without using ROSE? We can create another workflow and fit the QDA model along the same resamples:
qda_wflw <-
workflow() %>%
set.seed(2180)
qda_only_res <- fit_resamples(qda_wflw, resamples = cv_folds, metrics = cls_metrics)
collect_metrics(qda_only_res)
#> # A tibble: 2 x 6
#> .metric .estimator mean n std_err .config
#> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <chr>
#> 1 j_index binary 0.250 50 0.0288 Preprocessor1_Model1
#> 2 roc_auc binary 0.953 50 0.00479 Preprocessor1_Model1
It looks like ROSE helped a lot, especially with the J-index. Class imbalance sampling methods tend to greatly improve metrics based on the hard class predictions (i.e., the categorical predictions) because the default cutoff tends to be a better balance of sensitivity and specificity.
Let’s plot the metrics for each resample to see how the individual results changed.
no_sampling <-
qda_only_res %>%
collect_metrics(summarize = FALSE) %>%
dplyr::select(-.estimator) %>%
mutate(sampling = "no_sampling")
with_sampling <-
qda_rose_res %>%
collect_metrics(summarize = FALSE) %>%
dplyr::select(-.estimator) %>%
mutate(sampling = "rose")
bind_rows(no_sampling, with_sampling) %>%
mutate(label = paste(id2, id)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = sampling, y = .estimate, group = label)) +
geom_line(alpha = .4) +
facet_wrap(~ .metric, scales = "free_y")
This visually demonstrates that the subsampling mostly affects metrics that use the hard class predictions.
## Session information
#> ─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> setting value
#> version R version 4.0.3 (2020-10-10)
#> os macOS Mojave 10.14.6
#> system x86_64, darwin17.0
#> ui X11
#> language (EN)
#> collate en_US.UTF-8
#> ctype en_US.UTF-8
#> tz America/Denver
#> date 2020-12-07
#>
#> ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> package * version date lib source
#> broom * 0.7.2 2020-10-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> dials * 0.0.9 2020-09-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> discrim * 0.1.1 2020-10-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> dplyr * 1.0.2 2020-08-18 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> ggplot2 * 3.3.2 2020-06-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0)
#> infer * 0.5.3 2020-07-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0)
#> klaR * 0.6-15 2020-02-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0)
#> parsnip * 0.1.4 2020-10-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> purrr * 0.3.4 2020-04-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0)
#> readr * 1.4.0 2020-10-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> recipes * 0.1.15 2020-11-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> rlang * 0.4.9 2020-11-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> ROSE * 0.0-3 2014-07-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0)
#> rsample * 0.0.8 2020-09-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> themis * 0.1.3 2020-11-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.3)
#> tibble * 3.0.4 2020-10-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> tidymodels * 0.1.2 2020-11-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> tune * 0.1.2 2020-11-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.3)
#> workflows * 0.2.1 2020-10-08 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#> yardstick * 0.0.7 2020-07-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2)
#>
#> [1] /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library
Contents
Resources
Don’t hesitate to reach us out if you have any questions!
Hear the latest about tidymass packages at the tidyvmass news.
|
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|
https://www.physics.wisc.edu/events/?date=2017-09-26&name=HE%2FCosmo
|
# Theory Seminar (High Energy/Cosmology)
<< Summer 2017 Fall 2017 Spring 2018 >>
Subscribe your calendar or receive email announcements of events
### Events on Tuesday, September 26th, 2017
Weak gravity conjecture, Multiple point principle and standard model landscape
Time: 3:30 pm
Place: 5280 Chamberlin
Speaker: Yuta Hamada, University of Wisconsin-Madison & KEK Theory Center
Abstract: The requirement for an ultraviolet completable theory to be well-behaved upon compacti cation has been suggested as a guiding principle for distinguishing the landscape from the swampland. Motivated by the weak gravity conjecture and the multiple point principle, we investigate the vacuum structure of the standard model compacti ed on S^1 and T^2. The measured value of the Higgs mass implies, in addition to the electroweak vacuum, the existence of a new vacuum where the Higgs eld value is around the Planck scale. We explore two- and three-dimensional critical points of the moduli potential arising from compacti cations of the electroweak vacuum as well as this high scale vacuum, in the presence of Majorana/Dirac neutrinos and/or axions. We point out potential sources of instability for these lower dimensional critical points in the standard model landscape. We also point out that a high scale AdS_4 vacuum of the Standard Model, if exists, would be at odd with the conjecture that all non-supersymmetric AdS vacua are unstable. We argue that, if we require a degeneracy between three- and four-dimensional vacua as suggested by the multiple point principle, the neutrinos are predicted to be Dirac, with the mass of the lightest neutrino O(1-10) meV, which may be tested by future CMB, large scale structure and 21cm line observations.
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http://www.cleveralgorithms.com/nature-inspired/evolution/evolutionary_programming.html
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# Clever Algorithms: Nature-Inspired Programming Recipes
By Jason Brownlee PhD
This is the ad-supported version of the book. Buy it now if you like it.
# Evolutionary Programming
Evolutionary Programming, EP.
## Taxonomy
Evolutionary Programming is a Global Optimization algorithm and is an instance of an Evolutionary Algorithm from the field of Evolutionary Computation. The approach is a sibling of other Evolutionary Algorithms such as the Genetic Algorithm, and Learning Classifier Systems. It is sometimes confused with Genetic Programming given the similarity in name, and more recently it shows a strong functional similarity to Evolution Strategies.
## Inspiration
Evolutionary Programming is inspired by the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Specifically, the technique is inspired by macro-level or the species-level process of evolution (phenotype, hereditary, variation) and is not concerned with the genetic mechanisms of evolution (genome, chromosomes, genes, alleles).
## Metaphor
A population of a species reproduce, creating progeny with small phenotypical variation. The progeny and the parents compete based on their suitability to the environment, where the generally more fit members constitute the subsequent generation and are provided with the opportunity to reproduce themselves. This process repeats, improving the adaptive fit between the species and the environment.
## Strategy
The objective of the Evolutionary Programming algorithm is to maximize the suitability of a collection of candidate solutions in the context of an objective function from the domain. This objective is pursued by using an adaptive model with surrogates for the processes of evolution, specifically hereditary (reproduction with variation) under competition. The representation used for candidate solutions is directly assessable by a cost or objective function from the domain.
## Procedure
Algorithm (below) provides a pseudocode listing of the Evolutionary Programming algorithm for minimizing a cost function.
Input: $Population_{size}$, ProblemSize, BoutSize
Output: $S_{best}$
Population $\leftarrow$ InitializePopulation($Population_{size}$, ProblemSize)
EvaluatePopulation(Population)
$S_{best}$ $\leftarrow$ GetBestSolution(Population)
While ($\neg$StopCondition())
Children $\leftarrow \emptyset$
For ($Parent_{i}$ $\in$ Population)
$Child_{i}$ $\leftarrow$ Mutate($Parent_{i}$)
Children $\leftarrow$ $Child_{i}$
End
EvaluatePopulation(Children)
$S_{best}$ $\leftarrow$ GetBestSolution(Children, $S_{best}$)
Union $\leftarrow$ Population + Children
For ($S_{i}$ $\in$ Union)
For ($1$ To BoutSize)
$S_{j}$ $\leftarrow$ RandomSelection(Union)
If (Cost($S_{i}$) < Cost($S_{j}$))
$Si_{wins}$ $\leftarrow$ $Si_{wins}$ + 1
End
End
End
Population $\leftarrow$ SelectBestByWins(Union, $Population_{size}$)
End
Return ($S_{best}$)
Pseudocode for Evolutionary Programming.
## Heuristics
• The representation for candidate solutions should be domain specific, such as real numbers for continuous function optimization.
• The sample size (bout size) for tournament selection during competition is commonly between 5% and 10% of the population size.
• Evolutionary Programming traditionally only uses the mutation operator to create new candidate solutions from existing candidate solutions. The crossover operator that is used in some other Evolutionary Algorithms is not employed in Evolutionary Programming.
• Evolutionary Programming is concerned with the linkage between parent and child candidate solutions and is not concerned with surrogates for genetic mechanisms.
• Continuous function optimization is a popular application for the approach, where real-valued representations are used with a Gaussian-based mutation operator.
• The mutation-specific parameters used in the application of the algorithm to continuous function optimization can be adapted in concert with the candidate solutions [Fogel1991a].
## Code Listing
Listing (below) provides an example of the Evolutionary Programming algorithm implemented in the Ruby Programming Language. The demonstration problem is an instance of a continuous function optimization that seeks $\min f(x)$ where $f=\sum_{i=1}^n x_{i}^2$, $-5.0\leq x_i \leq 5.0$ and $n=2$. The optimal solution for this basin function is $(v_0,\ldots,v_{n-1})=0.0$. The algorithm is an implementation of Evolutionary Programming based on the classical implementation for continuous function optimization by Fogel et al. [Fogel1991a] with per-variable adaptive variance based on Fogel's description for a self-adaptive variation on page 160 of his 1995 book [Fogel1995].
def objective_function(vector)
return vector.inject(0.0) {|sum, x| sum + (x ** 2.0)}
end
def random_vector(minmax)
return Array.new(minmax.size) do |i|
minmax[i][0] + ((minmax[i][1] - minmax[i][0]) * rand())
end
end
def random_gaussian(mean=0.0, stdev=1.0)
u1 = u2 = w = 0
begin
u1 = 2 * rand() - 1
u2 = 2 * rand() - 1
w = u1 * u1 + u2 * u2
end while w >= 1
w = Math.sqrt((-2.0 * Math.log(w)) / w)
return mean + (u2 * w) * stdev
end
def mutate(candidate, search_space)
child = {:vector=>[], :strategy=>[]}
candidate[:vector].each_with_index do |v_old, i|
s_old = candidate[:strategy][i]
v = v_old + s_old * random_gaussian()
v = search_space[i][0] if v < search_space[i][0]
v = search_space[i][1] if v > search_space[i][1]
child[:vector] << v
child[:strategy] << s_old + random_gaussian() * s_old.abs**0.5
end
return child
end
def tournament(candidate, population, bout_size)
candidate[:wins] = 0
bout_size.times do |i|
other = population[rand(population.size)]
candidate[:wins] += 1 if candidate[:fitness] < other[:fitness]
end
end
def init_population(minmax, pop_size)
strategy = Array.new(minmax.size) do |i|
[0, (minmax[i][1]-minmax[i][0]) * 0.05]
end
pop = Array.new(pop_size, {})
pop.each_index do |i|
pop[i][:vector] = random_vector(minmax)
pop[i][:strategy] = random_vector(strategy)
end
pop.each{|c| c[:fitness] = objective_function(c[:vector])}
return pop
end
def search(max_gens, search_space, pop_size, bout_size)
population = init_population(search_space, pop_size)
population.each{|c| c[:fitness] = objective_function(c[:vector])}
best = population.sort{|x,y| x[:fitness] <=> y[:fitness]}.first
max_gens.times do |gen|
children = Array.new(pop_size) {|i| mutate(population[i], search_space)}
children.each{|c| c[:fitness] = objective_function(c[:vector])}
children.sort!{|x,y| x[:fitness] <=> y[:fitness]}
best = children.first if children.first[:fitness] < best[:fitness]
union = children+population
union.each{|c| tournament(c, union, bout_size)}
union.sort!{|x,y| y[:wins] <=> x[:wins]}
population = union.first(pop_size)
puts " > gen #{gen}, fitness=#{best[:fitness]}"
end
return best
end
if __FILE__ == \$0
# problem configuration
problem_size = 2
search_space = Array.new(problem_size) {|i| [-5, +5]}
# algorithm configuration
max_gens = 200
pop_size = 100
bout_size = 5
# execute the algorithm
best = search(max_gens, search_space, pop_size, bout_size)
puts "done! Solution: f=#{best[:fitness]}, s=#{best[:vector].inspect}"
end
Evolutionary Programming in Ruby
## References
### Primary Sources
Evolutionary Programming was developed by Lawrence Fogel, outlined in early papers (such as [Fogel1962]) and later became the focus of his PhD dissertation [Fogel1964]. Fogel focused on the use of an evolutionary process for the development of control systems using Finite State Machine (FSM) representations. Fogel's early work on Evolutionary Programming culminated in a book (co-authored with Owens and Walsh) that elaborated the approach, focusing on the evolution of state machines for the prediction of symbols in time series data [Fogel1966].
The field of Evolutionary Programming lay relatively dormant for 30 years until it was revived by Fogel's son, David. Early works considered the application of Evolutionary Programming to control systems [Sebald1990], and later function optimization (system identification) culminating in a book on the approach [Fogel1991], and David Fogel's PhD dissertation [Fogel1992]. Lawrence Fogel collaborated in the revival of the technique, including reviews [Fogel1990] [Fogel1994] and extensions on what became the focus of the approach on function optimization [Fogel1991a].
Yao et al. provide a seminal study of Evolutionary Programming proposing an extension and racing it against the classical approach on a large number of test problems [Yao1999]. Finally, Porto provides an excellent contemporary overview of the field and the technique [Porto2000].
