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http://faculty.uml.edu/klevasseur/ads/s-algebraic-systems.html	Skip to main content $\newcommand{\identity}{\mathrm{id}} \newcommand{\notdivide}{{\not{\mid}}} \newcommand{\notsubset}{\not\subset} \newcommand{\lcm}{\operatorname{lcm}} \newcommand{\gf}{\operatorname{GF}} \newcommand{\inn}{\operatorname{Inn}} \newcommand{\aut}{\operatorname{Aut}} \newcommand{\Hom}{\operatorname{Hom}} \newcommand{\cis}{\operatorname{cis}} \newcommand{\chr}{\operatorname{char}} \newcommand{\Null}{\operatorname{Null}} \renewcommand{\vec}[1]{\mathbf{#1}} \newcommand{\lt}{<} \newcommand{\gt}{>} \newcommand{\amp}{&}$ ## Section11.2Algebraic Systems An algebraic system is a mathematical system consisting of a set called the domain and one or more operations on the domain. If $V$ is the domain and $_1, _2, \ldots , _n$ are the operations, $\left[V;_1, _2, \ldots , _n\right]$ denotes the mathematical system. If the context is clear, this notation is abbreviated to $V\text{.}$ ### Subsection11.2.1Monoids at Two Levels Consider the following two examples of algebraic systems. 1. Let $B^$ be the set of all finite strings of 0's and 1's including the null (or empty) string, $\lambda$. An algebraic system is obtained by adding the operation of concatenation. The concatenation of two strings is simply the linking of the two strings together in the order indicated. The concatenation of strings $a$ with $b$ is denoted $a+b$. For example, $01101+101 =01101101$ and $\lambda +100 = 100$. Note that concatenation is an associative operation and that $\lambda$ is the identity for concatenation. A note on notation: There isn't a standard symbol for concatenation. We have chosen $+$ to be consistent with the notation used in Python and Sage for the concatenation. 2. Let $M$ be any nonempty set and let be any operation on $M$ that is associative and has an identity in $M\text{.}$ Our second example might seem strange, but we include it to illustrate a point. The algebraic system $\left[B^;+\right]$ is a special case of $[M;]$. Most of us are much more comfortable with $B^$ than with $M\text{.}$ No doubt, the reason is that the elements in $B^$ are more concrete. We know what they look like and exactly how they are combined. The description of $M$ is so vague that we don't even know what the elements are, much less how they are combined. Why would anyone want to study $M\text{?}$ The reason is related to this question: What theorems are of interest in an algebraic system? Answering this question is one of our main objectives in this chapter. Certain properties of algebraic systems are called algebraic properties, and any theorem that says something about the algebraic properties of a system would be of interest. The ability to identify what is algebraic and what isn't is one of the skills that you should learn from this chapter. Now, back to the question of why we study $M\text{.}$ Our answer is to illustrate the usefulness of $M$ with a theorem about $M\text{.}$ \begin{equation} \begin{split} (ab)(ab) &=a(b(ab))\quad \textrm{ Why?} \\ &=a ((ba)b)\quad \textrm{ Why?}\\ &= a((ab)b)\quad \textrm{ Why?}\\ &= a(a(bb))\quad \textrm{ Why?}\\ &= (aa)(bb)\quad \textrm{ Why?} \end{split} \end{equation} The power of this theorem is that it can be applied to any algebraic system that $M$ describes. Since $B^$ is one such system, we can apply Theorem 11.2.1 to any two strings that commute. For example, 01 and 0101. Although a special case of this theorem could have been proven for $B^$, it would not have been any easier to prove, and it would not have given us any insight into other special cases of $M\text{.}$ Consider the set of $2\times 2$ real matrices, $M_{2\times 2}(\mathbb{R})$, with the operation of matrix multiplication. In this context, Theorem 11.2.1 can be interpreted as saying that if $A B = B A$, then $(A B)^2= A^2B^2$. One pair of matrices that this theorem applies to is $\left( \begin{array}{cc} 2 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 \\ \end{array} \right)$ and $\left( \begin{array}{cc} 3 & -4 \\ -4 & 3 \\ \end{array} \right)$. ### Subsection11.2.2Levels of Abstraction One of the fundamental tools in mathematics is abstraction. There are three levels of abstraction that we will identify for algebraic systems: concrete, axiomatic, and universal. #### Subsubsection11.2.2.1The Concrete Level Almost all of the mathematics that you have done in the past was at the concrete level. As a rule, if you can give examples of a few typical elements of the domain and describe how the operations act on them, you are describing a concrete algebraic system. Two examples of concrete systems are $B^$ and $M_{2\times 2}(\mathbb{R})$. A few others are: 1. The integers with addition. Of course, addition isn't the only standard operation that we could include. Technically, if we were to add multiplication, we would have a different system. 2. The subsets of the natural numbers, with union, intersection, and complementation. 3. The complex numbers with addition and multiplication. #### Subsubsection11.2.2.2The Axiomatic Level The next level of abstraction is the axiomatic level. At this level, the elements of the domain are not specified, but certain axioms are stated about the number of operations and their properties. The system that we called $M$ is an axiomatic system. Some combinations of axioms are so common that a name is given to any algebraic system to which they apply. Any system with the properties of $M$ is called a monoid. The study of $M$ would be called monoid theory. The assumptions that we made about $M\text{,}$ associativity and the existence of an identity, are called the monoid axioms. One of your few brushes with the axiomatic level may have been in your elementary algebra course. Many algebra texts identify the properties of the real numbers with addition and multiplication as the field axioms. As we will see in Chapter 16, “Rings and Fields,” the real numbers share these axioms with other concrete systems, all of which are called fields. #### Subsubsection11.2.2.3The Universal Level The final level of abstraction is the universal level. There are certain concepts, called universal algebra concepts, that can be applied to the study of all algebraic systems. Although a purely universal approach to algebra would be much too abstract for our purposes, defining concepts at this level should make it easier to organize the various algebraic theories in your own mind. In this chapter, we will consider the concepts of isomorphism, subsystem, and direct product. ### Subsection11.2.3Groups To illustrate the axiomatic level and the universal concepts, we will consider yet another kind of axiomatic system, the group. In Chapter 5 we noted that the simplest equation in matrix algebra that we are often called upon to solve is $A X = B$, where $A$ and $B$ are known square matrices and $X$ is an unknown matrix. To solve this equation, we need the associative, identity, and inverse laws. We call the systems that have these properties groups. ###### Definition11.2.3Group A group consists of a nonempty set $G$ and a binary operation $$ on $G$ satisfying the properties 1. $$ is associative on $G$: $(ab)c=a(bc)$ for all $a, b, c \in G$. 2. There exists an identity element, $e \in G$ such that $ae=ea=a$ for all $a \in G$. 3. For all $a \in G$, there exists an inverse, there exist $b\in G$ such that $a b = ba=e$. A group is usually denoted by its set's name, $G\text{,}$ or occasionally by $[G; ]$ to emphasize the operation. At the concrete level, most sets have a standard operation associated with them that will form a group. As we will see below, the integers with addition is a group. Therefore, in group theory $\mathbb{Z}$ always stands for $[\mathbb{Z}; +]$. ###### Note11.2.4Generic Symbols At the axiomatic and universal levels, there are often symbols that have a special meaning attached to them. In group theory, the letter $e$ is used to denote the identity element of whatever group is being discussed. A little later, we will prove that the inverse of a group element, $a\text{,}$ is unique and its inverse is usually denoted $a^{-1}$ and is read “$a$ inverse.” When a concrete group is discussed, these symbols are dropped in favor of concrete symbols. These concrete symbols may or may not be similar to the generic symbols. For example, the identity element of the group of integers is 0, and the inverse of $n$ is denoted by $-n$, the additive inverse of $n\text{.}$ The asterisk could also be considered a generic symbol since it is used to denote operations on the axiomatic level. 1. The integers with addition is a group. We know that addition is associative. Zero is the identity for addition: $0 + n = n + 0 = n$ for all integers $n\text{.}$ The additive inverse of any integer is obtained by negating it. Thus the inverse of $n$ is $-n$. 2. The integers with multiplication is not a group. Although multiplication is associative and 1 is the identity for multiplication, not all integers have a multiplicative inverse in $\mathbb{Z}$. For example, the multiplicative inverse of 10 is $\frac{1}{10}$, but $\frac{1}{10}$ is not an integer. 3. The power set of any set $U$ with the operation of symmetric difference, $\oplus$, is a group. If $A$ and $B$ are sets, then $A\oplus B=(A\cup B)-(A\cap B)$. We will leave it to the reader to prove that $\oplus$ is associative over $\mathcal{P}(U)$. The identity of the group is the empty set: $A\oplus \emptyset = A$. Every set is its own inverse since $A \oplus A = \emptyset$. Note that $\mathcal{P}(U)$ is not a group with union or intersection. ###### Definition11.2.6Abelian Group A group is abelian if its operation is commutative. ### SubsectionExercises for Section 11.2 ###### 1 Discuss the analogy between the terms generic and concrete for algebraic systems and the terms generic and trade for prescription drugs. Answer The terms “generic” and “trade” for prescription drugs are analogous to “generic” and “concrete” algebraic systems. Generic aspirin, for example, has no name, whereas Bayer, Tylenol, Bufferin, and Anacin are all trade or specific types of aspirins. The same can be said of a generic group $[G; ]$ where $G$ is a nonempty set and $$ is a binary operation on $G$, When examples of typical domain elements can be given along with descriptions of how operations act on them, such as $\mathbb{Q}$* or $M_{2\times 2}(\mathbb{R})$, then the system is concrete (has a specific name, as with the aspirin). Generic is a way to describe a general algebraic system, whereas a concrete system has a name or symbols making it distinguishable from other systems. ###### 2 Discuss the connection between groups and monoids. Is every monoid a group? Is every group a monoid? ###### 3 Which of the following are groups? 1. $B^$ with concatenation (see Subsection 11.2.1). 2. $M_{2\times 3}(\mathbb{R})$ with matrix addition. 3. $M_{2\times 3}(\mathbb{R})$ with matrix multiplication. 4. The positive real numbers, $\mathbb{R}^+,$with multiplication. 5. The nonzero real numbers, $\mathbb{R}^$, with multiplication. 6. $\{1, -1\}$ with multiplication. 7. The positive integers with the operation $M$ defined by $a M b = \textrm{ the larger of } a \textrm{ and } b$. Answer The systems in parts b, d, e, and f are groups. ###### 4 Prove that, $\oplus$, defined by $A \oplus B = (A \cup B) - (A \cap B)$ is an associative operation on $\mathcal{P}(U)$. ###### 5 The following problem supplies an example of a non-abelian group. A rook matrix is a matrix that has only 0's and 1's as entries such that each row has exactly one 1 and each column has exactly one 1. The term rook matrix is derived from the fact that each rook matrix represents the placement of $n$ rooks on an $n\times n$ chessboard such that none of the rooks can attack one another. A rook in chess can move only vertically or horizontally, but not diagonally. Let $R_n$ be the set of $n\times n$ rook matrices. There are six $3\times 3$ rook matrices: $\begin{array}{ccc} I=\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right) & R_1=\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right) & R_2=\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right) \\ F_1=\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right) & F_2=\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right) & F_3=\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right) \\ \end{array}$ 1. List the $2\times 2$ rook matrices. They form a group, $R_2,$ under matrix multiplication. Write out the multiplication table. Is the group abelian? 2. Write out the multiplication table for $R_3$ . This is another group. Is it abelian? 3. How many $4\times 4$ rook matrices are there? How many $n\times n$ rook matrices are there? Answer 1. Elements are $I=\left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \\ \end{array} \right)$, and $T=\left( \begin{array}{cc} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\ \end{array} \right)$, the group is abelian. Operation table is $\begin{array}{c\|cc} \cdot & I & T\\ \hline I & I & T\\ T & T & I\\ \end{array}$ 2. $\begin{array}{c\|c} & \begin{array}{cccccc} I & R_1 & R_2 & F_1 & F_2 & F_3 \\ \end{array} \\ \hline \begin{array}{c} I \\ R_1 \\ R_2 \\ F_1 \\ F_2 \\ F_3 \\ \end{array} & \begin{array}{cccccc} I & R_1 & R_2 & F_1 & F_2 & F_3 \\ R_1 & R_2 & I & F_2 & F_3 & F_1 \\ R_2 & I & R_1 & F_3 & F_1 & F_2 \\ F_1 & F & F_2 & I & R_2 & R_1 \\ F_2 & F_1 & F_3 & R_1 & I & R_2 \\ F_3 & F_2 & F_1 & R_2 & R_1 & I \\ \end{array} \\ \end{array}$ This group is non-abelian since, for example, $F_1 F_2=R_2$ and $F_2 F_1=R_2$. 3. 4! = 24, $n!$. ###### 6 For each of the following sets, identify the standard operation that results in a group. What is the identity of each group? 1. The set of all $2\times 2$ matrices with real entries and nonzero determinants. 2. The set of $2 \times 3$ matrices with rational entries. ###### 7 Let $V = \{e,a,b, c\}$. Let $$ be defined (partially) by $x x = e$ for all $x \in V$. Write a complete table for $$ so that $[V; ]$ is a group. Answer The identity is $e\text{.}$ $ab = c$, $ac= b$, $bc = a$, and $[V; ]$ is abelian. (This group is commonly called the Klein-4 group.)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.940157949924469, "perplexity": 249.8522201395846}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509170.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015100606-20181015122106-00087.warc.gz"}
http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/3425/can-i-use-a-key-derivation-function-as-the-hash-function-h-in-srp	# Can I use a key-derivation-function as the hash function H in SRP? In the Secure Remote Password Protocol, the verifier must be stored on the server. In the case of a server compromise, an attacker could obtain these verifiers. If nobody reused passwords, this wouldn't be a big deal (as the users' data is probably also compromised). However since people do reuse passwords it seems a good idea to make offline attacks against the password file difficult. SRP is based off of a cryptographic hash H; part of the cost of an offline attack would be calculating H, so using an expensive hash for this step seems good. However, I am unsure of the suitability of tunably expensive hashing mechanisms (e.g. PBKDF2, bcrypt, scrypt) for this. - I think the problem would be finding a collision-resistant key-derivation-function, since a $\hspace{1.2 in}$ collision would allow a fake server to test 2 passwords. $\:$ – Ricky Demer Aug 1 '12 at 2:49 @RickyDemer, turns out that's not a problem. First, collision-resistance is not a big issue for this particular application. Second, PBKDF2 is already adequately collision-resistant. – D.W. Aug 1 '12 at 5:20 RFC 2945 By Tom Wu the SRP inventor uses x = H(s, H(I, ":", p)) where I is the username demonstrating that can do anything you like to the stretch the password such as prefixing the username then hashing it. So stretching the user entered password before putting it into function using PBKDF2 would increase the time taken for a dictionary attack with no effect on the strength of the protocol e.g. x = H(s, PBKDF2(p)) (Edit Note the design document uses x = H(s, p) but the SRP-6a paper linked to from that page uses x = H(s, I, P) so both differ from the RFC.) Swapping H for PBKDF2 throughout the protocol would slow down the server drastically. With an online dictionary attack you want the attacking client to run slow without it tying up server resources. This suggests only slowing down the x function whilst keeping a good hashing function like SHA256 or better throughout the rest of the protocol. Also as @otus points out in a comment with an offline attack on a captured verifier they don't need to run the full protocol only the steps to generate the verifier. Again this means that there is no benefit to slowing down the full protocol. Changing the x function to only use the key stretching algorithm with x = PBKDF2(s, p) seems illogical. You have to use the H algorithm to run the rest of protocol using the fast H the server is running. The purpose of running the key stretching algorithm is to slow down the client so you may as well use both H and PBKDF2 by using the RFC function for x but stretching the raw password then passing into the RFC function giving x = H(s, H(I, ":", PBKDF2(p))). - @otus thanks i have updated. – simbo1905 Oct 13 at 20:38 That's a good point that only the calculation of x need be slowed down to prevent an offline attack against a weak p given v, which is what I was concerned about. – Aidenn Oct 14 at 2:22 @Aidenn it's a good idea to AES encrypt the verifier in the database to protect offsite backups from an offline attack. – simbo1905 Oct 16 at 16:47 Yes, you can and use a slow hashing function when constructing the verifier. I would recommend using PBKDF2, as it is designed for this purpose. In fact, Wikipedia says: $v$ is the host's password verifier, $v = g^x$, $x = H(s,p)$. Using of functions like PBKDF2 instead of $H$ for password hashing is highly recommended. Thus, you could use $x=\text{PBKDF2}(s,p)$. Alternatively, you could pre-hash the password with PBKDF2, then use the result as your $p$. - Thanks, do you have a more reliable source than wikipedia for this? In any event prehashing with PBKDF2 is clearly okay, and will only allow a compromise of the account on the single site, not recovery of the cleartext password. – Aidenn Aug 1 '12 at 22:58 @Aidenn, sorry, no, I don't have any source for this, alas. Sorry about that. (It's a perfectly fair question. I wish I had a better citation or analysis for you!) – D.W. Aug 1 '12 at 23:35 Wikipedia is not a source. – Smit Johnth May 24 '13 at 3:23 1. There is no reason why you can't, i.e. why H() used for hashing passwords and for the rest of protocol should be the same. 2. The only thing you pay for that is the speed. Password hash is only generated on the client while you usually want to spare server's CPU time, client's is less important. -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.35719507932662964, "perplexity": 1549.3796740553946}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398454553.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205414-00256-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/759237/criterion-to-decide-the-invertibility-of-polynomial-maps	Criterion to decide the invertibility of polynomial maps Consider a polynomial map $f:\mathbb{R}^{n-1}\to V\subset\mathbb{R}^n$ where $V$ is $n-1$-dimensional variety in $\mathbb{R}^n$. Are there any conditions on $f$ to determine whether it defines bi-rational equivalence between $V$ and $\mathbb{R}^{n-1}$? Are you asking for a rational inverse of $f$ or a regular inverse of $f$ (the latter means that $f$ is an isomorphism to a subvariety of $\mathbb R^n$) ? – user143488 Apr 18 '14 at 14:40 I am asking about rational inverse of $f$. Are there any criterion/conditions on $f$? – Deepak Apr 18 '14 at 14:58 So you want $f$ to induce an immersion on an open subset of $\mathbb R^{n-1}$. A necessary condition is that the tangent map of $f$ is injective at some point. This would be sufficient if moreover $f$ is injective on an open subset. – user143488 Apr 18 '14 at 15:18 Actually bi-rational equivalence is weaker than isomorphism. For example consider the question asked here: math.stackexchange.com/questions/756322/…. In this example rational inverse was given by $$z_1=\frac{a^3-c}{2(a^2-b)}, z_2=\frac{a^3-3ab+2c}{3b-3a^2}$$ However for the points (a,b,c) satisfying $a^2-b=0$ there do not exist any finite $z_1$ and $z_2$. – Deepak Apr 18 '14 at 15:58 I didn't say isomorphism from $\mathbb R^{n-1}$ to $V$. – user143488 Apr 18 '14 at 15:59	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.879071056842804, "perplexity": 307.5062901900889}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639674.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00121-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://2022.help.altair.com/2022/activate/business/en_us/topics/reference/oml_language/Optimization/arsm.htm	# arsm Find the constrained minimum of a real function. ## Syntax x = arsm(@func,x0) x = arsm(@func,x0,A,b) x = arsm(@func,x0,A,b,Aeq,beq) x = arsm(@func,x0,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub) x = arsm(@func,x0,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon) x = arsm(@func,x0,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon,options) [x,fval,info,output] = arsm(...) ## Inputs func The function to minimize. x0 An estimate of the location of the minimum. A A matrix used to compute Ax for inequality contraints. Use [ ] if unneeded. b The upper bound of the inequality constraints Ax<=b. Use [ ] if unneeded. Aeq A matrix used to compute Aeqx for equality contraints. Use [ ] if unneeded. beq The upper bound of the equality constraints Aeqx=beq. Use [ ] if unneeded. lb The design variable lower bounds. Use [ ] if unbounded. Support for this option is limited. See Comments. ub The design variable upper bounds. Use [ ] if unbounded. Support for this option is limited. See Comments. nonlcon The non-linear constraints function. The function signature is as follows: function [c, ceq] = ConFunc(x) where c and ceq contain inequality and equality contraints, respectively. The inequality constraints are assumed to have upper bounds of 0. The function can return 1 or 2 outputs. options A struct containing options settings. See arsmoptimset for details. ## Outputs x The location of the function minimum. fval The minimum of the function. info The convergence status flag. • info = 3: Converged with a constraint violation within TolCon. • info = 1: Function value converged to within TolX, TolFunAbs, or TolFunRel. • info = 0: Reached maximum number of iterations, or the algorithm aborted because it was not converging. • info = -2: The function did not converge. output A struct containing iteration details. The members are as follows. iterations The number of iterations. xiter The candidate solution at each iteration. fvaliter The objective function value at each iteration. coniter The constraint values at each iteration. The columns will contain the constraint function values in the following order: 1. linear inequality contraints 2. linear equality constraints 3. nonlinear inequality contraints 4. nonlinear equality constraints ## Examples Minimize the function ObjFunc, subject to the linear inequality constraint: x1 + 4x2 > 27. The constraint must be expressed with an upper bound: -x1 - 4x2 < -27. function obj = ObjFunc(x) obj = 2(x(1)-3)^2 - 5(x(1)-3)(x(2)-2) + 4(x(2)-2)^2 + 6; end init = [8, 6]; % initial estimate A = [-1, -4]; % inequality contraint matrix b = [-27]; % inequality contraint bound lb = [-10, -10]; % lower variable bounds ub = [10, 10]; % upper variable bounds [x,fval] = arsm(@ObjFunc,init,A,b,[],[],lb,ub) x = [Matrix] 1 x 2 7.00001 5.00000 fval = 14 Modify the previous example to pass an extra parameter to the function using a function handle. function obj = ObjFunc(x,offset) obj = 2(x(1)-3)^2 - 5(x(1)-3)(x(2)-2) + 4(x(2)-2)^2 + offset; end handle = @(x) ObjFunc(x,7); [x,fval] = arsm(handle,init,A,b,[],[],lb,ub) x = [Matrix] 1 x 2 7.00001 5.00000 fval = 15 arsm uses an Adaptive Response Surface Method. See the fmincon optimization tutorial, Activate-4030: Optimization Algorithms in OML, for an example with nonlinear constraints. Options are specified with arsmoptimset. The defaults are as follows: • MaxIter: 25 • MaxFail: 20000 • TolX: 0.001 • TolCon: 0.5 (%) • TolFunAbs: 0.001 • TolFunRel: 1.0 (%) • ConRet: 50.0 (%) • MoveLim: 0.15 • PertM: 'initial' • PertV: 1.1 • Display: 'off' Unbounded limits design variable limits are not fully supported and are set to -1000 and 1000. Use of large limits is discouraged due to the size of the search area. To pass additional parameters to a function argument, use an anonymous function.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7267601490020752, "perplexity": 11831.983694227989}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103037089.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626040948-20220626070948-00376.warc.gz"}
https://blog.paperspace.com/unpaired-image-to-image-translations-with-cycle-gans/	# Unpaired Image to Image Translations with Cycle GANs In this tutorial, we show how to implement cycle GANs from scratch for image to image translation in TensorFlow using a clever combination of a ResNet generator and Patch GAN discriminator. a minute ago • 16 min read One of the primary reasons that deep learning didn't take off when it was introduced a couple of decades ago was the lack of data. Neural networks by their very nature need huge processing power and big data to truly make use of in practice. In the current era, with more modernized equipment, storing large amounts of data is not an issue. It is also possible to create and refine the available data with modern tools for computer vision or natural language processing. Most deep learning models utilize paired examples where a source image is directly linked to its target image. However, there an important question arises. What type of deep learning would be optimal to solve tasks with little to no link between each other containing data? In our previous articles, we have been exploring conditional GANs and their ability to perform complex tasks of image-to-image translations with relative ease after successful training. We have covered both Conditional GANs (CGANs) and a variation of these conditional GANs in pix2pix GANs. To quickly recap our previous GAN article on pix2pix, we focused on performing image-to-image translations of satellite images to maps. In this article, we will focus on another variation of conditional GANs in Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks (Cycle GANs) and develop an unpaired image-to-image translation project. The Paperspace Gradient platform can be utilized to run the following project by creating a Paperspace Gradient Notebook using the following linked repo as the "Workspace URL." This field can be found by toggling the advanced options button on the Notebook creation page. ## Introduction: When we have specific conditions and proper pairing of data elements linking one image to its respective counterpart, it is easier to train such conditional GANs. Pix2Pix GANs are one such example where we work with paired images. Paired images are ones where the source image is linked to its corresponding target image. In paired image datasets, we have a clear mapping of both the source and target images, which are provided accordingly. However, such data is difficult to obtain in the real world. Unpaired data, on the other hand, is relatively easier to obtain and can be found in abundance. In unpaired datasets, the source images and their corresponding target images are not directly provided. One of the primary approaches to solving projects or tasks related to unpaired datasets is to utilize Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks (Cycle GANs). Cycle GANs provide the user with an efficient method of achieving compelling results in most cases. In this research paper, most of the primary goals and accomplishments of this network are described in detail. The Cycle GAN networks are capable of learning a mapping from image source $X$ to $Y$ from unpaired examples such that the generated images produced are of high quality. An additional cycle loss is also introduced in this research paper to confirm that the inverse mapping from the generated image reproduces the source image once again. Let us understand the working procedure and implementation details further in the upcoming section of this article. ## Understanding Cycle GANs: In this section, we will understand the detailed working explanation of Cycle GANs. In the introduction, we gently acknowledge that the application of Cycle GANs is primarily for unpaired image-to-image translations in opposition to other conditional GANs, such as pix2pix GANs. Let us try to understand the working procedure and the basic concepts of these networks, as well as gain a clear understanding of the generator and discriminator architecture. In the above image, let us consider the first sub-section with the generators $G$ and $F$ and the discriminators $Dx$ and $Dy$. The $X$ represents the input image, while the $Y$ represents the generated image. Unlike most GAN networks, which utilize a single generator and discriminator, the Cycle GAN network makes use of two generators and discriminators. The generator $G$ works on the input $X$ to generate an image $Y$. The discriminator $Dy$ distinguishes if the generated image is real or fake. Similarly, the generator $F$ generates an image $X$ considering an input $Y$. The discriminator $Dx$ distinguishes if this generated image is real or fake. Apart from having a double generator and discriminator setup, we also have a cycle consistency loss to help the model to capture a greater intuitive understanding. If the model is trained on one source image to produce a generated image, then the cycle consistency loss ensures that when the generated image is translated back again into the original domain, we should be able to approximately retrieve the original source image once again. In the above image, we can notice both the forward cycle-consistency loss and backward cycle-consistency loss in their respective sub-figures. Below is the final equation of all the loss functions combined for the Cycle GAN network. In this project, we also use an additional identity loss, which may not be required for most cases. $$L(G, F, DX, DY ) = LGAN(G, DY , X, Y ) + LGAN(F, DX, Y, X) + λLcyc(G, F)$$ Now that we have understood the working procedure of these Cycle GAN networks, we can also briefly discuss the details behind the implementation of the generator and discriminator networks. The generator architecture comprises of three convolutional layers with varying filters, kernel sizes, and strides. After the three convolutional layers, we have the residual blocks. The network can either contain six or nine residual blocks. At the end of the residual blocks, we make use of a couple of upsampling layers (or convolutional transpose layers) with a final convolutional layer resulting in the required image size for the generator. In the discriminator architecture, we have a simple 70 x 70 Patch GAN network, which contains four convolutional layers of increasing filter size. In these networks, instance normalization is preferred over batch normalization alongside Leaky ReLU activation functions. We will discuss more on the architectural details further when we construct these models from scratch. ## Developing Unpaired Image To Image Translation using Cycle GANS: In this section of the article, we will focus on developing the unpaired image-to-image translation project with the help of Cycle GANs. Now that we have a brief understanding of the basic working procedure of these Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks, we can build the overall architecture to process and compute the required task. We will utilize the TensorFlow and Keras deep learning frameworks for constructing these networks. If the viewers are not familiar with these libraries, I would recommend checking out a couple of my previous articles to gain more familiarity with these topics. You can check out the following article to learn more about TensorFlow and the Keras article here. Once done, we can start with the importing of the essential libraries. Bring this project to life ### Importing the essential libraries: As discussed previously, one of the major changes from the previous pix2pix GAN architecture is the use of instance normalization layers over the batch normalization layers. Since there is no way to directly call the instance normalization layer through the existing Keras API, we will proceed to install an additional requirement. We will install the Keras-Contrib repository that will allow us to directly utilize these necessary layers without going through too much hassle. pip install git+https://www.github.com/keras-team/keras-contrib.git Once we have finished installing the pre-requisite requirement for the project, we can proceed to import all the essential libraries that we will utilize for constructing the Cycle GAN architecture and train the model accordingly to obtain the desired results. We will use the TensorFlow and Keras deep learning frameworks, as discussed previously, for building the network. We will use the functional API model type instead of the Sequential model to have overall higher control of the network design. We will also use a dataset that is available in the TensorFlow datasets library. Other necessary imports include matplotlib for visualization and the OS for handling tasks related to the local operating system. Below is the list of all the required imports. import tensorflow as tf from tensorflow.keras.initializers import RandomNormal from tensorflow.keras.models import Model from tensorflow.keras.layers import Input, Conv2D, LeakyReLU, Conv2DTranspose from tensorflow.keras.layers import Activation, Concatenate, BatchNormalization from keras_contrib.layers.normalization.instancenormalization import InstanceNormalization from tensorflow.keras.utils import plot_model import tensorflow_datasets as tfds import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from IPython.display import clear_output import time import os AUTOTUNE = tf.data.AUTOTUNE ### Obtaining and preparing the dataset: In this step, we will obtain the dataset for which we will perform the translation of images. We make use of the TensorFlow datasets library, through which we can retrieve all the relevant information. The dataset contains images of horses and zebras. For obtaining similar datasets for Cycle GAN projects, I would recommend checking out the following link. Below is the code snippet to load the datasets into their respective train and test variables. dataset, metadata = tfds.load('cycle_gan/horse2zebra', with_info=True, as_supervised=True) train_horses, train_zebras = dataset['trainA'], dataset['trainB'] test_horses, test_zebras = dataset['testA'], dataset['testB'] Once we have retrieved the dataset, we can proceed to define some basic parameters that we will utilize for preparing the dataset. BUFFER_SIZE = 1000 BATCH_SIZE = 1 IMG_WIDTH = 256 IMG_HEIGHT = 256 In the next code block, we will define some basic functions for the dataset preparation. We will perform the normalization of the dataset to avoid extra memory usage and solve the task with relatively lesser resources. We will also apply jittering and mirroring to the existing data available, as suggested in the research paper, to avoid overfitting. Such augmentation techniques are usually quite useful. In this step, we are resizing the image to 286 x 286 and then cropping it back to the required 256 x 256 size, as well as flipping the images horizontally from left to right. Below is the code block for performing the following actions. def random_crop(image): cropped_image = tf.image.random_crop( image, size=[IMG_HEIGHT, IMG_WIDTH, 3]) return cropped_image # normalizing the images to [-1, 1] def normalize(image): image = tf.cast(image, tf.float32) image = (image / 127.5) - 1 return image def random_jitter(image): # resizing to 286 x 286 x 3 image = tf.image.resize(image, [286, 286], method=tf.image.ResizeMethod.NEAREST_NEIGHBOR) # randomly cropping to 256 x 256 x 3 image = random_crop(image) # random mirroring image = tf.image.random_flip_left_right(image) return image def preprocess_image_train(image, label): image = random_jitter(image) image = normalize(image) return image def preprocess_image_test(image, label): image = normalize(image) return image Finally, we will compute all these data elements into a final dataset. We will map the data with a random shuffle and pre-defined batch size through which all the components are accessible. We will define the dataset for all the training elements and testing ones for both the horse and zebra images, as shown in the below code snippet. train_horses = train_horses.cache().map( preprocess_image_train, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE).shuffle( BUFFER_SIZE).batch(BATCH_SIZE) train_zebras = train_zebras.cache().map( preprocess_image_train, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE).shuffle( BUFFER_SIZE).batch(BATCH_SIZE) test_horses = test_horses.map( preprocess_image_test, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE).cache().shuffle( BUFFER_SIZE).batch(BATCH_SIZE) test_zebras = test_zebras.map( preprocess_image_test, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE).cache().shuffle( BUFFER_SIZE).batch(BATCH_SIZE) sample_horse = next(iter(train_horses)) sample_zebra = next(iter(train_zebras)) Below are some sample images with the datasets containing the original image and its corresponding image with some random jitter. Once we have completed all the required steps for obtaining and preparing the dataset, we can proceed to create the discriminator and generator networks to build the overall Cycle GAN architecture. ### Define the discriminator architecture: For the discriminator architecture, we have four convolutional blocks defined as follows - $C64-C128-C256-C512$. The Leaky ReLU activation function with an alpha (slope) value of 0.2 is used. Except for the first convolutional block, all other blocks make use of an instance normalization right after the convolutional layers. The strides and kernel sizes are as shown in the code snippet below. We will finally compile the model with a mean square error loss function and an Adam optimizer to complete the Patch GAN discriminator type network. # define the discriminator model def define_discriminator(image_shape): # weight initialization init = RandomNormal(stddev=0.02) # source image input in_image = Input(shape=image_shape) # C64 d = Conv2D(64, (4,4), strides=(2,2), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(in_image) d = LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2)(d) # C128 d = Conv2D(128, (4,4), strides=(2,2), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(d) d = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(d) d = LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2)(d) # C256 d = Conv2D(256, (4,4), strides=(2,2), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(d) d = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(d) d = LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2)(d) # C512 d = Conv2D(512, (4,4), strides=(2,2), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(d) d = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(d) d = LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2)(d) # second last output layer d = Conv2D(512, (4,4), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(d) d = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(d) d = LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2)(d) # patch output patch_out = Conv2D(1, (4,4), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(d) # define model model = Model(in_image, patch_out) # compile model return model # define image shape image_shape = (256,256,3) # create the model model = define_discriminator(image_shape) # summarize the model model.summary() ### Define the Generator architecture: The generator architecture consists of one convolutional block with 64 filters and a 7 x 7 kernel size with a stride of 2, followed by two convolutional layers of 3 x 3 kernel size with a stride of 1, respectively, with 128 and 256 filters. We will then define the residual block, which is nothing but a bunch of convolutional layers. This residual block is followed by a couple of upsampling layers defined by the Convolutional 2D Transpose layers. The final convolutional layer contains a 7 x 7 kernel size with a stride of 1 and 3 filters. They generator architecture for 9 residual blocks is defined as follows: $c7s1-64, d128, d256, R256, R256, R256, R256, R256, R256, R256, R256, R256, u128, u64, c7s1-3$ # generator a resnet block def resnet_block(n_filters, input_layer): # weight initialization init = RandomNormal(stddev=0.02) # first layer convolutional layer g = Conv2D(n_filters, (3,3), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(input_layer) g = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(g) g = Activation('relu')(g) # second convolutional layer g = Conv2D(n_filters, (3,3), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(g) g = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(g) # concatenate merge channel-wise with input layer g = Concatenate()([g, input_layer]) return g # define the standalone generator model def define_generator(image_shape=(256, 256, 3), n_resnet=9): # weight initialization init = RandomNormal(stddev=0.02) # image input in_image = Input(shape=image_shape) # c7s1-64 g = Conv2D(64, (7,7), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(in_image) g = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(g) g = Activation('relu')(g) # d128 g = Conv2D(128, (3,3), strides=(2,2), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(g) g = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(g) g = Activation('relu')(g) # d256 g = Conv2D(256, (3,3), strides=(2,2), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(g) g = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(g) g = Activation('relu')(g) # R256 for _ in range(n_resnet): g = resnet_block(256, g) # u128 g = Conv2DTranspose(128, (3,3), strides=(2,2), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(g) g = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(g) g = Activation('relu')(g) # u64 g = Conv2DTranspose(64, (3,3), strides=(2,2), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(g) g = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(g) g = Activation('relu')(g) # c7s1-3 g = Conv2D(3, (7,7), padding='same', kernel_initializer=init)(g) g = InstanceNormalization(axis=-1)(g) out_image = Activation('tanh')(g) # define model model = Model(in_image, out_image) return model # create the model model = define_generator() # summarize the model model.summary() ### Defining loss function and checkpoints: In the next code snippet, we will explore the different types of loss functions that we will utilize for the Cycle GAN architecture. We will define generator loss, discriminator loss, cycle consistency loss, and identity loss. The reason for the cycle consistency loss, as discussed previously, is to maintain an approximate relationship between the source image and the reproduced image. Finally, we will define the Adam optimizers for both the generator and discriminator networks, as shown in the below code block. LAMBDA = 10 loss_obj = tf.keras.losses.BinaryCrossentropy(from_logits=True) def discriminator_loss(real, generated): real_loss = loss_obj(tf.ones_like(real), real) generated_loss = loss_obj(tf.zeros_like(generated), generated) total_disc_loss = real_loss + generated_loss def generator_loss(generated): return loss_obj(tf.ones_like(generated), generated) def calc_cycle_loss(real_image, cycled_image): loss1 = tf.reduce_mean(tf.abs(real_image - cycled_image)) return LAMBDA * loss1 def identity_loss(real_image, same_image): loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.abs(real_image - same_image)) return LAMBDA * 0.5 * loss discriminator_y_optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(2e-4, beta_1=0.5) Once we have finished defining the loss functions and optimizers, we will also define a checkpoint system where we will store the desired checkpoint with the most recent results being saved. We can do this to allow us to reload and retrain the weights if needed. checkpoint_path = "./checkpoints/train" ckpt = tf.train.Checkpoint(generator_g=generator_g, generator_f=generator_f, discriminator_x=discriminator_x, discriminator_y=discriminator_y, generator_g_optimizer=generator_g_optimizer, generator_f_optimizer=generator_f_optimizer, discriminator_x_optimizer=discriminator_x_optimizer, discriminator_y_optimizer=discriminator_y_optimizer) ckpt_manager = tf.train.CheckpointManager(ckpt, checkpoint_path, max_to_keep=5) # if a checkpoint exists, restore the latest checkpoint. if ckpt_manager.latest_checkpoint: ckpt.restore(ckpt_manager.latest_checkpoint) print ('Latest checkpoint restored!!') ### Define the final training function: In the final step, we will define the training function to train our model and generate the desired images as required. Firstly, let us set the number of epochs that we plan to train the model for and create a function for creating the respective plots for visualizing the input and predicted image. Note that for this training, I used a keyboard interrupt after twenty epochs, but the viewers can train for longer periods to achieve better results. EPOCHS = 50 def generate_images(model, test_input): prediction = model(test_input) plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12)) display_list = [test_input[0], prediction[0]] title = ['Input Image', 'Predicted Image'] for i in range(2): plt.subplot(1, 2, i+1) plt.title(title[i]) # getting the pixel values between [0, 1] to plot it. plt.imshow(display_list[i] * 0.5 + 0.5) plt.axis('off') plt.show() In the training step function, we will call the tf.function and Gradient tape for faster training computation of the backpropagation weights. The training method is similar to the previous GAN architectures that we have previously built with the exception that we will train two generators and discriminators in this method as well as evaluate the cycle consistency loss as required. Below is the code block for the complete training procedure of the Cycle GAN architecture. @tf.function def train_step(real_x, real_y): # persistent is set to True because the tape is used more than # once to calculate the gradients. # Generator G translates X -> Y # Generator F translates Y -> X. fake_y = generator_g(real_x, training=True) cycled_x = generator_f(fake_y, training=True) fake_x = generator_f(real_y, training=True) cycled_y = generator_g(fake_x, training=True) # same_x and same_y are used for identity loss. same_x = generator_f(real_x, training=True) same_y = generator_g(real_y, training=True) disc_real_x = discriminator_x(real_x, training=True) disc_real_y = discriminator_y(real_y, training=True) disc_fake_x = discriminator_x(fake_x, training=True) disc_fake_y = discriminator_y(fake_y, training=True) # calculate the loss gen_g_loss = generator_loss(disc_fake_y) gen_f_loss = generator_loss(disc_fake_x) total_cycle_loss = calc_cycle_loss(real_x, cycled_x) + calc_cycle_loss(real_y, cycled_y) # Total generator loss = adversarial loss + cycle loss total_gen_g_loss = gen_g_loss + total_cycle_loss + identity_loss(real_y, same_y) total_gen_f_loss = gen_f_loss + total_cycle_loss + identity_loss(real_x, same_x) disc_x_loss = discriminator_loss(disc_real_x, disc_fake_x) disc_y_loss = discriminator_loss(disc_real_y, disc_fake_y) # Calculate the gradients for generator and discriminator generator_g.trainable_variables) generator_f.trainable_variables) discriminator_x.trainable_variables) discriminator_y.trainable_variables) # Apply the gradients to the optimizer generator_g.trainable_variables)) generator_f.trainable_variables)) discriminator_x.trainable_variables)) discriminator_y.trainable_variables)) Finally, we can start the training process for the defined number of epochs. We will loop through our training data and train the model accordingly. At the end of each epoch, we can generate the resulting image to notice the progression made by the model. We can also save the checkpoints, as shown in the code snippet below. for epoch in range(EPOCHS): start = time.time() n = 0 for image_x, image_y in tf.data.Dataset.zip((train_horses, train_zebras)): train_step(image_x, image_y) if n % 10 == 0: print ('.', end='') n += 1 clear_output(wait=True) # Using a consistent image (sample_horse) so that the progress of the model # is clearly visible. generate_images(generator_g, sample_horse) if (epoch + 1) % 5 == 0: ckpt_save_path = ckpt_manager.save() print ('Saving checkpoint for epoch {} at {}'.format(epoch+1, ckpt_save_path)) print ('Time taken for epoch {} is {} sec\n'.format(epoch + 1, time.time()-start)) Saving checkpoint for epoch 20 at ./checkpoints/train/ckpt-4 Below are some of the results that I was able to obtain after twenty epochs of training. Training for a higher number of epochs and varying a few parameters could yield even better results. With the help of Cycle GANs, we can notice the overall results obtained with the trained architecture are quite compelling. We are able to produce the desired results for the unpaired image translation task to an obviously interpretable degree. While there are a few limitations of this network, including the loss of background color and texture details, we are still able to retrieve approximately most of the necessary information for the particular task. I would recommend trying out numerous parameters, variations, and minor architectural changes to achieve more optimal results. The major portions of this code are considered from the official TensorFlow website, which can be viewed from this link. However, they utilize a variation of the pix-2-pix model for training the Cycle GAN network for simplicity making use of a U-Net-like generator network and the corresponding discriminator network. In this article, we solely focused on reconstructing the research paper from scratch and used the ResNet architecture for the generator and the slightly modified Patch GAN architecture for the discriminator. I would recommend checking out the following reference link for a more detailed guide on only the Cycle GAN generator and discriminator implementation. ## Conclusion: In the natural world, it is difficult to obtain a large dataset of paired examples for complex problems. Creating such paired datasets linking source image to their respective target images are often expensive and time-consuming. However, a large number of unpaired examples of image-to-image translations are available over the internet. The horse and zebra dataset discussed in this article is one such example where the desired output is not clearly well defined. Most modern GANs can solve tasks and projects related to paired examples on image-to-image translations. But the Cycle GAN conditional GAN has the ability to achieve desirable outputs on unpaired datasets. In this article, we explored another variation of conditional GANs in Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks (Cycle GANs). We understood how powerful these GANs are and their ability to learn image-to-image translations even in the absence of paired examples. We had a brief introduction of some of the basic concepts of these Cycle GANs, along with a detailed breakdown of some of the core concepts of their network architecture. Finally, we concluded our conceptual understanding with the development of the "Unpaired Image-To-Image Translation using Cycle GANS" project from scratch. In future articles, we will cover more types of GANs, such as ProGAN, StyleGAN, and so much more. We will also experiment with some audio tasks with deep learning and learn about constructing neural networks from scratch. Until then, keep learning and exploring!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4334785044193268, "perplexity": 2143.894595963699}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103033925.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625004242-20220625034242-00400.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/calculus-word-problem.117949/	# Calculus word problem 1. Apr 18, 2006 ### preet "An object moves so that its velocity, v is related to its position. s according to v = (b^2 + 2gs) ^1/2 where b and g are constants. Show that the acceleration of the object is constant." I typed out the question exactly as it is. I'm confused because I don't really get what to do. To show that acceleration is constant, I need to get rid of that "s" variable in the question. Acceleration is = to d(velocity)/dt... but from the given function, you can only get d(v) / ds. So dv/dt = dv/ds * ds/dt But how do I find d(s) / dt? Don't I need a function that has position in terms of time? TiA Preet 2. Apr 18, 2006 ### e(ho0n3 Isn't ds/dt just v? 3. Apr 18, 2006 ### Hootenanny Staff Emeritus Yes but v isn't a function of t in this case, it is a function of s 4. Apr 18, 2006 ### e(ho0n3 Does that matter? I mean, a = dv/ds * ds/dt = v dv/ds. If it can be shown that this is constant, then the problem is solved. There is no need to get rid of s. 5. Apr 18, 2006 ### Hootenanny Staff Emeritus Could you please show me how; $$\frac{dv}{ds} \cdot \frac{ds}{dt} = v\frac{dv}{ds}$$ Perhaps I'm missing something? It is late after all and I've run out of coffee :grumpy: ~H 6. Apr 18, 2006 ### e(ho0n3 dv/ds * ds/dt = ds/dt * dv/ds by commutativity and substituting ds/dt for v gives the result I gave. Is there a flaw in my reasoning here? 7. Apr 18, 2006 ### Hootenanny Staff Emeritus Ahhhh It was so simple I missed it . My frantic scribblings on paper seem so stupid now. $$\frac{ds}{dt} = v$$ You reasoning is perfect e(ho0n3. To clarify for the OP; You were right by using the chain rule to obtain; $$\frac{dv}{dt} = \frac{dv}{ds} \cdot \frac{ds}{dt}$$ What you (and I) didn't spot is that; $$\frac{ds}{dt} = v \Rightarrow a = \frac{dv}{dt} = v\frac{dv}{ds}$$ As e(ho0n3 correctly stated. ~H Last edited: Apr 18, 2006 8. Apr 18, 2006 ### preet Yeah, I feel bad not catching that... it was so obvious =/. Thanks a lot for the help! -Preet Similar Discussions: Calculus word problem	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8741639852523804, "perplexity": 2258.5433471011806}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189462.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00024-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/95361	Publication Title Measurement of the e(+) and e(-) induced charged current cross-sections at hera Author Abstract The cross sections for the charged current processes e(-) p --> v(e) + hadrons and, for the first time, e(+) p --> ($) over bar v(e) + ($) over bar v(e) + hadrons are measured at HERA for transverse momenta larger than 25 GeV. Language English Source (journal) Zeitschrift für Physik : C : particles and fields. - Berlin Publication Berlin : 1995 ISSN 0170-9739 Volume/pages 67:4, p. 565-575 ISI A1995RR48300003 UAntwerpen Publication type Subject	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.922974705696106, "perplexity": 10110.6350269413}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607963.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525025250-20170525045250-00297.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/304394/high-power-congruences-finding-x	# high power congruences finding $x$ trying to solve: $$x^{13} \equiv 11 \pmod{135}$$ I came to the fact that $x = 11^{59}$ but its in mod $72$ and needs to be converted to mod $135$ any suggestions? I'm not sure how to change it to mod $135$ with such a large number - $135 = 3^3 \cdot 5$, so $\varphi(135) = 72$. Using Euclid, you find that $$1 = 13 \cdot (-11) + 72 \cdot 2 = 13 \cdot 61 + 72 \cdot (-11),$$ so $$x \equiv (x^{13})^{61} \equiv 11^{61} \pmod{135}.$$ PS Once again, apologies for the initial mistake in this late-night post (never again!), and thanks to Gerry Myerson and user62340 for calling my attention to it. To finish the calculation by hand, it is probably safer to compute first $$11^{11} = 11 \cdot 11^2 \cdot 11^{8} \equiv 41 \pmod{135},$$ and then the inverse $56$ of $41$ modulo $135$, which is the required solution. - $\phi(135)=72$. – Gerry Myerson Feb 14 '13 at 23:24 @GerryMyerson, thank you so much, I shouldn't post this late in the evening, I'll fix it. – Andreas Caranti Feb 14 '13 at 23:27 I thought ϕ(135) = 72 not 24... How did you get it Andreas? ϕ(135) is 233*4 ? – user62340 Feb 14 '13 at 23:32 @user62340, it's late in the evening, I cannot count anymore. I have fixed it, thanks to you and Gerry Myerson for notifying me. – Andreas Caranti Feb 14 '13 at 23:34 If $\rm\: x^{13}\equiv 11\,\ (mod\ 5\cdot27)\:$ then the same congruence holds mod $5$ and $27$, and we can use CRT (Chinese Remainder Theorem) to recombine the two solutions. It turns out to be very simple: $\rm\quad\ mod\,\ 5\!:\ x^4\equiv 1,\:$ so $\rm\,x \equiv x (x^4)^3 \equiv x^{13}\equiv 11\equiv \color{#C00}1.\ \$ Next $\ \phi(27) = 18,\:$ hence $\rm\quad\ mod\ 27\!:\ 1 \equiv x^{18}\equiv x^{13} x^5 \equiv 11 x^5\:$ so $\rm\,x^5 \equiv \dfrac{1}{11}\equiv \dfrac{55}{11}\equiv 5\equiv 2^5\Rightarrow\:x\equiv \color{#0A0}2\$ (unique, see Note) $\rm\Rightarrow mod\ 5\cdot 27\!:\,\ x \equiv \color{#0A0}2 + 27\,\left[\dfrac{\color{#C00}1\!-\!\color{#0A0}2}{27}\ mod\ 5\right]\! \equiv 56,\$ by $\rm\ mod\ 5\!:\, \dfrac{-1}{27}\equiv \dfrac{4}2 \equiv 2,\$ using Easy CRT. Note $\,\ 5$'th roots are unique $\rm\,mod\ 27\:$ since $\rm\, (5,\phi(27)) = (5,18) = 1,\:$ so $\rm\:n\equiv 1/5\ mod\ 18\:$ exists, hence $\rm\,x^5 = y^5\:\Rightarrow x\equiv x^{5n}\equiv y^{5n}\equiv y\,$ since $\rm\,5n\equiv 1\,\ (mod\ 18).$ - $x^{13}\equiv11\pmod{135}\implies x^{13}\equiv11\pmod5$ and $x^{13}\equiv11\pmod{27}$ Using Euler's Totient Theorem, $$a^{\phi(m)}\equiv1\pmod m \text{ where }(a,m)=1$$ So, if $\phi(m)\mid(r-s),a^r\equiv a^s\pmod m$ $\implies x^{13}\equiv x\pmod5$ as $\phi(5)=5-1=4\implies x^{13}\equiv11\pmod5\iff x\equiv1\pmod5--->(1)$ Using this, if $a$ is primitive roots of prime $p$ and $p^2,a$ will be primitive roots of $p^n$ for $n\ge1$ $2^1\equiv-1\pmod3,2^2\equiv1\implies2$ is a primitive root of $3$ Now, $2^1\equiv2\pmod9,2^2\equiv4,2^3\equiv-1\implies ord_92=6=\phi(9)\implies2$ is a primitive root of $9$ So, $2$ is a primitive root of $3^n$ for $n\ge1$ Applying Discrete Logarithm with respect to base $2$ on $x^{13}\equiv11\pmod{27},$ $13\cdot ind_2x\equiv ind_211\pmod{18}$ as $\phi(27)=3^2(3-1)=18$ Now, $2^3\equiv8\pmod{27},2^4\equiv16\equiv-11\pmod{27}$ Again as $2$ is a primitive root of $27,2^{\frac{\phi(27)}2}\equiv-1\pmod{27}$ i.e., $2^9\equiv-1$ So, $11\equiv2^4\cdot2^9\equiv2^{13}\implies ind_211=13$ So, $13\cdot ind_2x\equiv 13\pmod{18}\implies ind_2x\equiv1\pmod{18}$ as $(13,18)=1$ So, $x\equiv2^1\pmod{27}\equiv2--->(2)$ Applying well known CRT on $(1),(2)$ we get $x\equiv2b_1\frac{27\cdot5}{27}+1\cdot b_2\frac{27\cdot5}5\pmod{27\cdot5}\equiv 10b_1+27b_2\pmod{135}$ where $b_1\frac{27\cdot5}{27}\equiv1\pmod {27}\iff 5b_1\equiv1$ and $b_2\frac{27\cdot5}5\equiv1\pmod{27}\iff 27b_2\equiv1$ Expressing $\frac{27}5$ as continued fraction, $\frac{27}5=5+\frac25=5+\frac1{\frac52}=5+\frac1{2+\frac12}$ So, the last convergent of $\frac{27}5$ is $5+\frac12=\frac{11}2$ Using convergent property of continued fraction, $27\cdot2-5\cdot11=-1$ $\implies 5\cdot11\equiv1\pmod{27}\implies 5^{-1}\equiv11\implies b_1\equiv11$ and $27\cdot2\equiv-1\pmod5\implies (27)^{-1}\equiv-2\equiv3\implies b_2\equiv3$ So, $x\equiv27\cdot3+10\cdot11\pmod{135}\equiv191\equiv56$ -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9829698801040649, "perplexity": 476.66836540714877}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257827791.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071027-00172-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/48293/volume-of-the-intersection-of-two-rectangular-parallelepipeds	# Volume of the intersection of two rectangular parallelepipeds Given two rectangular parallelepipeds in $3D$ space, how would you compute the volume of their intersection? The orientations of the two rectangular parallelepipeds are not constrained in any special way. Each parallelepiped is described by a point $P$ that is a corner of the $parallelepiped$ as well as vectors $F$, $G$, and $H$ which represent the three mutually orthogonal edges that meet at point $P$. - A workable way would be to clip all 6 boundary faces of each box against the boundary planes of the other, which leaves you with a bunch of convex faces that form the boundary of the intersection object. The actual volume of this object can be calculated by $$V = \frac{1}{3} \sum_{F_i \in Faces} \vec p_i \cdot \vec n_i A_i$$ in which $\vec p_i$ is a point on the face, $\vec n_i$ is the unit face normal and $A_i$ is the area of face $F_i$. Take care to keep the orientation of the faces consistent, however. - I was thinking of a few different approaches. Rectangular prisms are well-behaved, so it may be possible to do a very direct calculation using some brute force multivariable integrals. This seems... painful. I am unconvinced that there is a general and easy way of doing this, though I should say that WLOG we can assume one prism to be in the 'normal' orientation with one vertex at the origin, and lying entirely in the positive octant (are octants numbered like 2D quadrants are?). Unless I am mistaken, the intersection will be convex (this seems true, yes?) and a polyhedron. So it can be decomposed into tetrahedra using only the original vertices. This should work. Is it hard? I don't think so, but I haven't decomposed many polyhedra before. These are just my thoughts on the problem, and unfortunately too long to be a comment. - The octant you want is called the "first octant," but the rest are typically not numbered (no simple way to order them). – Isaac Jun 28 '11 at 21:36 How do you find common area of two arbitrary rectangles? – Narasimham Jun 20 at 16:10 If you need to write code for that and already have code for tetrahedra intersection, you could replace each parallelepiped by 3 tetrahedra, and then sum volume of all intersections between them. (Intersection of 2 tetrahedra is in general union of $0\dots4$ tetrahedra). -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7355228066444397, "perplexity": 284.08993623564584}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737942301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221902-00093-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/users/37148/aaronsw?tab=summary	aaronsw Reputation Top tag Next privilege 250 Rep. 5 Impact ~1k people reached • 0 posts edited ### Questions (2) 5 How do I calculate the probability distribution of the percentage of a binary random variable? 3 How do I calculate the aposteriori probability distribution for someone's answer to a poll being an approval? ### Reputation (141) This user has no recent positive reputation changes ### Tags (5) 0 probability × 3 0 bayesian 0 statistics × 3 0 probability-distributions 0 random × 2 ### Accounts (6) Stack Overflow 3,252 rep 21627 Super User 684 rep 266 Server Fault 141 rep 24 Mathematics 141 rep 5 Cross Validated 116 rep 1	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8515263199806213, "perplexity": 6578.608443897565}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065464.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00222-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/verpack/verpackungshandbuch/04verpackungshandbuch_0142/	1.4.2 Tipping loads / risk of tipping [German version] Horizontal acceleration may also cause packages to tip. A package is at risk of tipping if the area of contact with the floor is small and the center of gravity is high after due consideration of the acceleration to be expected. This is the case, for instance, if the center of gravity is above half the height of the package. To determine whether packages are at risk of tipping, the ratio between the height of the center of gravity and the distance to the tilting edge must be determined. The tilting edge is always the edge perpendicular to the direction of acceleration (see Figure 2). FG = weight force FV = acceleration force hs = tipping moment arm bs = resting moment arm Figure 2: Checking the risk of tipping Whenever the ratio of the height of the center of gravity over the base to the lateral distance between the tilting edge and the center of gravity is larger than the expected acceleration forces, the box is at risk of tipping and must be secured accordingly. Expressed in terms of ratios, this means: to the front if bs / hs < 1.0* to the side if bs / hs < 0.5* to the rear if bs / hs < 0.5* * Example acceleration values during transportation by truck (CTU Packing Guidelines, see Table 1 in section 1.3.1).	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9523763060569763, "perplexity": 795.3050701061863}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103617931.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220628203615-20220628233615-00717.warc.gz"}
https://brilliant.org/discussions/thread/opinionsresponsesreport/	# Opinions/Responses/Report Dear Brilliantians , I am Nihar Mahajan , a schooler studying in $10^{th}$. Most of you have observed that I have created a set named Jee Novices and till date , I have posted $\color{#D61F06}{32}$ problems gathered from various sources. The intention of creating this set was to help the students who have just started their preparation for the $IIT-JEE$ exam , thats why I have named the the set as 'Novices' .The questions are intended to be Level $2-3$ so that even the students who are a bit weak in mathematics will able to give their best and solve those questions which will eventually increase their confidence level.This will give them the potential to fight against the tough Level $4-5$ problems to their best. Of course , I am not stopping to add the problems and will continue to add more. So , This note is created to discuss your opinions , experience and what do you feel about the formation of this set. Nihar Note by Nihar Mahajan 4 years, 2 months ago MarkdownAppears as italics or _italics_ italics bold or __bold__ bold - bulleted- list • bulleted • list 1. numbered2. list 1. numbered 2. list Note: you must add a full line of space before and after lists for them to show up correctly paragraph 1paragraph 2 paragraph 1 paragraph 2 [example link](https://brilliant.org)example link > This is a quote This is a quote # I indented these lines # 4 spaces, and now they show # up as a code block. print "hello world" # I indented these lines # 4 spaces, and now they show # up as a code block. print "hello world" MathAppears as Remember to wrap math in $ ... $ or $ ... $ to ensure proper formatting. 2 \times 3 $2 \times 3$ 2^{34} $2^{34}$ a_{i-1} $a_{i-1}$ \frac{2}{3} $\frac{2}{3}$ \sqrt{2} $\sqrt{2}$ \sum_{i=1}^3 $\sum_{i=1}^3$ \sin \theta $\sin \theta$ \boxed{123} $\boxed{123}$ Sort by: It's a great step Bro.It would help many of us.👏👏👏👏👏👏 - 4 years, 2 months ago Thanks a lot bro!!! I am happy to help others. :) - 4 years, 2 months ago According to me this set is full of multilevel problems . ☺nice job. - 4 years, 2 months ago Nihar,your step is significant.As you have mentioned that it is for IIT-JEE Novices,I am also included in this Novices list so thanks a lot.APPRECIATION AND CHEERS! - 4 years, 2 months ago Welcome. :) - 4 years, 2 months ago I appreciate your efforts a lot.Thanks bro for posting it. - 4 years, 2 months ago Thanks a lot!!!! - 4 years, 2 months ago Nice job Nihar. It would help a lot of us for the IIT JEE - 4 years, 2 months ago Thanks a lot!!! - 4 years, 2 months ago Good exercises. - 4 years, 2 months ago Thanks!!!!! :) - 4 years, 2 months ago Good exercises! @Nihar Mahajan - 4 years, 2 months ago Thanks!!! - 4 years, 2 months ago Nice work bro .... a helping hand for jee aspirants.......... - 4 years, 2 months ago Thanks!!! - 4 years, 2 months ago Are there any chemistry problems that you can add to the set ? Thank you, - 3 years, 11 months ago A good collection of number theory problems for jee aspirants. - 3 years, 5 months ago Nice job.........liked the questions - 4 years, 2 months ago Thanks!!! - 4 years, 2 months ago @Nihar Mahajan Every step taken has its significance and should be appreciated..!! Keep up the good work ppl will come and join you..!!! - 4 years, 2 months ago Thanks a lot!!! - 4 years, 2 months ago Yo bro, nihar i am also of your same class ( class 10) and what your have posted is really appreciable man. Keep on doing like so . By the way are you preparing for RMO. I am doing so, so that why i was thinking to create some note and probs and share our opinions ................................................................... - 4 years, 2 months ago Thanks!!! Go on! - 4 years, 2 months ago Hey Nihar your probs are AWESOME!!! BTW plz add some more physics prob in the set.Thnx!😅😅 - 4 years, 2 months ago Ok , I will add Physics probs too , thanks!! - 4 years, 2 months ago Interesting problems,Please keep posting like this.Waiting for more good sets by you. - 3 years, 12 months ago Thanks! And I will post many problems. Stay tuned. :) - 3 years, 12 months ago Nihar I've seen some of your Geometry problems and considering you're a 13 year old, I've always been in awe about the level of imagination you have. Plus you have your own Geometry theorem. I know I'm not really qualified to appreciate the beauty of your problems because Geometry has never really been my cup of tea( I solved one today after ages that too trigonometry) but all I can say is keep up the good work. c: Btw talking about Algebra, Bashing Telescope was BEAST. I'll admit I cheated my way through it by programming it out, just for the 400 points. :3 - 3 years, 8 months ago Lol dude , I am 15 years old. Don't worry , geometry is nothing but a game of detectives. You just have to seek various hints in the figures and thereby progress. Even I was once a beginner in geometry , but as I moved ahead , it felt like I was in heaven while learning that subject! - 3 years, 8 months ago I was okay with Geometry till the end of 10th grade. But then, one of my math teachers who was really bad at Geometry really undermined my interest in the subject. So by the end of 10th grade, I have a great "Geometrophobia". But on the positive side, he developed my interest in Algebra and Number Theory ( though my area is Combinatorics, the subject of the useless) ^.^ - 3 years, 8 months ago	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 16, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9741208553314209, "perplexity": 3802.6751119168184}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330800.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825194252-20190825220252-00185.warc.gz"}
http://www.unige.ch/math/folks/langl/fables/	# Prochains séminaires Jeudi 5 Juin 2014, à 16h15, Villa Battelle ### The geometry of auctions and competitive equilibrium with indivisible goods. Elizabeth Baldwin (Oxford) Auctioneers may wish to sell related but different indivisible goods in a single process. To develop such techniques, we study the geometry of how an agent's demanded bundle changes as prices change. This object is the convex-geometric object known as a `tropical hypersurface'. Moreover, simple geometric properties translate directly to economic properties, providing a new taxonomy for economic valuations. When considering multiple agents, we study the unions and intersections of the corresponding tropical hypersurfaces; in particular, properties of the intersection are deeply related to whether competitive equilibrium exists or fails. This leads us to new results and generalisations of existing results on equilibrium existence. The talk will provide an introductory tour to relevant economics to show the context of these applications of tropical geometry. This is joint work with Paul Klemperer, Oxford. Vendredi 13 Juin 2014, à 14h30, Villa Battelle ### All manifolds are contact except those which are obviously not. Yakov Eliashberg (Stanford) We prove that all closed almost contact manifolds admit contact structures, and moreover, in the space of contact structures there exists an open-closed subspace of the so-called “overtwisted” contact structures whose classification up to isotopy coincides wth the homotopy classification as almost contact structures. This is a joint work with Strom Borman and Emmy Murphy Jeudi 26 Juin 2014, à 14h30, Villa Battelle ### Cylinders in del Pezzo surfaces. Ivan Cheltsov (Edinburgh) For a projective variety X and an ample divisor H on it, an H-polar cylinder in X is an open ruled affine subset whose complement is a support of an effective Q-divisor Q-rationally equivalent to H. This notion links together affine, birational and Kahler geometries. I will show how to prove existence and non-existence of cylinders in smooth and mildly singular del Pezzo surfaces. This will answer an old question of Zaidenberg and Flenner about additive group actions on the cubic Fermat affine threefold cone. This is a joint work with Park and Won. See http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.2648 and http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.5257. Jeudi 26 Juin 2014, à 16h15, Villa Battelle ### Lagrangian non-intersection theory. Yakov Eliashberg (Stanford) It turns out that the Lagrangian self-intersection problem is controlled in a general case by differential and not symplectic topology. For instance, for any orientable $3$-manifold there exists a Lagrangian immersion to the standard symplectic R^6 with exactly one transverse self-intersection point. This is a joint work with Emmy Murphy, Tobias Ekholm and Ivan Smith. # Séminaires passés ## Special joint seminar : Fables Geometriques / Mathematique Physique Lundi 25 Novembre 2013, à 15h30, Villa Battelle ### Real normalized differentials and their applications . Igor Krichever (Columbia) A general concept of real normalized meromorphic differentials has arisen in the framework of the Whitham perturbation theory of integrable systems. In the talk we will discuss some constructions associated motivated by the Whitham theory and their applications to a study of geometry of moduli spaces of curves with punctures. Lundi 14 octobre 2013, Toulouse, France ### Tropical Geometry in Europe Lundi 24 juin 2013, à 14h30, Villa Battelle ### Mahler measure in geometry and topology. Eriko Hironaka (Florida State) Lehmer's problem on Mahler measures relates two measures of complexity for an algebraic integer, the house and the degree. Many analogous questions can be asked in the realm of dynamical systems in geometry and topology, for example in studying the growth rate of groups, the entropy of surface automorphisms, and the volumes of hyperbolic polyhedra. This talk will give a survey of how Lehmer's conjectural minimum Mahler measure appears in each of these contexts. Mercredi 5 juin 2013, 14h30 à 16h00, Villa Battelle ### Tropical Schubert varieties. Kristin Shaw (Toronto) In this talk I will describe a method for identifying Schubert varieties on the tropical Grassmannian, as well as some examples of intersection products. Also we will explain how to identify Schubert varieties with faces of Gelfand-Zetlin like polytopes coming from integrable systems given by faces of the tropical Grassmannian. Lundi 13 mai 2013, 11h00 à 12h30, Villa Battelle ### (Affine) ADE bundles over del Pezzo surfaces. Conan Leung (Chinese University of Hong Kong) I will explain intimate relationships between the geometry of (almost) del Pezzo surfaces and (affine) ADE bundles over these surfaces. This project was originally motivated from the duality between heterotic string and F-theory. Jeudi 21 mars 2013, à 16h20, Villa Battelle ### Degeneration and mirror symmetry for minuscule varieties. Alexey Bondal (Steklov Institute (Moscow) / Institute for Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Tokyo) ) Minuscule varieties is a particular nice class of homogeneous spaces. We discuss geometry of toric degenerations of minuscule varieties and mirror symmetry for them. Mercredi 27 février 2013, 14h30 à 16h00, Villa Battelle ### Topological classification of real rational curves in the plane . Johannes Rau (Saarbrücken) The study of the topological shape of smooth real algebraic curves in the plane has a long history. In this talk, however, we focus on singular curves, namely (irreducible) rational curves of degree 5 (and 4) with ordinary double points. We will study their topological classification, showing that all the possible types can be easily constructed using tropical curves (joint work with Ilia Itenberg and Grigory Mikhalkin). Jeudi 21 février 2013, Saarbrücken, Allemagne ### Tropical Geometry in Europe Jeudi 18 Octobre 2012, 14h30 à 16h00, Villa Battelle ### A method for comparing curve counting invariants. Cristina Manolache (Imperial College) In the past twenty years several curve counting invariants of a space X have been constructed: Gromov-Witten invariants, stable quotient invariants, quasi-maps invariants. These invariants are numbers which ideally count fixed genus and degree curves on X with certain properties (e.g. intersect some given subvarieties of X). One is then tempted to expect all these invariants to be closely related. There are by now several theorems and conjectures in this direction. In this seminar I will discuss a few examples in which we can prove the expected relationships between various Gromov-Witten-type invariants by geometric methods. In particular, one can understand geometrically that Gromov-Witten invariants are equal to stable quotient invariants. Jeudi 4 octobre 2012, Toulouse ### Tropical Geometry in Europe Vendredi 28 Septembre 2012, 14h30 à 16h00, Villa Battelle ### Topological strings and knot contact homology. Tobias Ekholm (Uppsala) The talk discusses an emerging picture relating knot contact homology to Chern-Simons theory of knots and topological strings in the resolved conifold via large N duality. In particular, the so called augmentation polynomial in knot contact homology plays a central role in constructing Calabi-Yau mirrors of the resolved conifold, and is related Lagrangian fillings of the Legendrian conormal torus of a knot in the resolved conifold. We introduce knot contact homology and topological strings, describe the proposed relation, and discuss it from the perspective of symplectic geometry and open Gromov-Witten theory. The talk reports on joint work with Aganagic, Ng, and Vafa. ## "Special Workshop" composed of 3 lectures by Andrey Losev (Moscow) Mardi 25 Septembre 2012, 14h30 à 16h30, Villa Battelle ### A-I-B mirror symmetry on toric variety (chiral algebras approach, based on the joint work with E.Frenkel). Andrey Losev (Moscow) We consider holomorphic maps from the Riemann surface $\Sigma$ into a toric manifold X (say, $CP_1$) as maps from $\Sigma-{set of points}$ to $(C^*)^{\otimes N}$ with prescribed behavior at deleted points. Such maps are realized in the theory of chiral fields. Prescribe behavior may be realized by special operators called holomortexes. The T-duality in the compact direction on the target space makes holomortexes local operators in the mirror fields. They form superpotential of the mirror LG theory. Mercredi 26 Septembre 2012, 14h30 à 16h30, Villa Battelle ### Tropical mirror symmetry for toric varieties and conjecture for varieties of general type. Andrey Losev (Moscow) We consider tropical curve (graph embedded in $R^n$) as a trajectory of a particle. Hamiltonian of such particle is just a Lie derivative along the vector field depending on the integer vector in $Z^n$. Different integer vectors correspond to different sectors of the Hilbert space of the same particle. At the vertexes of the graph sectors are changed and corresponding operator is the tropical holomortex. Considering integer vector as a Fourier component of the mirror field we obtain BCOV formulation of the counting of tropical curves. Jeudi 27 Septembre 2012, 11h00 à 12h00, Villa Battelle ### Beta function in conformal field theories as obstruction in homotopical Maurer-Cartan equation (approach based on the configuration space of points). Andrey Losev (Moscow) I will consider Segal axioms for QFT, so called "figure" observables and local observables among them. I will describe deformation of the QFT due to all types of observables, and particular case of deformations due to local observables. I will show that singularities due to collision of points need regularization, and such regularization causes anomalous dependence of the regularized theory on metric on the worldsheet. In this way we discover the zero beta-function condition as the homotopical Maurer-Cartan equation. In application we explain how Einstein equations of bosonic string theory can be written in this form and propose their generalizations to Q-manifolds. Jeudi 28 juin 2012, 14h30 à 16h30, Villa Battelle ### Symplectic sum formulas in real enumerative geometry. Erwan Brugallé (Paris) Ionel and Parker's symplectic sum formulas relate the (relative) Gromov-Witten invariants of a symplectic sum X#Y with the ones of X and Y. In the presence of a real structure on X and Y, these formulas have a natural real version. In particular, to any recursion among Gromov-Witten invariants obtained via a symplectic sum decomposition correspond one or several analogous recursions involving Welschinger invariants, e.g. Caporaso-Harris formula, Abramovich-Bertram-Vakil formula, ... In this talk I will explain how to use this approach to relate Welschinger invariants for different real structures on the same symplectic 4-manifold (up to deformation). This is a joint work with Nicolas Puignau (UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro). Mercredi 27 juin 2012, 14h30 à 16h30, Villa Battelle ### Mirror Symmetry and Cluster Varieties. Mark Gross (San Diego) I will talk about the intersection of the theory of cluster varieties with recent work of myself with Paul Hacking and Sean Keel. The cluster X- and A-varieties as defined by Fock and Goncharov have natural interpretations in the world of mirror symmetry, and canonical bases of the associated cluster algebras can then be constructed via tropical methods. Vendredi 1er juin 2012, 14h30 à 16h30, Villa Battelle ### From configuration spaces to stable rational curves: Kohno-Drinfeld way. Alexander Veselov (University of Loughborough) I am going to explain that Gaudin subalgebras of Kohno-Drinfeld Lie algebra and stable rational curves have the same moduli space. No special knowledge will be required. Jeudi 22 mars 2012, 14h30, Villa Battelle ### Reflecting Fano. Sergei Galkin (IPMU Tokyo) Continuation. Mercredi 21 mars 2012, 14h15, Villa Battelle ### Betti numbers of random real hypersurfaces. Jean-Yves Welschinger (Lyon) What are the expected Betti numbers of a real projective hypersurface taken at random? I will explain how to estimate them from above asymptotically thanks to the theory of peak sections of Hörmander. This is a joint work with Damien Gayet. Mardi 20 mars 2012, 16h30, Villa Battelle ### Reflecting Fano. Sergei Galkin (IPMU Tokyo) Continuation. Lundi 19 mars 2012, 14h30, Villa Battelle ### Reflecting Fano. Sergei Galkin (IPMU Tokyo) I'll describe what is known (and not known) about mirror symmetry phenomenon for positively curved manifolds and try to envisage the development of this theory in next decade. Vendredi 16 mars 2012, 14h30, Villa Battelle ### Monsky theorem and tropical geometry. Daniil Rudenko (St. Petersbourg) Monsky theorem claims that a square can not be cut into an odd number of triangles of equal areas. We will discuss its consequences and generalizations, as well as connections with tropical geometry. We will also discuss the 3-colorings of the projective plane with each line containing only points of two colors. This colorings in some sense correspond to non-archimedean valuations. Vendredi 2 mars 2012, 14h30, Villa Battelle ### Knots, dimers and clusters. Michael Polyak (Technion, Haifa) I will discuss various relations of knots and curves on surfaces to dimers, cluster variables and Poisson brackets. Mercredi 23 novembre 2011, 15h30, Villa Battelle ### Variétés amassées, courbes planaires et systèmes intégrables Mardi 22 novembre 2011, 15h30, Villa Battelle ### Variétés amassées, courbes planaires et systèmes intégrables Lundi 21 novembre 2011, 16h00, Villa Battelle ### Variétés amassées, courbes planaires et systèmes intégrables Vladimir Fock (Strasbourg) Les variétés amassées sont des variétés construites à partir de données combinatoires - dont la principale est une matrice antisymétrique à valeurs entières. Ces variétés sont recollées des cartes par une classe très restreinte des transformations birationnelles. Ces variétés possèdent une structure de Poisson, une quantification, une action d'un groupe discret et une base canonique des fonctions régulières. Elles sont définies sur un corps ou un semi-corps, en particulier sur le semi-corps tropical. Dans le mini-cours nous donnerons la définition formelle des variétés amassées et discuterons ces propriétés sur deux exemples principales - espaces de Teichmueller et les groupes de Lie simples. Puis nous considérons la construction récente de A.Goncharov et R.Kenyon d'une classe des variétés amassées munies d'un système intégrable - application de Poisson sur l'espace des courbes planaires dans une surface torique. En particulier nous discuterons la relation entre l'espace des courbes planaires tropicaux et les variétés amassées sur le semi-corps tropical, explicitée par cette construction. Du dimanche 18 au mercredi 21 décembre 2011, Arolla, Suisse ### Tropical Geometry in Europe Séminaire itinérant Toutes les informations ici. Lundi 7 novembre 2011, 16h00, Villa Battelle ### Counting points of homogeneous spaces over finite fields Michel Brion (Grenoble) Given a system of polynomial equations with (say) complex coefficients, one may first reduce it to obtain a system over a finite field, and then count the solutions over all larger finite fields. The resulting function of the cardinality of the field satisfies deep regularity properties due to Weil, Dwork, Grothendieck, and Deligne. The talk, based on joint work with E. Peyre, will address a very symmetric situation, where the solutions of the system admit a transitive action of an algebraic group. Then the counting function turns out to be a periodic polynomial in the cardinality of the field. Mercredi 9 novembre 2011, 15h30, Villa Battelle ### Counting points of homogeneous spaces over finite fields Michel Brion (Grenoble) Continuation Jeudi 20 octobre 2011, Toulouse ### Tropical Geometry in Europe Mercredi le 18 mai 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Geometry and topology of curves on surfaces II Oleg Viro (Stony Brook) There are two closely related classes of objects: generic differentiable maps of the circle to a smooth closed surface and generic real algebraic curves on a smooth real algebraic surface. Both can be studied from the viewpoint of the global singularity theory. In the talks, the first steps of such study will be outlined. The notions of generic curve, discriminant hypersurface, its natural stratification, finite type invariants will be discussed. We will consider Arnold's invariants of generic immersed curves, splittings and generalizations of these invariants, similar invariants of real algebraic curves. Arnold's invariants and other finite type invariants will be used in solution of enumerative problems. Mardi le 17 mai 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Geometry and topology of curves on surfaces I Oleg Viro (Stony Brook) There are two closely related classes of objects: generic differentiable maps of the circle to a smooth closed surface and generic real algebraic curves on a smooth real algebraic surface. Both can be studied from the viewpoint of the global singularity theory. In the talks, the first steps of such study will be outlined. The notions of generic curve, discriminant hypersurface, its natural stratification, finite type invariants will be discussed. We will consider Arnold's invariants of generic immersed curves, splittings and generalizations of these invariants, similar invariants of real algebraic curves. Arnold's invariants and other finite type invariants will be used in solution of enumerative problems. Jeudi le 12 mai Strasbourg. ## Séminaire GPS - Géometrie tropicale Mardi le 10 mai 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Virtual class for the moduli of sheaves on a curve. Barbara Fantechi (Trieste) Lundi le 9 mai 10h Villa Battelle ### Algebraic stacks and virtual classes. Barbara Fantechi (Trieste) Jeudi le 5 mai 15h45 Villa Battelle ### Some enumerative results for real curves of fixed cogenus. Benoît Bertrand (Toulouse) Unlike its complex counterpart, the number of real curves of fixed cogenus c and passing through d(d+3)/2 -c real points in generic position depends on the configuration of points. It is obviously bounded by the number of such complex curves. One says that the problem is maximal if there is a configuration such that the real and complex count coincide (i.e. all solutions are real). I will introduce a signed version of floor diagrams and use them to prove that, in cogenus 1, the above problem is maximal and that for a fixed cogenus c, it is asymptotically maximal when d tends towards infinity and that it is maximal in cogenus 1. Vendredi le 6 mai 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Finite subgroups of Cremona groups Yuri Prokhorov (Moscow and Grenoble) The Cremona group Cr_n(k) over a field k is the group of k-automorphisms of the field of rational functions k(x_1,,x_n) in n independent variables. The group Cr_1(k) is isomorphic to the projective linear group PGL_2. Already in the case n=2 the group Cr_2(k) is not well understood. Very little is known about the Cremona groups for n>2. In this talk, I will discuss general method of describing finite subgroups in Cr_2(k) and Cr_3(k). The method will be applied to the case of simple groups and the symmetric group S_6. Jeudi le 31 mars Paris. ## Séminaire GPS - Géometrie tropicale Mardi le 29 mars 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Non-commutative toric varieties Ernesto Lupercio (CINVESTAV, Mexico City) This is joint with Katzarkov, Meersseman and Verjovski. We propose a category of NC torics, that suggests the existence of non-commutative tropical geometry. Lundi le 28 mars 16h30 Villa Battelle ### Formal Mirror Symmetry Ernesto Lupercio (CINVESTAV, Mexico City) Several aspects of mirror symmetry are only formal and algebraic, and in this talk I want to illustrate how much one can recover this way. Vendredi le 25 mars 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Middle-dimensional squeezing and non-squeezing. Rostislav Matveyev (Leipzig) Theorem of Gromov states that no symplectic diffeomorphism can map 2n-dimensional ball of radius r into the 2D-cylinder of radius s, that is a product of (2n-2)-dimensional vector-space and a 2-dimensional disk of radius s, unless s \geq r. This result is known as 2D non-squeesing. Liouville's theorem, on the other hand, asserts that volume is preserved by symplectic diffeomorphisms. This can be thought of as top-dimensional non-squeezing. We investigate what could be said about (non-)squeezing in the intermediate dimensions. Joint work with A. Abondandolo. Lundi le 21 mars 14h30 Villa Battelle ### On plane real algebraic curves, I Stephan Orevkov (Toulouse) We study which configurations of ovals in RP2 are realizable by algebraic curves. For that purpoese we use topological and symplectic properties of algebraic curves in CP2. Mardi le 22 mars 15h30 Villa Battelle ### On plane real algebraic curves, II Stephan Orevkov (Toulouse) We study which configurations of ovals in RP2 are realizable by algebraic curves. For that purpoese we use topological and symplectic properties of algebraic curves in CP2. Samedi le 19 mars 14h30 Villa Battelle ### Invariants of 3-manifolds via counting surfaces Michael Polyak (Technion, Haifa) We discuss a combinatorial construction of 3-manifold invariants by counting certain subdiagrams in a diagram of a surgery link. This construction may be interpreted as counting maps of surfaces of a fixed genus. Jeudi le 10 mars 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Matrix models and tropical geometry I Marcos Marino (UNIGE) Integrals over matrices, in the limit of very large rank, are often described in terms of algebraic curves, and many interesting quantities are computed in terms of periods of meromorphic forms on these curves. The tropical limit of these curves turns out to describe in an elegant way an interesting limit of the matrix integral, which has important physical applications. I will describe some concrete matrix models with an interesting tropical limit and sketch the physics behind them. Vendredi le 11 mars 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Matrix models and tropical geometry II Marcos Marino (UNIGE) Integrals over matrices, in the limit of very large rank, are often described in terms of algebraic curves, and many interesting quantities are computed in terms of periods of meromorphic forms on these curves. The tropical limit of these curves turns out to describe in an elegant way an interesting limit of the matrix integral, which has important physical applications. I will describe some concrete matrix models with an interesting tropical limit and sketch the physics behind them. Mercredi le 2 mars 16h00 Villa Battelle ### Minicourse - Hodge theory of character varietes I Luca Migliorini (Università di Bologna) In the first lecture I will review some basic facts about mixed Hodge structure mostly focusing on: MHS associated to singular and non compact curves MHS associated to degenerating families MHS on the moduli space of character varieties Jeudi le 3 mars 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Minicourse - Hodge theory of character varietes II Luca Migliorini (Università di Bologna) In lecture 2 I will describe, in the spirit of Simpson's non abelian Hodge theory, 3 ways of parametrizing the representations of the fundamental group of a Riemann surface, leading to 3 different algebraic varieties, one of which is the character variety of the first lecture while the other is the famous moduli space of Higgs bundles. Vendredi le 4 mars 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Minicourse - Hodge theory of character varietes III Luca Migliorini (Università di Bologna) In lecture 3 I will discuss a recent result due to de Cataldo Hausel and myself which describes the MHS on the character variety in terms of the topology of a map on the moduli space of Higgs bundles, and speculate on possible generalization to algebraic completely integrable systems. Lundi le 13 décembre 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Toric mirror symmetry Victor Batyrev (Tuebingen) The aim of the talk is to give an overview of some ideas and results concerning the inverstigation of mirror symmetry by methods of toric geometry. le 6 au 8 décembre Autour des surfaces tropicales, Arolla, Valais. ## Séminaire GPS - Géometrie tropicale Mercredi le 3 novembre Institut de Recherche Mathématiques Avancée, Strasbourg. ## Séminaire GPS - Géometrie tropicale Mercredi le 27 octobre 15h30 Villa Battelle ### SYZ mirror symmetry for toric manifolds I Kwokwai Chan (IHES) I will discuss mirror symmetry for toric manifolds from the SYZ point of view. There is significant difference between Fano and non-Fano cases. The first talk will be a review of the Fano case, which is easier. In the second talk, I will describe recent progress in the non-Fano case, based on joint work with S.-C. Lau and N.-C. Leung and work of Fukaya, Oh, Ohta and Ono. Jeudi le 28 octobre 15h30 Villa Battelle ### SYZ mirror symmetry for toric manifolds II Kwokwai Chan (IHES) I will discuss mirror symmetry for toric manifolds from the SYZ point of view. There is significant difference between Fano and non-Fano cases. The first talk will be a review of the Fano case, which is easier. In the second talk, I will describe recent progress in the non-Fano case, based on joint work with S.-C. Lau and N.-C. Leung and work of Fukaya, Oh, Ohta and Ono. Mercredi le 6 octobre 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Tropical avatar of the Gelfand-Zeitlin integrable system I. Anton Alekseev (UNIGE) I'll recall the definition of the Gelfand- Zeitlin (extended eigenvalue) map $\gamma$ for Hermitian and upper- triangular n by n matrices. Using the coordinate system defined by a certain planar network $N$, we define a "tropical" analogue $\gamma_trop$ of the Gelfand-Zeiltin map. This is a piece-wise linear transformation of $\mathbb{R}^{n(n+1)/2}$ with interesting combinatorial properties described in terms of multiple paths on $N$. Finally, we establish a relation between fibers of $\gamma$ and $\gamma_trop$. This is a joint work with I. Davydenkova, M. Podkopaeva and A. Szenes. Jeudi le 7 octobre 15h30 Villa Battelle ### Tropical avatar of the Gelfand-Zeitlin integrable system II. Anton Alekseev (UNIGE) I'll recall the standard construction of the Poisson structure on the spaces of Hermitian matrices . The Gelfand- Zeitlin map $\gamma$ defines a completely integrable Hamiltonian system with respect to this Poisson structure. And the "tropical" map $\gamma_trop$ provides an open dense Darboux chart. This is a joint work with I. Davydenkova, M. Podkopaeva and A. Szenes. Lundi le 24 mai 14h15 Villa Battelle ### Mirror Symmetry and Reality. Kentaro Hori (IPMU, Tokyo) Jeudi le 27 mai Institut de mathématiques de Jussieu, Paris. ## Séminaire GPS - Géometrie tropicale ### 10h00 Clusters versus tropical clusters Bernhard Keller (Université de Paris VII) ### 11h30 Configuration spaces of circles and spheres Igor Dolgachev (University of Michigan) ### 14h00 3200 rational plane sections of a generic tropical quartic in P3 Grigory Mikhalkin (Université de Genève) Lundi le 17 mai 14h15-15h30 Battelle ### Minicourse - Geometry of special holonomy I. Conan Leung (CUHK Hong Kong) In this lecture series, I will explained a unified approach to describe various geometries for Riemannian manifolds. They include Kahler geometry, Calabi-Yau geometry, hyperkahler geometry, G_2 geometry, geometry of Riemannian symmetric spaces and so on. All these geometries play important roles in modern mathematics, as well as in physical theories of string, M-theory and so on. We will unveil the underlying mathematical structures of them. Mardi le 18 mai 16h15-17h30 Battelle ### Minicourse - Applications of Category Theory to Geometry: Derived Categories of Coherent Sheaves I . Dmitri Orlov (Steklov Institute Moscow) I am going to give a few lectures on derived categories of coherent sheaves and triangulated categories and their applications to geometry. We especially will discuss applications to homological mirror symmetry. I plan to concentrate an attention on categories of D-branes of type B in sigma-models and Landau-Ginzburg models. We will discuss different properties of these categories some of which are also coming from physics. Useful notions of exceptional collections, classical and strong generators will be introduced. I am also going to describe a procedure of constructing of mirror symmetric models that is known as Batyrev-Givental-Hori-Vafa procedure and to describe mirror symmetry for some varieties and their noncommutative deformations. Generalization of strange Arnold duality will be described and some results and conjectures will be given in the last lecture. Mercredi le 19 mai 14h15-15h30 Battelle ### Minicourse - Geometry of special holonomy II. Conan Leung (CUHK Hong Kong) In this lecture series, I will explained a unified approach to describe various geometries for Riemannian manifolds. They include Kahler geometry, Calabi-Yau geometry, hyperkahler geometry, G_2 geometry, geometry of Riemannian symmetric spaces and so on. All these geometries play important roles in modern mathematics, as well as in physical theories of string, M-theory and so on. We will unveil the underlying mathematical structures of them. Mercredi le 19 mai 16h15-17h30 Battelle ### Minicourse - Applications of Category Theory to Geometry: Derived Categories of Coherent Sheaves II. Dmitri Orlov (Steklov Institute Moscow) I am going to give a few lectures on derived categories of coherent sheaves and triangulated categories and their applications to geometry. We especially will discuss applications to homological mirror symmetry. I plan to concentrate an attention on categories of D-branes of type B in sigma-models and Landau-Ginzburg models. We will discuss different properties of these categories some of which are also coming from physics. Useful notions of exceptional collections, classical and strong generators will be introduced. I am also going to describe a procedure of constructing of mirror symmetric models that is known as Batyrev-Givental-Hori-Vafa procedure and to describe mirror symmetry for some varieties and their noncommutative deformations. Generalization of strange Arnold duality will be described and some results and conjectures will be given in the last lecture. Vendredi le 21 mai 14h15-15h30 Battelle ### Minicourse - Applications of Category Theory to Geometry: Derived Categories of Coherent Sheaves III. Dmitri Orlov (Steklov Institute Moscow) I am going to give a few lectures on derived categories of coherent sheaves and triangulated categories and their applications to geometry. We especially will discuss applications to homological mirror symmetry. I plan to concentrate an attention on categories of D-branes of type B in sigma-models and Landau-Ginzburg models. We will discuss different properties of these categories some of which are also coming from physics. Useful notions of exceptional collections, classical and strong generators will be introduced. I am also going to describe a procedure of constructing of mirror symmetric models that is known as Batyrev-Givental-Hori-Vafa procedure and to describe mirror symmetry for some varieties and their noncommutative deformations. Generalization of strange Arnold duality will be described and some results and conjectures will be given in the last lecture. Mercredi le 12 mai à 15h15 Battelle ### Computing the alpha-invariant. Ivan Cheltsov (University of Edinburgh) We describe various algebraic methods how to compute an algebraic counterpart of the so-called alpha-invariant of Tian of Fano orbifolds. As an application we show the existence of an orbifold Kahler-Einstein metrics on many Fano orbifolds. We also show some application in birational geometry. Lundi le 10 mai à 15h15-17h Battelle ### Dolgachev's surface. Selman Akbulut (Michigan State) Are there exotic copies of S^4 or CP^2 ?. It is known that if they exist they must contain 1- or 3- handles. About 24 years ago Donaldson gave the first example of an exotic closed orientable smooth 4-manifold, i.e. he proved that Dolgachev's complex surface E(1)_{2,3} is an exotic copy of CP^2 # 9(- CP^2); right about the same time Harer Kas and Kirby wrote a book about E(1)_{2,3} where they conjectured that it must contain 1- or 3- handles. We will discuss the recent solution of this conjecture (in the negative). In this context we will relate the proof to "corks" and "plugs", which are roughly freely floating objects in 4- manifolds determining their exotic structures. Mercredi le 28 avril à 15h15 Battelle: ### Non-commutative cluster mutations. Alexander Usnich We will define non-commutative analog of cluster mutations of two variables. The non-commutative Laurent phenomen is conjectured to hold for them as well. We will reinterpret the Laurent phenomenon in terms of the derived category of coherent sheaves on a projective plane. An important ingredient of this interpretation would be the tropicalization of mutations. Vendredi le 23 avril à 14h15 Battelle ### Topology of the spaces of rational maps. Yakov Mostovoy (CINVESTAV, Mexico City) It often happens in geometry that spaces of continuous objects (such as maps, cycles etc) are approximated by the spaces of corresponding algebraic objects. A typical example of this phenomenon is the well-known theorem of Segal which says that the space of rational functions of degree d on a Riemann sphere is homotopy equivalent, up to dimension d, to the space of all continuous maps of degree d form S^2 to S^2. I will discuss the generalizations of this result and their proof via the Vassiliev's theory of complements of discriminants. Mercredi le 21 avril à 15h15 Battelle: ### Lagrangian topology and disk counting. Paul Biran (ETH) Abstract: In this talk we will explain a new approach to for constructing invariants of Lagrangian submanifolds in symplectic manifolds. We will explain how to construct the so called Lagrangian quantum homology, its basic properties and how to extract from it new invariants. We will then show how these are related to questions on enumeration of holomorphic disks. If time permits we will show how this theory is related to questions on Lagrangian cobordisms. The talk is based on a series of joint works with Octav Cornea. Vendredi le 16 avril à Battelle: ### Calcul tropical de nombres caractéristiques du plan projectif. Benoit Bertrand (Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse) Les nombres caractéristiques Z(d,g,t), aussi appelés nombres de Zeuthen, sont les nombres de courbes de degré d et de genre g passant pas 3d-1+g-t points et tangentes à t courbes. J'expliquerai comment tropicaliser le problème et utiliser les diagrammes en étages pour calculer ces nombre en genre 0 et 1. Travail en commun avec E. brugalle et G. Mikhalkin Lundi le 29 mars à 15h15 Battelle: ### Real enumerative geometry and String theory. Johannes Walcher (CERN) My plan would be threefold: 1. A few real enumerative predictions that can (probably) be understood using "classical" methods. 2. Real enumeration in the context of toric varieties, since we have a good idea of what a complete theory would look like there. 3. Some physics background about stringy intuition, and a few ideas from the B-model. Jeudi le 25 mars à 14h30-15h30 Battelle: ### Introduction to motivic integration. Ernesto Lupercio (Cinvestav) Mercredi le 24 mars à 15h15-17h Battelle: ### Introduction to direct integration. Albrecht Klemm (Uni Bonn) Mercredi le 24 mars à 11h-12h Battelle: ### Lawson Homology. Jacob Mostovoy (Cinvestav) ### Microcourse in Hodge Theory I Luca Migliorini (University of Bologna) Tuesday, April 28, 16:15, Room 17 In this lecture I will give the definition of a pure polarized Hodge structure(PHS), show the link of PHS of weight -1 with abelian varieties and curves and illustrate the first general results about variations of Hodge structures (VHS) focusing on the important property of transversality. ### Microcourse in Hodge Theory II Luca Migliorini (University of Bologna) Wenesday, April 29, 15:00 After the definition of a Mixed Hodge structure (MHS) and an informal discussion of the theorem of Deligne on the MHS associated with an algebraic variety, I will illustrate the single most important result in the theory of variation of Hodge structures: the orbit theorem of Schmid, and discuss the MHS arising this way and its geometric significance in the case of VHS arising from degenerations of algebraic varieties.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7712794542312622, "perplexity": 2088.185668872279}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824357.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020211313-20171020231313-00422.warc.gz"}