## Bibliography
[Fogel1962] L. J. Fogel, "Autonomous automata", Industrial Research, 1962. [Fogel1964] L. J. Fogel, "On the Organization of Intellect", [PhD Thesis] UCLA, 1964. [Fogel1966] L. J. Fogel and A. J. Owens and M. J. Walsh, "Artificial Intelligence Through Simulated Evolution", Wiley, 1966. [Fogel1990] L. J. Fogel, "The Future of Evolutionary Programming", in Proceedings of the Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 1990. [Fogel1991] D. B. Fogel, "System Identification Through Simulated Evolution: A Machine Learning Approach to Modeling", Needham Heights, 1991. [Fogel1991a] D. B. Fogel and L. J. Fogel and J. W. Atmar, "Meta-evolutionary programming", in Proceedings 25th Asilomar Conf. Signals, Systems, and Computers, 1991. [Fogel1992] D. B. Fogel, "Evolving artificial intelligence", [PhD Thesis] University of California, San Diego, CA, USA, 1992. [Fogel1994] L. J. Fogel, "Evolutionary Programming in Perspective: the Top-down View", in Computational Intelligence: Imitating Life, pages 135–146, IEEE Press, 1994. [Fogel1995] D. B. Fogel, "Evolutionary computation: Toward a new philosophy of machine intelligence", IEEE Press, 1995. [Porto2000] V. W. Porto, "10: Evolutionary Programming", in Evolutionary Computation 1: Basic Algorithms and Operations, pages 89–102, IoP Press, 2000. [Sebald1990] A. V. Sebald and D. B. Fogel, "Design of SLAYR neural networks using evolutionary programming", in Proceedings of the 24th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 1990. [Yao1999] X. Yao and Y. Liu and G. Lin, "Evolutionary programming made faster", IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1999.
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https://motls.blogspot.com/2017/01/klaus-on-shevarnadzes-rt-show.html?m=0
|
## Friday, January 13, 2017 ... //
### Klaus on Shevarnadze's RT show
Viewers with common sense can distinguish the nuances
Czech ex-president Václav Klaus traveled to Moscow because Russian became another language in which his and his aide Weigl's recently penned book about the "Migration Period v2.0" (which has a removal van on the cover in Czech and some other languages which use the same word for migration and moving) so he used the opportunity to give an interview for SophieCo, an RT show.
Web page of the show and transcript, YouTube backup
In Fall 2015, he already talked to RT's Oksana Boyko at the Worlds Apart show. I think that both young women do their job very well but both have shown some kind of unfamiliarity with the intellectual discourse that Klaus and similar people represent.
Sophie Shevarnadze, the granddaughter of the well-known Soviet minister of foreign affairs Eduard Sh., is considered the hottest woman in Russia by many people. I think she's primarily very smart and her business-like short haircut emphasized that point and reduced the room for distractions. ;-)
I like to watch these interviews. At the same moment, I would say that it was in no way a love fest. (Oksana Boyko has arguably tried to behave in a more friendly, submissive way but Shevarnadze decided to behave as a tough, perhaps even hostile, professional.) Those who accuse Klaus and others of being puppets of Russia etc. could have noticed. I think that a sensitive and intelligent viewer must have detected dozens of clear places where Klaus and Shevarnadze weren't on the same frequency.
Before I get to those serious points, let me mention some trivialities. Klaus sometimes tells stories whose extra message seems to be how connected to the world's most famous people he is, how Obama said something special to Klaus, and so on. I am sometimes saying similar stories in which Klaus plays the role of Obama so I am connected to the world's most powerful people with a single intermediate step.
Klaus' English sounds very comprehensible and his thinking is clear and all of it is great, especially for a person who hasn't done languages in any professional way. But there are idiosyncrasies in his English, perhaps analogous to mine. When I was giving my first seminar in the U.S. – at Ohio State University in 1998 – my Slovak friend Zuzana S. who was a "natural English speaker" – perhaps just like Sophie Shevarnadze is – was listening to my talk and wrote a list of some 100 words that I had to pronounce differently etc. (Sophie Shevarnadze is fluent in Georgian, Russian, English, and French and conversant in Italian; her pronunciation of Klaus' Czech name was also right which is also rare.)
If I were a close adviser of Klaus', I would probably try to insist on the same treatment and fixes. He uses the word "rational" very often so I would propose alternatives (similarly with "Again, ..."). Moreover, the first "a" in "rational" should be pronounced as a long one. There are numerous similar examples ("arrogance", not "arrogancy"; "th" not "dz"; "premature" is pronounced "prýməČŮŮr", NOT "PRÝmejčr"; what is changed by migration is "demographics", not "demography" – the latter is the science on the former; "awakening", not "awaning"; "curtain" is pronounced closer to "krr-ten", not "kertýn") but there's one omnipresent word that Klaus pronounces completely incorrectly: the euro. It's the "oiro". He may be doing it deliberately. The euro is pronounced "oiro" in German and Klaus speaks German very well. But in English, the "euro" is pronounced as a "jůro", like if you scream at the first cosmonaut, "Jůro Gagarine".
But let's return to the serious matters.
RT is owned by the Kremlin and it's pretty much impressive that the granddaughter of that absolutely Soviet-Georgian official ended up being this unbelievably Western and Cosmopolitan. But it's not necessarily just positive. I think that at the end, Sophie Shevarnadze is actually fairly close to the "consensus of the Western politically correct mainstream media". She's more tolerant and capable of listening but I think that at the end, her beliefs aren't that different.
In the interview, one could hear that the two people had very different opinions what is the "normal view" about lots of political questions. Shevarnadze basically assumed that every European, including Klaus, must be thinking about ways to make the EU stronger in some way. This is probably standard both in Russia and America. Both Russians and Americans find it irresistible to think of Europe as another unified power similar to themselves.
Well, Klaus doesn't want to make the European Union stronger or more unified. In his view, Europe is intrinsically heterogeneous and this unification is therefore unnatural. If the EU could be abolished or dramatically reformatted, it would be good news. Shevarnadze apparently thinks that Europe should have the common currency, the unified Schengen zone, and even a common army. Klaus considers the Euro as well as the Schengen area to be mistakes – mistakes that began to pile up starting from the 1992 Maastricht treaty. And he thinks that the common European army is a silly idea and there's even not any significant demand which is why this idea hasn't moved forward much for decades.
And the usual disagreements showed up in the discussion of the migration, too. Shevarnadze used the word "refugees" for the people who are arriving from the Muslim world to Europe. She did so pretty much automatically – it looks like she has never questioned whether it was the right description. It even looks like she has never met anyone who would question the word. Well, Klaus was correcting her. They are "migrants", not "refugees". Almost all of them could stay in their homeland – especially because most of them come from countries that aren't experience wars right now – but they simply wanted a more prosperous life which is why they chose an optimal, wealthy, generous destination for their journey. In this sense, almost all of them are "economic migrants". After all, economic considerations have been the dominant reason of people's move from one country to another for quite some time.
There have been points in which they were close, too. I don't want to claim otherwise. But even when it came to topics where they probably "generally agreed", the degrees of beliefs differed. For example, the questions and answers indicated that Klaus considers the idea that "Russia has hacked the U.S. presidential election" to be more ludicrous than what Shevarnadze thinks. This view of Klaus isn't any ad hoc novelty. He's always believed that the nations should – and ultimately do – decide about their fate. In 1948, the Czechoslovak communist coup was mainly driven by our communists just like the 1989 Velvet Revolution was mostly driven by the non-communist, often ordinary Czechoslovak people. The U.S. may have intervened in the Middle East but the internal dynamics and conflicts were always more important and the same was true in Ukraine. So the idea that the "U.S. voters couldn't have been overwritten by some Russian remote controls" isn't new – it's really just another example of a rather universal wisdom how the world works according to Klaus (and me). The world mostly respects the laws of locality. ;-)
But my point is that the number of obvious differences between Klaus and Shevarnadze is so high that the people who automatically identify the Kremlin with the RT and all the journalists at RT and all the people who have ever been interviewed by RT etc. must be incredibly stupid. They must completely misunderstand or be completely unaware of a great majority of the political questions that are relevant today – because any pair of people whom they identify as parts of the uniform "Russian puppet show" differs in roughly 50% of these topics.
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http://lmfa.ec-lyon.fr/~lmfa/spip.php?article1156&lang=fr
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# Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique - UMR 5509
LMFA - UMR 5509
Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique
Lyon
France
## Nos partenaires
Article dans J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. (2015)
## Experimental determination of the viscosity at very low shear rate for shear thinning fluids by electrocapillarity
Mohamed Hatem Allouche, Valéry Botton, Daniel Henry, Séverine Millet, R. Usha, Hamda Ben Hadid
Non-Newtonian fluids can present a complex rheological behaviour involving shear-thinning, viscoelastic or thixotropic effects. We focus here on the characterization of generalized Newtonian fluids as shear-thinning fluids. Rotational rheometers are torque-sensitive, which makes the measurement of viscosity at low shear-rates very difficult, in particular for low viscosity fluids. An accurate knowledge of this value is, however, particularly important for the characterization of several types of flows, in particular those featuring a free surface, a symmetry axis or a symmetry plane. The experimental determination of viscosity and surface tension is enabled from the propagation of attenuated capillary waves. An optical technique has been implemented in order to determine the shear-thinning viscosity at values of the shear-rate as small as $10^{−3} \mathrm{s}^{−1}$ from measurements of the spatial attenuation and wavelength. We have performed measurements on two different polymer solutions ; we show that this technique is complementary to the classical rotational rheometer techniques since it gives access to the zero shear viscosity, which could not be measured by using rotational rheometers. The present technique is thus used to characterize the Newtonian plateau, while a rotational rheometer is used to characterize the fluid behaviour at moderate to high shear rates.
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http://xml.jips-k.org/full-text/view?doi=10.3745/JIPS.04.0170
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Zhang* ** , Ma*** , and Dong****: Nonlinear Quality Indices Based on a Novel Lempel-Ziv Complexity for Assessing Quality of Multi-Lead ECGs Collected in Real Time
Nonlinear Quality Indices Based on a Novel Lempel-Ziv Complexity for Assessing Quality of Multi-Lead ECGs Collected in Real Time
Abstract: We compared a novel encoding Lempel-Ziv complexity (ELZC) with three common complexity algorithms i.e., approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SampEn), and classic Lempel-Ziv complexity (CLZC) so as to determine a satisfied complexity and its corresponding quality indices for assessing quality of multi-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). First, we calculated the aforementioned algorithms on six artificial time series in order to compare their performance in terms of discerning randomness and the inherent irregularity within time series. Then, for analyzing sensitivity of the algorithms to content level of different noises within the ECG, we investigated their change trend in five artificial synthetic noisy ECGs containing different noises at several signal noise ratios. Finally, three quality indices based on the ELZC of the multi-lead ECG were proposed to assess the quality of 862 real 12-lead ECGs from the MIT databases. The results showed the ELZC could discern randomness and the inherent irregularity within six artificial time series, and also reflect content level of different noises within five artificial synthetic ECGs. The results indicated the AUCs of three quality indices of the ELZC had statistical significance (>0.500). The ELZC and its corresponding three indices were more suitable for multi-lead ECG quality assessment than the other three algorithms.
Keywords: Complexity , ECG Quality Assessment , Encoding LZ Complexity , Entropy
1. Introduction
In practice, considerable amount of electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings collected via wearable devices and smart phones cannot be used in clinic because their quality is so poor that their main waveform cannot be identified, so the quality of ECGs needs to be classified before diagnosis [1-3].
At present, most assessing quality methods used quality indices of waveform and frequency characters of ECG. Waveform characters of ECG are firstly used to generate quality indices because the characters are easy to be identified and calculated. A simple and effective method just used quality indices of waveform characters, i.e., flat lines, saturation, baseline drift, high and low amplitude and steep slope, to classify quality of ECG [4], and its assessment accuracy, namely the accuracy of quality classification achieved 85.7% on a test dataset from a specially collected database of the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2011 (CinC2011). Similarly, Kuzilek et al. [5] summarized six quality indices of waveform characters to assess ECG quality, and its accuracy achieved 83.6% on the same test dataset. Frequency characters, i.e., power spectrum density (PSD) can reflect energy distribution within time series, so they can help to obtain some detailed information within physiological series. So quality indices of PSD were used for assessing quality of ECG [6-8]. In [6], 35 quality indices generated from PSD were used for assessing ECG quality, and the corresponding assessment result achieved 90.4% on the aforementioned test dataset and was higher than that of the other methods that just employed quality indices of waveform characters. Actually, some ECG recordings can be correctly and fast classified as unacceptable ones by some obvious quality indices of waveform characters (i.e., flat line and high amplitude) without that of frequency characters. Therefore, some assessment methods combining waveform quality indices with frequency indices not only improve assessment accuracy but also help for calculation efficiency. Clifford et al. [7] and Zhang et al. [8] proposed an assessing method based on combination of quality indices of time and frequency characters respectively. Comparing with the previous methods, multi quality indices including waveform and frequency indices can provide relatively more comprehensive information within ECG so that higher assessment accuracy can be achieved. However, in quality assessment, the ECG recordings to be assessed are raw ones without any pretreatment so that both of the acceptable and unacceptable ECG recordings contain a lot of noise. So, waveforms of the acceptable signals are also seemingly disorderly so that they are similar to that of unacceptable in many cases. Thus, waveform of ECG is not favor to improve assessment accuracy and generalization ability of the assessment methods, or even worse. Furthermore, frequency bandwidths of random noise within ECG often overlap with that of normal ECG so that it is difficult to discern noise and ECG on frequency domain. Therefore, it is necessary to seek new characters within ECG and the corresponding quality indices to more accurately reflect the inherent irregularity within ECG instead of random components so that they can help for improving classification accuracy of quality assessment.
In fact, normal and abnormal ECGs should exhibit the inherent nonlinear irregularity instead of randomness when content of noise and unexpected components within ECG are relatively lower, otherwise the ECG exhibits randomness. So we can evaluate quality of ECG by measuring complexity of the ECG. At present, some common complexity algorithms, i.e., classical Lempel-Ziv complexity (CLZC), approximate entropy (ApEn), and sample entropy (SampEn) have been extensively used for biomedical signal analysis [9-12]. Zhang et al. [13] evaluated performance of CLZC on ECG quality assessment and concluded that the CLZC was only sensitive to content of high frequency noise. In practice the ECG are usually contaminated by the mixed noise composed from the high frequency, low frequency and power line noise instead of a high frequency noise, so CLZC shows an unsatisfactory classification performance when it is used for quality assessment. In addition, the ApEn and SampEn have been not yet reported to be used for assessing ECG quality. Zhang et al. [14] proposed an encoding Lempel-Ziv complexity (ELZC) to analyze the irregularity of physiological signal, and the algorithm could better discern randomness and the inherent irregularity within time series than other Lempel-Ziv complexity algorithms.