https://www.doubtnut.com/question-answer/a-line-cutting-off-intercept-3-from-the-y-axis-and-the-tangent-at-angle-to-the-x-axis-is-3-5-its-equ-642506487	Home > English > Class 11 > Maths > Chapter > Straight Lines > A line cutting off intercept -... Updated On: 27-06-2022 Get Answer to any question, just click a photo and upload the photo and get the answer completely free, UPLOAD PHOTO AND GET THE ANSWER NOW! Text Solution 5y-3x+15=03y-5x+15=05y-3x-15=0None of the above Solution : Given that, c=-3and m=(3)/(5) <br> therefore Equation of the line is y=mx+c <br> y=(3)/(5)x-3 <br> rArr5y=3x-15<br> rArr5y-3x+15=0 Step by step solution by experts to help you in doubt clearance & scoring excellent marks in exams. Transcript hello students in this question we have to find the equation of the line which is cutting of intercept -3 from y axis and the tangent at angle to the x-axis is 3 by 5 and Y intercept that is C is equal to minus 3 and the tangent is equal to 35 that is 10 theta is equal to 3 by 5 and you know that 10 theta is the slope of the line and represents a book by M M equal to 35 now we know that impression of the line in slope-intercept form is Y equal to MX + c ok and here we have MP3 by 5 and 6 equal to minus 3 find the value of M and C A we get Y equal to 3.5 Into X + - 3 that is equal to 3.5 into x minus 3 and installing this we get 5 into Y minus 3 into x minus 15 and you to write 5 Y - 3 x + 15 equal to zero and the equation of the line is 5 Y - 3 x + 3 equal to zero that is option number one is correct answer Click here to get PDF DOWNLOAD for all questions and answers of this chapter - NCERT EXEMPLAR ENGLISH Class 11 STRAIGHT LINES Click here to get PDF DOWNLOAD for all questions and answers of this Book - NCERT EXEMPLAR ENGLISH Class 11 MATHS	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.535057008266449, "perplexity": 629.1960551146511}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00569.warc.gz"}
https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00346722	# ADC Production Test Technique Using Low-Resolution Arbitrary Waveform Generator 1 SysMIC - Conception et Test de Systèmes MICroélectroniques LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier Abstract : Standard production test techniques for ADC require an ATE with an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) with a resolution at least 2 bits higher than the ADC under test resolution. This requirement is a real issue for the new high-performance ADCs. This paper proposes a test solution that relaxes this constraint. The technique allows the test of ADC harmonic distortions using only low-cost ATE. The method involves two steps. The first step, called the learning phase, consists in extracting the harmonic contributions fromthe AWG. These characteristics are then used during the second step, called the production test, to discriminate the harmonic distortions induced by the ADC under test from the ones created by the generator. Hardware experimentations are presented to validate the proposed approach. Document type : Journal articles https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00346722 Contributor : Florence Azais <> Submitted on : Tuesday, May 25, 2021 - 11:43:15 AM Last modification on : Tuesday, June 8, 2021 - 11:08:02 AM ### File 482159.pdf Publisher files allowed on an open archive ### Citation Vincent Kerzérho, Philippe Cauvet, Serge Bernard, Florence Azaïs, Michel Renovell, et al.. ADC Production Test Technique Using Low-Resolution Arbitrary Waveform Generator. VLSI Design, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2008, 2008 (#482159), ⟨10.1155/2008/482159⟩. ⟨lirmm-00346722⟩ Record views	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.856113851070404, "perplexity": 8460.992765576917}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643380.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619020602-20210619050602-00629.warc.gz"}
http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/455/1984/1235	On the spectrum of second-order differential operators with complex coefficients B. M. Brown, D. K. R. McCormack, W. D. Evans, M. Plum Abstract The main objective of this paper is to extend the pioneering work of Sims on second-order linear differential equations with a complex coefficient, in which he obtains an analogue of the Titchmarsh–Weyl theory and classification. The generalization considered exposes interesting features not visible in the special case in Sims paper from 1957. An m-function is constructed (which is either unique or a point on a ‘limit-circle’), and the relationship between its properties and the spectrum of underlying m-accretive differential operators analysed. The paper is a contribution to the study of non–self–adjoint operators; in general, the spectral theory of such operators is rather fragmentary, and further study is being driven by important physical applications, to hydrodynamics, electro–magnetic theory and nuclear physics, for instance.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9677591323852539, "perplexity": 510.7979660354554}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207924799.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113204-00248-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://math.nist.gov/opsf/books/osilenker.html	## OP-SF WEB ### Extract from OP-SF NET Topic #6 ------------ OP-SF NET 7.6 ------------- November 15, 2000 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ From: Tom Koornwinder ([email protected]) Subject: New book on Fourier Series in Orthogonal Polynomials FOURIER SERIES IN ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS by Boris Osilenker (Moscow State Civil Engineering University) World Scientific, 1999 >From the web site: http://www.wspc.com.sg/books/mathematics/4039.htm This book presents a systematic course on general orthogonal polynomials and Fourier series in orthogonal polynomials. It consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 deals in essence with standard results from the university course on the function theory of a real variable and on functional analysis. Chapter 2 contains the classical results about the orthogonal polynomials (some properties, classical Jacobi polynomials and the criteria of boundedness). The main subject of the book is Fourier series in general orthogonal polynomials. Chapters 3 and 4 are devoted to some results in this topic (classical results about convergence and summability of Fourier series in L2m; summability almost everywhere by the Cesaro means and the Poisson-Abel method for Fourier polynomial series are the subject of Chapters 4 and 5). The last chapter contains some estimates regarding the generalized shift operator and the generalized product formula, associated with general orthogonal polynomials. The starting point of the technique in Chapters 4 and 5 is the representations of bilinear and trilinear forms obtained by the author. The results obtained in these two chapters are new ones. Chapters 2 and 3 (and part of Chapter 1) will be useful to postgraduate students, and one can choose them for treatment. This book is intended for researchers (mathematicians, mechanicians and physicists) whose work involves function theory, functional analysis, harmonic analysis and approximation theory. Contents: Orthogonal Polynomials and Their Properties Convergence and Summability of Fourier Series in L^2_\mu Fourier Orthogonal Series in L^r_\mu (1 < r < \infty) and C Fourier Polynomial Series in L^1_\mu. Analogs of Fatou Theorems The Representations of the Trilinear Kernels. Generalized Translation Operator in Orthogonal Polynomials Readership: Researchers in mathematics, mechanics and physics involved in function theory, functional analysis, harmonic analysis and approximation theory. 296pp Pub. date: Apr 1999 ISBN 981-02-3787-1 US\$55 / £34	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7876436114311218, "perplexity": 3516.6876950437077}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141750841.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205211729-20201206001729-00004.warc.gz"}
https://enumeration.askdefine.com/	# Dictionary Definition enumeration ### Noun 1 a numbered list [syn: numbering] 2 the act of counting; "the counting continued for several hours" [syn: count, counting, numeration, reckoning, tally] # User Contributed Dictionary ## English ### Noun 1. The act of enumerating, making separate mention, or recounting. 2. A detailed account, in which each thing is specially noticed. 3. A recapitulation, in the peroration, of the heads of an argument. 4. For example - Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday is an enumeration of days. # Extensive Definition In mathematics and theoretical computer science, the broadest and most abstract definition of an enumeration of a set is an exact listing of all of its elements (perhaps with repetition). The restrictions imposed on the type of list used depend on the branch of mathematics and the context in which one is working. In more specific settings, this notion of enumeration encompasses the two different types of listing: one where there is a natural ordering and one where the ordering is more nebulous. These two different kinds of enumerations correspond to a procedure for listing all members of the set in some definite sequence, or a count of objects of a specified kind, respectively. While the two kinds of enumeration often overlap in most natural situations, they can assume very different meanings in certain contexts. ## Enumeration as counting Formally, the most inclusive definition of an enumeration of a set S is any surjection from an arbitrary index set I onto S. In this broad context, every set S can be trivially enumerated by the identity function from S onto itself. If one does not assume the Axiom of Choice or one of its variants, S need not have any well-ordering. Even if one does assume Choice, S need not have any natural well-ordering. This general definition therefore lends itself to a counting notion where we are interested in "how many" rather than "in what order." In practice, this broad meaning of enumerable is often used to compare the relative sizes or cardinalities of different sets. If one works in ZF (Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without choice), one may want to impose the additional restriction that an enumeration must also be injective (without repetition) since in this theory, the existence of a surjection from I onto S need not imply the existence of an injection from S into I. ## Enumeration as listing When an enumeration is used in an ordered list context, we impose some sort of ordering structure requirement on the index set. While we can make the requirements on the ordering quite lax in order to allow for great generality, the most natural and common prerequisite is that the index set be well-ordered. According to this characterization, an ordered enumeration is defined to be a surjection with a well-ordered domain. This definition is natural in the sense that a given well-ordering on the index set provides a unique way to list the next element given a partial enumeration. ## Enumeration in countable vs. uncountable context The most common use of enumeration occurs in the context where infinite sets are separated into those that are countable and those that are not. In this case, an enumeration is merely an enumeration with domain ω. This definition can also be stated as follows: We may also define it differently when working with finite sets. In this case an enumeration may be defined as follows: • As a bijective mapping from S to an initial segment of the natural numbers. This definition is especially suitable to combinatorial questions and finite sets; then the initial segment is for some n which is the cardinality of S. In the first definition it varies whether the mapping is also required to be injective (i.e., every element of S is the image of exactly one natural number), and/or allowed to be partial (i.e., the mapping is defined only for some natural numbers). In some applications (especially those concerned with computability of the set S), these differences are of little importance, because one is concerned only with the mere existence of some enumeration, and an enumeration according to a liberal definition will generally imply that enumerations satisfying stricter requirements also exist. Enumeration of finite sets obviously requires that either non-injectivity or partiality is accepted, and in contexts where finite sets may appear one or both of these are inevitably present. ### Examples • The natural numbers are enumerable by the function f(x) = x. In this case f: \mathbb \to \mathbb is simply the identity function. • \mathbb, the set of integers is enumerable by f(x):= \begin -(x+1)/2, & \mbox x \mbox \\ x/2, & \mbox x \mbox. \end f: \mathbb \to \mathbb is a bijection since every natural number corresponds to exactly one integer. The following table gives the first few values of this enumeration:	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9259456396102905, "perplexity": 520.8316031984513}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809229.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125013040-20171125033040-00639.warc.gz"}
https://www.assignmentexpert.com/homework-answers/economics/macroeconomics/question-67914	64 712 Assignments Done 99,4% Successfully Done In September 2018 Answer to Question #67914 in Macroeconomics for Chris Question #67914 Q1] A corporation's stock promises to pay a dividend of $5 next year and investors expect the price of this stock next year to be$31. Because of the risk associated with this stock, investors require a rate of return of 20 percent from it. The price of this stock in the stock market is ( )dollars. No comma, dollar sign, or decimal places. Q2] There are two assets in the market. They both promise to pay \$1,120 next year. Asset A is less risky and carries a rate of return of 12 percent. The risk premium on Asset B is 16 percent. Therefore, Price of Asset A = ( ) dollars Price of Asset B =( ) dollars. No commas, decimal places, or dollar signs. Q1] P=5/0.2 p=25 Q2] A)P=1120/0.12 P=9333 B) P=1120/0.16 P=7000 Need a fast expert's response? Submit order and get a quick answer at the best price for any assignment or question with DETAILED EXPLANATIONS!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.16381190717220306, "perplexity": 5789.955929536466}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160568.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924145620-20180924170020-00231.warc.gz"}
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/2991/over-which-schemes-can-there-exist-non-trivial-g-a-bundles?sort=oldest	Over which schemes can there exist non-trivial G_a bundles? The group scheme G_a here is the one-dimensional additive group. - You can escape the underscores with a backslash so that they don't cause a problem (i.e. type \\_ to get _). Better yet, instead of typing H^1(X,O\\_X), you can type H<sup>1</sup>(X,O<sub>X</sub>) to get really pretty-looking output. – Anton Geraschenko Oct 28 '09 at 5:16	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.928361177444458, "perplexity": 2888.2519538287283}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463093.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00153-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/751539/proof-that-a-product-of-two-quasi-compact-spaces-is-quasi-compact-without-axiom	Proof that a product of two quasi-compact spaces is quasi-compact without Axiom of Choice A topological space is called quasi-compact if every open cover of it has a finite subcover. Let $X, Y$ be quasi-compact spaces, $Z = X\times Y$. The usual proof that $Z$ is quasi-compact uses a maximal filter, hence Axiom of Choice. Can we prove it without using Axiom of Choice? Edit(Apr. 14, 2014) If I am not mistaken, I have come up with a proof without using Axiom of Choice. I would like to post it as an answer. Edit(Apr. 15, 2014) I was mistaken. As Andres Caicedo pointed out, I used AC without noticing it in my "proof". • @Arthur: Because it will incite another long circle of "why was this question closed", "why was this meta thread closed", "is it wrong to ask questions?", "why is there a group of users that votes against everything I do?" and so on and so forth. – Asaf Karagila Apr 13 '14 at 8:43 • @AsafKaragila Stop it. You are abusing the thread by an off topic matter. – Makoto Kato Apr 13 '14 at 8:48 • @Makoto: Stop it. You are abusing the thread by an off topic matter. I see that I have to start quoting your comments too, in case that you delete them. For example, now it seems that my last comment is "out of the blue" and not at all in reply of you being all naive and innocent about your behavior. – Asaf Karagila Apr 13 '14 at 8:52 • Please improve the question - as it stands, it shows no effort. For example, you could examine the usual proof that the product of two quasicompact spaces is compact, and point out where the axiom of choice is actually used. @OP – Carl Mummert Apr 13 '14 at 12:23 • @Makoto Kato: [[the issue is that you didn't do enough before asking the question.] How do you know that?] You asked already - see math.stackexchange.com/questions/753072/… and math.stackexchange.com/questions/753072/… . You appear to ignore responses such as that, while reading others in a way that makes them more favorable to you than they actually are (e.g. the fact that it's sometimes acceptable to answer one's own question). – Carl Mummert Apr 14 '14 at 15:11 Here is a proof which is choice free. I should also mention that the proof using ultrafilters appears in Herrlich's The Axiom of Choice, where later he says that it can be modified to work without the axiom of choice using some ideas from other proofs. I did not check that claim in details, though. First, let us prove the following lemma: Lemma. Let $$X$$ be a topological space and $$\cal B$$ a basis for the topology. $$X$$ is quasi-compact if and only if every cover with elements of $$\cal B$$ has a finite subcover. Proof. One direction is trivial, if $$X$$ is quasi-compact, certainly every cover with elements of $$\cal B$$ has a finite subcover. In the other direction, suppose that $$\mathcal U=\{U_i\mid i\in I\}$$ is an open cover, consider $$\cal U'$$ to be the refined cover, $$\{V\in\mathcal B\mid\exists i\in I: V\subseteq U_i\}$$. Then $$\cal U'$$ is an open cover as well, since every point in $$U_i$$ lies within some element of $$\cal B$$. Let $$V_1,\ldots,V_n\in\cal U'$$ be a finite subcover, then we can choose $$U_1,\ldots,U_n\in\cal U$$ such that $$V_i\subseteq U_i$$ for all $$i\leq n$$, and this is a finite subcover as wanted. $$\ \square$$ Now we can prove our theorem. Let $$X,Y$$ be two quasi-compact spaces, and let $$\cal U$$ be an open covering of $$X\times Y$$ using rectangles (that is, sets of the form $$U\times V$$ where $$U$$ is open in $$X$$ and $$V$$ open in $$Y$$). We say that $$A\subseteq X$$ is adequate [for $$\cal U$$] if $$A\times Y$$ has a finite subcover in $$\cal U$$. Our goal is to show that $$X$$ is adequate, then $$X\times Y$$ can be covered by a finite subcover of $$\cal U$$. First we show that if $$x\in X$$, then there is some $$U\subseteq X$$ which is open and $$x\in U$$ such that $$U$$ is adequate. Let $$U_1\times V_1,\ldots,U_n\times V_n$$ be a finite subcover such that $$\{x\}\times Y\subseteq U_1\times V_1\cup\ldots\cup U_n\times V_n$$ (such finite cover exists since $$\{x\}\times Y$$ is quasi-compact). Now consider $$U=\bigcap_{i=1}^n U_i$$, then $$U$$ is open as a finite intersection of open sets, and non-empty since $$\{x\}\in U$$, as wanted. $$U$$ is adequate since given any $$(u,y)\in U\times Y$$ we have that for some $$i\leq n$$ it is true that $$(x,y)\in U_i\times V_i$$, so $$(u,y)\in U_i\times V_i$$ as well (since $$u\in U_i$$). Therefore $$U_1\times V_1,\ldots,U_n\times V_n$$ is a cover of $$U\times Y$$. Next we note that the finite union of adequate sets is adequate (as it is covered by the [finite] union of the [finite] subcovers of the adequate sets). Now $$\{U\subseteq X\mid U\text{ is open and adequate}\}$$ is an open cover of $$X$$, by the above fact that every $$x\in X$$ has an adequate neighborhood, and by quasi-compactness of $$X$$ it has a finite subcover. And therefore $$X$$ is the finite union of adequate sets and it is adequate as well. Finally, since rectangles form a basis for the product topology, from the lemma above we have that $$X\times Y$$ is indeed quasi-compact, as wanted. $$\quad\square$$ (I found the proof on ProofWiki sometime in the past.) • It looks like you are claiming that the $U$ you construct in the second paragraph is adequate, but I don't see it very clearly. In particular, there seems to be an implicit claim that $U \times X \subset W_1 \cup \cdots \cup W_n$. – Scott Carnahan Apr 23 '14 at 14:12 • @Scott: Yes, I think you're right. What I should have here is that without loss of generality $W_i=U_i\times V_i$ (and we can make that assumption, even without choice). Then $U=\bigcap U_i$, and given some $(u,y)\in U\times Y$ there is some $V_i$ such that $y\in V_i$ and therefore $(u,y)\in U_i\times V_i$, so $U\times Y$ is adequate. – Asaf Karagila Apr 23 '14 at 14:24 • I'll think about it for a few minutes to see if I can dispense of that assumption of rectangles, and I'll edit. (I also caught a use of "compact" instead of "quasi-compact" which I should correct while I'm at it.) – Asaf Karagila Apr 23 '14 at 14:24 • @Scott: Yes, the use of rectangles is crucial here. Thanks, I'll edit it in. – Asaf Karagila Apr 23 '14 at 14:32 Let $X, Y$ be quasi-compact spaces, $Z = X\times Y$. We will prove that $Z$ is quasi-compact without using Axiom of Choice. Suppose $(W_\alpha)_{\alpha\in A}$ is an open cover of $Z$. Then $W_\alpha = \bigcup_{\beta\in B_\alpha} U_{\alpha\beta} \times V_{\alpha\beta}$, where $U_{\alpha\beta}$ is an open subset of $X$ and $V_{\alpha\beta}$ is an open subset of $Y$. Let $x \in X$. Then $\{x\}\times Y$ is quasi-compact. Since $(U_{\alpha\beta} \times V_{\alpha\beta})_{(\alpha,\beta)\in A\times B_\alpha}$ is an open cover of $\{x\}\times Y$, there exists a finite subcover $U_i(x) \times V_i(x), i = 1, \cdots , n_x$ of $\{x\}\times Y$, where each $U_i(x) \times V_i(x)$ is of the form $U_{\alpha\beta} \times V_{\alpha\beta}$ for some $(\alpha, \beta) \in A\times B_\alpha$. Let $U(x) = U_1(x) \cap \cdots \cap U_{n_x}$. Since $(U(x))_{x\in X}$ is an open cover of $X$, there exists a finite subcover $U(x_1),\cdots, U(x_m)$ of $X$. Then $U(x_i) \times V_k(x_i)$, $i = 1, \cdots, m, k = 1,\cdots, n_{x_i}$ is a finite cover of $X\times Y$. Then for every pair $(i, k)$, there exist $\alpha \in A$ and $\beta \in B_\alpha$ such that $U(x_i) \times V_k(x_i) \subset U_{\alpha\beta} \times V_{\alpha\beta} \subset W_\alpha$. Hence there exists a finite subcover of $(W_\alpha)_{\alpha\in A}$. QED • A problem with your write-up: For each $x$ there is a finite subcover of $\{x\}\times Y$, but there may be more than one, so you need to specify (if at all possible) how to pick the $U_i(x)\times V_i(x)$, $1\le i\le n_x$. – Andrés E. Caicedo Apr 14 '14 at 16:32 • @AndresCaicedo A good point. By the way, why did you vote to close this question? – Makoto Kato Apr 14 '14 at 16:42	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 57, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9678136110305786, "perplexity": 137.07646327582452}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703561996.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124235054-20210125025054-00530.warc.gz"}
http://mymathforum.com/elementary-math/340788-duodecimal-system-base-12-a.html	My Math Forum Duodecimal System base 12 Elementary Math Fractions, Percentages, Word Problems, Equations, Inequations, Factorization, Expansion June 2nd, 2017, 03:33 AM #1 Newbie Joined: Jun 2017 From: Croatia Posts: 2 Thanks: 0 Duodecimal System base 12 Hello, I am barely familiar with Duodecimal System so here are few questions: 1. how to Calculate within Duodecimal base 12? 2. interesting facts/repetitions/stuff in Numerical sequences using Duodecimal? 3. interesting facts Welcomed June 2nd, 2017, 04:24 AM #2 Math Team Joined: Jan 2015 From: Alabama Posts: 2,576 Thanks: 668 You have asked two questions that are simply much too vague and general. Make your question more precise. As for "how to calculate using the duodecimal (base 12) system: The duodecimal system adds two new "digits" representing 10 and 11. Usually those are represented by "A" and "B" respectively. So the numbers in duodecimal are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, 10, 11, 12, 13 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 20, ... Note that, here, "10" means "1 times 12" or 12 decimal, "11" means "1 times 12 plus 1" or 13 decimal, etc. To add in duodecimal, you have to remember that you only "carry" if the sum of two digits is greater than 11. 3+ 4= 7 but 7+ 8= (6+ 1)+ (6+ 2)= (6+6)+ (1+ 2)= 13. That, of course, in decimal, would be 7+ 8= 12+ 3= 15. June 2nd, 2017, 04:37 AM #3 Math Team Joined: Dec 2013 From: Colombia Posts: 6,876 Thanks: 2240 Math Focus: Mainly analysis and algebra Quote: Originally Posted by Country Boy 7+ 8= (6+ 1)+ (6+ 2)= (6+6)+ (1+ 2)= 13 What an extraordinary way to represent the sum! I'd have thought $7+8=7+(5+3)=(7+5)+3=13$ would be more normal. June 2nd, 2017, 05:16 AM #4 Senior Member Joined: May 2016 From: USA Posts: 755 Thanks: 303 Quote: Originally Posted by v8archie What an extraordinary way to represent the sum! I'd have thought $7+8=7+(5+3)=(7+5)+3=13$ would be more normal. I wouldn't say extraordinary. I'd rather say a bit complicated for the simple case given, but perhaps helpful in more complicated cases. Moreover, both presentations seem to me to skip the crucial step and the hard cases. $A_{12} + B_{12} = (6_{12} + 4_{12}) + (6_{12} + 5_{12}) =$ $(6_{12} + 6_{12}) + (4_{12} + 5_{12}) = 10_{12} + 9_{12} = 19_{12}.$ This may make clear that when you add two numbers both less than six, duodecimal addition looks like decimal addition. When you add two numbers under twelve with at least one that is larger than five, you can decompose the larger numbers into a sum of six and some smaller number. The sum of six and six is always $10_{12}.$ And that lets you construct the entire addition table for duodecimal digits. Tags base, duodecimal, system Thread Tools Display Modes Linear Mode Similar Threads Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post Loren Number Theory 23 October 20th, 2016 05:16 PM ajayullal Number Theory 1 December 16th, 2015 09:25 AM chakana Computer Science 2 June 19th, 2015 09:14 PM caters Number Theory 9 May 22nd, 2014 02:46 AM momesana Algebra 4 December 3rd, 2009 06:13 PM Contact - Home - Forums - Cryptocurrency Forum - Top	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5752395987510681, "perplexity": 3338.0528746096766}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110485.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822065702-20170822085702-00427.warc.gz"}
https://www.bartleby.com/solution-answer/chapter-171-problem-19e-calculus-mindtap-course-list-8th-edition/9781285740621/solve-the-initial-value-problem-9y12y4y0y01y00/0f4faf0b-940a-11e9-8385-02ee952b546e	# Solve the initial-value problem. 9 y ″ + 12 y ′ + 4 y = 0 , y ( 0 ) = 1 , y ′ ( 0 ) = 0 ### Calculus (MindTap Course List) 8th Edition James Stewart Publisher: Cengage Learning ISBN: 9781285740621 Chapter Section ### Calculus (MindTap Course List) 8th Edition James Stewart Publisher: Cengage Learning ISBN: 9781285740621 Chapter 17.1, Problem 19E Textbook Problem 1 views ## Solve the initial-value problem. 9 y ″ + 12 y ′ + 4 y = 0 , y ( 0 ) = 1 , y ′ ( 0 ) = 0 To determine To solve: The initial value problem 9y''+12y'+4y=0 , y0=1, y'0=0 Solution: y=e-23x+23xe-23x Explanation: 1) Concept: i) Theorem: If y1 and y2 are linearly independent solutions of the second order Homogeneous linear differential equation ay''+by'+cy=0 on an interval, and a0, then the general solution is given by yx=c1y1x+c2y2(x) where c1 and c2 are constants. ii) In general solution of ay''+by'+cy=0 Roots of ar2+br+c=0 General solution r1, r2 are real and distinct y=c1er1x+c2er2x r1=r2=r y=c1erx+c2xerx r1 , r2 complex :α±iβ y=eαx(c1cosβx+c2sinβx) 2) Given: The initial value problem 9y''+12y'+4y=0 , y0=1, y'0=0 3) Calculations: The auxiliary equation of the differential equation 9y''+12y'+4y=0 is 9r2+12r+4=0 Solving the auxiliary equation 9r2+12r+4=0 9r2+12r+4=0 9r2+6r+6r+4=0 3r(3r+2)+2(3r+2)=0 (3r+2)(3r+2)=0 r=-23,-23 By given concept general solution of differential equation 9y''+12y'+4y=0 is y=c1e-23x+c2xe-23x Differentiate this equation with respect to x y=-23c1e-23x+c2e-23x-23c2xe-23x Applying initial conditions y0=1, y'0=0 y0=c1 Therefore , c1=1 y'0=-23c1+c2 Therefore, -23c1+c2=0 this imply c2=23 Thus, the solution of the initial value problem y''-2y'-3y=0 , y0=1, y'0=0 is y=e-23x+23xe-23x Conclusion: The solution of the initial value problem y''-2y'-3y=0 , y0=2, y'0=2 is y=e-23x+23xe-23x ... ### Still sussing out bartleby? Check out a sample textbook solution. See a sample solution #### The Solution to Your Study Problems Bartleby provides explanations to thousands of textbook problems written by our experts, many with advanced degrees! Get Started Find more solutions based on key concepts Find f in terms of g. f(x) = g(x2) Calculus: Early Transcendentals In Exercises 516, evaluate the given quantity. log5125 Finite Mathematics and Applied Calculus (MindTap Course List) Find the values of f(x)=x25x+1 when x is 0, 1, and 4. Is f one-to-one? Calculus: An Applied Approach (MindTap Course List) Find the mean, median, and mode for the following scores; 8, 7, 5, 7, 0, 10, 2, 4, 11, 7, 8, 7 Essentials of Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences (MindTap Course List) In Exercises 43-46, find f(a + h) f(a) for each function. Simplify yoiir answer. 45. f(x) = 4 x2 Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief Approach Is 460 divisible by3? Elementary Technical Mathematics Solve the inequality \|x 1\| \|x 3\| 5. Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals In Exercises 1926, pivot the system about the circled element. [3242\|65] Finite Mathematics for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences True or False: converges. Study Guide for Stewart's Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 8th The area of the parallelogram at the right is: 26 Study Guide for Stewart's Multivariable Calculus, 8th	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.828567385673523, "perplexity": 4129.01182316555}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00489.warc.gz"}
https://www.elke.ntua.gr/en/research_project/development-of-second-order-sensitivity-methods-for-generalized-functionals-in-fluid-mechanics/	DEVELOPMENT OF SECOND-ORDER SENSITIVITY METHODS FOR GENERALIZED FUNCTIONALS IN FLUID MECHANICS Ref.No: 65169600 Start date: 05.10.2008 End date: 04.10.2010 Approval date: 10.10.2008 Department: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Sector: FLUIDS Financier: ΒΑΣΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ, EIDIKOS LOG/MOS EMP Budget: 15.000,00 € Scientific Responsible: Assist. Prof. GIANNAKOGLOU Email: [email protected] Description: THE DEVELOPMENT,INVESTIGATION ANS ASSESSMENT OF METHODS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF SECOND-ORDER SENSITIVITIES OF GENERALIZED FUNCTIONALS IN FLUID MECHANICS AND AERODYNAMICS ARE PROPOSED. THESE SENSITIVITY DERIVATIVES ARE COMPUTED WITH RESPECT TO THE PROBLEM	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9351596236228943, "perplexity": 20903.2067602507}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991904.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511060441-20210511090441-00182.warc.gz"}
https://www.koreascience.or.kr/search.page?keywords=tolerable+daily+intake	• Title, Summary, Keyword: tolerable daily intake Estimation of manganese daily intake among adults in Korea • Kim, Eun-Young;Bae, Yun-Jung;Kim, Su-Jin;Choi, Mi-Kyeong • Nutrition Research and Practice • / • v.2 no.1 • / • pp.22-25 • / • 2008 • The purpose of this study was to estimate daily intake of manganese in Korean adults. Manganese intake was estimated through the use of the database of manganese content in frequently consumed Korean foods after first conducting anthropometric measurement and a survey on dietary intake with 354 Korean adults. Average age, height, weight and body mass index were 54.6 years, 165.7 cm, 67.2 kg and $24.5\;kg/m^2$ in males and 53.8 years, 153.7 cm, 59.1 kg and $24.9\;kg/m^2$ in females. The daily energy intakes of subjects were 1740.1 kcal in males and 1432.6 kcal in females. Male and female subjects recorded, respectively, 5.2 mg and 4.1 mg in manganese intake indicating that the male subjects consume more manganese (p<0.001). And they posted, respectively, 3.0 mg and 2.9 mg in manganese intake per 1000 kcal of energy consumption; it turned out that there was no significant difference. Daily manganese intake of both males and females posted, respectively, 148.8% and 135.2% of the adequate intake, and 8 males and 3 females surpassed the tolerable upper intake level. It is suggested that the study for accurate determination of manganese consumption needs to be more diversified based on the database of manganese content in Korean foods. The estimated daily manganese intake of Korean children aged 11-12 • Bae, Yun-Jung;Choi, Mi-Kyeong • Nutrition Research and Practice • / • v.5 no.6 • / • pp.548-552 • / • 2011 • The purpose of this study was to estimate the daily manganese (Mn) intake of Korean children. This study was done using a three-day dietary intake survey of 257 Korean children (boys 123; girls 134). The Mn intake values were calculated based on a database that provides the Mn content of the frequently consumed Korean foods, alongside the food composition table provided by the Korean National Rural Living Science Institute. The average age, height, weight and body mass index of our subjects were 11.9 years, 155.4 cm, 48.9 kg and 20.2 kg/$m^2$ in boys and 11.9 years, 154.1 cm, 43.5 kg and 18.3 kg/$m^2$ in girls. The average daily energy intakes were 2,249.2 kcal in boys and 2,044.5 kcal in girls. Boys consumed significantly more Mn than girls, based on intake estimates of $4,585.3{\mu}g$ (117.6% of adequate intake) and $4,029.3{\mu}g$ (117.1% of adequate intake), respectively (P < 0.001). Boys had a Mn intake of $2,041.1{\mu}g$ per 1,000 kcal of energy consumption, whereas for girls this was at $1,983.9{\mu}g$ per 1,000 kcal. Neither group exceeded the tolerable upper intake level for Mn. The major food groups which contributed to Mn intake in our subjects were cereals (50.8%), vegetables (21.0%), seasonings (8.9%), and pulses (7.7%). Notably, boys derived a higher Mn intake through cereals and vegetable than did girls (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). The key food sources of Mn, in descending order, were rice, soybean curd, kimchi, black rice and cereals. We propose that the results of our study may be used as a basis for follow-up studies that examine the Mn intake of children. Iodine Intake and Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Iodine for Koreans (한국인의 요오드 섭취와 요오드 상한섭취량) • Lee, Hyun-Sook;Min, Hye-Sun • Journal of Nutrition and Health • / • v.44 no.1 • / • pp.82-91 • / • 2011 • The present study reviewed the effects of excess iodine intake on thyroid function and the incidence of thyroid disease and discussed the scientific basis for establishing a tolerable upper intake level (UL) of iodine for Koreans. ULs are defined as "the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects to almost all individuals in the general population." Koreans consume excess iodine from seaweed, and iodine intake is strongly influenced by seaweed consumption. However, no dose-response data derived from subjects consuming excess iodine frequently but not continuously during a lifetime are available. Therefore, the Korean DRI committee set the iodine UL to reduce the risk of adverse health effects by excess iodine intake for Koreans with distinctive seaweed-eating habits. Distribution and Potential Human Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Benthic Fish Collected from the Offshore of Busan, Korea (부산 연근해 저서어류 체내의 미량금속 분포 특성과 잠재적 인체 위해성 평가) • Choi, Jin Young;Kim, Kyoungrean • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers • / • v.37 no.6 • / • pp.349-356 • / • 2015 • Trace metals concentrations in the tissue of edible marine fish (4 species), olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), file fish (Stephanolepis cirrhifer) and abbysal searobin (Lepidotrigla abyssalis), collected near the Yongho wharf in Busan were determined to assess the potential human health risk (HRA) of trace metals by fish consumption. Levels of Li, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the fish tissue were $0.005{\pm}0.009$, $0.77{\pm}0.30$, $0.29{\pm}0.34$, $0.49{\pm}0.14$, $15.96{\pm}2.52$, $10.62{\pm}4.67$, $0.001{\pm}0.002$, and $0.045{\pm}0.06mg/kgdw$ respectively. The estimated daily intakes of Cu and Zn and the estimated weekly intakes of As, Cd, and Pb from the fish collected near the Yongho wharf were 0.0032, 0.054-0.18% of PMTDI (provisional maximum tolerable daily intake) and 13, 0.0041, 0.020% of PTWI (provisional tolerable weekly intake) which were set to evaluate the food safeties by the JFCFA (The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Lifetime cancer risk and target hazard for local residents due to those fish consumption were found to be negligible. Simultaneous Analysis of Mycotoxins and Risk Assessment in Seeds using LC-MS/MS (LC-MS/MS를 이용한 종자류 생약의 곰팡이독소 동시분석 및 위해도 평가) • Choi, Eun Jung;Park, Young Ae;Choi, Su Jeong;Jung, Sam Ju;Park, Youn Sun;Hwang, In Sook;Yu, In Sil;Shin, Gi Young • Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy • / • v.51 no.4 • / • pp.270-277 • / • 2020 • This study analyzed mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, fumonisin B1, B2, ochratoxin A and zearalenone, using LC-MS/MS and conducted risk assessment on 54 samples of seeds distributed in SeoulYangnyeongsi and the management status of extramural herbal dispensary facility. The matched calibration showed a good linearity as observed in 6 concentration levels(r2>0.999) as a result of method validation applied with Arecae semen. Limits of detection(LOD) and quantification(LOQ) were in the range of 0.02-0.11 ㎍/kg and 0.08-0.34 ㎍/kg, respectively. Recoveries also estimated, ranging from 65.1-99.7% with relative standard deviation(RSD) 0.5-6.3%. As a result of the method on 54 samples, mycotoxins were detected in 16 samples. Among them, two Thujae semen showed a degree of concentration that exceeded the aflatoxin specification. In the risk assessment, the human exposure safety standard values were calculated as ADI(Acceptable Daily Intake) for aflatoxin B1, fumonisin and zearalenone. Ochratoxin A was calculated as PTWI(Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake). The MOE(Margine of Exposure) of aflatoxin B1 was in the range of 40.36-3536.88. And no items exceeded 100% in %TDI(Tolerable Daily Intake) and %TWI(Tolerable Weekly Intake) of fumonisin, zearalenone and ochratoxin A. Estimation of Daily Exposure to 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol from Commercial Soy Sauces in Korea • Kim, Hyun-Jung;Ha, Jae-Ho;Chun, Hyang-Sook;Cho, Eun-Jung • Food Science and Biotechnology • / • v.15 no.5 • / • pp.768-772 • / • 2006 • To assess the dietary exposure to 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) from soy sauces, the levels of 3-MCPD in commercial soy sauces were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sixty nine out of the 72 soy sauces tested contained a level of 3-MCPD below $0.3\;{\mu}g/g$, the maximum limit in Korea. The average concentration of the 72 samples was $0.080\;{\mu}g/g$ and the highest concentration was $3.131\;{\mu}g/g$. On the basis of the consumption data, 3-MCPD concentration and body weight, the estimated daily exposures to 3-MCPD were ranged from 0.037 to $0.146\;{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (bw)/day for 95th percentile exposed population groups. Our estimated daily exposures are significantly lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of $2\;{\mu}g/kg$ bw/day, which was established by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Comparison of Estimated Daily Dietary Intake of Dioxins in Coastal, Rural, and Urban District (어촌, 농촌, 도시 지역별 주민의 식품을 통한 다이옥신의 섭취량 추정) • Park, Jung-Duck;Huang, Ming-Ai;Im, Ruth;Choi, Byung-Sun;Yang, Jae-Ho;Bae, Yun-Jung;Jun, Ye-Sook;Choi, Mi-Kyeong • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition • / • v.37 no.3 • / • pp.325-332 • / • 2008 • The human population is mainly exposed to dioxins through the diet. The purpose of this study was to estimate the daily dietary intake of PCDDs and PCDFs in Korean adults residing in different regions. Subjects were recruited and divided into three groups according to the districts where they lived: rural (n=213), coastal (n=193), and urban district (n=187). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire and 24-hour recall for dietary intake. The daily intake of dioxins was estimated through the use of the database of dioxins contents in 35 Korean foods. The average age of the subjects were 61.5 years for coastal district, 57.6 years for rural district, and 49.4 years for urban district. Daily energy intake was 1707.7 kcal for rural district, 1596.5 kcal for urban district, and 1493.8 kcal for coastal district. There was no significant difference in total food intake by regions. The intakes from fishes of coastal district, those from cereals, vegetables, meats, and seasonings of rural district, and those from sugars, pulses, eggs, seaweeds, milks, oils of urban area were higher than those of the other two districts. The daily dioxins intake of coastal district (0.70 pgTEQ/kg/day) was significantly higher than those of rural district (0.32 pgTEQ/kg/day) and urban district (0.46 pgTEQ/kg/day). The dioxins intake from cereals, pulses, vegetables, fishes of coastal district and those from eggs and milks of urban area were the highest among the districts. The daily dioxins intake was positively correlated with the intakes of meats, eggs, fishes, oils, and seasonings. Therefore, it could be concluded that the daily dioxins intake of coastal district is higher than that in other districts and the fish is one of the main sources in dioxin intakes. However, daily dioxins intakes of the three regions were below the level of tolerable daily intake (TDI). Estimated Daily Intake of Aluminum from Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle (도라지(Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle) 섭취에 따른 알루미늄의 노출량 평가) • Kim, Sung-Dan;Ham, Hee-Jin;Jung, Ji-Hun;Lee, Eun-Soon;Lee, Hyun-Kyung;Kim, Hee-Sun;Lee, Jib-Ho;Yu, In-Sil;Jung, Kweon • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition • / • v.45 no.8 • / • pp.1138-1146 • / • 2016 • This study was performed to estimate daily intakes of aluminum from Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle and evaluate their potential health risks for Koreans. Estimated daily intake of aluminum was calculated, whereas the actual level of aluminum in Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Food consumption amount was drawn from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-1). In analysed samples, aluminum values ranged from 0.54~564.38 mg/kg in peeled Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle samples (n=53) and from 0.72~28.05 mg/kg in unpeeled ones (n=40). Statistically significant difference (P<0.001) was detected according to the type of skin. To estimate the dietary intake of Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle, a total of 7,242 respondents (scenario I) were compared to 227 Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle consumption subjects (scenario II). Estimated daily intake of aluminum was calculated based on point estimates. Level of safety for aluminum was evaluated by comparison with Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI), 1 mg/kg bw, set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. For scenario I, mean estimated daily intake of aluminum was 0.001 mg/kg bw/d. For scenario II, mean estimated daily intake of aluminum was 0.033 mg/kg bw/d, and 95th percentile estimated daily intake was 0.610 mg/kg bw/d. For scenario II, aluminum from Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle had a mean weekly intake that was the 23.1% of PTWI. Ready-to-eat Cereal Consumption Enhances Milk and Calcium Intake in Korean Population from 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (한국인의 시리얼 섭취실태와 우유 및 칼슘섭취와의 관련성 연구 - 2001년도 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 -) • Chung, Chin-Eun • Journal of Nutrition and Health • / • v.39 no.8 • / • pp.786-794 • / • 2006 • The purpose of this study was to establish an association between the consumption of ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC), milk, and calcium within the context of the most current population dietary practice in Korea. Inadequate calcium intake among Korean children and adults is one of the important public health concern. Milk is one of the best calcium sources because or its bioavailability, and RTEC is one or the foods commonly consumed with milk. The most recent Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2001 dataset was used as the source of data for this research. Subjects excluding pregnant women, were categorized according to gender and age ($1{\sim}5,\;6{\sim}11,\;12{\sim}19,\;20{\sim}49,\;50+$ years) and then by consumption of RTEC and milk. SAS and SUDAAN were used for statistical analyses. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated, and multiple regression model with adjustment for covariates were used to determine the predictability of total daily calcium intake from inclusion of RTEC and milk compared to the meal without RTEC and milk. RTEC was consumed by 2.4% or Korean people. Average calcium intake was 17 times greater when RTEC was consumed with milk than when RTEC was consumed without milk. Respondents who consumed RTEC with milk had significantly higher mean daily calcium and other nutrient intakes than respondents who consumed neither. in the multiple regression analysis, milk consumption with or without RTEC predicted total daily calcium intake after adjusting for age, income, and alcohol consumption (p<0.0001). The percentage of respondents below the estimated average requirement (EAR) level for calcium was lower for RTEC consumers than for RTEC non-consumers in all age-gender groups, especially significant differences were in children aged $1{\sim}5$, boys and girls aged $12{\sim}19$, men aged $20{\sim}49$, and women older than 50 years of age. RTEC consumption was not associated with intake in excess of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for calcium. In conclusion, RTEC consumption was positively associated with both milk and calcium intakes in all age and gender groups in Korean population. Risk Assessment of Dioxin in Japan • Kurokawa, Yuji • Toxicological Research • / • v.17 • / • pp.25-35 • / • 2001 • In 1990, Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 10 pg TCDD/kg/day for dioxins based on carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity was determined by WHO/EURO, that resulted in the establishment of TDIs in other countries. In Japan, Ministry of Health and Welfare and Environment Agency, respectively established the TDI of 10 pg TCDD/kg/day and Health Risk Assessment Index of 5 pg TCDD/kg/day in 1996. Accumulation of new scientific data, especially by molecular toxicology since 1990, resulted in the reevaluation of TDI by WHO-ECEH and IPCS in May, 1998. At this meeting, it was stressed that \circled1 toxic effects of dioxin is mediated through Ah-receptor in both animals and humans, \circled2 use of ebody burdeni concept is better than the use of traditional NOAEL/UF approach, \circled3 inclusion of coplanar PCBs in the TDI by the use of new WHO-TEF. LOAELs (0.16~200 ng TCDD/kg/day) obtained from reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity in rats, and neurobehavioral toxicity and induction of endometriosis in rhesus monkeys are calculated to be the body burden of 10~50 ng TCDD/kg that is 14~37 pg TEQ/kg/day as human daily intake. Finally TDI of 1~4 pg TEQ/kg/day was established by applying the UF of 10. In Japan, reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity in rats were used to obtain LOAELs (100~200 ng TCDD/kg/day). Finally TDI of 4 pg TEQ/kg/day was established in June 1999 by applying the UF of 10 to human daily intake of 43.6 pg TEQ/kg/day which corresponds to the body burden of 86 ng TCDD/kg.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5928950309753418, "perplexity": 18440.99474401059}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991553.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210510235021-20210511025021-00208.warc.gz"}
https://pypi.org/project/plonehrm.checklist/1.1.13/	Checklists for Plone HRM ## Checklists for Plone HRM With this package you can add checklists to an Employee. There you can keep track of things that need doing, like getting a copy of their passport for your administration. ## History of plonehrm.checklist ### 1.1.13 (2010-01-07) • The viewlet is now guarded by ‘plonehrm: view tasks viewlet’ + some corrections about items that can be edited. [vincent] ### 1.1.12 (2009-12-30) • Allow adding a checklist item in the next year; especially handy at the end of the year, like today. :-) [maurits] ### 1.1.11 (2009-09-11) • Bug fix in migration. If there is no checklist items, max(ids) raises an error. [vincent] ### 1.1.10 (2009-08-17) • Fixed error on self.context in content/checklist.py. At least seen in the tests. [maurits] ### 1.1.9 (2009-08-17) • Do not offer the user to edit or check a manager item if he does not have the proper permission. [maurits] ### 1.1.8 (2009-08-17) • Added migration step to fix default items that have the same ids. Apparently something is wrong in a previous migration so the checklist tool can end up with a few items that all have id 0. That wreaks havoc on the kss that is used for editing and adding items. [maurits] ### 1.1.7 (2009-08-13) • Updated portal_checklist view to handle end contract items. It is now possible again to edit items. [vincent] • Portal checklist items now have the ‘end_contract’ property. Items for which this property is set to True are copied in the employee checklist when this one leaves the company. An upgrade step is necessary to make this work. [vincent] ### 1.1.6 (2009-07-29) • Updated KSS actions in the viewlet to update status message when performing actions. Also corrected a bug in the viewlet, error messages were not hidden when the fault was corrected (for example, you tried to add a task with no title and a past date, two errors were displayed. If you corrected the date, the title error was still shown) [vincent] ### 1.1.4 (2009-07-22) • Removed link to portal_checklist/edit, as this page does not work anymore with new checklist system. [mark+vincent] • Now when adding items, html characters are escaped. This makes the execution of javascript in the pages impossible. [mark+vincent] ### 1.1.3 (2009-07-07) • The editItem method of ChecklistTool now also edit employee checklist items. [vincent] • Updated the editItem method of ChecklistTool to avoid conflict in names. Also changed order of parameters (id then text) for coherence. [vincent] • Updated the editItem method of CheckList so it does not update the link if no value are provided. This solves the bug appearing when editing a item with a link (after edition, the link disappeared). [vincent] • Added the possibility to edit and delete items in checklist tool. Also changed the way id are set to items in order to avoid a possible bug with items deleting. [vincent] ### 1.1.2 (2009-06-15) • Totally ignore the item_due_date parameter passed by the viewlet, as it is unreliable. Just look at year/month/day. [maurits] ### 1.1.1 (2009-06-15) • When removing an item, take care to remove it by id, not by text. [maurits] • When adding an item, allow doubles. [maurits] • Refactored checklist to simply delete checked items instead of keeping them around. [maurits] • Fix: editing the due date of a checklist item was not working. [maurits] • Fixed error in handling add item request in kss when item_link and item_url are not passed. [maurits] • Catch AttributeErrors and KeyErrors thrown by brain.getObject(). [maurits] ### 1.1.0 (2009-06-12) • In the hrm module event notification, add a (manager) item with link_url, link_title and date, if they are set in the event. [maurits] • Refactored Checklist and ChecklistTool. They do not use Archetype fields anymore, but PersistentList representing items. Each item is an instance of the CheckListItem class. An upgrade is needed to keep the old items (the upgrade is in plonehrm.checklist:default). [vincent] ### 1.0.8 (2009-06-04) • Use the portal factory for CheckList. [maurits] ### 1.0.7 (2009-06-03) • When adding checklist items to all current lists, only search in the parent of the tool, which might not be the root of the site. [maurits] ### 1.0.6 (2009-06-03) • Use the normal main_template instead of the prefs_main_template for the checklist tool view. [maurits] ### 1.0.5 (2009-06-03) • The ChecklistTool is no longer a unique object, which means you can add this tool for example inside a WorkLocation (from the ZMI or with some custom python code) so you can have checklists specific for this WorkLocation. [maurits] ### 1.0.4 (2009-06-02) • Removed the setting of the viewlets in the plonehrm_properties to the setuphandlers in Products.plonehrm, where we only set the order once. [maurits+markvl] ### 1.0.3 (2009-05-29) • Added id “checklist”, to be able to change the layout for this viewlet in sites. [mirella] ### 1.0.2 (2009-05-26) • When deleting an item, we delete from the allItems and the checkItems fields. [maurits+vincent] • Added two methods to the checklist class. The first one, findItems, searches items in the check list. The second one, deleteItem, deletes a specific item from the list. Those two methods are needed by plonehrm.absence, in order to manage call to sick employees. [vincent] • Removed .mo files from locales. This means those translations will not be visible in the old Plone 3.0. [maurits] ### 1.0.1 (2009-04-16) • Use collective.autopermission to register permissions. [maurits] • Set end-of-line style as native and set svn:ignores. [maurits] ### 1.0 (2008-10-02) • Using group icon for control panel. [maurits] ### 1.0 beta 1 (13 December 2007) • Made new checklist tool view to allow easy adding of new checklist items. To enable this, the browser view was extended and configured to also work in the checklisttool context. [joris] • Corrected an error in addManagerItem. The item argument was missing. [joris] • Attached the contenttype to the EmployeeModuleWorkflow. [reinout] • Added new methods and fields for manager checklists. Also show these in the templates and rewrite the browser view to get rid of POST popup windows when using the browsers back button. [joris] • Added bare-bones worklocation viewlet. [reinout • Extended the tests to check the tool’s behaviour. Also added methods for adding items to both the checklist CT and the tool. The tool’s addItem() method can also add items to all existing items. [reinout] • Added a tool for storing the default checklist items. [reinout] • Joris improved the UI on friday (for the “homepage”). Today I added a better widget to the normal edit form (though that ought only to be used when fixing mistakes made by clicking checkboxes on the homepage). [reinout] • Added an empty propertysheet through genericsetup (for later customisation in a customisation product). Aaaaaand… added this changelog. [reinout] ## Project details Uploaded source	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1864701509475708, "perplexity": 7858.386047799723}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337889.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006222634-20221007012634-00722.warc.gz"}
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/127993/complements-to-reducible-plane-projective-curves	# Complements to reducible plane projective curves Hello, Suppose that $C_1,C_2\subset\mathbb P^2$ are projective curves (over $\mathbb C$); $C_1$ and $C_2$ may be reducible but they must not have a common component. Let $L\subset \mathbb P^2$ be a line in general position, and denote by $H$ the kernel of the natural epimorphism $\pi_1(\mathbb P^2\setminus(C_1\cup C_2))\to \pi_1(\mathbb P^2\setminus C_1)$. Is it true that $H$ is the smallest normal subgroup in $\pi_1(\mathbb P^2\setminus(C_1\cup C_2))$ containg small loops in $L$ around the points of $L\cap C_2$? Thank you in advance, Serge - If $C_1\cup C_2$ has only normal crossings, the answer is positive; I am not sure otherwise. – Misha Apr 19 '13 at 15:49 @Misha: you bet it's positive in this case, when $\pi_1$ is commutative and generated by loops about components:) If I am not mistaken, the answer is also positive if $C_2$ has only normal crossings and each component of $C_2$ is transversal to $C_1$. I wonder what happens in general... – Serge Lvovski Apr 20 '13 at 4:04	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7592985033988953, "perplexity": 186.88492824452914}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646249598.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033049-00156-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/ozone-behavior-on-catalytic-probes-and-its-application-studied-in	# Ozone Behavior on Catalytic Probes and Its Application Studied in Gas Flow Downstream of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ozonizers Ta Lun Sung, Chung Ming Liu, Shigeru Ono, Shinriki Teii, Kungen Teii, Kenji Ebihara Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review ## Abstract The ozone behavior on heated catalytic probe surfaces is examined in gas flow downstream of atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge ozonizers. Negative and positive variations in the probe voltage as a function of probe heating current enable one to discriminate catalytic dissociation of ozone at low temperatures and catalytic recombination of oxygen radicals at high temperatures, respectively, on the probe surface. The loss coefficient of ozone on the probe surface derived from the amount of heat removed by catalytic dissociation is of the order of $10^{-4}$ , which increases with increasing probe temperature. The probe temperature decrease per ozone concentration by catalytic dissociation of ozone as a measure of measurement sensitivity increases with probe temperature and is measured typically in the range of 0.5-0.8 Kg $^{-1}\text{m}^{3}$ at ozone concentrations of 10 and 17 gm $^{-3}$ , respectively, showing the applicability of a catalytic probe to a simple sensor body. Original language English 9311868 182-186 5 IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 49 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2020.3040025 Published - Jan 2021 ## All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes • Nuclear and High Energy Physics • Condensed Matter Physics ## Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Ozone Behavior on Catalytic Probes and Its Application Studied in Gas Flow Downstream of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ozonizers'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5653625130653381, "perplexity": 5868.633653708298}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103626162.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220629084939-20220629114939-00084.warc.gz"}
https://scoop.eduncle.com/iot-w-be-the-three-dimensional-region-under-the-graph-of-f-x-y-exp-x-y-and-over-the-region-7-in-the-plane	IIT JAM Follow April 12, 2021 11:52 am 30 pts Iot W be the three dimensional region under the graph of f(x,y) = exp(x + y) and over the region 7. in the plane defined by 1s x+ y2 < 2. (A) The volume of W is te(e - 1). (B) The volume of W is r(et - e). (C) the flux of the vector field F = (2x - xy) i - yj + yzk out of the region W is z(e' -e). the flux of the vector field F = (2x - xy) i - yj + yzk out of the region W is nele-1). (D) • 0 Likes • Shares I didn't get this can you?? Alka gupta in last step when we solve by GD theorem we get triple integration dxdydz....which is volume of W ....but they written wrong ans.... because volume is we have already found πe(e-1) but in solution it's different	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.898491621017456, "perplexity": 2174.2032499739976}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243992516.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20210516075201-20210516105201-00228.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/235843/find-rotation-that-maps-a-point-to-its-target	# Find rotation that maps a point to its target I have a 3D point that is rotated about the $x$-axis and after that about the $y$-axis. I know the result of this transformation. Is there an analytical way to compute the rotation angles? $$v'=R_y(\beta)R_x(\alpha)v$$ Here, $v$ and $v'$ are known and I want to compute $\alpha$ and $\beta$. $R_x$ and $R_y$ are the rotation matrices about the x and y axis respectively. The overall matrix will then be: $$R=\begin{pmatrix} \cos \beta & \sin\alpha * \sin\beta & \cos\alpha * \sin\beta \\ 0 & \cos \alpha & -\sin\alpha \\ -\sin\beta & \cos\beta * \sin\alpha & \cos\alpha * \cos\beta \end{pmatrix}$$ - You can use law of cosines. Say $v=(x,y,z)$ and $R_x(\alpha)v=(x,y^\prime,z^\prime)$. Draw the triangle with vertices $A=(x,y,z)$, $B=(x,y^\prime,z^\prime)$, and $C=(x,0,0)$. Then $\angle C$ is $\alpha$. You can do the same process for $\beta$. – icurays1 Nov 12 '12 at 18:27 Correct me if I am wrong, but this cannot work because the second rotation (about the y axis) will change the z-coordinate. Therefore, the angle you described is not the correct one. – Nico Schertler Nov 12 '12 at 19:36 True, but all you need to get the first angle is the final $y$ coordinate. The intermediate $z$ coordinate $z^\prime$ just helps establish $\alpha$. Your second triangle would have vertices $(x,y^\prime,z^\prime)$ (the location after the $x$ rotation), $(0,y^\prime,0)$, and $(x^\prime,y^\prime,z^{\prime\prime})$. This last coordinate is the final location of your point. – icurays1 Nov 12 '12 at 19:42 Yes, but how do I apply law of cosines, if I don't know the intermediate position? – Nico Schertler Nov 12 '12 at 19:58 You know the distance to the $x$-axis though, and the $x$ rotation doesn't change this distance. I.e. $r=\sqrt{z^2+y^2}=\sqrt{y^{\prime^2}+z^{\prime^2}}$. You can get $z^\prime$ from this, up to a sign (the sign doesn't matter - the problem doesn't have a unique solution anyway). – icurays1 Nov 12 '12 at 20:03 Rotation about the $y$ axis won't change the $y$ coordinate anymore, so the first rotation has to get that coordinate right straight away. There are in general two angles that do the job, but there might be none, namely if $\sqrt{v_y^2+v_z^2}<\|v'_y\|$. If there are such angles, then for each there will be a unique rotation about the $y$ axis that gets the vector to the destination $v'$, provided we had $\|v\|=\|v'\|$ to begin with, which is of course a necessary condition to succeed with any number of rotations fixing the origin. You can easily write down the required angles using inverse trigonometric functions. I also thought about beginning with the y-coordinate. But I am somehow stuck at solving $v'_y=cos\alphav_y-sin\alphav_z$. – Nico Schertler Nov 12 '12 at 19:42 @NicoSchertler Put $v_y+v_z\mathbf i=r\exp(\beta\mathbf i)$ with $r,\beta\in\mathbf R$, then you want $v'_y=\operatorname{Re}(\exp(\alpha\mathbf i)(v_y+v_z\mathbf i))$ which gives $\frac{v'_y}r=\cos(\alpha+\beta)$, and this is solved by $\alpha=\pm\arccos(\frac{v'_y}r)-\beta$. – Marc van Leeuwen Nov 13 '12 at 9:04	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8405832052230835, "perplexity": 160.17199285098098}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645298781.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031458-00283-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.stackage.org/lts-14.8/package/pandoc-pyplot-2.1.5.1	# pandoc-pyplot A Pandoc filter to include figures generated from Python code blocks https://github.com/LaurentRDC/pandoc-pyplot#readme LTS Haskell 14.9: 2.1.5.1 Stackage Nightly 2019-09-21: 2.1.5.1 Latest on Hackage: 2.1.5.1 See all snapshots pandoc-pyplot appears in #### Module documentation for 2.1.5.1 This version can be pinned in stack with:pandoc-pyplot-2.1.5.1@sha256:e65783843999bbb75b2b413441a333024bce21a5703e4893dbf212c8d341873b,3142 • Text • Text.Pandoc • Text.Pandoc.Filter # pandoc-pyplot - A Pandoc filter to generate Matplotlib figures directly in documents pandoc-pyplot turns Python code present in your documents into embedded Matplotlib figures. ## Usage ### Markdown The filter recognizes code blocks with the .pyplot class present in Markdown documents. It will run the script in the associated code block in a Python interpreter and capture the generated Matplotlib figure. Here is a basic example using the scripting matplotlib.pyplot API: {.pyplot} import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.figure() plt.plot([0,1,2,3,4], [1,2,3,4,5]) plt.title('This is an example figure') Putting the above in input.md, we can then generate the plot and embed it: pandoc --filter pandoc-pyplot input.md --output output.html or pandoc --filter pandoc-pyplot input.md --output output.pdf or any other output format you want. ### LaTeX The filter works slightly differently in LaTeX documents. In LaTeX, the minted environment must be used, with the pyplot class. \begin{minted}{pyplot} import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.figure() plt.plot([0,1,2,3,4], [1,2,3,4,5]) plt.title('This is an example figure') \end{minted} Note that you do not need to have minted installed. ### Examples There are more examples in the source repository, in the \examples directory. ## Features ### Captions You can also specify a caption for your image. This is done using the optional caption parameter. Markdown: {.pyplot caption="This is a simple figure"} import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.figure() plt.plot([0,1,2,3,4], [1,2,3,4,5]) plt.title('This is an example figure') LaTex: \begin{minted}[caption=This is a simple figure]{pyplot} import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.figure() plt.plot([0,1,2,3,4], [1,2,3,4,5]) plt.title('This is an example figure') \end{minted} Caption formatting is either plain text or Markdown. LaTeX-style math is also support in captions (using dollar signs $…$). ### Link to source code and high-resolution figure In case of an output format that supports links (e.g. HTML), the embedded image generated by pandoc-pyplot will be a link to the source code which was used to generate the file. Therefore, other people can see what Python code was used to create your figures. A high resolution image will be made available in a caption link. (New in version 2.1.3.0) For cleaner output (e.g. PDF), you can turn this off via the links=false key: Markdown: {.pyplot links=false} ... LaTex: \begin{minted}[links=false]{pyplot} ... \end{minted} or via a configuration file. ### Including scripts If you find yourself always repeating some steps, inclusion of scripts is possible using the include parameter. For example, if you want all plots to have the ggplot style, you can write a very short preamble style.py like so: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.style.use('ggplot') and include it in your document as follows: {.pyplot include=style.py} plt.figure() plt.plot([0,1,2,3,4], [1,2,3,4,5]) plt.title('This is an example figure') Which is equivalent to writing the following markdown: {.pyplot} import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.style.use('ggplot') plt.figure() plt.plot([0,1,2,3,4], [1,2,3,4,5]) plt.title('This is an example figure') The equivalent LaTeX usage is as follows: \begin{minted}[include=style.py]{pyplot} \end{minted} This include parameter is perfect for longer documents with many plots. Simply define the style you want in a separate script! You can also import packages this way, or define functions you often use. Customization of figures beyond what is available in pandoc-pyplot can also be done through the include script. For example, if you wanted to have transparent figures, you can do so via matplotlib.pyplot.rcParams: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.rcParams['savefig.transparent'] = True ... You can take a look at all available matplotlib parameters here. ### No wasted work pandoc-pyplot minimizes work, only generating figures if it absolutely must. Therefore, you can confidently run the filter on very large documents containing dozens of figures — like a book or a thesis — and only the figures which have recently changed will be re-generated. ### Compatibility with pandoc-crossref pandoc-crossref is a pandoc filter that makes it effortless to cross-reference objects in Markdown documents. You can use pandoc-crossref in conjunction with pandoc-pyplot for the ultimate figure-making pipeline. You can combine both in a figure like so: {#fig:myexample .pyplot caption="This is a caption"} # Insert figure script here As you can see in @fig:myexample, ... If the above source is located in file myfile.md, you can render the figure and references by applying pandoc-pyplot first, and then pandoc-crossref. For example: pandoc --filter pandoc-pyplot --filter pandoc-crossref -i myfile.md -o myfile.html ### Configurable (New in version 2.1.0.0) To avoid repetition, pandoc-pyplot can be configured using simple YAML files. pandoc-pyplot will look for a .pandoc-pyplot.yml file in the current working directory: # You can specify any or all of the following parameters interpreter: python36 directory: mydirectory/ include: mystyle.py format: jpeg dpi: 150 tight_bbox: true transparent: false flags: [-O, -Wignore] These values override the default values, which are equivalent to: # Defaults if no configuration is provided. # Note that the default interpreter name on MacOS and Unix is 'python3' # and 'python' on Windows. interpreter: python flags: [] directory: generated/ format: png dpi: 80 tight_bbox: false transparent: false flags: [] Using pandoc-pyplot --write-example-config will write the default configuration to a file .pandoc-pyplot.yml, which you can then customize. #### Configuration-only parameters There are a few parameters that are only available via the configuration file .pandoc-pyplot.yml: • interpreter is the name of the interpreter to use. For example, interpreter: python36; • flags is a list of strings, which are flags that are passed to the python interpreter. For example, flags: [-O, -Wignore]; • (New in version 2.1.5.0) tight_bbox is a boolean that determines whether to use bbox_inches="tight" or not when saving Matplotlib figures. For example, tight_bbox: true. See here for details; • (New in version 2.1.5.0) transparent is a boolean that determines whether to make figure background transparent or not. This is useful, for example, for displaying a plot on top of a colored background on a web page. High-resolution figures are not affected. For example, transparent: true. ## Installation ### Binaries Windows binaries are available on GitHub. Place the executable in a location that is in your PATH to be able to call it. If you can show me how to generate binaries for other platform using e.g. Azure Pipelines, let me know! ### Installers (Windows) Windows installers are made available thanks to Inno Setup. You can download them from the release page. ### From Hackage/Stackage pandoc-pyplot is available on Hackage. Using the cabal-install tool: cabal update cabal install pandoc-pyplot Similarly, pandoc-pyplot is available on Stackage: stack update stack install pandoc-pyplot ### From source Building from source can be done using stack or cabal: git clone https://github.com/LaurentRDC/pandoc-pyplot cd pandoc-pylot stack install # Alternatively, cabal install ## Running the filter ### Requirements This filter only works with the Matplotlib plotting library. Therefore, you a Python interpreter and at least Matplotlib installed. The name of the Python interpreter to use can be specified in a .pandoc-pyplot.yml file; by default, pandoc-pyplot will use the "python" name on Windows, and "python3" otherwise. You can use the filter with Pandoc as follows: pandoc --filter pandoc-pyplot input.md --output output.html In which case, the output is HTML. Another example with PDF output: pandoc --filter pandoc-pyplot input.md --output output.pdf Python exceptions will be printed to screen in case of a problem. pandoc-pyplot has a limited command-line interface. Take a look at the help available using the -h or --help argument: pandoc-pyplot --help ## Usage as a Haskell library To include the functionality of pandoc-pyplot in a Haskell package, you can use the makePlot :: Block -> IO Block function (for single blocks) or plotTransform :: Pandoc -> IO Pandoc function (for entire documents). ### Usage with Hakyll This filter was originally designed to be used with Hakyll. In case you want to use the filter with your own Hakyll setup, you can use a transform function that works on entire documents: import Text.Pandoc.Filter.Pyplot (plotTransform) import Hakyll -- Unsafe compiler is required because of the interaction -- in IO (i.e. running an external Python script). makePlotPandocCompiler :: Compiler (Item String) makePlotPandocCompiler = pandocCompilerWithTransformM defaultHakyllWriterOptions (unsafeCompiler . plotTransform) The plotTransformWithConfig is also available for a more configurable set-up. ## Warning Do not run this filter on unknown documents. There is nothing in pandoc-pyplot that can stop a Python script from performing evil actions. # Change log pandoc-pyplot uses Semantic Versioning ## Release 2.1.5.1 • Fixed an issue where setting the configuration option transparent: true left high-resolution figures difficult to see. Therefore, the option transparent: true does not affect high-resolution figures anymore. ## Release 2.1.5.0 • Added support for two new configuration values: tight_bbox: true\|false and transparent: true\|false. These values are only supported via configuration files .pandoc-pyplot.yml. ## Release 2.1.4.0 • Added examples and documentation on how to use pandoc-pyplot on LaTeX documents. • Allowed raw LaTeX macros in figure captions. This is required to label figures in LaTeX. E.g.: \begin{minted}[caption=myCaption\label{myfig}]{pyplot} \end{minted} • with-links key changed to links. I’m sorry. Pandoc doesn’t support LaTeX tokens with -. ## Release 2.1.3.0 • Switched to using optparse-applicative for command-line argument parsing. • Added a command-line options, “–write-example-config”, which will write a config file “.pandoc-pyplot.yml” to show all available configuration options. • Links to source code and high-res images can be suppressed using {.pyplot with-links=false ...} (or via the configuration file with with-links: false). This is to get cleaner output in technical documentation (e.g. PDF). Example: {.pyplot caption="This is a caption" with-links=false} import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.figure() plt.plot([1,2,3,4,5],[1,2,3,4,5]) • Added automated builds on macOS and Linux via Azure-Pipelines. Windows build will stay on Appveyor for now. ## Release 2.1.2.0 • Added the “flags” configuration option, which allows to pass command-line flags to the Python interpreter. For example, warnings can be suppressed using the -Wignore flag. • Refactoring of the script check mechanism. It will be much easier to extend in the future. • Updated the command-line help with an example combining pandoc-pyplot and pandoc-crossref • Default Python interpreter is now “python” on Windows and “python3” otherwise. ## Release 2.1.1.1 • Fixed a critical bug where pandoc-pyplot would interpret input from pandoc as a malformed command-line flag. ## Release 2.1.1.0 • Added a command-line option to open the HTML manual in the default web browser. • Added documentation regarding compatibility with pandoc-crossref. This was always supported but not explicitly documented. ## Release 2.1.0.1 • Fixed outdated documentation (referencing “target” parameter) • Fixed types required to build Configuration values that were not exported (SaveFormat, PythonScript) ## Release 2.1.0.0 • Added support for config files “.pandoc-pyplot.yml”, which specify different default values. This is mirrored in the new Configuration type and new functions, makePlotWithConfig and plotTransformWithConfig. • Added the ability to specify a different Python interpreter to use. • Added support for GIF and TIF files. • Added the “-f”/”–formats” command to show supported output figure formats. • Added support for GHC 8.2 • Moved internal modules to Text.Pandoc.Filter.Pyplot.Internal module. ## Release 2.0.1.0 • Support for Markdown formatting in figure captions, including LaTeX math. ## Release 2.0.0.0 Many breaking changes in this release: • pandoc-pyplot will now determine the filename based on hashing the figure content. Therefore, figures will only be re-generated if necessary. • Removed the ability to control the filename and format directly using the plot_target=... attribute. • Added the ability to control the directory in which figures will be saved using the directory=... attribute. • Added the possibility to control the figures dots-per-inch (i.e. pixel density) with the dpi=... attribute. • Added the ability to control the figure format with the format=... attribute. Possible values are currently "png", "svg", "pdf", "jpg"/"jpeg" and "eps". • The confusing plot_alt=... attribute has been renamed to caption=... for obvious reasons. • The plot_include=... attribute has been renamed to include=.... • Added the generation of a higher resolution figure for every figure pandoc-pyplot understands. ## Release 1.1.0.0 • Added the ability to include Python files before code using the plot_include=script.py attribute. ## Release 1.0.3.0 • Fixed an issue where pandoc-pyplot would not build with base < 4.9 (#1) ## Release 1.0.2.0 • Added support for captions using the plot_alt=... attribute. For example: {plot_target=test.png plot_alt="This is a caption"} import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.figure() plt.plot([1,2,3,4,5],[1,2,3,4,5]) ## Release 1.0.1.0 • Added plotTransform :: Pandoc -> IO Pandoc function to transform entire documents. This makes it easier to integrate pandoc-pyplot into Hakyll-based sites! ## Release 1.0.0.1 • Updated README with fixes and warnings	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3244097828865051, "perplexity": 9899.882919239966}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986655735.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015005905-20191015033405-00016.warc.gz"}
https://paperswithcode.com/conference/ieee-transactions-on-pattern-analysis-and-9	# Robust Point Set Registration Using Gaussian Mixture Models Then, the problem of point set registration is reformulated as the problem of aligning two Gaussian mixtures such that a statistical discrepancy measure between the two corresponding mixtures is minimized. 127	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9621191024780273, "perplexity": 1228.2234016376487}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371656216.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406164846-20200406195346-00357.warc.gz"}
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=450424	# eigenvalues for integral operator by margaret37 Tags: eigenvalues, integral, operator P: 12 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Find all non-zero eignvalues and eigenvectors for the following integral operator $Kx := \int^{\ell}_0 (t-s)x(s) ds$ in $C[0,\ell]$ 2. Relevant equations $\lambda x= Kx$ 3. The attempt at a solution $\int^{\ell}_0 (t-s)x(s) ds = \lambda * x(t)$ $t\int^{\ell}_0 x(s) ds - s\int^{\ell}_0x(s) ds = \lambda * x(t)$ Am I even going the right direction? I think I need function(s) of x(t) and scalar $\lambda$, when I am finished is that right? And should $\lambda$ be a complex (possibly real) number? 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data 2. Relevant equations 3. The attempt at a solution HW Helper PF Gold P: 2,890 Quote by margaret37 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Find all non-zero eignvalues and eigenvectors for the following integral operator $Kx := \int^{\ell}_0 (t-s)x(s) ds$ in $C[0,\ell]$ 2. Relevant equations $\lambda x= Kx$ 3. The attempt at a solution $\int^{\ell}_0 (t-s)x(s) ds = \lambda * x(t)$ $t\int^{\ell}_0 x(s) ds - s\int^{\ell}_0x(s) ds = \lambda * x(t)$ Am I even going the right direction? I think I need function(s) of x(t) and scalar $\lambda$, when I am finished is that right? And should $\lambda$ be a complex (possibly real) number? Well, you are already on the wrong track because you cannot simply pull the "s" out of this integral when it's the variable of integration! $$\int^{\ell}_0 sx(s) ds \neq s\int^{\ell}_0x(s) ds$$ P: 12 Oops. :( But is this the right way to do it? HW Helper PF Gold P: 2,890 ## eigenvalues for integral operator Quote by margaret37 Oops. :( But is this the right way to do it? Well, you haven't got that far yet so I can't say for sure. But the basic idea is that $\lambda$ will be a complex number (there might be more than one that work!), and corresponding to each such $\lambda$ there will be a family of specific functions $x(t)$ (the eigenvalues) which satisfy $$\int_0^\ell (t-s) x(s) ds = \lambda x(t)$$ P: 1,412 First of all you should correctly state the problem. It should read: $$(Kx)(t) := \int^{\ell}_0 (t-s)x(s) ds$$ Can you see the difference? P: 12 I do see the difference. (Which is not how it is written on my assignment.) So does K operate on x? Are t and s scalars? So for a trivial example... $$\int {e^{nx}} = ne^nx$$ So is this a solution to some integral equation similar to the problem? Thank you for your answer P: 1,412 K takes a function x. It produces a new function Kx. The value of the new function at t is calculated from the values of the old function by the process of integration. You operator could be as well written as $$(Ky)(s) := \int^{\ell}_0 (s-t)y(s) dt$$ That would be exactly the same operator. Think about it! Anyway, you want to solve the equation $$Kx=\lambda x$$ Now two functions are equal when they are equal at all points. So the above means $$(Kx)(t)=\lambda x(t)$$ for all t. So you substitute and get as much as possible from the equation $$\int^{\ell}_0 (t-s)x(s) ds =\lambda x(t)$$ for all t. Now, if $\lambda\neq 0$ can you see from this equation that x(t) is necessarily a linear function of t, that is that it must be of the form x(t)=at+b ??? P: 12 Thank you very much. I think the light MAY be starting to dawn. P: 1,412 One more thing. You should get now something like $$t\int_0^l(as+b)ds -\int_0^l s(as+b)=\lambda (at+b)$$ This is supposed to hold for all t, so, in particular, for t=0. So you will get two equations from the one above. Two equations for three unknowns: a,b,$\lambda$. But do not worry. The eigenfunction are determined only up to a multiplicative constant. Related Discussions Linear & Abstract Algebra 16 Advanced Physics Homework 8 Advanced Physics Homework 8 Advanced Physics Homework 4 Advanced Physics Homework 4	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.947242259979248, "perplexity": 331.4532632661046}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523265.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00595-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/38595/fourth-moment-method-for-minimum-value	# Fourth(?) moment method for minimum value I would like to lower bound the quantity $\Pr[X\ge t, Y\ge t]=\Pr[\min(X,Y)\ge t]$ using the small moments of $X$, $Y$ and $XY$. In particular I am interested in the case where $E[X]=E[Y]=0$, but $E[X Y]>0$. In "The Fourth Moment Method" Berger shows that if $\frac{E[X^4]}{E[X^2]^2}\le b$, then $\Pr[X\ge \sqrt{E[X^2]}/(4\sqrt{t})]\ge1/(4^{4/3}t)$. Alternative formulations of this principle include the Paley–Zygmund inequality. Using the fact that $\min(X,Y)=\frac12(X+Y-\|X-Y\|)$, we get that that $$E[\min(X,Y)^2] = E[\min(X^2,Y^2)] = \tfrac12\left(E[X^2+Y^2]-E[\|X^2-Y^2\|]\right),\\ E[\min(X,Y)^4] = E[\min(X^4,Y^4)] = \tfrac12\left(E[X^4+Y^4]-E[\|X^4-Y^4\|]\right).$$ Now using $\frac{E[X^2]^{3/2}}{E[X^4]^{1/2}} \le E[\|X\|] \le \sqrt{E[X^2]}$ we can get a bound: $$\frac{E[\min(X,Y)^4]}{E[\min(X,Y)^2]^2} = 2\frac{E[X^4+Y^4]-E[\|X^4-Y^4\|]}{(E[X^2+Y^2]-E[\|X^2-Y^2\|])^2} \le 2\frac{E[X^4+Y^4]-\sqrt{E[(X^4-Y^4)^2]}}{\left(E[X^2+Y^2]-\frac{E[(X^2-Y^2)^2]^{3/2}}{E[(X^2-Y^2)^4]^{1/2}}\right)^2}.$$ Besides being ugly, this has ended up using the eighth moment of $X$ and $Y$, rather than just the fourth. Is this necessary? Or is there a nicer way taking better advantage of the $\min$ function? Update: We may wonder what the ideal result would be. If we let $\hat{X}=[X,Y]^T$, $\Sigma=\text{Cov}(\hat X)$ and $Z=\hat X ^T\Sigma^{-1}\hat X$, then Markov's (or the multivariate Chebyshev) inequality tells us $\Pr[Z \ge \epsilon] \le E[Z]/\epsilon=2/\epsilon$. If we assume $\text{Var}[X]=\text{Var}[Y]=1$ then $\min(X,Y)\ge t$ implies $Z\ge t^T\Sigma^{-1}t=\frac{2t^2}{1+\text{Cov}(X,Y)}$; and so $\Pr[X,Y\ge t]\le\frac{1+\text{Cov}(X,Y)}{t^2}$. With Paley–Zygmund we then get $\Pr[Z\ge 2t] \ge 4(1-t)^2/E[Z^2]$, which is a fourth moment bound. Of course this is a lower bound on the entire space outside the ellipse, however we might(?) hope that it is also correct up to a constant factor for any convex region at distance t, if $X$ and $Y$ are nice enough? • I would suggest asking this on math.stackexchange.com or mathoverflow.net. – Ryan O'Donnell Jul 27 '17 at 1:13	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9950101375579834, "perplexity": 244.4668886747767}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107880038.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022195658-20201022225658-00651.warc.gz"}