In this study, we performed the ApEn, SampEn, CLZC, and ELZC algorithms on three experimental schemes respectively, aiming to find a satisfactory complexity algorithm and its corresponding quality indices for ECG quality assessment. Firstly, we compared performance of the four complexity algorithms on discerning the inherent irregularity within time series and randomness caused by noise and unexpected components. Furthermore we evaluated performance of the complexity algorithms on reflecting different noises and their content level within the ECG. Finally, we proposed three quality indices based on complexity values of the multi-lead ECG, and used the indices to assess quality of 862 real 12-lead ECG recordings selected from the CinC2011 dataset of the MIT database. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) and the corresponding areas under the curve (AUC) of the quality indices were calculated respectively. The rest of this study is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the four complexity methods and the dataset including artificial time series and real ECG recordings. The experimental results and discusses are described in Section 3 and Section 4, respectively. Section 5 concludes the current study.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Artificial Synthetic and Real ECGs
This study employed three datasets including six typical artificial time series, the artificial synthetic noisy ECG and the real 12-lead ECG from the CinC2011 database.
First, in this study, six typical artificial time series were generated for evaluating performance of the aforementioned four complexity algorithms on discerning the inherent irregularity within time series and randomness caused by random component. Gaussian noise represents pure noise. The first mixed noise series MIX(0.4) mean that 40% of a period series of length N are randomly chosen and replaced with independent identically distributed random noise. The other mixed noise series MIX(0.2) is generated by the same way. Logistic (Logi) mapping series represent nonlinear irregularity series and are defined as
(1)
[TeX:] $$x_{n+1}=\mu \times x_{n} \times\left(1-x_{n}\right)$$
where [TeX:] $$1<\mu \leq 4.$$ Logi(4.0) series represent the Logistic series that [TeX:] $$\mu$$ is set as 4.0. Similarly, Logi(3.8) and Logi(3.5) are also generated. Actually the Logi(3.5) represent the periodic series.
Second, in this study, the artificial synthetic noisy ECG was constructed by two signals, a signal was the clear artificial ECG generated by the open source software ECGSYN [15], and the other one was the common real noise within ECG from the MIT Noise Stress Test Database (NSTDB) [16,17]. The NSTDB provides three common noises that can be typically found in real clinical application—i.e., baseline wander (BW), electrode motion (EM), and muscle artefacts (MA)—and each of three noises includes 48 real noise series. In addition, the other typical common noise, i.e., power line (PL) is also used for synthesizing the noisy ECG. In fact, the ECG is usually contaminated by a mixed noise. So we built a hybrid noise with each of the aforementioned noises on 25% proportion, and added to the clean artificial ECG. Here, we generated 48 clear artificial ECGs duration of 10 seconds with 360 Hz sampling rate and heart rate from 50 to 100 beats per minute. The clear artificial ECG was set to a 360-Hz sampling rate because sample rate of three common noises from the NSTDB is 360 Hz so that we can expediently construct the artificial synthetic noisy ECG.
In this study, we generated five kinds of artificial synthetic noisy ECGs, i.e., the clean ECG plus BW, EM, MA, PL and hybrid noise. In practice, ECG usually cannot be used for clinical purpose when signal- to-noise rate (SNR) is lower than -10 dB because the main waveform of ECG cannot be recognized due to a lot of noise. So SNRs of the five synthetic ECGs are from -10 dB to 15 dB with steps of 5 dB. For each SNR level, 48 repeats were yielded in this study. Finally each of five synthetic noisy ECGs with 360 Hz sampling rate was transformed to 500 Hz sampling rate using the resample function of MATLAB in this study. Fig. 1 shows the aforementioned five artificial synthetic noisy ECGs with SNR from -10 dB to 15 dB with steps of 5 dB.
SNR reflects the content level of noise within time series, and it is defined as
(2)
[TeX:] $$S N R=10 \times \log _{10}\left(P_{\text {signal}} / P_{P \text {olse}}\right)$$
where [TeX:] $$P_{\text {signal}} \text {and } P_{\text {noise}}$$ denote the power of the clean ECG and the power of the noise, respectively.
Fig. 1.
The artificial clean ECG and the artificial synthetic noisy ECG with SNR from -10 dB to 15 dB: (a) the clean and the clean plus BW noise, (b) the clean and the clean plus EM, (c) the clean and the clean plus MA, (d) the clean and the clean plus PL, and (e) the clean and the clean plus mixed noise.
Third, the real data was selected from training dataset of the CinC2011 [2] in this study. The training dataset includes 1000 12-lead ECGs with sampling rate 500 Hz, and it is available to all researchers and given quality label as “acceptable” or “unacceptable”. In this dataset, each recording lasts for 10 seconds. It is unnecessary to calculate the complexity of ECG recordings with lead-fall because their waveforms look like a straight line so that the signals are easy to be identified, furthermore the signals with lead-fall affect accuracy of the final results. So this study removed the ECG recordings with lead-fall from the training set, and then the remained ECGs included 767 acceptable and 95 unacceptable recordings.
2.2 The CLZC and ELZC
The CLZC consists of two processes, and the first process is performed to transform an original time series into a new binary symbolic sequence by comparing series X with a threshold, and the series is larger than the threshold, one maps the series to 1, otherwise, to 0. In this study, the mean of the series is usually selected as the threshold for the CLZC. Then the LZ value of the new symbolic sequence will be calculated on the traditional method [9]. In fact, the LZ complexity counter c(n) is closed related to the new subsequence of consecutive characters within the symbolic sequence. For calculating the counter c(n), the symbolic sequence B is scanned from left to right and the c(n) is increased one unit when a new subsequence is encountered. First, S and are represented two subsequences of B respectively, and S is the concatenation of S and . The subsequence S yielded from S after its last character is deleted ( is the operation deleting the last character in a sequence). v(S) is the vocabulary of all subsequences of S. Initially, c(n)=1, S=s(1) and Q=s(2), then S =s(1). Generally, S=s(1), s(2), s(3), …, s(r) and =s(r+1), and so S=S. is a subsequence of S instead of a new sequence when it belongs to v(S). Then is replaced with s(r+1), s(r+2) and used to judge if it belongs to v(S) or not. The aforementioned processes are repeat until =s(r+1), s(r+2), …, s(r+i) and it is a new sequence instead of a subsequence of S, then c(n)=c(n)+1. Thereafter S=s(1), s(2), …, s(r+i) and =s(r+i+1). This above procedure is repeated until is the last character of B. in fact the LZ complexity counter c(n) may be normalized as the C(n)
(3)
[TeX:] $$C(n)=c(n) \frac{\log _{\alpha}(n)}{(n)}$$
where n is the length of signal X, is the number of possible symbols contained in the new sequence. Generally, the normalized complexity C(n) is adopted instead of c(n) in practice.
For the ELZC, we leverage a novel symbolic process to generate an 8-state symbolic (3-bit binary) sequence, then the LZ value is calculated by the aforementioned calculation process. The novel symbolical process consists of the following steps [14].
Each [TeX:] $$x_{i}$$ within the original signal [TeX:] $$X=x_{1}, x_{2}, \ldots, x_{n}$$ is transformed into a 3-bit binary symbol [TeX:] $$b_{1}(i) b_{2}(i) b_{3}(i).$$
Step 1: the [TeX:] $$b_{1}(i)$$ is determined by comparing [TeX:] $$x_{i}$$ with the mean of signal X, and [TeX:] $$b_{1}(i)$$ is set 0 when the [TeX:] $$x_{i}$$ is less than the mean, otherwise the [TeX:] $$b_{1}(i)$$ is 1.
Step 2: the [TeX:] $$b_{2}(i)$$ is 0 when the difference between xi and [TeX:] $$x_{i}$$-1 is less than 0, otherwise the [TeX:] $$b_{2}(i)$$ 1. Initially, 1. Initially, [TeX:] $$b_{2}(i)$$ is set to 0.
Step 3: calculated process of the third digit [TeX:] $$b_{3}(i)$$ is relatively complex, a variable Flag is first denoted as follows:
(4)
[TeX:] $$F l a g(i)=\left\{\begin{array}{l} 0 \text { if }\left|x_{i}-x_{i-1}\right|<d m \\ 1 \text { if }\left|x_{i}-x_{i-1}\right| \geq d m \end{array}, i=2,3, \ldots, n\right.$$
where dm is the mean distance between adjacent points within signal X. Subsequently, [TeX:] $$b_{3}(i)$$ is calculated as follows:
(5)
[TeX:] $$b_{3}(i)=\operatorname{NOT}\left(b_{2}(i) \operatorname{XOR} \operatorname{Flag}(i)\right), i=2,3, \dots, n$$
where [TeX:] $$b_{3}(i)$$ is 0. The detailed symbolic process is described in [14].
2.3 The ApEn and SampEn
Pincus [18] proposed ApEn as a metric to quantified regularity of a time series, and meaning the probability of new pattern within time series when the dimension increases from m to m+1. The process of calculating ApEn is described as follows: Let S be a time series of length N and [TeX:] $$S=s_{1}, \ldots, s_{N},$$ and reconstruct a vector xi of the embedded dimension m and [TeX:] $$x_{i}=s_{i}, s_{i}+1, s_{i}+2, \ldots, s_{i}+m-1 \text { for } 1 \leq i \leq N-m+1$$ where m indicates the embedding dimension. The distance [TeX:] $$d_{i j}$$ between the two vectors [TeX:] $$x_{i} and x_{j}$$ is calculated where [TeX:] $$1 \leq i, j \leq N-m+1.$$
(6)
[TeX:] $$d_{i j}=\max |s(i+k)-s(j+k)|, k=0,1, \ldots, m-1.$$
For each vector [TeX:] $$x_{i},$$ the number of the distance [TeX:] $$d_{i j}$$ within r×Std is found where Std is the standard deviation of the time series S, and the ratio of the number to the total number of vector N-m+1 is calculated as [TeX:] $$C_{i}^{m}(r).$$
(7)
[TeX:] $$C_{i}^{m}=\frac{1}{N-m+1} \operatorname{num}\left\{d_{i j}<r\right\}, i=1,2, \ldots, N-m+1$$
Then the average degree of similarity for all of i is defined as
(8)
[TeX:] $$\Phi^{m}(r)=\frac{1}{N-m+1} \sum_{i=1}^{N-m+1} \ln C_{i}^{m}(r)$$
Similarly, when the embedded dimension is m+1, the corresponding [TeX:] $$C_{i}^{m}+1(r) \text { and } \varphi^{m+1}(r)$$ can be obtained.
(9)
[TeX:] $$C_{i}^{m+1}=\frac{1}{N-m} \operatorname{num}\left\{d_{i j}<r\right\}, i=1,2, \ldots, N-m$$
(10)
[TeX:] $$\Phi^{m+1}(r)=\frac{1}{N-m} \sum_{i=1}^{N-m} \ln C_{i}^{m+1}(r)$$
Then, the ApEn is described as follows:
(11)
[TeX:] $$A p E n=\lim _{N \rightarrow \infty}\left[\Phi^{m}(r)-\Phi^{m+1}(r)\right]$$
The length N is not infinite, so the ApEn can be calculated by Eq. (12) when N is a finite number.
(12)
[TeX:] $$A p E n=\Phi^{m}(r)-\Phi^{m+1}(r)$$
In fact, the SampEn is a modified complexity method based on ApEn. Comparing with the ApEn, the SampEn does not include self-similar patterns, and it also does not depend on data size. Finally the SampEn can be given as
(13)
[TeX:] $$\operatorname{SmpEn}=-\ln \left[B^{m+1}(r) / B^{m}(r)\right]$$
where [TeX:] $$B^{m}(r)$$ is the probability that two m-dimension vectors will match, and similarly [TeX:] $$B^{m}+1(r)$$ is the probability that two m+1 dimension vectors will match, and m is the embedding dimension [19].
In this study, the ApEn and SampEn were calculated with the typical m setting of 2 and r setting of 0.20×SD where SD was the standard deviation of the data series [20,21].
2.4 Testing Performance on Identifying the Irregularity within Time Series
The inherent irregularity within ECG especially within abnormal signals is different from randomness caused by random noise and unexpected components, although they look disorderly. In fact a quality index has poor performance on quality assessment when it confuses the inherent irregularity within signals and randomness. So, we need to firstly analyze performance of the ApEn, SampEn, CLZC and ELZC algorithms on discerning the inherent irregularity and randomness before they were used as quality index. In this study, this test was designed to calculate the aforementioned four complexities on six typical artificial time series mentioned in Section 2.1. In this test, 20 samples for each type of series were employed, and length of each sample was 100, 500, 2000, and 5000 points.
2.5 Analyzing Sensitivity to Different Noises and Different SNRs
In ECG quality assessment, all ECG recordings including acceptable and unacceptable ones contain a lot of noise because they are raw signals without any pretreatment. So a satisfied quality index should be able to reflect content level of noise within ECG, furthermore it is also necessary to reflect different types of noise. In order to evaluate sensitivity of the four complexity algorithms to content level of several common noises contained in ECG, this test was designed to compared the ApEn, SampEn, CLZC, and ELZC values of five aforementioned synthetic noisy ECGs in Section 2.1 (i.e., the clear artificial ECG plus BW, EM, MA, PL, and hybrid noises) at different SNRs.
2.6 Verifying on the Real Data
Generally, we cannot judge the quality of a multi-lead ECG recording based on complexity value of a lead. So the statistics (i.e. the mean, maximum and standard deviation) of complexity values of a multilead ECG recording are proposed as quality indices to assess quality of the recording in this study, and we defined three quality indices of the ELZC as follows: Let ELZCi denote the ELZC value of the ith lead of a 12-lead ECG recording, i = 1, 2, …, 12, and the three quality indices are the mean, maximum and standard deviation of the ELZCi respectively. For comparing performance of quality indices of the ELZC, we also similarly calculated the corresponding quality indices of the ApEn, SampEn, and CLZC, respectively.
In this test, for evaluating performance of the three quality indices of the ELZC, we calculated their ROCs and the corresponding AUCs on the real 12-lead ECG recordings that were collected from the training set of the CinC 2011 and described in Section 2.1. Similarly, we calculated ROCs of the ApEn, SampEn and CLZC respectively. Then, for calculating sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of each of the three quality indices, a 12-lead ECG recording was marked as an acceptable signal when its quality index was less than preset threshold. Otherwise the recording was recognized as an unacceptable one. In this test, the range of the threshold was from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.005. The two indices Se and Sp are described as follows:
(14)
[TeX:] \begin{aligned} S e=\text {true positive / total number of unacceptable ECG recordings}\\ S p=\text { true negative / total number of acceptable ECG recordings} \end{aligned}
where true positive is number of identified unacceptable recordings among the unacceptable ECG recordings, and true negative is number of identified acceptable recordings among the acceptable ECG recordings. Actually, normalization of data is necessary because the value ranges of the ApEn, SampEn, CLZC and ELZC are different. Therefore, the Min-Max normalization approach was employed to normalize the values of the four complexity approaches before calculating Se and Sp in this study. The normalization method is described as follows:
(15)
[TeX:] $$x^{*}=\frac{x-\min (x)}{\max (x)-\min (x)}$$
where x and [TeX:] $$x^{*}$$ represent original time series and the new series after normalizing, respectively.
3. Results
3.1 Results of Discerning Nonlinear Properties within Time Series
Fig. 2 shows ApEn, SampEn, CLZC and ELZC values of six aforementioned typical artificial time series including Gaussian noise, MIX(0.4), MIX(0.2), Logi(4.0), Logi(3.8) and periodic series on four time lengths 100, 500, 2000, and 5000, respectively. The ELZC and SampEn values exhibit monotonically decrease in order of Gaussian noise, MIX(0.4), MIX(0.2), Logi(4.0), Logi(3.8) and Logi(3.5) on all type time lengths. Similarly, the ApEn values monotonically decrease also in the aforementioned order when time lengths are 500, 2000, and 5000, respectively however the values exhibit fluctuations on MIX(0.4) and Logi(4.0) on 100 length. The CLZC values exhibit fluctuations between MIX(4.0) and Logi(4.0) on all time lengths.
3.2 Results of Sensitivity Analysis on SNR
Table 1 shows the ApEn, SampEn, CLZC, and ELZC values for five artificial synthetic noisy ECGs (i.e., the clean artificial ECG plus BW noise, the clean plus EM, the clean plus MA, the clean plus PL, and the clean plus hybrid noise) on several SNRs from -10 dB to 15 dB, in steps of 5 dB. The ELZC values exhibit monotonically decrease with increase of SNR on all of five artificial synthetic ECGs except the clean ECG plus PL noise. In fact the ELZC values increase with increase of SNR on the clean ECG plus PL noise. The ApEn and CLZC values exhibit monotonically decrease with increase of SNR on the clean ECG plus MA noise. The SampEn values show the fluctuations on all of five artificial synthetic ECGs.
Fig. 2.
The ApEn, SampEn, CLZC, and ELZC values of six typical artificial time series on time lengths 100, 500, 2000, and 5000, respectively.
3.3 ROC of the ELZC on Real Data
Fig. 3 shows ROC curves and their corresponding AUCs of three quality indices defined in Section 2.6 of the ApEn, SampEn, CLZC, and ELZC for classifying quality of the real 12-lead ECG recordings. The ROCs of the ELZC are the highest than that of the ApEn, SampEn, and CLZC on all of the quality indices. The corresponding AUCs show that the AUCs of the indices of ELZC are 0.505, 0.536, and 0.596, respectively. AUCs of the indices of the ApEn, SampEn, and CLZC are lower than 0.500.
Table 1.
The ApEn, SampEn, CLZC, and ELZC values for clean ECG plus BW, EM, MA, PL and mixed noise on several SNR from -10 dB to 15 dB with steps of 5 dB
Method SNR (dB) The clean plus BW noise The clean plus EM noise The clean plus MA noise The clean plus PL noise The clean plus hybrid noise
ApEn -10 0.09770.0110 0.16020.0083 0.55240.0017 0.08060.0223 0.18830.0079
-5 0.13240.0210 0.18660.0162 0.55230.0058 0.15540.0370 0.21270.0147
0 0.17290.0177 0.21650.0158 0.53790.0208 0.24620.0626 0.23690.0159
5 0.17180.0296 0.20670.0321 0.48740.0441 0.37620.1060 0.22190.0350
10 0.14440.0317 0.16620.0341 0.39350.0653 0.48390.0647 0.17460.0357
15 0.11750.0294 0.13040.0303 0.27370.0654 0.47990.0279 0.13390.0302
SampEn -10 0.09190.0052 0.12800.0043 0.42010.0039 0.78770.0359 0.15100.0037
-5 0.10480.0067 0.13840.0055 0.42220.0090 0.86310.0684 0.15980.0048
0 0.11590.0098 0.14570.0107 0.40510.0258 0.96290.0901 0.16350.0112
5 0.11380.0174 0.13820.0207 0.35000.0464 1.00690.0585 0.15090.0223
10 0.09400.0193 0.11200.0226 0.26270.0529 0.89540.0937 0.11980.0241
15 0.07080.0142 0.08330.0170 0.17720.0418 0.66270.1610 0.08720.0178
CLZC -10 0.07160.0056 0.08550.0050 0.28040.0076 0.08770.0108 0.11290.0053
-5 0.07780.0064 0.09220.0050 0.27270.0102 0.10010.0120 0.11600.0058
0 0.08240.0075 0.09750.0069 0.25930.0144 0.11940.0107 0.11590.0066
5 0.08360.0104 0.09840.0067 0.24040.0225 0.13310.0225 0.11550.0082
10 0.08060.0111 0.09460.0086 0.21220.0320 0.14950.0260 0.10620.0111
15 0.07740.0098 0.08810.0110 0.17600.0355 0.15980.0220 0.09480.0109
ELZC -10 0.56660.0141 0.49670.0086 0.50670.0025 0.08770.0052 0.54600.0076
-5 0.52900.0201 0.47410.0135 0.50360.0054 0.09410.0044 0.52650.0125
0 0.47210.0282 0.43880.0183 0.49200.0099 0.10180.0065 0.49220.0183
5 0.40090.0318 0.39110.0239 0.47570.0140 0.11110.0111 0.44160.0267
10 0.33260.0280 0.33490.0278 0.44850.0187 0.12620.0126 0.37350.0340
15 0.28550.0269 0.28010.0297 0.41010.0230 0.13870.0111 0.30760.0302
4. Discussions
Fig. 2 shows that the ELZC and SampEn have a satisfied performance for discerning the inherent irregularity within time series and randomness caused by random noise and unexpected components on all time lengths 100, 500, 2000, and 5000. The ApEn can achieve a satisfied performance on short signals i.e. time length 100 however it exhibits a poor performance on medium and long signals, i.e., time lengths 500, 2000, and 5000. The CLZC confuses the inherent irregularity within time series and randomness on all time lengths. The reason why the ELZC achieves the satisfied performance is that the ELZC is performed on a new sequence generated from the original time series for calculating complexity values. For the ELZC, the new sequence can reflect properly inherent properties within time series instead of randomness because the transformation process preserves the inherent information of the original series, losing random components, i.e., noise and unexpected components [14]. Fig. 2 means that the ELZC and SampEn meet a fundamental requirement for assessing ECG quality because they can identify the inherent irregularity and randomness from seemingly disorderly signals, but the ApEn and CLZC cannot. However the SampEn relies on two parameters, i.e., m and r, so that performance of the SampEn maybe poor when m and r are set to other values. In contrast, the ELZC presents a more reliable and satisfied performance on discerning the inherent irregularity and randomness within signals than other complexity approaches, i.e., the ApEn, SampEn, and CLZC.
Fig. 3.
ROCs and their corresponding AUCs of three quality indices for classifying the real 12-lead ECG recordings, respectively: (1) the mean, (2) the maximum, and (3) the standard deviation.
In test 2, randomness caused by noise and unexpected components can be negligible in the clear artificial ECG because few random components are contained in the artificial clear ECG that are generated by the open source software ECGSYN. So the SNRs of the synthetic noisy ECG (i.e., the clean ECG mixed BW, the clean ECG mixed EM, the clean ECG mixed MA, and the clean ECG plus the hybrid noise) can be considered to reflect content level of the added noises (i.e., BW, EM, MA, PL, and mixed noises), then the randomness within the synthetic noisy ECG increases with decreasing of SNR. Pure PL noise is periodic signal, and its irregularity is nearly zero, so irregularity within the clean artificial ECG plus PL increases with increase of SNR. Actually, Table 1 shows that the ELZC exhibits the proper change trend on all of five synthetic noisy ECGs however the ApEn and CLZC exhibit incorrect change trend on all of the synthetic ECGs except the clean mixed MA and the clean mixed PL, and the SampEn exhibits an improper trend on five synthetic ECGs. The results mean that the ELZC can be used to measure content level of random noise contained in ECG, but the ApEn, SampEn and CLZC cannot. Fig. 3 shows the three quality indices, i.e., the mean, maximum and standard deviation of the ELZC of the real 12-lead ECG recordings for classifying quality of ECG have a relatively satisfied classification performance, and their corresponding AUCs, i.e. 0.505, 0.536, and 0.596 exhibit statistically significant (>0.500). So the indices of ELZC can be employed for classifying quality of multi-lead ECG. Conversely, the AUCs of the three indices of the ApEn, SampEn, and CLZC are lower than 0.500 so that they cannot be used to assess quality of multi-lead ECG. Actually the three quality indices of the ELZC are employed to assess ECG quality in conjunction with other time domain and frequency domain quality indices.
5. Conclusions
In this study, we compared a novel ELZC with ApEn, SampEn, and CLZC for multi-lead ECG quality assessment. The results indicate that the ELZC achieves satisfied performance for distinguishing randomness and inherent irregularity within time series, and it can also efficiently reflect content level of noise contained in ECG because it exhibits proper change trend with increate of SNR on all of five synthetic noisy ECGs. Finally, we proposed three quality indices derived from complexity of the multilead ECG for multi-lead ECG, and validated the indices on the real 12-lead ECG signals from the CinC2011 of the MIT database. The results indicate the three indices (i.e., the mean, maximum and standard deviation) of the ELZC have statistical significance for multi-lead ECG quality assessment. In practice, three quality indices of the ELZC need to be combined with the other indices of time and frequency domain for ECG quality assessment.
Acknowledgement
Project supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2017M612280), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61473174), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (No. ZR2015AM015 and No. ZR201702190055).
Biography
Yatao Zhang
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6152-0806
He received Ph.D. degree in Biomedical Engineering from Shandong University, China, in 2015. He is currently a senior Lecturer at School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, China. He has published 9 original journal/conference papers, and his research interests mainly focus on ECG signal processing, machine learning, data mining and big data processing for physiological signals.
Biography
Zhenguo Ma
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7660-735X
He received B.S. degree in School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engi-neering from Shandong University, Weihai, China, in Jun. 2018. Now he is a graduate student in School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China. His current research interests include ECG signal classification and machine learning.
Biography
Wentao Dong
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8632-3473
He received M.S. degree in Department of Clinical Medicine from Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China, in 2007. Now he is a doctor in Department of Cardio-vascular Surgery, Weihai municipal hospital, Weihai, China. His current research interests include Classification of arrhythmia and annotation of ECG.