http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-pdftex/2004-September/000757.html	# [NTG-pdftex] [ pdftex-Bugs-116 ] character protrusion: pdftex may hang Fri Sep 17 00:18:02 CEST 2004 Bugs item #116, was opened at 2004-09-10 21:58 You can respond by visiting: http://sarovar.org/tracker/?func=detail&atid=493&aid=116&group_id=106 Category: hz Group: v1.20a Status: Open Resolution: None Priority: 7 Submitted By: Nobody (None) Assigned to: The Thanh Han (hanthethanh) Summary: character protrusion: pdftex may hang Initial Comment: pdfTeX will fail on the following LaTeX file: ---------------------------------------------------- \pdfprotrudechars 2 \documentclass{minimal} \begin{document} \fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont This paragraph consists of more than two lines. This paragraph consists of more than two lines. This paragraph consists of more than two lines. %% same for this paragraph: % This is \hfill an empty line \end{document} ---------------------------------------------------- pdfTeX will hang while building the paragraph, so it seems. This does not happen with other font sizes. Also, it somehow seems to depend on the fonts preloaded in the format file. If I change this line in preload.ltx: so that the font for size 10 will be loaded first, and recreate the format, all is well. I am using: This is pdfeTeX, Version 3.141592-1.20a-2.2 (MiKTeX 2.4)) Regards, Robert. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- >Comment By: Hartmut Henkel (hhenkel) Date: 2004-09-16 22:18 Message: Logged In: YES user_id=929 seems it's a loop in hz.ch, function total_pw(), always returning to the reswitch: label. I don't know what's going on, but supposing that the current line loop or whatever should end when the post_break(l) is reached, just shifting the goto reswitch; to this place: decr(n); end; goto reswitch; end; end; total_pw := left_pw(l) + right_pw(r); end; seems to make it work. No idea how to test it... ---------------------------------------------------------------------- You can respond by visiting: http://sarovar.org/tracker/?func=detail&atid=493&aid=116&group_id=106	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9307971000671387, "perplexity": 20753.083103814293}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246657041.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045737-00270-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://chemistryadda.blogspot.com/2011/12/class-ix-chemistry-notes-atomic.html	Subscribe: ## Wednesday, December 28, 2011 ### Class IX Chemistry E-Notes Chapter Atomic Structure Dalton’s Atomic Theory The important postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory are: 1. All elements are composed of atoms. Atom is too small so that it could not be divided into further simpler components. 2. Atom cannot be destroyed or produced. 3. Atoms of an element are similar in all respects. They have same mass and properties. 4. Atoms of different elements combine in a definite simple ratio to produce compounds. Mass Number The total number of the protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is called mass number. The protons and neutrons together are called nucleon. Hence it is also known as nucleon number. It is denoted by A. the number of neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is rperesented by N. Discovery of Electron A discharge tube is a glass tube. It has two electrode, a source of electric current and a vacuum pump. (Diagram) Sir William Crooks (1895 performed experiments by passing electric current through gas in the discharge tube at very low pressure. He observed that at 10-4 (-4 is power to 10) atmosphere pressure, shining rays are emitted from cathode. These rays were named cathode rays. Cathode rays are material particles as they have mass and momentum. Properties of Cathode Rays The properties of these particles are given below: 1. These particles are emitted from cathode surface and move in straight line. 2. The temperature of the object rises on which they fall. 3. They produce shadow of opaque object placed in their path. 4. These particles are deflected in electric and magnetic fields. 5. These particles are deflected towards positive plate of electric field. Discovery of Proton Gold Stein (1886) observed that in addition to the cathode rays, another type of rays were present in the discharge tube. These rays travel in a direction opposite to cathode rays. These rays were named positive rays. By using perforated cathode in the discharge tube the properties of these rays can be studied. Positive rays are also composed of metered particles. The positive rays are not emitted from anode. They are produced by the ionization of residual gas molecules in the discharge tube. When cathode rays strike with gas molecule, electrons are removed and positive particles are produced. Properties of Positive Rays 1. They are deflected towards negative plate of electric field. Therefore these rays carry positive charge. 2. The mass of positive rays is equal to the mass of the gas enclosed in the discharge tube. 3. The minimum mass of positive particles is equal to the mass of hydrogen ion (H+). These positive ions are called Protons. 4. The charge on proton is equal to +1.602×10^-19 Coulomb. (-19 is power of 10) The phenomenon in which certain elements emit radiation which can cause fogging of photographic plate is called natural radioactivity. The elements which omit these rays are called radioactive elements like Uranium, Thorium, Radium etc. There are about 40 radioactive elements. Henri Bequrel (1896) discovered radioactivity.Madam Curei also has valuable contribution in this field. In natural radioactivity nuclei of elements are broken and element converted to other elements. Natural radioactivity is nuclear property of the elements. Alpha Rays 1. They are helium nuclei. They are doubly positively charged, He2+. 2. They move with speed equal to the 1/10th of the velocity of the light. 3. They cannot pass through thick-metal foil. 4. They are very good ionizer of a gas. 5. They affect the photographic plate. Beta Rays 1. They are negatively charged. 2. They move with the speed equal to the velocity of light. 3. They can pass through a few millimeter thick metal sheets. 4. They are good ionizer of a gas. 5. They can affect the photographic plate. Gamma Rays 2. They travel with speed equal to velocity of light. 3. They carry no charge. 4. They have high penetration power than alpha and beta rays. 5. They are weak ionizer of gas. Rutherford Experiment and Discovery of Nucleus Lord Rutherford (1911) and his coworkers performed an experiment. They bombarded a very thin, gold fail with Alpha particles from a radioactive source. They observed that most of the particles passed straight through the foil undeflected. But a few particles were deflected at different angles. One out of 4000 Alpha particles was deflected at an angle greater than 150. Following conclusions were drawn from the Rutherford’s Alpha Particles scattering experiment. 1. The fact that majority of the particles went through the foil undeflected shows that most of the space occupied by an atom is empty. 2. The deflection of a few particles over a wide angle of 150 degrees shows that these particles strike with heavy body having positive charge. 3. The heavy positively charged central part of the atom is called nucleus. 4. Nearly all of the mass of atom is concentrated in the nucleus. 5. The size of the nucleus is very small as compared with the size of atom. Defects of Rutherford Model Rutherford model of an atom resembles our solar system. It has following defects: 1. According to classical electromagnetic theory, electron being charged body will emit energy continuously. Thus the orbit of the revolving electron becomes smaller and smaller until it would fall into the nucleus and atomic structure would collapse. 2. If revolving electron emits energy continuously then there should be a continuous spectrum but a line spectrum is obtained. Bohr’s Atomic Model Neil Bohr (1913) presented a model of atom which has removed the defects of Rutherford Model. This model was developed for hydrogen atom which has only proton in the nucleus and one electron is revolving around it. Postulates of Bohr’s Atomic Model The main postulates of Bohr’s Model are given below: 1. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in a fixed orbit. 2. As long as electron revolves in a fixed orbit it does not emit and absorb energy. Hence energy of electron remains constant. 3. The orbit nearest to the nucleus is the first orbit and has lowest energy. When an electron absorbs energy it jumps from lower energy orbit to higher energy orbit. Energy is emitted in the form of radiations, when an electron jumps from higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit. The unit of energy emitted in the form of radiations is called quantum. It explains the formation of atomic spectrum. 4. The change in energy is related with the quantum of radiation by the equation : E2 – E1 = hv where, E1 = Energy of first orbit E2 = Energy of the second orbit h = Planck’s constant Atomic Number The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic number or proton number. It is denoted by z. The proton in the nucleus of an atom is equal to number of electrons revolving around its nucleus. Mass Number = No of Protons + No of neutrons A = Z + N Isotopes The atoms of same elements which have same atomic number but different mas number are called Isotopes. The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom remains the same but number of neutrons may differ. Isotopes of Different Elements Isotopes of Hydrogen Hydrogen has three isotopes: 1. Ordinary Hydrogen or Protium, H. 2. Heavy Hydrogen or Deutrium, D. 3. Radioactive Hydrogen or Tritium, T. Protium Ordinary naturally occurring hydrogen contains the largest percentage of protium. It is denoted by symbol H. It has one proton in its nucleus and one electron revolve around the nucleus. Number of Protons = 1 Number of Electrons = 1 Number of Neutrons = 0 Atomic Number = 1 Mass Number = 1 Deutrium Deutrium is called heavy hydrogen. The percentage of deutrium in naturally occuring hydrogen is about 0.0015%. It has one proton and one neutron in its nucleus. It has one electron revolving around its nucleus. It is denoted by symbol D. Number of Proton = 1 Number of Electron = 1 Number of Neutrons = 1 Atomic Number = 1 Mass Number = 2 Tritium Radioactive hydrogen is called tritium. It is denoted by symbol T. The number of tritium isotope is one in ten millions. It has one proton and 2 neutrons in its nucleus. It has one electron revolving around its nucleus. Number of Proton = 1 Number of Electron = 1 Number of Neutron = 2 Atomic Number = 1 Mass Number = 3 1. Plum pudding Model of atom was discovered by _______________ 2. Combining capacity of an atom is called _______________ 3. Alpha - particle scattering experiment of Rutherford led to discovery of _________ 4. __________ are atoms having the same mass number but different atomic number. 5. The charge on the electron is found to be ________ coulombs. 6. What do you understand by valency of an element? What is valency of boron? 7. State the valencies of the following elements (a) Magnesium (b) Phosphorous (c) Argon (d) Flurine 8. Draw the atomic diagram of calcium. 9.Calculate the mass of an electron. 11.What is mean by valency of an atom? 12.What is octel rule? 14. List the features of Rutherford's nuclear model of atom. 15. What are the postulates of Bohr Model of an atom?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8174580335617065, "perplexity": 1262.127833588201}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246655962.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045735-00303-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.hepdata.net/record/ins1504058	• Browse all Measurement of the $b$-quark production cross-section in 7 and 13 TeV $pp$ collisions The collaboration Phys.Rev.Lett. 118 (2017) 052002, 2017 Abstract (data abstract) CERN-LHC. Measurements of the cross-section for producing $b$ quarks in the reaction $pp \to b\bar{b}X$ are reported in 7 and 13 TeV collisions at the LHC as a function of the pseudorapidity $\eta$ in the range $2 < \eta < 5$ covered by the acceptance of the LHCb experiment. The measurements are done using semileptonic decays of $b$-flavored hadrons decaying into a ground-state charmed hadron in association with a muon. The cross-sections in the covered $\eta$ range are $72.0 \pm 0.3 \pm 6.8 \;\mu$b and $144 \pm 1 \pm 21 \;\mu$b for 7 and 13 TeV. The ratio is $2.00 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.26$, where the quoted uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. • #### Table 1 Figure 2(a), Table 1 10.17182/hepdata.79130.v1/t1 The cross-section as a function of $\eta$ for $pp \to H_b X$, where $H_b$ is a hadron that contains either... • #### Table 2 Figure 2(b), Table 1 10.17182/hepdata.79130.v1/t2 The cross-section as a function of $\eta$ for $pp \to H_b X$, where $H_b$ is a hadron that contains either... • #### Table 3 Figure 2(c), Table 1 10.17182/hepdata.79130.v1/t3 The ration of the cross-sections as a function of $\eta$ for $pp \to H_b X$, where $H_b$ is a hadron...	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9713148474693298, "perplexity": 1632.5209042855029}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370502513.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331150854-20200331180854-00417.warc.gz"}
https://ham.stackexchange.com/questions/1114/does-propagation-affect-magnetic-and-electric-fields-equally	# Does propagation affect magnetic and electric fields equally? In the HF bands loop antennas are common, which, if I understand correctly, emit most of their radio energy into the magnetic field, whereas most dipoles emit largely into the electric field. To take advantage of propagation effects, would one prefer electric field emissions over magnetic field emissions? [This is not my best area of knowledge, but I figured I'd give answering a try; please correct me if this is wrong.] Electric and magnetic fields are only usefully distinguished from each other in steady-state (DC or static charge) or “near field” (distances comparable to the wavelength) conditions. Propagating radio waves are both electric fields and magnetic fields, equally and inseparably. At a distance, the only things the design of your antenna can affect are gain and polarization. (And polarization matters only if the type of propagation you're hoping to use does not randomize polarization.) • You have a false dichotomy: DC vs propagating radio waves. There is another option: non-propagating AC circuits, which are, I'm told, kind of a big deal. There are components which don't radiate electromagnetic energy very well because they have a strong electric field but very little magnetic field, and we call them capacitors. They have a dual, called inductors. The two are definitely usefully distinguished. But for radiation you are right: the two can't be separated. They can be distinguished, though since they are the same thing, that isn't useful. Dec 19 '13 at 22:15 In a traveling plane wave the ratio of the electric ($\vec{E}$) and magnetic field ($\vec{H}$) is always the wave impedance of the medium (377 $\Omega$ for air or vacuum). Further, the fields are always perpendicular to each other and to the direction of the wave ($\vec{k}$) This is a very fundamental property of electromagnetic radiation. The wave you transmit propagates always the same way without knowing what kind of an antenna you used to transmit it. However, the notion that loops are more "magnetic" and the dipoles "electric" is totally correct: in the near field, or close to the antenna as name suggests, a part of the power you feed to your antenna is stored in the electric and magnetic fields. In loop antenna the magnetic fields dominate and with dipoles the electric fields. In other words, close to the loop antenna $\frac{E}{H} < 377 \Omega$. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_and_far_field • I think the comparison between loops and dipoles can only hold in all cases for the electrically small variants of the two. Even so, at some definitions of "close", the field impedance of a small loop is higher than the equivalent small dipole. See w8ji.com/magnetic_receiving_loops.htm Dec 19 '13 at 21:29	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7546385526657104, "perplexity": 626.8008078575417}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060201.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928032425-20210928062425-00208.warc.gz"}
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/39294/random-form-letter-text	# Random form letter text I want to randomize some of the text contained within some letters. For e.g.: \random{Dear \name,}{Hello \name,}{Greetings \name,}{Hi \name,}{To \name,} \random{You are invited to}{You are welcome to}{I would like to invite you to}{This is an invitation to}{You may want to} attend... When compiled, this would randomly select one of the phrases to use, so that each of the letters is a bit different. How can this be done? - – Joseph Wright Dec 25 '11 at 12:19 Here an implementation for four arguments based on Marc's answer. It uses \ifcase instead of \ifodd. Because random(4) returns 1--4, but \ifcase starts from 0, the first case is actually kept empty. If more than four arguments are wanted simple change [4] and (4) to a higher number and add \or#5 etc. However, more than 9 arguments needs extra work. \documentclass{article} \usepackage{pgf} \newcommand{\random}[4]{% \pgfmathparse{random(4)}% \ifcase\pgfmathresult\relax \or#1\or#2\or#3\or#4% \fi% } \begin{document} % Tests: \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \random{1}{2}{3}{4} \end{document} - Using the very experimental l3rand package (currently in the l3trial directory of the LaTeX3 code repository, which means it is really not stable), you can do the following. \documentclass{article} \usepackage{l3rand,xparse} \ExplSyntaxOn \rand_seed_from_time: \cs_generate_variant:Nn \tl_item:nn { nf } \DeclareDocumentCommand {\random} {m} { \tl_item:nf {#1} { \rand_range:nn {0} { \tl_length:n {#1} - 1 } } \rand_clean: } \ExplSyntaxOff \begin{document} \newcommand{\name}{Dave} \random { {Dear \name,} {Hello \name,} {Greetings \name,} {Hi \name,} {To \name,} } \random { {You are invited to} {You are welcome to} {I would like to invite you to} {This is an invitation to} {You may want to} } attend... \end{document} Currently, \rand_range:nn {<begin>} {<end>} produces a random number between <begin> and <end> inclusive, hence the need to subtract 1. This may very well be changed later. Also, \rand_seed_from_time: might be renamed by the time this solution is used by anyone. I added braces around the whole argument of \random, otherwise TeX has no easy way of knowing where it ends. - You need to define \newcommand{\name}{Dave} :-) – Joseph Wright Dec 25 '11 at 13:10 @JosephWright Thanks. Why Dave? Also, should l3rand initialize with a random seed by default, letting the user override it with \rand_seed:n { <int> }, or should it favor reproducibility, with the user typing \rand_seed_from_time: explicitly if he wants random initialization? – Bruno Le Floch Dec 25 '11 at 13:13 Now \tl_length:n should be replaced by \tl_count:n (not doing the change now, since this would bump the answer on the front page, and l3rand is still as experimental as always). – Bruno Le Floch Jul 18 '14 at 16:04 The following should do the trick. For some reason I cannot get it to work without loading the entire tikz package (pgfmath should have sufficed). \usepackage{tikz} \newcommand*{\random}[2]{% \pgfmathparse{random(2)}% \ifodd\pgfmathresult\relax#1\else#2\fi% } - Welcome to TeX.sx! You don't have to sign with your name since it automatically appears in the lower right corner of your post. – Joseph Wright Dec 25 '11 at 13:11 See Is it possible to load pgfmath without loading the full pgf package? for an explanation about the issues with loading pgfmath alone. These are fixed in the current develop version. As a workaround loading the pgf package is enough, no need to load the full higher-level tikz layer. – Martin Scharrer Dec 25 '11 at 13:13 @joseph Thanks for your comment. I'm still learning the interface. – Marc van Dongen Dec 25 '11 at 13:18 Your solution has a flaw: \ifodd will expand all tokens behind it until it finds something which is not part of a number. Because \pgfmathresult holds a single digit only the content of #1 is searched for a potential rest of this number. This leads to that e.g. \random{1 always}{never} always picks the first argument, because the 1 is appended to the result, making it always odd. You need to terminate the numerical input of \ifodd explicitly either using a \relax or a \space behind \pgfmathresult. – Martin Scharrer Dec 25 '11 at 13:22	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7708727121353149, "perplexity": 3634.95424097548}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257831770.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071031-00086-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://community.agilent.com/technical/gcms/f/gcms-forum/4103/unexplained-at-least-for-me-instrument-software-shut-downs?pifragment-8136=2	"Unexplained" (at least for me) Instrument/Software shut-downs We have an Agilent GC-MS (6890N-5975C) with MSD chemstation ( E02.02.1431) and experience problems with shut-downs that I can't explain. I attached a couple of error messages that I see. The strange thing is that sometimes a sequence runs all weekend without ever stopping and when I then rerun the sequence it stops. Sometimes the software shuts down completely, sometimes the sequence just pauses, allows me to resume and then pauses again after running one sample. IT added some memory, but that did not solve the problem. Here iare the error messages and the Instrument and Software Log. I also sometimes /resized-image/__size/1714x964/__key/communityserver-discussions-components-files/147/Error-Message-Software-shut_2D00_down.png /resized-image/__size/1280x960/__key/communityserver-discussions-components-files/147/pastedimage1631171985598v1.png /resized-image/__size/1280x960/__key/communityserver-discussions-components-files/147/Log-for-Sequence-that-kept-pausing.png /resized-image/__size/1280x960/__key/communityserver-discussions-components-files/147/Sequence-Log.png If anyone has guidance what to look for. Please let me know. Thanks. Bettina	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8320398330688477, "perplexity": 2890.8767373669743}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662509990.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516041337-20220516071337-00060.warc.gz"}
http://srodev.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/73719/	The infrared-radio correlation of spheroid- and disc-dominated star-forming galaxies to z ˜ 1.5 in the COSMOS field Sargent, Mark and Molnar, Daniel Csaba (2017) The infrared-radio correlation of spheroid- and disc-dominated star-forming galaxies to z ˜ 1.5 in the COSMOS field. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 475 (1). pp. 837-838. ISSN 0035-8711 Using infrared data from the Herschel Space Observatory and Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array 3 GHz observations in the COSMOS field, we investigate the redshift evolution of the infrared-radio correlation (IRRC) for star-forming galaxies (SFGs) we classify as either spheroid- or disc-dominated based on their morphology. The sample predominantly consists of disc galaxies with stellar mass ≳ 1010 M⊙, and residing on the star-forming main sequence (MS). After the removal of AGN using standard approaches, we observe a significant difference between the redshift evolution of the median IR/radio ratio \overline{q}_{TIR} of (i) a sample of ellipticals, plus discs with a substantial bulge component (spheroid-dominated' SFGs) and, (ii) virtually pure discs and irregular systems (disc-dominated' SFGs). The spheroid-dominated population follows a declining \overline{q}_{TIR} versus z trend similar to that measured in recent evolutionary studies of the IRRC. However, for disc-dominated galaxies, where radio and IR emission should be linked to star formation in the most straightforward way, we measure very little change in \overline{q}_{TIR}. This suggests that low-redshift calibrations of radio emission as a star formation rate (SFR) tracer may remain valid out to at least z ≃ 1-1.5 for pure star-forming systems. We find that the different redshift evolution of qTIR for the spheroid- and disc-dominated sample is mainly due to an increasing radio excess for spheroid-dominated galaxies at z ≳ 0.8, hinting at some residual AGN activity in these systems. This finding demonstrates that in the absence of AGN, the IRRC is independent of redshift, and that radio observations can therefore be used to estimate SFRs at all redshifts for genuinely star-forming galaxies.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9772489070892334, "perplexity": 6295.473012341678}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446708046.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126180719-20221126210719-00173.warc.gz"}
http://konedreamhouse.blogspot.com/2013/05/iswhat-is-force-of-gravity.html	2013/05/19 【IS】What is the force of gravity? / 甚麼是重力? What is the force of gravity? In the 17th century, Isaac Newton discovered that there is a small attractive force between any two objects. It exists even between you and this book, or between you and your classmates. Usually, this force is so small that we do not notice it. However, if one of the objects is the Earth (of which the mass is very large), the force is noticeable. Wherever we are on Earth, there is a force pulling us towards the centre of the Earth. This force is called the force of gravity. It keeps us on the Earth's surface. It causes objects to fall back to the Earth. It also acts on a spacecraft and tends to pull it back to Earth. The force of gravity is a non-contact force. It can act on an object at a distance. For example, the Earth exerts a force of gravity on a spacecraft even when the spacecraft travels into space. The force of gravity decreases as distance increases. Therefore, the Earth will exert a smaller force on a spacecraft when it is further away from the Earth. ＊ The force of gravity tends to pull objects towards the centre of the Earth. 張貼留言【回覆須知】 ※ 請注意網路禮儀，禁止口出惡言、灌水、廣告張貼 ※ 為了加快網頁載入速度，請勿胡亂使用表情符號 (於留言框上方) ※ 與本文無關的留言請至「留言板 ※ 勾選「通知我」可收到後續回覆的mail！ B. G.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9182724356651306, "perplexity": 248.20040491396463}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825812.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023073607-20171023093607-00757.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsoverflow.org/6373/naive-question-gauge-transformation-electromagnetic-field	# A naive question on the $U(1)$ gauge transformation of electromagnetic field? + 2 like - 0 dislike 472 views For simplicity, in the following we set the electric charge $e=1$ and consider a lattice spinless free electron system in an external static magnetic field $\mathbf{B}=\nabla\times\mathbf{A}$ described by the Hamiltonian $H=\sum_{ij}t_{ij}c_i^\dagger c_j$, where $t_{ij}=\left \| t_{ij} \right \|e^{iA_{ij}}$ with the corresponding lattice gauge-field $A_{ij}$. As we know the transformation $\mathbf{A}\rightarrow \mathbf{A}+\nabla\theta$ does not change the physical magnetic field $\mathbf{B}$, and the induced transformation in Hamiltonian reads $$H\rightarrow H'=\sum_{ij}t_{ij}'c_i^\dagger c_j$$ with $t_{ij}'=e^{i\theta_i}t_{ij}e^{-i\theta_j}$. Now my confusion point is: Do these two Hamiltonians $H$ and $H'$ describe the same physics? Or do they describe some same quantum states? Or what common physical properties do they share? I just know $H$ and $H'$ have the same spectrum, thank you very much. This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-09 08:41 (UCT), posted by SE-user K-boy If you do the transformation $c_i^{(\dagger)}\to e^{-(+)i\theta_i}c_i^{(\dagger)}$, you see that $H'\to H$, and the model is indeed gauge invariant. The physics is thus the same. This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-09 08:41 (UCT), posted by SE-user Adam @ Adam Yes,you're right. But why we do this transformation? Can it be deduced from the underlying microscopic model or it's just the requirement for gauge invariant to describe the same physics? This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-09 08:41 (UCT), posted by SE-user K-boy In the underlying model, it corresponds to the transformation $A_i(x)\to A_i(x)+\partial_i \theta(x)$ and $\hat\psi(x)\to e^{i\theta(x)}\hat\psi(x)$ (with maybe some minus signs) in the microscopic Hamiltonian. Or if you take your lattice Hamiltonian as "fundamental" (as in lattice QCD), you can show that it reproduces the usual continuous Hamiltonian in the limit of vanishing lattice spacing. So maybe you are asking what does the U(1) gauge transformation means in quantum mechanics ? This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-09 08:41 (UCT), posted by SE-user Adam A system is not only determined by its Hamiltonian, but also by its Hilbert space. U(1) gauge theory can come from constraint of your Hilbert space. This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-09 08:41 (UCT), posted by SE-user Shenghan Jiang @ Shenghan Jiang Thanks for your comment. But what is the constraint of Hilbert space in this example of my question(QHE system)? This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-09 08:41 (UCT), posted by SE-user K-boy Remarks: $e^{i\theta _i \hat{n}_i}c_j^\dagger e^{-i\theta _i \hat{n}_i}=\delta _{ij}e^{i\theta _i} c_j^\dagger +(1-\delta _{ij})c_j^\dagger$, and hence $H'=UHU^{-1}$ with $U=\prod _ie^{i\theta _i\hat{n}_i}$. This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-09 08:41 (UCT), posted by SE-user K-boy + 1 like - 0 dislike For constant $t_{ij}$, the transformation may be considered as a simple redifinition of the quantum state basis. A natural basis for you quantum states are the $\|\psi_j \rangle = c_j^+\|0\rangle$. In this basis, you have : $H\|\psi_j \rangle = t_{ij}\|\psi_i \rangle$, so this means that $H_{ij}=t_{ij}$, so we may write $H = \sum H_{ij}~ c^+_i c_j$. Now, we may decide to change the basis $\|\psi' \rangle = U \|\psi \rangle$, with $U = Diag (e^{i\theta_1},e^{i\theta_2}, ....e^{i\theta_n})$, so that $\|\psi_j \rangle \to \|\psi'_j \rangle = e^{i\theta_j} \|\psi_j \rangle$. The matrix $U$ is unitary, and it transforms an orthonormal basis into an other orthonormal basis. In this new basis, the hamiltonian is simply $H' = U H U^{-1}$, or expressing the elements of the operator $H'$, we get : $H'_{ij} = e^{i\theta_i} H_{ij}e^{-i\theta_j}$ As you know, multiplying a quantum basis state $\|\psi_j \rangle$ by a unit phase $e^{i\theta_j}$ does not change the physical state (which is $\|\psi_j \rangle \langle\|\psi_j\|$), so the physics described by $H$ and $H'$ is the same, the eigenvalues $E_k$ of $H$ and $H'$ are the same, etc... This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-09 08:41 (UCT), posted by SE-user Trimok answered Oct 9, 2013 by (950 points) @ Trimok Thanks for your comment. By the way, I think only the global phase is un physical, while the relative phase(here is the local $U(1)$ transformation) is physical. This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-09 08:41 (UCT), posted by SE-user K-boy To be fair, I consider only global transformations in my answer (with constants $t_{ij}$), so I realize it does not answer the question... The local $U(1)$ invariance is not really "physical". The $U(1)$ invariance of the EM field is a mathematical redundancy, not a true symmetry. This means that we overcount the total number of states, that is that one physical state is represented by many mathematical states, and it is necessary to reduce this number, to keep only one representant for one physical state. This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-03-09 08:41 (UCT), posted by SE-user Trimok Please use answers only to (at least partly) answer questions. To comment, discuss, or ask for clarification, leave a comment instead. To mask links under text, please type your text, highlight it, and click the "link" button. You can then enter your link URL. Please consult the FAQ for as to how to format your post. This is the answer box; if you want to write a comment instead, please use the 'add comment' button. Live preview (may slow down editor) Preview Your name to display (optional): Email me at this address if my answer is selected or commented on: Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications. Anti-spam verification: If you are a human please identify the position of the character covered by the symbol $\varnothing$ in the following word:p$\hbar$ysi$\varnothing$sOverflowThen drag the red bullet below over the corresponding character of our banner. When you drop it there, the bullet changes to green (on slow internet connections after a few seconds). To avoid this verification in future, please log in or register.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9281494617462158, "perplexity": 896.8185177999874}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387219.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525032636-20200525062636-00581.warc.gz"}
https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.11080v2	astro-ph.HE # Title:Search for transient optical counterparts to high-energy IceCube neutrinos with Pan-STARRS1 Authors:E. Kankare, M. Huber, S. J. Smartt, K. Chambers, K. W. Smith, O. McBrien, T.-W. Chen, H. Flewelling, T. Lowe, E. Magnier, A. Schultz, C. Waters, R. J. Wainscoat, M. Willman, D. Wright, D. Young, M. G. Aartsen, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, C. Alispach, D. Altmann, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, I. Ansseau, G. Anton, C. Argüelles, J. Auffenberg, S. Axani, P. Backes, H. Bagherpour, X. Bai, A. Barbano, S. W. Barwick, V. Baum, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, K.-H. Becker, J. Becker Tjus, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, E. Blaufuss, S. Blot, C. Bohm, M. Börner, S. Böser, O. Botner, E. Bourbeau, J. Bourbeau, F. Bradascio, J. Braun, H.-P. Bretz, S. Bron, J. Brostean-Kaiser, A. Burgman, R. S. Busse, T. Carver, C. Chen, E. Cheung, D. Chirkin, K. Clark, L. Classen, G. H. Collin, J. M. Conrad, P. Coppin, P. Correa, D. F. Cowen, R. Cross, P. Dave, J. P. A. M. de André, C. De Clercq, J. J. DeLaunay, H. Dembinski, K. Deoskar, S. De Ridder, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, M. de With, T. DeYoung, J. C. Dí az-Vélez, H. Dujmovic, M. Dunkman, E. Dvorak, B. Eberhardt, T. Ehrhardt, P. Eller, P. A. Evenson, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, J. Felde, K. Filimonov, C. Finley, A. Franckowiak et al. (250 additional authors not shown) Abstract: In order to identify the sources of the observed diffuse high-energy neutrino flux, it is crucial to discover their electromagnetic counterparts. IceCube began releasing alerts for single high-energy ($E > 60$ TeV) neutrino detections with sky localisation regions of order 1 deg radius in 2016. We used Pan-STARRS1 to follow-up five of these alerts during 2016-2017 to search for any optical transients that may be related to the neutrinos. Typically 10-20 faint ($m < 22.5$ mag) extragalactic transients are found within the Pan-STARRS1 footprints and are generally consistent with being unrelated field supernovae (SNe) and AGN. We looked for unusual properties of the detected transients, such as temporal coincidence of explosion epoch with the IceCube timestamp. We found only one transient that had properties worthy of a specific follow-up. In the Pan-STARRS1 imaging for IceCube-160427A (probability to be of astrophysical origin of $\sim$50 %), we found a SN PS16cgx, located at 10.0' from the nominal IceCube direction. Spectroscopic observations of PS16cgx showed that it was an H-poor SN at z = 0.2895. The spectra and light curve resemble some high-energy Type Ic SNe, raising the possibility of a jet driven SN with an explosion epoch temporally coincident with the neutrino detection. However, distinguishing Type Ia and Type Ic SNe at this redshift is notoriously difficult. Based on all available data we conclude that the transient is more likely to be a Type Ia with relatively weak SiII absorption and a fairly normal rest-frame r-band light curve. If, as predicted, there is no high-energy neutrino emission from Type Ia SNe, then PS16cgx must be a random coincidence, and unrelated to the IceCube-160427A. We find no other plausible optical transient for any of the five IceCube events observed down to a 5$\sigma$ limiting magnitude of $m \sim 22$ mag, between 1 day and 25 days after detection. Comments: 20 pages, 6 figures, accepted to A&A Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE) Cite as: arXiv:1901.11080 [astro-ph.HE] (or arXiv:1901.11080v2 [astro-ph.HE] for this version) ## Submission history From: Erkki Kankare [view email] [v1] Wed, 30 Jan 2019 20:03:35 UTC (447 KB) [v2] Tue, 14 May 2019 12:44:53 UTC (448 KB)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6164572834968567, "perplexity": 25367.87382800629}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514572436.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190915215643-20190916001643-00337.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/massless-free-field-equation-maxwells-eqn.246996/	# Massless free field equation -> Maxwell's eqn. 1. Jul 26, 2008 ### lark Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. The massless free field equation is supposed to turn into the empty space Maxwell's equations for spin 1 (like a photon). But, in the book I'm using, Roger Penrose's "The Road to Reality", there seems to be a typo, because it's not quite working out. Almost but not quite. Can someone tell me what the problem is? See http://camoo.freeshell.org/33.24quest.pdf for details. (sorry if you find it inconvenient to click on the link, but I'm not going to rewrite everything into the forum's Latex). Laura 2. Jul 26, 2008 ### reilly Re: Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. Could you explain the notation, please. Regards, Reilly Atkinson 3. Jul 26, 2008 ### muppet Re: Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. I can't help directly... but if this is one of his problems have you tried Penrose's solutions online? 4. Jul 27, 2008 ### lark Re: Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. I'm the only one who has posted solutions to the problems in the 2nd half of the book! Laura 5. Jul 27, 2008 ### lark Re: Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. It won't help if I explain it, I could be misinterpreting something and that's part of the question. I'm sure my calculations are OK. I was hoping somebody would know how the massless free field equation translates into Maxwell's equations, concretely. 6. Jul 27, 2008 ### Avodyne Re: Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. I think it's a little more complicated than what you're doing. First of all, there are two psi fields, one with two unprimed indices and one with two primed indices; each field must be treated separately. See sections 34 and 35 of Srednicki's field theory book for an introduction to this notation (but with conventions that probably don't match Penrose's). The Srednicki book is available free online in draft form at his web page. 7. Jul 28, 2008 ### lark Re: Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. I tried the one with two unprimed indices. It's supposed to work out to Maxwell's equations. It does almost, but not quite. That's the problem. Can anyone tell me what the typo is, that if fixed, would make it come out to be Maxwell's equations? The worked out version is in http://camoo.freeshell.org/33.24.pdf and for example, eqn 7 minus eqn 5 in there, is $$\partial E_x/\partial x + \partial E_y/\partial y +\partial B_z/\partial z=0$$. It wants to be $$\nabla\cdot E=0,$$ but it isn't quite. I'm sure I'm not making an algebra mistake, the problem is mis-stated or something. Laura Last edited: Jul 28, 2008 8. Jul 29, 2008 ### George Jones Staff Emeritus Re: Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. After looking at page 323 of Spinors and Space-Time V1 by Penrose and Rindler, it looks like it should be $\psi_{01} = -C_3$, not $\psi_{01} = -iC_3$. This seems to give stuff like divergences and components of curls, but I haven't worked through the details. 9. Jul 29, 2008 ### lark Re: Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. I made that change. Now I get $$\nabla\cdot E=0$$ and $$\nabla\cdot B=0$$. But the curl equations have the sign exactly reversed! So that if you reverse the sign of $$t$$, it works out right. I understand now, I think. I got the sign of $$t$$ in $$\nabla^a$$ wrong, it's actually $$-\partial /\partial t+\partial /\partial x+\partial /\partial y+\partial /\partial z$$ not $$+\partial /\partial t+\partial /\partial x+\partial /\partial y+\partial /\partial z$$. $$Laura$$ 10. Jul 29, 2008 ### George Jones Staff Emeritus Re: Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. Maybe the sign of t was okay, and the signs of the spatial derivatives were wrong. I think Penrose uses the + - - - convention for the metric, so raising the standard partials in $$\nabla_a$$ to $$\nabla^a$$ would put minus signs in front of the spatial derivatives. 11. Jul 29, 2008 ### lark Re: Massless free field equation --> Maxwell's eqn. Well, whatever. It doesn't matter in this case I put the whole calculation in http:/camoo.freeshell.org/33.24.pdf Thanks, $$Laura$$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8482447266578674, "perplexity": 1478.2946997879842}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00376-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=57:10435	MathSciNet bibliographic data MR470689 46L10 Connes, Alain; Størmer, Erling Homogeneity of the state space of factors of type ${\rm III}\sb{1}$${\rm III}\sb{1}$. J. Functional Analysis 28 (1978), no. 2, 187–196. Links to the journal or article are not yet available For users without a MathSciNet license , Relay Station allows linking from MR numbers in online mathematical literature directly to electronic journals and original articles. Subscribers receive the added value of full MathSciNet reviews.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 1, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9521071314811707, "perplexity": 4110.585033587388}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171162.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00442-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://integralsandseries.prophpbb.com/topic303.html?sid=ac426a4628ad1c8742c21f4a3090bb60	Board index General Board General Board Strange Identities ## Strange Identities Moderator: galactus ### Strange Identities Thu Jan 09, 2014 12:49 pm Posts: 852 Location: Jaipur, India Hi all, I would like to share some curious/strange identities with you. Maybe in the future will be skilled enough to prove them? This thread is not for proving identities but to simply state them. If you know any other crazy identities or want to comment don't hesitate to post. 1. $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)\cosh(10n+5)\pi}=\frac{1}{2} \sin^{-1} \left[\left\{ \left( 3-2\sqrt2\right)\left( 2+\sqrt5\right) \left( \sqrt{10}-3\right)\left( -\sqrt2+\sqrt[4]5\right)^2 \right\}^2 \right]$ 2. $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{(2n+1)^2}{\sinh (2n+1)\pi }=\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{8}\frac{\pi^{3/2}}{\Gamma^6 \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)}$ 3. $\displaystyle \prod_{k=1}^\infty \left(1+e^{-\frac{k\pi}{3}} \right)=\frac{e^{\frac{\pi}{72}}}{\sqrt[8]{2}}\sqrt[24]{\frac{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt[4]{3}}{(\sqrt{2}-\sqrt[4]{3})^5}}$ 4. $\displaystyle \int_0^1 K(k)^3 \; dk = \frac{3}{1280\pi^2}\Gamma^8\left( \frac{1}{4}\right)$ where $K(k)$ is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. 5. $\displaystyle \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{2k+1}{\left\{ 25+\frac{(2k+1)^4}{100}\right\}(1+e^{(2k+1)\pi}) }=\frac{4689}{11890}-\frac{\pi}{8}\text{coth}^2 \left(\frac{5\pi}{2} \right)$ 6.$\displaystyle \int_0^\infty \frac{1}{\prod\limits_{n=0}^\infty (1+e^{-10 n \pi}x^2)}dx=\frac{\pi^{\frac{3}{4}}\Gamma \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)}{2e^{\frac{5\pi}{8}}}\sqrt{5}\sqrt[8]{2}\left( 1+\sqrt[4]{5}\right)\sqrt{\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}}$ ### Re: Strange Identities Thu Jan 09, 2014 8:41 pm galactus Global Moderator Posts: 902 I posted this one under that Si thread. I thought it was worth noting. Since $\displaystyle \text{si}(x)=\int_{0}^{x}\frac{\sin(t)}{t}dt-\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\sin(t)}{t}dt=-\int_{x}^{\infty}\frac{\sin(t)}{t}dt$ we have $\displaystyle \text{Si}(x)-\frac{\pi}{2}=\text{si}(x)$ The curious identity is 7. $\displaystyle \text{si}(x)=-\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}e^{-x\cos(t)}\cos(x\sin(t))dt$ In other words: $\displaystyle \text{Si}(x)=-\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}e^{-x\cos(t)}\cos(x\sin(t))dt+\frac{\pi}{2}$ ### Re: Strange Identities Sat Jan 11, 2014 9:02 am 8. $\displaystyle \int_1^\infty\frac{\operatorname{arccot}\left(1+\frac{2\,\pi}{\operatorname{arcoth}x\,-\,\operatorname{arccsc}x}\right)}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}dx=\frac{\pi}{8}\log \left( \frac{\pi^2}{8}\right)$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7676783204078674, "perplexity": 3442.2861690961204}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320595.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625235624-20170626015624-00171.warc.gz"}
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/basic-geo/basic-geometry-shapes/basic-geo-classify-geo-shapes/e/classifying-shapes-by-line-and-angle-types	# Classify shapes by line and angle types Classify shapes based on pictures or attributes, such as angle types and side-lengths. ### Problem Which shape matches all three clues? Note that matching arrow labels indicate two parallel sides. The shape is a quadrilateral. The shape has no right angles. The shape has 4 sides of equal length. Please choose from one of the following options.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 1, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15164528787136078, "perplexity": 4590.065919274734}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171646.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00638-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/change-in-amplitude-of-wave-on-reflection.122235/	# Homework Help: Change in amplitude of wave on reflection 1. May 28, 2006 ### Amith2006 Sir, When a wave is reflected from a free end or a rigid end, will there be a change in amplitude always? 2. May 28, 2006 ### maverick280857 What do you think? 3. May 29, 2006 ### Amith2006 I think Yes. 4. May 29, 2006 ### maverick280857 You're correct, as far as the magnitude is concerned, assuming NO power loss at the "end".	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9505397081375122, "perplexity": 4285.515701162941}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156471.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920120835-20180920141235-00116.warc.gz"}
https://byjus.com/question-answer/one-end-of-a-massless-spring-of-spring-constant-k-200-text-n-m-and-4/	Question # One end of a massless spring of spring constant k=200 N/m and natural length 0.5 m is fixed at the centre of a frictionless horizontal table. The other end is connected to a load of mass 1 kg lying on the table at rest. If the spring remains horizontal and mass is made to rotate at an angular speed of 2 rad/s, find the elongation in the spring. A 2 cm No worries! We‘ve got your back. Try BYJU‘S free classes today! B 1 cm Right on! Give the BNAT exam to get a 100% scholarship for BYJUS courses C 4 cm No worries! We‘ve got your back. Try BYJU‘S free classes today! D 0.1 cm No worries! We‘ve got your back. Try BYJU‘S free classes today! Open in App Solution ## The correct option is B 1 cmWhen the mass m is moving on a circular path around the vertical axis, the spring undergoes elongation to provide the necessary centripetal force for the motion. Body is in equiibrium in vertical direction (N=mg). So we only have to consider the motion on the horizontal plane. Let the elongation produced in the spring be x metres i.e Spring force (F) = kx Radius of circular path r= natural length of spring =0.5 m Since centripetal force is provided by the spring force, kx=mrω2 ⇒x=mrω2k=1×0.5×(2)2200=2200 m=1 cm NOTE: Elongation in the spring is very small with respect to the natural length of the spring i.e x<<r. Hence our assumption of radius of circular path =r, holds good. Suggest Corrections 0 Explore more	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9492030143737793, "perplexity": 1712.241289384542}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945317.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325064253-20230325094253-00184.warc.gz"}
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/332/does-the-space-of-n-x-n-positive-definite-self-adjoint-real-matrices-have-a-be/2153	## Does the space of n x n, positive-definite, self-adjoint, real matrices have a better name? This is also the space of real, symmetric bilinear forms in R^n. - The bilinear form should still be positive definite. – S. Carnahan Oct 12 2009 at 2:54 Better in what sense? – Felix Goldberg May 25 at 19:23 • Standard jargon is SPD (for "symmetric positive-definite"). • This isn't exactly a "name," but the n x n symmetric positive-definite matrices are exactly those matrices A such that the bilinear function (x, y) -> yTAx defines an inner product on Rn. Conversely, every bilinear function is of that form for some A, so with some abuse of terminology, you could equate the set of those matrices with the set of inner products on Rn. There are many other ways to characterize SPD matrices, but that's the only one I can think of at the moment that can be summarized as a single noun phrase. - Note that this space is not a vector space, but is a convex cone in the vector space of nxn matrices (it is closed under addition and multiplication by positive scalars). Hence people sometimes refer to the "positive semidefinite cone". - Yes, I was going to post that as well. – Ilya Nikokoshev Oct 23 2009 at 19:18 This is the symmetric space of GL_n(R) - How about ? I have seen or used to denote the set of positive linear transformations in a set of linear transformations on an inner product space, but this was in the context of operator algebras. - It is often usefull to know that this set can be identified with the set of non-singulat covariance matrices of random vectors with values in $\mathbb(R)^n$.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9580450057983398, "perplexity": 267.4669948742437}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698693943/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516100453-00012-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.thespectrumofriemannium.com/tag/covariant/	## LOG#148. Path integral (III). Round 3! Fight… with path integrals! XD Introduction: generic aspects Consider a particle moving in one dimension (the extension to ND is trivial), the hamiltonian being of the usual form: The fundamental question and problem in the path integral (PI) … Continue reading ## LOG#032. Invariance and relativity. Invariance, symmetry and invariant quantities are in the essence, heart and core of Physmatics. Let me begin this post with classical physics. Newton’s fundamental law reads: Suppose two different frames obtained by a pure translation in space: … Continue reading	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9974463582038879, "perplexity": 3860.9574378527723}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00055.warc.gz"}
https://blogs.ams.org/beyondreviews/2015/12/06/mathematics-for-democracy/	# Mathematics for Democracy There is mathematics in the New York Times today (December 6, 2015). Not research-level mathematics, but math nonetheless. Specifically, there is an article about using two simple statistical tests as indicators of gerrymandered voting districts. By themselves, the tests don’t prove that something untoward has or has not gone on, but they provide a way of measuring bias. The first, the difference between the mean and the median, is part of the Common Core standards for the sixth grade. The context of the article is an upcoming Supreme Court case on districting in Arizona. Mathematical Reviews knows that mathematics has a lot to say about voting, including districting. The Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC-2010) has a separate class about voting (91B12). There is also the question of fair division, which is relevant to voting and political science, but also to other situations of resource allocations, such as radio frequency allocation, divorce settlements, or cutting a birthday cake. A famous introduction to mathematics for the public is John Allen Paulos’s book, A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper, which is divided into sections by topics similar to the sections of most newspapers. (A brief review of the new edition is available on MathSciNet.) Paulos also wrote a book about Innumeracy. The COMAP (Consortium for Mathematics and Its Applications) book, For All Practical Purposes, has a section on Social Choice (consisting of several chapters) that includes discussions of apportionment and of various voting methods. The book is aimed at high school students and non-science undergraduates, but it is an excellent introduction for anyone. You can pretend you are reading it in preparation for teaching a general math class for undergraduates. Let me close with a few reviews of papers on voting or related topics. MR3290334 McLean, Iain(4-OXNU) Three apportionment problems, with applications to the United Kingdom. Voting power and procedures, 363–380, Stud. Choice Welf., Springer, Cham, 2014. 91B32 This article provides an interesting overview of recent electoral changes in the United Kingdom that involve apportionment at several levels of government. The first section summarizes the theoretical and historical background on the problem of apportionment. The author contrasts three cases: (1) when a territory is divided into indivisible units and representatives must be assigned for each unit; (2) when members in multi-member districts in a party list system must be chosen under proportional representation; and (3) when members in a supranational body must be selected based on some criteria such as population size, etc. All three cases involve apportionment—the determining of an integer number of individuals to represent regions based on their relative proportions. However, differences in the underlying purpose of each situation give rise to different considerations. In case (1), for example, each territorial unit must have at least one representative so anapportionment method with a low threshold of representation might be desirable. In case (2), a higher threshold for representation might be preferable to minimize representation of splinter or extremist groups, and a method chosen accordingly. Finally, the desire to encourage or discourage coalitions among constituents may be important in cases (2) and (3); hence an apportionment method’s bias towards either large or small units is of interest. The author reviews the best-known apportionment methods, using the history of Congressional apportionment in the U.S. to illuminate case (1), the divisor methods common to European proportional representation systems to discuss case (2), and the problem of assigning seats to the League of Nations and the European Union to analyze case (3). He discusses the properties of least remainder and divisor methods, identifies their “paradoxes” and notes the tradeoffs each entails with regard to bias, quota, monotonicity and threshold of representation. In the second part of the paper, the author looks at recent electoral developments in the U.K. He summarizes the history of the allocation of seats to the House of Commons among the four countries in the U.K. (case (1)), which was traditionally determined through political solutions rather than adoption of a particular method, resulting in wide discrepancies among district sizes. After the treaty of 1921, for example, in which Northern Ireland remained as part of the U.K., its representation in the British House of Commons was kept low, since the Parliament of Northern Ireland held jurisdiction over many issues. In contrast, Scotland and Wales were overrepresented. Attempts in 1944 to create a system that would reflect dynamic changes in population resulted in a set of self-contradictory rules in which careless wording requiring minimizing differences in “electoral quota” (district size) rather than its reciprocal resulted in confusion between the methods based on the harmonic mean and on the arithmetic mean (Dean’s and Webster’s methods as they are known in the U.S.). More recently, the U.K. has adopted a proportional representation system with multi-member districts for election of representatives to the E.U. (case (3)). A 1999 Act used a least remainder method (known as Hamilton’s method in the U.S.); in 2003, this was changed to the method of Sainte-Lague (Webster) by the Electoral Commission after consultation with a number of academic researchers. (The author includes, amusingly, excerpts from the 1999 debate in the House of Commons, where he is cited as having discovered mistakes in the calculations performed by the government in its research, under Home Secretary Jack Straw.) The article concludes with a discussion of the 2010 act in which the method of Sainte-Lague was adopted to assign seats to the countries in the U.K. The article is well written and its organization is clear; the combination of theoretical discussion and analysis of British electoral apportionment changes should be of interest to those familiar with the literature, as well as those for whom it is new. {For the entire collection see MR3290316.} Reviewed by Jennifer M. Wilson MR2382290 (2009b:91003) Brams, Steven J.(1-NY-PL) Mathematics and democracy. Designing better voting and fair-division procedures. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2008. xvi+373 pp. ISBN: 978-0-691-13321-8 91-02 (91B12) What makes the modern world so different from the ancient? One major distinction is the prevalence of democratic institutions. In fact, it is now so well established that democracy is a general good that an invasion can be justified by claiming that it will “bring democracy”. The democratic peace principle, that democracies never fight each other, has been hailed as the closest thing to a scientific law that can be found in the social sciences [see, e.g., B. Russett, Grasping the democratic peace, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1994]. The effort to assess how democracy is related to national characteristics such as war-proneness has motivated many attempts to measure it precisely. For example, The Economist‘s widely-cited Democracy Index (available at http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_INDEX_2007_v3.pdf) rates the level of democracy in 167 countries by combining measures of the electoral process and pluralism, the functioning of government, political participation, political culture, and civil liberties. What exactly is democracy? Definitions differ, and there is no doubt that democracy comes in many varieties. Usually, countries are declared to be democracies when they develop systems of government and law that give citizens a say in the decisions affecting the country, and guarantee them some individual rights. Of course, there are many ways to implement government by the people, and many ways to ensure that citizens are treated fairly by their government. The book under review is a detailed study of some specific ways to address these problems; stated broadly, its objective is to find ways to strengthen democratic institutions. Increasingly, mathematicians are finding interesting problems in social science, a development that the previous books of Steven J. Brams helped to catalyze. Mathematics and democracy, based on a selection of Brams’s (mostly co-authored) papers, will add to his influence. It concentrates on two procedural aspects of democracy: elections and fair division. It is obvious that elections and referenda are a central aspect of democracy. So, Brams argues, is fair division; it is, or should be, the basis for rules that determine how rewards and responsibilities are shared—by citizens, by regions, by those who are elected, and by their supporters. In summary, the major themes are: • “how individual preferences can be aggregated to give a social choice or election outcome that reflects the interests of the electorate; and • “how public and private goods can be divided in a way that respects due process and the rule of law.” Inasmuch as democracy is procedure, an algorithmic approach is natural. Of course, some other politics-related problems had to be left out, even some that have a formal literature and can be seen as connected to democracy and fairness, such as districting, auctions, and matching. Elections and referenda are the consultations necessary to achieve popular sovereignty, and the first half of the book is mostly about representative democracies, in which elections assign persons to positions. This is a procedural study, but it does not address rules about who can vote, what kinds of questions can be voted upon, or under what circumstances votes are cast. The main issues are exactly what voters are asked to indicate on their ballots, and how their ballots are aggregated to determine a winner. These details of a voting system determine, or reflect, something about the nature of a democracy. For example, if procedures are designed for proportional representation (voters vote for parties), there tend to be many parties, often tightly organized, whereas in first-past-the-post systems (each voter can support one and only one candidate), parties are usually less numerous and more loosely organized. The most common single-winner election procedures ask voters to indicate their preferred candidate, to rank-order the candidates, or to indicate all acceptable candidates. Brams is an advocate of approval voting—a voter may vote for, or approve, any number of candidates; the winner is the most-approved candidate. Serious proposals for approval voting arose in the 1980s and subsequently. While there is little or no data on approval voting in public elections, there is considerable experience with it in the presidential elections of academic societies, including AMS, MAA, INFORMS, ASA, and IEEE. The adoption of approval voting by these societies is recounted, as is its subsequent rejection by IEEE. Evidence from these elections is reviewed to assess whether approval voting tends to “elect the lowest common denominator”, or “become ideological”. A second chapter on approval voting views its properties abstractly, and compares it to other electoral systems. Then several systems that change the ballot by allowing voters to indicate both approval and relative preference are described. Single-winner procedures may not work well in multiple-winner elections, mainly because they often produce a set of winners that is not very representative. Several distinctive multiple-winner election procedures based on approval balloting (i.e., voters must approve or disapprove each candidate) are suggested; most of them aim for representativeness, but measured in different ways. For instance, one measures it on a category-by-category basis, while another produces a set of winners as similar as possible to the actual votes cast. Multiple (simultaneous) elections can bring another set of problems if voters’ preferences in one election depend on who wins another; this problem arises even in simultaneous referenda on related issues. Fair-division procedures enter into democracy because they are needed to protect individual rights. For the most part, rights and freedoms are guarantees of fairness to individuals, guarantees that are hard to implement when they involve the allocation of something desirable and scarce. Majorities cannot be relied upon to decide fair allocations, because of the risk they will leave minorities with nothing. In other words, individual rights, one component of democracy, could be overwhelmed by the other, popular sovereignty. Yet elections and fair division are not completely exclusive. In a parliamentary system, issues of fair division can arise after elections, when one party tries to assemble a governing coalition if no party has gained a majority. Cabinet ministries may then be allocated within the coalition, in accordance with a party’s number of seats and preferences. Like other indivisible goods, it is generally impossible to allocate cabinet ministries so that several reasonable criteria of fairness are satisfied simultaneously. Two chapters address division of a single good; the problem is called divide-the-dollar if the good is homogeneous, and cake-cutting if the good is heterogeneous. These chapters surround a chapter on allocating multiple homogeneous goods, and are followed by one on allocation of indivisible goods in the presence of a single divisible good, which can be taken to be money. The recommended procedure in fact includes auction-like bidding on the indivisible goods. The progression through voting procedures up to allocation procedures is summarized in a final chapter, which reiterates the argument that selecting voting and fair-division procedures, and improving them, depend on mathematical analysis. Ranges of procedures for voting and fair allocation are needed because there are many specific problems to be solved, and systems that do a good job on one problem may not do well on others. Yet the mathematics required for the analysis of these procedures is often not deep, and can be well suited to classroom use. If democracy is important, then it is important to discover ways to make it work better. In Mathematics and democracy, Brams shows that comparing democratic procedures, and finding ways to improve them, is largely a mathematical enterprise. In the future, mathematicians may well discover many more good mathematical questions concealed in the social sciences in general, and politics in particular. Reviewed by D. Marc Kilgour MR1822218 (2002g:91001) Saari, Donald G.(1-CA3) Chaotic elections! (English summary) A mathematician looks at voting. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2001. xiv+159 pp. ISBN: 0-8218-2847-9 91-01 (91B12 91B14) After 11 September, 2001, one may wonder whether studying voting procedures is more important than ever. I will argue it is. It should be noted, of course, that I received the review copy of this book in June 2001 and consequently the book was written before this. However, it was written after the U.S. 2000 Presidential election. Amartya Sen has described how freedom and development are closely interwoven. His recent book entitled Development as freedom [Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1999] is a persuasive introduction to some of his work, showing why we must consider “$\ldots$the extensive interconnections between political freedoms and the understanding and fulfillment of economic needs”. This is not a widespread view. The promotion of political freedoms and economic development at the same time must become the motto of the so-called free world, today more than ever. Political freedom, probably the most important freedom, is, of course, linked to voting. The main object of voting is to reflect in the best possible way the voters’ opinion. The purpose of Saari’s book is “to explain what can go wrong with elections and why”. During the last decade or so, Donald Saari has published numerous papers on voting and social choice theory, culminating (at this time) with two papers which appeared in 2000 [Econom. Theory 15 (2000), no. 1, 1–53; MR1731508 (2001e:91063); Econom. Theory 15 (2000), no. 1, 55–102; MR1731509 (2001e:91064)]. These two papers (forming in fact a monograph of more than one hundred pages) are, according to the author’s preface, one of two events that are at the origin of this book. (Incidentally, reading this preface is probably better than reading this review to convince potential readers to read the whole book.) The other event was the 2000 U.S. Presidential election. What follows is a brief description of the book’s contents. First, although one of Saari’s objectives is to persuade mathematicians of the interest of the mathematics of social sciences, I must say that the level of the required mathematics is not too demanding, even for people like me who are not professional mathematicians. This book can easily be read by social scientists with, say, some mathematical maturity. Even without this mathematical maturity, the most technical parts can be skipped without losing the main thread of the thesis. The first chapter is mainly about political power. It describes difficulties within the U.S. Presidential election system, with the crucial rôle played by “small” states. It briefly reviews power indices (Shapley-Shubik and Banzhaf). (People interested in further developments must read the remarkable book by D. S. Felsenthal and M. Machover [The measurement of voting power, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 1998; MR1761929 (2001h:91032)].) Several alternatives to the U.S. system are presented, the chapter ending with a version of Arrow’s theorem. Saari’s comments on this theorem are nicely related to the U.S. 2000 election. The second chapter draws on the author’s research on scoring rules. This domain is one which will definitely be attached to Saari’s name. This work is, in my view, one of the major contributions in voting and social choice theory since this subject has existed as a scientific subject (say, since Borda and Condorcet at the end of the 18th century). A scoring or positional procedure is a rule that assigns points to candidates according to their rank in the voters’ preferences. With plurality, for instance, one point is assigned to a voter’s top candidate and 0 to every other. With the Borda rule, with $k$ candidates, $k-1$ points are assigned to the top candidate,$k-2$ to the candidate ranked second, $k-3$ to the third and so on until 0 to the last. The outcome ranking is obtained by adding the points received by each candidate and ranking them according to the total they received. The author describes “the surprisingly wide assortment of paradoxical outcomes which can occur just by using different voting methods”. The basic theme of the next chapter is to understand what can happen when candidates withdraw. Some of the results included were discovered by using techniques borrowed from chaotic dynamics. But be reassured. This chapter is as easy to read as any other chapter and you need not have taken a graduate course in dynamical systems to understand everything. Chapter 4 is about strategic voting. Of course, you can easily imagine that most of the voters who ranked Nader at the top of their preference ranked Gore second. Since they surely knew that Nader had no chance to win, voting strategically meant for them voting for Gore rather than for Nader so that Gore could eventually win. In France, a few years ago, a President who was an applied specialist in strategic voting asked people to vote strategically, calling this “le vote utile” (useful voting). It seems that in Florida, some voters ranking Nader at the top of their preference and Gore in second position forgot to vote usefully, to Bush’s final benefit. Chapter 5 is a credo in favour of the Borda rule. Basing his analysis on properties of symmetry and what he calls reversal effects, Saari shows that the Borda rule can be viewed as the procedure which meets what the voters, in some sense, really want. He is not the only person to favour the Borda rule. For instance, a famous British philosopher, Michael Dummett, who also happens to be an expert on voting, is also in favour of this procedure. The last chapter deals with other domains in which Saari’s methods can be fruitfully used. These include aggregation in nonparametric statistics, probability, apportionment of congressional seats according to the population of the constituencies and, in voting again, proportional representation (problems of rounding). I hope that I have now convinced you that this book is compulsory reading for mathematicians (all mathematicians), social scientists (nearly all, including, of course, economists) and most cultured laymen. Social choice theorists (economists or others) who already know Saari’s work must also read it. We always learn a lot from him. Incidentally, Cambridge University Press has recently published another of Saari’s books, entitled [Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2001]. Do not miss it either. Reviewed by Maurice Salles	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4542110860347748, "perplexity": 1705.3568619388927}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104375714.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704111005-20220704141005-00299.warc.gz"}
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-find-the-standard-form-of-the-equation-vertex-1-2-focus-1-0-vertex-2-	Precalculus Topics How do you find the standard form of the equation Vertex: ( -1, 2), Focus (-1, 0) Vertex: (-2, 1), Directrix: x = 1? Oct 2, 2017 Answer: Use the fact that a parabola is the locus of points equidistant from the focus point and the directrix line. Explanation: The distance from the directrix, $x = 1$, to any point, $\left(x , y\right)$, on the parabola is: $d = x - 1 \text{ [1]}$ The distance from the focus, $\left(- 1 , 0\right)$ to any point, $\left(x , y\right)$, on the parabola is: $d = \sqrt{{\left(x - \left(- 1\right)\right)}^{2} + {\left(y - 0\right)}^{2}}$ Simplify: $d = \sqrt{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{2} + {y}^{2}} \text{ [2]}$ Because the distances must be equal, we can set the right side of equation [1] equal to the right side of equation [2]: $x - 1 = \sqrt{{\left(x + 1\right)}^{2} + {y}^{2}}$ Square both sides: ${\left(x - 1\right)}^{2} = {\left(x + 1\right)}^{2} + {y}^{2}$ Expand the squares: ${x}^{2} - 2 x + 1 = {x}^{2} + 2 x + 1 + {y}^{2}$ Combine like terms: $- 4 x = {y}^{2}$ Divide both sides by -4: $x = - \frac{1}{4} {y}^{2} \leftarrow$ standard form for a parabola that opens left. Impact of this question 1432 views around the world You can reuse this answer Creative Commons License	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 12, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.891284167766571, "perplexity": 926.8196635135431}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986702077.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020024805-20191020052305-00030.warc.gz"}
http://projects.cykerway.com/blrm.html	blrm is a wrapper of rm command with user-defined blacklist. # Intro blrm is a wrapper of the rm command and can replace rm seamlessly. The difference is that blrm will look up a user-defined blacklist before deleting a file, and skips the file from deletion if there is a match. This can prevent accidental misdeletions and save important files. # Usage 1. Write a blacklist file containing string patterns, glob patterns or regex patterns. For example: .mp3 ~ ~/ ~/.* ~user ~user/* ~user/.* Recommended blacklist file path is ~/.config/blrm/blacklist. 2. Write a config file with the following content: rm_bin = /bin/rm matcher = fnmatch blacklist_file = ~/.config/blrm/blacklist Config file path should be one of: • system config file: /etc/blrm/blrm.conf. • user config file: ~/.config/blrm/blrm.conf. If both system and user config files exist, only user config file will be used. 3. Alias rm to blrm: alias rm='blrm' Now typing rm in the shell will run blrm. 4. It’s recommended to keep the alias in ~/.bashrc for autoload. 5. To run the builtin rm, type command rm or /bin/rm. # Source https://github.com/cykerway/blrm # Install To install via pip, run: pip install blrm To install from source, run: python setup.py install --prefix=/usr # Matcher Implementation There are three matchers available: str Match against string patterns. fnmatch Match against glob patterns. re Match against regex patterns. Depending on the matcher being used, each line in the blacklist may be seen as a string pattern, a glob pattern or a regex pattern. The matching process has the following steps: 1. Each pattern in the blacklist is subject to Tilde Expansion. For example, ~/* will become /home/<user>/*. 2. Each command-line argument is subject to Tilde Expansion and then converted to an absolute path string. 3. If the expanded pattern is an absolute path, then the path string will be matched from its beginning (e.g. re.match). If the expanded pattern is not an absolute path, then the path string will be searched from any index (e.g. re.search). The matcher implementation is summarized in the following table: pattern/matcher str fnmatch re abs pattern == path fnmatch(path, pattern) re.match(pattern, path) non-abs pattern in path fnsearch(path, pattern) re.search(pattern, path) This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/. # Cautions 1. Make sure you know which matcher you are using. 2. Specify the patterns correctly in blacklist: • Take care of absolute and non-absolute patterns. • Take care of ~ in patterns if blrm is run as a different user (e.g. with sudo). Use ~<user> instead of ~ when necessary. 3. Please remember: This software is WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY. Use it at your own risk.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5472536087036133, "perplexity": 5976.966989802882}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174135.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00500-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-to-tell-whether-a-reaction-is-an-elementary-reaction.612234/	# How to tell whether a reaction is an elementary reaction 1. Jun 7, 2012 ### BrianC12 How can you tell whether a reaction is an elementary reaction without knowing the reaction mechanism? I had this question on a recent midterm and got it wrong: A -> Product Is this an elementary reaction? I said yes because it has no intermediates. In retrospect there's no way I could know that unless I knew the reaction mechanism. The only other information given is that the reaction is zero order. Thanks for any help! 2. Jun 8, 2012 ### That Neuron BY checking to see if the stochiometric coefficients equal the exponents in a chemical equilibrium equation. 3. Jun 8, 2012 ### That Neuron aA + bB -----> cC + dD, where all lower case letters are coefficients and all capitals are the Chemical formulae of each reactant/product. So in a chemical equilibrium equation, r=k[A]^a (^b)]/[[C]^c ([D]^d)]. If the exponents found to match the chemical reaction differ from this, the reaction is composed from two or more elementary steps. [] is notation for the concentration in molarity mass of solute/volume of solution. Last edited: Jun 8, 2012 4. Jun 8, 2012 ### BrianC12 So that would mean this is NOT an elementary reaction because the coefficient of 1 for A doesn't match the power of 0 for the equilibrium equation? But if that's true, then doesn't that imply that any zero order reaction isn't an elementary reaction since a coefficient > 0 can obviously never equal 0. 5. Jun 8, 2012 ### BrianC12 Ok I'm just confused now. The second part of the question asked to write the differential rate law. I wrote -d[A]/dt = k[A]^0 = k and got full credit. If this isn't an elementary reaction then I wouldn't be able to write the rate law. But according to the TA who graded my test, there are intermediates in the reaction, meaning it can't be an elementary reaction..... 6. Jun 9, 2012 ### epenguin Not elementary my dear Brian :tongue: If the reaction is zero order it cannot be an elementary reaction. Looks like there is no other participant, just A goes to something. In an elementary reaction all the A molecules - say they split into something - have the same chance of doing so. So the actual rate of reaction - number of molecules of A that change into something else per second - is proportional to A. I think you can write the rate law and name it. But with zero order kinetics - that means say you put in 10 times more A, yet only as many as before react per second. Each molecule does not have the same chance of reacting as before. That strongly suggests that in order to react they need to interact with something else, e.g. a catalyst, before they can split. Not elementary. Zero order kinetics are typical of reactions involving solid catalysts or enzymes or some free radical catalyses when you get above a certain concentration (i.e. saturation). 7. Jun 9, 2012 ### BrianC12 Ahh alright that makes sense, thanks. I actually checked with my friend's midterm. He wrote "this is not an elementary reaction because elementary reactions are characterized by collisions with other molecules"(that's the definition in the book) and got full credit. I don't really understand how that explains anything since first of all unimolecular elementary reactions don't involve any collisions and your explanation implies that there must be a collision, which my friend's answer contradicts. I asked him and he said he didn't actually know, he just saw a previous midterm with a similar question where the person got it wrong, so he switched the answer and wrote the definition from the book. Is that an insufficient answer or am I just missing something? On top of that doesn't the book's definition contradict itself too? Because it states that definition and then goes on to show an example of a unimolecular reaction where an energized molecule of N2O5 dissociates into NO2 and NO3, which is just a "reaction" at high temperature that does not involve any collisions. I hope I don't come across as arrogant for doubting everything, in my mind it just seems like a lot of the information I've been getting from professors, TA's, and the book contradict each other and I'm trying to figure out what's right and what's wrong. Again, thanks for the help! 8. Jun 9, 2012 ### epenguin I think your reasoning is OK. I don't think there is this contradiction. When I said "all the A molecules - say they split into something..." your unimolecular N2O5 dissociation is an example of that. Similar Discussions: How to tell whether a reaction is an elementary reaction	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8843542337417603, "perplexity": 914.0326056701099}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814538.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223075134-20180223095134-00617.warc.gz"}
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3784641/proof-of-interior-gradient-estimate-for-laplaces-equation	# Proof of interior gradient estimate for Laplace's equation I have a question about the proof of the estimate $$\|\nabla u(x_0)\| \leq \frac{n}{R} \max_{\bar{B}_R(x_0)} \|u\|$$ where $$u$$ is assumed to be harmonic. Since $$u_{x_i}$$ is harmonic, by the mean value property and integration by parts, $$u_{x_i}(x_0) = \frac{r}{\omega_n R^n}\int_{B_R(x_0)} u_{x_i}(y) dy = \frac{n}{\omega_n R^n}\int_{\partial B_R(x_0)} u(y) \nu_i dS_y.$$ Taking the absolute value, we obtain $$\|u_{x_i}(x_0)\| \leq \frac{n}{\omega_n R^n} \int_{\partial B_R(x_0)} \|u(y)\| dS_y \leq \frac{n}{R}\max_{\bar{B}_R(x_0)} \|u\|.$$ I understand the preceding steps. What I don't understand is how this obviously proves the desired result. This is my attempt at obtaining the desired result: \begin{align} \|\nabla u(x_0)\|^2 &= u_{x_1}^2(x_0) + \cdots + u_{x_n}^2(x_0) \\ &\leq \underbrace{\frac{n^2}{R^2}(\max_{\bar{B}_R(x_0)} \|u\|)^2 + \cdots + \frac{n^2}{R^2}(\max_{\bar{B}_R(x_0)} \|u\|)^2}_{\text{n times}}\\ &=\frac{n^3}{R^2}(\max_{\bar{B}_R(x_0)} \|u\|)^2. \end{align} Taking the square root, $$\|\nabla u(x_0)\| \leq \left(\frac{n^3}{R^2}(\max_{\bar{B}_R(x_0)} \|u\|)^2\right)^{1/2} = \frac{n^{3/2}}{R}\max_{\bar{B}_R(x_0)}.$$ I'm not sure where my logic is wrong and I am aware this must be something simple... • If you want to merge your posts under this account math.stackexchange.com/questions/3779224/… (if it is indeed you) then you can flag any post of yours for a moderator to help Aug 9, 2020 at 3:13 The line $$u_{x_i}(x_0) =\frac{n}{\omega_n R^n}\int_{\partial B_R(x_0)} u(y) \nu_i \,dS_y$$ would be the components of the equation $$\nabla u(x_0) = \frac{n}{\omega_n R^n}\int_{\partial B_R(x_0)} u(y) \nu\, dS_y$$ And now you do the approximation at this level: \begin{align}\|\nabla u(x_0)\| &= \frac{n}{\omega_n R^n}\left\|\int_{\partial B_R(x_0)} u(y) \nu\, dS_y\right\| \\ &\le \frac{n}{\omega_n R^n}\int_{\partial B_R(x_0)} \|u(y) \nu\|\, dS_y \\ &=\frac{n}{\omega_n R^n}\int_{\partial B_R(x_0)} \|u(y) \|\, dS_y \\ &\le \frac{n}{R}\\|u\\|_{L^\infty(\overline{B_R(x_0)})}. \end{align}	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 10, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9999808073043823, "perplexity": 321.2652914116948}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662558030.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523132100-20220523162100-00407.warc.gz"}
https://gmatclub.com/forum/a-certain-college-has-a-total-of-400-seniors-each-majoring-in-exactly-11427.html?fl=similar	It is currently 24 Jun 2017, 05:44 ### GMAT Club Daily Prep #### Thank you for using the timer - this advanced tool can estimate your performance and suggest more practice questions. We have subscribed you to Daily Prep Questions via email. Customized for You we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History Track every week, we’ll send you an estimated GMAT score based on your performance Practice Pays we will pick new questions that match your level based on your Timer History # Events & Promotions ###### Events & Promotions in June Open Detailed Calendar # A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly Author Message TAGS: ### Hide Tags Director Joined: 07 Nov 2004 Posts: 683 A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 08 Nov 2004, 21:30 3 This post was BOOKMARKED 00:00 Difficulty: 35% (medium) Question Stats: 70% (02:23) correct 30% (02:17) wrong based on 230 sessions ### HideShow timer Statistics A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly one of six subjects. A minimum of 20 seniors major in each of the six subjects. If three-quarters of the seniors major in one of four subjects, what is the greatest possible number of seniors majoring in one of the other two subjects? A. 100 B. 80 C. 75 D. 60 E. 50 [Reveal] Spoiler: OA Last edited by Bunuel on 13 Jul 2015, 00:43, edited 1 time in total. Renamed the topic, edited the question, added the OA and moved to PS forum. GMAT Club Legend Joined: 15 Dec 2003 Posts: 4288 Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 08 Nov 2004, 21:36 There's a lot of verbiage here. I believe it's B) 80 There is 100 remaining for other 2 topics. 20 min to 1 of them. The max the other can have is 80. _________________ Best Regards, Paul Intern Joined: 08 Nov 2004 Posts: 46 Location: Montreal Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 08 Nov 2004, 21:39 I can't get the meaning Quote: 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly one of six subjects Quote: A minimum of 20 seniors major in each of the six subjects Can somebody explain [/quote] GMAT Club Legend Joined: 15 Dec 2003 Posts: 4288 Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 08 Nov 2004, 21:41 1 This post was BOOKMARKED Let's say you have 6 subjects {A,B,C,D,E,F} First four subjects, you have 3/4 of 400. So 300 people goes to those first four subjects. For remaining E and F, you have 100 left. Since you need a minimum per subject, if E is 20, F can have a max value of 80 and vice versa _________________ Best Regards, Paul Intern Joined: 08 Nov 2004 Posts: 46 Location: Montreal Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 08 Nov 2004, 21:50 Got it... Thanks Paul Looks simple, but IF you understand the meaning Director Joined: 07 Nov 2004 Posts: 683 Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 09 Nov 2004, 06:35 Paul and Venksune, you are rt the answer is 80. The wordiness of the problem got me confused Director Joined: 25 Jan 2004 Posts: 721 Location: Milwaukee Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 13 Nov 2004, 10:41 yeap it is 80 400 - (3/4 * 400) -20 = 80 _________________ Praveen Director Joined: 07 Nov 2004 Posts: 683 Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 14 Nov 2004, 08:47 The OA is 80. Thanks! GMAT Club Legend Joined: 09 Sep 2013 Posts: 15939 Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 12 Jul 2015, 22:47 Hello from the GMAT Club BumpBot! Thanks to another GMAT Club member, I have just discovered this valuable topic, yet it had no discussion for over a year. I am now bumping it up - doing my job. I think you may find it valuable (esp those replies with Kudos). Want to see all other topics I dig out? Follow me (click follow button on profile). You will receive a summary of all topics I bump in your profile area as well as via email. _________________ Manager Joined: 08 May 2015 Posts: 104 GMAT 1: 630 Q39 V38 GMAT 2: 670 Q44 V38 GMAT 3: 750 Q49 V44 Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 02 Sep 2015, 09:15 The wording makes no sense. By "If three-quarters of the seniors major in one of four subjects," I understood that 300 major in one of the four, therefore leaving 100 left for the other 5 (20 in each). EMPOWERgmat Instructor Status: GMAT Assassin/Co-Founder Affiliations: EMPOWERgmat Joined: 19 Dec 2014 Posts: 9257 Location: United States (CA) GMAT 1: 800 Q51 V49 GRE 1: 340 Q170 V170 Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 02 Sep 2015, 21:13 1 KUDOS Expert's post 1 This post was BOOKMARKED Hi All, This question is poorly worded, but here is the "intent": If 300 seniors major in 4 of the subjects, what is the MAXIMUM number of seniors that COULD be majoring in either of the other 2 subjects? From here, we have to consider that a minimum of 20 seniors major in each subject. With the 300 seniors accounted for, the other 100 have to be placed in the remaining 2 subjects. To maximize one of the subjects, we'd have to minimize the other; we'd have 80 in one and 20 in the other. [Reveal] Spoiler: B This type of question can occur on the GMAT, but it won't be this poorly worded. GMAT assassins aren't born, they're made, Rich _________________ 760+: Learn What GMAT Assassins Do to Score at the Highest Levels Contact Rich at: [email protected] # Rich Cohen Co-Founder & GMAT Assassin # Special Offer: Save $75 + GMAT Club Tests 60-point improvement guarantee www.empowergmat.com/ *********************Select EMPOWERgmat Courses now include ALL 6 Official GMAC CATs!******************* Manager Joined: 08 May 2015 Posts: 104 GMAT 1: 630 Q39 V38 GMAT 2: 670 Q44 V38 GMAT 3: 750 Q49 V44 Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 03 Sep 2015, 07:01 EMPOWERgmatRichC I understand your point, the question would be quite easy if it was writen correctly. On the question sten we have "three-quarters of the seniors major in one of four subjects". This says that 300 major in ONE of the four subjects, not that 300 major in four of the subjects. Considering this and the fact that "A minimum of 20 seniors major in each of the six subjects.", we would be left with 20 as the maximun for each of the remaining five subjects. Am I missing something here? EMPOWERgmat Instructor Status: GMAT Assassin/Co-Founder Affiliations: EMPOWERgmat Joined: 19 Dec 2014 Posts: 9257 Location: United States (CA) GMAT 1: 800 Q51 V49 GRE 1: 340 Q170 V170 Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 03 Sep 2015, 16:07 Hi Mascarfi, As you have also determined, the original prompt is poorly worded. With your interpretation of the prompt, the answer would be 20... but that answer is NOT among the answer choices, which means that your interpretation cannot be correct. You can actually use this type of logic on the Official GMAT to get 'unstuck' from certain questions. If you end up with an answer that is not among the 5 choices, then there is some logical flaw in the handful of 'steps' that you went through - likely a mis-interpration of information that you've been given (or potentially a calculation error in your work). GMAT assassins aren't born, they're made, Rich _________________ 760+: Learn What GMAT Assassins Do to Score at the Highest Levels Contact Rich at: [email protected] # Rich Cohen Co-Founder & GMAT Assassin # Special Offer: Save$75 + GMAT Club Tests 60-point improvement guarantee www.empowergmat.com/ *******************Select EMPOWERgmat Courses now include ALL 6 Official GMAC CATs!********************* Current Student Joined: 29 May 2013 Posts: 119 Location: India Concentration: Technology, Marketing WE: Information Technology (Consulting) Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] ### Show Tags 04 Sep 2015, 08:28 This question is ridiculous and does not makes sense!..wasted my 3 minutes! Re: A certain college has a total of 400 seniors, each majoring in exactly [#permalink] 04 Sep 2015, 08:28 Similar topics Replies Last post Similar Topics: 10 A certain hotel has 1,400 single rooms and 420 double rooms. Each room 3 21 Jan 2017, 22:25 7 College T has 1000 students. Of the 200 students majoring in 5 19 Aug 2015, 12:05 65 Each senior in a college course wrote a thesis. The lengths 20 21 Apr 2016, 05:03 4 A certain collage has total of 400 seniors each majoring in exactly on 3 29 Aug 2016, 14:44 20 At a certain college there are twice as many english majors 11 23 Apr 2017, 02:57 Display posts from previous: Sort by	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5659598708152771, "perplexity": 5966.781623693375}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320261.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624115542-20170624135542-00219.warc.gz"}
https://chemicalstatistician.wordpress.com/2013/05/05/how-to-calculate-a-partial-correlation-coefficient-an-example-with-oxidizing-ammonia-to-make-nitric-acid/	How to Calculate a Partial Correlation Coefficient in R: An Example with Oxidizing Ammonia to Make Nitric Acid Introduction Today, I will talk about the math behind calculating partial correlation and illustrate the computation in R. The computation uses an example involving the oxidation of ammonia to make nitric acid, and this example comes from a built-in data set in R called stackloss. I read Pages 234-237 in Section 6.6 of “Discovering Statistics Using R” by Andy Field, Jeremy Miles, and Zoe Field to learn about partial correlation. They used a data set called “Exam Anxiety.dat” available from their companion web site (look under “6 Correlation”) to illustrate this concept; they calculated the partial correlation coefficient between exam anxiety and revision time while controlling for exam score. As I discuss further below, the plot between the 2 above residuals helps to illustrate the calculation of partial correlation coefficients. This plot makes intuitive sense; if you take more time to study for an exam, you tend to have less exam anxiety, so there is a negative correlation between revision time and exam anxiety. They used a function called pcor() in a package called “ggm”; however, I suspect that this package is no longer working properly, because it depends on a deprecated package called “RBGL” (i.e. “RBGL” is no longer available in CRAN). See this discussion thread for further information. Thus, I wrote my own R function to illustrate partial correlation. Partial correlation is the correlation between 2 random variables while holding other variables constant. To calculate the partial correlation between X and Y while holding Z constant (or controlling for the effect of Z, or averaging out Z), 1) perform a normal linear least-squares regression with X as the target and Z as the predictor $X_i = \beta_0 + \beta_1Z_i + \varepsilon_i$ 2) calculate the residuals in Step #1 $\text{residuals}(X)_i = X_i - \hat{X}_i$ 3) perform a normal linear least-squares regression with Y as the target and Z as the predictor $Y_i = \gamma_0 + \gamma_1Z_i + \tau_i$ 4) calculate the residuals in Step #3 $\text{residuals}(Y)_i = Y_i - \hat{Y}_i$ 5) calculate the correlation coefficient between the residuals from Steps #2 and #4; the result is the partial correlation between X and Y while controlling for the effect of Z $\text{Partial Correlation of X and Y Controlling for Z} = \hat{\text{Corr}}[\text{residuals}(X)_i, \text{residuals}(Y)_i]$ $\hat{\text{Corr}}$, of course, is an estimator of the correlation coefficient; 3 such common estimators are the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r), the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (Spearman’s rho), and the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (Kendall’s tau). Example – Oxidation of Ammonia to Nitric Acid in the Stackloss Data Set There is a built-in data set in R called stackloss with measurements on operations in a plant that oxidized ammonia (NH3) to make nitridc acid (HNO3). This paper by Taylor, Chilton and Handforth describes the process pretty clearly on its first page. 1) Pass a mixture of air and ammonia through red-hot catalytic wire gauze to make nitric oxide. 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O 2) As the nitric oxide cools, it reacts with excess oxygen to make nitrogen dioxide. 2NO + O2 → 2NO2 3) The nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to form nitric acid. 3NO2 + H2O ⇌ 2HNO3 + NO I want to calculate the partial correlation coefficient between air flow speed and water temperature while controlling for acid concentration. Following the procedure above, here is the plot of the relevant residuals. The Pearson correlation coefficient is a commonly used estimator for the correlation coefficient, but hypothesis testing based on Pearson’s r is known to be problematic when dealing with non-normal data or outliers (Bishara and Hittner, 2012). Let’s check for the normality underlying our data. Here is the Q-Q plot of the residuals of regressing air flow on acid concentration. Note the 2 “dips” below the identity line in the intervals [-5, 0] and [0,10] along the horizontal axis. These “dips” suggest to me that there is a systematic deviation away from normality for these residuals. Furthermore, recall from my earlier blog post that you can check for normality by the ratio of the interquartile range to the standard deviation. If this ratio is not 1.35, then there is reason to suspect that the distribution is not normal. For the residuals from regressing air flow on acid concentration, this ratio is 0.75, which is far enough away from 1.35 to suggest non-normality. Given that there are only 21 residuals, and given that the 2 ways to check for normality above suggest non-normality, it is best to conclude that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the data come from a normal distribution. (This is different from asserting that the data definitely come from a non-normal distribution. Given the low sample size, I just can’t be certain that the population is normally distributed.) Thus, I will not use Pearson’s r to estimate the partial correlation. (Someone with the handle ars in a discussion thread in Cross Validated referred a paper by Kowalski (1972) about Pearson’s for further thoughts.) I estimate the partial correlation using Spearman’s rho, which, using the cor() function, is calculated as 0.5976564. However, is this estimate statistically significant? To answer this question, we can conduct a hypothesis test. For Spearman’s rho, the sampling distribution is $T = \hat{\rho}_p \sqrt{(n - 2 - k) \div (1 - \hat{\rho}_p^2)}$, where $T \sim t_{n-2-k}$ In our example, T = 3.162624, and the p-value is 0.005387061. Thus, there is evidence to suggest that this correlation is significant. In comparing Spearman’s rho and Kendalls’ tau in a set of presentation slides titled Overview of Non-Parametric Statistics, Mark Seiss from the Department of Statistics at Virginia Tech stated “…most researchers conclude there is little basis to choose one over the other”. Thus, I chose to use Spearman’s rho purely out of my familiarity with it. I welcome your comments about why Kendall’s tau is better. In a discussion at Cross Validated, someone with the handle onestop referred to a paper by Newson (2002) that cited a book by Kendall & Gibbons (1990); onestop reproduced this quotation: “…confidence intervals for Spearman’s rS are less reliable and less interpretable than confidence intervals for Kendall’s τ-parameters, but the sample Spearman’s rS is much more easily calculated without a computer”. I’m curious about whether or not this result is transferrable to hypothesis testing. References Bishara, A. J., & Hittner, J. B. (2012). Testing the significance of a correlation with nonnormal data: Comparison of Pearson, Spearman, transformation, and resampling approaches. Andy Field, Jeremy Miles, and Zoe Field. (2012). Discovering statistics using R. Sage Publications Limited. Kowalski, Charles J. “On the effects of non-normality on the distribution of the sample product-moment correlation coefficient.” Applied Statistics (1972): 1-12. Newson R. Parameters behind “nonparametric” statistics: Kendall’s tau,Somers’ D and median differences. Stata Journal 2002; 2(1):45-64. Taylor, Guy B., Thomas H. Chilton, and Stanley L. Handforth. “Manufacture of Nitric Acid by the Oxidation of Ammonia1.” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry23.8 (1931): 860-865. R Script for Entire Analysis Here is the R code for computing everything in this analysis: ##### Partial Correlation - An Example with the Oxidation of Ammonia to Make Nitric Acid ##### By Eric Cai - The Chemical Statistician # extract variables from the Stackloss data set (already built in R) air.flow = stackloss[,1] water.temperature = stackloss[,2] acid = stackloss[,3] # conduct normal linear least-squares regression with air.flow as target and acid as predictor regress.air.acid = lm(air.flow~acid) # extract residuals from this regression residuals.air.acid = residuals(regress.air.acid) # conduct normal linear least-squares regression with water.temperature as target and acid as predictor regress.water.acid = lm(water.temperature~acid) # extract residuals from this regression residuals.water.acid = residuals(regress.water.acid) # plot the 2 sets of residuals against each other to see if there is a linear trend png('INSERT YOUR DIRECTORY PATH HERE/residuals plot air flow and water temperature controlling acid concentration.png') plot(residuals.air.acid, residuals.water.acid, xlab = 'Residuals from Regressing Air Flow on Acid Concentration', ylab = 'Residuals from Regressing Water Temperature on Acid Concentration', main = 'Partial Correlation Between Air Flow and Water Temperature\n Controlling for Acid Concentration') dev.off() # normal q-q plot of residuals of regressing air flow on acid to check for normality png('INSERT YOUR DIRECTORY PATH HERE/q-q plot air flow residuals on acid concentration.png') qqplot(qnorm(seq(0,1,length=101), mean(residuals.air.acid), sd(residuals.air.acid)), residuals.air.acid, xlab = 'Theoretical Quantiles from Normal Distribution', ylab = 'Sample Quqnatiles of Air Flow Residuals', main = 'Normal Quantile-Quantile Plot \n Residuals from Regressing Air Flow on Acid Concentration') abline(0,1) dev.off() # check if the ratio of interquartile range to standard deviation is 1.35 (this is a check for normality) five.num.summary.airflow.acid = summary(residuals.air.acid) q3.airflow.acid = five.num.summary.airflow.acid[5] q1.airflow.acid = five.num.summary.airflow.acid[2] (q3.airflow.acid - q1.airflow.acid)/sd(residuals.air.acid) # sample size n = length(air.flow) # use Spearman correlation coefficient to calculate the partial correlation partial.correlation = cor(residuals.air.acid, residuals.water.acid, method = 'spearman') # calculate the test statistic and p-value of the Spearman correlation coefficient test.statistic = partial.correlationsqrt((n-3)/(1-partial.correlation^2)) test.statistic p.value = 2pt(abs(test.statistic), n-3, lower.tail = F) p.value 9 Responses to How to Calculate a Partial Correlation Coefficient in R: An Example with Oxidizing Ammonia to Make Nitric Acid 1. JP says: I’ve heard two versions of Spearman partial correlation. One version ranks all the variables, does the initial regressions on the ranks, then does a pearson correlation between the residuals. Your version here does regular residuals, then does a spearman correlation between the residuals. Which is correct? • Hi JP, Thanks for your question. I don’t know the answer, and I researched this on the web. I don’t know if there is a “right” answer to this question. 1) I cannot find a reliable source that talks about both methods, let alone compares their merits. 2) To me, an estimator is good if – its expected value is or is close to the parameter (i.e. it has low bias or is unbiased) – has a low variance – is robust to outliers Thus, regardless of which of the 2 methods produces the “right” Spearman partial correlation, it is more important to ask which method produces a better estimator according to the above criteria. I don’t know the answer to this, either. Mathematical statistics or Monte Carlo studies may be useful to answer this question. I’m guessing that regressing with ranks rather than the actual values would result in a loss of valuable information about the unexplained variability that is supposed to show up in the residuals. Thus, I would be more comfortable with my own method. I welcome others to help JP and I to answer these very good questions. 2. Drew Franx says: Hi Eric, Thanks for posting this example. I am also wondering the same thing that JP had asked. While I have found similar examples for the pearson partial correlation, I have not been able to find a spearman’s partial correlation calculation done the way you have shown here. Could you provide me the source you used to decide to apply the spearman partial method demonstrated above? • Hi Drew, Thanks for your very astute comment. I don’t have a reference for my method; I just applied my judgment about the non-normality of the residuals to use Spearman’s correlation coefficient instead. After doing some research, I found that SAS uses the method that JP mentioned. I’ll need to do more research and think about that. (I’ve been swamped with work this week, and I need to catch up with a lot of blogging.) Please give me some time, and thanks for your patience. Thanks again for your very good comment! 3. Drew Franx says: Through my own searching I found the R package “ppcor” to match the method JP mentioned, and a book preview on Google Books titled “Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures: Third Edition” (By David J. Sheskin) That also briefly hints that the variables are ranked before regression. To read the relevant pages Google search the phrases “Equation 28.100 can be employed” and then “equation 28.100 is the general equation for computing” to get around Google’s Page Preview censorship. I hope there are sources to back up your spearman partial method because I appreciate the logic behind it. Ranking reduces fidelity, so why do that before it is necessary? 4. JP says: I’m the same JP that posted almost a year ago. I don’t have much to add except I sifted through a bunch of textbooks back in the fall, and did not find a definitive answer. I also noted that the ppcor and SAS seemed to use the first method, so I went with that, but I agree that it would be nicer to lose less information. • Hi JP, Thanks for following up on this. After researching this and reaching a dead end myself, I posted my question on LinkedIn’s Advanced Business Analytics, Data Mining and Predictive Modeling group (a large and popular group that often has good ideas to share on statistics). I got one response from Mark Pundurs, who suggested using Monte Carlo simulations and comparing the 2 methods. This is a good idea, but I have not taken the time to try it out. I’m contacting a few more trusted sources, and I will share what I learn. Thanks again for your comment, and I’m sorry for forgetting to update you all about what I did and learned. (I’m currently on vacation, so thanks for your patience while I’m absent from my blog for a while.) Eric • Hi JP, I asked this question to my mathematical statistics professor from my graduate studies, and he was stumped – he said that it was indeed a very difficult question. He did warn me that the methods may be estimating different things. I think that the next step should be to conduct Monte Carlo studies; this problem is likely too hard for theory to tackle. I’ll keep this mind as a blog topic for a future post.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 8, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6654215455055237, "perplexity": 1752.7037574294304}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051035374.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005035-00024-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/geometry/elementary-geometry-for-college-students-5th-edition/chapter-3-section-3-1-congruent-triangles-exercises-page-137/36	## Elementary Geometry for College Students (5th Edition) With the information given, it follows that $\triangle ABC\cong\triangle EDC$, according to method AAS. We are given that - $\angle A\cong\angle E$ - $\overline{BC}\cong\overline{DC}$ We see that $\overline{AD}$ intersects $\overline{BE}$ at $C$. So, $\angle ACB\cong\angle ECD$ We now have 2 angles and a non-included side of $\triangle ABC$ are congruent with 2 corresponding angles and a non-included side of $\triangle EDC$. Therefore, according to method AAS, $\triangle ABC\cong\triangle EDC$.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5991058945655823, "perplexity": 499.47828395407157}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804019.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117223659-20171118003659-00045.warc.gz"}
http://clay6.com/qa/41250/a-positively-charged-conductor-carrying-a-charge-q-placed-near-an-uncharged	Browse Questions # A positively charged conductor carrying a charge +Q placed near an uncharged and grounded conductor, results in the phenomenon of electrostatic induction. An electric charge is induced in the uncharged conductor because of this phenomenon. The electric charge induced in the uncharged conductor is $\begin{array}{1 1}(A)\;-2Q\\ (B)\;-Q \\ (C)\;+Q \\(D)\; +2Q \end{array}$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9962307810783386, "perplexity": 441.7773705954945}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721067.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00283-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?p=4168116	# How much should I charge for physics tutoring? by kikko Tags: charge, physics, tutoring P: 7 $10-$20 is reasonable if you are tutoring someone who is in a class. Adding explanation to points they do not understand, helping figure out where they are stuck on problems assigned for homework, and assisting in study for exams. If you are doing the full instruction, developing lesson plans and homework and even giving tests or running labs... then your workload is considerably enhanced, as well as the expected level of your ability. I would say what they are having you do absolutely deserves a $40+ rate. Tutor sadly has been co-opted to mean a large variety of things. You are being employed not as a learning assistant, but as a private instructor. Mentor P: 25,944 Quote by brimacki Consider how much more they would be paying, plus how much less attention the student would get, if he went to a community college. Are you suggesting that a community college is a substitute for tutoring? P: 1,025 I have done private tutoring at about 25 dollars an hour and that felt very overpaid. Thats triple minimum wage in California. If you can get people to pay 40-80 dollars an hour, all the power to you, but I don't see how one can try and justify that their work deserves that. P: 746 I've never had a set price, but the parents have always paid me$20-$30/hr when I told them to give whatever they wanted. Mentor P: 11,988 Quote by Redbelly98 I ... and charged$65 an hour. Quote by Ben Niehoff ... I don't see how anyone can make a living charging $10/hr for private tutoring. Professional private tutors that I've heard of charge$50-$80/hr. Look up people who do private dance lessons, or music lessons, etc.; this should be in the same ballpark. I think the big disparity between what others are reporting in this thread, and your & my experience, may be that we are comparing people who tutor for a living to college students who just want a little extra spending money and/or the experience of tutoring. P: 114 This summer I took on a high school student for chemistry. Since he didn't have any science under his belt, it was more a teaching position rather than tutoring. Needless to say, he got more than his money's worth out of me. I charged$15 per hour (Austin) with 1-2 hours of outside lesson planning per hour of lecture. Next time I will charge $20/hour. Tutors in my area charge$60 per hour for middle/high school students. Yep, tutoring algebra for $60 an hour Since I was charging a rather discounted price due to the fact he was my 1st student, I had lots of room to play with my style and ideas of teaching. It was a very rewarding experience that taught me more about myself and how to conduct information to others. I'm working on trying to create an introduction to science type lecture series. This would allow a gentle introduction to students who have yet to experience and explore science. P: 23 The upper division physics students in my department charge$12/hour for intro physics students. It's typically mostly for the experience, and most of us just spend a few hours a week helping students with homework questions. Emeritus Sci Advisor PF Gold P: 5,500 The community college where I work pays student tutors $10/hr. It's low, but the tutors don't have to drive to get to the tutee, aren't highly experienced or knowledgeable, and get paid regardless of whether anyone actually shows up for tutoring. They don't have to do any lesson planning. They're employees, not entrepeneurs. I have a student who has finished a college degree, is very experienced as a private tutor, and is now taking classes to complete her requirements for a graduate program. IIRC she charges about$30-40/hr to tutor high school students. She's very competent and articulate, and I imagine her customers (i.e., the parents) are very happy with her work. She has to drive to get to her tutees, but she puts a limit on how many miles she'll drive. I assume she has to do at least some lesson planning. She's an entrepreneur, not an employee. P: 783 I tutor math at $10 an hour for 3 hours a week to some middle schoolers (I'm a college freshmen). I certainly don't do it for a living though. I can't imagine tutoring for a living. It sounds like a job with barely any job security, and I imagine the market for it is dwindling. I'm surprised some tutors have a market at$50+ an hour, let alone $100+. That's more than the hourly rate for a typical engineer. I find this surprising, considering the vast majority of questions a student might have can be succinctly answered by someone on this website far more experienced than your average college student, whereas an engineer does highly specialized work which is a huge value added to companies and can't be easily answered for free in an online forum. Maybe the fact that the tutors are mostly self-employed at least partly explains why they are able to negotiate high rates. Or maybe the supply is low because people are scared to go into the field. Or maybe the market is just ignorant/reckless spender. I can imagine tutoring being expensive for things like musical instruments and engineering workshops where upkeep of the studios are expensive but for something that involves almost no equipment, i.e. math/physics it makes no sense. You can easily find a decent tutor working for$12 an hour anywhere in NYC teaching from middle school to college-level math. You can find people on this website who have even more experience and are kindly willing to answer your questions for free. I don't get the tutoring market. But very high level tutors teaching olympiad level math/physics, I think that's quite a different story, but this is trig/calc based physics we're talking. BiP HW Helper P: 2,692 Bipolarity, Try checking the online classified ads for tutoring and tutors. You'll find a few students looking for tutors, and hundreds of people trying to find situations to tutor someone. The supply of tutors ready and willing to tutor is very large. What to charge can best be decided by comparing what others in your location are charging with what your skills and knowledge is. Myself, I also believe some services are too highly priced. There are students who really need help to pass and can be difficult to help and who really do not need to pay out large fees for tutorial service. There are also the already good students who want help to be able to earn A+++++++ in a class and are willing to pay (or their parents) the high rates. These students are also already going to earn much better than a passing grade even without a tutor. A tutor must really be super-special if he can take a struggling student and help the student to earn a better than a C. What you charge may depend on what you think you can do with a student. Again opinion: High rate for great students, 30 to 40 dollars per hour, low rate for less-than average student, 10 to 20 dollars per hour. Emeritus PF Gold P: 5,500 Quote by Bipolarity I'm surprised some tutors have a market at $50+ an hour, let alone$100+. That's more than the hourly rate for a typical engineer. That's an apples-and-oranges comparison. The engineer gets job security, a guarantee of being able to get paid for working 40 hours a week, and benefits. The benefits probably double the cost to the employer of employing the engineer, and from the engineer's point of view, the benefits probably constitute half the economic reward of the job. When someone is self-employed, they need to charge much more than someone who is working for someone else. There's a factor of about 2 because they aren't getting benefits. There's probably a second factor of 2 because they're assuming the risk associated with the variability of their income and work load. This is one of the basic facts of life in economics: risk and variability are bad, and people are willing to pay a huge premium to avoid it. This is why a 1-year US Treasury Bond is currently paying 0.2%, whereas the expected average return on an index fund is about 8%. Quote by Bipolarity I tutor math at $10 an hour for 3 hours a week to some middle schoolers (I'm a college freshmen). There are tons of people qualified to tutor middle school students in basic algebra. There are far fewer qualified to tutor high school students in physics, which is what the OP was talking about. There is also an extreme amount of variation in the quality of tutoring. Many tutors simply solve the problem for the tutee, which may make the tutee happy, but does the tutee absolutely no good. It takes a great deal of skill and experience to be an effective tutor. Most people who go to tutors are wasting their money. They get absolutely no benefit from it, and should be paying the tutor$0/hr. A very common pattern with beginning physics students is that they flounder because they're trying to solve every problem by plugging numbers blindly into formulas rather than understanding the basic principles. Many tutors will reinforce this cookbook attitude rather then helping the student to overcome it. The pedagogical research in physics shows that many beginners gain very little understanding of concepts after an introductory course. Again, this differentiates highly skilled tutors from those who are not highly skilled. To overcome this barrier, you need a highly skilled tutor. Parents hiring a physics tutor for their high school kid typically don't know enough to be able to evaluate the tutor's level of proficiency accurately. (If they did, they'd be competent to tutor their own kid.) But they can look for other qualifications to serve as proxies for proficiency in tutoring. They can look at whether the tutor has a degree in the subject, and they can look at how much experience the tutor has. P: 783 Indeed indeed. So far though the PhysicsForums is probably the most cost-efficient effective tutoring program. I can ask any question, get answers from real scientists who have real interest in the subject, and get a nice discussion and learn a lot in the process. And it's done in good faith on everyone's part, with no motivations on money. I love it. Nevertheless I sympathize with the situation of self-employed tutors, but I still think it is a field that going to become obsolete quite soon, at least in math/physics. It will probably be strong in music and athletics though for a good long time. This is just my opinion though... Just by posting in this thread I have essentially learned a lot, but I haven't had to hire anyone in the process or anything. Thanks guys. BiP HW Helper P: 2,692 Bipolarity, from post #31, Count on a continued demand for private tutoring. This has been the case for hundreds of years, and since it is a very normal human thing, it will continue. Also count on the availability of an oversupply of tutors and teachers. Educated people are employed, unemployed, changing jobs, and some need or want extra money and can provide instructional service, both privately, and through private institutions. Just look at what community college instructors do: many go to jobs at more than one C.C. because each C.C. which hires them puts them on as part time at few enough hours that the C.C. does not need to pay benefits. Since class size are somewhat unpredictable, the teacher risks class closure; and can't be sure if he has a job at the place the following term. So many of these people while maintaining some knowledge and skills through teaching can also tutor and may try to. The universities and community colleges also have establshed tutoring programs for their Mathematics courses or a tutoring center somewhere on campus so there are tutors there. Tutoring is not going to go obsolete any time soon. P: 746 When AP exams come around the corner in a few months, it's the cash cow for private tutoring..jack up your prices! P: 1 Hi Friends, I have been approached by an online tutoring company to take online tutoring sessions for CG students based in US/UK, they are paying Rs. 2.5 per minute, is it ok or should i charge more for it. PF Gold P: 219 Quote by kikko I'd be tutoring a highschool graduate in highschool physics. His parents want 6-8 hours a week. What should I charge? I'm a physics major/math minor/chemistry minor in college. This is my 3rd year of physics, though I'm a senior. I would think $15 an hour, but I don't know if that's low or not. My parents paid for my elder brother to have a private math tutor for one hour per week and that cost £20. That's like,$30? P: 283 I work in my schools tutoring lab making $9/hour. I also do private tutoring as well, and I get between$10-15/hour for the private tutoring. I weight it a little different depending on the class. If I'm tutoring someone for Algebra I, I'm only likely to charge $10/hr, but if I'm tutoring for College Algebra, or Trigonometry, I'll charge$15/hr. I just finished Calculus I this last semester, and I've already had a couple people tell me that they want me to tutor them next semester. They both were more than happy to pay $15/hr. Most of the students I tutor receive somewhere around 3 hours of tutoring a week. P: 283 Quote by brimacki People who don't have a college degree probably shouldn't be charging more than$20/hour. However, you have a college degree and you won't be working with a firm. I'd say quote something on the order of \$40-50/hour. The fact that you charge a high amount should make the parents want to hire you more. This means you have confidence in your skills and are willing to deliver. Consider how much more they would be paying, plus how much less attention the student would get, if he went to a community college. I'm not sure how to take this comment. What do community colleges have to do with anything? Community colleges often result in MORE attention from professors, because class sizes are significantly smaller. I'm in a community college currently, and the largest class in my entire school has around 80-90 students in it. Over 90% of classes have fewer than 30 students, and the professors are nearly always very available. We have a comprehensive tutoring lab (which I work in), with tutors for nearly every class in the school, aside from more specialized classes like nursing, welding etc. A lot of the lower level classes like introductory calculus, calculus based physics, and general chemistry would have hundreds of people at a lot of universities. I've never had a physics or math class with more than 20 people in it. Smaller class sizes and more personalized attention is often considered to be a perk of community colleges. Related Discussions Career Guidance 11 Academic Guidance 3 High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics 1 Career Guidance 0	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.277747243642807, "perplexity": 1501.943511337239}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539337.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00431-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/applied-maxima-and-minima.60248/	# Applied Maxima and Minima 1. Jan 18, 2005 Hello all You are planning to make an open box from a 30- by 42 inch piece of sheet metal by cutting congruent squares from the corners and folding up the sides. You want the box to have the largest possible volume. (a) What size square should you cut from each corner? (gice side length of square) (b) What is the largest possible volume the box will have I know $$V(x) = x(30-2x)(42-2x)$$ So $$V'(x) = (30 - 2 x) (42 - 2 x) - 2 x (42 - 2 x) - 2 x (30 - 2 x)$$ I find the critical points, however how do I find the maximum volume. Also I am not sure how you would find what square size you should cut. Shouldn't you find the maximum volume? Thanks 2. Jan 18, 2005 ### MathStudent Both questions are really solved simultaneously. You are trying to find the value of x that makes V(x) take on the greatest value, thus that value for x will be the length of the side of the square you cut. Here are some questions to get you started: How do you find local extrema of a function? How do you find absloute max? what values of x make V(x) meaningless? Similar Discussions: Applied Maxima and Minima	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5211230516433716, "perplexity": 702.1217185682269}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807044.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123233821-20171124013821-00364.warc.gz"}
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/317630/esp8266-12-f-moisture-sensor-analog-reading-problem	# ESP8266-12 F/Moisture Sensor Analog Reading Problem I am using an ESP8266 12 F Module with 3 x 1,2 V Batteries (3,6 Volt) I connected a chinese soil moisture sensor like this (LINK) to the anaolog pin of the ESP8266 Module. The Module works from 3,3 Volt on to 5 V. Problem: The Sensor gives back 1024 every time no matter what the actual moisture conditions are. Dry Conditions = 1024, Fully under Water = 1024 I tried the same with an NodeMCU Module which uses the same ESP8266 Chip and there where no problems with the analog reading. Question 1: I found out that the ESP8266 12 F has an analoge pin capable of reading only values from 0-1 Volt so this could explain the high reading on every measurement when supplied with 3,6 Volt and under wet conditions.I still don't understand why the sensor returns 1024 even if there are absolutely dry conditions. Shouldn't there be a 0 reading? Question 2: I know that I need some kind of voltage divider e.g. two resistors and would appreciate some hint which ones I should use. The NodeMCU Module seems to have a voltage divider on board and that's why everything worked with this module. • What is the range of your input voltage, from dry to wet? Have you measured it with a meter to see if the voltage is within the 0 - 1V range of the ADC? – TisteAndii Mar 20 '18 at 12:54 I recently ran into the analog read problem on an ESP12 and found that the problem is referenced here: https://github.com/esp8266/Arduino/commit/09bb75874deb95c22b4c09e63b842fc1f89eebc3 To resolve the problem I modified core_esp8266_wiring_analog.c as shown here: extern int __analogRead(uint8_t pin) { // accept both A0 constant and ADC channel number if(pin == 17 \|\| pin == 0) {	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.15537682175636292, "perplexity": 2064.994970555413}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496671260.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20191122115908-20191122143908-00302.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/171983-finding-basic-function-transformation-question.html	# Math Help - Finding the Basic Function & Transformation question 1. ## Finding the Basic Function & Transformation question this is the question i'm working on (trying too but not understanding much of what is going on) Graph: $y= -3(1/2) ^x+3 +4$ by first stating the basic function and then describing each transformation applied in order. Specifically describe what happens to the domain, range, asymptotes, y-intercept, and vertical stretch or compression. How do I find the basic function? it is supposed to be $y= (1/2)^x$ but I don't get how you find that out. ( how do you get this information?) : it is translated 3 units to the left. it is vertically stretched by a factor of 3. < these are the answers from book. it is reflected in the x-axis. it is translated up 4 units. 2. I believe this is your function ... $y = -\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^{x+3} + 4$ the "parent" or most basic function being transformed is $y = \left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^x$ first transformation is $y = \left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^{x+3}$ ... the parent graph is shifted left 3 units. the next transformation is $y = -\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^{x+3}$ ... the previous shifted graph is reflected over the x-axis the last transformation is $y = -\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^{x+3} + 4$ ... the reflected graph is shifted up 4 units in functional notation, this is the order of transformations depicted on the attached graphs ... y = f(x) y = f(x+3) y = -f(x+3) y = -f(x+3)+4 recommend you graph these one step at a time with your calculator ... it allows you to see the the transformations take place a step at a time. 3. Thanks! before getting your reply I was going though the notes I made and I put it together with something i found on youtube. g(x) = A(B(x-C))+D) where A is: dilates graph vertically or flips over x-axis or both... where B is: dilates graph horizontally over the x axis. where C is : shifts graph left or right where d is: shifts graph up or down. and the negative sign indicates that is it has a reflection correct? so it was becoming clearer...as I went along thanks though for you answer The functional notation structure that you put would now make sense why they use that kind of form in the book. There are examples where they list the basic function and it continues down to a more complex function. NOW i see why. thanks again.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 7, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7893981337547302, "perplexity": 1011.2765685710561}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430452189638.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501034949-00001-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www.mathjournals.org/jot/2000-043-001/2000-043-001-003.html	Previous issue · Next issue · Most recent issue · All issues # Journal of Operator Theory Volume 43, Issue 1, Winter 2000 pp. 43-68. Completely and alternatingly hyperexpansive operators Authors V.M. Sholapurkar (1), and Ameer Athavale (2) Author institution: (1) Department of Mathematics, University of Pune, Pune - 411007, India (2) Department of Mathematics, University of Pune, Pune - 411007, India Summary: Special classes of functions on the classical semigroup ${\bbb N}$ of non-negative integers, arising through the mechanism of difference operators, can be associated in a natural way with special classes of bounded linear operators on Hilbert spaces. The interplay among the theories of special classes of functions on ${\bbb N}$ gets mirrored in the interaction among the associated classes of operators and leads to a fruitful synthesis of the theory of harmonic analysis on semigroups with operator theory. The present paper is a specific illustration of that theme. Contents Full-Text PDF	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2794632315635681, "perplexity": 1499.530289297007}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511206.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017174543-20181017200043-00321.warc.gz"}
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/146481/what-symmetry-operation-mixes-states-with-different-ell-in-hydrogen-atom?noredirect=1	What symmetry operation mixes states with different $\ell$ in hydrogen atom? [duplicate] We can mix states with different $m$ in hydrogen atom by rotating it around some axis (not coinciding with $z$). Thus rotation is the symmetry operation which mixes states with different $m$. As hydrogen has hidden symmetry, which leads to degeneracy in $\ell$, there must be some symmetry operation, which would mix different $\ell$'s. What is this operation? I understand that this symmetry is related to Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector conservation, but I don't quite see what symmetry operation corresponds to it.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.932541012763977, "perplexity": 443.35426960935314}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669730.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118080848-20191118104848-00342.warc.gz"}
http://gradestack.com/MCAT-Complete-Tutor/The-standard-potential-Eo/2-3316-3365-16562-sf	## General Chemistry ### Electrochemistry Question 3 out of 10 The standard potential Eo is related to equilibrium constant K by the following relation: In a reaction occurring at standard state conditions, if the concentrations of the products are greater than that of the reactants, which of the following is true? A K is negative B Eo is negative C The reaction is nonspontaneous D None of the above Ans. D Based on the given information in the question, we can say that Eo is directly related to K. The question also says that the product concentrations are greater than the reactant concentrations. So we can say that the equilibrium constant value is greater than 1. We can rule out Choice A, because there is no such thing as a negative concentration. So K cannot be negative anyway. Since we know that K is greater than 1, the natural logarithm of K will be positive. So from the equation, we can say that Eo cannot be negative, which rules out Choice B. Hence, the Eo value should be positive. Since we have a positive Eo value, the reaction is most likely to be spontaneous. Keep in mind the conditions at which the reaction occurs - standard state (1 atm, 25 oC).	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9607617855072021, "perplexity": 439.25756543918783}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00107-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://iclr.cc/virtual/2021/poster/2673	## Approximate Nearest Neighbor Negative Contrastive Learning for Dense Text Retrieval ### Lee Xiong · Chenyan Xiong · Ye Li · Kwok-Fung Tang · Jialin Liu · Paul N Bennett · Junaid Ahmed · Arnold Overwijk Keywords: [ Dense Retrieval ] [ Neural IR ] [ Text Representation ] [ Text Retrieval ] Abstract: Conducting text retrieval in a learned dense representation space has many intriguing advantages. Yet dense retrieval (DR) often underperforms word-based sparse retrieval. In this paper, we first theoretically show the bottleneck of dense retrieval is the domination of uninformative negatives sampled in mini-batch training, which yield diminishing gradient norms, large gradient variances, and slow convergence. We then propose Approximate nearest neighbor Negative Contrastive Learning (ANCE), which selects hard training negatives globally from the entire corpus. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of ANCE on web search, question answering, and in a commercial search engine, showing ANCE dot-product retrieval nearly matches the accuracy of BERT-based cascade IR pipeline. We also empirically validate our theory that negative sampling with ANCE better approximates the oracle importance sampling procedure and improves learning convergence.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9252155423164368, "perplexity": 12930.014483912888}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055775.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917181500-20210917211500-00677.warc.gz"}
https://www.groundai.com/project/orbital-kondo-effect-in-cobalt-benzene-sandwich-molecules/	Orbital Kondo effect in Cobalt-Benzene sandwich molecules # Orbital Kondo effect in Cobalt-Benzene sandwich molecules ## Abstract We study a Co-benzene sandwich molecule bridging the tips of a Cu nanocontact as a realistic model of correlated molecular transport. To this end we employ a recently developed method for calculating the correlated electronic structure and transport properties of nanoscopic conductors. When the molecule is slightly compressed by the tips of the nanocontact the dynamic correlations originating from the strongly interacting Co shell give rise to an orbital Kondo effect while the usual spin Kondo effect is suppressed due to Hund’s rule coupling. This non-trivial Kondo effect produces a sharp and temperature-dependent Abrikosov-Suhl resonance in the spectral function at the Fermi level and a corresponding Fano line shape in the low bias conductance. ###### pacs: 73.63.Rt, 71.27.+a, 72.15.Qm, 31.15.A– The discovery of ferrocene and bisbenzene chromium Kealy and Pauson (1951); ? over half a century ago was the starting point for experimental and theoretical work both in chemistry and physics concerning the intricate properties of organometallic compounds. The investigation of these and related sandwich complexes is driven by their relevance in various chemical applications (e.g. catalysis) and more recently also because of their prospective nanotechnological applications for example as molecular magnets Gatteschi et al. (2006) or spintronic devices Xiang et al. (2006); ?. Molecules with a transition metal (TM) center coupled to aromatic groups are also of high interest from a fundamental point of view. The strong electronic correlations in the shell of the TM can modify the ground state and electronic transport properties of such molecules, leading to many-body phenomena like the Kondo effect Hewson (1997) as recently observed in TM-phthalocyanine molecules Zhao et al. (2005); ?. The importance of dynamical correlations in nanoscopic devices in general is further substantiated by the recent observation of the Kondo effect in nanocontacts made from TMs Calvo et al. (2009); Jacob et al. (2009). Also recently a so-called underscreened Kondo effect has been reported for a molecule trapped in a breakjunction Parks et al. (2010). While the Kondo effect is commonly associated with the screening of a local magnetic moment by the conduction electrons, it is also possible that another internal degree of freedom associated with a degeneracy gives rise to a Kondo effect Cox and Zawadowski (1998). One example is the so-called orbital Kondo effect where the pseudo-spin arising from an orbital degeneracy is screened by the conduction electrons Kolesnychenko et al. (2002); ?. Such complex many-body phenomena call for a theoretical description beyond the standard treatment with Kohn-Sham (KS) density functional theory (DFT) which cannot capture many-body physics beyond the effective mean-field picture. The incorrect behavior of the KS DFT for strongly correlated systems can be remedied by augmenting the DFT with a local Hubbard-like interaction. This DFT++ approach is the de facto standard in the theory of solids Kotliar et al. (2006); ?. Recently this approach has been adapted to the case of nanoscopic conductors Jacob et al. (2009); Jacob and Kotliar (2010); ?; Lucignano et al. (2009); ?; ?; ?. In this letter we apply this method to investigate the transport properties of cobalt benzene sandwich molecules (CH)Co(CH) (CoBz in the following). We find that dynamical correlations in the Co shell give rise to an orbital Kondo effect in a doubly degenerate level of the Co shell while the usual spin Kondo effect is suppressed due to Hund’s rule coupling. We perform DFT calculations using the CRYSTAL06 code Dovesi et al. () employing the LDA Kohn and Sham (1965), PW91 Perdew and Wang (1986) and the hybrid functional B3LYP Becke (1993), and using the all electron Gaussian 6-31G basis set. The geometries of the wires were relaxed beforehand and kept fixed during the calculations. The geometry of the molecule in contact with the wires was relaxed employing the B3LYP functional geo (). In order to capture many-body effects beyond the DFT level, we have applied the DFT+OCA (Density Functional Theory + One-Crossing Approximation) for nanoscopic conductors developed by one of us in earlier work Jacob et al. (2009); Jacob and Kotliar (2010). To this end the system is divided into three parts: The two semi-infinite leads L and R and the device region D containing the molecule and part of the leads. The KS Green’s function (GF) of region D can now be obtained from the DFT electronic structure as where is the KS Hamiltonian of region D and are the so-called lead self-energies which describe the coupling of D to L and R and which are obtained from the DFT electronic structure of the nanowire leads. Next the mean-field KS Hamiltonian is augmented by a Hubbard-like interaction term that accounts for the strongly interacting electrons of the Co shell. Here we use a simplified interaction which only takes into account the direct Coulomb repulsion and the Hund’s rule coupling . These are different from the bare interactions due to screening processes. Here we assume that the interactions are somewhat increased as compared to their bulk values since the screening should be weaker than in bulk. Hence we use eV and eV; indeed we find that our results are qualitatively stable for a reasonable range of values for and (see below). The interacting Co shell coupled to the rest of the system (benzene+leads) constitutes a so-called Anderson impurity model (AIM). The AIM is completely defined by the interaction parameters and , the energy levels of the orbitals and the so-called hybridization function . The latter describes the (dynamic) coupling of the Co -shell to the rest of the system and can be obtained from the KS GF as where is the chemical potential, are the KS energy levels of the orbitals and is the KS GF projected onto the subspace. The energy levels are obtained from the static crystal field where as usual in DFT++ approaches a double counting correction (DCC) has to be subtracted to compensate for the overcounting of interaction terms. Here we employ the so-called fully localized or atomic limit DCC Czyżyk and Sawatzky (1994) . The AIM is solved within the OCA Haule et al. (2001); Kotliar et al. (2006). This yields the electronic self-energy which accounts for the electronic correlations of the -electrons due to strong electron-electron interactions. The correlated GF is then given by . Correspondingly, the correlated GF for D is given by where and only act within the subspace. From we can calculate the transmission function where . For small bias voltages , the transmission yields the conductance: . We consider a single CoBz molecule in contact with two semi-infinite Cu nanowires as shown in Fig. 1a. The CoBz molecule is the smallest instance of a general class of MBz complexes, where M stands for a metal atom, that have been prepared and investigated Kurikawa et al. (1999); ?; ?; Xiang et al. (2006); ?; ?. The semi-infinite Cu wires exhibit the hexagonal symmetry of the molecule and correspond to the (6,0) wires described in Ref. Tosatti et al., 2001. We investigate the system at three different Cu-tip-Co distances 3.6 Å, 4.0 Å and 4.3 Å (see Fig. 1a,b). As can be seen from Fig. 1b the Bz-Bz distance varies between 3.4 Å and 3.65 Å depending on the distance of the Cu tip to the Co atom in the center of the molecule. At distances Å and Å the molecule is slightly compressed compared to its free height of about Å, whereas it is slightly stretched at Å. The hexagonal symmetry of the system leads to a lifting of the degeneracy of the five orbitals. The symmetry adapted representations are: the group consisting of the orbital only, the doubly degenerate group consisting of the and orbitals and the group consisting of the and orbitals. Figs. 1c+d show the imaginary parts of the hybridization functions calculated from the LDA electronic structure. The imaginary part of the hybridization function exhibits a distinct peak close to the Fermi level () in the channel, whose position, width and height depend significantly on the molecular geometry, specifically on the Bz-Co distance. The other channels and show only a negligible hybridization close to . The dominant feature stems, similarly as shown for graphene Wehling et al. (2010); Jacob and Kotliar (2010) from hybridization with the orbital state of the benzene rings. The feature does not depend qualitatively on the DFT functional used, as we have found the same feature within GGA and also in B3LYP calculations. The presence of strong molecular resonances in the hybridization function makes this case different from the case of nanocontacts with magnetic impurities where the hybridization functions are generally much smoother (see Ref. Jacob et al. (2009) for comparison). Fig. 2a compares the correlated spectral functions of the Co electrons for the three distances considered here at high temperatures on a large energy scale. The spectra vary considerably as the distance changes. Most importantly, for around 3.6 Å when the molecule is slightly compressed, a sharp temperature-dependent peak appears right at , as can be seen from Fig. 2b. The peak is strongly renormalized (i.e. it only carries a small fraction of the spectral weight) due to the strong electron-electron interactions. The sharp peak in the spectral function at that starts to develop already at temperatures of eV K stems from the channel which is the only channel with appreciable hybridization near , see Figs. 1b+c. Correspondingly, the transmission function (Fig. 2c) shows a Fano-like feature around zero energy. A renormalized, sharp and temperature-dependent resonance in the spectral function at is commonly associated with the Kondo effect. Looking at the orbital occupations, we find that the channel that gives rise to the resonance for Å has an occupation of about while the total occupation of the shell is . The fractional occupation numbers indicate the presence of valence fluctuations where the charges in the individual impurity levels fluctuate in contrast to the pure Kondo regime where these fluctuations are frozen. Analyzing the atomic states of the Co -shell contributing to the ground state of the system we find that the principal contribution (%) is an atomic state with electrons and a total spin of as shown in Fig. 3a. The total spin 1 stems from holes in the and channels. The charge fluctuations in the channel are mainly due to the contribution (%) of an atomic state. There are considerably weaker contributions (%) from atomic and states. The individual contributions of the remaining atomic states are very small (below 1%) but add up to a total contribution of 34%. By exclusion of individual atomic states from the calculation of the spectra we can determine which fluctuations are responsible for the different spectral features. We find that the fluctuations between the and the states are primarily responsible for the three spectral features close to including the sharp Kondo-like peak right at , as illustrated in Fig. 3b. Also the broad peak around eV below originates from these fluctuations while the broad peak about eV above arises from fluctuations between the atomic state and the principal atomic state. The two peaks in the spectral function nearest to the Kondo resonance arise from the strong energy dependence of the hybridization function whose real part has poles just below and above roughly at the positions of these two spectral features. Note that the fluctuations from the to the states that give rise to the Kondo-like peak at actually cannot lead to a spin Kondo effect since the spin of the state is higher than the spin of the principal state. Instead the fluctuations between the and the states which give rise to the Kondo-like resonance at correspond to an orbital Kondo effect in the doubly-degenerate levels of the Co shell as illustrated in the upper panel of Fig. 3c. Here the index labeling the two orbitals with symmetry takes over the role of a pseudo spin. In the principal atomic state the levels are occupied with three electrons and hence have a pseudo spin of . By excitation to the state the electron with minority real spin and with some pseudo spin state is annihilated. By relaxation to the principal electronic state a minority real spin electron can now be created in one of the two pseudo spin states. Those processes that lead to a flip of the pseudo spin then give rise to the orbital Kondo effect and the formation of the Kondo peak at . The absence of a normal spin Kondo effect where the total spin 1 of the principal atomic state is screened, is easily understood on the following grounds: First, in general the Kondo scale decreases exponentially with increasing spin of the magnetic impurity Nevidomskyy and Coleman (2009). In addition, here the level does not couple at all to the conduction electrons around (no hybridization). Thus the spin associated with it cannot be flipped directly through hopping processes with the conduction electron bath. On the other hand, an underscreened Kondo effect as reported in Ref. Parks et al. (2010) where only the spin within the shell is screened is also suppressed compared to the orbital Kondo effect due to Hund’s rule coupling: Screening of the spin in the shell can take place by fluctuations to the () state. However, the Hund’s rule coupling favors the high spin () state over the low spin () state as can also be seen from the smaller weight of the latter compared to the former. Hence the Kondo scale is considerably lower for the underscreened Kondo effect than for the orbital Kondo effect found here. At lower temperatures (not accessible with OCA) the two Kondo effects may in fact coexist. We have also checked the dependence of the LDA+OCA spectra on the DCC as well as on the interaction parameters and (not shown sup ()). In general we find the spectra and also the Kondo peak to be qualitatively robust against shifts of the impurity levels in energy over a range of several electron volts, and changes of between 3 and 7 eV, and of between 0.6 to 1 eV. As expected for the Kondo effect the sharp resonance stays pinned to the Fermi level when shifting the impurity levels in energy, and only height and width somewhat change. Stretching the molecule by displacing the tips of the Cu nanowires the Kondo resonance and the concomitant Fano line shape in the transmission disappear for distances Å (not shown). This is accompanied by an increase of the occupation of the Co shell. The new regime is characterized by a strong valence mixing between the and atomic state of roughly equal contribution indicating that the system is now in the so-called mixed valence regime (see e.g. Ref. Hewson, 1997, Chap. 5). Hence the orbital Kondo effect and the associated spectral features can be controlled by stretching or compressing the molecule via the tip atoms of the Cu nanocontact. This strong sensitivity on the molecular conformation stems from the sharp features in the hybridization function which change considerably when the molecule is stretched or compressed as can be seen from Fig. 1d. This peculiar behavior is qualitatively different from the case of the nanocontacts containing magnetic impurities where the hybridization functions are much smoother Jacob et al. (2009). In conclusion, we have shown for a CoBz sandwich molecule coupled to Cu nanowires that the dynamic correlations originating from the strongly interacting Co electrons give rise to an orbital Kondo effect in the doubly degenerate levels while a spin Kondo effect is suppressed by Hund’s rule coupling. Due to the sensitivity of the electronic correlations on the molecular conformation it is possible to control the appearance of the orbital Kondo effect by stretching and compressing the molecule with the tips of the Cu leads. It should be possible to prepare a setup similar to the one considered here in an actual experiment and measure the orbital Kondo effect, e.g. by contacting a CoBz molecule deposited on a Cu(111) surface with a scanning tunneling microscope. Finally, we mention that we have also explored the case of a NiBz sandwich. In this case we do not find a Kondo effect. Instead the system is in the mixed valence regime characterized by a strong peak with weak temperature dependence close to but not at sup (). We thank K. Haule for providing us with the OCA impurity solver and for helpful discussions. Support from SFB 668, LEXI Hamburg and ETSF are acknowledged. MK gratefully acknowledges the hospitality of the Max-Planck-Institute in Halle (Saale). ### References 1. T. Kealy and P. Pauson, Nature 168, 1039 (1951). 2. E. Fischer and W. Hafner, Z. Naturforsch. B 10, 665 (1955). 3. D. Gatteschi, R. Sessoli, and J. Villain, Molecular Nanomagnets (Oxford University Press, 2006). 4. H. Xiang et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 2310 (2006). 5. Y. Mokrousov et al., Nanotechnology 18, 495402 (2007). 6. A. C. Hewson, The Kondo problem to heavy fermions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997). 7. A. Zhao et al., Science 309, 1542 (2005). 8. L. Gao et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 106402 (2007). 9. M. R. Calvo et al., Nature 358, 1150 (2009). 10. D. Jacob, K. Haule, and G. Kotliar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 016803 (2009). 11. J. J. Parks et al., Science 328, 1370 (2010). 12. D. L. Cox and A. Zawadowski, Adv. Phys. 47, 599 (1998). 13. O. Y. Kolesnychenko et al., Nature 415, 507 (2002). 14. Jarillo-Herrero et al., Nature 434, 484 (2005). 15. G. Kotliar et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 865 (2006). 16. A. I. Lichtenstein and M. I. Katsnelson, Phys. Rev. B 57, 6884 (1998). 17. D. Jacob and G. Kotliar, Phys. Rev. B 82, 085423 (2010). 18. D. Jacob, K. Haule, and G. Kotliar, Phys. Rev. B 82, 195115 (2010). 19. P. Lucignano et al., Nature Mat. 8, 563 (2009). 20. L. G. G. V. Dias da Silva et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 155443 (2009). 21. R. Korytár and N. Lorente, arXiv:1102.1667v1. 22. A. Valli et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 246402 (2010). 23. R. Dovesi et al., CRYSTAL06, Release 1.0.2, Theoretical Chemistry Group - Universita’ Di Torino - Torino (Italy). 24. W. Kohn and L. J. Sham, Phys. Rev. 140, A1133 (1965). 25. J. P. Perdew and Y. Wang, Phys. Rev. B 33, 8800 (1986). 26. A. D. Becke, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 5648 (1993). 27. Although for the free molecule the two benzene rings tilt towards each other Kurikawa et al. (1999), we find that the presence of the electrodes stabilizes the linear geometry considered here. See supplemental material for details. 28. M. T. Czyżyk and G. A. Sawatzky, Phys. Rev. B 49, 14211 (1994). 29. K. Haule et al., Phys. Rev. B 64, 155111 (2001). 30. T. Kurikawa et al., Organometallics 18, 1430 (1999). 31. A. Nakajima and K. Kaya, J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 176 (2000). 32. J. Martinez et al., J. Chem. Phys. 132, 044314 (2010). 33. X. Zhang and J. Wang, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 112, 296 (2008). 34. E. Tosatti et al., Science 291, 288 (2001). 35. T. O. Wehling et al., Phys. Rev. B 81, 115427 (2010). 36. A. H. Nevidomskyy and P. Coleman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 147205 (2009). 37. See supplemental material for details. You are adding the first comment! How to quickly get a good reply: • Give credit where it’s due by listing out the positive aspects of a paper before getting into which changes should be made. • Be specific in your critique, and provide supporting evidence with appropriate references to substantiate general statements. • Your comment should inspire ideas to flow and help the author improves the paper. The better we are at sharing our knowledge with each other, the faster we move forward. 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https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/3/e019041	Article Text Patterns and trends of potentially inappropriate high-density lipoprotein cholesterol testing in Australian adults at high risk of cardiovascular disease from 2008 to 2014: analysis of linked individual patient data from the Australian Medicare Benefits Schedule and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme 1. Farshid Hajati1,2, 2. Evan Atlantis2,3,4, 3. Katy J L Bell5, 4. Federico Girosi1,2 1. 1 Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia 2. 2 Capital Markets CRC, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 3. 3 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia 4. 4 School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5. 5 School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 1. Correspondence to Professor Federico Girosi; f.girosi{at}westernsydney.edu.au ## Abstract Objectives We examine the extent to which the adult Australian population on lipid-lowering medications receives the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) testing recommended by national guidelines. Data We analysed records from 7 years (2008–2014) of the 10% publicly available sample of deidentified, individual level, linked Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) electronic databases of Australia. Methods The PBS data were used to identify individuals on stable prescriptions of lipid-lowering treatment. The MBS data were used to estimate the annual frequency of HDL-C testing. We developed a methodology to address the issue of ‘episode coning’ in the MBS data, which causes an undercounting of pathology tests. We used a published figure on the proportion of unreported HDL-C tests to correct for the undercounting and estimate the probability that an HDL-C test was performed. We judged appropriateness of testing frequency by comparing the HDL-C testing rate to guidelines’ recommendations of annual testing for people at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Results We estimated that approximately 49% of the population on stable lipid-lowering treatment did not receive any HDL-C test in a given year. We also found that approximately 19% of the same population received two or more HDL-C tests within the year. These levels of underutilisation and overutilisation have been changing at an average rate of 2% and −4% a year, respectively, since 2009. The yearly expenditure associated with test overutilisation was approximately $A4.3 million during the study period, while the cost averted because of test underutilisation was approximately$A11.3 million a year. Conclusions We found that approximately half of Australians on stable lipid-lowering treatment may be having fewer HDL-C testing than recommended by national guidelines, while nearly one-fifth are having more tests than recommended. • epidemiology • cardiac epidemiology • chemical pathology • primary care This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ View Full Text ## Statistics from Altmetric.com ### Strengths and limitations of this study • This is the first study of potentially inappropriate high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) testing together with the associated expenditure in the Australian adult population. • A strength and innovation of this study is that, in order to deal with episode coning, we are able to make use of additional information from the Australian Department of Health and Ageing about the proportion of performed HDL-C tests that is recorded in the Medicare Benefits Schedule. • A limitation of this approach is that the adjustment we used for episode coning throughout the study was based on the only year the additional information was available (2011), and it may have shifted over time. • Another limitation is that the estimated rates of inappropriate testing have wide lower and upper bounds due to the episode-coning rules. • Perhaps the most important limitation is that we only examined inappropriate testing in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease (on treatment), and the relative rates of underutilisation versus overutilisation are likely to differ in lower-risk groups. ## Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of non-communicable disease burden worldwide.1 In Australia, CVD was ranked the second leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), accounting for 15% of the total burden in 2011.2 Effective prevention of CVD requires early identification of high-risk individuals who might benefit from targeted intervention, to maximise potential health benefits. High blood cholesterol is one of the major modifiable risk factors for CVD that is commonly assessed in CVD risk models or scoring systems (often called ‘risk assessment tools’) routinely used in general population opportunistic screening.3 Prospective cohort studies show blood cholesterol levels have a dose–response effect on CVD risk.4 Conversely, randomised controlled trials show that larger reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) have larger reductions in CVD risk; each 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL-C with statins reduces the relative risk of CVD over 4–5 years by an additional 20%.5 6 Evidence on the safety and effectiveness of statins has been accompanied by increased lipid testing and statin use in high-income countries,7–12 and recent lowering of risk thresholds for initiating statin treatment in the UK13 and USA.14 Since 2005, guidelines released by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP), also known as the ‘Redbook’, have consistently recommended cholesterol-lowering therapy for high-risk individuals (those with an absolute CVD risk >15% over the next 5 years),15–19 and there has been a large increase in the utilisation of lipid-lowering medications by Australians.20 Guidelines for blood lipid testing recommend testing every 5 years for low-risk (absolute CVD risk <10%), every 2 years for moderate-risk (absolute CVD risk 10%–15%) and every 12 months for high-risk individuals. Blood lipid testing is used by general practitioners and medical specialists for two main purposes21: (1) identifying patients at high CVD risk in order to offer lipid-lowering treatment (who may or may not also have high blood cholesterol) and (2) for monitoring response to the treatment after this has been prescribed,22 aiming recommended lipid targets.18 The number of all pathology tests per person funded by the Australian government through ‘Medicare’ has increased by 40% in the last decade, predominately among those who had more than one test.23 There is evidence suggesting that up to 20% of repeat testing is inappropriate, resulting in overutilisation of pathology tests.24 This trend has led to a significant increase in Medicare expenditures.23 The scale and pattern of inappropriate blood cholesterol testing in Australia has not been systematically studied. This study examined patterns of HDL-C testing in the Australian adult population who were on a stable prescription of lipid-lowering treatment over a 7-year period, from 2008 to 2014. We limited our study to people on lipid-lowering treatment as we could assume that they were at high risk (people not on lipid-lowering treatment may or may not be low risk). The requirement that treatment was stable was to decrease the chances that lipid testing was being used for medication titration.25 We chose HDL-C as a proxy for all lipid testing as unlike other tests such as total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol, it has a unique MBS item number. The aim of this study was to systematically examine trends in inappropriate HDL-C testing (underutilisation and overutilisation) based on guidance for annual blood lipid testing in people at high risk of CVD. ## Methods ### Data sources This research was performed using 7 years of data (2008–2014) from the deidentified 10% sample of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) released by the Australian Department of Health.26 The dataset contains weights that allow accurate estimation of service use (not only at the national level, but also at the level of gender, age and geography), making the dataset representative of the Australian population. The MBS and PBS data are linkable and allow the same individual to be tracked over time, providing information for a sample of approximately 2.1 million Australians who are representative of the full population. ### Outcomes There are two key outcomes: one is the estimated rate (number/1000 population/year, with lower–upper bound intervals) of underutilisation of HDL-C testing, and the other one is the estimated rate (number/1000 population/year, with lower–upper bound intervals) of overutilisation of HDL-C testing in high-risk individuals. We defined ‘inappropriate’ testing based on national guidelines (‘Redbook’).15–18 The RACGP guidelines for blood lipid testing recommend every 12 months for high-risk groups. The recommendation of 12-monthly testing for those identified at high risk (who are also recommended to be started on preventative medication) implies that lipid testing in this context is being used for monitoring the adequacy of lipid-lowering treatment in these individuals. We estimated underutilisation in the high-risk group, for each of the 7 years of data, based on the following criteria: no HDL-C test in a year for adults in the stable target population (individuals with at least two scripts for a same lipid-lowering medication). For overutilisation, we used the following criteria: two or more HDL-C tests per year for adults in the stable target population. This definition of overutilisation is consistent with our choice of the target population that includes people on stable treatment: we eliminate the need to allow multiple HDL-C tests associated with treatment initiation. The assumption here is that we identify the population at high cardiovascular risk (at least as judged by their treating physician) with the population on a stable lipid-lowering medication. ### Covariates The covariates used in the multivariate analysis were gender, age, geographical state where the individual resides and calendar year. We stratified age into six age groups: 18–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74 and 75+. In the provided dataset, there were five categories for the geographical state (some states were combined): New South Wales was combined with Australia Capital Territory (NSW+ACT), Victoria was combined with Tasmania (VIC+TA), South Australia was combined with Northern Territory (SA+NT), Queensland (QLD) and Western Australia (WA). ### Statistical analyses We developed a new method to provide an estimate of the number of HDL-C tests, as well as a lower and an upper bound using the MBS dataset. For the lower bound, we simply counted the number of HDL-C tests, ignoring episode coning. For the upper bound, we applied the methodology developed by Trevena et al 32 to estimate the number of HDL-C tests. This methodology relied on the observation that if an episode of care contained three (or more) items and the fee associated to the test of interest was lower than the fee of the cheapest claimed item then it was possible that the test of interest was ‘coned out’ (meaning that it was performed but not recorded because of coning). Excluding the pathology tests requested for hospitalised patients or ordered by specialists from those episodes of care, we referred to the rest as ‘potential coning’ episodes, and therefore the upper bound on the number of HDL-C tests performed was simply the number of ‘potential coning’ episodes ( ) plus the number of HDL-C test observed in the MBS ( ). Since the HDL-C test is inexpensive, the probability that it is ‘coned out’ in an episode of care is quite high, and therefore the difference between the lower and upper bounds is quite large. In order to address this very large uncertainty, we make the following observation: the upper bound is unrealistic, and it implies that an enormous number of HDL-C tests are done each year. The true number of tests per population is somewhere in between the lower and upper bounds and can be estimated based on the actual number of HDL-C tests done per year which is approximately known: the Department of Health and Ageing reports that only about 35% of the number of HDL-C tests were recorded in the MBS dataset, in 2011.33 This implies that the true total number of test performed, is given by the formula: . In turn, this allows us to estimate the probability p∈[0,1] that in each potential coning episode the HDL-C test was ‘coned out’. The probability p is estimated by assuming that the true total number of tests performed ( ) is equal to the number of observed tests ( ) plus a proportion of the potential coning episodes: Substituting with its estimated value and solving for p, we obtain: Using the records from year 2011, we estimated the value of p as 0.33. We applied this finding to the individual level: since patients differed in the number of potential coning episodes in each year, and since the probability p applies to each coning episode, some patients were more likely to receive an HDL-C test than others. Therefore, for an individual i with potential coning episodes, the number of HDL-C tests (in addition to the observed ones) has a binomial distribution over trials with probability of success equal to p. If is the number of observed HDL-C tests for individual i in a year, the probability distribution for the total number k of HDL-C tests in that year for individual i, , is obtained by shifting the binomial distribution by : The formula above allows us to estimate for each individual i both the probability of receiving no HDL-C test, , and the probability of receiving two or more HDL-C tests, , as: We performed three types of analyses: 1. We aggregated the probabilities and over the entire target population and estimated the proportions of individuals who either underuse or overuse HDL-C tests. 2. Since the cost of an HDL-C test is known, we also computed the total cost averted, that is the additional amount that should have been spent on HDL-C tests, but was not, because of underutilisation. For the overutilisation cases, we also compute the theoretical total savings that would accrue if all overutilisation was prevented. 3. In order to understand what factors are associated with apparent inappropriate testing, we performed two sets of logistic regression on the variables we have constructed to define the probability of underutilisation and overutilisation. In each of the regressions, we controlled for age, gender, state of residence, calendar year, and the interaction between age and year. ## Results Figure 1 sets the stage for the rest of the analysis and shows the estimated number of HDL-C tests with the lower and upper bounds, and the number of lipid-lowering scripts in Australian adults from 2008 to 2014. The number of HDL-C tests increased from 248 tests per 1000 people in 2008 to 313 tests per 1000 people in 2014. In the same period, the number of lipid-lowering scripts increased from 1149 scripts in 1000 people in 2008 to 1313 scripts in 1000 people in 2014. These curves show that the number of HDL-C tests increased by 26%, while the number of lipid-lowering scripts increased by 14% over the study period. The prevalence of HDL-C test is comparable with the figures of Exeter et al for New Zealand, that were estimated in the range of 247 to 351 per 1000 people in the period 2006–2010.10 Figure 1 The estimated number of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) tests (bottom graph, scale on the left side) and lipid-lowering scripts per 1000 people (top graph, scale on the right side) from 2008 to 2014. The bars in the bottom graph show the lower and upper bounds of the estimate. In table 1, we shift our attention to the stable target population in 2014 and present the population size, the number of estimated HDL-C tests and the number of lipid-lowering scripts for different subgroups defined by gender, age and region. The total number of estimated HDL-C tests was 680 tests per 1000 population, with slightly larger number of tests in males than females. The number of lipid-lowering scripts was 9488 per 1000 population, with very small difference between males and females. Individuals aged 55–64 years had the lowest HDL-C testing rate (663 per 1000 population), while individuals aged 18–34 years had the lowest number of scripts (6463 per 1000 population). From the residential area viewpoint, NSW+ACT had the highest rate of HDL-C testing (700 per 1000 population), while SA+NT had the highest rate of lipid-lowering scripts (9674 per 1000 population). Table 1 Descriptive analysis of HDL-C testing and lipid-lowering scripts in the stable target population in 2014 Table 1 shows raw, unadjusted estimates. To gain a better understanding of the patterns of HDL-C tests and lipid-lowering medications, we also performed a multivariate analysis on the same data. We used a negative binomial model with gender, age and region as covariates and report the results in table 2. Males were slightly more likely to use HDL-C tests (OR=1.03). Younger individuals were also more likely to use HDL-C tests compared with individuals aged 75 or more, with the highest OR in the youngest group (OR=1.23). In addition, individuals living in NSW+ACT were significantly more likely to use HDL-C tests compared with most states. From the lipid-lowering medication point of view, there is a clear and significant pattern of increasing utilisation with age. No sizeable pattern was observed across geographies. Table 2 Multivariate analysis of HDL-C testing and lipid-lowering scripts in the stable target population in 2014 Figure 2 shows the estimated proportion, with lower and upper bounds, of individuals in the stable target population who did not have an HDL-C test in a 12-month period (underutilisation rate, blue colour). It also shows the estimated proportion of individuals in the stable target population who received two or more HDL-C tests in 12-month periods (overutilisation rate, red colour). For completeness, we also show in figure 2 the estimated proportion of individuals in the stable target population who received one HDL-C test in 12-month periods (correct utilisation, green colour). Approximately 49% (range: 45.8%–51.0%) of the stable target population were not tested for HDL-C consistently from 2008 to 2014. In contrast, approximately 19% (range: 16.9%–20.8%) of the target population had more than the recommended number of HDL-C tests per annum, whereas approximately 32.9% (range: 32.1%–33.4%) of high-risk individuals had the recommended number of HDL-C tests per annum. A simple trend analysis shows no significant linear trend for any of the utilisation curves for the period between 2008 and 2014, with p-values for the trend over 0.2. However, an analysis of the most recent years suggests that there is an upward trend for underutilisation and downward trend for overutilisation. Given the very limited lengths of the time series, it does not seem appropriate to draw any definite conclusion and take the presence of these trends as suggestive. Figure 2 Underutilisation, correct-utilisation and overutilisation rates of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol test in the stable target population from year 2008 to 2014. Figure 3 shows, in blue colour, the estimated yearly cost averted by HDL-C test underutilisation, that is the cost that Medicare would have incurred if the underutilising individuals had received the recommended level of testing. This amount oscillates over time around an average of $A11.3 million per year. The figure also shows, in red colour, the amount that the government could save by effectively preventing overutilisation which is approximately$A4.3 million per year. Figure 3 Costs that were averted because of underutilisation and total potential savings that could have been theoretically realised if all overutilisation were prevented. All the cost figures were converted to 2014 $A using the Australian Bureau of Statistics all groups Consumer Price Index.42 The descriptive analysis of underutilisation and overutilisation in 2014, considering gender, age and state of residence as covariates, is reported in table 3, where we show the distribution of underutilisation and overutilisation by gender, age and region. Table 3 shows that males contribute somewhat more than females to both underutilisation and overutilisation populations. The table also shows that people aged ≥75 years constitute the largest percentage of both underutilisation (37.73%) and overutilisation (36.75%) (this is likely to be because they represent the highest proportion of people who were prescribed a lipid-lowering medication, as shown in table 1). In addition, the table shows that most underutilisation and overutilisation are found in NSW+ACT, while the least proportions are found in SA+NT. Table 3 Descriptive analysis of underutilisation and overutilisation of HDL-C testing in the stable target population in 2014 We performed a multivariate analysis to gain insight in which factors are associated with underutilisation and overutilisation. The covariates entering the logit were: gender, age, region and year. We controlled for changing composition of the population by including pairwise interactions between year and gender, age and region. The results are reported in table 4, where for clarity we have omitted the coefficients for all interactions. Table 4 provides a number of insights on predictors of underutilisation and overutilisation of HDL-C tests among the stable target population. Table 4 Multivariate analysis of underutilisation and overutilisation of HDL-C testing in the stable target population in 2008–2014 Males were less likely to underutilise HDL-C tests, although not to a large extent (OR=0.97), and individuals aged ≥75 were more likely to underutilise than individuals in all other age groups, except for those aged 18–34. The latter group exhibits a much higher likelihood of underutilisation than those aged 75 or more. Moreover, there was a significant geographical variation in underutilisation: VIC+TA is the only region which is less likely to underutilise than NSW+ACT. For overutilisation, males are more likely to overutilise HDL-C tests than females (OR=1.06), and younger people, aged 35–54 years, are more likely to overutilise than those aged 75 years or older. To a lesser extent, this is also true for those aged 55–74 years. Also, there is a significant variation of overutilisation across states. WA is much less likely to overutilise than NSW+ACT, followed by QLD, while VIC+TA is slightly more likely to overutilise. The coefficients of the year variables show that there is temporal variation in both underutilisation and overutilisation which is not explained by demographic and regional changes. ### Sensitivity analysis Our definition of overutilisation is a strict interpretation of the guidelines and does not leave space for additional HDL-C tests in 1 year, often associated with initiation of treatment. This is justified because we focus on the stable target population, who had initiated treatment already. However, we also tested a more conservative definition of overutilisation that allows two HDL-C tests a year as normal. We found that the results are sensitive to this definition and that the overutilisation rate decreases by a factor of three (approximately 6%). We also considered the hypothesis that people who moved across states within a calendar year might have different utilisation patterns. We found that moving was marginally significantly associated with underutilisation (p=0.004), but not with overutilisation (p=0.085). However, this effect was small and affected only 0.5% of the study population. A final issue considered was the effect of the change in the PBS data that took place in 2012. Prior to July 2012, scripts for drugs costing below the copayment threshold, dispensed to general patients, were not recorded. This means that prior to July 2012, the study population is missing the general beneficiaries using lipid-lowering medications below copayment. In order to estimate the missing population size, we analysed data for the year 2013. In this year, only 26% of the lipid-lowering scripts were dispensed to general beneficiaries. Out of this 26%, only 32% were under copayment. Therefore, if the data collection rules existing prior to year 2012 applied to year 2013, we would have missed only 8% (0.26×0.32=0.083) of the population. This implies that the composition of the target population is unlikely to have changed significantly before and after 2012. ## Discussion The main finding of this work is that a considerable proportion of individuals on lipid-lowering treatment do not receive at least one HDL-C test a year (approximately half). Since people on lipid-lowering treatment are usually prescribed these drugs because their physician judges them to be at high cardiovascular risk, this study suggests that a large fraction of this group may not be undertaking HDL-C testing, or indeed other lipid testing at the frequency recommended by clinical guidelines. While the lower and upper bounds for our estimates show a wide interval, the implications of the findings about underutilisation are robust: even the rates provided by the highly improbable lower bound, which are around 20%, are sufficiently high to merit further investigation. In addition, support for the validity of our estimates comes from the closeness between the overall rates of HDL-C tests (figure 1) and the estimates obtained by Exeter et al 10 in New Zealand, where testing data are not subject to episode coning and are considerably more accurate. There are several possible explanations for this finding. One points to lack in continuity of care and to the fact that often people see multiple practitioners at once. If there is no designated ‘medical home’ for the patient, it is not clear who bears the responsibility for managing cardiovascular risk. In this scenario, it is not surprising that many individuals may miss their annual lipid tests. Another contributing factor may be the lack of continuity in medical records. Under the current fragmented medical records infrastructure, it is possible that practitioners are not aware that some of their patients are on lipid-lowering medications and therefore do not take the recommended action in ordering lipid tests. Another possibility is that medical practitioners choose not to follow the guidelines’ recommendations as although there is evidence that annual testing may be the most cost-effective option,30 less frequent testing may also be a clinically reasonable choice.34 On the other hand, patients may choose to not undertake the testing (even when this is recommended by their doctor). There is also likely to be individuals on lipid lowering treatment who are not at high risk of CVD, and for whom annual lipid testing is not recommended (more individuals in the youngest age group, who had the highest odds of underutilisation, may be in this category). While the cause of the high underutilisation rate is uncertain, the number of affected people is large and warrants further investigation. The additional cost associated with reducing the underutilisation rate is approximately$A11.3 million per year, which although a relatively small proportion of the total health budget, should nevertheless be justified by evidence that annual testing in this group will improve health outcomes. In particular, the clinical utility of annual testing in individuals who are not high risk according to previous explicit thresholds (>15% 5-year risk35 or >20% 10-year risk13), but who are treated as high risk with prescription of lipid-lowering treatment, needs to be determined. A lack in continuity of medical records may be one explanation for the other main finding of this paper: a relatively small proportion of people at high risk of CVD overutilising HDL-C testing. If an HDL-C test has been performed but its record is not available to a practitioner, the practitioner has no alternative other than to reorder the test. However, the overutilisation rate is rather low, approximately 19%, and even if it could be reduced to 0, it would only save approximately \$A4.3 million per year. Furthermore, our sensitivity analysis showed that these rates would drop by a factor three if we use a more conservative definition of overutilisation. Combining this observation with the fact that overutilisation rates might have a downward secular trend (figure 2) suggests that overutilisation of HDL-C test in people at high risk of CVD should not be a public health priority. It is important to note that our study did not examine overutilisation or underutilisation rates of lipid testing in people who are not at high risk of CVD, who represent by far the majority of the general population.36 Because less frequent lipid testing is recommended for these lower-risk groups, rates of overutilisation are likely to be higher and underutilisation lower than what we found for high-risk individuals in the current study. Some of the divergence in the suggested underutilisation and overutilisation trends in high-risk individuals may be attributable to public healthcare policy. There has been much activity in the area of monitoring and attempting to reduce the increasing overutilisation rates worldwide.24 34 37–40 Similarly, the benefit paid per pathology and diagnostic tests declined by 1.1% annually in real terms driven by funding agreements between the Australian Government and the relevant industries designed to cap growth in spending on these tests.41 This is the first study that estimates the level of potentially inappropriate HDL-C testing in the Australian adult population, as well as the corresponding financial implications. A strength of this study is that we were able to use additional information from the Australian Department of Health and Ageing to improve the accuracy of the estimates. The data for the study come from a random 10% sample of the Australian population, and therefore is quite large. In addition, the dataset contains weights that allow to generalise the findings to the whole Australian population at high risk of CVD, achieving a good level of external validity in the Australian context. These findings may not necessarily generalise to other countries because they may originate from characteristics which are unique to the Australian healthcare system, such as lack of continuity in medical records. The study has some limitations. For example, the key modelling parameter from the Department of Health and Ageing, regarding the proportion of performed HDL-C tests that is recorded in the MBS, was available only for year 2011, and it might have shifted slightly over time. Also, the estimates of the underutilisation and overutilisation rates have wide lower and upper bounds because they correspond to extreme scenarios in which coning episodes either never have HDL-C test or always have an HDL-C test. In summary, the apparent high rates of underutilisation lipid testing in Australians at high risk of CVD warrants further investigation. Research to define inappropriate lipid testing in people who are not at high risk (most of the general population) is also needed. ## Acknowledgments This research was supported by Capital Markets CRC and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. 7. 7. 8. 8. 9. 9. 10. 10. 11. 11. 12. 12. 13. 13. 14. 14. 15. 15. 16. 16. 17. 17. 18. 18. 19. 19. 20. 20. 21. 21. 22. 22. 23. 23. 24. 24. 25. 25. 26. 26. 27. 27. 28. 28. 29. 29. 30. 30. 31. 31. 32. 32. 33. 33. 34. 34. 35. 35. 36. 36. 37. 37. 38. 38. 39. 39. 40. 40. 41. 41. 42. 42. View Abstract ## Footnotes • Contributors All the authors conceived and designed the study. FH and FG were responsible for data analysis and interpretation. KJLB was responsible for the interpretation of clinical guidelines. FH, FG and EA were responsible for drafting the manuscript. All the authors contributed to drafting the work for important intellectual content, and approved the final completed article. • Funding FH received a PhD scholarship from Capital Markets CRC to complete this research. KJLB is supported by a Center for Research Excellence grant from Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC CRE; 1104136). • Competing interests None declared. • Patient consent Detail has been removed from this case description/these case descriptions to ensure anonymity. The editors and reviewers have seen the detailed information available and are satisfied that the information backs up the case the authors are making. • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. • Data sharing statement The MBS/PBS data used for this study were made publicly available from the Department of Health. Information about the dataset is available at https://researchdata.ands.org.au/linkable-de-identified-schedule-pbs/673945 At the time of writing, the website above contains the following statement: ‘This data is temporarily unavailable. The Department of Health is currently working on the dataset and hope to have it restored and available again as soon as possible’. The dataset is not available from the Dryad repository, and researchers interested using the dataset should contact the Department of Health directly. ## Request Permissions If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.43886685371398926, "perplexity": 2375.2046177205316}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670448.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20191120033221-20191120061221-00079.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/discrete-math/132320-discrete-mathematics-algorithm-output.html	# Math Help - Discrete Mathematics - Algorithm output 1. ## Discrete Mathematics - Algorithm output 1. n=15 2. n=24 begin input n; while r > or = to 6 do r = r - 6; output r; end My question is - what can be said about 'n' if the output from this algorithm is 0? Thanks Oz 2. Originally Posted by OsbourneOz 1. n=15 2. n=24 begin input n; while r > or = to 6 do r = r - 6; output r; end My question is - what can be said about 'n' if the output from this algorithm is 0? Thanks Oz The algorithm is repeatedly subtracting 6, hence, if the result is zero, the starting value must be a multiple of 6 as k(6)-k(6)=0 for any k 3. yes, if you imply 24 then the output value will be '0' will this terminate the algorithm? 4. Originally Posted by OsbourneOz yes, if you imply 24 then the output value will be '0' will this terminate the algorithm? that's it, if you are running a little subroutine, and the program takes 24 as input data, then the first run through the routine gives r=24-6=18, $r\ge 0$ second run gives r=18-6=12, $r\ge 0$ third run gives r=12-6=6, $r\ge 0$ fourth run gives r=6-6=0 $r\ge 0$ fifth run gives r=0-6=-6 $r\ge 0\$ no longer whereas, if n=15 16-6=9 9-6=3 3-6=-3 When the algorithm stops, r will be -6 or -3 depending on the initial value chosen, but only one of these routines generates an r=0. 5. 1. n=15 2. n=24 begin input n; while r > or = to 6 do r = r - 6; output r; end What is the relationship between n and r? Currently, r seems to be an uninitialized variable.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 5, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7916054129600525, "perplexity": 3427.5582401234615}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657134114.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011214-00241-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz"}