References
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• 3 Q. Li, G. D. Clifford, "Signal quality and data fusion for false alarm reduction in the intensive care unit," Journal of Electrocardiology, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 596-603, 2012.custom:[[[-]]]
• 4 P. Langley, L. Y. Di Marco, S. King, D. Duncan, C. Di Maria, W. Duan, M. Bojarnejad, D. Zheng, J. Allen, A. Murray, "An algorithm for assessment of quality of ECGs acquired via mobile telephones," in Proceedings of the 38th Computing Cardiology, Hangzhou, China, 2011;pp. 281-284. custom:[[[-]]]
• 5 J. Kuzilek, M. Huptych, V. Chudacek, J. Spilka, L. Lhotska, "Data driven approach to ECG signal quality assessment using multistep SVM classification," in Proceedings of the 38th Computing Cardiology, Hangzhou, China, 2011;pp. 453-455. custom:[[[-]]]
• 6 S. Zaunseder, R. Huhle, H. Malberg, "CinC challenge - Assessing the usability of ECG by ensemble decision trees," in Proceedings of the 38th Computing Cardiology, Hangzhou, China, 2011;pp. 277-280. custom:[[[-]]]
• 7 G. D. Clifford, J. Behar, Q. Li, I. Rezek, "Signal quality indices and data fusion for determining clinical acceptability of electrocardiograms," Physiological Measurement, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1419-1433, 2012.custom:[[[-]]]
• 8 Y. T. Zhang, C. Y. Liu, S. S. Wei, C. Z. Wei, F. F. Liu, "ECG quality assessment using a kernel support vector machine and genetic algorithm with a feature matrix," Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE C (Compute & Electron), vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 564-573, 2014.custom:[[[-]]]
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• 10 K. Balasubramanian, S. S. Nair, N. Nagaraj, "Classification of periodic, chaotic and random sequences using approximate entropy and Lempel-Ziv complexity measures," Pramana, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 365-372, 2015.custom:[[[-]]]
• 11 J. M. Yentes, N. Hunt, K. K. Schmid, J. P. Kaipust, D. McGrath, N. Stergiou, "The appropriate use of approximate entropy and sample entropy with short datasets," Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 349-365, 2013.custom:[[[-]]]
• 12 A. G. Ravelo-Garcia, J. L. Navarro-Mesa, U. Casanova-Blancas, S. Martin-Gonzalez, P. Quintana-Morales, I. Guerra-Moreno, Jose M. Canino-Rodriguez, E. Hernandez-Perez, "Application of the permutation entropy over the heart rate variability for the improvement of electrocardiogram-based sleep breathing pause detection," Entropy, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 914-927, 2015.doi:[[[10.3390/e17030914]]]
• 13 Y. Zhang, S. Wei, C. Di Maria, C. Liu, "Using Lempel-Ziv complexity to assess ECG signal quality," Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 625-634, 2016.custom:[[[-]]]
• 14 Y. Zhang, S. Wei, H. Liu, L. Zhao, C. Liu, "A novel encoding Lempel-Ziv complexity algorithm for quantifying the irregularity of physiological time series," Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 133, pp. 7-15, 2016.doi:[[[10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.05.010]]]
• 15 P. E. McSharry, G. D. Clifford, L. Tarassenko, L. A. Smith, "A dynamical model for generating synthetic electrocardiogram signals," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 289-294, 2003.doi:[[[10.1109/TBME.2003.808805]]]
• 16 G. B. Moody, R. G. Mark, "The impact of the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database," IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 45-50, 2001.custom:[[[-]]]
• 17 G. B. Moody, W. E. Muldrow, R. G. Mark, "Noise stress test for arrhythmia detectors," in Proceedings of the 11th Computing Cardiology, Park City, UT, 1984;pp. 381-384. custom:[[[-]]]
• 18 S. M. Pincus, "Approximate entropy as a measure of system complexity," in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1991;vol. 88, no. 6, pp. 2297-2301. custom:[[[-]]]
• 19 Y. Chen, M. Oyama-Higa, T. D. Pham, "Identification of mental disorders by hidden Markov modeling of photoplethysmograms," in Biomedical Informatics and Technology. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 29-39, 2014.custom:[[[-]]]
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https://studycorgi.com/changes-in-circulation-ventricular-septal-defect/
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# Changes in Circulation: Ventricular Septal Defect
## Changes in Circulation
Certain changes in circulation occur at birth, and they are related to the gas exchange in the lungs and the work of the heart. Furthermore, one of the main causes of these changes is the fact that the umbilical cord becomes clamped (Hooper et al., 2015). As a result, the lungs can be viewed as prepared to breathing actively while becoming larger, and the capillary network also becomes wide to decrease resistance and increase the flow of blood.
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These changes lead to decreases in the pressure observed in the right atrium (Hooper et al., 2015). Changes in the pressure also lead to closing shunts located between the left and right atrium. Furthermore, the pressure in the aorta also increases, and a right-to-left shunt begins to function as a left-to-right shunt. The increase in the pressure in the aorta leads to the creation of a functional seal because of the contractions of the musculature (Hooper et al., 2015). In newborns, this shunt typically disappears in several weeks.
There are two forms of shunts which are left-to-right and right-to-left shunts. Thus, left-to-right shunts are associated with processes when blood recirculates in the lungs. A ventricular septal defect is related to this type of shunts (Hooper et al., 2015). Right-to-left shunts are observed when venous blood bypasses the lungs. This situation can be associated with intracardiac or intrapulmonary defects (Hooper et al., 2015). The difference in these two shunts is that the right-to-left shunts affect the cardiac output and inhalational anesthetics more significantly in comparison to the effects of the left-to-right shunts.
## Ventricular Septal Defect
The ventricular septal defect is a specific type of congenital heart defect which is observed when the communication between the ventricles is problematic. While discussing the pathophysiology of this condition, it is important to note that the shunting is usually directed from the left side with high pressure to the right side with low pressure (McCance & Huether, 2014). Pulmonary vascular resistance can significantly affect the degree of the problem. When ventricular septal defects are small, the resistance to shunting is high, and the flow of blood is limited.
Changes in the amount of shunted blood can be observed in several weeks after birth when the resistance associated with the pulmonary vascular function decreases (McCance & Huether, 2014). However, the left-to-right shunting associated with increases in the pulmonary flow of blood leads to decreasing pulmonary vessels’ diameters, and in this case, it is possible to observe the resistance to the flow of blood which can potentially lead to irreversible changes associated with the ventricular septal defect.
It is necessary to state that the occurrence of the ventricular septal defect is frequent while comparing it to the occurrence of other congenital heart defects. Thus, about 30% of these heart defects are classified as ventricular septal defects (McCance & Huether, 2014). Furthermore, it is important to pay attention to the fact that ventricular septal defects are divided into perimembranous, muscular, and supracristal ones, among which perimembranous ventricular septal defects are viewed as most typical. The treatment of the ventricular septal defect includes the use of the patch closure, sternotomy, a specific transarterial method, and the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (McCance & Huether, 2014). All these methods can be viewed as effective when they are applied during the first weeks after an infant’s birth.
## References
Hooper, S. B., Te Pas, A. B., Lang, J., Van Vonderen, J. J., Roehr, C. C., Kluckow, M.,… Polglase, G. R. (2015). Cardiovascular transition at birth: A physiological sequence. Pediatric Research, 77(5), 608-614.
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McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2014). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/325815/conditional-expectation-in-the-case-of-mathcala-emptyset-omega-a-ac/325849
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# Conditional expectation in the case of $\mathcal{A}=\{\emptyset,\Omega,A,A^c\}$
I have a small computation to do and I am not able to prove it:
Let $(\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P})$ be a probabiltiy space. Let $X$ be an integrable random variable and $A\in\mathcal{F}$ an event. Let $\mathcal{A}=\{\emptyset,\Omega,A,A^c\}$.
What is $\mathbb{E}[X \mid \mathcal{A}]$? I do not how to procede, is there anybody who can give a detailed proof of the expression of $\mathbb{E}[X \mid \mathcal{A}]$ in this particular situation?
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By the definition of conditional expectation, $Y:= \mathbb{E}(X \mid \mathcal{A})$ is $\mathcal{A}$-measurable. So, it's a good start to think about the question how $\mathcal{A}$-measurable random variables look like. In this case, you can easily show that they are of the form $$c_1 \cdot 1_A + c_2 \cdot 1_{A^c}$$ where $c_1, c_2$ are constants. Thus we conclude $$Y= c_1 \cdot 1_A + c_2 \cdot 1_{A^c} \tag{1}$$ for some suitable constants $c_1$, $c_2$. Obviously, we still have to determine $c_1, c_2$.
Again by the definition of conditional expectation, we know that $Y$ has to fulfill $$\forall B \in \mathcal{A}: \int_B X \, d\mathbb{P} = \int_B Y \, d\mathbb{P} \stackrel{(1)}{=} \int_B (c_1 \cdot 1_A + c_2 \cdot 1_{A^c}) \, d\mathbb{P}$$
First, we choose $B=A$ and obtain $$\int_A X \, d\mathbb{P} = \int_A (c_1 \cdot 1_A + c_2 \cdot 1_{A^c}) \, d\mathbb{P} = \int (c_1 \cdot 1_A + c_2 \cdot \underbrace{1_A \cdot 1_{A^c}}_{0}) \, d\mathbb{P} = c_1 \cdot \mathbb{P}(A) \\ \Rightarrow c_1 = \begin{cases} \frac{\mathbb{E}(X \cdot 1_A)}{\mathbb{P}(A)} & \mathbb{P}(A) \not= 0 \\ 0 & \mathbb{P}(A) = 0 \end{cases}$$
A similar calculation for $B=A^c$ yields $$c_2 = \begin{cases} \frac{\mathbb{E}(X \cdot 1_{A^c})}{\mathbb{P}(A^c)} & \mathbb{P}(A^c) \not= 0 \\ 0 & \mathbb{P}(A^c) = 0 \end{cases}$$
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Let $Y=\mathbb E[X\mid \mathcal A]$. There are two properties of $Y$.
1. $Y\in\mathcal A$
2. $\int_{A\in\mathcal A} XdP=\int_{A\in\mathcal A} YdP$
This is the definition of conditional expectation.
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While I know what you mean, $\int_{\mathcal A}$ is not very standard notation. – cardinal Mar 9 '13 at 21:07
@cardinal: Thanks, edited. – Bravo Mar 9 '13 at 21:38
Sorry, but I know what its definition is, in this case it is an exercise, we have to give its form in the case of the particular $\mathcal{A}$. – Mathoman Mar 9 '13 at 21:39
Ok thank you, I see what to do now! – Mathoman Mar 10 '13 at 8:56
Prove that the following quantities satisfy the definition of conditional expectation for $A \in \mathcal{A}$ and $A^c \in \mathcal{A}$ (the other two are obvious): $$\frac{\int_A X \,\mathrm{d}P}{P(A)} \quad\textrm{and}\quad \frac{\int_{A^c} X \,\mathrm{d}P}{P(A^c)}$$ This is actually a special case of a more general result about expectation conditional on the sigma-field generated by a (possibly infinite) measurable partition of $\Omega$.
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https://www.cofault.com/2009/08/trivial-exercise.html
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## 2009-08-21
### a trivial exercise.
Let's find a sum
$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty {1\over{n(n+2)}}$$
There is a well-know standard way, that I managed to recall eventually. Given that
$${1 \over n(n+2)} = {1 \over 2}\cdot \left({1\over n} - {1\over n+2}\right)$$
the sum can be re-written as
$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty {1\over{n(n+2)}} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty {1 \over 2}\left({1\over n} - {1\over n+2}\right) = {1\over 2}\left({1\over 1} - {1\over 3} + {1\over 2} - {1\over 4} + {1\over 3} - {1\over 5} + {1\over 4} - {1\over 6} \cdots\right)$$
with almost all terms canceling each other, leaving
$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty {1\over{n(n+2)}} = {1\over 2}\left(1 + {1\over 2}\right) = {3\over 4}$$
While this is easy to check, very little help is given on understanding how to arrive to the solution in the first place. Indeed, the first (and crucial) step is a rabbit pulled sans motif out of a conjurer hat. The solution, fortunately, can be found in a more systematic fashion, by a relatively generic method. Enter generating functions.
First, introduce a function
$$f(t) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty {t^{n + 1}\over n}$$
The series on the right converge absolutely when |t| < 1, so one can define
$$g(t) = \int f(t) dt = \int \sum_{n=1}^\infty {t^{n + 1}\over n} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \int {t^{n + 1}\over n} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty {t^{n + 2}\over {n(n+2)}} + C$$
with the sum in question being
$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty {1\over{n(n+2)}} = g(1) - C = g(1) - g(0)$$
Definition of the g function follows immediately from the form of the original sum, and there is a limited set of operations (integration, differentiation, etc.) applicable to g to produce f.
The rest is more or less automatic. Note that
$$- ln(1 - t) = t + {t^2\over 2} + {t^3\over 3} + \cdots$$
so that
$$f(t) = t^2 + {t^3\over 2} + {t^4\over 3} + \cdots = - t \cdot ln(1-t)$$
therefore
$$g(t) = - \int t \cdot ln(1-t) dt = \cdots = {1\over 4} (1 - t)^2 - {1\over 2} (1 - t)^2 ln(1 - t) + (1 - t) ln(1 - t) + t + C$$
where the integral is standard. Now,
$$g(1) - g(0) = 1 - {1\over 4} = {3\over 4}$$
Voilà!
And just to check that things are not too far askew, a sub-exercise in a pointless programming:
scala> (1 to 10000).map(x => 1.0/(x*(x+2))).reduceLeft(_+_)
res0: Double = 0.749900014997506
PS: of course this post is an exercise in tex2img usage.
PPS: Ed. 2022: tex2img is gone, switch to mathjax.
#### 1 comment:
1. that's not pointless because of the xs
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https://www.esdemc.com/zh/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3/pb2021-10-js-002%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%9A%841%CF%89%E7%9B%98%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB%E5%99%A8%E5%85%A8%E6%B3%A2%E5%BB%BA%E6%A8%A1/
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PB2021.10 JS-002标准的1Ω盘式电阻器全波建模
1 Ω DISK RESISTOR FULL-WAVE MODELING FOR JS-002 STANDARD
Abstract –A 1 Ω disk resistor is specified in the CDM standard as the current sensing element. However, its transfer impedance is frequency dependent which is not considered in the standard. In this work, a full-wave model and a simple equivalent circuit model is provided to explain the root cause of the variation the transfer impedance of the 1 Ω disk resistor.
I. Introduction
When the pin or pad of a charged IC approaches an external metal object, and the breakdown voltage is exceeded a Charged Device Model (CDM) event occurs. During CDM testing, the discharge current of the CDM event is measured by a 1 Ω disk resistor sensing element that is located at the top of a pogo pin probe as described in the industry standard ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-002 [1]-[3]. The resistance of this element is specified to have a value of 1.0 Ω ± 10% and a transfer impedance that does not have a deviation relative to the DC value greater than 3 dB up to 9 GHz [3]. The standard does not consider frequency variations of the transfer impedance when calculating the current from the measured voltage. This work investigates this assumption by characterizing the sensing element (1 Ω disk resistor) of a field induced CDM tester in the frequency domain. Additionally, a simple circuit model and a full-wave model are presented to explain the variation of the transfer impedance up to 27 GHz.