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/20533/tikz-arrange-trees-block-by-block	# TikZ: arrange trees block by block I use TikZ to create trees. Now I've to arrange four trees in a matrix like this: Tree A Tree B Tree C Tree D I already tried the \matrix command. This works, but it leaves absolutely no space between the trees. I want to have the trees to be seperated by a space, in order to create arrows between the trees. Ideally the four trees are located in four boxes, which all have the same size and the same space between them. Any suggestions? Thanks. Edit: This is what I've come up with: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{scalefnt} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{arrows,calc} \usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathmorphing} \usetikzlibrary{decorations.pathreplacing} \usetikzlibrary{trees} \usetikzlibrary{matrix} \pgfdeclarelayer{background} \pgfsetlayers{background,main} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} [ every node/.style={rectangle, draw, fill=black!10, text badly centered, font=\scalefont{0.45}, text width=1.3cm}, level distance=0.7cm, level 1/.style={sibling distance=2cm} ] \matrix [draw=none, fill=none, column sep=2cm, row sep=1.5cm] { \path node {Ressourcen} [edge from parent fork down] child {node {Zeit}} child {node {Umwelt} child {node [text width=2.8cm]{Lernumgebung, Personen Material}} } child {node {Physiologie}}; & \path node {Ziele} [edge from parent fork down] child {node {kurzfristig}} child {node {langfristig}};\\ \path node {Volition} [edge from parent fork down] child {node {Aufmerksamkeit}} child {node {Motivation}} child {node {Emotionskontrolle}}; & \node {Lernstrategien};\\ }; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} Now it would be nice to have boxes around the trees and to have arrows between the boxes... - It's always nice to provide a minimal, working example. You can add space between columns in the matrix with the column sep=<length> parameter for the matrix. Will that help? – Torbjørn T. Jun 12 '11 at 14:22 ... and row sep=<length> for the rows, which you probably figured out. – Torbjørn T. Jun 12 '11 at 14:34 Thanks! I've added an example. – Fred Jun 12 '11 at 14:40 Instead of a matrix I used the at syntax to explicitly position the trees; then I used rectangles to draw the frames (basically one rectangle conveniently shifted to guarantee the same size for the boxes): \documentclass{article} \usepackage[margin=2.5cm]{geometry} \usepackage{scalefnt} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{trees,arrows,calc} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} [ every node/.style={rectangle, draw, fill=black!10, text badly centered, font=\scalefont{0.45}, text width=1.3cm}, level distance=0.7cm, level 1/.style={sibling distance=2cm} ] \node at (0,0) (R) {Ressourcen} [edge from parent fork down] child {node (Ze) {Zeit}} child {node (U) {Umwelt} child {node (L) [text width=2.8cm]{Lernumgebung, Personen Material}} } child {node (P) {Physiologie}}; \node at (7,0) (Zi) {Ziele} [edge from parent fork down] child {node (k) {kurzfristig}} child {node (l) {langfristig}}; \node at (0,-3.5) (V) {Volition} [edge from parent fork down] child {node[text width=1.8cm] (A) {Aufmerksamkeit}} child {node (M) {Motivation}} child {node[text width=1.9cm] (E) {Emotionskontrolle}}; \node[text width=1.6cm] at (7,-3.5) (Le) {Lernstrategien}; \draw (-3.3,-2) rectangle (3.3,0.5); \draw[xshift=7cm] (-3.3,-2) rectangle (3.3,0.5); \draw[yshift=-3cm] (-3.3,-2) rectangle (3.3,0.5); \draw[xshift=7cm,yshift=-3cm] (-3.3,-2) rectangle (3.3,0.5); \draw[->] (3.3,-0.75) -- (3.7,-0.75); \draw[->] (3.3,-3.75) -- (3.7,-3.75); \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} - It's amazing how hard this is to do without explicitly giving coordinates. – Alan Munn Jun 12 '11 at 23:05 @Alan: Indeed. After struggling with the matrix approach for a while, I decided to go with explicit coordinates; less automatic but a lot easier. – Gonzalo Medina Jun 12 '11 at 23:27 Thanks! Using coordinates seems to be the best way to do this... – Fred Jun 13 '11 at 8:28 Here is another less 'manual' approach using a matrix as the awesome positioning library. It is not perfect (due to lack of time). It is left as an 'exercise' to figure out alignment and boxes. Alternatively, you could create four matrices. This would make boxing and probably alignment trivial; however boxing would be hard as you'd want them to be evenly big. \documentclass[landscape]{article} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{positioning,matrix} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture}[every node/.style={ draw, fill=black!10, text centered, text width=2cm, inner sep=5pt, node distance=1em and 2ex }, ghost/.style={draw=none, fill=none, text width=0em}, every matrix/.style={fill=none, inner sep=1em}] \node[matrix, row sep=2em, column sep=2em] { { \node (r) {Ressourcen}; \node [below = of r] (u) {Umwelt}; \node [left = of u] (p) {Phyilogie} ; \node [right = of u] (z) {Zeit}; \node [below = of u] (l) {Lernumgebung}; \foreach \i/\j in {r/p,r/z,r/u,u/l} \draw[->] (\i.south) -\|+ (0,-.5em) -\| (\j.north); }; & { \node (r) {Ressourcen}; \node [below = of r,ghost] (u) {}; \node [left = of u] (p) {Phyilogie} ; \node [right = of u] (z) {Zeit}; \foreach \i/\j in {r/p,r/z} \draw[->] (\i.south) -\|+ (0,-.25em) -\| (\j.north); }\\ { \node (r) {Ressourcen}; \node [below = of r] (u) {Umwelt}; \node [left = of u] (p) {Phyilogie} ; \node [right = of u] (z) {Zeit}; \foreach \i/\j in {r/p,r/z,r/u} \draw[->] (\i.south) -\|+ (0,-.5em) -\| (\j.north); } & { \node [below = of u] (l) {Lernumgebung}; } \\ }; \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7577152252197266, "perplexity": 15822.535434372145}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768404.109/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00038-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.snapxam.com/calculators/inverse-trigonometric-functions-differentiation-calculator	Calculators Topics Go Premium About Snapxam Topics # Inverse trigonometric functions differentiation Calculator ## Get detailed solutions to your math problems with our Inverse trigonometric functions differentiation step-by-step calculator. Practice your math skills and learn step by step with our math solver. Check out all of our online calculators here! Go! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 a b c d f g m n u v w x y z . (◻) + - × ◻/◻ / ÷ 2 e π ln log log lim d/dx Dx \|◻\| = > < >= <= sin cos tan cot sec csc asin acos atan acot asec acsc sinh cosh tanh coth sech csch asinh acosh atanh acoth asech acsch ### Difficult Problems 1 Solved example of inverse trigonometric functions differentiation $\frac{d}{dx}\left(\arcsin\left(4x^2\right)\right)$ 2 Taking the derivative of arcsine $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\left(4x^2\right)^2}}\frac{d}{dx}\left(4x^2\right)$ 3 The power of a product is equal to the product of it's factors raised to the same power $\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-16x^{4}}}\frac{d}{dx}\left(4x^2\right)$ 4 The derivative of a function multiplied by a constant ($4$) is equal to the constant times the derivative of the function $4\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-16x^{4}}}\right)\frac{d}{dx}\left(x^2\right)$ 5 The power rule for differentiation states that if $n$ is a real number and $f(x) = x^n$, then $f'(x) = nx^{n-1}$ $\frac{8x}{\sqrt{1-16x^{4}}}$ ## Final Answer $\frac{8x}{\sqrt{1-16x^{4}}}$ ### Struggling with math? Access detailed step by step solutions to millions of problems, growing every day!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9541444778442383, "perplexity": 933.314938253715}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347425148.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602130925-20200602160925-00569.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/math-software/122394-derivative-using-wolfram-alpha.html	# Thread: Derivative using Wolfram Alpha 1. ## Derivative using Wolfram Alpha Why is Wolfram Alpha calculating this wrong: $f(u)=(arcsinu)^{-1}$ then what is $f'(\frac{1}{\sqrt2})=$ My calculator says $f'(\frac{1}{\sqrt2})=-2.99547$ Why does Wolfram Alpha say -2.29 instead? 2. Originally Posted by Kataangel Why is Wolfram Alpha calculating this wrong: $f(u)=(arcsinu)^{-1}$ then what is $f'(\frac{1}{\sqrt2})=$ My calculator says $f'(\frac{1}{\sqrt2})=-2.99547$ Why does Wolfram Alpha say -2.29 instead? my calculator says -2.292636673 3. Originally Posted by Kataangel Why is Wolfram Alpha calculating this wrong: $f(u)=(arcsinu)^{-1}$ then what is $f'(\frac{1}{\sqrt2})=$ My calculator says $f'(\frac{1}{\sqrt2})=-2.99547$ Why does Wolfram Alpha say -2.29 instead? Please explain exactly what you think you mean by $f(u)=(arcsinu)^{-1}$. Also please give the exact command string you have given Wolfram Alpha. CB	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 10, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9454335570335388, "perplexity": 2570.3827927597627}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122886.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00450-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.tensorflow.org/versions/r1.8/api_docs/python/tf/foldl	# tf.foldl tf.foldl( fn, elems, initializer=None, parallel_iterations=10, back_prop=True, swap_memory=False, name=None ) See the guide: Higher Order Functions > Higher Order Operators foldl on the list of tensors unpacked from elems on dimension 0. This foldl operator repeatedly applies the callable fn to a sequence of elements from first to last. The elements are made of the tensors unpacked from elems on dimension 0. The callable fn takes two tensors as arguments. The first argument is the accumulated value computed from the preceding invocation of fn. If initializer is None, elems must contain at least one element, and its first element is used as the initializer. Suppose that elems is unpacked into values, a list of tensors. The shape of the result tensor is fn(initializer, values[0]).shape. #### Args: • fn: The callable to be performed. • elems: A tensor to be unpacked on dimension 0. • initializer: (optional) The initial value for the accumulator. • parallel_iterations: (optional) The number of iterations allowed to run in parallel. • back_prop: (optional) True enables support for back propagation. • swap_memory: (optional) True enables GPU-CPU memory swapping. • name: (optional) Name prefix for the returned tensors. #### Returns: A tensor resulting from applying fn consecutively to the list of tensors unpacked from elems, from first to last. #### Raises: • TypeError: if fn is not callable. Example: elems = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] sum = foldl(lambda a, x: a + x, elems) # sum == 21 `	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5887230038642883, "perplexity": 7457.081014669872}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221210058.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180815102653-20180815122653-00111.warc.gz"}
https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/pram/079/04/0875-0878	• Search for new physics in dijet mass and angular distributions in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV measured with the ATLAS detector • # Fulltext https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/pram/079/04/0875-0878 • # Keywords ATLAS; dijet distributions. • # Abstract We present a search for physics beyond the Standard Model in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV, performed with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). No evidence for new physics is found in dijet mass and angular distributions and stringent limits are set on a variety of models of new physics, including excited quarks, quark contact interactions, axigluons, and quantum black holes. • # Author Affiliations 1. Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany • # Pramana – Journal of Physics Volume 94, 2020 All articles Continuous Article Publishing mode • # Editorial Note on Continuous Article Publication Posted on July 25, 2019	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9173325300216675, "perplexity": 3206.0130731836107}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406785.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529214634-20200530004634-00342.warc.gz"}
https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/197162/	# Cortical Excitation:Inhibition Imbalance Causes Abnormal Brain Network Dynamics as Observed in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Markicevic, Marija; Fulcher, Ben D; Lewis, Christopher; Helmchen, Fritjof; Rudin, Markus; Zerbi, Valerio; Wenderoth, Nicole (2020). Cortical Excitation:Inhibition Imbalance Causes Abnormal Brain Network Dynamics as Observed in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cerebral Cortex, 30(9):4922-4937. ## Abstract Abnormal brain development manifests itself at different spatial scales. However, whether abnormalities at the cellular level can be diagnosed from network activity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is largely unknown, yet of high clinical relevance. Here a putative mechanism reported in neurodevelopmental disorders, that is, excitation-to-inhibition ratio (E:I), was chemogenetically increased within cortical microcircuits of the mouse brain and measured via fMRI. Increased E:I caused a significant "reduction" of long-range connectivity, irrespective of whether excitatory neurons were facilitated or inhibitory Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons were suppressed. Training a classifier on fMRI signals, we were able to accurately classify cortical areas exhibiting increased E:I. This classifier was validated in an independent cohort of Fmr1y/- knockout mice, a model for autism with well-documented loss of parvalbumin neurons and chronic alterations of E:I. Our findings demonstrate a promising novel approach towards inferring microcircuit abnormalities from macroscopic fMRI measurements. ## Abstract Abnormal brain development manifests itself at different spatial scales. However, whether abnormalities at the cellular level can be diagnosed from network activity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is largely unknown, yet of high clinical relevance. Here a putative mechanism reported in neurodevelopmental disorders, that is, excitation-to-inhibition ratio (E:I), was chemogenetically increased within cortical microcircuits of the mouse brain and measured via fMRI. Increased E:I caused a significant "reduction" of long-range connectivity, irrespective of whether excitatory neurons were facilitated or inhibitory Parvalbumin (PV) interneurons were suppressed. Training a classifier on fMRI signals, we were able to accurately classify cortical areas exhibiting increased E:I. This classifier was validated in an independent cohort of Fmr1y/- knockout mice, a model for autism with well-documented loss of parvalbumin neurons and chronic alterations of E:I. Our findings demonstrate a promising novel approach towards inferring microcircuit abnormalities from macroscopic fMRI measurements. ## Statistics ### Citations Dimensions.ai Metrics 3 citations in Web of Science® 4 citations in Scopus® ### Altmetrics Detailed statistics	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8085821866989136, "perplexity": 24683.36904003992}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153897.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729203133-20210729233133-00402.warc.gz"}
https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/676410-directly-access-xmmatrix-ellements/	# Directly access XMMATRIX ellements This topic is 967 days old which is more than the 365 day threshold we allow for new replies. Please post a new topic. ## Recommended Posts Hello, Dont know if Im in the right spot to ask. Im stuck moving to DirectXMath. I am calculating the direction of a picking ray in view space and unable to access the member elements in the XMMATRIX. Maybe they are not public. The Microsoft DirectX guide was more confusion than help. Any advice on the conversion would greatly appreciated. old -> D3CXMATRIX inverseViewMatrix; direction.x = (pointX * inverseViewMatrix._11) + (pointY * inverseViewMatrix._21) + inverseViewMatrix._31; converting to below.... Getting error XMMATRIX has no member _11 _21 or _31. new -> XMMATRIX inverseViewMatrix; direction.x = (pointX * inverseViewMatrix._11) + (pointY * inverseViewMatrix._21) + inverseViewMatrix._31; ##### Share on other sites Hi there, Seems like you need to get a little more familiar with C++ and your dev environment. I assume you're using Visual Studio... if so you can right click on any class name and select "goto definition" If you do that for XMMATRIX it will bring you to this bit of code #ifdef _XM_NO_INTRINSICS_ union { XMVECTOR r[4]; struct { float _11, _12, _13, _14; float _21, _22, _23, _24; float _31, _32, _33, _34; float _41, _42, _43, _44; }; float m[4][4]; }; #else XMVECTOR r[4]; #endif As you can see ... if _XM_NO_INTRINSICS_ is defined you have access to "float _11, _12, _13, _14;" etc via the union. otherwise the data for the structure is defined as XMVECTOR r[4]; So the simple answer would be to define _XM_NO_INTRINSICS_ if you NEED access to those members for learning purposes. However I assume from the definition name that you will lose all SIMD optimizations! Good luck! ##### Share on other sites What you need to do is to store your XMMATRIX into a XMFLOAT4X4. For that you can use XMStoreFloat4x4 (https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/microsoft.directx_sdk.storing.xmstorefloat4x4(v=vs.85).aspx). Then you just use your XMFLOAT4X4 like you were trying to use the XMMATRIX and boom. Done. It's not very obvious for starters and is a pain in the A for everyone. That's one of the reasons why I moved to GLM. This for REF_Cracker: disabling SIMD is not a solution and will probably cause greater problems. Also why do you assume OP is using Visual Studio? There's lots of compilers and IDEs, you can't assume such thing. ##### Share on other sites Thank LH, works like a charm. A is a good way to describe directxmath. :) ##### Share on other sites LHLaurini: 1) The OP is asking why he's getting an error trying to access "members _11 _21 _31" etc. I have correctly answered why this is occurring. You have not. 2) While I do assume OP is using Visual Studio as we are dealing with the DirectX Math library here the advice of "going to the definition" of XMMATRIX is sound and teaches the OP how to get to the root of the problem. 3) I have not recommended disabling SIMD. But it appears to be the only way to access elements NAMED _11 _21 _31 if you need to do so for learning purposes. 4) There are additional ways to access the individual components of the matrix including the one you pointed out. ##### Share on other sites Thank LH, works like a charm. A is a good way to describe directxmath. :) Glad to hear you managed to make it work. :) 1. 1 Rutin 29 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 5 • 13 • 13 • 11 • 10 • 13 • ### Forum Statistics • Total Topics 632960 • Total Posts 3009476 • ### Who's Online (See full list) There are no registered users currently online ×	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17261575162410736, "perplexity": 4429.862603714579}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512504.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020034552-20181020060052-00473.warc.gz"}
https://stackabuse.com/how-to-write-a-makefile-automating-python-setup-compilation-and-testing/	## How to Write a Makefile - Automating Python Setup, Compilation, and Testing ### Introduction When you want to run a project that has multiple sources, resources, etc., you need to make sure that all of the code is recompiled before the main program is compiled or run. For example, imagine our software looks something like this: main_program.source -> uses the libraries math.source and draw.source math.source -> uses the libraries floating_point_calc.source and integer_calc.source draw.source -> uses the library opengl.source So if we make a change in opengl.source for example, we need to recompile both draw.source and main_program.source because we want our project to be up-to-date on all ends. This is a very tedious and time-consuming process. And because all good things in the software world come from some engineer being too lazy to type in a few extra commands, Makefile was born. Makefile uses the make utility, and if we're to be completely accurate, Makefile is just a file that houses the code that the make utility uses. However, the name Makefile is much more recognizable. Makefile essentially keeps your project up to date by rebuilding only the necessary parts of your source code whose children are out of date. It can also automatize compilation, builds and testing. In this context, a child is a library or a chunk of code which is essential for its parent's code to run. This concept is very useful and is commonly used with compiled programming languages. Now, you may be asking yourself: Isn't Python an interpreted language? Well, Python is technically both an interpreted and compiled language, because in order for it to interpret a line of code, it needs to precompile it into byte code which is not hardcoded for a specific CPU, and can be run after the fact. A more detailed, yet concise explanation can be found on Ned Batchelder's blog. Also, if you need a refresher on how Programming Language Processors work, we've got you covered. ### Concept Breakdown Because Makefile is just an amalgamation of multiple concepts, there are a few things you'll need to know in order to write a Makefile: 1. Bash Scripting 2. Regular Expressions 3. Target Notation 4. Understanding your project's file structure With these in hand, you'll be able to write instructions for the make utility and automate your compilation. Bash is a command language (it's also a Unix shell but that's not really relevant right now), which we will be using to write actual commands or automate file generation. For example, if we want to echo all the library names to the user: DIRS=project/libs for file in $(DIRS); do echo $$file done Target notation is a way of writing which files are dependent on other files. For example, if we want to represent the dependencies from the illustrative example above in proper target notation, we'd write: main_program.cpp: math.cpp draw.cpp math.cpp: floating_point_calc.cpp integer_calc.cpp draw.cpp: opengl.cpp As far as file structure goes, it depends on your programming language and environment. Some IDEs automatically generate some sort of Makefile as well, and you won't need to write it from scratch. However, it's very useful to understand the syntax if you want to tweak it. Sometimes modifying the default Makefile is even mandatory, like when you want to make OpenGL and CLion play nice together. #### Bash Scripting Bash is mostly used for automation on Linux distributions, and is essential to becoming an all-powerful Linux "wizard". It's also an imperative script language, which makes it very readable and easy to understand. Note that you can run bash on Windows systems, but it's not really a common use case. First let's go over a simple "Hello World" program in Bash: # Comments in bash look like this #!/bin/bash # The line above indicates that we'll be using bash for this script # The exact syntax is: #![source] echo "Hello world!" When creating a script, depending on your current umask, the script itself might not be executable. You can change this by running the following line of code in your terminal: chmod +x name_of_script.sh This adds execute permission to the target file. However, if you want to give more specific permissions, you can execute something similar to the following command: chmod 777 name_of_script.sh More information on chmod on this link. Next, let's quickly go over some basics utilizing simple if-statements and variables: #!/bin/bash echo "What's the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything?" read -p "Answer: " number # We dereference variables using the operator echo "Your answer: number computing..." # if statement # The double brackets are necessary, whenever we want to calculate the value of an expression or subexpression, we have to use double brackets, imagine you have selective double vision. if (( number == 42 )) then echo "Correct!" # This notation, even though it's more easily readable, is rarely used. elif (( number == 41 \|\| number == 43 )); then echo "So close!" # This is a more common approach else echo "Incorrect, you will have to wait 7 and a half million years for the answer!" fi Now, there is an alternative way of writing flow control which is actually more common than if statements. As we all know Boolean operators can be used for the sole purpose of generating side-effects, something like: ++a && b++ Which means that we first increment a, and then depending on the language we're using, we check if the value of the expression evaluates to True (generally if an integer is >0 or =/=0 it means its boolean value is True). And if it is True, then we increment b. This concept is called conditional execution and is used very commonly in bash scripting, for example: #!/bin/bash # Regular if notation echo "Checking if project is generated..." # Very important note, the whitespace between [ and -d is absolutely essential # If you remove it, it'll cause a compilation error if [ -d project_dir ] then echo "Dir already generated." else echo "No directory found, generating..." mkdir project_dir fi This can be rewritten using a conditional execution: echo "Checking if project is generated..." [ -d project_dir ] \|\| mkdir project_dir Or, we can take it even further with nested expressions: echo "Checking if project is generated..." [ -d project_dir ] \|\| (echo "No directory found, generating..." && mkdir project_dir) Then again, nesting expressions can lead down a rabbit hole and can become extremely convoluted and unreadable, so it's not advised to nest more than two expressions at most. You might be confused by the weird [ -d ] notation used in the code snippet above, and you're not alone. The reasoning behind this is that originally conditional statements in Bash were written using the test [EXPRESSION] command. But when people started writing conditional expressions in brackets, Bash followed, albeit with a very unmindful hack, by just remapping the [ character to the test command, with the ] signifying the end of the expression, most likely implemented after the fact. Because of this, we can use the command test -d FILENAME which checks if the provided file exists and is a directory, like this [ -d FILENAME ]. ### Regular Expressions Regular expressions (regex for short) give us an easy way to generalize our code. Or rather to repeat an action for a specific subset of files that meet certain criteria. We'll cover some regex basics and a few examples in the code snippet below. Note: When we say that an expression catches ( -> ) a word, it means that the specified word is in the subset of words that the regular expression defines: # Literal characters just signify those same characters StackAbuse -> StackAbuse sTACKaBUSE -> sTACKaBUSE # The or (\|) operator is used to signify that something can be either one or other string Stack\|Abuse -> Stack -> Abuse Stack(Abuse\|Overflow) -> StackAbuse -> StackOverflow # The conditional (?) operator is used to signify the potential occurrence of a string The answer to life the universe and everything is( 42)?... -> The answer to life the universe and everything is... -> The answer to life the universe and everything is 42... # The * and + operators tell us how many times a character can occur # * indicates that the specified character can occur 0 or more times # + indicates that the specified character can occur 1 or more times He is my( great)+ uncle Brian. -> He is my great uncle Brian. -> He is my great great uncle Brian. # The example above can also be written like this: He is my great( great)* uncle Brian. This is just the bare minimum you need for the immediate future with Makefile. Though, on the long term, learning Regular Expressions is a really good idea. ### Target Notation After all of this, now we can finally get into the meat of the Makefile syntax. Target notation is just a way of representing all the dependencies that exist between our source files. Let's look at an example that has the same file structure as the example from the beginning of the article: # First of all, all pyc (compiled .py files) are dependent on their source code counterparts main_program.pyc: main_program.py python compile.py < math.pyc: math.py python compile.py < draw.pyc: draw.py python compile.py < # Then we can implement our custom dependencies main_program.pyc: main_program.py math.pyc draw.pyc python compile.py < math.pyc: math.py floating_point_calc.py integer_calc.py python compile.py < draw.pyc: draw.py opengl.py python compile.py < Keep in mind that the above is just for the sake of clarifying how the target notation works. It's very rarely used in Python projects like this, because the difference in performance is in most cases negligible. More often than not, Makefiles are used to set up a project, clean it up, maybe provide some help and test your modules. The following is an example of a much more realistic Python project Makefile: # Signifies our desired python version # Makefile macros (or variables) are defined a little bit differently than traditional bash, keep in mind that in the Makefile there's top-level Makefile-only syntax, and everything else is bash script syntax. PYTHON = python3 # .PHONY defines parts of the makefile that are not dependant on any specific file # This is most often used to store functions .PHONY = help setup test run clean # Defining an array variable FILES = input output # Defines the default target that make will to try to make, or in the case of a phony target, execute the specified commands # This target is executed whenever we just type make .DEFAULT_GOAL = help # The @ makes sure that the command itself isn't echoed in the terminal help: @echo "---------------HELP-----------------" @echo "To setup the project type make setup" @echo "To test the project type make test" @echo "To run the project type make run" @echo "------------------------------------" # This generates the desired project file structure # A very important thing to note is that macros (or makefile variables) are referenced in the target's code with a single dollar sign {}, but all script variables are referenced with two dollar signs$${} setup: @echo "Checking if project files are generated..." [ -d project_files.project ] \|\| (echo "No directory found, generating..." && mkdir project_files.project) for FILE in${FILES}; do \ touch "project_files.project/{FILE}.txt"; \ done # The ${} notation is specific to the make syntax and is very similar to bash's$() # This function uses pytest to test our source files test: ${PYTHON} -m pytest run:${PYTHON} our_app.py # In this context, the .project pattern means "anything that has the .project extension" clean: rm -r .project With that in mind, let's open up the terminal and run the Makefile to help us out with generating and compiling a Python project: ### Conclusion Makefile and make can make your life much easier, and can be used with almost any technology or language. It can automate most of your building and testing, and much more. And as can be seen from the example above, it can be used with both interpreted and compiled languages.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3358844220638275, "perplexity": 2191.07145595772}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703565541.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210125092143-20210125122143-00166.warc.gz"}
https://workforce.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Corrections/Book%3A_Introduction_to_the_American_Criminal_Justice_System_(Burke_et_al.)/10%3A_Juvenile_Justice/10.04%3A_Delinquency	10.4: Delinquency $$\newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$$ $$\newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}}$$$$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$$ $$\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$$ $$\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\\| #1 \\|}$$ $$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$$ $$\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$$ $$\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\\| #1 \\|}$$ $$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$$$\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}$$ [1] The juvenile court oversees cases for youth between the ages of 7 and 17. Seven is considered the lower limit of the reaches or protections of the juvenile justice system, while 17 is the upper limit. At 18, youth are considered adults and are tried under the laws of the adult criminal justice system. However, some states have differing upper age limits. For example, in Oregon, the Oregon Youth Authority houses youth until the age of 25. Other states have similar provisions and although the lower limit is seven years of age, most states do not intervene in cases under nine. Youth Processing Ages ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Bookshelves/Corrections/Book:_Introduction_to_the_American_Criminal_Justice_System_(Burke_et_al.)/10:_Juvenile_Justice/10.04:_Delinquency), /content/body/p[2]/@function, line 1, column 1 Podcast: Caught ParseError: invalid DekiScript (click for details) Callstack: at (Bookshelves/Corrections/Book:_Introduction_to_the_American_Criminal_Justice_System_(Burke_et_al.)/10:_Juvenile_Justice/10.04:_Delinquency), /content/body/p[3]/@function, line 1, column 1 1. Feld, B.C. (1999). Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court. New York: Oxford University Press. 2. Feld, B.C. (1999). Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court. New York: Oxford University Press. 3. Feld, B.C. (1999). Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court. New York: Oxford University Press. This page titled 10.4: Delinquency is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Alison S. Burke, David Carter, Brian Fedorek, Tiffany Morey, Lore Rutz-Burri, & Shanell Sanchez (OpenOregon) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.812786877155304, "perplexity": 6134.549101923803}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499890.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131190543-20230131220543-00275.warc.gz"}
https://www.jiskha.com/questions/1502461/a-circular-disk-of-mass-0-4-kg-and-radius-36-cm-initially-not-rotating-slips-down-a-thin	# Physics A circular disk of mass 0.4 kg and radius 36 cm, initially not rotating, slips down a thin spindle onto a turntable (disk) of mass 1.7 kg and the same radius, rotating freely at 3.4 a) Find the new angular velocity of the combination; b) The change in the kinetic energy? c) If the motor is switched on after the disk has landed, what is the constant torque needed to regain the original speed in 2.2 s? I figured out a) and b), but I'm not sure what c) is asking or how to solve it. 1. 👍 0 2. 👎 0 3. 👁 229 1. 3.4 WHAT?? but hard to say. I will use that but if RPS or something, convert I disk = (1/2)m r^2 so Id = .5.4.36^2 and It = .5 * 1.7 * .36^2 initial angular momentum = It3.4 final angular momentum (the same of course) = It omega +Id omega = omega(It+Id) so It 3.4 = (It+Id)omega but It =1.7/.4 * Id so It = 4.25 Id so 3.4 (4.25 Id) = (5.25 Id) omega omega = 3.4 (4.25/5.25) omega = 2.75 whatever your units are ---------------- initial Ke = .5 It(3.4)^2 final Ke = .5 (It+Id)(2.75)^2 ------------------- Torque = moment = change in Iomega /time [just like force =change in mv/t] = (It+Id) (3.4-2.75) / 2.2 1. 👍 0 2. 👎 0 posted by Damon 2. Thanks Damon you're the real MVP! 1. 👍 0 2. 👎 0 posted by Ana ## Similar Questions 1. ### Physics A circular disk of mass 0.3 kg and radius 40 cm, initially not rotating, slips down a thin spindle onto a turntable (disk) of mass 1.7 kg and the same radius, rotating freely at 3.1 rad/s. a) Find the new angular velocity of the asked by John on December 4, 2011 2. ### physics A circular disk of mass 0.2 kg and radius 24 cm, initially not rotating, slips down a thin spindle onto a turntable (disk) of mass 1.7 kg and the same radius, rotating freely at 3.4 rad/s. 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A second disk that is not rotating is dropped onto the first disk so that their centers align, and they stick together. asked by MD on June 9, 2010 10. ### Physics 121 The disk has mass 10kg and radius 0.25m. The rod has mass 5kg, length 0.5m and radius 0.05m. The rod is split down the middle and is hinged so that its two halves can lay flat against the disk. Suppose that the disk and rod are asked by Max on May 5, 2012 More Similar Questions	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8860331177711487, "perplexity": 2806.146968016004}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540519149.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20191209145254-20191209173254-00008.warc.gz"}
https://iwaponline.com/hr/article-abstract/26/2/73/644/Regional-Flood-Relationships-by-Nonparametric	Since some theoretical assumptions needed in linear regression are not always fulfilled in practical applications, nonparametric regression was investigated as an alternative method in regional flood relationship development. Simulation studies were developed to compare the bias, the variance and the root-mean-square-errors of nonparametric and parametric regressions. It was concluded that when an appropriate parametric model can be determined, parametric regression is preferred over nonparametric regression. However, where an appropriate model cannot be determined, nonparametric regression is preferred. It was found that both linear regression and nonparametric regression gave very similar regional relationships for annual maximum floods from New Brunswick, Canada. It was also found that nonparametric regression can be useful as a screening tool able to detect data deficient relationships. This content is only available as a PDF.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9177387952804565, "perplexity": 868.8872050175422}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247495147.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190220150139-20190220172139-00613.warc.gz"}
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/34446/what-are-the-units-of-85000-molecular-weight-of-a-polymer?noredirect=1	What are the units of 85000 Molecular Weight of a polymer I have a PVA bottle, which says that the molecular weight (Mw) of PVA is between 85000 - 124000. I know that this means that there are repeated chains of the PVA monomer, but what are the units to the molecular weight (of PVA). Is it $\frac{\mathrm{g}}{\mathrm{mol}}$? I am having trouble grasping this concept. Or does 85000 - 124000 mean the number of monomers in the chain of this PVA? • Yes, most likely it is g/mol. Or Da, if you prefer. – Gerhard Jul 27 '15 at 15:57 • Relative molecule mass is often referred to as molecular weight and is dimensionless. goldbook.iupac.org/R05271.html – canadianer Jul 27 '15 at 16:26 • – Faded Giant Aug 21 '15 at 18:23 First of all $M_w$ is not the number of monomers in a chain of PVA. The number of monomers in a chain is called the degree of polymerization. $\overline {M_w}$ is the weight average molecular weight. It is a way of determining the molecular mass of a polymer. As polymer molecules have different chain lengths, the average molecular mass will depend on the method of averaging. For example, we can use the number average molecular weight which is based on different type of averaging. As for the unit, it's as you mentioned: g/mol. In biochemistry, they use the dalton (Da) as a mass unit for biopolymers (1 $N_a.$Da= g/mol, where $N_a.$ is the Avogadro number). So, when we say a protein has a molecular weight of 64000 g·mol$^{−1}$, it has also a mass of 64 kDa. • $1\ \mathrm{Da} = 1\ \mathrm{u} = 1.660\,538\,921(73) \times 10^{-27}\ \mathrm{kg}$ – Faded Giant Aug 21 '15 at 18:33	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7507331371307373, "perplexity": 778.7927020852658}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881984.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703091148-20200703121148-00575.warc.gz"}
https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/costs-of-energy-efficiency-mandates-can-reverse-the-sign-of-rebou	Costs of energy efficiency mandates can reverse the sign of rebound Don Fullerton, Chi L. Ta Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review Abstract Improvements in energy efficiency reduce the cost of consuming services from household cars and appliances and can result in a positive rebound effect that offsets part of the direct energy savings. We use a general equilibrium model to derive analytical expressions that allow us to compare rebound effects from a costless technology shock (CTS) to those from a costly energy efficiency standard (EES). We decompose each total effect on the use of energy into a direct efficiency effect, direct rebound effect, and indirect rebound effect. We show which factors determine the sign and magnitude of each. Rebound from a CTS is generally positive, as in prior literature, but we also show how a pre-existing EES can negate the direct energy savings from the CTS – leaving only the positive rebound effect on energy use. Then we analyze increased stringency of an EES, and we show exactly when the increased costs reverse the sign of rebound. Using plausible parameter values in this model, we find that indirect effects can outweigh the direct effects captured in partial equilibrium models, and that the total rebound from a costly EES can be negative. Original language English (US) 104225 Journal of Public Economics 188 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104225 Published - Aug 2020 Keywords • Costless technology improvement • Energy efficiency standards • Energy mandates • General equilibrium • Rebound ASJC Scopus subject areas • Finance • Economics and Econometrics Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Costs of energy efficiency mandates can reverse the sign of rebound'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8341785073280334, "perplexity": 3238.8089491869587}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154457.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803092648-20210803122648-00190.warc.gz"}
http://theoryapp.com/tag/dictator-function/	## Hastad Dictator Test for Boolean Functions A function $$f\colon \{0,1\}^n\to \{0,1\}$$ is a dictator function if there exists $$i\in [n]$$ such that $$f(x) = x_i$$. That is, the function is completely determined by its $$i$$-th input. A function $$f\colon \{0,1\}^n\to \{ \pm 1\}$$ is a dictator Tagged with: , , Posted in Theory	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9556969404220581, "perplexity": 517.7793811931243}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463612553.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170529203855-20170529223855-00060.warc.gz"}
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/m/mlrd+preliminary+results.html	Sample records for mlrd preliminary results 1. The MUNU experiment : preliminary results Busto, J.; MUNU Collaboration 2000-06-01 The MUNU collaboration has built a detector to study overlineνe - e - scattering at low energy. From the results we expect to increase the sensitivity to the neutrino magnetic moment. The detector used, a 1 m 3 T.P.C. surrounded by an anti-Compton scintillator, is running at the Bugey nuclear plant. Some preliminary results will be presented in the following. 2. Surveyor 3 Preliminary Science Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1967-01-01 Surveyor III soft-landed on the Moon at 00:04 GMT on April 20, 1967. Data obtained have significantly increased our knowledge of the Moon. The Surveyor III spacecraft was similar to Surveyor I; the only major change in scientific instrumentation was the addition of a soil mechanics surface sampler. Surveyor III results at this preliminary evaluation of data give valuable information about the relation between the surface skin of under-dense material responsible for the photometric properties and the deeper layers of material whose properties resemble those of ordinary terrestrial soils. In addition, they provide new insight into the relation between the general lunar surface as seen by Surveyor I and the interior of a large subdued crater. The new results have also contributed to our understanding of the mechanism of downhill transport. Many critical questions cannot, however, be answered until final reduction of experimental data. 3. Preliminary results of UCN τ Pattie, Robert; UCNtau Collaboration 2017-01-01 There is currently a 4 σ discrepancy between measurements of the neutron lifetime performed using cold neutron beams and those performed with ultracold neutron (UCN) storage vessels. The UCN τ experiment uses an asymmetric magneto-gravitational UCN trap with in situ counting of surviving neutrons to measure the neutron lifetime. This design eliminates a major systematic of previous bottle experiments related to the loss of UCN on material trap walls and with unloading neutrons from the storage vessel. A new in situ detection system was used in the 2015-2016 run that was able to measure the population of surviving UCN at different heights in the trap, providing important information on spectral evolution. Understanding the behavior of quasi-bound UCN in a bottle experiment is essential to achieving a subsecond precision measurement of τn. We will present the preliminary results from the 2015-2016 data set and an update on the UCN τ experiment. 4. Monsoon '90 - Preliminary SAR results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Dubois, Pascale C.; Van Zyl, Jakob J.; Guerra, Abel G. 1992-01-01 Multifrequency polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the Walnut Gulch watershed near Tombstone, Arizona were acquired on 28 Mar. 1990 and on 1 Aug. 1990. Trihedral corner reflectors were deployed prior to both overflights to allow calibration of the two SAR data sets. During both overflights, gravimetric soil moisture and dielectric constant measurements were made. Detailed vegetation height, density, and water content measurements were made as part of the Monsoon 1990 Experiment. Preliminary results based on analysis of the multitemporal polarimetric SAR data are presented. Only the C-band data (5.7-cm wavelength) radar images show significant difference between Mar. and Aug., with the strongest difference observed in the HV images. Based on the radar data analysis and the in situ measurements, we conclude that these differences are mainly due to changes in the vegetation and not due to the soil moisture changes. 5. Monsoon 1990: Preliminary SAR results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Vanzyl, Jakob J.; Dubois, Pascale; Guerra, Abel 1991-01-01 Multifrequency polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the Walnut Gulch watershed near Tombstone, Arizona were acquired on 28 Mar. 1990 and on 1 Aug. 1990. Trihedral corner reflectors were deployed prior to both overflights to allow calibration of the two SAR data sets. During both overflights, gravimetric soil moisture and dielectric constant measurements were made. Detailed vegetation height, density, and water content measurements were made as part of the Monsoon 1990 Experiment. Preliminary results based on analysis of the multitemporal polarimetric SAR data are presented. Only the C-band data (5.7-cm wavelength) radar images show significant difference between Mar. and Aug., with the strongest difference observed in the HV images. Based on the radar data analysis and the in situ measurements, we conclude that these differences are mainly due to changes in the vegetation and not due to the soil moisture changes. 6. EUPORIAS: plans and preliminary results Buontempo, C. 2013-12-01 Recent advances in our understanding and ability to forecast climate variability have meant that skilful predictions are beginning to be routinely made on seasonal to decadal (s2d) timescales. Such forecasts have the potential to be of great value to a wide range of decision-making, where outcomes are strongly influenced by variations in the climate. In 2012 the European Commission funded EUPORIAS, a four year long project to develop prototype end-to-end climate impact prediction services operating on a seasonal to decadal timescale, and assess their value in informing decision-making. EUPORIAS commenced on 1 November 2012, coordinated by the UK Met Office leading a consortium of 24 organisations representing world-class European climate research and climate service centres, expertise in impacts assessments and seasonal predictions, two United Nations agencies, specialists in new media, and commercial companies in climate-vulnerable sectors such as energy, water and tourism. The poster describes the setup of the project, its main outcome and some of the very preliminary results. 7. Preliminary results of ANAIS-25 Amaré, J.; Cebrián, S.; Cuesta, C.; García, E.; Ginestra, C.; Martínez, M.; Oliván, M. A.; Ortigoza, Y.; Ortiz de Solórzano, A.; Pobes, C.; Puimedón, J.; Sarsa, M. L.; Villar, J. A.; Villar, P. 2014-04-01 The ANAIS (Annual Modulation with NaI(Tl) Scintillators) experiment aims at the confirmation of the DAMA/LIBRA signal using the same target and technique at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory. 250 kg of ultrapure NaI(Tl) crystals will be used as a target, divided into 20 modules, each coupled to two photomultipliers. Two NaI(Tl) crystals of 12.5 kg each, grown by Alpha Spectra from a powder having a potassium level under the limit of our analytical techniques, form the ANAIS-25 set-up. The background contributions are being carefully studied and preliminary results are presented: their natural potassium content in the bulk has been quantified, as well as the uranium and thorium radioactive chains presence in the bulk through the discrimination of the corresponding alpha events by PSA, and due to the fast commissioning, the contribution from cosmogenic activated isotopes is clearly identified and their decay observed along the first months of data taking. Following the procedures established with ANAIS-0 and previous prototypes, bulk NaI(Tl) scintillation events selection and light collection efficiency have been also studied in ANAIS-25. 8. REMS Wind Sensor Preliminary Results De La Torre Juarez, M.; Gomez-Elvira, J.; Navarro, S.; Marin, M.; Torres, J.; Rafkin, S. C.; Newman, C. E.; Pla-García, J. 2015-12-01 The REMS instrument is part of the Mars Science Laboratory payload. It is a sensor suite distributed over several parts of the rover. The wind sensor, which is composed of two booms equipped with a set of hot plate anemometers, is installed on the Rover Sensing Mast (RSM). During landing most of the hot plates of one boom were damaged, most likely by the pebbles lifted by the Sky Crane thruster. The loss of one wind boom necessitated a full review of the data processing strategy. Different algorithms have been tested on the readings of the first Mars year, and these results are now archived in the Planetary Data System (PDS), The presentation will include a description of the data processing methods and of the resulting products, including the typical evolution of wind speed and direction session-by-session, hour-by-hour and other kinds of statistics . A review of the wind readings over the first Mars year will also be presented. 9. Polarized electrons in ELSA (preliminary results) Nakamura, S.; von Drachenfels, W.; Durek, D.; Frommberger, F.; Hoffmann, M.; Husmann, D.; Kiel, B.; Klein, F. J.; Menze, D.; Michel, T.; Nakanishi, T.; Naumann, J.; Reichelt, T.; Steier, C.; Toyama, T.; Voigt, S.; Westermann, M. 1998-01-01 Polarized electrons have been accelerated in the electron stretcher accelerator ELSA for the first time. Up to 2.1 GeV the polarization of the electron beam supplied by the 120 keV polarized electron source has been measured with a Mo/ller polarimeter. Preliminary results of polarization measurements at high energies and the performance of the source are presented. 10. Vibration of a rolling wheel— preliminary results Hemsworth, B. 1983-03-01 Preliminary results are presented of the axial vibration of a railway wheel on a vehicle travelling at speeds of up to 100 miles/h. Frequency analysis shows that the wheel response is resonant, at modes of vibration which have been identified from static tests. Further developments of measurement and analysis techniques will be necessary before a more complete picture of the importance of wheel vibration on wheel/rail noise radiation can be determined. 11. Interferometer experiment on nimbus 3: preliminary results. PubMed Hanel, R; Conrath, B 1969-09-19 A Michelson interferometer spectrometer carried aboard the Nimbus 3 satellite, launched 14 April 1969, measured the spectrum between 400 and 2000 wave numbers with a resolution of 5 wave numbers. High-quality spectra have been obtained on a global scale, and preliminary results indicate that the absorption bands of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone can be used to obtain vertical distributions of temperature, water vapor, and ozone. 12. Preliminary Results from the CHIPS Mission Hurwitz, M.; Sasseen, T.; Marchant, W.; Sirk, M.; UC Berkeley CHIPS Instrument Team; SpaceDev Inc. CHIPS Spacecraft Team 2003-03-01 We present preliminary results from the Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer (CHIPS") mission. CHIPS contains a grazing incidence spectrometer optimized for diffuse emission in the extreme ultraviolet band between 90 and 260 Angstroms, with a peak resolution of about 1.4 Angstroms. The spectrometer should provide unique and important new data on hot gas within the local bubble" of the interstellar medium. At the time this abstract was submitted, CHIPS had been successfully launched into a polar orbit, but commissioning of the spacecraft had only just begun. CHIPS is supported by NASA grant NAG5-5213. 13. Stereoplotting Hominid Brain Endocasts : Some Preliminary Results Holloway, Ralph L. 1980-07-01 To objectively and quantitatively demonstrate regional differences in brain endocast morphology, traditional anthropometric caliper measurements must be replaced by a system providing not only localness, but homology and reasonable freedom from allometric distortion. Stereoplotting the radial distances from endocast surface (the closest point to the once underlying brain cortex) to a homologous center every ten degrees provides some 300+ data points for each dorsal endocast surface, thus giving the requisite localness. These measurements provide a large matrix of data suitable for a number of multivariate statistical techniques, and the translation of such data and analyses to readily visualized maps, which can then be compared in relation to both taxonomic and functional knowledge about the cerebral surface. This paper descri-bes some preliminary results from using such methods on a sample of 64 undistorted endocasts composed of both pongids and fossil hominids. While sample sizes within taxonomic groups need to be augmented, the preliminary and tentative pilot studies conducted so far suggest that the method has excellent potential, and that two major areas of the brain endocast surface show the greatest shape changes : 1) the posterior association areas (inferior parietal lobule); 2) the anterior prefrontal areas. 14. Pioneer Saturn infrared radiometer - Preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Ingersoll, A. P.; Neugebauer, G.; Orton, G. S.; Muench, G.; Chase, S. C. 1980-01-01 Preliminary results of the infrared radiometer experiment on Pioneer Saturn are reported. The instrument made use of two broadband channels centered at 20 and 45 microns which scan at a fixed 75-deg angle with respect to the spacecraft spin axis to acquire 10,000 image pairs of Saturn and its rings in the 2.5 h before closest approach, as well as several observations of Titan. The intensities of radiation observed in both bands indicate an effective temperature of 94.4 + or - 3 K for the planet, implying a total emission greater than twice the absorbed sunlight. Infrared data also indicates a molecular abundance of 0.85 for H2 relative to H2 + He, which can be improved by comparing the derived temperature profiles and radio occultation data. Planetary temperatures are found to range from a minimum of 83 to 140 K at the 1 bar level, with differences of 2.5 K between belts and zones up to the 0.06-bar level, while ring temperatures range from 60 to 70 K on the illuminated side and from less than 60 to 67 K in the planet's shadow and average 55 K on the unilluminated side. Preliminary estimates indicate a 45-micron brightness temperature of 80 + or - 10 K for Titan. 15. SLS-1 flight experiments preliminary significant results 1992-01-01 Spacelab Life Sciences-1 (SLS-1) is the first of a series of dedicated life sciences Spacelab missions designed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the physiological adaptation to weightlessness and the subsequent readaptation to 1 gravity (1 G). Hypotheses generated from the physiological effects observed during earlier missions led to the formulation of several integrated experiments to determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed phenomena. The 18 experiments selected for flight on SLS-1 investigated the cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, regulatory physiology, musculoskeletal, and neuroscience disciplines in both human and rodent subjects. The SLS-1 preliminary results gave insight to the mechanisms involved in the adaptation to the microgravity environment and readaptation when returning to Earth. The experimental results will be used to promote health and safety for future long duration space flights and, as in the past, will be applied to many biomedical problems encountered here on Earth. 16. Preliminary results from MERIS Land Algorithm Gobron, N.; Pinty, B.; Taberner, M.; Melin, F.; Verstraete, M. M.; Widlowski, J.-L. 2003-04-01 This paper presents a first and preliminary evaluation of the performance of the algorithm implemented in the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) ground segment for assessing the status of land surfaces. First, we propose an updated version of the MERIS algorithm itself, which improves the accuracy of the product. Second, we analyze the first results by inter-comparing the MERIS Global Vegetation Index (MGVI) to similar products derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) that are generated at the European Commission Joint Research Center (EC-JRC). The first evaluation between MERIS and SeaWiFS derived products is made using data acquired on the same day by both instruments. The results show acceptable agreement and the differences are well understood by radiation transfer model simulations. 17. Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Millis, Marc G. 1997-01-01 In August, 1997, a NASA workshop was held to assess the prospects emerging from physics that might lead to creating the ultimate breakthroughs in space transportation: propulsion that requires no propellant mass, attaining the maximum transit speeds physically possible, and breakthrough methods of energy production to power such devices. Because these propulsion goals are presumably far from fruition, a special emphasis was to identify affordable, near-term, and credible research that could make measurable progress toward these propulsion goals. Experiments and theories were discussed regarding the coupling of gravity and electromagnetism, vacuum fluctuation energy, warp drives and wormholes, and superluminal quantum tunneling. Preliminary results of this workshop are presented, along with the status of the Breakthrough Propulsion Physics program that conducted this workshop. 18. Preliminary Proton Spin Asymmetry Results from SANE Maxwell, James 2010-11-01 The Spin Asymetries of the Nucleon Experiment (SANE) is a measurement of parallel and near-perpendicular double spin asymmetries in an inclusive electron scattering experiment, with the aim of calculating the spin asymmetry of the proton A^1p and spin structure function g^2p. Using Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility's polarized electron beam and the University of Virginia's polarized frozen ammonia (^14NH3) target in Hall C, the experiment ran in 2009, collecting data in a Q^2 region from 2.5 to 6.5 GeV^2 in a Bjorken x region of 0.3 to 0.8. Particle detection was accomplished using the Big Electron Telescope Array (BETA), a novel non-magnetic detector array with a 194 msr acceptance. This talk will address the progress of the analysis toward the calculation of the proton spin asymmetry and structure functions, including calibration of the BETA detectors, event selection, and preliminary results. 19. Preliminary results from an advanced lighting controlstestbed SciTech Connect Avery, Douglas; Jennings, Judity; Rubinstein, Francis 1998-03-01 Preliminary results from a large-scale testbed of advanced lighting control technologies at the Phillip Burton Federal Building at 450 Golden Gate Ave. in San Francisco are presented. The first year objective of this project is to determine the sustainable energy savings and cost-effectiveness of different lighting control technologies compared to a portion of the building where only minimal controls are installed. The paper presents the analyzed results from six months of tests focused on accurately characterizing the energy savings potential of one type of daylight-linked lighting controls compared to the lighting in similar open-planned areas without dimming controls. After analyzing a half year;s data, we determined that the annual energy savings for this type of daylight- linked controls was 41% and 30% for the outer rows of lights on the South and North sides of the building, respectively. The annual energy savings dropped to 22% and 16% for the second row of lights for the South and North, respectively, and was negligible for the third rows of lights. 20. Overweight and urban pollution: preliminary results. PubMed Ponticiello, Barnaba Giuseppina; Capozzella, Assunta; Di Giorgio, Valeria; Casale, Teodorico; Giubilati, Roberto; Tomei, Gianfranco; Tomei, Francesco; Rosati, Maria Valeria; Sancini, Angela 2015-06-15 The aim of this study is to determine whether in workers exposed to urban pollution the risk of developing overweight and obesity is higher in workers exposed to urban pollution compared to a control group. The study was conducted on 150 volunteers, 75 workers exposed to urban pollution (50 women and 25 men) and 75 indoor workers (50 women and 25 men). Once measured the weight and height and calculated body mass index (BMI) for each worker, the research was based on the comparison, between the two groups, of the mean values of the measurements and of the frequency of workers with BMI index higher than the cut-off of normality. The only statistically significant difference found was for the mean value of weight in women, which was higher among outdoor workers compared to indoor workers. The mean values of BMI and the frequency of workers with BMI higher than normal was higher among outdoor workers compared to indoor workers in both sexes, but not statistically significant. The data suggest that outdoor workers may be subject to an additional risk of developing obesity as a result of exposure to urban air pollution (which, like obesity, is a source of oxidative stress). So, our preliminary study encourages to continue this line of research by implementing the sample and considering all the confounding factors. Furthermore, the results highlight the necessity to take account of gender differences in the context of health surveillance of workers. 1. Mars Express Bistatic Radar: Preliminary Results Simpson, R. A.; Tyler, G. L.; Paetzold, M. 2005-08-01 Bistatic radar, conducted at microwave frequencies, can be a convenient and cost-effective method for probing planetary surfaces at centimeter scales - dimensions of interest in selecting lander and rover sites, for example. Half a dozen such experiments have been conducted using Mars Express in a new mode, which relies on relative echo strengths in two orthogonal polarizations rather than absolute calibration of a single polarization (see Simpson and Tyler, ICARUS 152, pp 70-74, 2001). Observations conducted to date have been limited to a fixed spacecraft attitude (inertial pointing); so dielectric constant estimates are valid at only one specular point per wavelength per experiment. Preliminary results have been obtained for Vastitas Borealis (64.1N, 60.1E), the southeast rim of Argyre (56.0S, 324.8E), and plains west of Argyre (51.0S, 289.4E). Dielectric constants are N/A and 2.7, 2.0 and 2.1, and 3.2 and 3.5 at the three sites at 3.5 and 13.1 cm wavelengths, respectively. These confirm spatial variability (while being within the nominal range for Mars) and show the expected lower values at shorter wavelengths. 2. Preliminary Results of the MARE Experiment Ferri, E.; Bagliani, D.; Biassotti, M.; Ceruti, G.; Corsini, D.; Faverzani, M.; Gatti, F.; Giachero, A.; Gotti, C.; Kilbourne, C.; Kling, A.; Kraft-Bermuth, S.; Maino, M.; Manfrinetti, P.; Nucciotti, A.; Pessina, G.; Pizzigoni, G.; Ribeiro Gomes, M.; Schaeffer, D.; Sisti, M. 2014-09-01 The microcalorimeter array for a rhenium experiment (MARE) project aims at the direct and calorimetric measurement of the electron neutrino mass with sub-eV sensitivity. The design is based on large arrays of thermal detectors to study the beta decay of Re and the electron capture of Ho. One of the activities of the project, MARE 1 in Milan, has started in Milan using one array of 6 6 silicon implanted thermistors equipped with AgReO absorbers. The purposes of MARE 1 in Milan are to achieve a sensitivity on the neutrino mass of a few eV and to investigate the systematics of Re neutrino mass measurements, focusing on those caused by the beta environmental fine structure and the beta spectrum theoretical shape. In parallel, the MARE collaboration is performing an R&D work for producing absorbers embedded with radioactive metal Ho. We report here the status of MARE using Re as beta source and the preliminary results obtained with Ho. 3. STACEE-32: Design, performance, and preliminary results Ong, Rene A. 2000-06-01 The Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment (STACEE) is designed to detect astrophysical sources of γ-rays at energies between 25 and 500 GeV. STACEE uses large solar mirrors (heliostats) to collect the atmospheric Cherenkov radiation produced in γ-ray air showers. The use of a large mirror collection area will allow STACEE to probe γ-ray sources at energies above the reach of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), but below the reach of conventional Cherenkov telescopes. During the 1998-99 observing season, a portion of STACEE using 32 heliostats was installed at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) of Sandia National Laboratories (Albuquerque, NM). This initial configuration (STACEE-32) observed a number of astronomical sources, including the Crab and several active galactic nuclei (AGN). Here we report on these observations. We highlight the experimental configuration and the preliminary results from the Crab data. The full STACEE experiment using 64 heliostats will be commissioned in 2000. . 4. Preliminary test results for the SVX4 SciTech Connect Christofek, L.; Hanagaki, K.; Rapidis, P.; Utes, M.; /Fermilab 2005-06-01 We present and summarize the preliminary test results for SVX4 chip testing. There are presently two versions of the SVX4. Version 2 has on-chip bypassing and Version 1 does not. The on-chip bypassing is a layer of transistors under the front-end analog pipeline that acts as a bypassing capacitor for the voltage supply. Its size is about a microfarad. We aggressively choose to test Version 2 because of this feature. The feature is advantageous for hybrid design because it eliminates the need for an additional passive component on the hybrid itself by placing it on the actual SVX4 die. Also, the SVX4 was designed to operate in two modes: D. and CDF. One can set which mode the chip will operate by placing a jumper in the proper position on the SVX4 chip carrier. In either mode, the chip can either use the operating parameters from the shift register or the shadow register. Similarly, this is selected by placing a jumper on the SVX4 chip carrier. This chip has this feature because it was unknown whether the new design of the shadow register would be operable. The shadow register is also call the SEU register or Single Event Upset register. An introduction into the functionality of the chip and an explanation on the difference between D. and CDF mode can be found in the SVX4 User's Manual [1]. 5. Global Geologic Mapping of Io: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Williams, David A.; Keszthelyi, L. P.; Crown, D. A.; Geissler, P. E.; Schenk, P. M.; Yff, Jessica; Jaeger, W. L.; Rathbun, J. A. 2008-01-01 A new global geologic map of Jupiter's volcanic moon, Io is being prepared, with the focus being on completion of a draft map by July 2008. Here initial results of the mapping are reported: a preliminary distribution of material units in terms of areas and a visual representation. Additionally, the mapping hopes to address some of the problems in Io geology. Thus far it has been discovered that Io's surface is dominated by plains material, thought to consist of Io's silicate crust covered by pyroclastic deposits and lava flows of silicate and sulfur-bearing composition. Many plains areas contain flow fields that cannot be mapped separately due to a lack of resolution or modification by alteration processes. Discrete lava flows and flow fields are the next most abundant unit, with bright (sulfur?) flows in greater abundance than dark (silicate?) flows. The source of most of Io's heat flow, the paterae, are the least abundant unit in terms of areal extent.Upon completion of the draft map for peer review, it will be used to investigate several specific questions about the geological evolution of Io that previously could not be well addressed, including: comparison of the areas versus the heights of Ionian mountains to assess their stability and evolution; correlation and comparison of Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer and Photopolarimeter-Radiometer hot spot locations with the mapped location of dark versus bright lava flows and patera floors to assess any variations in the types of sources for Io's active volcanism; and the creation of a global inventory of the areal coverage of dark and bright laval flows to assess the relative importance of sulfur versus silicate volcanism in resurfacing Io, and to assess whether there are regional concentrations of either style of volcanism that may have implications on interior processes. 6. Preliminary results of radiation measurements on EURECA SciTech Connect Benton, E.V.; Frank, A.L. 1995-03-01 The eleven-month duration of the EURECA mission allows long-term radiation effects to be studied similarly to those of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Basic data can be generated for projections to crew doses and electronic and computer reliability on spacecraft missions. A radiation experiment has been designed for EURECA which uses passive integrating detectors to measure average radiation levels. The components include a Trackoscope, which employs fourteen plastic nuclear track detector (PNTD) stacks to measure the angular dependence of high LET (greater than or equal to 6 keV/micro m) radiation. Also included are TLDs for total absorbed doses, thermal/resonance neutron detectors (TRNDs) for low energy neutron fluences and a thick PNTD stack for depth dependence measurements. LET spectra are derived from the PNTD measurements. Preliminary TLD results from seven levels within the detector array show that integrated dose inside the flight canister varied from 18.8 +/- 0.6 cGy to 38.9 +/- 1.2 cGy. The TLDs oriented toward the least shielded direction averaged 53% higher in dose than those oriented away from the least shielded direction (minimum shielding toward the least shielded direction varied from 1.13 to 7.9 g/cm(exp 2), Al equivalent). The maximum dose rate on EURECA (1.16 mGy/day) was 37% of the maximum measured on LDEF and dose rates at all depths were less than measured on LDEF. The shielding external to the flight canister covered a greater solid angle about the canister than the LDEF experiments. 7. Tellurium in active volcanic environments: Preliminary results Milazzo, Silvia; Calabrese, Sergio; D'Alessandro, Walter; Brusca, Lorenzo; Bellomo, Sergio; Parello, Francesco 2014-05-01 Tellurium is a toxic metalloid and, according to the Goldschmidt classification, a chalcophile element. In the last years its commercial importance has considerably increased because of its wide use in solar cells, thermoelectric and electronic devices of the last generation. Despite such large use, scientific knowledge about volcanogenic tellurium is very poor. Few previous authors report result of tellurium concentrations in volcanic plume, among with other trace metals. They recognize this element as volatile, concluding that volcanic gases and sulfur deposits are usually enriched with tellurium. Here, we present some results on tellurium concentrations in volcanic emissions (plume, fumaroles, ash leachates) and in environmental matrices (soils and plants) affected by volcanic emissions and/or deposition. Samples were collected at Etna and Vulcano (Italy), Turrialba (Costa Rica), Miyakejima, Aso, Asama (Japan), Mutnovsky (Kamchatka) at the crater rims by using common filtration techniques for aerosols (polytetrafluoroethylene filters). Filters were both eluted with Millipore water and acid microwave digested, and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Volcanic ashes emitted during explosive events on Etna and Copahue (Argentina) were analyzed for tellurium bulk composition and after leaching experiments to evaluate the soluble fraction of tellurium. Soils and leaves of vegetation were also sampled close to active volcanic vents (Etna, Vulcano, Nisyros, Nyiragongo, Turrialba, Gorely and Masaya) and investigated for tellurium contents. Preliminary results showed very high enrichments of tellurium in volcanic emissions comparing with other volatile elements like mercury, arsenic, thallium and bismuth. This suggests a primary transport in the volatile phase, probably in gaseous form (as also suggested by recent studies) and/or as soluble salts (halides and/or sulfates) adsorbed on the surface of particulate particles and ashes. First 8. X-48B Preliminary Flight Test Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Taylor, Brian R. 2009-01-01 This slide presentation reviews the preliminary Flight tests of the X-48B development program. The X-48B is a blended wing body aircraft that is being used to test various features of the BWB concept. The research concerns the following: (1) Turbofan Development, (2) Intelligent Flight Control and Optimization, (3) Airdata Calibration (4) Parameter Identification (i.e., Determination of the parameters of a mathematical model of a system based on observation of the system inputs and response.) 9. High intensity copper atom beam - Preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kelly, A. J.; Santavicca, D. 1973-01-01 The development of a nozzle which gas-dynamically accelerates neutral copper atoms at controlled energy levels and flux rates suitable for the investigation of inelastic copper atom collision processes is reported. Preliminary test data demonstrate that vapor-deposited rhenium nozzles do not degrade in the presence of copper vapor at high temperatures. Operation with high purity helium gas at nozzle stagnation temperatures in the range 2650-2700 K and total stagnation pressures from 1/4 to 2 atm with continuous copper atom flux rates of approximately 10 to the 18th power per second has been maintained, for a total time of 8-1/2 h to date. 10. Pioneer 10 infrared radiometer experiment: preliminary results. PubMed Chase, S C; Ruiz, R D; Münch, G; Neugebauer, G; Schroeder, M; Trafton, L M 1974-01-25 Thermal maps of Jupiter at 20 and 40 micrometers show structure closely related to the visual appearance of the planet. Peak brightness temperatures of 126 degrees and 145 degrees K have been measured on the South Equatorial Belt, for the 20- and 40-micrometer channels, respectively. Corresponding values for the South Tropical Zone are 120 degrees and 138 degrees K. No asymmetries between the illuminated sunlit and nonilluminated parts of the disk were found. A preliminary discussion of the data, in terms of simple radiative equilibrium models, is presented. The net thermal energy of the planet as a whole is twice the solar energy input. 11. Preliminary Results of Field Emission Cathode Tests NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sovey, James S.; Kovaleski, Scott D. 2001-01-01 Preliminary screening tests of field emission cathodes such as chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond, textured pyrolytic graphite, and textured copper were conducted at background pressures typical of electric thruster test facilities to assess cathode performance and stability. Very low power electric thrusters which provide tens to hundreds micronewtons of thrust may need field emission neutralizers that have a capability of tens to hundreds of microamperes. From current voltage characteristics, it was found that the CVD diamond and textured metals cathodes clearly satisfied the Fowler-Nordheim emission relation. The CVD diamond and a textured copper cathode had average current densities of 270 and 380 mA/sq cm, respectively, at the beginning-of-life. After a few hours of operation the cathode emission currents degraded by 40 to 75% at background pressures in the 10(exp -5) Pa to 10(exp -4) Pa range. The textured pyrolytic graphite had a modest current density at beginning-of-life of 84 mA/sq cm, but this cathode was the most stable of all. Extended testing of the most promising cathodes is warranted to determine if current degradation is a burn-in effect or whether it is a long-term degradation process. Preliminary experiments with ferroelectric emission cathodes, which are ceramics with spontaneous electric polarization, were conducted. Peak current densities of 30 to 120 mA/sq cm were obtained for pulse durations of about 500 ns in the 10(exp -4) Pa pressure range. 12. Improved self-exclusion program: preliminary results. PubMed Tremblay, Nicole; Boutin, Claude; Ladouceur, Robert 2008-12-01 The gambling industry has offered self-exclusion programs for quite a long time. Such measures are designed to limit access to gaming opportunities and provide problem gamblers with the help they need to cease or limit their gambling behaviour. However, few studies have empirically evaluated these programs. This study has three objectives: (1) to observe the participation in an improved self-exclusion program that includes an initial voluntary evaluation, phone support, and a mandatory meeting, (2) to evaluate satisfaction and usefulness of this service as perceived by self-excluders, (3) to measure the preliminary impact of this improved program. One hundred sixteen self-excluders completed a questionnaire about their satisfaction and their perception of the usefulness during the mandatory meeting. Among those participants, 39 attended an initial meeting. Comparisons between data collected at the initial meeting and data taken at the final meeting were made for those 39 participants. Data showed that gamblers chose the improved self-exclusion program 75% of the time; 25% preferred to sign a regular self-exclusion contract. Among those who chose the improved service, 40% wanted an initial voluntary evaluation and 37% of these individuals actually attended that meeting. Seventy percent of gamblers came to the mandatory meeting, which was a required condition to end their self-exclusion. The majority of participants were satisfied with the improved self-exclusion service and perceived it as useful. Major improvements were observed between the final and the initial evaluation on time and money spent, consequences of gambling, DSM-IV score, and psychological distress. The applicability of an improved self-exclusion program is discussed and, as shown in our study, the inclusion of a final mandatory meeting might not be so repulsive for self-excluders. Future research directives are also proposed. 13. Earth Radiation Budget Experiment - Preliminary seasonal results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Barkstrom, Bruce R.; Harrison, Edwin F.; Lee, Robert B., III 1990-01-01 Data from the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) and from the operational NOAA-9 satellite being placed in the archive of the earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) are discussed. The results of the ERBE data validation effort are reviewed along with ERBE solar constant observations and earth-viewing results. The latter include monthly average results for July 1985, annual average clear-sky fluxes, and annual average, zonal, and global results. 14. Preliminary Results from the Lunar Prospector Alpha Particle Spectrometer Lawson, S. L.; Feldman, W. C.; Moore, K. R.; Lawrence, D. J.; Maurice, S.; Belian, R. D.; Binder, A. B. 2001-03-01 Data measured using the Lunar Prospector Alpha Particle Spectrometer were surveyed to search for surface deposits of polonium-210. Preliminary results show that a marginal, yet statistically-significant signal was indeed detected on the lunar front side. 15. [Preliminary results of treatment with aflibercept]. PubMed Blăjan, Codruta; Nicula, D; Rusu, Ioana 2014-01-01 The paper presents the first results concerning the Aflibercept (Eylea) treatment, the last antiVEGF approved for treatment of the age related macular degeneration (AMD), neovascular form and for macular edema due to the central retinal vein occlusion. The treatment was applied to patients presenting AMD, ME and other diseases: myopic and idiopatic choroidal neovascularisation, central serous choroidopathy (CSC) or diabetic macular edema (DME). The results were good: improvement of the visual acuity, resolution of the intraretinal fluids and macular edema. Although we did not notice major side-effects, resistance or tachyphylaxis, we noticed some recurrences. 16. Preliminary Silver-hydrogen Cell Test Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Lurie, C. 1984-01-01 Silver-hydrogen cells were tested. The objective of the test was to estimate useful life by operation at accelerated, simulated geosynchronous orbit conditions. Ten simulated seasons were run and are summarized. The results to-date reflect stable, trouble-free performance and indicate that the silver-hydrogen couple shows promise as a lightweight alternative to the nickel systems. 17. Preliminary Youth Risk Behavior Survey Results--1993. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Johnson, Joyce, Comp. This paper provides the results of a 1993 survey of 2,684 New Hampshire high school students in regard to risk taking, personal violence, suicide, tobacco use, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) education, sexual activity, nutrition, and exercise. It found that in the preceding 30 days, 10.8 percent of students… 18. [Ultrasonic welding of bones. Preliminary results]. PubMed Brug, E; Braunsteiner, E; von Gemmern, C 1976-10-01 Experiments with ultrasonic applied welding, a method first developed in the USSR are reported. In standardized isolated bone preparations stability values could be obtained of 10% [and in one case of 40% (!)] of the stability of the nonfractured bone. With these values the requirements of the method of osteosynthesis are met. Results of in vivo experiments are expected. 19. Preliminary results of steel containment vessel model test SciTech Connect Luk, V.K.; Hessheimer, M.F.; Matsumoto, T.; Komine, K.; Arai, S.; Costello, J.F. 1998-04-01 A high pressure test of a mixed-scaled model (1:10 in geometry and 1:4 in shell thickness) of a steel containment vessel (SCV), representing an improved boiling water reactor (BWR) Mark II containment, was conducted on December 11--12, 1996 at Sandia National Laboratories. This paper describes the preliminary results of the high pressure test. In addition, the preliminary post-test measurement data and the preliminary comparison of test data with pretest analysis predictions are also presented. 20. Pioneer 11 meteoroid detection experiment - Preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Humes, D. H.; Alvarez, J. M.; Kinard, W. H.; Oneal, R. L. 1975-01-01 The concentration of meteoroids of mass about 0.01 microgram in interplanetary space, in the asteroid belt, and near Jupiter has been measured. The data confirm the Pioneer 10 observation that the asteroid belt is not highly populated with small meteoroids, suggest that the high concentration of small particles around Jupiter is the result of gravitational focusing, and provide an indication of the mass distribution of meteoroids in interplanetary space. 1. Medical Radioisotope Data Survey: 2002 Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Siciliano, Edward R. 2004-06-23 A limited, but accurate amount of detailed information about the radioactive isotopes used in the U.S. for medical procedures was collected from a local hospital and from a recent report on the U.S. Radiopharmaceutical Markets. These data included the total number of procedures, the specific types of procedures, the specific radioisotopes used in these procedures, and the dosage administered per procedure. The information from these sources was compiled, assessed, pruned, and then merged into a single, comprehensive and consistent set of results presented in this report. (PIET-43471-TM-197) 2. [Hearing screening of newborns. Preliminary results]. PubMed Courtmans, I; Mancilla, V; Ligny, C; Belhadi, B; Damis, E; Mahillon, P 2005-02-01 Since 1976, an hearing screening is organized at the Clinic Edith Cavell. The testing was based on a behavioral technique of Veit-Bizaguet and, since 2001, the otoacoustic emissions are realised. The National Institutes of Health (1993) recommends universal newborn hearing screening of all newborns before 3 months of age and identification and treatment before 6 months of age. Indeed, detection of hearing loss and early intervention allow a better access to the language and consequently an easier schooling and social integration. This article shows the results of the screening from february at the end of December 2002. These data are compared with those of the literature. 3. Modelling Extortion Racket Systems: Preliminary Results Nardin, Luis G.; Andrighetto, Giulia; Székely, Áron; Conte, Rosaria Mafias are highly powerful and deeply entrenched organised criminal groups that cause both economic and social damage. Overcoming, or at least limiting, their harmful effects is a societally beneficial objective, which renders its dynamics understanding an objective of both scientific and political interests. We propose an agent-based simulation model aimed at understanding how independent and combined effects of legal and social norm-based processes help to counter mafias. Our results show that legal processes are effective in directly countering mafias by reducing their activities and changing the behaviour of the rest of population, yet they are not able to change people's mind-set that renders the change fragile. When combined with social norm-based processes, however, people's mind-set shifts towards a culture of legality rendering the observed behaviour resilient to change. 4. Computerized Script Training for Aphasia: Preliminary Results PubMed Central Cherney, Leora R.; Halper, Anita S.; Holland, Audrey L.; Cole, Ron 2009-01-01 Purpose This article describes computer software that was developed specifically for training conversational scripts and illustrates its use with three individuals with aphasia. Methods Three participants with chronic aphasia (Broca’s, Wernicke’s and anomic) were assessed before and after nine weeks of a computer script training program. For each participant, three individualized scripts were developed, recorded on the software, and practiced sequentially at home. Weekly meetings with the speech-language pathologist occurred to monitor practice and assess progress. Baseline and post-treatment scripts were audio-taped, transcribed, and compared to the target scripts for content, grammatical productivity and rate of production of script-related words. Interviews with the person with aphasia and their significant other were conducted at the conclusion of treatment. Results All measures (content, grammatical productivity and rate of production of script-related words) improved for each participant on every script. Two participants gained more than five points on the Aphasia Quotient of the Western Aphasia Battery. Five positive themes were consistently identified from the exit interviews - increased verbal communication, improvements in other modalities and situations, communication changes noticed by others, increased confidence, and satisfaction with the software. Conclusion Computer-based script training potentially may be an effective intervention for persons with chronic aphasia. PMID:18230811 5. Ultrasonic vibration dectection with wavelets: preliminary results. PubMed Plett, Melani; Beach, Kirk W 2005-03-01 Several arterial disorders are known to cause systolic audio vibrations in tissue: they include stenoses, vasospasm, aneurysms, bleeds and arteriovenous fistulas. High-amplitude vibrations can be discovered with conventional Doppler ultrasound (US) instruments; however, differentiating brief, low-amplitude vibrations from other nonstationary echo sources is difficult. Further, characterizing the frequency and amplitude of vibrations is not feasible with conventional Doppler US. The automated detection and estimation of both the frequency and amplitude of vibrations with durations less than 100 ms and amplitudes of a micrometer or less have remained a signal-processing challenge. These vibrations may be associated with both nonstationary colored noise and strong low-frequency clutter. The normalized continuous Morlet wavelet power-spectrum analysis of quadrature Doppler echoes, followed by a binary hypothesis test for noise, results in simulated detection rates above 99.9%, with 0.1% false alarms for signal-on signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as low as one. Two clinical examples are included. 6. Preliminary Results of Solid Gas Generator Micropropulsion NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) deGroot, Wilhelmus A.; Reed, Brian D.; Brenizer, Marshall 1999-01-01 A decomposing solid thruster concept, which creates a more benign thermal and chemical environment than solid propellant combustion, while maintaining, performance similar to solid combustion, is described. A Micro-Electro-Mechanical (MEMS) thruster concept with diode laser and fiber-optic initiation is proposed, and thruster components fabricated with MEMS technology are presented. A high nitrogen content solid gas generator compound is evaluated and tested in a conventional axisymmetric thrust chamber with nozzle throat area ratio of 100. Results show incomplete decomposition of this compound in both low pressure (1 kPa) and high pressure (1 MPa) environments, with decomposition of up to 80% of the original mass. Chamber pressures of 1.1 MPa were obtained, with maximum calculated thrust of approximately 2.7 N. Resistively heated wires and resistively heated walls were used to initiate decomposition. Initiation tests using available lasers were unsuccessful, but infrared spectra of the compound show that the laser initiation tests used inappropriate wavelengths for optimal propellant absorption. Optimal wavelengths for laser ignition were identified. Data presented are from tests currently in progress. Alternative solid gas generator compounds are being evaluated for future tests. 7. HST observations of Chiron: preliminary results BENEDETTI Rossi, Gustavo; Sicardy, Bruno; Buie, Marc W.; Braga-Ribas, Felipe; Ortiz, Jose-Luis; Duffard, Rene; camargo, julio; Vieira-Martins, Roberto; Gratadour, Damien; Dumas, Christophe 2016-10-01 Chiron is a Centaur object, with a radius of approximately 110km. It is orbiting between Saturn and Uranus, and may be a Transneptunian Object (TNO) that has been recently (less than 10 My) scattered by gravitational perturbations from Uranus, just like its "twin brother" Chariklo. On June 3rd, 2013, a stellar occultation by Chariklo of a R=12.4 magnitude star was observed from seven sites in South America, which led to the detection of a total of twelve secondary events, revealing the presence of two narrow and dense rings (see more details at Braga-Ribas F. et al., Nature, 2014).Up to now, planetary rings have been detected exclusively around the four giant planets of our Solar System and Chariklo. In spite of hundreds of occultations by asteroids and several space missions, no other small bodies have shown the presence of rings. However, two recent papers (Ruprecht et al. 2015 and Ortiz et. al 2015) report secondary events from stellar occultations by Chiron that have been interpreted either as a dust shell or a ring system. Using the Hubble Space Telescope we obtained direct images of Chiron surroundings to search for rings, jets and/or small satellites. First results will be presented. 8. Bacteremia following dental implant surgery: Preliminary results PubMed Central Özdemir, Tayfun; Öksüz, Lütfiye; Gürler, Nezahat 2012-01-01 Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the incidence of bacteremia, bacteriology and antibiotic susceptibility against to causative bacteria associated with dental implant installation. Study Design: 30 generally healthy patients were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 30 minutes after dental implant installation and 24 hours after dental implant surgery. Blood samples were cultured in a BACTEC system. The isolated bacteria were identified using conventional methods. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed by disc diffusion. Results: No bacteria were isolated at the baseline and 24 hours after surgery, whereas the prevalence of bacteremia at 30 minutes after dental implant installation was 23%. The isolated bacteria species were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Eubacterium spp., Corynebacterium spp. and Streptococcus viridans. The Staphylococcus epidermidis, which was isolated in three patients, was found to be resistant to penicillin which is first choice of many clinicians. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that installation of dental implants can produce bacteremia. Within the limitations of this study, it can be speculated that the resistance of antibiotics may compromise the routine prophylaxis against infective endocarditis. Therefore use of blood cultures and antibiograms may be suggested in risky patients. The outcome of the present study should be verified using a larger patient group with varying conditions. Key words: Dental implant, bacteremia, infective endocarditis, antibiotic prophylaxis. PMID:22157668 9. Bahamas Optical Turbulence Exercise (BOTEX): preliminary results Hou, Weilin; Jorosz, Ewa; Dalgleish, Fraser; Nootz, Gero; Woods, Sarah; Weidemann, Alan D.; Goode, Wesley; Vuorenkoski, Anni; Metzger, B.; Ramos, B. 2012-06-01 patterns are examined, using high speed camera recordings (300 to 1200 fps), in association with measured turbulence structures. Initial results confirmed our hypothesis that turbulence impacted optical transmissions. They also showed that more research will be needed to better quantify and mitigate such effects, especially for the U.S. Navy's next generation EO systems, including active imaging, lidar and optical communications. 10. Preliminary Results of Bisphosphonate ISS Flight Experiment NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) LeBlanc, Adrian; Jones, Jeff; Shapiro, Jay; Lang, Tom; Shackelford, Linda C.; Smith, Scott M.; Evans, Harlan J.; Spector, Elisabeth R.; Sibonga, Jean; Matsumoti, Toshio; Nakamura, Toshitaka; Kohri, Kenjiro; Ohshima, Hiroshi 2010-01-01 Bone loss has been recognized as a potential problem from the beginning of human spaceflight. With the spaceflight missions lasting 6 months to potentially 3 years or longer this issue has assumed increased significance. Detailed measurements from the Mir and ISS long duration missions have documented losses in bone mineral density (BMD) from the total skeleton and critical sub-regions. The most important losses are from the femoral hip averaging about -1.6%/mo integral to -2.3%/mo trabecular BMD. Importantly these studies have documented the wide range in individual response from -0.5 to -5%/mo in BMD. Given the small size of any expedition crew, the wide range of responses has to be considered in the implementation of any countermeasure. Assuming that it is unlikely that the susceptibility for bone loss in any given crewmember will be known, a suite of bone loss countermeasures will likely be needed to insure protection of all crewmembers. The hypothesis for this experiment is that the combined effect of anti-resorptive drugs plus the standard in-flight exercise regimen will have a measurable effect on preventing space flight induced bone loss and strength and will reduce renal stone risk. To date, 4 crewmembers have completed the flight portion of the protocol in which crewmembers take a 70-mg alendronate tablet once a week before and during flight, starting 17 days before launch. Compared to previous ISS crewmembers (n=14) not taking alendronate, DXA measurements of the total hip BMD were significantly changed from -1.1 0.5%/mo to 0.04 0.3%/mo (p<0.01); QCT-determined trabecular BMD of the total hip was significantly changed from -2.3 1.0%/mo to -0.3 1.6%/mo (p<0.01). Significance was calculated from a one-tailed t test. While these results are encouraging, the current n (4) is small, and the large SDs indicate that while the means are improved there is still high variability in individual response. Four additional crewmembers have been recruited to participate 11. Connecticut Transit (CTTRANSIT) Fuel Cell Transit Bus: Preliminary Evaluation Results SciTech Connect Chandler, K.; Eudy, L. 2008-10-01 This report provides preliminary results from a National Renewable Energy Laboratory evaluation of a protoptye fuel cell transit bus operating at Connecticut Transit in Hartford. Included are descriptions of the planned fuel cell bus demonstration and equipment; early results and agency experience are also provided. 12. Hydrogen-burn survival: preliminary thermal model and test results SciTech Connect McCulloch, W.H.; Ratzel, A.C.; Kempka, S.N.; Furgal, D.T.; Aragon, J.J. 1982-08-01 This report documents preliminary Hydrogen Burn Survival (HBS) Program experimental and analytical work conducted through February 1982. The effects of hydrogen deflagrations on safety-related equipment in nuclear power plant containment buildings are considered. Preliminary results from hydrogen deflagration experiments in the Sandia Variable Geometry Experimental System (VGES) are presented and analytical predictions for these tests are compared and discussed. Analytical estimates of component thermal responses to hydrogen deflagrations in the upper and lower compartments of an ice condenser, pressurized water reactor are also presented. 13. The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: Preliminary Results Maddox, Steve; 2DF Galaxy Redshift Survey Team; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss; Cannon, Russell; Cole, Shaun; Colless, Matthew; Collins, Chris; Couch, Warrick; Dalton, Gavin; Driver, Simon; Ellis, Richard; Efstathiou, George; Folkes, Simon; Frenk, Carlos; Glazebrook, Karl; Kaiser, Nick; Lahav, Ofer; Lumsden, Stuart; Peterson, Bruce; Peacock, John; Sutherland, Will; Taylor, Keith Spectroscopic observations for a new survey of 250 000 galaxy redshifts are underway, using the 2dF instrument at the AAT. The input galaxy catalogue and commissioning data are described. The first result from the preliminary data is a new estimate of the galaxy luminosity function at = 0.1. 14. Preliminary Results from the ESO Slice Project (ESP) Vettolani, G.; Zucca, E.; Cappi, A.; Merighi, R.; Mignoli, M.; Stirpe, G.; Zamorani, G.; MacGillivray, H.; Collins, C.; Balkowski, C.; Alimi, J.; Blanchard, A.; Cayatte, V.; Felenbock, P.; Maurogordato, S.; Proust, D.; Chincarini, G.; Guzzo, L.; Maccagni, D.; Scaramella, R.; Ramella, M. We present the first results of a galaxy redshift survey, ESO Slice Project (ESP), we are accomplishing as an ESO Key-Project over about 30 square degrees in a region near the South Galactic Pole. The limiting magnitude is b_J = 19.4. Observations have been almost completed and about 90% of the data obtained so far has been reduced providing about 3000 galaxy redshifts. We present some preliminary results concerning the large scale galaxy distribution and their luminosity function. 15. Hellenic Amateur Astronomy Association's activities: Preliminary results on Perseids 2010 Maravelias, G. 2011-01-01 Preliminary results on the Perseids 2010 are presented. Visual and video observations were obtained by the author and a first reduction of the visual data shows that a maximum of ZHR ~120 was reached during the night 12-13 of August 2010. Moreover, a video setup was tested (DMK camera and UFO Capture v2) and the results show that, under some limitations, valuable data can be obtained. 16. Preliminary results toward injection locking of an incoherent laser array NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Daher, J. 1986-01-01 The preliminary results of phase locking an incoherent laser array to a master source in an attempt to achieve coherent operation are presented. The techniques necessary to demonstrate phase locking are described along with some topics for future consideration. As expected, the results obtained suggest that injection locking of an array, where the spacing between adjacent longitudinal modes of its elements is significantly larger than the locking bandwidth, may not be feasible. 17. Iron in hereditary retinal degeneration: PIXE microanalysis. Preliminary results Sergeant, C.; Gouget, B.; Llabador, Y.; Simonoff, M.; Yefimova, M.; Courtois, Y.; Jeanny, J. C. 1999-10-01 Several types of hereditary retinal degeneration with progressive alteration of photoreceptors exist in men and animals. Recent immunohistochemical results have shown strong degradation of transferrin, the protein responsible for iron transport, in retinas of rats with hereditary retinal degeneration. Freeze-dried thin sections of rat retinas from different stages of the disease, and respective coeval control sections, have been analyzed using nuclear microprobe. In this first part of the study, the rat retinas at post-natal stages of 35 and 45 days have been analyzed. The sample preparation and the post-irradiation staining to determine precisely the retinal layers involved are described. Preliminary results of element distributions (K, Ca, Fe) in the rat retina layers are discussed. A very high content of calcium in the choriocapillaris of dystrophic rat retinas was observed. Preliminary results on iron distribution in the rat retina layers are presented. 18. Preliminary Results of the MOSES II 2015 Flight Smart, Roy; Courrier, Hans; Kankelborg, Charles 2016-05-01 The Multi-Order Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrograph (MOSES) is a slitless spectrograph which aims to produce simultaneous spatial-spectral imaging of the solar transition region. This is accomplished through a multilayer concave diffraction grating which produces three images for the spectral orders m = 0, ± 1. The multilayer coating provides a narrow passband, dominated by Ne VII (46.5 nm), which allows the three images to be compared in order to determine line broadenings and identify explosive events in the Solar Transition Region. Here, we examine the preliminary results of MOSES II, the instrument’s second flight which was launched on a sounding rocket from White Sands Missile Range, NM in August 2015. We present the first images of the Sun in Ne VII since Skylab and the preliminary results of observed doppler shifts within an active region. 19. Preliminary results of the echo-seeding experiment at SLAC SciTech Connect Xiang, D.; Colby, E.; Ding, Y.; Dunning, M.; Frederico, J.; Gilevich, S.; Hast, C.; Jobe, K.; McCormick, D.; Nelson, J.; Raubenheimer, T.O.; Soong, K.; Stupakov, G.; Szalata, Z.; Walz, D.; Weathersby, S.; Woodley, M.; Corlett, J.; Qiang, J.; Penn, G.; Prestemon, S.; Schlueter, R.; Venturini, M.; Wan, W.; Pernet, P-L. 2010-05-23 ECHO-7 is a proof-of-principle echo-enabled harmonic generation FEL experiment in the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) at SLAC. The experiment aims to generate coherent radiation at 318 nm and 227 nm, which are the 5th and 7th harmonic of the infrared seed laser. In this paper we present the preliminary results from the commissioning run of the completed experimental setup which started in April 2010. 20. Shoe-box orbit determination system for SMM preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Tasaki, K. K.; Goorevich, C. 1979-01-01 The implementation of both sequential and batch methods of estimation on IMP-16 microprocessors was investigated. Simulated data was used from a tracking and data relay satellite whose target satellite was the Solar Maximum Mission. An interesting feature of the hardware was the use of two interconnected IMP-16's. Some preliminary results from the study, as well as the difficulties and advantages in the use of microprocessors, are presented. 1. 9.4T Human MRI: Preliminary Results PubMed Central Vaughan, Thomas; DelaBarre, Lance; Snyder, Carl; Tian, Jinfeng; Akgun, Can; Shrivastava, Devashish; Liu, Wanzahn; Olson, Chris; Adriany, Gregor; Strupp, John; Andersen, Peter; Gopinath, Anand; van de Moortele, Pierre-Francois; Garwood, Michael; Ugurbil, Kamil 2014-01-01 This work reports the preliminary results of the first human images at the new high-field benchmark of 9.4T. A 65-cm-diameter bore magnet was used together with an asymmetric 40-cm-diameter head gradient and shim set. A multichannel transmission line (transverse electromagnetic (TEM)) head coil was driven by a programmable parallel transceiver to control the relative phase and magnitude of each channel independently. These new RF field control methods facilitated compensation for RF artifacts attributed to destructive interference patterns, in order to achieve homogeneous 9.4T head images or localize anatomic targets. Prior to FDA investigational device exemptions (IDEs) and internal review board (IRB)-approved human studies, preliminary RF safety studies were performed on porcine models. These data are reported together with exit interview results from the first 44 human volunteers. Although several points for improvement are discussed, the preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of safe and successful human imaging at 9.4T. PMID:17075852 2. Preliminary results of SPIRAL-2 thermo mechanical neutron converter characteristics Udup, E.; Acosta, G.; Bermúdez, J.; Sajo-Bohus, L.; Tecchio, L. 2012-02-01 A preliminary design of a neutron converter module (NCM) for SPIRAL 2 Project is presented, main characteristics are given. Neutrons, produced by bombarding a carbon converter with a 40 MeV deuteron beam, 5 mA current for power up to 200 kW, induce fission reactions in target. The neutron converter, a high speed rotating wheel, operates at the temperature range between 1650-1850 °C. Vacuum restrictions and material radiation degradation, as well as a continuous three month operation were considered into structural analysis employing the ANSYS software. Preliminary tests indicate that the assembly withstands operating conditions under a vacuum up to 10-4 mbar, temperature up to 350°C, lack of lubricant and a radiation dose rate around 105 Gy/h. The results of thermomechanical simulations, considering temperature gradients, deformation and equivalent stress are presented. 3. Helium at White Dwarf Photospheric Conditions: Preliminary Laboratory Results Schaeuble, M.; Falcon, R. E.; Gomez, T. A.; Winget, D. E.; Montgomery, M. H.; Bailey, J. E. 2017-03-01 We present preliminary results of an experimental study exploring helium at photospheric conditions of white dwarf stars. These data were collected at Sandia National Laboratories' Z-machine, the largest x-ray source on earth. Our helium results could have many applications ranging from validating current DB white dwarf model atmospheres to providing accurate He pressure shifts at varying temperatures and densities. In a much broader context, these helium data can be used to guide theoretical developments in new continuum-lowering models for two-electron atoms. We also discuss future applications of our updated experimental design, which enables us to sample a greater range of densities, temperatures, and gas compositions. 4. Preliminary Results on Uncertainty Quantification for Pattern Analytics SciTech Connect Stracuzzi, David John; Brost, Randolph; Chen, Maximillian Gene; Malinas, Rebecca; Peterson, Matthew Gregor; Phillips, Cynthia A.; Robinson, David G.; Woodbridge, Diane 2015-09-01 This report summarizes preliminary research into uncertainty quantification for pattern ana- lytics within the context of the Pattern Analytics to Support High-Performance Exploitation and Reasoning (PANTHER) project. The primary focus of PANTHER was to make large quantities of remote sensing data searchable by analysts. The work described in this re- port adds nuance to both the initial data preparation steps and the search process. Search queries are transformed from does the specified pattern exist in the data? to how certain is the system that the returned results match the query? We show example results for both data processing and search, and discuss a number of possible improvements for each. 5. Preliminary results from a shallow water benthic grazing study USGS Publications Warehouse Jones, N.L.; Monismith, Stephen G.; Thompson, Janet K. 2005-01-01 Despite great improvements in our knowledge on the effects of benthic grazers on seston concentrations in water columns, the effects of different hydrodynamic conditions on grazing rates has not been formulated. This makes it difficult to assess the system-wide effect of the benthic ecosystem on phytoplankton concentrations. Furthermore, it affects our ability to predict the potential success of a benthic species, such as the invasive clams Corbicula fluminea and Potamocorbula amurensis. This paper presents the preliminary results of a control volume approach to elucidate the effect of different hydrodynamic conditions on the grazing rates of Corbicula fluminea. 6. Preliminary science results of Voyager 1 Saturn encounter NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Bane, D. 1981-01-01 Preliminary science results of the Voyager 1 encounter of the planet Saturn are reported. On August 22, 1980, the spacecraft was 109 million km (68 million mi) from Saturn. Closest approach to Saturn took place on November 12, at 3:46 p.m. (PDT), when the spacecraft passed 126,000 km (78,000 mi) from the cloud tops. Measurements of the atmosphere, wind speed, radiation, six surrounding rings, and the planet's old and newly found satellites were recorded. The encounter ended December 15, 1980. The spacecraft took more than 17,500 photographs of Saturn and its satellites. 7. Preliminary results of an intercomparison of total ozone spectrophotometers NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Parsons, C. L.; Gerlach, J. C.; Williams, M. E.; Kerr, J. B. 1981-01-01 Preliminary results from an intercomparison of five total ozone spectrophotometers are presented. These are the Dobson spectrophotometer, the USSR M-83 ozonometer, the Canterbury filter photometer, the SenTran Company filter photometer, and the Brewer grating spectrophotometer. The pertinent characteristics of each are described, and conclusions are drawn about the agreement of each instrument's measurements with the Dobson's values over a time period of nearly one year. A discussion of the importance of calibration and long-term stability and reliability is included. 8. Preliminary investigation into aerosol mobilization resulting from fusion reactor disruptions SciTech Connect Sharpe, J.P.; Bourham, M.A.; Gilligan, J.G. 1996-12-31 An experimental system has been developed to study disruption-induced aerosol mobilization for fusion accident analysis. The SIRENS high heat flux facility at North Carolina State University has been modified to closely simulate disruption conditions expected in tokamak reactors. A hot vapor is formed by an ablation-controlled arc and expansion cooled into a glass chamber, where particle condensation and growth occur. The particles are collected and analyzed for relevant transport properties (e.g. size distribution and shape). Particle characterization methods are discussed, and preliminary results based on simple analysis techniques are given. 2 refs., 6 figs. 9. Microwave remote sensing of snow experiment description and preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Ulaby, F. T. (Principal Investigator); Stiles, W. H.; Hanson, B. C. 1977-01-01 The active and passive microwave responses to snow were investigated at a site near Steamboat Springs, Colorado during the February and March winter months. The microwave equipment was mounted atop truck-mounted booms. Data were acquired at numerous frequencies, polarizations, and angles of incidence for a variety of snow conditions. The experiment description, the characteristics of the microwave and ground truth instruments, and the results of a preliminary analysis of a small portion of the total data volume acquired in Colorado are documented. 10. V and V Efforts of Auroral Precipitation Models: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Zheng, Yihua; Kuznetsova, Masha; Rastaetter, Lutz; Hesse, Michael 2011-01-01 Auroral precipitation models have been valuable both in terms of space weather applications and space science research. Yet very limited testing has been performed regarding model performance. A variety of auroral models are available, including empirical models that are parameterized by geomagnetic indices or upstream solar wind conditions, now casting models that are based on satellite observations, or those derived from physics-based, coupled global models. In this presentation, we will show our preliminary results regarding V&V efforts of some of the models. 11. Preliminary Results from the Space Probe Pioneer V NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Fan, C. Y.; Meyer, P.; Simpson, J. A. 1960-01-01 The space probe Pioneer V was launched March 11, 1960, into an orbit around the sun and inside the orbit of earth. The scientific apparatus included instruments identical with the University of Chicago apparatus used on Explorer VI [Fan, Meyer, and Simpson, 1960b], namely, energetic particle detectors which measure fluxes of protons with energies greater than 75 Mev, electrons with energies greater than 15 Mev, and the bremsstrahlung from electrons and y rays of lower energy. Simultaneously with the measurements in Pioneer V a series of four neutron monitor piles were recording the changes in cosmic radiation intensity at the earth. We report here on some preliminary results obtained from the Chicago experiments during the time within which Pioneer V traveled to a distance of approximately 8 x 10 km from earth. Beginning on March 20, solar activity rapidly increased with many solar flares, radio noise bursts, etc., over a period of 10 days. Most of our results relate to this period. The preliminary data are given in Figures 1 and 2. 12. Preliminary Results Of A 600 Joules Small Plasma Focus Device SciTech Connect Lee, S. H.; Yap, S. L.; Wong, C. S. 2009-07-07 Preliminary results of a 600 J (3.7 muF, 18 kV) Mather type plasma focus device operated at low pressure will be presented. The discharge is formed between a solid anode with length of 6 cm and six symmetrically and coaxially arranged cathode rods of same lengths. The cathode base is profiled in a knife-edge design and a set of coaxial plasma gun are attached to it in order to initiate the breakdown and enhance the current sheath formation. The experiments have been performed in argon gas under a low pressure condition of several microbars. The discharge current and the voltage across the electrodes during the discharge are measured with high voltage probe and current coil. The current and voltage characteristics are used to determine the possible range of operating pressure that gives good focusing action. At a narrow pressure regime of 9.0+-0.5 mubar, focusing action is observed with good reproducibility. Preliminary result of ion beam energy is presented. More work will be carried out to investigate the radiation output. 13. Magnetic Field Observations near Mercury: Preliminary Results from Mariner 10. PubMed Ness, N F; Behannon, K W; Lepping, R P; Whang, Y C; Schatten, K H 1974-07-12 Results are presented from a preliminary analysis of data obtained near Mercury on 29 March 1974 by the NASA-GSFC magnetic field experiment on Mariner 10. Rather unexpectedly, a very well-developed, detached bow shock wave, which develops as the super-Alfvénic solar wind interacts with the planet, has been observed. In addition, a magnetosphere-like region, with maximum field strength of 98 gammas at closest approach (704 kilometers altitude), has been observed, contained within boundaries similar to the terrestrial magnetopause. The obstacle deflecting the solar wind flow is global in size, but the origin of the enhanced magnetic field has not yet been uniquely established. The field may be intrinsic to the planet and distorted by interaction with the solar wind. It may also be associated with a complex induction process whereby the planetary interior-atmosphere-ionosphere interacts with the solar wind flow to generate the observed field by a dynamo action. The complete body of data favors the preliminary conclusion that Mercury has an intrinsic magnetic field. If this is correct, it represents a major scientific discovery in planetary magnetism and will have considerable impact on studies of the origin of the solar system. 14. Multi-GNSS Orbit and Clock Combination: Preliminary Results Fritsche, Mathias 2016-04-01 In the framework of the Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) a number of Analysis Centers (ACs) extended their software capabilities to process signals from the BeiDou, Galileo, and QZSS systems in addition to the well established systems GPS and GLONASS. Currently, the MGEX product portfolio covers precise satellite orbits and clocks, receiver clocks, signal biases, and Earth rotation parameters generated by the individual ACs. This presentation will provide an overview on the available AC-specific MGEX products. In addition, an introduction to a multi-GNSS orbit and clock combination procedure will be given. Finally, preliminary results from that multi-GNSS combination including a comparison with corresponding operational IGS products will be reported along with a discussion of the results. 15. Windblown sand on Venus - Preliminary results of laboratory simulations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Greeley, R.; Iversen, J.; Leach, R.; Marshall, J.; Williams, S.; White, B. 1984-01-01 Small particles and winds of sufficient strength to move them have been detected from Venera and Pioneer-Venus data and suggest the existence of aeolian processes on Venus. The Venus wind tunnel (VWT) was fabricated in order to investigate the behavior of windblown particles in a simulated Venusian environment. Preliminary results show that sand-size material is readily entrained at the wind speeds detected on Venus and that saltating grains achieve velocities closely matching those of the wind. Measurements of saltation threshold and particle flux for various particle sizes have been compared with theoretical models which were developed by extrapolation of findings from Martian and terrestrial simulations. Results are in general agreement with theory, although certain discrepancies are apparent which may be attributed to experimental and/or theoretical-modeling procedures. Present findings enable a better understanding of Venusian surface processes and suggest that aeolian processes are important in the geological evolution of Venus. 16. Preliminary results on two-dimensional interferometry of HL Tau NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Tollestrup, Eric V.; Harvey, Paul M. 1989-01-01 Preliminary two-dimensional speckle interferometry results of HL Tau were found to be qualitatively similar to those found with one-dimensional slit scanning techniques; results consist of a resolved component (approximately 0.7 arcsec in size) and an unresolved component. Researchers are currently reducing the rest of the data (taken on three different telescopes and at three different wavelengths) and are also exploring other high resolution methods like the shift and add technique and selecting only the very best images for processing. The availability of even better two-dimensional arrays within the next couple of years promises to make speckle interferometry and other high resolution techniques very powerful and exiting tools for probing a variety of objects in the subarcsec regime. 17. The Gemini Planet Imager Coronagraph Testbed Preliminary Performance Results Roberts, Robin 2010-01-01 The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a new science instrument being developed and slated for first light early 2011 on the twin 8m Gemini telescopes. Operating in the near infrared, this ground-based, extreme Adaptive Optics (ExAO) coronographic instrument will provide the ability to detect, characterize and analyze young (< 2GYr), self-luminous, extrasolar planets with brightness contrast ratios ≤ 10-7 when compared to their parent star. The coronagraph subsystem includes a pupil apodization, a hard-edged focal plane mask as well as a Lyot stop. Preliminary results indicate that the testbed is performing at very high contrast, having achieved broadband contrasts (H-band) below 10-6 at separations > 5λ/D. Fraunhoffer and Fresnel propagation modeling were used to analyze the testbed results. 18. Preliminary results from Radiation Environment Investigations on GIOVE-A Underwood, C. I.; Taylor, B.; Ryden, K. A.; Rodgers, D. J.; Dyer, C. S.; Evans, H. D. R.; Daly, E. J. GIOVE-A is a small satellite build by SSTL UK for the European Space Agency as a first element of its Galileo satellite navigation programme GIOVE-A s primary payload is a navigation payload to secure use of the frequencies allocated by the International Telecommunications Union ITU for the Galileo system and to demonstrate critical technologies for the navigation payload of future operational Galileo satellites It also includes radiation environments and effects experiments constructed by the University of Surrey CEDEX and QinetiQ MERLIN to characterise the hazardous MEO environment GIOVE-A was launched 28 December 2005 into a 24000 km circular orbit with 56 degree inclination The environment experiments contain detectors to register the electron proton and ion signals and also to investigate the resulting total dose and charging environments The payloads will be described and preliminary results will be presented 19. Implications of Scheduled ITC Reversion for RPS Compliance: Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Lowder, Travis; Miller, John; O'Shaughnessy, Eric; Heeter, Jenny 2015-09-14 This poster presents DRAFT initial results of a forthcoming NREL analysis. The analysis investigates the impacts of the scheduled investment tax credit (ITC) reversion from 30 percent to 10 percent for certain solar photovoltaic projects. Specifically, it considers whether the reversion will result in increased use of alternative compliance payments (ACPs) in lieu of solar renewable energy credits (SRECs) for renewable portfolio standard (RPS) compliance. The analysis models the effect of a 10 percent ITC on power purchase agreement (PPA) prices for non-residential systems in the eight states with solar carve-outs and solar ACPs. Our preliminary results suggest that states will likely install sufficient capacity to meet long-term targets through SRECs rather than ACPs following the ITC reversion. However, the analysis shows that the ITC reversion could affect project economics such that capacity shortfalls in certain states could temporarily increase the use of ACPs. NREL anticipates publishing a full report of this analysis in fall 2015. credits (SRECs) for renewable portfolio standard (RPS) compliance. The analysis models the effect of a 10 percent ITC on power purchase agreement (PPA) prices for non-residential systems in the eight states with solar carve-outs and solar ACPs. Our preliminary results suggest that states will likely install sufficient capacity to meet long-term targets through SRECs rather than ACPs following the ITC reversion. However, the analysis shows that the ITC reversion could affect project economics such that capacity shortfalls in certain states could temporarily increase the use of ACPs. NREL anticipates publishing a full report of this analysis in fall 2015. 20. Preliminary Results from Galaxy Zoo: The Sloan by Eye Lintott, Chris; Schawinski, K.; Land, K.; Slosar, A.; Szalay, A.; Bamford, S.; Nichol, R.; Thomas, D.; van den Berg, J.; Murray, P.; Raddick, J.; Andreescu, D.; Galaxy Zoo Team 2007-12-01 The relationship between the morphology of a galaxy and its formation and evolution is a fundamental question for modern astrophysics. However, classification by morphology is still most reliably performed by visual inspection of the data, and so in the era of large redshift surveys it is normal to estimate morphology via proxies for galaxy shape such as colour or the density profile (e.g. Bernardi et al. 2003). The use of such proxies must introduce a bias into the result (See Schawinski et al. 2007). In this presentation we present the first scientific results of the Galaxy Zoo project, which invited the public to inspect and classify galaxies drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). (Our methodology is described in an accompanying outreach poster) More than 110,000 people have viewed more than 30 million images, leading to a catalogue of more than 300,000 galaxies with secure classifications. A comparison with smaller catalogues produced by professional astronomers (e.g. Fukugita et al. 2007) is used to demonstrate the accuracy of Galaxy Zoo classifications. One obvious advantage of our approach is the identification of galaxies that appear morphologically normal, but are otherwise unusual. As an example, we present preliminary results from a study of extremely blue early-type galaxies identified by the project. We also derive for the first time a low-redshift morphology-density relation which is based on visual morphologies, covering an unprecedented range of environments across the whole SDSS. In addition to galaxy morphology, classifiers were also asked to identify the sense of rotation of spiral galaxies; we present preliminary results providing a test of the cosmological principle, as well as constraints on the tidal torque theory of structure formation. 1. Charge breeder for the SPIRAL1 upgrade: Preliminary results SciTech Connect Maunoury, L. Delahaye, P.; Dubois, M.; Bajeat, O.; Frigot, R.; Jeanne, A.; Jardin, P.; Kamalou, O.; Lecomte, P.; Osmond, B.; Peschard, G.; Savalle, A.; Angot, J.; Sole, P.; Lamy, T. 2016-02-15 In the framework of the SPIRAL1 upgrade under progress at the GANIL lab, the charge breeder based on a LPSC Phoenix ECRIS, first tested at ISOLDE has been modified to benefit of the last enhancements of this device from the 1+/n+ community. The modifications mainly concern the 1 + optics, vacuum techniques, and the RF—buffer gas injection into the charge breeder. Prior to its installation in the midst of the low energy beam line of the SPIRAL1 facility, it has been decided to qualify its performances and several operation modes at the test bench of LPSC lab. This contribution shall present preliminary results of experiments conducted at LPSC concerning the 1 + to n+ conversion efficiencies for noble gases as well as for alkali elements and the corresponding transformation times. 2. Preliminary results and future activities at the GARFIELD apparatus Gramegna, F.; Mastinu, P. F.; Vannucci, L.; Bruno, M.; D'Agostino, M.; Fiandri, L.; Lanchais, A.; Vannini, G.; Casini, G.; Chiari, M.; Nannini, A.; Bonasera, A.; Cavallaro, S.; Cosmano, A.; Moroni, A.; Ordine, A.; Abbondanno, U.; Milazzo, P. M.; Margagliotti, G. M. 2002-01-01 A new apparatus has been designed and built to study reaction mechanisms in the energy regime of the ALPI linear accelerator of the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (E/A = 5 - 20 MeV). In this paper the importance of studying these mechanisms will be underlined, no more as a problem limited to a narrow energy range or a single process, but as a continuous trend from low to high energies and from the physics of stable nuclei to that one regarding instabilities. With this remarks in mind, a first experiment has been performed studying the reaction 32S+58Ni at 11AMeV. Preliminary results show that important information can be derived on multi-body emission, which can contribute to renew the interest in this energy regime. 3. MEMS-based microgratings: preliminary results of novel configurations Castracane, James; Gutin, Mikhail A. 1998-03-01 The advent of micromachining has opened new doors for reducing the size and weight of conventional systems. A significant example is in the area of optics in which the size reduction can be exploited to produce ultra-miniature systems using MEMS device as the sensing or control elements. Using MEMS-based fabrication methods (the MUMPS runs), a series of optical diffraction gratings has been produced to examine limitations on the production methods and explore alternative applications. These devices consist of a variety of structures including single gratings, arrays of gratings and multi-periodic gratings. These devices are based on 3D architectures which can be adjusted in real time using electrostatic attraction from custom segmented electrode structures. The gratings were released and packaged for laboratory tests. Selected packaged devices were equipped with windows and integrated into a compact spectrograph to document spectral quality and performance. Preliminary results of mechanical, optical and electrical tests will be discussed. 4. Preliminary Results From The First Flight of ATIC NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Seo, E. S.; Whitaker, Ann F. (Technical Monitor) 2001-01-01 The Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) instrument is designed to measure the composition and energy spectra of Z = 1 to 28 cosmic rays over the energy range approximately 10 GeV - 100 TeV. The instrument was calibrated in September 1999 at CERN using accelerated electron, proton and pion beams. ATIC was launched as a long duration balloon test flight on 12/28/00 local time from McMurdo, Antarctica. After flying successfully for about 16 days the payload was recovered in excellent condition. Absolute calibration of the detector response was made using cosmic-ray muons. The data analysis algorithm which was developed with Monte Carlo simulations and validated with the CERN beam test will be used for the flight data analysis. Preliminary results of the proton and helium spectra will be reported in this paper. 5. Preliminary Results From the First Flight of ATIC NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Seo, E. S.; Adams, James H., Jr.; Ahn, H.; Ampe, J.; Bashindzhagyan, G.; Case, G.; Whitaker, Ann F. (Technical Monitor) 2001-01-01 The Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) instrument is designed to measure the composition C and energy spectra of Z = 1 to 28 cosmic rays over the energy range approximately 10 GeV - 100 TeV. The instrument was calibrated in September 1999 at CERN using accelerated electron, proton and pion beams. ATIC was launched as a long duration balloon test flight on 12/28/00 local time from McMurdo, Antarctica. After flying successfully for about 16 days the payload was recovered in excellent condition. Absolute calibration of the detector response was made using cosmic-ray muons. The data analysis algorithm which was developed with Monte Carlo simulations and validated with the CERN beam test will be used for the flight data analysis. Preliminary results of the protons and C helium spectra will be reported in this paper. 6. Preliminary medical results of the Mir year-long mission Grigoriev, A. I.; Bugrov, S. A.; Bogomolov, V. V.; Egorov, A. D.; Kozlovskaya, I. B.; Pestov, I. D.; Polyakov, V. V.; Tarasov, I. K. The basic goal of medical investigations during and after the 366-day mission was to accumulate data about physiological responses to such a long exposure to microgravity. In flight, cardiovascular and other systems were examined in detail and the efficacy of countermeasures used was assessed. After flight, physiological systems were also followed very carefully. According to the preliminary data, the medical results obtained during and after flight give evidence that man can well adapt to a year-long space flight, maintaining good health and adequate work capacity. The readaptation process was very similar to that observed after shorter flights (6-II months). As compared to former flights, no new or qualitatively different changes in the vital systems of the body were seen. The observations indicate that the duration of manned space missions can be further increased. 7. Synthetic Light Curves for Born Again Events: Preliminary Results Miller Bertolami, M. M.; Rohrmann, R. D. 2013-01-01 The development of surveys which will be able to cover a large region of the sky several times per year will allow the massive detection of transient events taking place on timescales of years. In addition, the projected full digitalization of the Harvard plate collection will open a new window on the identification of slow transients taking place on timescales of centuries. In particular, these projects will allow the detection of stars undergoing slow eruptions as those expected during late helium flashes in the post-AGB evolution. In order to identify those transients which correspond with late helium flashes the development of synthetic light curves of those events is mandatory. In this connection we present preliminary results of a project aimed at computing grids of theoretical light curves of born again stars. 8. The Southern HII Region Discovery Survey: Preliminary Results Shea, Jeanine; Wenger, Trey; Balser, Dana S.; Anderson, Loren D.; Armentrout, William P.; Bania, Thomas M.; Dawson, Joanne; Miller Dickey, John; Jordan, Christopher; McClure-Griffiths, Naomi M. 2017-01-01 HII regions are some of the brightest sources at radio frequencies in the Milky Way and are the sites of massive O and B-type star formation. They have relatively short (< 10 Myr) lifetimes compared to other Galactic objects and therefore reveal information about spiral structure and the chemical evolution of the Galaxy. The HII Region Discovery Surveys (HRDS) discovered about 800 new HII regions in the Galactic longitude range -20 degrees to 270 degrees using primarily the Green Bank Telescope. Candidate HII regions were selected from mid-infrared emission coincident with radio continuum emission, and confirmed as HII regions by the detection of radio recombination lines. Here we discuss the Southern HII Region Discovery Survey (SHRDS), a continuation of the HRDS using the Australia Telescope Compact Array over the Galactic longitude range 230 to 360 degrees. We have reduced and analyzed a small sub-set of the SHRDS sources and discuss preliminary results, including kinematic distances and metallicities. 9. Preliminary results of non-contact THz imaging of cornea Sung, Shijun; Garritano, James; Bajwa, Neha; Deng, Sophie; Hubschman, Jean-Pierre; Grundfest, Warren S.; Taylor, Zachary D. 2015-03-01 This paper presents a novel THz optical design that allows the acquisition of THz reflectivity maps of in vivo cornea without the need for a field flattening window and preliminary imaging results of in vivo rabbit cornea. The system's intended use is to sense small changes in corneal tissue water content (CTWC) that can be precursors for a host of diseases and pathologies. Unique beam optics allows the scanning of a curved surface at normal incidence while keeping the source detector and target stationary. Basic system design principles are discussed and image sets of spherical calibration targets and corneal phantom models are presented. The presented design will enable, for the first time, non-contact THz imaging of animal and human cornea. 10. RF tomography of metallic objects in free space: preliminary results Li, Jia; Ewing, Robert L.; Berdanier, Charles; Baker, Christopher 2015-05-01 RF tomography has great potential in defense and homeland security applications. A distributed sensing research facility is under development at Air Force Research Lab. To develop a RF tomographic imaging system for the facility, preliminary experiments have been performed in an indoor range with 12 radar sensors distributed on a circle of 3m radius. Ultra-wideband pulses are used to illuminate single and multiple metallic targets. The echoes received by distributed sensors were processed and combined for tomography reconstruction. Traditional matched filter algorithm and truncated singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm are compared in terms of their complexity, accuracy, and suitability for distributed processing. A new algorithm is proposed for shape reconstruction, which jointly estimates the object boundary and scatter points on the waveform's propagation path. The results show that the new algorithm allows accurate reconstruction of object shape, which is not available through the matched filter and truncated SVD algorithms. 11. Preliminary results of thoracoscopic Belsey Mark IV antireflux procedure. PubMed Nguyen, N T; Schauer, P R; Hutson, W; Landreneau, R; Weigel, T; Ferson, P F; Keenan, R J; Luketich, J D 1998-06-01 Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication has replaced open approaches for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in many major medical centers. Here we report our preliminary results of the Belsey Mark IV antireflux procedure performed by video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS-Belsey). Fifteen patients underwent VATS-Belsey. The indications for surgery included GERD refractory to medical therapy (n=10), achalasia (n=2), diffuse esophageal spasms (n=1), epiphrenic esophageal diverticulum (n=1), and paraesophageal hernia (n=1). The median operative time was 235 min. There were three conversions to open minithoracotomy (8-10 cm) necessitated by severe adhesions (n=2) and repair of a gastric perforation (n=1). The median hospital stay was 4 days. Postoperative complications included persistent air leaks, requiring discharge with a Heimlich valve in one patient. There were no perioperative deaths. At a median follow-up of 19 months, ten patients (66%) were asymptomatic and were not taking any antacids. One patient who had taken proton pump inhibitors preoperatively required postoperative H2 blockers for mild heartburn. In three patients, recurrent GERD symptoms (mean follow-up 6 months) led to laparoscopic takedown of the Belsey and Nissen fundoplication. One patient with achalasia, who had recurrent dysphagia after 1 year of relief following VATS myotomy and Belsey, underwent esophagectomy. The Belsey Mark IV antireflux procedure is technically feasible by VATS with minimal morbidity. However, our preliminary results suggest that open thoracotomy for Belsey Mark IV should remain the standard operation for GERD with poor esophageal motility when a thoracic approach is desired. We have modified our approach to laparoscopic partial fundoplications (Toupet or Dor) for severe GERD and poor esophageal motility when an abdominal approach is possible. 12. 78 FR 34340 - Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipe and Tube Products From Turkey: Preliminary Results of... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-06-07 ... did not. The preliminary results are listed below in the section titled Preliminary Results of... produced by Borusan and Erbosan for which these companies did not know that the merchandise was... 13. Smart isolation mount for army guns: I. Preliminary results Allaei, Daryoush; Tarnowski, David J.; Mattice, Michael S.; Testa, Robert C. 2000-06-01 The work reported in this paper is focused on an effective and efficient solution, namely Smart Isolation Mount for Army Guns (SIMAG), to the weapon stabilization and fire control issues facing US Army guns. SIMAG is composed of the optimum integration of two innovative technologies. Vibration Control by Confinement and smart senor/actuator/active control systems. The combined approach may also be applied to a gun barrel to reduce its undesired vibratory motions excited by external and internal disturbances, such as gun firing action. SIMAG reconfigures the distribution and propagation of excess vibration energy and confines vibrations to certain non-critical regions or modes within a structure. Concentrated passive, active, or smart damping elements or cancellation techniques may be applied to more effectively dissipate or cancel the trapped vibrations and to prevent build up in the assembly. As the active elements, an array of collocated, PZT-based sensor- actuator sets is recommended for incorporation in SIMAG. Part of the active elements is used for spatially managing excess vibration energy while the other part is utilized for energy dissipation and cancellation. The preliminary result of our feasibility work on the SIMAG concept is demonstrated via computer simulations. It is shown that the insertion of a preliminary version of SIMAG in a 30mm gun system onboard an attack helicopter reduces the fluctuating loads and deformations measured across the helicopter bottom shell by 40 to 50 percent. SIMAG makes significant progress towards solving the firing control problems with affordable weight and power penalties by compensating for all errors in one of the two places, the turret-aircraft interface or gun barrel. Even thought the initial target application of SIMAG is airborne guns, a modified version can be incorporated into ground armors, such as tanks and humvees. 14. Benchmarking the Integration of WAVEWATCH III Results into HAZUS-MH: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Berglund, Judith; Holland, Donald; McKellip, Rodney; Sciaudone, Jeff; Vickery, Peter; Wang, Zhanxian; Ying, Ken 2005-01-01 The report summarizes the results from the preliminary benchmarking activities associated with the use of WAVEWATCH III (WW3) results in the HAZUS-MH MR1 flood module. Project partner Applied Research Associates (ARA) is integrating the WW3 model into HAZUS. The current version of HAZUS-MH predicts loss estimates from hurricane-related coastal flooding by using values of surge only. Using WW3, wave setup can be included with surge. Loss estimates resulting from the use of surge-only and surge-plus-wave-setup were compared. This benchmarking study is preliminary because the HAZUS-MH MR1 flood module was under development at the time of the study. In addition, WW3 is not scheduled to be fully integrated with HAZUS-MH and available for public release until 2008. 15. 78 FR 48651 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan; Preliminary Results of Antidumping... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-08-09 ... International Trade Administration Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From Taiwan; Preliminary... conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet... preliminary results. \\1\\ See Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip from Taiwan: Partial... 16. 78 FR 50029 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-08-16 ... International Trade Administration Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet and Strip From Brazil: Preliminary... Commerce (the Department) initiated an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene... Preliminary Results of the Antidumping Duty Administrative Review of Polyethylene Terephthalate Film,... 17. 76 FR 76374 - Honey From Argentina: Notice of Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-12-07 ... International Trade Administration Honey From Argentina: Notice of Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary... September 7, 2011, the Department extended the time limit for the preliminary results until December ] 1... (10) Seabird Argentina S.A. See Notice of Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results and... 18. 76 FR 79655 - Honey From Argentina: Notice of Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-12-22 ... International Trade Administration Honey From Argentina: Notice of Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary... September 7, 2011, the Department extended the time limit for the preliminary results until December 1, 2011...) Seabird Argentina S.A. See Notice of Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results and... 19. In situ photoimmunotherapy for melanoma: preliminary clinical results Naylor, Mark F.; Nordquist, Robert E.; Teauge, T. Kent; Perry, Lisa A.; Chen, Wei R. 2006-02-01 Although melanoma accounts for only 4% of skin cancer cases, it causes 79% of all skin cancer deaths. Patients with metastatic melanoma have a poor prognosis, and long term survival is only about 5% [1, 2]. Conventional therapies such as surgery and radiation therapy usually do not cure stage III or stage IV melanoma, while traditional chemotherapy is primarily palliative. Over the last decade we have been developing new methods for treating solid tumors like melanoma, first in animal models and now in humans. We present here preliminary results from a new technique that utilizes a combination of laser stimulation and drug therapy to stimulate brisk immunological responses in cases of advanced melanoma with cutaneous metastases. A high-power, near-infrared diode laser (805 nm) is used to kill tumors in situ and a topical toll-like receptor agonist (imiquimod cream, 5%) is used to intensify the resulting immunological response. This is essentially an in situ, tumor vaccine approach to treating solid tumors. 20. Sand transport on Mars: Preliminary results from models NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Greeley, R.; Anderson, F. S.; Blumberg, D.; Lo, E.; Xu, P.; Pollack, J. 1993-01-01 Most studies of active aeolian processes on Mars have focused on dust, i.e., particles approximately 1 micron in diameter that are transported in suspension by wind. The presence of sand dunes on Mars indicates that larger grains (approximately greater than 60 microns, transported primarily in saltation) are also present. Although indirect evidence suggests that some dunes may be active, definitive evidence is lacking. Nonetheless, numerous studies demonstrate that sand is substantially easier to transport by wind than dust, and it is reasonable to infer that sand transportation in saltation occurs under present Martian conditions. In order to assess potential source regions, transportation pathways, and sites of deposition for sand on Mars, an iterative sand transport algorithm was developed that is based on the Mars General Circulation Model of Pollack et al. The results of the dust transport model are then compared with observed surface features, such as dune field locations observed on images, and surficial deposits as inferred from Viking IRTM observations. Preliminary results suggest that the north polar dune fields in the vicinity of 270 degrees W, 70 degrees N originated from weathered polar layered plains centered at 280 degrees W, 85 degrees N, and that Thaumasia Fossae, southern Hellas Planitia, and the area west of Hellespontus Montes are sand depositional sites. Examples of transportation 'corridors' include a westward pathway in the latitudinal band 35 degrees N to 45 degrees N, and a pathway southward from Solis Planum to Thaumasia Fossae, among others. 1. Ultrathin angioscopic guidewire: preliminary in-vitro results Castracane, James; Conerty, Michelle D.; Breisblatt, Warren 1995-05-01 One significant avenue for cost containment in medical care is the application of affordable spin-off technology. Innovative methods for the efficient prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques in cardiac arteries will have significant implications for reducing health care costs in a large patient population. We report on preliminary work aimed at exploiting advanced sensing, fiber optic and materials technologies to create an innovative medical instrument: the Ultrathin Angioscopic Guidewire (UAG). The UAG uses an innovative method to combine high resolution fiber optic imaging bundles with flexible guidewire extensions into a integral unit having a diameter of less than 350 microns. The UAG would serve as the guidewire over a integral unit having a diameter of less than 350 microns. The UAG would serve as the guidewire over which the treatment catheter would ride eliminating repeated removal and reinsertion of the catheter for evaluation. The resulting images are coupled to a high resolution, image intensified detector. Use of digital image capture before and after treatment combined with frame processing allows for a quantitative evaluation of lesion removal and archival data to establish treatment efficacy. Once developed, this instrument will be particularly useful in conjunction with current interventional procedures. As a diagnostic tool, the intensifier in the UAG allows for sensitive imaging for application to in vivo bio/chemiluminescent immunoassays. We will present design details and discuss proof of principle results with the first prototype UAG. 2. Preliminary Results of ICRH on the RT-1 Magnetospheric Device Yano, Yoshihisa; Saitoh, Haruhiko; Yoshida, Zensho; Morikawa, Junji; Fukuyama, Atsushi 2011-10-01 The Ring Trap-1 device, which uses a levitating super-conducting magnet, has already achieved a stable confinement of high-beta plasma (βlocal > 0 . 7) by using ECRH(Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating). Now we are aiming to heat ions by the use of ICRH(Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating) as a next phase of the RT-1 experiment. In the dipole configuration, the magnetic field strength (0.01-0.5 T) and the plasma density (ne ~1017m-3) are lower than in other plasma confinement devices. These features of the dipole plasma may generally result in low plasma loading impedance. Therefore we experimentally examined the loading impedance by the resonance method. In the experiment, a test antenna (φ260-300, 3 turns) was installed around the RT-1 center-stack (φ180). The RF frequency was 1 - 3 MHz and the RF input power was less than 200 mW. The observed loading impedance became higher when the RF frequency and the plasma density were increased. The maximum observed impedance was 17 Ω at 3 MHz and 0.6 Ω at 1 MHz. These dependences on the RF frequency and the plasma density agree with the preliminary calculation results. The detailed comparison between experiment and calculation will be presented. 3. The Myres Hill remote sensing intercomparison study: preliminary results Clive, P. J. M.; Chindurza, I.; Ravey, I.; Bass, J.; Boyle, R. J.; Jones, P.; Lang, S. J.; Bradley, S.; Hay, L.; Oldroyd, A.; Stickland, M. 2008-05-01 Two remote sensing techniques (SODAR and LIDAR) have been developed for measuring wind speed and turbulence from ground level up to altitudes of 300 m or higher. Although originally developed in the defence sector, these techniques are now generating considerable interest in the renewable energy and meteorological sectors. Despite the benefits of these instruments they are not yet generally accepted for due diligence measurements by wind energy developers and financial institutions. There is a requirement for a series of independent assessments of these new metrology techniques, comparing their measurements with the approved cup-type anemometer readings. This is being addressed at TUV NEL's Myres Hill wind turbine test site in a measurement programme supported by the DIUS National Measurement Systems Measurement for Innovators scheme and a consortium of 21 industrial collaborators. Data from SODAR and LIDAR systems are being compared with results from cup-type anemometers mounted at different heights on an 80m meteorological mast. An ultrasonic sensor is also mounted on the mast. The objective of the test programme is to assess the effectiveness of SODAR and LIDAR wind speed measurement techniques under different operating regimes and atmospheric conditions. Results from the measurements will provide definitive data on the performance of the remote wind speed sensing techniques under test on complex terrain typical of many wind farm sites. Preliminary measurements based on data acquired during the initial measurement campaign are presented. 4. The GABLS4 Inter-comparison: Preliminary Results Bazile, E.; Couvreux, F.; Le Moigne, P. 2015-12-01 The GABLS4 intercomparison, launched in summer 2014, aims to study the interaction between the boundary layer and the surface in strong stability and during the diurnal transition focussing on the decrease of the turbulence. For this, the observation site of Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau was chosen mainly for two reasons: the availability of the in-situ measurements from a 45-m tower and a homogeneous surface with a low conductivity such as snow on a flat topography. The intercomparison will consist of 3 inter-comparisons : Single Column Model (SCM), Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and land-snow model (LSM). It is organized in two steps. The first one is dedicated to the LSM and the SCM with an interactive surface (snow) scheme. Then, in the second one, the observed surface temperature will be prescribed in the SCM and in the LES models. The first GABLS4 workshop was organized in May 2015 in Toulouse (France). 12 groups with LSM/SCM and 7 for LES/DNS sent already the simulations. After a brief description of the setup, the main results for the SCM intercomparison with observations and some preliminary results from the LES will be presented. The setup and more details are available on the GABLS4 Web page (http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/aladin/meshtml/GABLS4/GABLS4.html). 5. Design, integration and preliminary results of the IXV Catalysis experiment Viladegut, Alan; Panerai, F.; Chazot, O.; Pichon, T.; Bertrand, P.; Verdy, C.; Coddet, C. 2016-08-01 The CATalytic Experiment (CATE) is an in-flight demonstration of catalysis effects at the surface of thermal protection materials. A high-catalytic coating was applied over the baseline ceramic material on the windward side of the intermediate experimental vehicle (IXV). The temperature jump due to different catalytic activities was detected during re-entry through measurements made with near-surface thermocouples on the windward side of the vehicle. The experiment aimed at contributing to the development and validation of gas/surface interaction models for re-entry applications. The present paper summarizes the design of CATE and its integration on the windward side of the IXV. Results of a qualification campaign at the Plasmatron facility of the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics are presented. They provided an experimental evidence of the temperature jump at the low-to-high catalytic interface of the heat shield under aerothermal conditions relevant to the actual IXV flight. These tests also gave confidence so that the high-catalytic patch would not endanger the integrity of the vehicle and the safety of the mission. A preliminary assessment of flight data from the thermocouple measurements shows consistency with results of the qualification tests. 6. SWCX Emission from the Helium Focusing Cone - Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Snowden, S. L.; Kuntz, K. D.; Collier, M. R. 2008-01-01 Preliminary results from an XMM-Newton campaign to study solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) emission from the heliospheric focusing cone of interstellar helium are presented. The detections of enhanced O VII and O VIII emission from the cone are at the 2(sigma) and 4(sigma) levels. The solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) emission in the heliosphere not associated with distinct objects (e.g., comets and planets including exospheric material in and near Earth s magnetosheath) is proportional to the flux of the solar wind and the space density of neutral material. The neutral material originates in the interstellar medium (ISM) and passes through the solar system due to the relative motion of the Sun and the ISM. The flow of the neutral material through the solar system is strongly perturbed by the Sun both by gravity and by radiation pressure. Because of the relative radiative scattering cross sections and the effect of solar gravitation the density of interstellar hydrogen near the Sun is reduced while interstellar helium is gravitationally focused. This creates a helium focusing cone downstream of the Sun [e.g., 1, and references therein]. 7. Studying the anthropogenic radionuclides in Puerto Rico: Preliminary Result Ithier-Guzmán, W.; Pyrtle, A. J.; Smoak, J. 2004-12-01 Local introduction of anthropogenic radionuclides to Puerto Rico's terrestrial and aquatic environments began in 1962 as a result of US government-sponsored research activities. Some of the earlier experiments examined the effects of radiation in tropical rainforests and the potential of superheated boiling nuclear reactor technology. More recent activities involved the use of depleted uranium during military exercises on Vieques. While the presence of radionuclides in Puerto Rico is documented, little research has been done to assess the environmental impact of this anthropogenic material. After entering Puerto Rico's environment, it is likely that some radionuclides are transported away from initial introduction sites. It is important that the distributions and behavior of radionuclides in Puerto Rico be determined. As such an investigation of this material throughout Puerto Rico was initiated. Sediment Cs-137 and Pb-210 activities, as well as ancillary geochemistry data are presented. These preliminary findings will be utilized as part of an ongoing study to determine radionuclide distributions and behaviors, with respect to aquatic geochemistry and dominant transport processes. 8. Auroral Spatial Structures Probe Sub-Orbital Mission Preliminary Results Pratt, J.; Swenson, C.; Martineau, R. J.; Fish, C. S.; Conde, M.; Hampton, D.; Crowley, G. 2015-12-01 The NASA Auroral Spatial Structures Probe, 49.002, was launched January 28, 2015 from the Poker Flat Research Range into active aurora over the northern coast of Alaska. The primary objective of this mission was to determine the contribution of small spatial and temporal scale fluctuations of the electric fields to the larger-scale energy deposition processes associated with the aurora. The Auroral Spatial Structures Probe Sub-Orbital Mission consisted of a formation of 7 spacecraft (a main payload with 6 deployable sub-payloads) designed for multiple temporally spaced co-located measurements of electric and magnetic fields in the earth's ionosphere. The mission was able to make observations at a short time scale and small spatial scale convergence that is unobservable by either satellite or ground-based observations. The payloads included magnetometers, electric field double probes, and Langmuir probes as well as a sweeping impedance probe on the main payload. We present here preliminary results from the measurements taken that hint at the underlying spatial structure of the currents and energy deposition in the aurora. The Poynting flux derived from the observations is shown and implications are discussed in terms of the contribution of small spatial scale, rapid temporal scale fluctuations in the currents that deposit energy in the auroral region. Funding provided by NASA Grants NNX11AE23G and NNX13AN20A. 9. Spitzer IRS Spectra of Basaltic Asteroids: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Lim, Lucy F.; Emery, Joshua P.; Moskovitz, Nick; Stewart, Heather; Marchis, Frank 2008-01-01 We present preliminary results of a Spitzer program to observe the 5.2--38 micron spectra of small basaltic asteroids using the Spitzer IRS (Infrared Spectrograph). Our targets include members of the dynamical family of the unique large differentiated asteroid 4 Vesta ("Vestoids"), four outer-main-belt basaltic asteroids whose orbits exclude them from originating on 4 Vesta, and the basaltic near-Earth asteroid (NEA) 4055 Magellan. We will compare the compositions and thermophysical properties of the non-Vestoid objects with those of the dynamical vestoids to provide insight on the extent of metal-silicate differentiation on planetsimals during the epoch of planet formation in the early Solar System. As of this writing, spectra of asteroids 10537 (1991 RY16) and 2763 Jeans have been returned. Analysis of these data are ongolng. Observations of 956 Elisa, 2653 Principia, 4215 Kamo, 7472 Kumakiri, and 1459 Magnya have been scheduled and are expected to be available by the time of the DPS meeting. NIR spectra and lightcurves o f the target asteroids are also being observed in support of this program. 10. Intraarterial Ultrasound in Pancreatic Cancer: Feasibility Study and Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Larena-Avellaneda, Axel; Timm, Stephan; Kickuth, Ralph; Kenn, Werner; Steger, Ulrich; Jurowich, Christian; Germer, Christoph-Thomas 2010-08-15 Despite technological advances in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, the involvement of the celiac or mesenteric artery in pancreatic cancer remains uncertain in many cases. Infiltration of these vessels is important in making decisions about therapy choices but often can only be definitively determined through laparotomy. Local (intraarterial) ultrasound may increase diagnostic accuracy. Using the Volcano intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) system, we applied a transfemoral method to scan the celiac and mesenteric arteries directly intraarterial. This technique was used in five patients with suspected pancreatic cancer. Technical success was achieved in all cases. In one case, a short dissection of the mesenteric artery occurred but could be managed interventionally. In tumors that did not contact with the vessels, IVUS was unable to display the tissue pathology. Our main interest was the infiltration of the arteries. In one case, infiltration was certain in the CT scan but uncertain in two patients. In the latter two cases, IVUS correctly predicted infiltration in one and freedom from tumor in the other case. In our preliminary study, IVUS correctly predicted arterial infiltration in all cases. IVUS did not provide new information when the tumor was far away from the vessel. Compared with IVUS in the portal vein, the information about the artery is more detailed, and the vessel approach is easier. These results encouraged us to design a prospective study to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this method. 11. This Month in Astronomical History: Preliminary Survey Results Wilson, Teresa 2017-01-01 This Month in Astronomical History is a short (~500 word) column on the AAS website that revisits significant astronomical events or the lives of people who have made a large impact on the field. The monthly column began in July 2016 at the request of the Historical Astronomical Division. Examples of topics that have been covered include Comet Shoemaker-Levy’s collision with Jupiter, the discovery of the moons of Mars, the life of Edwin Hubble, Maria Mitchell’s comet discovery, and the launch of Sputnik II. A survey concerning the column is in progress to ensure the column addresses the interests and needs of a broad readership, including historians, educators, research astronomers, and the general public. Eleven questions focus on the style and content of the column, while eight collect simple demographics. The survey has been available on the AAS website since and was mentioned in several AAS newsletters; however, non-members of AAS were also recruited to include respondents from a variety of backgrounds. Preliminary results of the survey are presented and will be used to hone the style and content of the column to serve the widest possible audience. Responses continue to be collected at: https://goo.gl/forms/Lhwl2aWJl2Vkoo7v1 12. The Northrop Grumman External Occulter Testbed: Preliminary Results Lo, Amy; Glassman, T.; Lillie, C. 2007-05-01 We have built a subscale testbed to demonstrate and validate the performance of the New Worlds Observer (NWO), a terrestrial planet finder external-occulter mission concept. The external occulter concept allows observations of nearby exo-Earths using two spacecraft: one carrying an occulter that is tens of meters in diameter and the other carrying a generic space telescope. The occulter is completely opaque, resembling a flower, with petals having a hypergaussian profile that enable 10-10 intensity suppression of stars that potentially harbor terrestrial planets. The baseline flight NWO system has a 30 meter occulter flying 30,000 km in front of a 4 meter class telescope. Testing the flight configuration on the ground is not feasible, so we have matched the Fresnel number of the flight configuration ( 10) using a subscale occulter. Our testbed consists of an 80 meter length evacuated tube, with a high precision occulter in the center of the tube. The occulter is 4 cm in diameter, manufactured with ¼ micron metrological accuracy and less than 2 micron tip truncation. This mimics a 30 meter occulter with millimeter figure accuracy and less than centimeter tip truncation. Our testbed is an evolving experiment, and we report here the first, preliminary, results using a single wavelength laser (532 nm) as the source. 13. Large co-axial pulse tube preliminary results Emery, N.; Caughley, A.; Meier, J.; Nation, M.; Tanchon, J.; Trollier, T.; Ravex, A. 2014-01-01 We report that Callaghan Innovation, formally known as Industrial Research Ltd (IRL), has designed and built its largest of three high frequency single-stage co-axial pulse tubes, closely coupled to a metal diaphragm pressure wave generator (PWG). The previous pulse tube achieved 110 W of cooling power @ 77 K, with an electrical input power of 3.1 kW from a 90 cc swept volume PWG. The pulse tubes have all been tuned to operate at 50 Hz, with a mean helium working pressure of 2.5 MPa. Sage pulse tube simulation software was used to model the latest pulse tube and predicted 280 W of cooling power @ 77 K. The nominal 250 W cryocooler was designed to be an intermediate step to up-scale pulse tube technology for our 1000 cc swept-volume PWG, to provide liquefaction of gases and cooling for HTS applications. Details of the modeling, design, development and preliminary experimental results are discussed. 14. Laboratory study of corrosion of steam generator tubes: Preliminary results SciTech Connect Sala, B.; Organista, M.; Henry, K.; Erre, R.; Gelpi, A.; Cattant, F.; Dupin, M. 1995-12-31 The secondary side intergranular attack (IGA) and intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of steam generator tubes often occurs in crevices where impurities are concentrated, due to local elevated temperatures and restricted water flow. From the analysis of tubes pulled from plants, it is believed that alumino-silicates deposits and/or organic species may play a role in the development of IGA in near neutral environments. New observations suggest that similar environments and similar processes are operative inside the corroded grain boundaries. A former study using autoclave tests was mainly devoted to the formation of alumino-silicate deposits similar to those observed in plants. The present work pursued the study of local environments responsible for IGA/SC. It confirms former results on the catalytic decomposition of organic species into acetates and presents more details on the mechanism of formation of alumino-silicate deposits on alloy 600, particularly on the role of iron and, to a lesser extent, nickel cations. It was showed that, under the alumino-silicate deposits and in the presence of some organic species, a non-protective chromium rich layer may grow instead of the usual protective spinel oxide. The mechanism responsible for the formation of this layer is believed to involve interaction between iron and, to a lesser extent, nickel with silica and/or possible interaction between chromium and acetates. Preliminary capsule tests indicate that these conditions may induce the initiation of IGA. 15. Calibration Study and Preliminary Results of PRad Experiment 2016-09-01 The latest measurements of the proton radius through muonic hydrogen Lamb shift show a discrepancy of 7 σ from a global analysis of standard hydrogen Lamb shift and elastic ep -scattering. In order to understand this proton radius puzzle, the PRad experiment successfully took in last June some elastic ep -scattering data at very low Q2 (2 .10-4 to 10-1 GeV2) with very accurate angle and energy measurements to minimize the systematic uncertainties. Before measuring the cross-sections that will be used to extract the electromagnetic form factor GE(Q2) and the proton radius, a very careful calibration of the electromagnetic calorimeter (HyCal) must be performed to get a good energy resolution and separate ep -events from M øller events especially at low angle. We will present an extended study of the electromagnetic calorimeter calibration of this experiment as well as some preliminary results on ep - and ee -scattering processes extracted from the data. The PRad experiment is supported in part by NSF MRI Award PHY-1229153. 16. Ultrasonic Evaluation of Deeply Located Trabecular Bones - Preliminary Results Cieślik, Lucyna; Litniewski, Jerzy The analysis of ultrasonic signals scattered by soft tissues have been successfully applied for their characterization. Similarly, the trabecular bone backscattered signal contains information about the properties of the bone structure. Therefore scattering-based ultrasonic technique potentially enables the assessment of microstructure characteristics of a bone. The femoral neck fracture often occurs in the course of osteoporosis and can lead to severe complications. Therefore assessment of femoral bone microstructure and condition is important and essential for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring. As far most of the trabecular bone investigations have been performed in vitro. The only in vivo measurements were carried out in transmission and mostly concerned estimation of the attenuation in heel bone. We have built the ultrasonic scanner that could be useful in acquiring the RF (Radio Frequency) echoes backscattered by the trabecular bone in vivo. Moreover, the bone scanner provides data not only from heel bone but from deeply located bones as well (e.g. femoral bone). It can be also used for easily accessible bones like heel bone or breastbone. In this case a gel-pad is applied to assure focusing of ultrasound in trabecular bone (approximately 10 mm beneath the cortical bone). This study presents preliminary results of the attenuating properties evaluation of trabecular bone from the ultrasonic echoes backscattered by heel bone and femoral neck. 17. Enhancement of perfluoropolyether boundary lubrication performance: I. Preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Jones, W. R., Jr.; Ajayi, O. O.; Goodell, A. J.; Wedeven, L. D.; Devine, E.; Premore, R. E. 1995-01-01 A ball bearing simulator operating under starved conditions was used to evaluate the boundary lubrication performance of a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) Krytox 143 AB. Several approaches to enhance boundary lubrication were studied. These included: (1) soluble boundary additives, (2) bearing surface modifications, (3) 'run-in' surface films, and (4) ceramic bearing components. In addition, results were compared with two non-perfluorinated liquid lubricant formulations. Based on these preliminary tests, the following tentative conclusions can be made: (1) substantial improvements in boundary lubrication performance were observed with a beta-diketone boundary additive and a tricresyl phosphate (TCP) liquid surface pretreatment; (2) the use of rough Si3N4 balls (Ra = 40 micro-in) also provided substantial improvement but with concomitant abrasive wear; (3) marginal improvements were seen with two boundary additives (a phosphine and a phosphatriazine) and a neat (100%) fluid (a carboxylic acid terminated PFPE); and surface pretreatments with a synthetic hydrocarbon, a PTFE coating, and TiC coated 440C and smooth Si3N4 balls (R(sub a) less than 1 micro-in); and (4) two non-PFPE lubricant formulations (a PAO and a synthetic hydrocarbon) yielded substantial improvements. 18. Mapping urban forest tree species using IKONOS imagery: preliminary results. PubMed Pu, Ruiliang 2011-01-01 A stepwise masking system with high-resolution IKONOS imagery was developed to identify and map urban forest tree species/groups in the City of Tampa, Florida, USA. The eight species/groups consist of sand live oak (Quercus geminata), laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia), live oak (Quercus virginiana), magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), pine (species group), palm (species group), camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), and red maple (Acer rubrum). The system was implemented with soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) threshold, textural information after running a low-pass filter, and brightness threshold of NIR band to separate tree canopies from non-vegetated areas from other vegetation types (e.g., grass/lawn) and to separate the tree canopies into sunlit and shadow areas. A maximum likelihood classifier was used to identify and map forest type and species. After IKONOS imagery was preprocessed, a total of nine spectral features were generated, including four spectral bands, three hue-intensity-saturation indices, one SAVI, and one texture image. The identified and mapped results were examined with independent ground survey data. The experimental results indicate that when classifying all the eight tree species/ groups with the high-resolution IKONOS image data, the identifying accuracy was very low and could not satisfy a practical application level, and when merging the eight species/groups into four major species/groups, the average accuracy is still low (average accuracy = 73%, overall accuracy = 86%, and κ = 0.76 with sunlit test samples). Such a low accuracy of identifying and mapping the urban tree species/groups is attributable to low spatial resolution IKONOS image data relative to tree crown size, to complex and variable background spectrum impact on crown spectra, and to shadow/shaded impact. The preliminary results imply that to improve the tree species identification accuracy and achieve a practical application level in urban area, multi-temporal (multi 19. Preliminary results of the XR2-1 experiment SciTech Connect Gauntt, R.O.; Helmick, P.H.; Humphries, L. 1996-03-01 The XR2-1 (Ex-Reactor) experiment, investigating metallic core-melt relocation in boiling water reactor geometry, was performed on October 12, 1995, following two previous simpler XR1-series tests in August and November of 1993. The XR2-1 test made use of a highly detailed replication of the lower region of the BWR core, including the control blade and channel box structures, fuel rods, fuel canister nosepieces, control blade velocity limiter, and fuel support pieces, in order to investigate a key core melt progression uncertainty for BWR Station Blackout type accidents. The purpose of this experiment program is to examine the behavior of downward-draining molten metallic core materials in a severe reactor accident in a dry BWR core, and to determine conditions under which the molten materials drain out of the core region, or freeze to form blockages in the lower portion of the core. In the event that the draining metallic materials do not form stable blockages in the lower core region, and instead erode the lower core structures such as the lower core plate, then the subsequent core melt progression processes may proceed quite differently than was observed in the TMI-2 accident, with correspondingly different impact on vessel loading and vessel release behavior. The results of the Ex-Reactor tests are preliminary. All of the tests conducted have shown a significant degree of channel box destruction induced by the draining control blade materials. The XR2-1 test further showed that the draining zircaloy melt causes significant disruption of the fuel rod geometry. All of the tests have shown tendencies to form interim blockages as the melts temporarily freeze, but that these blockages re-melt, assisted by eutectic interactions, resulting in the sudden draining of accumulated metallic melt pools. 20. Preliminary Results of the Effect of Microgravity on Seated Height NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rajulu, Sudhakar; Young, Karen; Mesloh, Miranda 2011-01-01 The new vehicle for future space travel to the International Space Station (ISS) and beyond will be highly dependent on the seat layout. A primary concern with the seat layout design of the new vehicle is the amount of seated height growth that occurs in space; this could cause a major accommodation issue. The design of the seats, seat layout, suit fit, and crew accommodation are all critically affected due to the increase in height that occurs in microgravity. The increase in height due to spinal elongation caused by the absence of gravity could lead to inadequate clearances that would have implications for the ability of crewmembers to return safely or to conduct nominal operations during the mission. This study was designed to reduce the risk of inadequate design of the vehicle, environment, tools, equipment, etc. (SHFE risk 2.3.1.1) and safely return crewmembers to earth from low-earth orbit travel, ISS, and beyond. In order to safely return the crewmembers, the design requirements must anticipate microgravity growth, elongation of the spine, bone and muscle loss, fluid shifts, etc. Thus, this study is to determine the amount of torso growth (spinal elongation) for a seated posture during Shuttle and ISS missions. Crewmembers seated heights were collected before, during, and after spaceflight to quantify the amount of growth that occurred as a result of microgravity. The changes in seated height will provide the designers with a design requirement which allows for change in spinal growth for a seated posture. Preliminary results have shown that , during flight, seated height increases by a range of approximately 2-6 percent compared to pre-launch seated height. 1. Kepler K2 Precision Lightcurve Observations of Pluto: Preliminary Results Lisse, Casey M.; Benecchi, Susan D.; Binzel, Richard; Schwamb, Megan Elizabeth; New Horizons Science Team 2016-10-01 Pluto is a key object in the third zone of our Solar System and provides important insight into formation and collisional processes that were at work in the early solar system. In July 2015 the New Horizons spacecraft successfully obtained high resolution fly-by clear filter imaging observations of the Pluto system. We report on our continued monitoring of the Pluto system from October-December 2015 using the Kepler spacecraft's imaging photometer during Campaign 7 of the K2 extended mission (Howell et al. 2014). We obtained an unprecedented 83-day nearly continuous lightcurve with measurements every 30 minutes using Kepler's long cadence sampling. The result was 3,980 discrete, unresolved measurements of the combined Pluto system. The 3-month baseline allowed us to sample rotational variations and solar phase angles ranging from 1.1°-1.7° during the period of observation. This dataset is a key baseline for advancing the study of Pluto's actively evolving surface-atmosphere interaction as revealed by the surface geomorphology discovered by New Horizons. Our challenge is to gain an understanding of the ways in which Pluto's surface can be evolving as it recedes from the Sun, and of the influence of Pluto and Charon on each other. In this paper, we present our preliminary results from our K2 dataset. We describe the challenges in reducing the K2 lightcurve data for a target moving across the K2 FOV, and our progress in understanding the lightcurve's variability, which in our current reduction is due to a combination of systematics in the K2 dataset and inherent characteristics of the Pluto system's rotation and changing orbital geometry wrt the Sun and the Earth.This work was supported by NASA's K2 and New Horizons missions. 2. Preliminary Characterization Results from the DebriSat Project NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rivero, M.; Shiotani, B.; Kleespies, J.; Toledo-Burdett, R.; Moraguez, M.; Carrasquila, M.; Fitz-Coy, N.; Liou, J.-C.; Sorge, M.; Huynh, T. 2016-01-01 preliminary results presented. Additionally, lessons learned from the implemented automations and their impacts on the integrity of the results are discussed. 3. COSMIC EVOLUTION OF DUST IN GALAXIES: METHODS AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS SciTech Connect Bekki, Kenji 2015-02-01 We investigate the redshift (z) evolution of dust mass and abundance, their dependences on initial conditions of galaxy formation, and physical correlations between dust, gas, and stellar contents at different z based on our original chemodynamical simulations of galaxy formation with dust growth and destruction. In this preliminary investigation, we first determine the reasonable ranges of the most important two parameters for dust evolution, i.e., the timescales of dust growth and destruction, by comparing the observed and simulated dust mass and abundances and molecular hydrogen (H{sub 2}) content of the Galaxy. We then investigate the z-evolution of dust-to-gas ratios (D), H{sub 2} gas fraction (f{sub H{sub 2}}), and gas-phase chemical abundances (e.g., A {sub O} = 12 + log (O/H)) in the simulated disk and dwarf galaxies. The principal results are as follows. Both D and f{sub H{sub 2}} can rapidly increase during the early dissipative formation of galactic disks (z ∼ 2-3), and the z-evolution of these depends on initial mass densities, spin parameters, and masses of galaxies. The observed A {sub O}-D relation can be qualitatively reproduced, but the simulated dispersion of D at a given A {sub O} is smaller. The simulated galaxies with larger total dust masses show larger H{sub 2} and stellar masses and higher f{sub H{sub 2}}. Disk galaxies show negative radial gradients of D and the gradients are steeper for more massive galaxies. The observed evolution of dust masses and dust-to-stellar-mass ratios between z = 0 and 0.4 cannot be reproduced so well by the simulated disks. Very extended dusty gaseous halos can be formed during hierarchical buildup of disk galaxies. Dust-to-metal ratios (i.e., dust-depletion levels) are different within a single galaxy and between different galaxies at different z. 4. Autonomous Ozone and Aerosol Lidar Platform: Preliminary Results Strawbridge, K. B. 2014-12-01 Environment Canada is developing an autonomous tropospheric ozone and aerosol lidar system for deployment in support of short-term field studies. Tropospheric ozone and aerosols (PM10 and PM2.5) are important atmospheric constituents in low altitude pollution affecting human health and vegetation. Ozone is photo-chemically active with nitrogen oxides and can have a distinct diurnal variability. Aerosols contribute to the radiative budget, are a tracer for pollution transport, undergo complex mixing, and contribute to visibility and cloud formation. This particular instrument will employ two separate lidar transmitter and receiver assemblies. The tropospheric ozone lidar, based on the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique, uses the fourth harmonics of a Nd:YAG laser directed into a CO2 Raman cell to produce 276 nm, 287nm and 299 nm (first to third Stokes lines) output wavelengths. The aerosol lidar is based on the 3+2 design using a tripled Nd:YAG to output 355 nm, 532 nm and 1064nm wavelengths. Both lidars will be housed in a modified cargo trailer allowing for easy deployment to remote areas. The unit can be operated and monitored 24 hours a day via an internet link and requires an external power source. Simultaneous ozone and aerosol lidar measurements will provide the vertical context necessary to understand the complex mixing and transformation of pollutants - particularly when deployed near other ground-based in-situ sensors. Preliminary results will be shown from a summer field study at the Centre For Atmospheric Research Experiments (CARE). 5. Preliminary Results from a Mercury Dry Deposition Measurement Methods Intercomparison Marsik, F. J.; Brooks, S.; Gustin, M. S.; Holsen, T.; Landis, M.; Prestbo, E. M.; Poissant, L. 2009-12-01 Over the past fifteen years, a number of intensive field campaigns and measurement networks have provided valuable information on the estimated rates of mercury wet deposition to sensitive ecosystems throughout the world. In contrast, the ability to place bounds on the rates of mercury dry deposition has been hampered by the relative lack of direct measurements of this process. Recently, a number of researchers have performed measurements of mercury dry deposition using a variety of direct and indirect measurement techniques. While these studies have provided important information regarding the potential rates of mercury dry deposition to natural surfaces, little is known about the comparability of the results utilizing these different measurement approaches. During the month of August 2008, a mercury dry deposition measurement methods comparison was conducted in Ann Arbor, Michigan over a nine-day period. Seven research groups participated in the study, with the following measurement approaches: water, cation exchange membrane, chemically treated filter and turf surrogate surfaces; and several micrometeorological modeling methods. Continuous monitoring was conducted for ambient meteorological conditions and elemental, oxidized and particulate mercury concentrations. Preliminary results suggest that study-average mercury dry deposition estimates ranged from 0.17 to 0.59 ng/m2/hour for the group of pure-water surrogate surfaces, the cation exchange membrane and a micrometeorological flux gradient approach. The turf surrogate surface, BrCl spiked-water surface and a gold-coated quartz fiber filter surface resulted in significantly higher mercury dry deposition estimates, with the latter two approaches having been designed to measure total mercury dry deposition. Given that the turf surrogate surface and the cation exchange membrane samplers were designed for long-term deployment (up to one week), these methods were deployed for an additional series of four one 6. Boreal Summer ISO hindcast experiment: preliminary results from SNU Heo, S.; Kang, I.; Kim, D.; Ham, Y. 2010-12-01 As a part of internationally coordinated research program, hindcast experiments with focus on boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) have been done in Seoul National University (SNU). This study aims to show preliminary results from SNU’s efforts. The ISO prediction system used in the hindcast experiment consists of SNU coupled model and SNU initialization method. The SNU coupled model is an ocean-atmosphere coupled model which couples the SNU Atmospheric GCM (SNU AGCM) to the Modular Ocean Model ver.2.2 (MOM2.2) Ocean GCM developed at Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). In the SNU initialization method, both atmospheric and oceanic states are nudged toward reanalysis data (ERAinterim and GODAS) before prediction starting date. For the results here, 2 ensemble members are generated by using different nudging period, 8 and 9 days, respectively. The initial dates of 45-day predictions are the 1st, 11th, 21st of months during boreal summer season (May to October). Prediction skills and its dependency on the initial amplitude, the initial phase, and the number of ensemble members are investigated using the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index suggested by Wheeler and Hendon (2004). It is shown in our hindcast experiment that, after 13 forecast lead days (the forecast skill is about 0.7), the prediction skill does not depend on the strength of the initial state. Also, we found that the prediction skill has a phase dependency. The prediction skill is particularly low when the convective center related to the MJO is over the Indian Ocean (phase 2). The ensemble prediction has more improved correlation skill than each member. To better understand the phase dependency, we compared the observed and predicted behavior of the MJO that propagates from different starting phases. The phase speed of the prediction is slower than the observation. The MJO in the hindcast experiment propagates with weaker amplitudes than observed except for initial phase 3. Also 7. Mycodiversity in marine sediments contaminated by heavy metals: preliminary results Zotti, Mirca; Carbone, Cristina; Cecchi, Grazia; Consani, Sirio; Cutroneo, Laura; Di Piazza, Simone; Gabutto, Giacomo; Greco, Giuseppe; Vagge, Greta; Capello, Marco 2016-04-01 .6 CFU per gram of sediments. The maximum value of 11 CFU g-1 has been recorded in two stations (off the Sestri Levante Tombolo), while the minimum value has been recorded closer to the coast. As concern qualitative results, the most recurrent genera are Aspergillus and Penicillium. These data confirm the occurrence of a mycobiota in these heavy metal contaminated sediments. Our preliminary results are a first contribution to the knowledge of presence of microfungi in marine sediments, and propel us to increase our research in order to find out new organisms for bioremediation purpose. 