II. CDM tester
A. Discharge Circuit
The cross section of a CDM tester [3] is shown in Figure 1.
To charge the device, the field plate is brought to the specified charge voltage, then the pogo pin is lowered to contact the DUT pin. A spark is initiated and the current flows via the pogo pin to the 1 Ω disk resistor (Figure 2). The transfer impedance, properties of the oscilloscope and cable losses will determine the voltage that is displayed at the scope. The voltage is measured across the 1 Ω disk resistor from which the discharge current waveform is then calculated. However, the transfer impedance of the 1 Ω disk resistor is not constant over the frequency range and deviates from the DC value of the 1 Ω resistor [5].
B. 1 Ω Disk Resistor Measurement
As shown in Figure 2, the disk resistor consists of a resistive sheet on one side and a ceramic substrate made from beryllium oxide (BeO) on the other side that provides mechanical strength. In a CDM test head, the resistive sheet can be mounted downward (Figure 3a, resistive sheet towards pogo tip) or upward (Figure 3b, resistive sheet towards coaxial line).
Figure 4a shows a fixture to measure the disk resistor. The fixture is composed of two 50 Ω surface mountable connectors and a plate that aligns the disk resistor. The thickness of the plate was chosen to prevent any gap between the 50 Ω connectors and the surface of the disk resistor. The surface mount connectors were connected to ports 1 and 2 of a VNA and port extensions were performed up to the connector surfaces (Figure 4a). Figure 4b shows the definition of current and voltage of the two-port measurement setup (disk resistor setup measured with VNA). Knowing the S-parameter across the disk resistor, the transfer impedance of the disk can be calculated as in [6]:
As shown in Figure 5, the S21 and S12 of the disk are nearly identical which gives evidence for the accuracy of the measurement. However, the S22 and S11 are different (Figure 6). Port 1 of the measurement fixture (Figure 4) is toward the resistive sheet of the disk resistor, and port 2 is connected to the ceramic side of the disk. The reflection coefficient S11 is nearly flat but S22 has lower value at higher frequencies. The difference between S11 and S22 is important in understanding the CDM system behavior at high frequencies. Ringing was observed in the time domain discharge waveform if the substrate is mounted toward the pogo-pin but it reduced if the disk was flipped. The ringing will be discussed in Section IV of this paper. At low frequencies, the transfer impedance equals the disk resistance. Thus, the impedance measured with VNA should match the measurements obtained by an LCR meter (1 Ω @ 1kHz).
As shown in Table I, both LCR Meter (@ 1kHz) and disk measurements (Figure 4) show about 1 Ω for different orientations of disk (up to 1GHz). For each sample, both methods showed nearly identical low frequency values (Figure 7). At higher frequencies, the transfer impedance obtained using (1) is increasing with frequency (Figure 8) for all disks. Additionally, manufacturing tolerances lead to variations between disk samples. The behavior of the S21 can be explained using a simple circuit model in the next section.
III. Device Modeling
A. Simple Circuit Model
Although different disk resistors showed slightly different transfer impedance values versus frequency, they all behave similar (Figure 8). The transfer impedance of the disks increased with frequency from 1 Ω @ 1 MHz to about 3 Ω @ 20 GHz. This behavior can be explained by the influence of the ceramic substrate. It forms a short, 13 ps delay transmission line (see Figure 2) which acts as transmission line transformer and changes the match of the 1 Ω disk side to the 50 Ω system. The substrate has a relative permittivity of around 7. However, the structure is not easy to model in 3D due to possibility of higher order modes if they are excited. Only considering TEM modes, a simple circuit model is created in Advanced Design System (ADS) [7] to evaluate the influence of the short ceramic transmission line (Figure 9).
Based on the geometry and permittivity of the Beryllium Oxide (BeO) substrate, the characteristic impedance of the ceramic portion was calculated to be roughly 17 Ω. A 13 ps long 17 Ω lambda/4 transmission line transformer converts 50 Ω to transfer impedance of about 3 Ω at 20 GHz which can be calculated with (1).
This transmission line behavior explains the observed increase of S21 and transfer impedance. As shown in Figure 10, S11 is almost flat over the entire frequency range whereas S22 decreases with frequency as the short transmission line changes the match to 50 Ω. A comparison between measured impedance and calculated from the simple circuit model will be discussed in the next section.
B. Full-wave Model
The simple circuit model gives a qualitative insight into only the dominating effects, excluding the influence of the skin effect, higher order modes, and details of the geometry. A full-wave model can reveal additional details about the frequency-dependent impedance. Figure 11 shows the core elements of the full-wave model: the 50 Ω connectors, the geometry of the disk resistor, and two waveguide ports which are placed across the 50 Ω connectors. Two short 50 Ω connectors are placed on both sides of the disk. As shown in Figure 2, the 1 Ω disk resistor has a resistive sheet on one side and a ceramic carrier made of beryllium oxide on the other side. A thin resistive sheet material (this does not model skin effect) and BeO were imported from the library of CST Studio Suite [8].
C. Comparison Between Measurement and Simulation
Figure 12 and Figure 13 compares the magnitude and phase variation data for the measured, circuit model, and full-wave model of the 1 Ω disk resistor. Both models and the data agree on the increase of the impedance above 1 GHz and the peak around 20 GHz. This increase and the peaking may cause some error in the peak current measurement for CDM if the actual current contains relevant spectral content in this frequency range.
The fact that the simple circuit model and the measured data match up to 20 GHz can be seen as indicator that the short transmission line is the dominating reason for the observed increase in transfer impedance and the behavior of S11 and S22. The full-wave model predicted a higher peak value, 3.3 Ω relative to 2.6 Ω in the measurements (Figure 12 for resistive sheet down). The reason is not known, but as the frequency matches the other data one can be assured that the dielectric constant of the BeO was correctly estimated from literature data. The full-wave simulation shows additional resonant behavior around 25 GHz which is also seen in the measurements in the same frequency range. We have not investigated the field distribution at these frequencies within the full-wave results to identify the nature of these resonances. Furthermore, the transfer impedance of the disk may decrease at higher frequencies when skin effect starts to decouple the front and the back side of the very thin resistive sheet. As the authors do not know the exact thickness and material of the resistive layer, it is not known above which frequency the decoupling effect of the skin effect would reduce S21. The data indicates that this is not the case below 20 GHz, as the simple ADS model matches the measurement in its principle behavior. Our full-wave model is also not able to simulate skin effect as an infinitely thin electrical layer was used to model the resistive sheet. The metallization of the resistive layer may not be fully homogeneous. This would cause a current flow that is not radially symmetric. As known from current shunts, this would increase the mutual inductance between both sides of the resistive disk. Such a behavior is not observed which leads to a tentative conclusion that the resistive sheet is homogeneous within the boundaries of the analysis.
IV. Effect of Disk Orientation on CDM Event
To investigate the effect of disk orientation, both measured and simulated results have been compared in a CDM test setup.
A. Effect of Disk Orientation on Measured Discharge Current
CDM classification levels have been reduced [9] and that further reductions are to be expected. This will lead to a faster rise time in CDM. This, paired with faster I/O on ICs may lead to measurement problems in CDM testing due to the mounting direction of the disk resistor. To investigate the effect of disk orientation, CDM discharge tests have been measured using a 23 GHz bandwidth oscilloscope [10] with different orientations of disk resistor as shown in Figure 3. One disk resistor was used within one test head by flipping the orientation between tests to prevent any unwanted effects or variation in the test setup. Discharge data from multiple pogo-pins with different length and discharge currents have been captured for charge voltage of 500 V (Figure 14 through Figure 17).
As shown, all plots have a low frequency component around 1 GHz which is the main CDM discharge current. However, there are some high frequency components as well which create ringing waveform over the low frequency waveform. As shown, high frequency ringing was observed in discharge current when the resistive sheet of disk resistor was mounted upward (Figure 3b).
However, the ringing is weaker if the resistive sheet of disk resistor is mounted downward (substrate toward oscilloscope and the resistive sheet toward DUT as shown in Figure 3a). To isolate the ringing from the familiar low frequency response, a Maximum Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform based Multiresolution Analysis (MODWT MRA) was used [11]. This method yields excellent decomposition and reconstruction while maintaining sharp edge definition and minimizing non-causality introduced by traditional high pass filtering. The high frequency ringing signal was found to be well isolated from the rest of the signal by using the db7 wavelet with a scaling factor of 2. Furthermore, the Wigner-Ville distribution [12] of ringing is used to visualize the time dependent frequency composition of the time dependent current.
The time domain signal, the power spectral density and time-frequency scalogram of ringing for different pogo-pins and for resistive sheet up and down is shown in Figure 18 and Figure 19. As indicated in timefrequency spectra of Figure 18, when the disk resistor is mounted upward for pogo pin length of 8.25 mm, 9.4 mm and 10.5 mm, there are two main high frequency component which make up the ringing with the corresponding interference term between the two main components.
However, in all time-frequency spectra of Figure 19, there is only one frequency component. Similarly, when the resistive sheet of disk resistor is mounted upward the power spectrum has two main frequency components for pogo pin length of 8.25 mm, 9.4 mm and 10.5 mm. Table II summarizes the two observed frequencies if the resistive sheet of disk is mounted upward (Figure 18).
Two sinusoidal signals are used in Figure 20 to reconstruct the ringing for pogo pin of 10.5 mm (blue curve in Figure 20) and is compared with the original ringing (red curve in Figure 20).
Therefore, it is possible to reconstruct the ringing by summing two sinusoidal signals e.g., f1 and f2 as shown in Figure 20. This motivates us to consider the nature of ringing and determine the physical agents which correspond to these responses.
Figure 21 shows the half wavelength versus frequency (blue curve) and is compared with the length of the pogo pins versus the first sinusoidal signal (f1) from Table II (black curve). As shown, the first sinusoidal signal (f1) is directly related to the length of pogo pin and can be calculated relative to the length of the pogo pin. The second sinusoidal component is related to the disk orientation. As shown in Figure 18 and 19, the second sinusoidal signal (f2) exist for resistive sheet upward for pogo pin 8.25 mm, 9.4 mm and 10.5 mm. However, this signal disappears when the resistive sheet is mounted downward. For the pogo pin 6.6 mm, two sinusoidal signals cannot be distinguished since f1 is very close to f2. When the resistive sheet of disk resistor in mounted downward (resistive sheet toward DUT), only one frequency can be observed in time-frequency spectrum of ringing signal (Figure 19) which indicate the effect of disk orientation.
B. Effect of Disk Orientation in Simulation
As shown in Figure 18 through Figure 20, two sinusoidal signals contribute to the high-frequency ringing of the CDM discharge current. A full-wave model is created for CDM test setup (Figure 22) to obtain a qualitative insight into the dominating effects up to 30 GHz. Two discrete ports are placed on both sides of the pogo pin providing the corresponding connection for co-simulation simulation in ADS which is shown in Figure 23. Measured S-parameters of the 1 Ω disk resistor from Section II or simulated S-parameter file from Section III can be imported into ADS model of Figure 23. It is also possible to use the simple circuit model of the disk resistor (Figure 9) into the circuit model of Figure 23. As shown in Figure 24 and Figure 25, if the orientation of the disk is changed, the high frequency ringing also changes. The first ringing in the discharge current relates to the length of the pogo pin which exists in the discharge current regardless of disk orientation. However, the second ringing corresponds to the disk orientation and will disappear if the resistive sheet of the disk is mounted toward the DUT (red curve of Figure 24 and Figure 25). If the substrate of the disk is mounted toward the DUT (blue curve in Figure 24 and Figure 25), the waveform has more ringing (high frequency contents).
The effect of disk orientation in simulated data (Figure 24 and Figure 25) is not as strong as the measured waveform (Figure 14 through Figure 17), but in principle they follow the same behavior, i.e., ringing is stronger if the ceramic substrate is mounted toward the DUT and gets weak if the resistive sheet is mounted toward the DUT.
It is known that the current measured at disk is not necessarily equal to the current at the DUT [13]. Ultimately, the current at the DUT is the stress that the device experienced. For accurate comparison between measured and simulated data in this paper, only current at the disk resistor was studied. Future work should incorporate current at the DUT to get a more accurate measurement of the stress that the device experiences.
A. Discussion
The fundamental question is how important is the frequency response of the transfer impedance of the disk resistor above 10 GHz?
Present ICs have data rates up to 50 GHz and more. Thus, their I/O can be damaged by high frequency content of every strong signal [14]. The charge voltages of CDM will be further reduced such that the rise times will further reduce [9]. Thus, the importance of the larger than 10 GHz spectral content will increase. Right now, CC-TLP testers can be based on a 40 ps or less transmission line pulser [14]. A 30 ps rise time equates to 10 GHz. To avoid problems in testing of future ICs and for comparing test methods, the analysis > 10 GHz is suggested.
V. Conclusion and Further Investigations
The frequency response of the transfer impedance of a 1 Ω disk resistor has been investigated through measurement, full-wave modeling, and a simplified equivalent circuit. The transfer impedance increases with frequency and shows a maximum of about 3 Ω at 20 GHz for disks mounted downward (resistive sheet toward DUT). However, the transfer impedance increases with frequency and shows a maximum of about 15-20 Ω around 20 GHz for a disk mounted upward (resistive sheet toward oscilloscope).
This is explained by considering the inner structure of the 1 Ω disk resistor. Only one side of the resistor’s ceramic carrier contains the resistive sheet material. Thus, it is asymmetric. The thin ceramic carrier creates a short transmission line. The effect of this short transmission line section is clearly visible in measurement, simplified and full-wave simulation both in S11, S22 and S21 data. It cannot match the 1 Ω but it strongly changes the match and causes an increase of the transfer impedance. The CDM current has been captured with different pogo pin lengths. High frequency ringing was observed. It can be explained as the sum of two sinusoids. The first sinusoidal signal was directly related to the resonance frequency of the pogo pin structure, i.e., its length and the second one was created due to the transfer impedance of the disk orientation.