8. Preliminary Results from an Hydroacoustic Experiment in the Indian Ocean Royer, J.; Dziak, R. P.; Delatre, M.; Brachet, C.; Haxel, J. H.; Matsumoto, H.; Goslin, J.; Brandon, V.; Bohnenstiehl, D. R.; Guinet, C.; Samaran, F. 2008-12-01 We report initial results from a 14-month hydroacoustic experiment in the Indian Ocean conducted by CNRS/University of Brest and NOAA/Oregon State University. The objective was to monitor the low-level seismic activity associated with the three contrasting spreading ridges and deforming zones in the Indian Ocean. Three autonomous hydrophones, moored in the SOFAR channel, were deployed in October 2006 and recovered early 2008 by R/V Marion Dufresne, in the Madagascar Basin, and northeast and southwest of Amsterdam Island, complementing the two permanent hydroacoustic stations of the Comprehensive nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) located near Diego Garcia Island and off Cape Leeuwin. Our temporary network detected more than 2000 events. Inside the array, we located 592 events (compared to 49 in the NEIC earthquake catalog) with location errors less than 5 km and time error less than 2s. The hydrophone array detected on average 5 to 40 times more events per month than land-based networks. First-order observations indicate that hydroacoustic seismicity along the Southeast Indian ridge (SEIR) occurs predominantly along the transform faults. The Southwest Indian Ridge exhibits some periodicity in earthquake activity between adjacent ridge segments. Two large tectonic/volcanic earthquake swarms are observed along the Central Indian Ridge (near the triple junction) in September and December 2007. Moreover, many off ridge-axis events are also observed both south and north of the SEIR axis. Improved localization using the CTBTO records will help refine these preliminary results and further investigate extended volcanic sequences along the SEIR east of 80°E and other events outside of the temporary array. The records also display numerous vocalizations of baleen whales in the 20-40Hz bandwidth. The calls are attributed to fin whales, Antarctic blue whales and pygmy blue whales of Madagascar and Australian type. Their vocal activity is found to be highly seasonal 9. Toward DNA-based facial composites: preliminary results and validation. PubMed Claes, Peter; Hill, Harold; Shriver, Mark D 2014-11-01 The potential of constructing useful DNA-based facial composites is forensically of great interest. Given the significant identity information coded in the human face these predictions could help investigations out of an impasse. Although, there is substantial evidence that much of the total variation in facial features is genetically mediated, the discovery of which genes and gene variants underlie normal facial variation has been hampered primarily by the multipartite nature of facial variation. Traditionally, such physical complexity is simplified by simple scalar measurements defined a priori, such as nose or mouth width or alternatively using dimensionality reduction techniques such as principal component analysis where each principal coordinate is then treated as a scalar trait. However, as shown in previous and related work, a more impartial and systematic approach to modeling facial morphology is available and can facilitate both the gene discovery steps, as we recently showed, and DNA-based facial composite construction, as we show here. We first use genomic ancestry and sex to create a base-face, which is simply an average sex and ancestry matched face. Subsequently, the effects of 24 individual SNPs that have been shown to have significant effects on facial variation are overlaid on the base-face forming the predicted-face in a process akin to a photomontage or image blending. We next evaluate the accuracy of predicted faces using cross-validation. Physical accuracy of the facial predictions either locally in particular parts of the face or in terms of overall similarity is mainly determined by sex and genomic ancestry. The SNP-effects maintain the physical accuracy while significantly increasing the distinctiveness of the facial predictions, which would be expected to reduce false positives in perceptual identification tasks. To the best of our knowledge this is the first effort at generating facial composites from DNA and the results are preliminary 10. Some Preliminary Scientific Results of Chang'E-3 Mission Zou, Y.; Li, W.; Zheng, Y.; Li, H. 2015-12-01 Chang'E-3 mission is the main task of Phase two of China Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP), and also is Chinese first probe of landing, working and roving on the moon. Chang'E-3 craft composed of a lander and a rover, and each of them carry four scientific payloads respectively. The landing site of Chang'E-3 was located at 44.12 degrees north latitude and 19.51 degrees west longitude, where is in the northern part of Imbrium Which the distance in its west direction from the landing site of former Soviet probe Luna-17 is about 400 km, and about 780km far from the landing site of Appolo-17 in its southeast direction. Unfortunately, after a series of scientific tests and exploration on the surface of the moon, the motor controller communication of the rover emerged a breakdown on January 16, 2014, which leaded the four payloads onboard the rover can't obtain data anymore. However, we have received some interesting scientific data which have been studied by Chinese scientists. During the landing process of Chang'E-3, the Landing camera got total 4673 images with the Resolution in millimeters to meters, and the lander and rover took pictures for each other at different point with Topography camera and Panoramic camera. We can find characteristic changes in celestial brightness with time by analyzing image data from Lunar-based Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT) and an unprecedented constraint on water content in the sunlit lunar exosphere seen by LUT). The figure observed by EUV camera (EUVC) shows that there is a transient weak area of the Earth's plasma sphere; This event took place about three hours. The scientists think that it might be related to the change of the particle density of mid-latitude ionosphere. The preliminary spectral and mineralogical results from the landing site are derived according to the data of Visible and Near-infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS). Seven major elements including Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti and Fe have been identified by the Active Particle 11. Fluorine Diffusion in Titanite: Preliminary Results from Experiments Berds, M. L.; Price, J. D.; Cherniak, D. J. 2008-12-01 Recent experiments have yielded new data on fluorine-hydroxyl diffusion in titanite. Experiments utilized natural low-F titanite crystals, sectioned into wafers, polished to 1 μm alpha alumina and finished with colloidal silica. Prepared crystals were placed with polished faces in contact with a F-rich diffusion source. Each titanite-source assembly was then sealed in an evacuated Si glass ampoule and heated to temperatures between 600 and 900 °C, or sealed in an Ag envelope and heated in a cold-seal pressure vessel to temperatures between 600 and 906 °C at 50 to 100 kPa. Several F sources were employed: PbF, NaF, CaF2, LiF, and fluoroapatite. PbF and NaF strongly reacted with the titanite crystals and their capsules, particularly at higher temperatures. CaF2 and LiF were less destructive, but reacted with and etched the titanite faces, precluding analysis. Titanite retained a polished and largely unaltered surface only in those runs with an apatite source. We noted only a slight change in color (green to brown, likely due to oxidation of minor amounts of Fe present in the titanite) in these runs. We analyzed the polished faces of crystals from successful experiments using nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), employing the 340 keV resonance for the nuclear reaction 19F(p,αγ) 16O to measure fluorine. The results show elevated fluorine at the surface and diminishing concentrations with depth. Fitting a simple complementary error function to each concentration profile yields a diffusivity, assuming a model of a semi-infinite material with a surface maintained at constant concentration. For the runs at near atmospheric pressure, diffusion coefficients of 2×10-21m2/s and 6×10-21m2/s are obtained at temperatures of 850°C and 889°C, respectively. A single cold seal experiment at 906°C suggests a diffusivity of 3×10-21 m2/s. While preliminary, these data suggest that fluorine-hydroxyl exchange in titanite is more sluggish than in apatite, biotite, and tremolite. 12. Preliminary results of the PREFER FP7 Project Fusilli, Lorenzo; Laneve, Giovanni; De Bonis, Roberto; Sebastian, Ana; Ferrucci, Fabrizio; Oliveira, Sandra 2014-05-01 The need to improve the information and intelligence support for forest fire prevention is widely recognized. Fire prevention is still the most cost-effective strategy when compared to firefighting and extinguishing that are costly, local, and triggered only in response to already ongoing crises. PREFER project, funded under the EU FP7 (G.A. 312931), intends to contribute at responding to such a pragmatic need of southern Europe's forests by: providing timely information products based on the exploitation of all available spacecraft sensors, offering a portfolio of products focused on pre- and post-crisis forest fire emergency, suitable for the users in the different countries of the European Mediterranean area. The PREFER Service portfolio consists of two main services: 1. Information Support to Fire Preparedness/Prevention Phase" (ISP) Service 2. Information Support to Fire Recovery/Reconstruction Phase" (ISR) Service This service is already at an advanced stage having completed the first year of activity. During this time several products have been consolidated: seasonal fuel maps; daily and seasonal fire hazard maps; seasonal risk maps; prescribed fire maps. This paper aims at presenting the preliminary results of the research activity carried out in the framework of the PREFER project, focusing, in particular, on these recalled above. As for Fire Risk and Hazard assessment, many indexes have been developed in the last years. Hardly any of them uses data derived from satellite images. The FPI index is an exception to this rule which, in addition, makes use of meteorological data. In spite of being a very complete index, the FPI still allows room for improvement which justify the interest of PREFER in it. PREFER's innovative approach to FPI will allow taking into account the effect of solar illumination conditions in determining the humidity present in the dead vegetation, and therefore its proneness to burn. PREFER innovation also focus in allowing the index to 13. Preliminary palaeoseismological results from the Kaparelli fault (Central Greece) Pavlides, S.; Koukouvelas, I.; Ganas, A.; Kokkalas, S.; Tsodoulos, I.; Stamatopoulos, L.; Goyntromichou, C.; Valkaniotis, S. 2003-04-01 The roughly E-W trending Kaparelli-Plataees Fault is an on-shore normal fault segment located at the eastern end of the Gulf of Corinth Rift. The fault is a segment of the greater Plataees-Avlon fault zone (Beotia-Attica). It was activated during the third event of the February- March 1981 Alkyonides seismic sequence (Ms 6.7; 6.6; 6.4). The ground offset was 70cm, although some values of more than 1m have been reported too. The slip vector was 200-220 o/60-70 o (azimuth, rake). This presentation is a brief account of our efforts to search the seismic history and to resolve slip of the Kaparelli normal fault, in terms of trenching techniques, tectonostratigraphy of fault-related colluvial deposits and dating palaeoevents. Three (3) trenches have been excavated across the 1981 fault trace during May-June 2002. They are oriented perpendicular to the fault strike, and are located in Holocene deformed sediments (colluvium), in contact with bedrock limestone. Trenches have lengths of 15 to 30 m and depths of 2-4 m and their walls were mapped in scale 1:20. The KAP1 comprises a sequence of clay, sand, colluvial wedges and soil. In this trench the last (1981) event is clearly shown within a greater fault zone of 3m width. The hangingwall block of the reactivated fault strand during the 1981 event comprises a strongly rotated (>60o) sedimentary sequence corresponding with cumulative fault deformation. KAP2 and KAP3 trenches constitute of typical colluvium (unconsolidated angular limestone fragments and soil), which includes occasionaly tile fragments, some charcoal and pottery fragments. We have identified at least three (3) seismic events based on a) colluvium tectonostratigraphy mainly, b) deposition of sedimentary layers, c)formation of soil, and d) small displacement of few horizons. Although previous works have suggested that the fault was activated approximately 3 times during the last 20 ka years and remained quiet for 10 ka years our preliminary results from the 14. CALAS: Carpathian laser strainmeter: a project and preliminary results Garoi, F.; Apostol, D.; Damian, V.; Logofătu, P. C.; Ioniţă, B. F.; Lazar, J.; Molesini, G.; Papadopoulos, T.; Ionescu, C.; Ţugui, Andreea 2008-06-01 A laser strainmeter for in-situ monitoring of an important actively seismic area of Europe, namely Vrancea region in Romania is proposed. Six groups from four different countries (Romania, Czech Republic, Italy and Greece) with various areas of expertise (e.g. geophysics, lasers, optics, interferometry, and mechanics) are involved in order to sustain the complexity of the project. This paper presents some preliminary laboratory experiments related to measuring relative displacements with a stable interferometer. Displacements of the order of tens to hundreds of nanometers (80 to 285 nm) were measured with uncertainty of +/-1 nm. A computer algorithm was used to process the interferograms. 15. Preliminary results on the conversion of laser energy into electricity NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Thompson, R. W.; Manista, E. J.; Alger, D. L. 1978-01-01 A preliminary experiment was performed to investigate conversion of 10.6 micron laser energy to electrical energy via a laser-sustained argon plasma. Short-circuit currents of 0.7 A were measured between a thoriated-tungsten emitter and collector electrodes immersed in the laser-sustained argon plasma. Open-circuit voltages of about 1.5 V were inferred from the current-voltage load characteristics. The dominant mechanism of laser energy conversion is uncertain at this time. Much higher output powers appear possible. 16. Optical scattering (TAOS) by tire debris particles: preliminary results Crosta, Giovanni F.; Camatini, Marina C.; Zomer, Simeone; Holler, Stephen; Pan, Yongle; Bhaskara, Praveena; Muangchareon, Pongphisanu; Sung, Changmo; Cencetti, Simone; Regazzoni, Claudia 2001-03-01 Tire debris particles from low severity laboratory wear tests have been investigated by the TAOS optical scattering facility at Yale University. The incident wavelength is 532 nm. After the TAOS event some particle samples have been imaged by a scanning electron microscope and microanalyzed. The TAOS intensity patterns recorded within a solid angle in the backward sector have been processed by cluster analysis and compared with the patterns computed by a T-matrix code. Preliminary agreement has been found between TAOS data and the particle models (size, shape, refractive index). The purpose of the investigation is to obtain signatures of the material, based on its TAOS pattern. 17. Optical scattering (TAOS) by tire debris particles: preliminary results. PubMed Crosta, G; Camatini, M; Zomer, S; Holler, S; Pan, Y; Bhaskara, P; Muangchareon, P; Sung, C; Cencetti, S; Regazzoni, C 2001-03-12 Tire debris particles from low severity laboratory wear tests have been investigated by the TAOS optical scattering facility at Yale University. The incident wavelength is 532 nm. After the TAOS event some particle samples have been imaged by a scanning electron microscope and microanalyzed. The TAOS intensity patterns recorded within a solid angle in the backward sector have been processed by cluster analysis and compared with the patterns computed by a T-matrix code. Preliminary agreement has been found between TAOS data and the particle models (size, shape, refractive index). The purpose of the investigation is to obtain signatures of the material, based on its TAOS pattern. 18. Experimental Studies of Ion Beam Neutralization: Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Ding, N.; Polansky, J.; Downey, R.; Wang, J. 2011-05-20 A testing platform is designed to study ion beam neutralization in the mesothermal, collisionless region. In the experimental setup, argon neutrals were ionized in a microwave cavity and accelerated by a plasma lens system which was biased to 2500 V above the system ground. Electrons were boiled off from two hot tungsten filaments to neutralize the ion beam. The plasma is diagnosed using Langmuir probe and Faraday probe. A 3-D traversing system and a complete data acquisition loop were developed to efficiently measure 3-D beam profile. Preliminary measurements of beam profiles are presented for different operating conditions. 19. Paleomagnetic dating of ferricretes in New Caledonia. Preliminary results. Sevin, Brice; Ricordel-Prognon, Caroline; Quesnel, Florence; Cluzel, Dominique; Maurizot, Pierre; Robineau, Bernard 2010-05-01 Although the description of the emplacement (Cluzel et al., 2001) and the weathering (Trescases, 1975; Latham, 1986; Chevillotte et al., 2006) of the New Caledonia peridotites is well documented in the literature, the knowledge and the age of formation of the landsurfaces formed upon the ultrabasic massifs are poorly documented. Several surfaces have been recognised along the island but no reliable ages could be attributed to the associated regolith. In fact, the overthrust of the Ophiolitic Nappe in the South is stratigraphically constrained by a younger autochthonous olistostrom dated by Late Priabonian pelagic foraminifera (Cluzel et al., 1998). The supergene weathering being still active, the beginning of the ferruginisation of the various plateaux is not well constrained and estimated to have occurred between 34 Ma and Actual. The processes of absolute dating are not relevant to these weathering profiles (K-Mn oxides are poorly concentrated). Ferricretes and various ferruginous materials have the potential to record the ancient geomagnetic field providing means of age determination. In tropical soils, most of the primary remanence carring minerals are dissolved during weathering and secondary magnetic minerals, such as goethite and haematite, are formed in situ acquiring a crystallisation (or chemical) remanent magnetization (CRM). The paleomagnetic pole recovered by demagnetizing the CRMs are plotted on the local apparent polar wandering (APWP) reference curve providing an age for the different parts of the paleoweathering profiles. The data and interpretations we present here are based on paleomagnetic analysis of ferricretes of Goro and Tiebaghi. The preliminary results suggest, for the first time ever, well constrained ages between 20 and 25 Ma of major ferruginisation stages of the peridotites of New Caledonia. References Chevillotte V., Chardon D., Beauvais A, Maurizot P. & Colin F. (2006). Long-term tropical morphogenesis of New Caledonia (Southwest 20. Preliminary results of the trapped atom clock on a chip. PubMed Lacroute, Clement; Reinhard, Friedemann; Ramirez-Martinez, Fernando; Deutsch, Christian; Schneider, Tobias; Reichel, Jakob; Rosenbusch, Peter 2010-01-01 We present an atomic clock based on the interrogation of magnetically trapped (87)Rb atoms. Two photons, in the microwave and radiofrequency domain, excite the clock transition. At a magnetic field of 3.23 G the clock transition from \|F = 1, m(F) = -1> to \|F = 2, m(F) = 1> is 1st-order insensitive to magnetic field variations. Ramsey interrogation times longer than 2 s can be achieved, leading to a projected clock stability in the low 10(-13) at 1 s for a cloud of 10(5) atoms. We use an atom chip to cool and trap the atoms. A coplanar waveguide is integrated to the chip to carry the Ramsey interrogation signal, making the physics package as small as (5 cm)(3). We describe the experimental setup and show preliminary Ramsey fringes of line width 1.25 Hz. 1. Preliminary Results on Lunar Interior Properties from the GRAIL Mission NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Williams, James G.; Konopliv, Alexander S.; Asmar, Sami W.; Lemoine, H. Jay; Melosh, H. Jay; Neumann, Gregory A.; Phillips, Roger J.; Smith, David E.; Solomon, Sean C.; Watkins, Michael M.; Wieczorek, Mark A.; Zuber, Maria T.; Andrews-Hanna, Jeffrey C.; Head, James W.; Kiefer, Walter S.; Matsuyama, Isamu; McGovern, Patrick J.; Nimmo, Francis; Weber, Renee C.; Boggs, D. H.; Goossens, Sander J.; Kruizinga, Gerhard L.; Mazarico, Erwan; Park, Ryan S.; Yuan, Dah-Ning 2013-01-01 The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission has provided lunar gravity with unprecedented accuracy and resolution. GRAIL has produced a high-resolution map of the lunar gravity field while also determining tidal response. We present the latest gravity field solution and its preliminary implications for the Moon's interior structure, exploring properties such as the mean density, moment of inertia of the solid Moon, and tidal potential Love number k2. Lunar structure includes a thin crust, a deep mantle, a fluid core, and a suspected solid inner core. An accurate Love number mainly improves knowledge of the fluid core and deep mantle. In the future GRAIL will search for evidence of tidal dissipation and a solid inner core. 2. 71 FR 67850 - Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of New Shipper Review Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2006-11-24 ... International Trade Administration Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of New Shipper Review AGENCY...) is conducting a new shipper review of the antidumping order of honey from Argentina. The period of... the case of sales of honey from Argentina from Patagonik. If these preliminary results are adopted... 3. 78 FR 77651 - Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From Mexico: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-12-24 ... International Trade Administration Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From Mexico: Preliminary Results of... refined copper pipe and tube from Mexico.\\1\\ The review covers two producers/ exporters of the subject... are invited to comment on these preliminary results. \\1\\ See Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and... 4. Seismic Hazard Maps for the Maltese Archipelago: Preliminary Results D'Amico, S.; Panzera, F.; Galea, P. M. 2013-12-01 The Maltese islands form an archipelago of three major islands lying in the Sicily channel at about 140 km south of Sicily and 300 km north of Libya. So far very few investigations have been carried out on seismicity around the Maltese islands and no maps of seismic hazard for the archipelago are available. Assessing the seismic hazard for the region is currently of prime interest for the near-future development of industrial and touristic facilities as well as for urban expansion. A culture of seismic risk awareness has never really been developed in the country, and the public perception is that the islands are relatively safe, and that any earthquake phenomena are mild and infrequent. However, the Archipelago has been struck by several moderate/large events. Although recent constructions of a certain structural and strategic importance have been built according to high engineering standards, the same probably cannot be said for all residential buildings, many higher than 3 storeys, which have mushroomed rapidly in recent years. Such buildings are mostly of unreinforced masonry, with heavy concrete floor slabs, which are known to be highly vulnerable to even moderate ground shaking. We can surely state that in this context planning and design should be based on available national hazard maps. Unfortunately, these kinds of maps are not available for the Maltese islands. In this paper we attempt to compute a first and preliminary probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the Maltese islands in terms of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Spectral Acceleration (SA) at different periods. Seismic hazard has been computed using the Esteva-Cornell (1968) approach which is the most widely utilized probabilistic method. It is a zone-dependent approach: seismotectonic and geological data are used coupled with earthquake catalogues to identify seismogenic zones within which earthquakes occur at certain rates. Therefore the earthquake catalogues can be reduced to the 5. Preliminary results of large-actuator-count MEMS DM development Helmbrecht, Michael A.; He, Min; Rhodes, Patrick; Kempf, Carl J. 2010-02-01 Compensating for atmospheric turbulence in meter-class telescopes and for free-space communications can require deformable mirrors (DM) with hundreds of actuators. Advances in high-contrast imaging techniques and increased telescope sizes require DMs mirrors with thousands of actuators [1]-[3]. In response to these needs, Iris AO has been developing a nearly 500-actuator DM and is conducting pathfinding research into 3000-actuator class DMs. This paper begins with an overview of the segmented DM design and describes improvements made to the DM over the prior year in the areas of speed, high-quality dielectric coatings, and snap-in prevention structures. The paper then describes the next-generation PTT489 DM design and fabrication process. Failure modes encountered during fabrication are presented as well as test methods to detect the failure modes. Preliminary yield data are presented for the fabrication process as well. The paper concludes with a view to the future showing pathfinding research into 3000-actuator DMs. 6. Tropical Atlantic wind field variations during sequal: Preliminary results Harrison, D. E.; Cardone, Vincent J. An evaluation of the U.S. Navy NOGAPS surface wind product is made to establish its utility as an initial descriptor of the surface wind field in the tropical Atlantic during SEQUAL. In this preliminary study, NOGAPS synoptic fields are compared to synoptic ship reports, and to winds measured at three separate stations along the equator during SEQUAL I. At least within 20° of the equator the comparisons suggest that the mean monthly surface winds from NOGAPS almost always differ by less than 2 m/s from averages of surface wind observations, and can be less than 1 m/s. Similar comparisons are also found from daily mean winds derived from NOGAPS, along the equator near 30°W. A comparison of NOGAPS monthly mean winds with 100-year climatology of merchant ship reports suggests that the major surface wind anomaly during SEQUAL I in the tropical Atlantic occurred in March and April 1983 along the equator west of 30°W. 7. Preliminary results of a computerized Placido disk surgical corneal topographer Carvalho, Luis A.; Tonissi, S. A.; Castro, Jarbas C. 1999-06-01 We have developed a novel instrument for computerized corneal topography during surgery. The instrument measures a region of approximately 7 mm in diameter, providing the surgeon with precise values of power and astigmatism. The system is based on a Placido Disc projecting system, which is attached to the objective lens of the surgical microscope. The Placido Disc pattern is reflected by a 50% beam splitter attached to the body of the microscope. At the beam splitter we installed our home-made adaptor and a CCD monochromatic high resolution camera. A high quality frame grabber is installed on a PC and images are digitized at a 480x640 resolution. Algorithms based on image processing techniques were implemented for edge detection of pattern. Calibrating curves based on 4 spherical surfaces were generated and approximately 3600 points were calculated for each exam. Preliminary measurements on 10 healthy corneas were compared with the measurements made on an EyeSys Corneal Topographer. Mean deviation was 0.05 for radius of curvature, 0.24 D for power and 5 degrees for cylinder. This system, with some improvements, may be successfully used to diminish high post surgical astigmatisms in surgeries such as cataract and corneal transplant. This system could also be used to gather preoperative data in corneal topography assisted LASIK. 8. WISE/NEOWISE OBSERVATIONS OF THE HILDA POPULATION: PRELIMINARY RESULTS SciTech Connect Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J.; Masiero, J.; Eisenhardt, P. R.; Blauvelt, E.; DeBaun, E.; Elsbury, D.; Gautier, T.; Gomillion, S.; Hand, E.; Wilkins, A.; Spahr, T.; McMillan, R. S.; Walker, R.; Cutri, R.; Wright, E. 2012-01-10 We present the preliminary analysis of 1023 known asteroids in the Hilda region of the solar system observed by the NEOWISE component of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The sizes of the Hildas observed range from {approx}3 to 200 km. We find no size-albedo dependency as reported by other projects. The albedos of our sample are low, with a weighted mean value of p{sub V} = 0.055 {+-} 0.018, for all sizes sampled by the NEOWISE survey. We observed a significant fraction of the objects in the two known collisional families in the Hilda population. It is found that the Hilda collisional family is brighter, with a weighted mean albedo of p{sub V} = 0.061 {+-} 0.011, than the general population and dominated by D-type asteroids, while the Schubart collisional family is darker, with a weighted mean albedo of p{sub V} = 0.039 {+-} 0.013. Using the reflected sunlight in the two shortest WISE bandpasses, we are able to derive a method for taxonomic classification of {approx}10% of the Hildas detected in the NEOWISE survey. For the Hildas with diameter larger than 30 km, there are 67{sup +7}{sub -15}% D-type asteroids and 26{sup +17}{sub -5%} C-/P-type asteroids (with the majority of these being P-types). 9. Annoyance Caused by Propeller Airplane Flyover Noise: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Mccurdy, D. A.; Powell, C. A. 1981-01-01 The annoyance response of people to the noise of propeller airplane flyovers was examined. The specific items of interest were: (1) the annoyance prediction ability of current noise metrics; (2) the effect of tone corrections on prediction ability; (3) the effect of duration corrections on prediction ability; and (4) the effect of 'critical band' corrections on the prediction ability of perceived noise level. Preliminary analyses of the data obtained from two experiments are presented. The first experiment examined 11 propeller airplanes with maximum takeoff weights greater than or equal to 5700 kg. The second experiment examined 14 propeller airplanes weighting 5700 kg or less. Also included in each experiment were five different commercial service jet airplanes. Each airplane noise was presented at D-weighted sound pressure levels of 70, 80, and 90 dB to subjects in a testing room which simulates the outdoor acoustic environment. Subjects judged 108 stimuli in the first experiment and 132 stimuli in the second experiment. Perceived noise level predicted annoyance better than A, D, or E-weighted sound pressure level. Corrections for tones greater than of equal to 500 Hz generally improved prediction ability for the heavier propeller airplanes. 10. Cassini Observations of Saturn's Magnetotail Region: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sittler, E. C.; Arridge, C.; Rymer, A.; Coates, A.; Krupp, N.; Blanc, M.; Richardson, J.; Andre, N.; Thomsen, M.; Tokar, R. L.; McAndrews, H. J.; Henderson, Mike; Cooper, J. F.; Burger, M.; Simpson, D.; Khurana, K. K.; Russell, C.; Dougherty, M.; Young, D. T. 2007-01-01 Using Cassini thermal plasma, hot plasma and magnetic field observations for several intervals between the dawn meridian of Saturn's outer magnetosphere and Saturn's magnetotail region, we investigate the structure of the magnetotail, plasma and magnetic field properties within tail-like current sheet regions and ion flows within the magnetotail regions. We use Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) Ion Mass Spectrometer (IMS), Electron Plasma Spectrometer (ELS) observations, MIMI LEMMS ion and electron observations and Cassini magnetometer data (MAG) to characterize the plasma environment. IMS observations are used to measure plasma flow velocities from which one can infer rotation versus convective flows. IMS composition measurements are used to trace the source of plasma from the inner magnetosphere (protons, H2+ and water group ions) versus an external solar wind source (protons and e +i+on s). A critical parameter for both models is the strength of the convection electric field with respect to the rotational electric field for the large scale magnetosphere. For example, are there significant return flows (i.e., negative radial velocities, VR < 0) and/or plasmoids (V(sub R) > 0) within the magnetotail region? Initial preliminary evidence of such out flows and return flows was presented by Sittler et al. This talk complements the more global analysis by McAndrews et al. 11. 75 FR 39207 - Purified Carboxymethylcellulose From Finland: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-07-08 ... International Trade Administration Purified Carboxymethylcellulose From Finland: Extension of Time Limit for... 30, 2010. See Purified Carboxymethylcellulose From Finland: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary... Time Limits for Preliminary Results Section 751(a)(3)(A) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (the... 12. 78 FR 7395 - Stainless Steel Bar From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-02-01 ... International Trade Administration Stainless Steel Bar From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... the antidumping duty order on stainless steel bar (SSB) from India. The period of review (POR) is... Review: Stainless Steel Bar from India'' dated concurrently with this notice (Preliminary... 13. 77 FR 21724 - Certain Orange Juice From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-04-11 ...). Reconstituted orange juice is produced through further manufacture of FCOJM, by adding water, oils and essences... Shrimp From India: Preliminary Results and Preliminary Partial Rescission of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 74 FR 9991, 9996 (Mar. 9, 2009), unchanged in Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from... 14. Assessing Seasonal Lake Dynamics in Arctic Alaska: Preliminary Results Hinkel, K. M.; Beck, R. A.; Healey, N.; Jones, S.; Lenters, J.; Lyons, E. A.; Shah, C. A.; Sheng, Y.; Smith, L. C.; Winston, B. S.; Jones, B. M. 2008-12-01 Lakes on the coastal plain of arctic Alaska have developed atop continuous permafrost. Recent research suggests that lake levels, rates of bank erosion and drainage, and depth of the thaw bulb in sediments beneath the lake may increase in response to a warmer and wetter climate. Assessment of lake dynamics entails separating seasonal and interannual fluctuations from the long-term response. A program to study lake dynamics was initiated in 2008 and includes: (1) analysis of both long-term lake changes and seasonal/ interannual fluctuations using high-resolution satellite imagery and aerial photographs, (2) repeated high- resolution mapping of shoreline configuration in spring and late summer using differential GPS combined with water level sensors, (3) conducting bathymetric surveys to determine basin shape and water volume, (4) evaluating the relation between wind vectors and surface water currents with real-time satellite networked GPS-enabled floats and a wide-area wireless network, and (5) quantifying the energy and water balance on a representative lake using data collected from a fully instrumented buoy. Lake basins surveyed near Barrow, Alaska have a maximum depth of 1.5-3.0 m and are characterized by a steep drop-off near the shore and very gradual deepening toward the center. Seasonal shoreline fluctuations are observed in most lakes, with the maximum effect noted in low-lying regions of the lake margin as the water level gradually falls through summer. Preliminary analysis of the lake energy and water balance is presented, including measurements of incoming and outgoing radiation, latent and sensible heat flux, and associated lake temperature and atmospheric parameters. In subsequent years, measurements will be made on lakes further inland where the surficial geology and climate differs from the coastal environment. 15. Preliminary Results on Sediment Sorting Under Intense Bedload Transport Hernandez Moreira, R. R.; Vautin, D.; Mathews, S. L.; Kuprenas, R.; Viparelli, E. 2014-12-01 Previous experiments show that parallel-laminated deposits are emplaced under upper plane bed regime by the migration of small-amplitude, long-wavelength bedforms. The present research focuses on how sediment is sorted under upper plane bed and sheet flow transport regimes, and whether parallel-lamination is inhibited during sheet flow transport. The problem of studying the sorting of sediment under so intense transport conditions is plagued by the uncertainties related to flow resistances and bedload transport rates. We simplify the problem by first running the experiments with uniform sediment, to establish a baseline that will aid in the design of the experiments with poorly sorted material. We are running experiments at the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of South Carolina in Columbia, in a unidirectional sediment-feed flume, 9 meters long by 0.2 meters wide, of which 7 meters are used as test section. During the experiments, water surface and bed elevations are periodically measured to characterize the global parameters of the flow, e.g. mean flow velocity and bed shear stress. When the flow and the sediment transport reach conditions of mobile bed equilibrium, bed elevation fluctuations are measured with ultrasonic transducer systems at six fixed locations. Channel bed aggradation is then induced by slowly raising the tail gate of the flume such that there is no change in transport regime, as confirmed by additional measurements of water surface and bed elevation and bed elevation fluctuations. Preliminary observations under upper plane bed regime show the formation of the small-amplitude and long-wavelength bedforms, as well as hints of parallel lamination in the deposits. In the near future we aim to achieve sheet flow transport conditions with both uniform and non-uniform grain size distributions to look at the internal structure of the emplaced deposit. 16. Preliminary results of the ground geophysical monitoring in Gschliefgraben Jochum, Birgit; Lovisolo, Mario; Supper, Robert; Ita, Anna; Baron, Ivo; Ottowitz, David 2010-05-01 In September 2009, a fully automatic multiparametric in place column D.M.S. IUT, (68 sensors, active monitoring depth = 33 m) designed and manufactured by the Italian company C.S.G. S.r.l., was installed in an inclinometric borehole by helicopter at Gschliefgraben landslide. The landslide is affecting houses and a road at the eastern rim of the Traunsee and caused considerable damage in 2007/2008. The survey area is located at the border of the Flysch Zone and the Northern Limestone Alps, which is known to be prone to landslide activity. Extensive drainaging reduces the amount of precipitation seeping into the ground. Thus, the displacement monitored in real time by DMS at the present time seems to be not strickly dependent of rainfall. The preliminary data show a main sliding zone occurring at 10-12 m bgl. The mean velocity was 10 mm/month in the interval time 24 September - 24 November, then the time history shows an increase up to 15 mm/month until the end of December. In the first days of January 2010 the velocity trend is reducing to 2 mm/week. An extensive geolectrical survey has been performed before to interpret the subsurface structure regarding possible depths and spatial delimitation of the sliding zone and to find the best position of the monitoring system. In the vicinity of the inclinometer a geoelectric monitoring system (GeoMonitor4D, developed by the Geological Survey of Austria) was installed to correlate measured resistivity values with displacement rates. It consists of 2 profiles, with a length of 120m and 192m. Both systems send their data once a day automatically by UMTS to the data centers in Ricaldone (Italy) and Vienna (Austria). In spring 2010 a second DMS column will be placed at the foot of the hill. The integrated analysis of the airborne and ground measurements, carried out by the Geological Survey of Austria combined with several other parameters, provided by the Torrent and Avalanche Control, will contribute to understand the 17. Microbial extremophiles from the 2008 Schirmacher Oasis Expedition: preliminary results Hoover, Richard B.; Pikuta, Elena V.; Townsend, Alisa; Anthony, Joshua; Guisler, Melissa; McDaniel, Jasmine; Bej, Asim; Storrie-Lombardi, Michael 2008-08-01 Among the most interesting targets for Astrobiology research are the polar ice caps and the permafrost of Mars and the ice and liquid water bodies that may lie beneath the frozen crusts of comets, the icy moons of Jupiter (Europa, Io and Ganymede) and Saturn (Titan and Enceladus). The permanently ice-covered lakes of Antarctica, such as Lake Vostok and Lake Untersee, provide some of the best terrestrial analogues for these targets. The 2008 International Tawani Schirmacher Oasis/Lake Untersee Expeditions have been organized to conduct studies of novel microbial extremophiles and investigate the biodiversity of the glaciers and ice-covered lakes of Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. This paper describes the preliminary analysis of the anaerobic microbial extremophiles isolated from samples collected during the 2008 International Schirmacher Oasis Antarctica Reconnaissance Expedition. These samples showed great diversity of psychrophlic and psychrotolerant bacteria. Six new anaerobic strains have been isolated in pure cultures and partially characterized. Two of them (strains ARHSd-7G and ARHSd-9G) were isolated from a small tidal pool near the colony of African Penguins Spheniscus demersus. Strain ARHSd-7G was isolated on mineral anaerobic medium with 3 % NaCl, pH 7 and D-glucose, it has motile, vibrion shape cells, and is Gram variable. Strain ARHSd-9G grew on anaerobic, alkaline medium with pH 9 and 1 % NaCl at 3°C. The substrate was D-glucose supplemented with yeast extract (0.05 %). Cells of strain ARHSd-9G had morphology of straight or slightly curved elongated rods and demonstrated unusual optical effects under dark-field visible light microscopy. The cells were spore-forming and Gram positive. From the mat sample collected near Lake Zub, the new strain LZ-3 was isolated in pure culture at 3°C. Strain LZ-3 was anaerobic and grew on 0.5 % NaCl mineral medium with Dglucose as a substrate. The gram positive cells were spore-forming. They exhibited a 18. The Mount Logan (Yukon) Ice Cores: Preliminary Results Fisher, D. A. 2004-05-01 Bourgeois, Mike Demuth, David Fisher, Roy Koerner,Chris Zdanowicz, James Zheng. University of Ottawa: Ian Clarke,Raphaelle Cardyn. National Institute of Polar Research (Japan): Kumiko Goto-Azuma University of New Hampshire: Cam Wake, Kaplan Yalcin. University of Maine: Karl Kreutz, Paul Mayewski, Erich Osterberg. Arctic Institute of North America: Gerald Holdsworth. University of Washington: Eric J. Steig, Summer B. Rupper. University of Copenhagen: Dorthe Dahl-Jensen. David Fisher is the presenter but many contributed to what is a joint preliminary offering. 19. The Sunphotometer Airborne Validation Experiment 2012: Preliminary Results Estellés, Victor; Marenco, Franco; Ryder, Claire L.; Campanelli, Monica; Expósito, Francisco; Solá, Yolanda; Segura, Sara; Marcos, Carlos; Toledano, Carlos; Berjón, Alberto; Guirado, Carmen; Claxton, Bernard; Todd, Martin 2013-04-01 20. In Situ Oxidation of Liquid Trichloroethylene by Permanganate Solutions: Preliminary Results of Column Studies SciTech Connect Schroth, Martin H.; Oostrom, Mart; Wietsma, Thomas W.; Istok, Jonathan D.; H.J. Morel-Seytoux 2000-01-11 In situ oxidation of liquid trichloroethylene by permanganate solutions: Preliminary results of column studies. In: Proceedings of the 19th American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days, H. J. Morel-Seytoux, ed., pp. 411-420. Hydrology Days Pub., Atherton, Ca. 1. 78 FR 28192 - Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bags From Thailand: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-05-14 ... International Trade Administration Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bags From Thailand: Preliminary Results of... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on polyethylene retail carrier bags (PRCBs) from Thailand... antidumping duty order is polyethylene retail carrier bags, which are currently classified under... 2. 78 FR 48147 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary Results of... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-08-07 ...] Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty... the countervailing duty (CVD) order on polyethylene terephthalate film, sheet and strip (PET film..., the products covered are all gauges of raw, pretreated, or primed polyethylene terephthalate... 3. PRELIMINARY RESULTS: EVALUATIONS OF THE ALTERNATIVE ASBESTOS CONTROL METHOD FOR BUILDING DEMOLITION EPA Science Inventory This presentation describes the preliminary results of the evaluations of the alternative asbestos control method for demolishing buildings containing asbestos, and are covered under the regulatory requirements of the Asbestos NESHAP. This abstract and presentation are based, at ... 4. 75 FR 18788 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Thailand: Preliminary Results and Rescission... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-04-13 ..., 2010) (SSSS from Mexico); see also Stainless Steel Plate in Coils From Belgium: Final Results of... cost changes and sales prices during the POR. See Preliminary Cost Calculation Memo. See, e.g.,... 5. 78 FR 34986 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-06-11 ... International Trade Administration Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results... (the Department'') is conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on aluminum... respondents: Kromet International, Inc. (Kromet''); and a single entity comprised of Guang Ya... 6. 76 FR 65497 - Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-10-21 ... From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Intent To Rescind Review in Part... 7. 75 FR 3444 - Purified Carboxymethylcellulose From Finland: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-01-21 ... From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration Purified Carboxymethylcellulose From Finland: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY: Import Administration, International Trade Administration, Department... 8. Results of a preliminary assessment of an explosive projectile launch system SciTech Connect Reaugh, J.E. 1995-07-31 This report presents results on a preliminary assessment of accelerating a projectile by a sequence of timed explosions. Computerized simulations were performed with CALE, a two-dimensional Arbitrary Language Eulerian program to examine principles and preferred operating parameters. 9. 77 FR 42273 - Solid Urea From the Russian Federation: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-07-18 10. A Preliminary Report on Some Recent Results in Born Inversion. DTIC Science & Technology 2014-09-26 of pseudo-differential operators, generalized Radon transforms, and generalized back projections. Moreover, Beylkin frames his work in an N...Beylkin uses powerful results in the theory of generalized Radon transforms. However, noting that the result on the left must involve a Dirac delta...pseudo-differential operators, generalized Radon transforms, and generalized back projections. Moreover, Beylkin frames his work in an N- dimensional 11. Preliminary Results from the Application of Automated Adjoint Code Generation to CFL3D NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Carle, Alan; Fagan, Mike; Green, Lawrence L. 1998-01-01 This report describes preliminary results obtained using an automated adjoint code generator for Fortran to augment a widely-used computational fluid dynamics flow solver to compute derivatives. These preliminary results with this augmented code suggest that, even in its infancy, the automated adjoint code generator can accurately and efficiently deliver derivatives for use in transonic Euler-based aerodynamic shape optimization problems with hundreds to thousands of independent design variables. 12. Bayesian Evidence for Two Populations of White Dwarfs: Preliminary Results Valentim, R.; Romero, A. D.; Kepler, S. O.; Horvath, J. E.; Rangel, E. M. 2017-03-01 White dwarf (WD) populations are analyzed using Bayesian tools, which allows inferring possible evolutionary paths through the study of the mass values. We employed a sample of 2761 DA white dwarf stars from the SDSS, and obtained the central mass values and their corresponding standard deviations using a bimodal population as an ansatz. The results indicate a population with M1 = 0.60 M⊙ and σ1 = 0.06 M⊙, corresponding to a single stellar evolution, and a second population with M2 = 1.00 M⊙ and σ1 = 0.11 M⊙ possibly due to binary evolution resulting from mergers. 13. Novel benzophenothiazinium photosensitizers: preliminary in-vivo results Cincotta, Anthony H.; Cincotta, Louis; Foley, James W. 1990-07-01 The photochemotherapeutic properties of several novel benzophenothiazines were evaluated zn-vzvo in three distinct tumor types consisting of a murine sarcoma, human carcinoma, and a rat glioma. Subcutaneous or intravenous administration of dyes to tumor bearing animals coupled with irradiation of the tumor area with 640 nm light resulted in substantial tumor necrosis 24h post photodynamic therapy as determined by histological evaluation. Significantly, there was minimal concurrent damage to the surrounding normal tissue. These results offer further evidence for the potential usefulness of benzophenothiazines in the photodynamic therapy of neoplasms. 14. Preliminary Benchmarking and MCNP Simulation Results for Homeland Security SciTech Connect Robert Hayes 2008-03-01 The purpose of this article is to create Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) input stacks for benchmarked measurements sufficient for future perturbation studies and analysis. The approach was to utilize historical experimental measurements to recreate the empirical spectral results in MCNP, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results demonstrate that perturbation analysis of benchmarked MCNP spectra can be used to obtain a better understanding of field measurement results which may be of national interest. If one or more spectral radiation measurements are made in the field and deemed of national interest, the potential source distribution, naturally occurring radioactive material shielding, and interstitial materials can only be estimated in many circumstances. The effects from these factors on the resultant spectral radiation measurements can be very confusing. If benchmarks exist which are sufficiently similar to the suspected configuration, these benchmarks can then be compared to the suspect measurements. Having these benchmarks with validated MCNP input stacks can substantially improve the predictive capability of experts supporting these efforts. 15. Articulatory measurement and synthesis. Methods and preliminary results. PubMed Heike, G 1979-01-01 The relations between area functions of the vocal tract and the acoustic result are of phonetic interest only if they can be interpreted in articulatory terms. We show which problems may arise if two-dimensional configurations of the vocal tract are to be transformed into area functions, and which relations exist between articulatory variables, area functions, and formant frequencies in an articulatory model. 16. Family Characteristics of Anxious ADHD Children: Preliminary Results ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Kepley, Hayden O.; Ostrander, Rick 2007-01-01 Objective: To investigate the family environments of children in a community sample with ADHD and co-occurring anxiety. Method: Family Environment Scale, Behavioral Assessment System for Children, and Structured Clinical Interview are administered to parents of children with ADHD with and without anxiety. Results: ADHD families are uniformly less… 17. Preliminary results of in vitro propagation of Guayule NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Dastoor, M. N.; Schubert, W. W.; Petersen, G. R. 1981-01-01 Guayule, Parthenium argentatum Gray, was first established in tissue culture by Bonner and Arreguin (1950) as a means to study the effects of various chemicals and extracts on rubber production. The propagation of whole guayule plants from tissue culture, however, has not been accomplished. The reported investigation is concerned with such an objective. In an attempt to stimulate rubber production in Guayule, Yokoyama et al. (1977) sprayed juvenile plants with 2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)triethylamine (TEA derivative). This treatment resulted in increased isoprenoid levels in the plant tissue. In the current investigation, experiments were conducted to study the effect of TEA derivative on in vitro cultures. It was found that a suppression of callus formation occurs at a 10 mg/L concentration of TEA derivative with a resultant increase of shoot formation. Lower and higher concentrations of TEA derivative promote callus formation. 18. Preliminary Results from the QuietSpike Flight Test NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Haering, Edward A., Jr.; Cliatt, Larry J., II; Howe, Don; Waithe, Kenrick 2007-01-01 This viewgraph presentation reviews the QuietSpike flight test results. It shows the previous tests from Nearfield probes. The presentation then reviews the approach to test the QuietSpike, and shows graphics of the positions of the test vehicles. It also shows the components of the Sonic Boom Probing Noseboom. A graph of the Pressure Over- Under-shoot (Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration (SSBD)Data) is presented. It reviews the Shock Probing Orientations, explaining that the probing plane is always behind the tail of the QuietSpike jet. Graphs of the Shock Position Geometry (SSBD Data) and the QuietSpike signature as of the test on 12/13/06, Near-Field Probing Directly Under the QuietSpike jet, and Near-Field Probing to Side, Near-Field Probing Above and to Side. Several slides review the Computational Fluid Dynamic models, and results compared to the probe tests. 19. Preliminary results from the LDEF/UTIAS composite materials experiment NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Tennyson, R. C.; Mabson, G. E.; Morison, W. D.; Kleiman, J. 1992-01-01 A total of 107 epoxy matrix composite samples containing carbon, boron, and aramid fiber reinforcements were flown on the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite. For the first 371 days after deployment, strain and temperature data were recorded every 16 hours. Results were obtained on time to outgas, dimensional changes, coefficients of thermal expansion, atomic oxygen erosion, and damage due to micrometeoroid/debris impacts. 20. Finding four dimensional symplectic maps with reduced chaos: Preliminary results SciTech Connect Weishi Wan; Cary, J.R.; Shasharina, S.G. 1998-06-01 A method for finding integrable four-dimensional symplectic maps is outlined. The method relies on solving for parameter values at which the linear stability factors of the fixed points of the map have the values corresponding to integrability. This method is applied to accelerator lattices in order to increase dynamic aperture. Results show a increase of the dynamic aperture after correction, which implies the validity of the method. 1. Preliminary Results form the Japanese Total Lightning Network Hobara, Y.; Ishii, H.; Kumagai, Y.; Liu, C.; Heckman, S.; Price, C. G.; Williams, E. R. 2015-12-01 We report on the initial observational results from the first Japanese Total Lightning Detection Network (JTLN) in relation to severe weather phenomena. The University of Electro-Communications (UEC) has deployed the Earth Networks (EN) Total Lightning System over Japan to carry out research on the relationship between thunderstorm activity and severe weather phenomena since 2013. In this paper we first demonstrate the current status of our new network followed by the initial scientific results. The lightning jump algorithm was applied to our total lightning data to study the relationship between total lighting activity and hazardous weather events such as gust fronts and tornadoes over land reported by the JMA (Japanese Meteorological Agency) in 2014. As a result, a clear increase in total lighting flash rate as well as lightning jumps are observed prior to most hazardous weather events (~20 min) indicating potential usefulness for early warning in Japan. Furthermore we are going to demonstrate the relationship of total lightning activities with meteorological radar data focusing particularly on Japanese Tornadic storms. 2. Biotransformation of phosphogypsum on distillery decoctions (Preliminary results). PubMed Wolicka, Dorota; Kowalski, Włodzimierz 2006-01-01 The paper presents the activity of anaerobic bacterial communities isolated from soil polluted by aircraft fuel on distillery decoctions with phosphogypsum. The microorganisms were selected using the microcosms method, and then enriched on Postgate medium with ethanol. The isolated communities became the inoculum to establish a culture on potato and rye distillery decoctions. The obtained results show that a simultaneous removal of two industrial wastes such as phosphogypsum and distillery decoctions is possible. The introduction of a inoculation comprising a selected anaerobic bacterial community into the culture does not influence the increase of the biotransformation process efficiency. 3. Preliminary results of the 249Cf + 48Ca experiment SciTech Connect Patin, J B; Moody, K J; Stoyer, M A; Wild, J F; Shaughnessy, D A; Stoyer, N J 2003-11-03 The results of a detailed analysis performed on the data obtained in the {sup 249}Cf + {sup 48}Ca bombardment is presented. This analysis is independent of the original data analysis performed in Dubna in which two possible decay chains were found. The first decay chain consisted of an evaporation residue implantation followed by two alpha decays and then a spontaneous fission. The second decay chain consisted of an evaporation residue implantation followed by an immediate spontaneous fission event. This analysis confirms that the two interesting events are present in the data. A summary of the two events will be given as well as a description of the analysis performed. 4. Hawaii scientific drilling protect: Summary of preliminary results USGS Publications Warehouse DePaolo, D.; Stolper, E.; Thomas, D.; Albarede, F.; Chadwick, O.; Clague, D.; Feigenson, M.; Frey, F.; Garcia, M.; Hofmann, A.; Ingram, B.L.; Kennedy, B.M.; Kirschvink, J.; Kurz, M.; Laj, Carlo; Lockwood, J.; Ludwig, K.; McEvilly, T.; Moberly, R.; Moore, G.; Moore, J.; Morin, R.; Paillet, F.; Renne, P.; Rhodes, M.; Tatsumoto, M.; Taylor, H.; Walker, G.; Wilkins, R. 1996-01-01 Petrological, geochemical, geomagnetic, and volcanological characterization of the recovered core from a 1056-m-deep well into the flank of the Mauna Kea volcano in Hilo, Hawaii, and downhole logging and fluid sampling have provided a unique view of the evolution and internal structure of a major oceanic volcano unavailable from surface exposures. Core recovery was ???90%, yielding a time series of fresh, subaerial lavas extending back to ???400 ka. Results of this 1993 project provide a basis for a more ambitious project to core drill a well 4.5 km deep in a nearby location with the goal of recovering an extended, high-density stratigraphic sequence of lavas. 5. Laser comb with velocity bunching: Preliminary results at SPARC Ferrario, M.; Alesini, D.; Bacci, A.; Bellaveglia, M.; Boni, R.; Boscolo, M.; Calvani, P.; Castellano, M.; Chiadroni, E.; Cianchi, A.; Cultrera, L.; di Pirro, G.; Ficcadenti, L.; Filippetto, D.; Gallo, A.; Gatti, G.; Giannessi, L.; Labat, M.; Lupi, S.; Marchetti, B.; Marrelli, C.; Migliorati, M.; Mostacci, A.; Nicoletti, D.; Pace, E.; Palumbo, L.; Petrillo, V.; Quattromini, M.; Ronsivalle, C.; Rossi, A. R.; Rosenzweig, J.; Serafini, L.; Serluca, M.; Spataro, B.; Tomizawa, H.; Vaccarezza, C.; Vicario, C. 2011-05-01 A new technique, named “laser comb”, was tested during the last SPARC run. It is able to produce electron pulse trains with a charge of some hundreds pC, a repetition rate of some terahertz, and a sub-picosecond length. This technique is based on the velocity bunching configuration of the SPARC injector. It can be useful to drive pump and probe free-electron laser experiments, to generate coherent excitation of plasma waves in plasma accelerators, and to produce narrow band terahertz radiation. In this paper, we describe the experimental results achieved so far and provide a comparison with simulations. 6. Development and preliminary results of radio frequency ion source SciTech Connect Xie, Yahong Hu, Chundong; Jiang, Caichao; Chen, Yuqian; Gu, Yumin; Su, Renxue; Xie, Yuanlai; Liu, Zhimin 2016-02-15 A radio frequency (RF) ion source was designed and developed for neutral beam injector. A RF driver test bed was used with a RF generator with maximum power of 25 kW with 1 MHz frequency and a matching box. In order to study the characteristic of RF plasma generation, the capacitance in the matching box was adjusted with different cases. The results show that lower capacitance will better the stability of the plasma with higher RF power. In the future, new RF coils and matching box will be developed for plasma generators with higher RF power of 50 kW. 7. Simulation of diurnal thermal energy storage systems: Preliminary results Katipamula, S.; Somasundaram, S.; Williams, H. R. 1994-12-01 This report describes the results of a simulation of thermal energy storage (TES) integrated with a simple-cycle gas turbine cogeneration system. Integrating TES with cogeneration can serve the electrical and thermal loads independently while firing all fuel in the gas turbine. The detailed engineering and economic feasibility of diurnal TES systems integrated with cogeneration systems has been described in two previous PNL reports. The objective of this study was to lay the ground work for optimization of the TES system designs using a simulation tool called TRNSYS (TRaNsient SYstem Simulation). TRNSYS is a transient simulation program with a sequential-modular structure developed at the Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison. The two TES systems selected for the base-case simulations were: (1) a one-tank storage model to represent the oil/rock TES system; and (2) a two-tank storage model to represent the molten nitrate salt TES system. Results of the study clearly indicate that an engineering optimization of the TES system using TRNSYS is possible. The one-tank stratified oil/rock storage model described here is a good starting point for parametric studies of a TES system. Further developments to the TRNSYS library of available models (economizer, evaporator, gas turbine, etc.) are recommended so that the phase-change processes is accurately treated. 8. (67)Ga and (68)Ga purification studies: preliminary results. PubMed Costa, R F; Barboza, M F; Osso, J A 2013-01-01 The positron emission tomography technique is very useful for diagnosis of several diseases. (68)Ga is a positron emitter with half-life of 67.7 min. As it is available from (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator systems, it is not necessary to have a nearby cyclotron. However, the eluate from commercial generators contains high levels of metallic impurities, which compete with (68)Ga in biomolecular labeling. Thus, a subsequent purification step is needed after generator elution. Here we present the results of two different methods developed for handmade purification of (68)Ga and (67)Ga for subsequent radiolabeling of biomolecules. Two purification methods were employed. The first one uses a cation exchange resin, and (68)Ga is eluted with a solution of acetone/acid. The second method of purification is performed by column chromatography solvent extraction, with (68)Ga recovery in deionized water. The best result was achieved with cationic resin AG50W-X8 (>400 mesh). However, the resin is not commercially available. The extraction chromatography column based on absorption of diisopropyl ether in XAD-16 is the most promising purification method. Although the levels of (68)Ga recovery and purification were smaller with the cationic resin method, its advantage is the (68)Ga recovery in deionized water. 9. Preliminary Results From the UNICIT High Frequency Microwave Palaeointensity System Biggin, A.; Boehnel, H.; Walton, D. 2002-05-01 Two of the biggest problems encountered when using the Thellier method to obtain estimates of the geomagnetic field intensity in the past are thermochemical alteration occurring during the experiments and the time intensive nature of the experiments themselves. Together these factors frequently yield a frustratingly low ratio of success achieved to time spent in the laboratory. However this ratio can be much increased, if microwave radiation instead of conventional thermal energy is used to excite the ferromagnetic grains within samples. Following the recent success of the geomagnetism group at the University of Liverpool in using microwave radiation to perform palaeointensity experiments, a new system has been developed at the Earth science research unit (UNICIT) of UNAM in Querétaro, Mexico. Conceptually, it differs from the Liverpool system (described in the literature) only in that it is designed to use higher frequency microwave radiation (12 to 18 GHz as opposed to 8.5 GHz) as a more efficient means to excite the ferromagnetic systems of materials. The system has been used to perform modified Thellier palaeointensity experiments on volcanic samples which had previously had a full TRM imparted to them using a known field in the laboratory. The results of these experiments were very encouraging and will be presented. Currently, samples derived from recent volcanic material which has previously undergone conventional Thellier analysis are being studied using the microwave system. Results from these experiments will also be discussed. 10. Preliminary results of Mn partitioning experiments on Murchison analogues NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Boesenberg, Joseph S.; Delaney, Jeremy S. 1993-01-01 Eucrites, howardites, and diogenites have Fe/Mn ratios between 30 and 45, while carbonaceous chondrites have much higher values between 90 and 150. Stolper (1977) first showed that basaltic achondrites could evolve from a precursor chondritic material through simple partial melting. These experiments indicated that chondritic material heated to temperatures near 1180 C with a fugacity of one log unit below the iron-wustite buffer curve, produced a eucritic mineralogy that contained olivine, pigeonite, plagioclase, spinel, glass, and metal. The partial melting experiments of Jurewicz et al. (1992) on an hydrous Murchison and Allende also showed that HED compositions were produceable at temperatures between 1130 C and 1325 C with fugacities below and above the iron-wustite buffer curve. However, the MnO abundances of Jurewicz were too low to produce suitable Fe/Mn ratios for HED's. We present below our results of partial melting experiments on Murchison analogues that involved temperatures between 1180 C and 1580 C and fugacities below the iron-wustite buffer curve. Our experiments resulted in MnO abundances nearly twice that of Jurewicz and indicate that the production of basaltic achondrite-like Fe/Mn ratios from precursor chondritic material are possible. 11. Effects of magnetic soil on metal detectors: preliminary experimental results Das, Y. 2007-04-01 In a series of previous papers, analytical results dealing with the effects of soil electromagnetic properties on the performance of induction metal detectors were reported. In this paper experimental data are provided to verify some previously reported results. The time-domain response of a magnetic soil half-space and a small metallic sphere situated in air as well as buried in the soil were measured using a purpose-designed system based on a modified Schiebel AN19/2 metal detector. As in the previous work, the sphere is chosen as a simple prototype for the small metal parts in low-metal landmines. The soil used was Cambodian "laterite" with dispersive magnetic susceptibility, which serves as a good model for soils that are known to adversely affect the performance of metal detectors. The metal object used was a sphere of diameter 0.0254 m made of 6061-T6 aluminum. Experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Data also show that for the weakly magnetic soil used in the experiments, the total response of the buried sphere is the sum of the response of the soil and that of the sphere placed in air. This finding should simplify the prediction or measurement of response of buried targets as one can separately measure/compute the response of an object in air and that of the host media and simply add the two. This simplification may not be possible for soils that are more strongly magnetic. 12. Preliminary Hydrogeologic Characterization Results from the Wallula Basalt Pilot Study SciTech Connect B.P. McGrail; E. C. Sullivan; F. A. Spane; D. H. Bacon; G. Hund; P. D. Thorne; C. J. Thompson; S. P. Reidel; F. S. Colwell 2009-12-01 The DOE's Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership has completed drilling the first continental flood basalt sequestration pilot borehole to a total depth (TD) of 4,110 feet on the Boise White Paper Mill property at Wallula, Washington. Site suitability was assessed prior to drilling by the 2007-2008 acquisition, processing and analysis of a four-mile, five-line three component seismic swath, which was processed as a single data-dense line. Analysis of the seismic survey data indicated a composite basalt formation thickness of {approx}8,000 feet and absence of major geologic structures (i.e., faults) along the line imaged by the seismic swath. Drilling of Wallula pilot borehole was initiated on January 13, 2009 and reached TD on April 6, 2009. Based on characterization results obtained during drilling, three basalt breccia zones were identified between the depth interval of 2,716 and 2,910 feet, as being suitable injection reservoir for a subsequent CO2 injection pilot study. The targeted injection reservoir lies stratigraphically below the massive Umtanum Member of the Grande Ronde Basalt, whose flow-interior section possesses regionally recognized low-permeability characteristics. The identified composite injection zone reservoir provides a unique and attractive opportunity to scientifically study the reservoir behavior of three inter-connected reservoir intervals below primary and secondary caprock confining zones. Drill cuttings, wireline geophysical logs, and 31one-inch diameter rotary sidewall cores provided geologic data for characterization of rock properties. XRF analyses of selected rock samples provided geochemical characterizations of the rocks and stratigraphic control for the basalt flows encountered by the Wallula pilot borehole. Based on the geochemical results, the pilot borehole was terminated in the Wapshilla Ridge 1 flow of the Grande Ronde Basalt Formation. Detailed hydrologic test characterizations of 12 basalt interflow reservoir 13. Seismic Observations From the Afar Rift Dynamics Project: Preliminary Results Hammond, J. O.; Guidarelli, M.; Belachew, M.; Keir, D.; Ayele, A.; Ebinger, C.; Stuart, G.; Kendall, J. 2008-12-01 Following the 2005 Dabbahu rifting event in Afar, 9 broadband seismometers were installed around the active rift segment to study the microseismicity associated with this and subsequent dyking events. These recorded more than one year of continuous data. In March 2007, 41 stations were deployed throughout Afar and the adjacent rift flanks as part of a large multi-national, collaboration involving universities and organisations from the UK, US and Ethiopia. This abstract describes the crustal and upper mantle structure results of the first 19 months of data. Bulk crustal structure has been determined using the H-k stacking of receiver functions and thickness varies from ~45 km on the rift margins to ~16 km beneath the northeastern Afar stations. Estimates of Vp/Vs show normal continental crust values (1.7-1.8) on the rift margins, and very high values (2.0-2.2) in Afar. A study of seismic noise interferometry is in early stages, but inversions using 20 s Green's function estimates, with some control from regional surface waves, show evidence for thin crustal regions around the recently rifted Dabbahu segment. To improve our understanding of the physical and compositional properties of the crust and locate regions of high attenuation (an indicator of melt), we determine attenuation (Q) using t* values measured from spectra of P wave arrivals. We present whole path attenuation from source to receiver, which will provide a starting point for a future tomographic inversion. SKS-wave splitting results show sharp changes over small lateral distances (40° over <30 km), with fast directions overlying the Dabbahu segment aligning parallel with the recent diking. This supports ideas of melt dominated anisotropy beneath the Ethiopian rift. Seismic tomography inversions show that in the top 150 km low velocities mimic the trend of the seismicity in Afar. The low velocity anomalies extend from the main Ethiopian rift NE, towards Djibouti, and from Djibouti NW towards the 14. Preliminary Results of Testing of Flow Effects on Evaporator Scaling SciTech Connect Hu, M.Z. 2002-02-15 This investigation has focused on the effects of fluid flow on solids deposition from solutions that simulate the feed to the 2H evaporator at the Savannah River Site. Literature studies indicate that the fluid flow (or shear) affects particle-particle and particle-surface interactions and thus the phenomena of particle aggregation in solution and particle deposition (i.e., scale formation) onto solid surfaces. Experimental tests were conducted with two configurations: (1) using a rheometer to provide controlled shear conditions and (2) using controlled flow of reactive solution through samples of stainless steel tubing. All tests were conducted at 80 C and at high silicon and aluminum concentrations, 0.133 M each, in solutions containing 4 M sodium hydroxide and 1 A4 each of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite. Two findings from these experiments are important for consideration in developing approaches for reducing or eliminating evaporator scaling problems: (1) The rheometer tests suggested that for the conditions studied, maximum solids deposition occurs at a moderate shear rate, approximately 12 s{sup -1}. That value is expected to be on the order of shear rates that will occur in various parts of the evaporator system; for instance, a 6 gal/min single-phase liquid flow through the 2-in. lift or gravity drain lines would result in a shear rate of approximately 16 s{sup -1}. These results imply that engineering approaches aimed at reducing deposits through increased mixing would need to generate shear near all surfaces significantly greater than 12 s{sup -1}. However, further testing is needed to set a target value for shear that is applicable to evaporator operation. This is because the measured trend is not statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval due to variability in the results. In addition, testing at higher temperatures and lower concentrations of aluminum and silicon would more accurately represent conditions in the evaporator. Without 15. Preliminary results of indoor radon survey in V4 countries. PubMed Muűllerová, M; Kozak, K; Kovács, T; Csordás, A; Grzadziel, D; Holý, K; Mazur, J; Moravcsík, A; Neznal, M; Neznal, M; Smetanová, I 2014-07-01 The measurements of radon activity concentration carried out in residential houses of V4 countries (Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) show that radon levels in these countries considerably exceed the world average. Therefore, the new radon data and statistical analysis are required from these four countries. Each partner chose a region in their own country, where radon concentration in residential buildings was expected to be higher. The results of the survey carried out in the period from March 2012 to May 2012 show that radon concentrations are <200 Bq m(-3) in ∼87% of cases. However, dwellings with radon concentration ∼800 Bq m(-3) were found in Poland and Slovakia. It was also found that the distribution of radon frequency follows that of houses according to the year of their construction. 16. Preliminary Results from a superconducting photocathode sample cavity SciTech Connect Peter Kneisel; Jacek Sekutowicz; R. Lefferts; A. Lipski 2005-05-01 Pure niobium has been proposed as a photocathode material to extract directly photo-currents from the surface of a RF-gun cavity [1]. However, the quantum efficiency of niobium is {approx}3 {center_dot} 10{sup -4}, whereas electro- or vacuum deposited lead has an {approx} 10 times higher quantum efficiency. We have designed and tested a photo-injector niobium cavity, which can be used to insert photo-cathodes made of different materials in the high electric field region of the cavity. Experiments have been conducted with niobium and lead, which show that neither the Q- values of the cavity nor the obtainable surface fields are significantly lowered. This paper reports about the results from these tests. 17. Preliminary results of Linear Induction Accelerator LIA-200 Sharma, Archana; Senthil, K.; Praveen Kumar, D. D.; Mitra, S.; Sharma, V.; Patel, A.; Sharma, D. K.; Rehim, R.; Kolge, T. S.; Saroj, P. C.; Acharya, S.; Amitava, Roy; Rakhee, M.; Nagesh, K. V.; Chakravarthy, D. P. 2010-05-01 Repetitive Pulsed Power Technology is being developed keeping in mind the potential applications of this technology in material modifications, disinfections of water, timber, and food pasteurization etc. BARC has indigenously developed a Linear Induction Accelerator (LIA-200) rated for 200 kV, 4 kA, 100 ns, 10 Hz. The satisfactory performance of all the sub-systems including solid state power modulator, amorphous core based pulsed transformers, magnetic switches, water capacitors, water pulse- forming line, induction adder and field-emission diode have been demonstrated. This paper presents some design details and operational results of this pulsed power system. It also highlights the need for further research and development to build reliable and economic high-average power systems for industrial applications. 18. Aeolian abrasion on Venus: Preliminary results from the Venus simulator NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Marshall, J. R.; Greeley, Ronald; Tucker, D. W.; Pollack, J. B. 1987-01-01 The role of atmospheric pressure on aeolian abrasion was examined in the Venus Simulator with a constant temperature of 737 K. Both the rock target and the impactor were fine-grained basalt. The impactor was a 3 mm diameter angular particle chosen to represent a size of material that is entrainable by the dense Venusian atmosphere and potentially abrasive by virtue of its mass. It was projected at the target 10 to the 5 power times at a velocity of 0.7 m/s. The impactor showed a weight loss of approximately 1.2 x 10 to the -9 power gm per impact with the attrition occurring only at the edges. Results from scanning electron microscope analysis, profilometry, and weight measurement are summarized. It is concluded that particles can incur abrasion at Venusian temperatures even with low impact velocities expected for Venus. 19. Bioelectrical impedance analysis for bovine milk: Preliminary results Bertemes-Filho, P.; Valicheski, R.; Pereira, R. M.; Paterno, A. S. 2010-04-01 This work reports the investigation and analysis of bovine milk quality by using biological impedance measurements using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The samples were distinguished by a first chemical analysis using Fourier transform midinfrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and flow citometry. A set of milk samples (100ml each) obtained from 17 different cows in lactation with and without mastitis were analyzed with the proposed technique using EIS. The samples were adulterated by adding distilled water and hydrogen peroxide in a controlled manner. FTIR spectroscopy and flow cytometry were performed, and impedance measurements were made in a frequency range from 500Hz up to 1MHz with an implemented EIS system. The system's phase shift was compensated by measuring saline solutions. It was possible to show that the results obtained with the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) technique may detect changes in the milk caused by mastitis and the presence of water and hydrogen peroxide in the bovine milk. 20. Preliminary test results for the small community solar power system Pons, R. L.; Boda, F. P. 1982-11-01 The design feature, performance test results, and operational features of a parabolic dish concentrator small community power system being developed at JPL are described. The system, a prototype unit for modular energy systems of less than 10 MWe, uses multiple parabolic sections, a 20 kWe hermetically sealed organic Rankine cycle engine, and a permanent magnet alternator. The power component is a single stage axial flow turbine with an air-cooled condenser. A static dc/ac inverter and additional equipment condition the power for grid interface and synchronization. Software has been developed to permit remote, stand-alone operation, and to obtain steady performance during intermittent clouding. Each power module is equipped with microprocessors for virtually independent functioning. Separate control systems in each concentrator assembly govern positioning, fluid flow rate, and turbine speed. The system has produced 16.2 kWe continuous power at a net overall efficiency of 15.4% of the insolation. 1. Preliminary results from the heavy ions in space experiment NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Adams, J. H., Jr.; Beahm, L. P.; Tylka, A. J. 1991-01-01 The Heavy Ions In Space (HIIS) experiment is intended to provide a deep survey of intensely ionizing particles in low earth orbit. Intensely ionizing particles produce single event effects in microelectronic components and are now recognized as the principal cause of spacecraft anomalies. These particles also make an important contribution to radiation doses. Besides the practical applications, HIIS data will be used to study several important scientific questions. By measuring heavy ions that stop in HIIS, the anomalous component of cosmic rays can be studied, evidence can be searched for of heavy ions trapped in the earth's magnetic field and by comparing HISS data with observations from outside the magnetosphere, the mean ionic charge state can be determined of solar energetic particles. HIIS will also record relativistic ultraheavy galactic cosmic rays. Their elemental composition will be measured from tin to uranium. Results are presented on the elemental resolution for stopping heavy ions and relativistic heavy ions. 2. Automated Optical Meteor Fluxes and Preliminary Results of Major Showers NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Blaauw, R.; Campbell-Brown, M.; Cooke, W.; Kingery, A.; Weryk, R.; Gill, J. 2014-01-01 NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office (MEO) recently established a two-station system to calculate daily automated meteor fluxes in the millimeter-size-range for both single-station and double-station meteors. The cameras each consist of a 17 mm focal length Schneider lens (f/0.95) on a Watec 902H2 Ultimate CCD video camera, producing a 21.7x15.5 degree field of view. This configuration sees meteors down to a magnitude of +6. This paper outlines the concepts of the system, the hardware and software, and results of 3,000+ orbits from the first 18 months of operations. Video from the cameras are run through ASGARD (All Sky and Guided Automatic Real-time Detection), which performs the meteor detection/photometry, and invokes MILIG and MORB (Borovicka 1990) codes to determine the trajectory, speed, and orbit of the meteor. A subroutine in ASGARD allows for approximate shower identification in single-station detections. The ASGARD output is used in routines to calculate the flux. Before a flux can be calculated, a weather algorithm indicates if sky conditions are clear enough to calculate fluxes, at which point a limiting magnitude algorithm is employed. The limiting stellar magnitude is found using astrometry.net (Lang et al. 2012) to identify stars and translated to the corresponding shower and sporadic limiting meteor magnitude. It is found every 10 minutes and is able to react to quickly changing sky conditions. The extensive testing of these results on the Geminids and Eta Aquariids is shown. The flux involves dividing the number of meteors by the collecting area of the system, over the time interval for which that collecting area is valid. The flux algorithm employed here differs from others currently in use in that it does not make the gross oversimplication of choosing a single height to calculate the collection area of the system. In the MEO system, the volume is broken up into a set of height intervals, with the collecting areas determined by the position of the 3. Preliminary Results of Cleaning Process for Lubricant Contamination SciTech Connect Eisenmann, D.; Brasche, L.; Lopez, R. 2006-03-06 Fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI) is widely used for aviation and other components for surface-breaking crack detection. As with all inspection methods, adherence to the process parameters is critical to the successful detection of defects. Prior to FPI, components are cleaned using a variety of cleaning methods which are selected based on the alloy and the soil types which must be removed. It is also important that the cleaning process not adversely affect the FPI process. There are a variety of lubricants and surface coatings used in the aviation industry which must be removed prior to FPI. To assess the effectiveness of typical cleaning processes on removal of these contaminants, a study was initiated at an airline overhaul facility. Initial results of the cleaning study for lubricant contamination in nickel, titanium and aluminum alloys will be presented. 4. Preliminary results from the ASF/GPS ice classification algorithm NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Cunningham, G.; Kwok, R.; Holt, B. 1992-01-01 The European Space Agency Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) satellite carried a C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to study the earth's polar regions. The radar returns from sea ice can be used to infer properties of ice, including ice type. An algorithm has been developed for the Alaska SAR facility (ASF)/Geophysical Processor System (GPS) to infer ice type from the SAR observations over sea ice and open water. The algorithm utilizes look-up tables containing expected backscatter values from various ice types. An analysis has been made of two overlapping strips with 14 SAR images. The backscatter values of specific ice regions were sampled to study the backscatter characteristics of the ice in time and space. Results show both stability of the backscatter values in time and a good separation of multiyear and first-year ice signals, verifying the approach used in the classification algorithm. 5. The force module for the bending art system. Preliminary results. PubMed Fischer-Brandies, H; Orthuber, W; Ermert, M; Hussmanns, A 1998-01-01 The force module for the bending art system (BAS) is used to calculate the initial forces and moments expected to act on a tooth after changing arch wires. The present study analyses the accuracy of the force module on the basis of 10 patients treated with the BAS (with an average observation period of 10 months). An average of 6 arch wires (0.16" x 0.016" steel) were used on each jaw. The approximate pressure in the periodontium was determined and statistically evaluated from the force module readings. The resulting average pressure values for the molars ranged between 0.26 N/cm2 and 0.54 N/cm2. The value in the area of the incisors, cuspids and bicuspids ranged between 1.03 N/cm2 and 2.83 N/cm2. Maximum pressure was 8.02 N/cm2. The results are discussed from a clinical point of view on a case-to-case basis. They are plausible in and for themselves. The more severe the initial state of misalignment, the higher the pressure values. These forces can be reduced by increasing the number of arch wires or by altering the form of the archwire correspondingly. The computer-generated values should be confirmed by taking a direct measurement on the tooth. The force module is just the first step in providing a reproducible estimation of the forces acting on a tooth. Even if the calculated absolute values should still be judged with reservation, they are nevertheless suitable for providing a comparative evaluation of various treatment concepts with reference to the forces acting on the periodontium and can serve clinicians as a rapidly available decision-making aid. 6. NEOWISE OBSERVATIONS OF NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS SciTech Connect Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Masiero, J.; Eisenhardt, P.; Grav, T.; Mo, W.; McMillan, R. S.; Cutri, R. M.; Walker, R.; Wright, E.; Tholen, D. J.; Jedicke, R.; Denneau, L.; Spahr, T.; DeBaun, E.; Elsbury, D.; Gautier, T.; Gomillion, S.; Hand, E.; Watkins, J.; and others 2011-12-20 With the NEOWISE portion of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) project, we have carried out a highly uniform survey of the near-Earth object (NEO) population at thermal infrared wavelengths ranging from 3 to 22 {mu}m, allowing us to refine estimates of their numbers, sizes, and albedos. The NEOWISE survey detected NEOs the same way whether they were previously known or not, subject to the availability of ground-based follow-up observations, resulting in the discovery of more than 130 new NEOs. The survey's uniform sensitivity, observing cadence, and image quality have permitted extrapolation of the 428 near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) detected by NEOWISE during the fully cryogenic portion of the WISE mission to the larger population. We find that there are 981 {+-} 19 NEAs larger than 1 km and 20,500 {+-} 3000 NEAs larger than 100 m. We show that the Spaceguard goal of detecting 90% of all 1 km NEAs has been met, and that the cumulative size distribution is best represented by a broken power law with a slope of 1.32 {+-} 0.14 below 1.5 km. This power-law slope produces {approx}13, 200 {+-} 1900 NEAs with D > 140 m. Although previous studies predict another break in the cumulative size distribution below D {approx} 50-100 m, resulting in an increase in the number of NEOs in this size range and smaller, we did not detect enough objects to comment on this increase. The overall number for the NEA population between 100 and 1000 m is lower than previous estimates. The numbers of near-Earth comets and potentially hazardous NEOs will be the subject of future work. 7. Preliminary Seafloor Controlled Source EM Results From APPLE Behrens, J. P.; MacGregor, L.; Constable, S.; Everett, M. 2001-12-01 Certain events in the life cycle of oceanic lithosphere are dominantly two-dimensional. These include formation of crust at axial spreading centers and deformation at the lithosphere - asthenosphere boundary. These processes may result in an electrically anisotropic oceanic lithosphere by creating conductive pathways in preferred orientations. Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) soundings and Magnetotelluric (MT) soundings were made during the Anisotropy and Physics of the Pacific Lithosphere Experiment (APPLE), carried out in February/March 2001 approximately 600 km west of San Diego, California. Twenty seafloor electromagnetic field sensors were deployed: 4 long-wire CSEM recorders with 200 m electrode offsets, 6 high-frequency MT/CSEM recorders with two orthogonal 10 m offset electrodes and two orthogonal induction coil magnetometers, and 10 low-frequency MT recorders with a three-component fluxgate magnetometer and two orthogonal 10 m electric dipoles, 5 of which also recorded CSEM data. Every instrument was recovered, with data, during this primary cruise and a follow-up recovery cruise for the long-period instruments in August 2001. The deep-towed EM transmitter (DASI) was a 100 m horizontal electric dipole, which was towed in a 30 km radius circle around a central core of recorders. A radial tow was also performed. DASI transmitted a 4 Hz square wave throughout the CSEM phase of the experiment. Initial processing of the CSEM data reveals evidence of crustal anisotropy. In particular, transmitted electromagnetic energy is attenuated more strongly when propagating from west to east than from north to south. The difference in attenuation is about a factor of two, at a range of 30 km and a frequency of 4Hz. This confirms earlier results from the PEGASUS experiment, which proposed that oceanic lower crust and upper mantle with east-west trending lineaments of increased conductivity will exhibit greater attenuation of electric fields in the east 8. Electromagnetic-Tracked Biopsy under Ultrasound Guidance: Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Hakime, Antoine Deschamps, Frederic; Marques De Carvalho, Enio Garcia; Barah, Ali; Auperin, Anne; Baere, Thierry De 2012-08-15 Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy and safety of electromagnetic needle tracking for sonographically guided percutaneous liver biopsies. Methods: We performed 23 consecutive ultrasound-guided liver biopsies for liver nodules with an electromagnetic tracking of the needle. A sensor placed at the tip of a sterile stylet (18G) inserted in a coaxial guiding trocar (16G) used for biopsy was localized in real time relative to the ultrasound imaging plane, thanks to an electromagnetic transmitter and two sensors on the ultrasound probe. This allows for electronic display of the needle tip location and the future needle path overlaid on the real-time ultrasound image. Distance between needle tip position and its electronic display, number of needle punctures, number of needle pull backs for redirection, technical success (needle positioned in the target), diagnostic success (correct histopathology result), procedure time, and complication were evaluated according to lesion sizes, depth and location, operator experience, and 'in-plane' or 'out-of-plane' needle approach. Results: Electronic display was always within 2 mm from the real position of the needle tip. The technical success rate was 100%. A single needle puncture without repuncture was used in all patients. Pull backs were necessary in six patients (26%) to obtain correct needle placement. The overall diagnostic success rate was 91%. The overall true-positive, true-negative, false-negative, and failure rates of the biopsy were 100% (19/19) 100% (2/2), 0% (0/23), and 9% (2/23). The median total procedure time from the skin puncture to the needle in the target was 30 sec (from 5-60 s). Lesion depth and localizations, operator experience, in-plane or out-of-plane approach did not affect significantly the technical, diagnostic success, or procedure time. Even when the tumor size decreased, the procedure time did not increase. Conclusions: Electromagnetic-tracked biopsy is accurate to determine 9. Solar System Observations with Spitzer Space Telescope: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Cruikshank, Dale P. 2005-01-01 The programs of observations of Solar System bodies conducted in the first year of the operation of the Spitzer Space Telescope as part of the Guaranteed Observing Time allocations are described. Initial results include the determination of the albedos of a number of Kuiper Belt objects and Centaurs from observations of their flux densities at 24 and 70 microns, and the detection of emission bands in the spectra of several distant asteroids (Trojans) around 10 and 25 microns. The 10 Kuiper Belt objects observed to date have albedos in the range 0.08 - 0.15, significantly higher than the earlier estimated 0.04. An additional KBO [(55565) 2002 AW(sub l97)] has an albedo of 0.17 plus or minus 0.03. The emission bands in the asteroid spectra are indicative of silicates, but specific minerals have not yet been identified. The Centaur/comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 has a nucleus surface albedo of 0.025 plus or minus 0.01, and its dust production rate was calculated from the properties of the coma. Several other investigations are in progress as the incoming data are processed and analyzed. 10. Ionospheric scintillation observations over Kenyan region - Preliminary results Olwendo, O. J.; Xiao, Yu; Ming, Ou 2016-11-01 Ionospheric scintillation refers to the rapid fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of a satellite signal as it passes through small-scale plasma density irregularities in the ionosphere. By analyzing ionospheric scintillation observation datasets from satellite signals such as GPS signals we can study the morphology of ionospheric bubbles. At low latitudes, the diurnal behavior of scintillation is driven by the formation of large-scale equatorial density depletions which form one to two hours after sunset via the Rayleigh-Taylor instability mechanism near the magnetic equator. In this work we present ionospheric scintillation activity over Kenya using data derived from a newly installed scintillation monitor developed by CRIRP at Pwani University (39.78°E, 3.24°S) during the period August to December, 2014. The results reveal the scintillation activity mainly occurs from post-sunset to post-midnight hours, and ceases around 04:00 LT. We also found that the ionospheric scintillation tends to appear at the southwest and northwest of the station. These locations coincide with the southern part of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly crest over Kenya region. The occurrence of post-midnight L-band scintillation events which are not linked to pre-midnight scintillation observations raises fundamental question on the mechanism and source of electric fields driving the plasma depletion under conditions of very low background electron density. 11. Real time evaluation of monolateral clubfoot with sonoelastography. Preliminary results PubMed Central Masala, Salvatore; Manenti, Guglielmo; Antonicoli, Marco; Morosetti, Daniele; Claroni, Giulia; Simonetti, Giovanni 2012-01-01 Summary Purpose: to assess the real time elastosonography (RTE) as a primary diagnostic tool for the evaluation of mechanical properties of Achilles tendons in patients affected by not surgically treated monolateral clubfoot. Materials and method: six patients were evaluated, four males and two females, mean age 1.2 ± 1.3 months, treated with Ponseti method, and afterward, they underwent RTE examination of the Achilles tendon in club-foot. A following ROI (region of interest) was positioned on the distal third of the tendon and the obtained data was examined retrospectively. Results: in the examined cohort of patients, the mean value ROI 1/mean value ROI 2 ratio was 2.0 ± 0.18, with an increased red area in the RTE evaluation of the affected tendon, while in the contralateral foot the mean observed value was 2.50 ± 2.1. Conclusion: RTE is a feasible and simple technique, which allows the study of the mechanical properties of Achilles tendons in children with clubfoot. PMID:23738274 12. Preliminary Benchmarking Efforts and MCNP Simulation Results for Homeland Security SciTech Connect Robert Hayes 2008-04-18 It is shown in this work that basic measurements made from well defined source detector configurations can be readily converted in to benchmark quality results by which Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) input stacks can be validated. Specifically, a recent measurement made in support of national security at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) is described with sufficient detail to be submitted to the American Nuclear Society’s (ANS) Joint Benchmark Committee (JBC) for consideration as a radiation measurement benchmark. From this very basic measurement, MCNP input stacks are generated and validated both in predicted signal amplitude and spectral shape. Not modeled at this time are those perturbations from the more recent pulse height light (PHL) tally feature, although what spectral deviations are seen can be largely attributed to not including this small correction. The value of this work is as a proof-of-concept demonstration that with well documented historical testing can be converted into formal radiation measurement benchmarks. This effort would support virtual testing of algorithms and new detector configurations. 