VI. Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. David Johnnsson and Dr. Timothy Maloney for their useful discussions and comments.
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http://garden.irmacs.sfu.ca/op/invariant_subspace_problem
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# Invariant subspace problem
Importance: High ✭✭✭
Author(s):
Subject: Analysis
Keywords: subspace
Recomm. for undergrads: no
Posted by: tchow on: February 9th, 2009
Problem Does every bounded linear operator on an infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space have a non-trivial closed invariant subspace?
Let be a Hilbert space. The subspaces and are trivially invariant under any linear operator on , and so these are referred to as the trivial invariant subspaces. The problem is concerned with determining whether bounded operators necessarily have non-trivial invariant subspaces.
This is one of the most famous open problems in functional analysis. Enflo [1] constructed Banach spaces for which the corresponding question has a negative answer, and recently Argyros and Haydon constructed a Banach space for which the corresponding question has a positive answer [4].
For a nice overview to the problem see [2], [3] or [5].
## Bibliography
[1] P. Enflo, On the invariant subspace problem for Banach spaces, Acta Math. 158 (1987), 213-313. MathSciNet
[2] B. S. Yadav, The Present State and Heritages of the Invariant Subspace Problem, Milan J. Math. 73 (2005), 289-316. MathSciNet another link
[3] H. Radjavi and P. Rosenthal, The Invariant Subspace Problem, The Mathematics Intelligencer 4 (1982), no. 1, 33-37. MathSciNet
[4] S. A. Argyros and R. G. Haydon, A hereditarily indecomposable -space that solves the scalar-plus-compact problem, arXiv:0903.3921 (2009).
[5] J. Noel. The Invariant Subspace Problem. Honours Thesis, Thompson Rivers University. Link to pdf.
* indicates original appearance(s) of problem.
### closed
Does every bounded linear operator on an infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space have a non-trivial closed invariant subspace?
### ستار اكاديمي 8
ستار اكاديمي 8
thank you man, u'r good :)
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http://bitboxconsole.blogspot.com/2014/05/playing-titanfall-and-super-mario-3d.html
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## Tuesday, May 27, 2014
### Playing TitanFall and Super Mario 3D World on the bitbox
Well, playing a video of Titanfall on a Bitbox, of course playing a demanding PC / nextgen console videogame is out of reach :) But OK, then, can we have video on the bitbox ?
Full motion video on a very small hardware like the bitbox poses some interesting optimization issues and challenges. That's the kind of challenges you're faced with when you've got a few k on RAM - too few to store the image you're showing entirely- and 180MHz to generate the content and synthetise you VGA signal by software ...
Can we made nice cinematic cutscenes for the game, i.e. full motion video on the bitbox ? Can we make it 4K 3D video ? Well, no (What did you think ? 1080p50 with an Arduino ?)
But ... how far can we go ?
### First approach and limitations
After some reflexion, you quickly realize that the main limitation is RAM memory.
We can use the internal RAM to store a frame and another one to decompress a frame. That will also let us use a codec that encodes the first image completely, then the differences of images. If an image is almost the same, the image compression will be lower. (However we have plenty of space on the SD card, so if we can stream data from the SD to memory, we don't need to compress that much - or even at all).
Also, using a frame buffer, we can separate the display frame rate (ie 60 fps, the speed at which images need to be sent to the display), and the movie frame rate, ie the number of images per second that are provided. If we've got a 20 fps movie, that means we need to update & switch our frames each third frame, letting us a little bit more time to load and process the next frame while we are repeatedly blitting the preceding frame.
We have 192kb total. Let's say we use 64k for our game RAM, and the rest is used for two 64KB frames. At 16 bits per pixel, we can store 32000 pixels ; with a 16/9 aspect ratio (width/height), it's 238 by 134 pixels. Not very high def. Let's say we use a 256 color palette by frame and we store separately the palette and the . We can then use ~8bpp so twice the pixels, and a resolution of 337 by 189. Not that good either.
Example images at the preceding resolutions (click on them to see them at 640x480)
238 x 134, click to see full size
337 x 189, 256 colors ; click to see full size
(note that 24bpp ->15bpp with dither - was not done on preceding images. and that they were cut to 16/9 )
OK, not too bad, but some effort can be made to be a little better.
I demand a 640 x 360 resolution !
### A compression algorithm : DXT1
Let's say we want a native resolution of 640 pixels width. At 16/9 that's 360 pixels high. If we want to store it on our buffers, that's 230 400 pixels to store on 64kB, so a little more than 2bpp (bits per pixel). So we can store 4 colors on our frame buffer. That's simple, and a better resolution, but not a nice image. Maybe for black & white or special effects, but not very usable.
640x480 @ 4bpp - click to see fullsize
But what did we do ? By storing a palette + image, we're effectively storing a compressed image on the frame buffer, and decompressing it at 60 fps now. (note that since we're not storing a decompressed video frame, we ruled out all MPEG encodings or most video encoders which encode frame differences).
What if we used another compression than palette compression such as MJPEG and decompress on the fly in the rendering engine at 60 fps ? That will be easy !
NOT.
Remember we have a limited number of CPU cycles per pixel. The CPU clock is 168 MHz (which we can overclock a bit, by example at 192 MHz to be compatible with USB clock speeds), and 31kHz lines (one line each 1/31000 s), so effectively around 6000 CPU clocks to decompress and write 640 pixels. That's less than 10 CPU clocks per pixel, remember that just loading & storing a word in RAM is 3 cycles. ouch. And we must now decompress at 60fps since we must stream each decompressed frame to the screen.
OK, what can we do ?
Remember that now we're just focusing on RAM to display decompression, not storage to RAM decompression. We might be able to compress more after that for on disk storage.
One fast, interesting compression scheme is S3TC DXT1 compression, which is used for texture compression on current video games (yes, the big current ones, don't we feel high tech to share this technology ?) It is said to be very fast for decompression.
This scheme is described thoroughly in the wikipedia article on DXT1 :
DXT1 (also known as Block Compression 1 or BC1) is the smallest variation of S3TC, storing 16 input pixels in 64 bits of output, consisting of two 16-bit RGB 5:6:5 color values $c_0$ and $c_1$, and a 4x4 two bit lookup table.
If $c_0 > c_1$, then two other colors are calculated, such that $c_2 = {2 \over 3} c_0 + {1 \over 3} c_1$ and $c_3 = {1 \over 3} c_0 + {2 \over 3} c_1$. This mode operates similarly to mode 0xC0 of the original Apple Video codec.[5]
Otherwise, if $c_0 \le c_1$, then $c_2 = {1 \over 2} c_0 + {1 \over 2} c_1$ and $c_3$ is transparent black corresponding to a premultiplied alpha format.
The lookup table is then consulted to determine the color value for each pixel, with a value of 0 corresponding to $c_0$ and a value of 3 corresponding to $c_3$. DXT1 does not store alpha data enabling higher compression ratios.
So take a 4x4 block, store 2 colors and interpolate 4 colors, blit it using those 4 colors.
Well, note that it also seems we're in good company here, as Apple basically had the same idea than us .. a few years ago.
As a bonus, we can have free, high quality compressors, such as libsquish. And indeed, this looks very good ! And it works with 16 bits pixels, so we can change it a bit and make it work natively with 15 bit pixels.
That would give us a 4bpp image with no interframe compression (each image being independant which is needed for frame on the fly decompression, we shouldn't depend on preceding frames !).
4bpp compression allows us 128000 pixels on 64kb with a resolution of 477 by 268. Not 640, but better.
And the quality is very nice.
DXT1 compressed and Original, 15bit 640x400 (so 1/4 the size). Clock to enlarge. (I can't see a difference !)
Nice, eh ?
I implemented a highly optimized with native Cortex M4 instructions to load and multiply several 16bit words in parallel. A nice article about what needs to be done to decompress DXT1 can be found online.
Basically, you need to :
- split c0,c1 into RGB components
- generate the palette of c2 & c3 for the blocks each 4 lines (or 1/4 of blocks each line for the next block line). this is done by interpolating the RGB values - multiplying (much faster than division) by 1/3 and 2/3 in approximated fixed precision 16bits numbers the 5bits component of the color, and then repacking the components to colors. Doing so is parallelized on a 32bit word, like when you can in base 10 multiply 25 by 20003000 and get 500075000
- blit c0,c1,c2 or c3 according to the pixel map.
And .. I failed, even this simple calculations were more than 10 cycles per pixel. Maybe it can be done, but the best I could do was around 20 cycles - with extra optimizations & cut corners, by example by assuming no transparency - , which enabled a 360 pixels wide image.
Let's see what a 320 image scaled horizontally can be :
a 320x480 horizontally stretched image (click)
Better than before but .. not enough. Note that if we had a frame buffer, full motion would be possible at 30 fps since we could decompress once every other frame.
### A custom, simpler codec
OK what if we keep the idea and remove the palette calculation ? That would slash the CPU complexity, but at the expense of much more bandwidth for colors : that would be 6bpp (for a grid of 16 pixels, we now have 4 16 bits colors + 16 2bits pixel references = 3*32/16= 6bpp). So 85k pixels, 389 pixels wide, a bit better, ok why not.
Maybe we can store each color c0-c3 as an 8bpp index to a table instead ; this would still allow us 4bpp and remove palette interpolation cost, at 477x268, 256 colors max.
But let's degrade the quality and only send 2 colors per block, not 4. And just palettize the color references c0, c1 - so a color reference will be 8bpp + a 512 byte palette for the image (256*16bits). Each pixel will be encoded on a single bit (2 colors) so we're talking about 16 pixels on 2*8bits + 16x1bit : 2 bits per pixel ! Remember what we said we needed for native bitbox resolution ?
That would let us store a resolution of 64kB*2/8=256k pixels so a resolution of 674 x 379 pixels !! But that would look like crap at 2 bits per pixel ! Well, look at sample results :
our new video codec, 640x480, as displayed on bitbox - click
Other examples :
I officially declare this good enough (for now).
The compression algorithm is the following (quite crude for now) :
For each 4x4 block :
• compute the luminosity of each pixel
• compute the average luminosity
• separate the pixels in 2 groups : above and below average luminosity
• computing the average color of the "light" pixels group and "dark" pixels group
• computing the 16-bit bitmap of the pixels
Then
• reduce the resulting color couples for all blocks to a 256 color table with a simple color reduction algorithm : median cut (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_cut) (this is done globally for all colors on the whole image)
• Store each block as 2 u8 byte index to the colormap + 16 1bit pixels of the block
Those are encoded with a very naive (& slow) encoder, and quality of encoding could be much upgraded by the same decoder and rewriting in C would make it MUCH faster (it is in non optimized python). Remember that you're looking at still images, and that the video could be 60fps (we have to decompress at that speed anyway !), so we can also spread the error in time.
Can it be done ? Well, yes, it can be decoded at 60 fps realtime. I've made a demo that can loop 8 frames from internal flash and render it on screen, using a C only optimized decoder (no assembly). Not much time to blit anything more for those lines (well, besides a mouse cursor by example), but who would like to draw sprites over such a nice picture :)
But 8 frames ain't much - so we need to stream from the SD card.
#### Streaming from microSD in realtime (ie 60 times per second)
A resulting full scale stream would be 640x360*2bits/8*60frames per second = 3.2 megabytes per second. The SD card can read at 7MB/s (let's reduce the framerate to less - say 30fps - if that's not good enough and we don't need further compression, which means we can DMA directly from SD card to the display buffers ! )
I used the famous FatFS library to handle the FAT32 file format of the card, adapted for use with the stm32f4.
That's the theory. The practical results are that currently I can only load 16kB per frame, and at 30fps by splitting the transfers in two frames, because of
- my crappy microSD card maybe,
- or the file system complexity that adds some reads and slows down the card access (it's not RAW file access - although it cold be done, it would be much less practical to do so),
- or maybe I'm saturating the internal transfer bus or DMA access ? Who knows ?
Anyway, here is the current, real result : Full motion video on the bitbox at 320x180 using 32KB of RAM ! (As as promised, Titanfall playing on the Bitbox - real hardware here).
Can we optimize further and have better ? YES, since our constraint now is file transfers, we should (and already do up to a point) :
• Not divide by 8 the SD card clock as I did in my first tests - DUH !
• Properly take care of storing data on the card so that it aligns to the inner filesystem and microSD card structures. This means by example storing only frames aligned on blocks of 512bytes (1 sector of the card)
• Order properly the running of the reads during V Blanks and end of drawing instead of on the top of the frame
• Make the reads asynchronous so that we don't wait for the DMA but it runs in the background until next frame (but we need to know we won't have to issue several reads)
• Check to see if the SD bandwith is well used or not using a digital scope (which I haven't), understand why and act accordingly
• Buy a better microSD card (mine is not that impressive)
• Compress again : if we could compress the compressed framebuffers for transmission (by example by take into account the inter frame similarity ! However we couldn't use the DMA to send data from SDIO to buffer directly, so that would imply having another buffer and using the CPU to decompress to the buffer ; degrading the bus utilization so maybe decreasing performance ... I guess SD + FAT32 access can maybe be optimized better before
### Conclusion
Well, this sums up this long article, I hope you enjoyed it all : it shows that you can actually do a lot on this small microcontroller, and that optimizing it something that can be fun in itself !
On the other case, well, the code is open, see github repo.
Thanks and congratulations for reading so far, please leave a comment if you read so far on the quality of the writing or the usefulness/interest of it all, or if you're missing any comment.
.. And as a side note, I'm beginning to be able to make bitbox prototypes to sell to those who would like to tinker with code and code games, play some games or demos programs - when available -, code libraries or low level stuff - or just support the project ! See the header of the blog !
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http://mathhelpforum.com/trigonometry/8084-trig-question-finding-all-solutions-print.html
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# Trig question finding all solutions
• November 27th 2006, 03:06 PM
kcsteven
Trig question finding all solutions
what is the best way to find all the solutions of sin x-1=0, with the answer in A+Bkpi, where A=? with 0<A<pi
where B=? and k is any integer
Thankx
Keith Stevens
• November 27th 2006, 04:52 PM
topsquark
Quote:
Originally Posted by kcsteven
what is the best way to find all the solutions of sin x-1=0, with the answer in A+Bkpi, where A=? with 0<A<pi
where B=? and k is any integer
Thankx
Keith Stevens
There is no such x, $0 < x < \pi$.
$sin(x) - 1 = 0$
$sin(x) = 1$
For what values of x is sin(x) = 1?
$x = 0, \pi$
Neither of which is in your indicated domain.
-Dan
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3075705/integral-evaluation-with-delta-dirac
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# Integral evaluation with delta Dirac
I am having doubts about the following integral:$$\int \limits _{0}^{10} \int \limits _{0}^{10} \frac{x^2y^2}{(x^2+y^2)^{5/2}}\ \delta(x)\ \mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y$$ If we apply the definition of the Delta Dirac function we should get: $$\int \limits _{0}^{10}\int \limits _{0}^{10} \frac{x^2y^2}{(x^2+y^2)^{5/2}}\ \delta(x)\ \mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y=\int \limits _{0}^{10} 0\ \mathrm{d}y=0$$ Nevertheless, when one plots the 3D function: $$z(x,y)=\frac{x^2y^2}{(x^2+y^2)^{5/2}}$$ and intersect it with the plane $$x=0$$, what he gets is:
1) $$z(0,y)=0$$ for $$y\neq 0$$
2) $$z(0,0)=\lim \limits _{x,y\rightarrow0}z(x,y)=- \infty$$
so basically $$z(0,y)=-\delta\ (y)$$ and therefore: $$\int \limits _{0}^{10}\int \limits _{0}^{10} \frac{x^2y^2}{(x^2+y^2)^{5/2}}\ \delta(x)\ \mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y=-\int \limits _{0}^{10} \delta\ (y)\ \mathrm{d}y=-H(0)$$ N.B. If I choose any negative number as the lower integration extremum for the variable $$y$$ the final result is obviously $$-H(a)=1\neq 0$$. I do not know which of the two approaches is right, or if they are both wrong and in this case, what is the correct one?
Let us re-name the inner integral in terms of a mapping $$g:[0,10]\to\mathbb R\qquad y\mapsto \int_0^{10}\frac{x^2y^2}{(x^2+y^2)^{5/2}}\delta(x)\,dx=\int_0^{10}\frac{x^2y^2}{(x^2+y^2)^{5/2}}\,\delta(dx)$$ with $$\delta$$ being the Dirac measure (which is not all too relevant for this question, I just wanted to clarify that whatever we do with the so-called "delta function" is rigorously defined when one considers measure theory). Anyways, we get $$g(y)=0$$ for all $$y\in[0,10]$$ (actually for all $$y\in\mathbb R$$) as is readily verified. Then $$\int_0^{10} \int_0^{10}\frac{x^2y^2}{(x^2+y^2)^{5/2}}\,\delta(dx) \,dy=\int_0^{10} g(y)\,dy=0$$ as you correctly claimed in the beginning.
1. $$\lim_{(x,y)\to (0,0)} z(x,y)$$ does not exist as $$\lim_{n\to\infty}z\Big(\frac1n,0\Big)=\lim_{n\to\infty}0=0$$ but $$\lim_{n\to\infty} z\Big(\frac1n,\frac1n\Big)=\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{n}{2^{5/2}}=\infty$$ so the path on which you approach the origin does matter for the limit, which would not happen if the limit in question existed in the usual sense. (One would say that $$z$$ is discontinuous at the origin or that $$z$$ cannot be extended continuously into the origin).
2. The idea that $$\delta(0)=\infty$$, $$\delta(x)=0$$ if $$x\neq 0$$ and $$\int_{\mathbb R}\delta(x)\,dx=1$$ ís nothing more than a heuristic characterization simply to get an intuition what the dirac measure does - because no mapping on the real numbers satisfies the three above conditions at once. Therefore, one should refrain from using this for anything technical beyond the standard property $$\int_{\mathbb R} f(x)\delta(x)\,dx=f(0)$$ for $$f$$ continuous.
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/2281262/find-solution-of-maximum-of-a-function-with-conditions
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# Find solution of maximum of a function with conditions
\label{eqgen} \begin{aligned} & \underset{x}{\text{maximize}} & & F(x)\\ & \text{subject to} & & x \geq 0, \\ & & &x + f(x)\leq d, \end{aligned} where $F(x), f(x)$ are continuous functions from $\mathbb{R}^+ \to \mathbb{R}^+$.
Here is my approach. Intuitively, $x+f(x)\leq d, x\geq 0$ is equivalent to $x \in [a_1, b_1] \cup [a_2, b_2]\cup \cdots \cup [a_{n}, b_{n}]$, where $a_i\leq b_i$, $a_1$ is either 0 or solution of $x+f(x) = d$, $b_n$ is either d or solution of $x+f(x) = d$, and $a_i, b_i$ are solutions of $x+f(x) = d$ for other cases.
Hence, the optimization problem becomes \begin{aligned} & \underset{x}{\text{maximize}} & & F(x)\\ & \text{subject to} & & x \in [a_1, b_1] \cup [a_2, b_2]\cup \cdots \cup [a_{n}, b_{n}]. \end{aligned}
max $F(x)$ on $[a_i, b_i]$ is attained at either $a_i, b_i$ or maximum of $F(x)$ on $[a_i, b_i]$. We can conclude that the optimal solution is either solutions of $x+f(x) = d, or x=0, x= d$ or local maximum of function $F(x)$. This is also what I want to prove.
How can I formally write down the solution of the above approach? I wrote this and my professor does not accept my solution. Thank you in advance!
• Have you tried: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/… May 15 '17 at 17:14
• Thanks for your hint. But it does not work May 23 '17 at 19:54
• Can you tell me what you mean by it does not work? You would not find any closed form solutions in any case. Under differentiability, you would get first order conditions. May 24 '17 at 1:19
There are a lot of intuitive tricks that one can use if one knows exactly the values of $f(x),\ d$, but given it is not given, I will lay out a general way of Kuhn-Tucker conditions.
Write: $L=F(x)+\lambda_1 x-\lambda_2 (x+f(x)-d)$ with $\lambda_1, \lambda_2 \geq0$
Think of the intuition behind the sign of the lambdas. If $x$ becomes negative that is bad for our purpose given the constraint, and that is getting reflected by our objective function getting a negative "shock" through the positive $\lambda_1$. You can reason through similarly for the other lambda.
Now, take derivative w.r.t $x$ to get:
$F'(x)-\lambda_1+\lambda_2(1+f'(x))=0$
Couple this equation with the constraints:
$\lambda_1 x=0$
$\lambda_2 (x+f(x)-d)=0$
And these conditions have complementary slackness.
Case 1: Suppose both constraints are binding, then $\lambda_1, \lambda_2>0$. And, $x=0$, and, $f(0)=d$. If, $f(0) \ne d$, we can immediately move on from this case to the second case.
Otherwise, plug in $x=0$ in the derivative condition, solve for lambdas and check if they are actually positive, otherwise, as before, we move on from this case. Check here:
$F'(0)-\lambda_1+\lambda_2(1+f'(0))=0$
Case 2: Constraint 1 binds and 2 does not. So, $\lambda_1>0$ and $\lambda_2=0$ and $x=0$.
Check back into the derivative condition and check if the values match up with it and with the condition
$f(0)\leq d$
Case 3: Constraint 2 binds and 1 does not. So, $\lambda_1=0$ and $\lambda_2>0$ and $x=0$.
Solve for $x$ from $f(x)=d$, given we are not in case 1, $x$ should not be zero. Use that value of the solution to check back if $x\geq 0$ holds, and if the derivative condition is satisfied for positive $\lambda_2$.
Case 4: Both constraints bind So, $\lambda_1=0$ and $\lambda_2=0$
Solve it like an unconstrained problem, find $x$ and check back to confirm that the inequality conditions are satisfied.
Finally at any case when you find a solution, you check for the second derivative of the maximand (Lagrangian function L) to be negative at the optimal point ($x^*, \lambda^*$). Also, if you found multiple solutions from the different cases, choose among them by plugging them directly into the actual function $F$ to see which one gives the maximum value.
• $d$ is given and plays the role of constant. May 24 '17 at 5:46
• I mean, do you know how $f(0)$ and $d$ are exactly related? Also does the above answer help you? May 24 '17 at 5:58
• Many thanks. I am checking. If it is correct I will mark it. May 24 '17 at 6:22
• I think it's correct and make it as completed answer. But how can we deal with the case when $F, f$ are continuous but not differentiable. From my picture I think it still holds. May 24 '17 at 8:54
• Without differentiability, your best hope would be to take the same four cases as above, and find the optimal in each case by plotting+eye inspection or by logical reasoning. May 24 '17 at 15:59
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https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1407905/finding-parabola-parameter-given-2-points
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# Finding parabola parameter given 2 points
How can I determine which is the directrix and the focus of a parabola and what is the distance between those points, only knowing that this parabola has its symmetry axis = OX and its passes through the points P1 and P2?
EDIT:
Guys, if possible, someone post an example using real numbers please, I think it will be more clear to me (both answers are great, but I'm still having problems to understand, sorry). I'm working with points P1(0,0) P2(6,6) and I need to found p (distance between directrix and focus). Can you guys explain using these numbers?
• Write the parabola as the graph of a polynomial of degree at most two. The three conditions on the parabola, that it pass through two points, and the condition on the symmetry axis, give three equations in the three unknown coefficients. Solve the resulting equations to find the coefficients. Then determine the directrix and the focus. – Dan Fox Aug 24 '15 at 13:44
• Could you provide an answer exemplifying what you said for the points P1(0,0) and P2(6,6)? – chr0x Aug 24 '15 at 14:32
Let's use the following form for the parabola:
$$y=a(x-h)^2+k$$
Distance from vertex $(h,k)$ to your directrix and focus is calculated using the following formula where $p$ is the distance.
$$a=\frac{1}{4p}$$
If $a$ is positive, the equation for your directrix will be as follows:
$$y=k-p$$
Also, the coordinates of the focus will be the following with $+a$:
$$(h,k+p)$$
If $a$ is negative, there are simply a few sign changes. Directrix equation with $-a$:
$$y=k+p$$
Focus with $-a$:
$$(h, k-p)$$
Hopefully this helped.
• Could you give me an example of how to find p using the points P1(0,0) and P2(6,6)? – chr0x Aug 24 '15 at 16:52
• Let's assume $(0,0)$ is your vertex. This means $h=0$ and $k=0$, and your equation is the following: $$y=a(x-[0])^2 + [0]$$ Plugging in $6$ for $x$ and $6$ for $y$ (from point $(6,6)$), we get the following: $$6=a(6-0)^2+0$$ $$6=36a$$ $$a=\frac{1}{6}$$ Now plug $a$ into the following formula to get $p$: $$a=\frac{1}{4p}$$ $$p=1.5$$ You already know the following from earlier: $$h=0$$ $$k=0$$ $$a=\frac{1}{6}$$ Now use the formulae is listed earlier to solve for everything (in your case, $a$ is positive, so use those formulae. – Lanier Freeman Aug 24 '15 at 23:28
The standard equation of the parabola with its axis (symmetric axis=OX) coincident with the x-axis & vertex at the point $(k, 0)$ on the x-axis is $$\color{blue}{y^2=4a(x-x_1)}$$
Where, $a$ & $k$ are arbitrary constants.
Now, satisfying the above equation of parabola by the coordinates of two given point $P_1(x_1, y_1)$ & $P_2(x_2, y_2)$. We get two linear equations in terms of $a$ & $k$ which are determined by solving them. Then we have
The equation of the directrix: $$x-k=-a\iff \color{red}{x=k-a}$$
The focus of the parabola: $$(x-k=a, y=0)\equiv\color{red}{(k+a, 0)}$$
• Hi Harish! I didn't get very well the formulas. You said that the equation: yˆ2=4a(x−x1) is "the standard equation of the parabola with vertex (x1, 0)". But, how can I assume that the vertex is on y=0 ? Another thing: x1 and x in that case are the x's relative to P1 and P2? So, if I have P1(0, 0) and P2(3,3) for example, the focus will be (3, 0)? Last but not least, could you provide me some references so I can complement my studies? I didn't found these formula in the books until now. – chr0x Aug 24 '15 at 14:04
• Notice, the x-axis is the axis of the parabola hence its vertex will lie on the x-axis so we assume vertex at $(k, 0)$. For clarity, I have taken $k$ in place of $x_1$. You may check it in the edited answer. – Harish Chandra Rajpoot Aug 24 '15 at 15:38
• Harish, I found this link: [1] here, and based on that, and using P1(0,0), P2(6,6) I found x=3 and k=-3. Could you tell me if thats right according to your answer? According to your answer I'll get a = 0, right? [1] algebra.com/algebra/homework/… – chr0x Aug 24 '15 at 17:36
• Mr. Harish. Sadly I did not understood the meaning of variables that you used neither how can I apply the values I have, to solve the problem. Could you please add this information in your answer or add some reference that explains these informations? That way I can select your answer as the best answer and close this topic. Thanks. – chr0x Aug 24 '15 at 19:47
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