13. Use of remote sensing in ecological research: preliminary results Casucci, Francesca; Caporali, Enrica; Lebboroni, Marco; Profeti, Giuliana 1998-12-01 The spatial distribution of birds is an important parameter in the analysis of terrestrial systems; in this study its relationship with satellite-derived vegetation data has been demonstrated. In the present work four Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images were used to obtain the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Leaf Water Content Index (LWCI), plus three structure indices based on a land use map. A hierarchical cluster analysis of these indices allowed the identification of four main clusters that were compared to the results of a set of vegetation and ornithological samples, taken in the period of May-June 1997. The procedure used in this study has allowed the individuation of environmental topologies with ecological relevance from satellite imagery. The typification of the environment leads to the formulation of faunistic prediction models in terms of ornithic composition. The avifauna predictability permits, at last, the set-up of proceedings for the environment quality evaluation in terrestrial systems, whenever standard scores for the species would be stated. 14. Eight Pulse Performance of DARHT Axis II - Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Schulze, Martin E. 2015-12-08 The DARHT-II accelerator produces a 1.65-kA, 17-MeV beam in a 1600-ns pulse. Standard operation of the DARHT Axis II accelerator involves extracting four short pulses from the 1.6 us long macro-pulse produced by the LIA. The four short pulses are extracted using a fast kicker in combination with a quadrupole septum magnet and then transported for several meters to a high-Z material target for conversion to x-rays for radiography. The ability of the DARHT Axis 2 kicker to produce more than the standard four pulse format has been previously demonstrated. This capability was developed to study potential risks associated with beam transport during an initial commissioning phase at low energy (8 MeV) and low current (1.0 kA).The ability of the kicker to deliver more than four pulses to the target has been realized for many years. This note describes the initial results demonstrating this capability. 15. Preliminary results Skylab experiment TO27 optical contamination in space NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Muscari, J. A.; Jambor, B. J.; Westcott, P. A. 1974-01-01 Current results from the TO27 experiment which was performed on the first two Skylab missions are presented. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the change in optical properties of various transmissive windows, mirrors, and diffraction gratings caused by the deposition of contaminants found about the orbital assembly and to measure the sky brightness background caused by solar illumination of particulate contaminants. The sample array system containing 248 optical surfaces and exposed outside the orbital workshop did not collect any significant contaminants. Only trace amounts of surface deposited contaminants have been seen, in all cases the measurement was near the limiting sensitivity of the instrument. Unfortunate performance compromises and the relative cleanliness of the assembly on the anti-solar side appeared to place the amount of available surface contaminants near the limiting sensitivity of the sample array. Mass spectroscopy on the trace contaminants show the presence of high molecular weight species, up to 773 amu. The data suggests the presence of condensed aromatics. 16. Preliminary results from the heavy ions in space experiment NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Adams, James H., Jr.; Beahm, Lorraine P.; Tylka, Allan J. 1992-01-01 The Heavy Ions In Space (HIIS) experiment has two primary objectives: (1) to measure the elemental composition of ultraheavy galactic cosmic rays, beginning in the tin-barium region of the periodic table; and (2) to study heavy ions which arrive at LDEF below the geomagnetic cutoff, either because they are not fully stripped of electrons or because their source is within the magnetosphere. Both of these objectives have practical as well as astrophysical consequences. In particular, the high atomic number of the ultraheavy galactic cosmic rays puts them among the most intensely ionizing particles in Nature. They are therefore capable of upsetting electronic components normally considered immune to such effects. The below cutoff heavy ions are intensely ionizing because of their low velocity. They can be a significant source of microelectronic anomalies in low inclination orbits, where Earth's magnetic field protects satellites from most particles from interplanetary space. The HIIS results will lead to significantly improved estimates of the intensely ionizing radiation environment. 17. Geochemistry of shale groundwaters: Results of preliminary laboratory leaching experiments SciTech Connect Von Damm, K.L.; Johnson, K.O. 1987-09-01 Twelve shales were reacted with distilled water at 20/sup 0/C and 100/sup 0/C; the composition of the waters and the mineralogy were determined before and after reaction. The experiments were conducted in a batch mode over a period of approximately 40 days. Major changes occurred in the solution chemistry; in most cases sulfate became the dominant anion while either sodium or calcium was the major cation. The high sulfate is most likely a result of the oxidation of pyrite in the samples. In the 100/sup 0/C experiments some of the solutions became quite acidic. Examination of the observed mineralogy and comparison to the mineral assemblage calculated to be in equilibrium with the experimentally determined waters, suggests that the acidic waters are generated when no carbonate minerals remain to buffer the groundwaters to a more neutral pH. The pH of shale waters will be determined by the balance between the oxidation of pyrite and organic matter and the dissolution of carbonate minerals. The experimental data are helping to elucidate the chemical reactions that control the pH of shale groundwaters, a critical parameter in determining other water-rock and waste-water-rock interactions and ultimate solute mobility. An experimental approach also provides a means of obtaining data for shales for which no groundwater data are available as well as data on chemical species which are not usually determined or reported. 18. Steady-state flow of solid CO2: preliminary results USGS Publications Warehouse Durham, William B.; Kirby, Stephen H.; Stern, Laura A. 1999-01-01 To help answer the question of how much solid CO2 exists in the Martian south polar cap, we performed a series of laboratory triaxial deformation experiments at constant displacement rate in compression on jacketed cylinders of pure, polycrystalline CO2. Test conditions were temperatures 150 −8 ≤ ε ≤4.3×10−4 s−1. Most of the measurements follow a constitutive law of the form ε = Aσnexp(−Q/RT), where σ is the applied differential stress, R is the gas constant, and the other constants have values as follows: A = 103 86 MPa−ns−1, n = 5.6, and Q = 33 kJ/mol. Solid CO2 is markedly weaker than water ice. Our results suggest that the south polar cap on Mars is unlikely to be predominately solid CO2, because the elevation and estimated age of the cap is difficult to reconcile with the very weak rheology of the material. 19. Magnetic field studies at jupiter by voyager 2: preliminary results. PubMed Ness, N F; Acuna, M H; Lepping, R P; Burlaga, L F; Behannon, K W; Neubauer, F M 1979-11-23 Data from the Goddard Space Flight Center magnetometers on Voyager 2 have yielded on inbound trajectory observations of multiple crossings of the bow shock and magnetosphere near the Jupiter-sun line at radial distances of 99 to 66 Jupiter radii (RJ) and 72 to 62 RJ, respectively. While outbound at a local hour angle of 0300, these distances increase appreciably so that at the time of writing only the magnetopause has been observed between 160 and 185 RJ. These results and the magnetic field geometry confirm the earlier conclusion from Voyager I studies that Jupiter has an enormous magnetic tail, approximately 300 to 400 RJ in diameter, trailing behind the planet with respect to the supersonic flow of the solar wind. Addi- tional observations of the distortion of the inner magnetosphere by a concentrated plasma show a spatial merging of the equatorial magnetodisk current with the cur- rent sheet in the magnetic tail. The spacecraft passed within 62,000 kilometers of Ganymede (radius = 2,635 kilometers) and observed characteristic fluctuations in- terpreted tentatively as being due to disturbances arising from the interaction of the Jovian magnetosphere with Ganymede. 20. Methane in permafrost - Preliminary results from coring at Fairbanks, Alaska USGS Publications Warehouse Kvenvolden, K.A.; Lorenson, T.D. 1993-01-01 Permafrost has been suggested as a high-latitude source of methane (a greenhouse gas) during global warming. To begin to assess the magnitude of this source, we have examined the methane content of permafrost in samples from shallow cores (maximum depth, 9.5m) at three sites in Fairbanks, Alaska, where discontinuous permafrost is common. These cores sampled frozen loess, peat, and water (ice) below the active layer. Methane contents of permafrost range from <0.001 to 22.2mg/kg of sample. The highest methane content of 22.2mg/kg was found in association with peat at one site. Silty loess had high methane contents at each site of 6.56, 4.24, and 0.152mg/kg, respectively. Carbon isotopic compositions of the methane (??13C) ranged from -70.8 to -103.9 ???, and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the methane (??D) from -213 to -313 ???, indicating that the methane is microbial in origin. The methane concentrations were used in a one dimensional heat conduction model to predict the amount of methane that will be released from permafrost worldwide over the next 100 years, given two climate change scenarios. Our results indicate that at least 30 years will elapse before melting permafrost releases important amounts of methane; a maximum methane release rate will be about 25 to 30 Tg/yr, assuming that methane is generally distributed in shallow permafrost as observed in our samples. 1. [Discontinuous warm cardioplegia in pediatric cardiac surgery: preliminary results]. PubMed Durandy, Y; Hulin, S 2006-02-01 This article describes the use of warm cardioplegia in paediatric surgery. Warm blood enriched with potassium was injected every 15 minutes during aortic clamping in 770 operations. The efficacy and quality of this technique were assessed by the return of cardiac electrical activity, troponin I levels 12 hours after aortic clamping and the duration of postoperative ventilation in 3 groups of patients: ventricular septal defect under 6 months (N = 82), tetralogy of Fallot under one year (N = 55), simple transposition of the great arteries (N = 42). These results were compared retrospectively with those obtained using cold cardioplegia. The return of sinus rhythm was spontaneous in 99% of cases versus 77% with cold cardioplegia; the troponin I levels were under 10 ng/ml in 46% of cases versus 37% (NS). Patients operated for ventricular septal defect were ventilated 10 +/- 8 hours versus 13 +/- 10 hours with cold cardioplegia (p = 0.02). The children operated for tetralogy of Fallot were ventilated 8 +/- 4 hours versus 14 +/- 7 hours (p = 0.01) and those with simple transposition 56 +/- 71 hours versus 83 +/- 105 hours (NS). Warm cardioplegia, in the authors' experience, was associated with an improved postoperative course. In this group of 770 operations, 646 operated patients had a stay of less than two days in the intensive care unit. 2. Flight Test 4 Preliminary Results: NASA Ames SSI NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Isaacson, Doug; Gong, Chester; Reardon, Scott; Santiago, Confesor 2016-01-01 Realization of the expected proliferation of Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) operations in the National Airspace System (NAS) depends on the development and validation of performance standards for UAS Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems. The RTCA Special Committee 228 is charged with leading the development of draft Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for UAS DAA Systems. NASA, as a participating member of RTCA SC-228 is committed to supporting the development and validation of draft requirements as well as the safety substantiation and end-to-end assessment of DAA system performance. The Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Integration into the National Airspace System (NAS) Project conducted flight test program, referred to as Flight Test 4, at Armstrong Flight Research Center from April -June 2016. Part of the test flights were dedicated to the NASA Ames-developed Detect and Avoid (DAA) System referred to as JADEM (Java Architecture for DAA Extensibility and Modeling). The encounter scenarios, which involved NASA's Ikhana UAS and a manned intruder aircraft, were designed to collect data on DAA system performance in real-world conditions and uncertainties with four different surveillance sensor systems. Flight test 4 has four objectives: (1) validate DAA requirements in stressing cases that drive MOPS requirements, including: high-speed cooperative intruder, low-speed non-cooperative intruder, high vertical closure rate encounter, and Mode CS-only intruder (i.e. without ADS-B), (2) validate TCASDAA alerting and guidance interoperability concept in the presence of realistic sensor, tracking and navigational errors and in multiple-intruder encounters against both cooperative and non-cooperative intruders, (3) validate Well Clear Recovery guidance in the presence of realistic sensor, tracking and navigational errors, and (4) validate DAA alerting and guidance requirements in the presence of realistic sensor, tracking and navigational errors. The results will be 3. Preliminary Results from Coordinated UVCS-CDS-Ulysses Observations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Parenti, S.; Bromage, B. J.; Poletto, G.; Suess, S. T.; Raymond, J. C.; Noci, G.; Bromage, G. E.; Rose, M. Franklin (Technical Monitor) 2001-01-01 The June 2000 quadrature between the Sun, Earth, and Ulysses took place with Ulysses at a distance of 3.35 AU from the Sun and at heliocentric latitude 58.2 deg south, in the southeast quadrant. This provided an opportunity to observe the corona close to the Sun with Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) and Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer (UVCS) and, subsequently, to sample the same plasma when it reached Ulysses. Here we focus on simultaneous observations of UVCS and CDS made on June 12, 13, 16 and 17. The UVCS data were acquired at heliocentric altitudes ranging from 1.6 to 2.2 solar radii, using different grating positions, in order to get a wide wavelength range. CDS data consisted of Normal Incidence Spectrometer (NIS) full wavelength rasters of 120" x 150" centered at altitudes up to 1.18 solar radii, together with Grazing Incidence Spectrometer (GIS) 4" x 4" rasters within the same field of view, out to 1.2 solar radii. The radial direction to Ulysses passed through a high latitude streamer, throughout the 4 days of observations, Analysis of the spectra taken by UVCS shows a variation of the element abundances in the streamer over our observing interval: however, because the observations were in slightly different parts of the streamer on different days, the variation could be ascribed either to a temporal or spatial effect. The oxygen abundance, however, seems to increase at the edge of the streamer, as indicated by previous analyses. This suggests the variation may be a function of position within the streamer, rather than a temporal effect. Oxygen abundances measured by SWICS on Ulysses are compared with the CDS and UVCS results to see whether changes measured in situ follow the same pattern. 4. No Detectable Hypoxia in Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors: Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Wijffels, Karien; Hoogsteen, Ilse J.; Lok, Jasper; Rijken, Paulus F.J.W.; Marres, Henri A.M.; Wilde, Peter C.M. de; Kogel, Albert J. van der; Kaanders, Johannes H.A.M. 2009-04-01 Purpose: Hypoxia is detected in most solid tumors and is associated with malignant progression and adverse treatment outcomes. However, the oxygenation status of malignant salivary gland tumors has not been previously studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential clinical relevance of hypoxia in this tumor type. Methods and Materials: Twelve patients scheduled for surgical resection of a salivary gland tumor were preoperatively injected with the hypoxia marker pimonidazole and the proliferation marker iododeoxyuridine. Tissue samples of the dissected tumor were immunohistochemically stained for blood vessels, pimonidazole, carbonic anhydrase-IX, glucose transporters-1 and -3 (Glut-1, Glut-3), hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha}, iododeoxyuridine, and epidermal growth factor receptor. The tissue sections were quantitatively assessed by computerized image analysis. Results: The tissue material from 8 patients was of sufficient quality for quantitative analysis. All tumors were negative for pimonidazole binding, as well as for carbonic anhydrase-IX, Glut-1, Glut-3, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha}. The vascular density was high, with a median value of 285 mm{sup -2} (range, 209-546). The iododeoxyuridine-labeling index varied from <0.1% to 12.2% (median, 2.2%). Epidermal growth factor receptor expression levels were mostly moderate to high. In one-half of the cases, nuclear expression of epidermal growth factor receptor was observed. Conclusion: The absence of detectable pimonidazole binding, as well as the lack of expression of hypoxia-associated proteins in all tumors, indicates that malignant salivary gland tumors are generally well oxygenated. It is unlikely that hypoxia is a relevant factor for their clinical behavior and treatment responsiveness. 5. Preliminary results from two international pluvial flood event studies Roezer, Viktor; Spekkers, Matthieu; Kreibich, Heidi 2016-04-01 Pluvial floods have caused severe damages to urban dwellings in Europe and elsewhere in recent years. With a predicted increase in extreme weather events as well as an ongoing urbanization, pluvial flood damage is expected to increase in the future. These type of flood events, caused by stormwater being unable to enter urban drainage systems or flowing out of urban drainage systems when capacity is exceeded, often happen with little warning and in areas which are often not obviously prone to flooding. Up to now little research was done on the adverse consequences of pluvial floods, as empirical damage data of pluvial flooding is scarce. In this study, results of two telephone surveys are discussed. The surveys comprise interviews with more than 500 flood-affected households in Germany (Münster and Greven) and the Netherlands (Amsterdam), related to the severe rain event of July 28th 2014. Respondents were asked a series of questions about the damage to their building structure and contents, as well as on topics such as early warning, emergency and precautionary measures, building properties and hazard characteristics. The questionnaire was developed with the aim to create a harmonized transnational pluvial flood damage survey that can potentially be extended to other European countries. New indicator variables have been developed to account for different national and regional standards in building structure, early warning, socio-economic data and recovery. The survey data from the German and Dutch case studies are compared with the goal to identify similarities and differences in damage reducing factors and recovery. Water level data and other hazard characteristics are used to form comparable groups out of the German and Dutch sample. Within these groups, regional distinctions in building topology and use are expected to have the strongest impact on differences between reported damage amounts of the two case studies. The newly collected data will be used in 6. MIF in Volcanic Sulfate: Preliminary Results From Greenland Ice Cores Lanciki, A. L.; Cole-Dai, J.; Savarino, J.; Thiemens, M. 2008-12-01 Sulfur dioxide from natural and anthropogenic sources is oxidized in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid aerosols. These aerosols contribute to acid rain, global climate variations, and are a health hazard to humans. Sulfuric acid aerosols in the stratosphere may also affect ozone levels. Volcanic eruptions are a natural source of sulfur dioxide, but depending on the height of the eruption plume, an eruption can be either tropospheric or stratospheric. It has been found in Antarctic ice cores that sulfate from a stratospheric eruption contains sulfur-33 MIF anomaly, while there is no anomaly when sulfur dioxide is oxidized in the troposphere. The unique sulfur MIF signature for stratospheric eruptions could be a valuable tool to identify large, climate-impacting stratospheric eruptions in ice core records. Modeling studies suggest that the main cause of this sulfur MIF is photochemical reactions induced by high-energy UV light below 310 nm. This is consistent with the Antarctica ice core results that the sulfur anomaly is found only in eruptions that emitted sulfur dioxide directly into the stratosphere, where substantial UV radiation is available. In this work, volcanic sulfate from a few volcanic eruptions has been extracted from a number of Greenland ice cores and analyzed for sulfur anomaly. For the first time, MIF anomaly has been found in the sulfate of a known stratospheric eruption (the 1815 Tambora eruption) preserved in the Northern Hemisphere. These latest data show that the pattern of sulfur anomaly evolution during the deposition of volcanic sulfate is similar at both polar regions. This provides further evidence that sulfur MIF anomaly is generated by photochemical reactions and dynamic processes in the global stratosphere. 7. Adaptive sound speed correction for abdominal ultrasonography: preliminary results Jin, Sungmin; Kang, Jeeun; Song, Tai-Kyung; Yoo, Yangmo 2013-03-01 Ultrasonography has been conducting a critical role in assessing abdominal disorders due to its noninvasive, real-time, low cost, and deep penetrating capabilities. However, for imaging obese patients with a thick fat layer, it is challenging to achieve appropriate image quality with a conventional beamforming (CON) method due to phase aberration caused by the difference between sound speeds (e.g., 1580 and 1450m/s for liver and fat, respectively). For this, various sound speed correction (SSC) methods that estimate the accumulated sound speed for a region-of interest (ROI) have been previously proposed. However, with the SSC methods, the improvement in image quality was limited only for a specific depth of ROI. In this paper, we present the adaptive sound speed correction (ASSC) method, which can enhance the image quality for whole depths by using estimated sound speeds from two different depths in the lower layer. Since these accumulated sound speeds contain the respective contributions of layers, an optimal sound speed for each depth can be estimated by solving contribution equations. To evaluate the proposed method, the phantom study was conducted with pre-beamformed radio-frequency (RF) data acquired with a SonixTouch research package (Ultrasonix Corp., Canada) with linear and convex probes from the gel pad-stacked tissue mimicking phantom (Parker Lab. Inc., USA and Model539, ATS, USA) whose sound speeds are 1610 and 1450m/s, respectively. From the study, compared to the CON and SSC methods, the ASSC method showed the improved spatial resolution and information entropy contrast (IEC) for convex and linear array transducers, respectively. These results indicate that the ASSC method can be applied for enhancing image quality when imaging obese patients in abdominal ultrasonography. 8. Preliminary results on noncollocated torque control of space robot actuators NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Tilley, Scott W.; Francis, Colin M.; Emerick, Ken; Hollars, Michael G. 1989-01-01 In the Space Station era, more operations will be performed robotically in space in the areas of servicing, assembly, and experiment tending among others. These robots may have various sets of requirements for accuracy, speed, and force generation, but there will be design constraints such as size, mass, and power dissipation limits. For actuation, a leading motor candidate is a dc brushless type, and there are numerous potential drive trains each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This experiment uses a harmonic drive and addresses some inherent limitations, namely its backdriveability and low frequency structural resonances. These effects are controlled and diminished by instrumenting the actuator system with a torque transducer on the output shaft. This noncollocated loop is closed to ensure that the commanded torque is accurately delivered to the manipulator link. The actuator system is modelled and its essential parameters identified. The nonlinear model for simulations will include inertias, gearing, stiction, flexibility, and the effects of output load variations. A linear model is extracted and used for designing the noncollocated torque and position feedback loops. These loops are simulated with the structural frequency encountered in the testbed system. Simulation results are given for various commands in position. The use of torque feedback is demonstrated to yield superior performance in settling time and positioning accuracy. An experimental setup being finished consists of a bench mounted motor and harmonic drive actuator system. A torque transducer and two position encoders, each with sufficient resolution and bandwidth, will provide sensory information. Parameters of the physical system are being identified and matched to analytical predictions. Initial feedback control laws will be incorporated in the bench test equipment and various experiments run to validate the designs. The status of these experiments is given. 9. The Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer (HyTES): Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hook, Simon; Johnson, William R.; Eng, Bjorn T.; Gunapala, Sarah D.; Lamborn, Andrew U.; Mouroulis, Pantazis, Z.; Mouroulis, Pantazis, Z.; Paine, Christopher G.; Soibel, Alexander; Wilson, Daniel W. 2011-01-01 The Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer (HyTES) is being developed as part of the risk reduction activities associated with the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI). HyspIRI is one of the Tier 2 Decadal Survey Missions. HyTES will provide information on how to place the filters on the HyspIRI Thermal Infrared Instrument (TIR) as well as provide antecedent science data. The pushbroom design has 512 spatial pixels over a 50-degree field of view and 256 spectral channels between 7.5 micrometers to 12 micrometers. HyTES includes many key enabling state-of-the-art technologies including a high performance convex diffraction grating, a quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane array, and a compact Dyson-inspired optical design. The Dyson optical design allows for a very compact and optically fast system (F/1.6). It also minimizes cooling requirements due to the fact it has a single monolithic prism-like grating design which allows baffling for stray light suppression. The monolithic configuration eases mechanical tolerancing requirements which are a concern since the complete optical assembly is operated at cryogenic temperatures ((is) approximately 100K). The QWIP allows for optimum spatial and spectral uniformity and provides adequate responsivity or D-star to allow 200mK noise equivalent temperature difference (NEDT) operation across the LWIR passband. Assembly of the system is nearly complete. After completion, alignment results will be presented which show low keystone and smile distortion. This is required to minimize spatial-spectral mixing between adjacent spectral channels and spatial positions. Predictions show the system will have adequate signal to noise for laboratory calibration targets. 10. Preliminary Result of Optical Maturity of Small Rayed Lunar Craters Suzuki, Shizuka; Honda, Chikatoshi; Hirata, Naru; Morota, Tomokatsu; Asada, Noriaki; Demura, Hirohide; Ogawa, Yoshiko; Kitazato, Kohei; Terazono, Jun-Ya; Ohtake, Makiko; Haruyama, Junichi; Matsunaga, Tsuneo The purpose of this research is to estimate the formation age of small rayed lunar craters which is composed of ejecta blanket derived from impact cratering by using OMAT (Optical MATuriry) parameter developed by Lucey et al. (2000) based on Clementine UV/VIS data. The OMAT parameter is the optical index of degree of space weathering which provides planetary surface materials with redding and darkened on spectral characteristics, and is defined as the Euclidean distance between the reflectance at 750 nm and the 950/750 nm ratio value. It has been suggested that OMAT value reduces as space weathering of lunar surface materials progresses with exposured time. Therefore, the OMAT parameter could be an index of relative surface age. However, it is necessary to examine detail correlation between OMAT parameter and surface age for constructing an OMAT model chronometer. Grier et al. (2001) have showed the correlation between average OMAT value as a function of distance from the crater center and formation age of each large crater more than about 20 km in diameter. In their result, we recognize that better correlation between the OMAT and the formation age of highland craters such as Giordano Bruno, Necho, and Tycho craters. On the other hand, in mare units, whether the craters have rays depends on not only OMAT but also the difference of reflectance between the rayed materials and substrate ground materials. So, it is difficult to distinguish a high OMAT rayed craters from other craters in the mare units. We focused on lunar craters in highland, and investigate the correlation between the formation ages of rayed craters (Giordano Bruno, Tycho, Byrgius A, Necho, and Jackson) estimated by crater counting or radiometric age of rock samples and OMAT values of these craters as a function of distance from the crater's center using Kaguya/MI (Multiband Imager) mosaic images which provide us with the reflectance of the lunar surface with topographic correction. Based on this 11. Cloud radar deployment for Indian Monsoon observations: Preliminary Results Chakravarty, K.; Kalapureddy, M.; Pa, M.; Deshpandy, S.; Das, S.; Pandithurai, G.; Prabhakaran, T.; Chandrasekar, C. V.; Goswami, B. 2013-12-01 .04290 N, 73.86890 E, 1.35 km AMSL) from a scanning mobile platform since May, 2013. The initial results of the above cloud radar observations on Indian monsoon will be discussed. 12. Antiresorptive Treatment for Spaceflight Induced Bone Atrophy - Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) LeBlanc, Adrian; Matsumoto, toshio; Jones, Jeff; Shapiro, Jay; Lang, Thomas; Shackelford, Linda C.; Smith, Scott M.; Evans, Harlan J.; Spector, Elisabeth R.; Ploutz-Snyder, Robert; Sibonga, Jean; Nakamura, Toshitaka; Kohri, Kenjiro; Ohshima, Hiroshi 2011-01-01 Detailed measurements from the Mir and ISS long duration missions have documented losses in bone mineral density (BMD) from critical skeletal sub-regions. The most important BMD losses are from the femoral hip, averaging about -1.6%/mo integral to -2.3%/mo trabecular. Importantly these studies have documented the wide range in individual BMD loss from -0.5 to -5%/mo. Associated elevated urinary Ca increases the risk of renal stone formation during flight, a serious impact to mission success. To date, countermeasures have not been satisfactory. The purpose of this study is to determine if the combined effect of anti-resorptive drugs plus the standard in-flight exercise regimen will have a measurable effect on preventing space flight induced bone loss (mass and strength) and reducing renal stone risk. To date, 4 crewmembers have completed the flight portion of the protocol in which crewmembers take a 70-mg alendronate tablet once a week before and during flight, starting 17 days before launch. Compared to previous ISS crewmembers (n=14) not taking alendronate, DXA measurements of the spine, femur neck and total hip were significantly improved from -0.8 +/- 0.5%/mo to 1.0 +/- 1.1%/mo, -1.1 +/- 0.5%/mo to -0.2 +/- 0.3%/mo, -1.1 +/- 0.5%/mo to 0.04 +/- 0.3%/mo respectively. QCT-determined trabecular BMD of the femur neck, trochanter and total hip were significantly improved from -2.7 +/- 1.9%/mo to -0.2 +/- 0.8%/mo, -2.2 +/- 0.9%/mo to -0.3 +/- 1.9%/mo and -2.3 +/- 1.0%/mo to -0.2 +/- 1.8%/mo respectively. Significance was calculated from a one-tailed t test. Resorption markers were unchanged, in contrast to measurements from previous ISS crewmembers that showed typical increases of 50-100% above baseline. Urinary Ca showed no increase compared to baseline levels, also distinct from the elevated levels of 50% or greater in previous crews. While these results are encouraging, the current n (4) is small, and the large SDs indicate that, while the means are improved, there 13. [Hungarian Heart Failure Registry 2015-2016. Preliminary results]. PubMed Nyolczas, Noémi; Heltai, Krisztina; Borbély, Attila; Habon, Tamás; Járai, Zoltán; Sziliczei, Erzsébet; Stadler, Péter; Faludi, Réka; Herczeg, Béla; Papp, Előd; Lakatos, Ferenc; Nagy, Katalin; Katona, András; Kovács, Imre; Tomcsányi, János; Nagy, András; Sepp, Róbert 2017-01-01 Heart failure is associated with a poor prognosis despite significant advances in the pharmacological and device therapy and incurs very high cost because of frequent hospitalizations. Therefore, professional high-quality care is essential for both patients and the healthcare system. The best way to evaluate the quality of care for a particular disease is the use of disease-specific registries. Until now, there has not been a registry evaluating characteristics and management of heart failure patients in Hungary. For that reason, the Hungarian Society of Cardiology initiated the set-up of the Hungarian Heart Failure Registry. The Aim of this paper is to present the goals, methods and first year results of the Hungarian Heart Failure Registry. The goal of the Registry is to create a modern, web-based database that summarizes the data of large number of patients who are currently or were previously admitted to hospital or who are currently or were previously patients in an outpatient department due to severe heart failure (NYHA III-IV). Currently 17 cardiology departments participate in the development of the Registry. The planned number of patients is 2000. Initially follow-up was planned for one year (pilot study). After the evaluation of the relevant experiences of the pilot study, long-term follow-up is planned. The Registry collects information about the type of heart failure (heart failure with reduced - LVEF≤45% - vs. preserved - LVEF>45% - ejection fraction), etiology, co-morbidities, diagnostic methods, treatment as well as morbidity and mortality. After the first year, assessing the baseline parameters of 698 patients enrolled in the Registry we found that the majority of patients (87.8%) has heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and in 39.8% of the patients heart failure has an ischaemic origin. The most frequent co-morbidity was hypertension followed by diabetes, renal insufficiency and COPD. The patients were treated with ACE inhibitors or ARBs 14. Diode laser supported partial nephrectomy in laparoscopic surgery: preliminary results Sroka, Ronald; Hennig, Georg; Zillinberg, Katja; Khoder, Wael Y. 2011-07-01 Introduction: Warm ischemia and bleeding during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy place technical constraints on surgeons. Therefore it was the aim to develop a safe and effective laser assisted partial nephrectomy technique without need for ischemia. Patients and methods: A diode laser emitting light at 1318nm in cw mode was coupled into a bare fibre (core diameter 600 μm) thus able to transfer up to 100W to the tissue. After dry lab experience, a total of 8 patients suffering from kidney malformations underwent laparoscopic/retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy. Clinically, postoperative renal function and serum c-reactive protein (CRP) were monitored. Laser induced coagulation depth and effects on resection margins were evaluated. Demographic, clinical and follow-up data are presented. Results: Overall interventions, the mean operative time was 116,5 minutes (range 60-175min) with mean blood loss of 238ml (range 50-600ml) while laser assisted resection of the kidney tissue took max 15min. After extirpation of the tumours all patients showed clinical favourable outcome during follow up period. The tumour size was measured to be 1.8 to 5cm. With respect to clinical safety and due to blood loos, two warm ischemia (19 and 24min) must be performed. Immediate postoperative serum creatinine and CRP were elevated within 0.1 to 0.6 mg/dl (mean 0.18 mg/dl) and 2.1-10 mg/dl (mean 6.24 mg/dl), respectively. The depth of the coagulation on the removed tissue ranged between <1 to 2mm without effect on histopathological evaluation of tumours or resection margin. As the surface of the remaining kidney surface was laser assisted coagulated after removal. The sealing of the surface was induced by a slightly larger coagulation margin, but could not measured so far. Conclusion: This prospective in-vivo feasibility study shows that 1318nm-diode laser assisted partial nephrectomy seems to be a safe and promising medical technique which could be provided either during open surgery 15. EM techniques for archaeological laboratory experiments: preliminary results Capozzoli, Luigi; De Martino, Gregory; Giampaolo, Valeria; Raffaele, Luongo; Perciante, Felice; Rizzo, Enzo 2015-04-01 model. The integration of electric and electromagnetic data allowed us to overcome the limits of each technique, especially in terms of resolution and depth, in humid/saturated conditions was investigated and the effectiveness of three-dimensional acquisitions was studied to better explore archeological sites and reduce the uncertainties related on the interpretation of geophysical analysis. The complexity of the relationship between archaeological features in the subsoil and their geophysical response requires efforts in the interpretation of resulting data. Reference Campana S. and Piro, S., (2009): Seeing the unseen - Geophysics and landscape archaeology., CRC Press, London, 2. No. of pages: 376. ISBN: 978-0-415-44721-8. Conyers, L. and Goodman, D., (1997): Ground-Penetrating Radar: An Introduction for Archaeologists. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press. Davis, J.L. and Annan, A.P. (1989): Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy. Geophysical Prospecting, 37, 531-551. 16. Dating of polyhalite and langbeinite: preliminary results from German Zechstein Neubauer, Franz; Schorn, Anja; Leitner, Christoph; Genser, Johann 2013-04-01 formation temperatures are given between 57.1 ° C or more commonly 83 ° C (e.g. Neitzel, 1992 and references therein), is mined as potash ore at the German Zechstein deposits. Neitzel (1992) summarized two main types of langbeinite formation (1) from kainite and halite (due to thermal metamorphism) and (2) from sylvinitic Hartsalz (= mixture of sylvite, kieserite and halite) due to solution metamorphism. The mineral might also form by decomposition of polyhalite to langbeinite and anhydrite during prograde metamorphism. In the following, we discuss the first successful results of polyhalite and langbeinite dating in Zechstein salts of Germany (Morsleben, Neuhof). Extremely fine-grained (grain sizes < 10 x 10 μm) recrystallised polyhalite from Morsleben gave an age of ca. 28.68 ± 0.11 Ma, which may represent the age of crystal growth from a brine. Dating of deformed langbeinite from a mylonite zone from Neuhof gave a slightly scattered age pattern at ca. 150 Ma, implying a major step of ductile flow of K-bearing evaporites and crystallization of langbeinite. From analytical point of view, langbeinite is very stable and allows diffusion experiments over a wide range of energies. References Fischer, S., Voigt, W., Köhnke, K., 1996. The thermal decomposition of polyhalite K2SO4 . MgSO4. 2 CaSO4. 2 H2O. Crystal Research and Technology, 31, 87-92. Freyer D., Voigt W., 2003. Crystallization and phase stability of CaSO4 and CaSO4-based salts. Monatshefte für Chemie, 134, 693-719. Leitner, C., Neubauer, F., Marschallinger, R., Genser, J., Bernroider, M., 2012. Origin of deformed halite hopper crystals, pseudomorphic anhydrite cubes and polyhalite in Alpine evaporites (Austria, Germany). International Journal of Earth Sciences, DOI 10.1007/s00531-012-0836-6. Neitzel, U., 1992. 100 Jahre Langbeinit. Kali und Steinsalz, 11/1, 7-13. Renne, P. R., Sharp, W. D. Montañez, I. P., Becker, R. A., Zierenberg, R. A., 2001. 40Ar/39Ar dating of Late Permian evaporites, southeastern New 17. 76 FR 44305 - Honey From Argentina: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty New... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-07-25 ... International Trade Administration Honey From Argentina: Extension of Time Limit for Preliminary Results of..., 2011. Extension of Time Limits for Preliminary Results of Review Section 751(a)(2)(B)(iv) of the Tariff... extraordinarily complicated and, therefore, it requires additional time to complete the preliminary... 18. Decision-Making in Flight with Different Convective Weather Information Sources: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Latorella, Kara A.; Chamberlain, James P. 2004-01-01 This paper reports preliminary and partial results of a flight experiment to address how General Aviation (GA) pilots use weather cues to make flight decisions. This research presents pilots with weather cue conditions typically available to GA pilots in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) and instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) today, as well as in IMC with a Graphical Weather Information System (GWIS). These preliminary data indicate that both VMC and GWIS-augmented IMC conditions result in better confidence, information sufficiency and perceived performance than the current IMC condition. For all these measures, the VMC and GWIS-augmented conditions seemed to provide similar pilot support. These preliminary results are interpreted for their implications on GWIS display design, training, and operational use guidelines. Final experimental results will compare these subjective data with objective data of situation awareness and decision quality. 19. Preliminary results from the {sup 51}Cr neutrino source experiment in GALLEX SciTech Connect Hampel, W.; Heusser, G.; Kiko, J. 1996-09-01 The GALLEX collaboration performed a second {sup 51}Cr neutrino source experiment during fall 1995. The full results from this second source experiment will not be available before the end of 1996. Meanwhile, we present a short description and preliminary results in this informal note. The (preliminary) value of the activity obtained form direct measurements has been found equal to (68.7 {+-}0.7) PBq (with 1-sigma error). This value, which is about 10% higher than the activity of the first source, was achieved by optimizing the irradiation conditions in the Silo{acute e} reactor and doing a longer irradiation of the enriched chromium. Preliminary results show that the ratio, R, of the radiochemically determined activity from {sup 71}Ge counting (57.1 {+-} PBq) to the directly measured activity is (0.83 {+-} 0.10). The combined value of R for the two source experiments is (0.92 {+-} 0.08). 20. Long range radio tracking of sea turtles and polar bear: Instrumentation and preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Baldwin, H. A. 1972-01-01 Instrumentation developed for studies of path behavior of the green sea turtle and migration movement of polar bear is described. Preliminary results bearing on navigation ability in these species are presented. Both species operate in difficult environments, and the problems faced in the design of electronic instrumentation for these studies are not completely specified at this time. However, the critical factors yet to be understood are primarily related to the behavior of instrumented animals. The data obtained with these experimental techniques are included, first to illustrate the technique and, second to provide initial preliminary results bearing on animal navigation. 1. 75 FR 18794 - Certain Orange Juice From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-04-13 .... Comercio, Industria, and Agricultura (Fischer) and Sucocitrico Cutrale, S.A. (Cutrale). In Cutrale's.... Comercio, Industria, e Agricultura for the Preliminary Results in the 08-09 Antidumping Duty Administrative... Results--Fischer S.A. Comercio, Industria and Agricultura.'' 2. Test of Comparison Market Sales Prices... 2. Simulated changes in ground-water levels resulting from proposed phosphate mining, west-central Florida; preliminary results USGS Publications Warehouse Wilson, William Edward 1977-01-01 A digital model of two-dimensional ground-water flow was used to simulate projected changes in the Floridan aquifer potentiometric surface in 1985 and 2000, resulting from proposed ground-water developments by the phosphate mining industry in west-central Florida. The .model was calibrated under steady-state conditions to simulate the September 1975 potentiometric surface. Under one development plan, existing phosphate mines in Polk County would continue to withdraw ground water at 1975 rates, until phased out as the ore is depleted; no new mines would be introduced. Preliminary results indicate that under this plan, maximum simulated recovery of the potentiometric surface is 11.9 feet by 1985 and 36.5 feet by 2000. Under an alternative plan, all proposed mines in Polk, Hardee, DeSoto, Hillsborough and Manatee Counties would begin operations: in addition to the continuation and phasing out of existing mines. Preliminary results indicate that the potentiometric surface would generally recover in Polk County and decline elsewhere in the modeled area. Maximum simulated recovery is 4.5 feet by 1985 and 29.6 feet by 2000; maximum simulated drawdown is 15.1 feet by 1985 and feet by 2000. All results are preliminary and subject to revision as the investigation continues. 3. Cognitive Task Analysis of Business Jet Pilots' Weather Flying Behaviors: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Latorella, Kara; Pliske, Rebecca; Hutton, Robert; Chrenka, Jason 2001-01-01 This report presents preliminary findings from a cognitive task analysis (CTA) of business aviation piloting. Results describe challenging weather-related aviation decisions and the information and cues used to support these decisions. Further, these results demonstrate the role of expertise in business aviation decision-making in weather flying, and how weather information is acquired and assessed for reliability. The challenging weather scenarios and novice errors identified in the results provide the basis for experimental scenarios and dependent measures to be used in future flight simulation evaluations of candidate aviation weather information systems. Finally, we analyzed these preliminary results to recommend design and training interventions to improve business aviation decision-making with weather information. The primary objective of this report is to present these preliminary findings and to document the extended CTA methodology used to elicit and represent expert business aviator decision-making with weather information. These preliminary findings will be augmented with results from additional subjects using this methodology. A summary of the complete results, absent the detailed treatment of methodology provided in this report, will be documented in a separate publication. 4. Preliminary results of the scientific experiments on the Kosmos-936 biosatellite NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1977-01-01 The scientific equipment and experiments on the Kosmos-936 biosatellite are described, including various ground controls and the lab unit for studies at the descent vehicle landing site. Preliminary results are presented of the physiological experiment with rats, biological experiments with drosophila and higher and lower plants, and radiation physics and radiobiology studies for the planning of biological protection on future space flights. The most significant conclusion from the preliminary data is that rats tolerate space flight better with an artificial force of gravity. 5. 76 FR 19315 - Certain Orange Juice From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-04-07 ... Agricultura (Fischer) and Sucocitrico Cutrale, S.A. (Cutrale). In Cutrale's request for an administrative... Calculations Performed for Fischer S.A. Comercio, Industria, and Agricultura for the Preliminary Results in the..., Industria and Agricultura.'' 2. Test of Comparison Market Sales Prices On a product-specific basis,... 6. 78 FR 20615 - Drill Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-04-05 ... International Trade Administration Drill Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of... review of the countervailing duty (CVD) order on drill pipe from the People's Republic of China (PRC... purposes, the written product description, available in Drill Pipe From the People's Republic of... 7. Developing Parenting Skills through Health Visitors: Preliminary Results from an Evaluation Study. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Stevenson, Jim Preliminary results of a study of the extent to which training health visitors in behavior modification techniques improves the effectiveness of their work with families of young children are presented. A total of 14 health visitors were recruited and assigned to training and delay-of-training groups. Selected from case loads, participating… 8. 76 FR 55872 - Certain Frozen Fish Fillets From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Preliminary Results and... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-09-09 ..., Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan are exporters of frozen fish fillets and, thus, significant... live fish. Therefore, for the preliminary results, the Department will select Indonesia as the primary... International Trade Administration Certain Frozen Fish Fillets From the Socialist Republic of... 9. 77 FR 66580 - Certain Preserved Mushrooms From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-11-06 ... International Trade Administration Certain Preserved Mushrooms From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping... review of the antidumping duty order on certain preserved mushrooms (mushrooms) from India. The period of... merchandise subject to the order is certain preserved mushrooms. The product is currently classified under... 10. 77 FR 73980 - Fresh Garlic From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-12-12 ... International Trade Administration Fresh Garlic From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of... administrative review (AR) of the antidumping duty order on fresh garlic from the People's Republic of China (PRC... withdrawn. See Fresh Garlic From the People's Republic of China: Partial Rescission of the... 11. Preliminary results of the round-robin testing of F82H SciTech Connect Shiba, K.; Yamanouchi, N.; Tohyama, A. 1996-10-01 Preliminary results of metallurgical, physical and mechanical properties of low activation ferritic steel F82H (IEA heat) were obtained in the round-robin test in Japan. The properties of IEA heat F82H were almost the same as the original F82H. 12. 77 FR 46699 - Honey From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Review Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-08-06 ..., therefore, applying adverse facts available (AFA''). If these preliminary results are adopted in the final... First Administrative Review, 72 FR 10689, 10692 (March 9, 2007) (decision to apply total AFA to the NME..., 2007). The Department's practice is to select an AFA rate that is sufficiently adverse as to... 13. 76 FR 76126 - Uncovered Innerspring Units from the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results and... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-12-06 ... adverse facts available (AFA'') to Goodnite's PRC-origin merchandise. If these preliminary results are... appropriate to assign total AFA to Goodnite.\\12\\ By doing so, we ensure that Goodnite will not obtain a more... Administrative Review and New Shipper Review, 72 FR 10689, 10692 (March 9, 2007) (decision to apply total AFA... 14. Photon Detection with Cooled Avalanche Photodiodes: Theory and Preliminary Experimental Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Robinson, D. L.; Hays, D. A. 1985-01-01 Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) can be operated in a geiger-tube mode so that they can respond to single electron events and thus be used as photon counting detectors. Operational characteristics and theory of APDs while used in this mode are analyzed and assessed. Preliminary experimental investigation of several commercially available APDs has commenced, and initial results for dark count statistics are presented. 15. 77 FR 7128 - Low Enriched Uranium From France: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Changed Circumstances... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-02-10 ... International Trade Administration Low Enriched Uranium From France: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... review (CCR) of the antidumping duty order of low enriched uranium (LEU) from France.\\1\\ We preliminarily.... \\1\\ See Low Enriched Uranium from France: Initiation of Antidumping Duty Changed Circumstances... 16. 78 FR 9674 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From Germany: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-02-11 ... International Trade Administration Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From Germany: Preliminary Results of...) is conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on ball bearings and parts..., 2011, the Department revoked the order on ball bearings and parts thereof from Germany as... 17. 75 FR 71072 - Initiation and Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Changed Circumstances Review: Certain... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-11-22 ..., 1992) and Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon Steel Plate from Romania: Initiation and Preliminary Results of... Romania). While no single factor or combination of factors will necessarily be dispositive, the Department... 14, 1994), and Plate from Romania, 70 FR 22847. ] Thus, if the record evidence demonstrates the... 18. 75 FR 14422 - Purified Carboxymethylcellulose from Mexico: Extension of Time Limits for Preliminary Results of... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-03-25 ... International Trade Administration Purified Carboxymethylcellulose from Mexico: Extension of Time Limits for... Time Limits for Preliminary Results Section 751(a)(3)(A) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (the.... However, if it is not practicable to complete the review within this time period, section 751(a)(3)(A)... 19. 75 FR 78223 - Certain Pasta From Italy: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty Changed Circumstances Review... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-12-15 ... International Trade Administration Certain Pasta From Italy: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty Changed... revocation, in part, of the countervailing duty order on certain pasta from Italy. See Certain Pasta From Italy: Notice of Initiation of Changed Circumstances Review and Consideration of Revocation of Order,... 20. 77 FR 61742 - Certain Lined Paper Products From India: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-10-11 ... International Trade Administration Certain Lined Paper Products From India: Preliminary Results of... administrative review of the countervailing duty order on certain lined paper products from India. The period of... subject to the order is certain lined paper products. The products are currently classifiable under... 1. 78 FR 62584 - Certain Lined Paper Products From India: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-10-22 ... International Trade Administration Certain Lined Paper Products From India: Preliminary Results of... administrative review of the countervailing duty (CVD) order on certain lined paper products from India. The...., Washington, DC 20230; telephone (202) 482-1503. Scope of the Order The merchandise subject to the Lined... 2. 78 FR 78335 - Lightweight Thermal Paper from Germany: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-12-26 ... International Trade Administration Lightweight Thermal Paper from Germany: Preliminary Results of Antidumping... thermal paper (LWTP) from Germany. The period of review (POR) is November 1, 2011, through October 31... order is lightweight thermal paper. The merchandise subject to the order is currently classified... 3. 77 FR 73615 - Lightweight Thermal Paper From Germany; Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-12-11 ...] Lightweight Thermal Paper From Germany; Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review; 2010... duty order on lightweight thermal paper (LWTP) from Germany for the period November 1, 2010, through... covered by the order is lightweight thermal paper. The merchandise subject to the order is... 4. 76 FR 76360 - Lightweight Thermal Paper From Germany: Notice of Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-12-07 ... International Trade Administration Lightweight Thermal Paper From Germany: Notice of Preliminary Results of... review of the antidumping duty order on lightweight thermal paper from Germany. For the period November 1... received a timely request from Appleton Papers, Inc. (petitioner) for the Department to conduct... 5. Chemical Analysis of the Moon at the Surveyor VII Landing Site: Preliminary Results. PubMed Turkevich, A L; Franzgrote, E J; Patterson, J H 1968-10-04 The alpha-scattering experiment aboard Surveyor VII has provided a chemical analysis of the moon in the area of the crater Tycho. The preliminary results indicate a chemical composition similar to that already found at two mare sites, but with a lower concentration of elements of the iron group (titanium through copper). 6. Chemical Analysis of the Moon at the Surveyor VI Landing Site: Preliminary Results. PubMed Turkevich, A L; Patterson, J H; Franzgrote, E J 1968-06-07 The alpha-scattering experiment aboard soft-landing Surveyor VI has provided a chemical analysis of the surface of the moon in Sinus Medii. The preliminary results indicate that, within experimental errors, the composition is the same as that found by Surveyor V in Mare Tranquillitatis. This finding suggests that large portions of the lunar maria resemble basalt in composition. 7. 43 CFR 11.43 - Can interested parties review the results of the preliminary application? Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR 2011-10-01 ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Can interested parties review the results of the preliminary application? 11.43 Section 11.43 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS Type A Procedures § 11.43 Can interested... 8. 78 FR 34644 - Stainless Steel Plate in Coils From Belgium: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-06-10 ... International Trade Administration Stainless Steel Plate in Coils From Belgium: Preliminary Results of... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on stainless steel plate in coils (steel plate) from Belgium...: Scope of the Order The product covered by this order is certain stainless steel plate in... 9. 75 FR 67689 - Stainless Steel Bar From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-11-03 ... International Trade Administration Stainless Steel Bar From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... antidumping duty order on certain stainless steel bar from Brazil. The review covers one producer/ exporter of... Department published in the Federal Register an antidumping duty order on certain stainless steel bar... 10. 75 FR 8925 - Pressure Sensitive Plastic Tape from Italy: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Changed... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-02-26 ... International Trade Administration Pressure Sensitive Plastic Tape from Italy: Preliminary Results of... pressure sensitive plastic tape from Italy pursuant to section 751(b) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended... review request. See Pressure Sensitive Plastic Tape from Italy: Notice of Initiation of Antidumping... 11. 78 FR 4383 - Stainless Steel Bar From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-01-22 ... International Trade Administration Stainless Steel Bar From Brazil: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... the antidumping duty order on stainless steel bar (SSB) from Brazil. The period of review (POR) is... Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Stainless Steel Bar from Brazil'' dated concurrently with this... 12. 78 FR 17637 - Polyester Staple Fiber From Taiwan: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-03-22 ... International Trade Administration Polyester Staple Fiber From Taiwan: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... the antidumping duty order on polyester staple fiber (PSF) from Taiwan. The period of review (POR) is... Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: Polyester Staple Fiber from Taiwan'' dated concurrently with... 13. 75 FR 5964 - Certain Polyester Staple Fiber From Taiwan: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-02-05 ... International Trade Administration Certain Polyester Staple Fiber From Taiwan: Preliminary Results of... review of the antidumping duty order on certain polyester staple fiber (PSF) from Taiwan. The period of... fiber from one producer/exporter. We have preliminarily found that sales of the subject merchandise... 14. 76 FR 22366 - Certain Polyester Staple Fiber From Taiwan: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-04-21 ... International Trade Administration Certain Polyester Staple Fiber From Taiwan: Preliminary Results of... review of the antidumping duty order on certain polyester staple fiber (PSF) from Taiwan. The period of... 30, 2010). We have rescinded the review in part with respect to Nan Ya. See Polyester Staple... 15. 78 FR 15691 - Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp From India; Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-03-12 ... International Trade Administration Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp From India; Preliminary Results of... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on certain frozen warmwater shrimp (shrimp) from India. The...: Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp From India, 77 FR 73619 (December 11, 2012). \\2\\ On September 13, 2012,... 16. 75 FR 52930 - Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Changed... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-08-30 ... International Trade Administration Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping... changed-circumstances review of the antidumping duty order on carbazole violet pigment 23 from India to.... See Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 from India: Initiation of Antidumping Duty... 17. 78 FR 34649 - Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Countervailing... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-06-10 ... International Trade Administration Aluminum Extrusions From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results...) is conducting an administrative review of the countervailing duty (CVD) order on aluminum extrusions... Aluminum Co., Ltd. (Alnan Aluminum), Alnan Aluminum Foil Co., Ltd. (Alnan Foil), Alnan (Shanglin)... 18. 76 FR 35405 - Solid Urea From the Russian Federation: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-06-17 ... International Trade Administration Solid Urea From the Russian Federation: Preliminary Results of Antidumping... review of the antidumping duty order on solid urea from the Russian Federation (Russia). The review... solid urea from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union). See Antidumping Duty Order;... 19. The Career Intern Program: Preliminary Results of an Experiment in Career Education. Technical Appendix. Volume 2. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Opportunities Industrialization Centers of America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. The technical appendix to "The Career Intern Program: Preliminary Results of an Experiment in Career Education," Volume 1, reports on the research designs used for evaluating the Career Intern Program's (CIP) effectiveness in increasing the student's cognitive skills, academic achievement, vocational adjustment, future orientation, and… 20. Post-Deployment Reintegration Measure: Psychometric Replication and Preliminary Validation Results DTIC Science & Technology 2006-02-01 First, most of the information on reintegration was collected from American Vietnam War veterans who were suffering from PTSD. Moreover, their... reintegration experiences were based largely on recollections obtained years after the veterans returned from active duty. Thus, our current...Post-deployment reintegration measure: Psychometric replication and preliminary validation results Ann-Renée Blais Megan M.Thompson Donald R 1. Post-deployment Reintegration Measure: Psychometric Replication and Preliminary Validation Results DTIC Science & Technology 2006-02-01 First, most of the information on reintegration was collected from American Vietnam War veterans who were suffering from PTSD. Moreover, their... reintegration experiences were based largely on recollections obtained years after the veterans returned from active duty. Thus, our current...Post-deployment reintegration measure: Psychometric replication and preliminary validation results Ann-Renée Blais Megan M.Thompson Donald R 2. 76 FR 54202 - Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty New Shipper Review Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-08-31 ... International Trade Administration Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty New Shipper... antidumping duty order on honey from Argentina in response to a request from Villamora S.A. (Villamora), an... Department published the antidumping duty order on honey from Argentina on December 10, 2001. See Notice... 3. 77 FR 1458 - Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Partial... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-01-10 ... International Trade Administration Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... antidumping duty order on honey from Argentina. The review covers imports of subject merchandise from nine... determine that sales of honey from Argentina have not been made below normal value (NV) by... 4. 76 FR 2655 - Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-01-14 ... International Trade Administration Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on honey from Argentina. The review covers... determine that sales of honey from Argentina have not been made below normal value (NV) by TransHoney... 5. 77 FR 60103 - Fresh Tomatoes From Mexico: Notice of Preliminary Results of Changed Circumstances Review and... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-10-02 ... International Trade Administration Fresh Tomatoes From Mexico: Notice of Preliminary Results of Changed... Department of Commerce (the Department) signed the current suspension agreement on fresh tomatoes with growers/exporters of Mexican tomatoes accounting for substantially all (i.e., not less than 85 percent)... 6. Changes in Self-Esteem as a Result of an Individualized Curriculum. Preliminary Report. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Powell, Marvin M. Preliminary results give strong indication that six months with an individualized instruction curriculum (Westinghouse Learning Corporation's PLAN) greatly increase self-esteem among elementary-school children. Children from a working class, ethnically mixed school, whose self-esteem was lower in October than children from control schools (The… 7. Radiation Testing on State-of-the-Art CMOS: Challenges, Plans, and Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) LaBel, Kenneth A.; Cohn, Lewis M. 2009-01-01 At GOMAC 2007 and 2008, we discussed a variety of challenges for radiation testing of modern semiconductor devices and technologies [1, 2]. In this presentation, we provide more specific details in this on-going investigation focusing on out-of-the-box lessons observed for providing radiation effects assurances as well as preliminary test results. 8. 69 FR 76450 - Honey from Argentina: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2004-12-21 ... International Trade Administration C-357-813 Honey from Argentina: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty... countervailing duty order on honey from Argentina for the period January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2003. If... countervailing duty order on honey from Argentina. See Notice of Countervailing Duty Order: Honey From... 9. 68 FR 69660 - Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2003-12-15 ... International Trade Administration Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty... countervailing duty order on honey from Argentina for the period January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2002. If... Department published in the Federal Register the countervailing duty order on honey from Argentina.... 10. 69 FR 621 - Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2004-01-06 ... International Trade Administration Honey From Argentina: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative... announcing the initiation of the administrative review of the antidumping duty order on honey from Argentina... sales of honey from Argentina have been made below the normal value (NV) in the cases of Nexco S.A.... 11. Preliminary Results of Autotuning GEMM Kernels for the NVIDIA Kepler Architecture- GeForce GTX 680 SciTech Connect Kurzak, Jakub; Luszczek, Pitor; Tomov, Stanimire; Dongarra, Jack 2012-04-01 Kepler is the newest GPU architecture from NVIDIA, and the GTX 680 is the first commercially available graphics card based on that architecture. Matrix multiplication is a canonical computational kernel, and often the main target of initial optimization efforts for a new chip. This article presents preliminary results of automatically tuning matrix multiplication kernels for the Kepler architecture using the GTX 680 card. 12. Longitudinal Twin Study of Early Reading Development in Three Countries: Preliminary Results. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Byrne, Brian; Delaland, Cara; Fielding-Barnsley, Ruth; Quain, Peter; Samuelsson, Stefan; Hoien, Torleiv; Corley, Robin; DeFries, John C.; Wadsworth, Sally; Willcutt, Erik; Olson, Richard K. 2002-01-01 Preliminary results from data on 146 Australian, 284 American, and 70 Norwegian preschool twins indicate reliable genetic influences on phonological awareness and memory and learning. Vocabulary, grammar, and morphology showed significant shared environment and negligible genetic effects. A print knowledge composite showed genetic and shared… 13. 75 FR 977 - Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 From India: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-01-07 ... International Trade Administration Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 From India: Preliminary Results of Countervailing... pigment 23 (CVP-23) from India for the period January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2007. We preliminarily... Pigment 23 from India, 69 FR 77995 (December 29, 2004) (CVP-23 Order). On December 1, 2008, the... 14. 77 FR 73422 - Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From Mexico: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-12-10 ... International Trade Administration Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From Mexico: Preliminary Results of... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on seamless refined copper pipe and tube from Mexico. The... refined copper pipe and tube. The product is currently classified under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule... 15. 78 FR 21107 - Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Turkey: Preliminary Results of Countervailing... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-04-09 ... International Trade Administration Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from Turkey: Preliminary Results... carbon steel pipes and tubes from Turkey (pipes and tubes from Turkey) for the period of review (POR) of... welded carbon steel pipe and tube with an outside diameter of 0.375 inch or more, but not over 16... 16. 43 CFR 11.43 - Can interested parties review the results of the preliminary application? Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR 2010-10-01 ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Can interested parties review the results of the preliminary application? 11.43 Section 11.43 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS Type A Procedures § 11.43 Can interested... 17. 77 FR 13534 - Silicon Metal From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-03-07 ... International Trade Administration Silicon Metal From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of... (Department'') is conducting an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on silicon metal from the..., the Department published the antidumping duty order on silicon metal from the PRC.\\1\\ On June 1,... 18. 78 FR 13321 - Silicon Metal From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-02-27 ... International Trade Administration Silicon Metal From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of... metal from the People's Republic of China (PRC'') for the period of review (POR'') June 1, 2011... metal from the PRC.\\2\\ On June 29, 2012, Globe Metallurgical Inc. (Petitioner'') requested a review... 19. 78 FR 34648 - Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-06-10 ... International Trade Administration Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts: Preliminary Results of Countervailing... review of the countervailing duty (CVD) order on citric acid and citrate salts from the People's Republic... (202) 482-1503. Scope of the Order The merchandise subject to the order is citric acid and... 20. 77 FR 6061 - Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts From Canada: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-02-07 ... International Trade Administration Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts From Canada: Preliminary Results of... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on citric acid and certain citrate salts (citric acid) from... initiation of an administrative review of the antidumping duty order on citric acid from Canada with... 1. 78 FR 34338 - Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts From Canada: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2013-06-07 ... International Trade Administration Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts From Canada: Preliminary Results of... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on citric acid and certain citrate salts (citric acid) from... is citric acid and certain citrate salts. The product is currently classified in the... 2. 76 FR 5782 - Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts From Canada: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-02-02 ... International Trade Administration Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts From Canada: Preliminary Results of... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on citric acid and certain citrate salts (citric acid) from... citric acid from Canada with respect to JBL Canada covering the period November 20, 2008, through May... 3. 76 FR 78237 - 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-Diphosphonic Acid From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-12-16 ... International Trade Administration 1-Hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-Diphosphonic Acid From India: Preliminary Results of... administrative review of the antidumping duty order on 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) from...- hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-diphosphonic acid \\1\\, also referred to as hydroxethlylidenediphosphonic... 4. Preliminary results and worst-case analysis of in patient scoliosis rehabilitation. PubMed Weiss, H R; Lohschmidt, K; el-Obeidi, N; Verres, C 1997-01-01 The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a scoliosis-specific rehabilitation programme as it is carried out in the Katharina Schroth Spinal Deformities Rehabilitation Center. Physiotherapy in the treatment of scoliosis patients is still regarded as ineffective since the study by the American Orthopedic Association in 1941, which showed that general exercises could not influence the natural history of scoliosis. However, specific exercise programmes were not known in the USA at that time. This preliminary study started in 1989 with the following inclusion criteria: (1) diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis; (2) risser sign < 4; (3) no treatment other than physiotherapy; (4) first control after 1-3 years during repeated in patient treatment; (5) standing AP radiograph taken not more than 6 months before the first in patient treatment. A total of 181 scoliosis patients, with an average age of 12.7 years and an average angle of curvature of 27% according to Cobb, were included in this study. The average risser sign was 1.4, the average follow-up 33 months. The Cobb angle of the major curve was measured in a standardized way. The results of our preliminary study were compared to natural history as known from literature. For the worst-case analysis additionally a questionnaire was sent to the non-repeaters treated at our centre at the same time (1989 and 1990) as the patient sample described above, taking into account the same inclusion criteria for this patient sample except point 4. Results showed that progression as usually defined (increase in curvature of 5 degrees or more per year) has not been found in the preliminary study. The patient sample of this study was divided into different age groups and different groups of curve magnitude, for comparison with other studies. Additional to the patient sample of the preliminary study, 116 of the patients from the years 1989 and 1990 fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the preliminary study with the 5. Barkhausen Effect and Acoustic Emission in a Metallic Glass - Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Lopez Sanchez, R.; Piotrkowski, R.; Ruzzante, J.E. 2004-02-26 Magneto Acoustic Emission, which is Barkhausen Noise (BN) and Acoustic Emission (AE), depends on microstructure and existing residual stresses in magnetic materials. Preliminary results obtained by magnetization along two perpendicular directions on a metal glass foil are presented. Signals were analyzed with Statistic, Fast Fourier and Wavelet methods. Results are part of a Joint Research Project of the Faculty of Science, Cantabria University, Spain, and the Elastic Waves Group of the National Atomic Energy Commission, Argentina. 6. X-Band local area weather radar--preliminary calibration results. PubMed Jensen, N E 2002-01-01 DHI has developed a cost-effective X-Band Local Area Weather Radar (LAWR) with a typical range (radius) of 60 km, 500 x 500 m areal resolution and 253 reflection levels. The development is performed in a co-operation with a number of European partners, including Danish Meteorological Institute. The specifications of the weather radar and preliminary results from the calibration are presented. Good calibration results have been obtained using high-resolution rain gauges. 7. Preliminary results from the portable standard satellite laser ranging intercomparison with MOBLAS-7 NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Selden, Michael; Varghese, Thomas K.; Heinick, Michael; Oldham, Thomas 1993-01-01 Conventional Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) instrumentation has been configured and successfully used to provide high-accuracy laboratory measurements on the LAGEOS-2 and TOPEX cube-corner arrays. The instrumentation, referred to as the Portable Standard, has also been used for field measurements of satellite ranges in tandem with MOBLAS-7. Preliminary results of the SLR measurements suggest that improved range accuracy can be achieved using this system. Results are discussed. 8. Preliminary results from IMB3 muon/electron identification tests at KEK SciTech Connect Bratton, C.B.; Breault, J.; Conner, Z. 1995-09-01 A test has been conducted at KEK, Japan using beams of electrons and muons in a 1 kiloton water Cherenkov detector instrumented with IMB3 phototubes and electronics to evaluate IMBs algorithms for identifying electrons and muons. This identification is important because the IMB3 detectors results on the atmospheric neutrino anomaly depend on the proper identification of the electrons and muons produced in neutrino charged-current interactions. Preliminary results are presented. 9. Developing Operation Plans from HEC Prescriptive Reservoir Model Results for the Missouri River System: Preliminary Results DTIC Science & Technology 1992-03-01 reservoir simulation model was undertaken using the same initial storages and inflows employed in the 92-year HEC-PRM application. The results of this run...by HEC-PRM results is likely to be as a point of departure for more traditional and intensive reservoir simulation studies. A major contribution of...may be desirable to create an elementary reservoir simulation package incorporating a flexible set of rule forms that could employ and display the HEC 10. Preliminary experimental results on studying possibility of variable mass liner (VML) formation SciTech Connect 1995-12-31 The main objective of the present experiment was to study the formation process and initial stage of acceleration of a variable-mass plasma liner (VML). The method is based on magnetic acceleration of a liner with the mass reduced during such acceleration. The experiment was carried out on February 16 at VNIIEF. This report describes the results of measurements obtained in the experiment and preliminary analysis of the results characterizing operation of the test facility main units: helical EMG; 5-module disk EMG 400 mm in diameter (DEMG); ponderomotive unit (PU) with a cylindric condensed liner and a special tooth-cutoff. The first part of the report presents measurement results obtained on the VNIIEFs diagnostic equipment that are compared with those obtained by American specialists on their diagnostic equipment. Information submitted by American specialists is included in part 2 of this report. The second part of the report presents preliminary computational-theoretic analysis of the main measured results describing operation of DEMG TL system in the experiment; experimental data are compared with theoretical ones obtained before and after the experiment. But more emphasis is placed on the data preliminary analysis indicating that in the experiment a variable mass liner is formed (VML or plasma bubble). 11. Breast ultrasound tomography with two parallel transducer arrays: preliminary clinical results Huang, Lianjie; Shin, Junseob; Chen, Ting; Lin, Youzuo; Intrator, Miranda; Hanson, Kenneth; Epstein, Katherine; Sandoval, Daniel; Williamson, Michael 2015-03-01 Ultrasound tomography has great potential to provide quantitative estimations of physical properties of breast tumors for accurate characterization of breast cancer. We design and manufacture a new synthetic-aperture breast ultrasound tomography system with two parallel transducer arrays. The distance of these two transducer arrays is adjustable for scanning breasts with different sizes. The ultrasound transducer arrays are translated vertically to scan the entire breast slice by slice and acquires ultrasound transmission and reflection data for whole-breast ultrasound imaging and tomographic reconstructions. We use the system to acquire patient data at the University of New Mexico Hospital for clinical studies. We present some preliminary imaging results of in vivo patient ultrasound data. Our preliminary clinical imaging results show promising of our breast ultrasound tomography system with two parallel transducer arrays for breast cancer imaging and characterization. 12. Nucleon resonance decay by the K0S+ channel: Preliminary results Shende, S. V.; Castelijns, R.; Bacelar, J. C. S.; Löhner, H.; Messchendorp, J. 2006-05-01 The strange meson production on a proton target in the K ^0Sigma^+ channel is sensitive to nucleon resonance contributions. The K^0 production on a deuteron target can provide information on the hyperon-nucleon final-state interaction. The experiments gamma p to K ^0Sigma^+ and gamma d to K^0Sigma^+n have been carried out at the ELSA facility at Bonn. In this paper, we report the preliminary results of both experiments. 13. Preliminary Results of the Echo-Seeding Experiment ECHO-7 at SLAC SciTech Connect Xiang, D.; Colby, E.; Ding, Y.; Dunning, M.; Frederico, J.; Gilevich, S.; Hast, C.; Jobe, K.; McCormick, D.; Nelson, J.; Raubenheimer, T.O.; Soong, K.; Stupakov, G.; Szalata, Z.; Walz, D.; Weathersby, S.; Woodley, M.; Corlett, J.; Qiang, J.; Penn, G.; Prestemon, S.; /LBL, Berkeley /LPHE, Lausanne 2010-06-15 ECHO-7 is a proof-of-principle echo-enabled harmonic generation FEL experiment in the Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator (NLCTA) at SLAC. The experiment aims to generate coherent radiation at 318 nm and 227 nm, which are the 5th and 7th harmonic of the infrared seed laser. In this paper we present the preliminary results from the commissioning run of the completed experimental setup which started in April 2010. 14. Trace the Denmark Strait Overflow Water in an Eddy-Resolving Atlantic Simulation: Some Preliminary Results DTIC Science & Technology 2013-05-01 Trace the Denmark Strait overflow water in an eddy-resolving Atlantic simulation: some preliminary results Xiaobiao Xu ( COAPS /FSU), Alan...Wallcraft (NRL/SSC), Eric Chassignet ( COAPS /FSU) Thanks: Peter Rhines (UW) and William Schmitz May 21-23, Layered ocean modeling workshop, Ann Arbor, MI...Prediction Studies ( COAPS ),2000 Levy Avenue, Building A, Suite 292,Tallahassee,FL,32306-2741 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING 15. Investigation of polarized-proton target materials by differential calorimetry: preliminary results SciTech Connect Hill, D.A.; Hill, J.J. 1980-10-15 A simple differential calorimeter was designed and operated for an investigation of the thermodynamic properties of polarized target materials. The calibration and use of the calorimeter are discussed, after a brief exposition of our motivation for this work. The results of a preliminary study of target materials is presented with emphasis on the relevance of the glass state to dynamic polarization in chemically-doped targets. 16. The 1994 International Transatlantic Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer Experiment: Preliminary Results DTIC Science & Technology 1994-12-01 The 1994 International Transatlantic Iho-Way Satellite Time and Frequency lkansfer Experiment: Preliminary Results J. A. DeYoung, W. J...Klepczynski, A. D. McKinley, W. Powell & F! Mai U.S. Naval Observatory, Time Service Department Washington, DC, USA F! Hetzel & A. Bauch, Physikalisch...Corporation Delft, The Netherlands Washington, DC, USA Abstract The international transatlantic time and frequency transfer experiment was designed by 17. PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM A SIMULATION OF QUENCHED QCD WITH OVERL AP FERMIONS ON A LARGE LATTICE. SciTech Connect BERRUTO,F.GARRON,N.HOELBLING,D.LELLOUCH,L.REBBI,C.SHORESH,N. 2003-07-15 We simulate quenched QCD with the overlap Dirac operator. We work with the Wilson gauge action at {beta} = 6 on an 18{sup 3} x 64 lattice. We calculate quark propagators for a single source point and quark mass ranging from am{sub 4} = 0.03 to 0.75. We present here preliminary results based on the propagators for 60 gauge field configurations. 18. Pan-STARRS 1 discoveries of new Neptune Trojans: Preliminary results Lin, Hsing-Wen; Chen, Yin Tung; Holman, Matthew J.; Ip, Wing-Huen 2015-11-01 Neptune Trojans are a well-known probe of the dynamical environment of the outer solar system. However, given the small number of known Neptune Trojans, many questions remain: the total number, the size distribution, and the orbital distribution of Neptune Trojans are all still unclear.Pan-STARRS 1 (PS1) survey provides a chance to comprehensively investigate the properties of Neptune Trojan population. In this study we present our preliminary results of a PS1 search for new Neptune Trojans. We report several candidates. At least one unstable L5 trojan has been confirmed. The preliminary orbital distribution of Neptune Trojan populations shows a possible L4/L5 distribution asymmetry from the combination of our new candidates and the known Neptune Trojans. 19. Preliminary Experimental Results on Controlled Cardiac Computed Tomography: A Phantom Study PubMed Central Lu, Yang; Cai, Zhijun; Wang, Ge; Zhao, Jun; Bai, Er-Wei 2010-01-01 In this paper, we present the preliminary experimental results on controlled cardiac computed tomography (CT), which aims to reduce the motion artifacts by means of controlling the x-ray source rotation speed. An innovative cardiac phantom enables us to perform this experiment without modifying the scanner. It is the first experiment on the cardiac CT with speed controlled x-ray source. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully separates the phantom images at different phases (improve the temporal resolution) though controlling the x-ray speed. PMID:19696470 20. Mass transport phenomena in microgravity: Preliminary results of the first MEPHISTO flight experiment NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Favier, Jean Jacques; Garandet, J. P.; Rouzaud, A.; Camel, D. 1994-01-01 The MEPHISTO space program is the result of a cooperative effort that involves the French nuclear and space agencies (Commissariat a l'energie atomique, CEA - Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, CNES) and the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The scientific studies and apparatus development were funded in the frame of the GRAMME agreement between CEA and CNES, the flight costs being taken in charge by NASA. Six flight opportunities are scheduled, with alternating French and American principal investigators. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly present MEPHISTO along with the preliminary results obtained during its first flight on USMP-1 in October 1992. 1. Acceptability of robotic technology in neuro-rehabilitation: preliminary results on chronic stroke patients. PubMed Mazzoleni, Stefano; Turchetti, Giuseppe; Palla, Ilaria; Posteraro, Federico; Dario, Paolo 2014-09-01 During the last decade, different robotic devices have been developed for motor rehabilitation of stroke survivors. These devices have been shown to improve motor impairment and contribute to the understanding of mechanisms underlying motor recovery after a stroke. The assessment of the robotic technology for rehabilitation assumes great importance. The aim of this study is to present preliminary results on the assessment of the acceptability of the robotic technology for rehabilitation on a group of thirty-four chronic stroke patients. The results from questionnaires on the patients' acceptability of two different robot-assisted rehabilitation scenarios show that the robotic approach was well accepted and tolerated by the patients. 2. Preliminary results of the large experimental wind turbine phase of the national wind energy program NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Thomas, R. L.; Sholes, T.; Sholes, J. E. 1975-01-01 The preliminary results of two projects in the development phase of reliable wind turbines designed to supply cost-competitive electrical energy were discussed. An experimental 100 kW wind turbine design and its status are first reviewed. The results of two parallel design studies for determining the configurations and power levels for wind turbines with minimum energy costs are also discussed. These studies predict wind energy costs of 1.5 to 7 cents per kW-h for wind turbines produced in quantities of 100 to 1000 per year and located at sites having average winds of 12 to 18 mph. 3. Response of lead-acid batteries to chopper-controlled discharge: Preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Cataldo, R. L. 1978-01-01 The preliminary results of simulated electric vehicle, chopper, speed controller discharge of a battery show energy output losses up to 25 percent compared to constant current discharges at the same average discharge current of 100 amperes. These energy losses are manifested as temperature rises during discharge, amounting to a two-fold increase for a 400-ampere pulse compared to the constant current case. Because of the potentially large energy inefficiency, the results suggest that electric vehicle battery/speed controller interaction must be carefully considered in vehicle design. 4. Preliminary Results for Crustal Structure in Southeastern Africa from P-wave Receiver Functions Kachingwe, M.; Nyblade, A.; Mulibo, G. D.; Mulowezi, A.; Kunkuta, E.; De Magalhães, V.; Wiens, D. A.; Wysession, M. E.; Julia, J. 2013-12-01 The crustal structure of southeastern Africa is investigated by modeling P-wave receiver functions using H-k stacking and joint inversion methods. P-wave receiver functions are analyzed for 29 broadband seismic stations in Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique. Estimates for the Moho depth and Poisson's ratio are determined from H-k stacking, and estimates for the shear wave velocity are determined by the joint inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion. Preliminary results show that Moho depths beneath southeastern Africa range from 32 km to 51 km. Thicker crust is found in Proterozoic terrains, such as the Irumide Belt, while thinner crust is found in reworked Archean terrains, such as the Bangweulu Block. These results are consistent with previous studies and global averages for Precambrian terrains. The preliminary results also show a range of Poisson's ratios from 0.2 to 0.3. These new results for southeastern Africa are being combined with similar results from elsewhere in eastern and southern Africa to improve our understanding of African crustal structure. 5. Adapting Evidence-based Mental Health Treatments in Community Settings: Preliminary Results from a Partnership Approach PubMed Central Southam-Gerow, Michael A.; Hourigan, Shannon E.; Allin, Robert B. 2009-01-01 This paper describes the application of a university-community partnership model to the problem of adapting evidence-based treatment approaches in a community mental health setting. Background on partnership research is presented, with consideration of methodological and practical issues related to this kind of research. Then, a rationale for using partnerships as a basis for conducting mental health treatment research is presented. Finally, an ongoing partnership research project concerned with the adaptation of evidence-based mental health treatments for childhood internalizing problems in community settings is presented, with preliminary results of the ongoing effort discussed. PMID:18697917 6. Preliminary Results of Indoor Radon/thoron Concentrations and Terrestrial Gamma Doses in Gejiu, Yunnan, China SciTech Connect Ishikawa, Tetsuo; Tokonami, Shinji; Kobayashi, Yosuke; Yoshinaga, Shinji; Sun Quafu; Min Xiangdong 2008-08-07 A preliminary survey on indoor radon/thoron and external gamma ray dose rate was conducted for houses in Gejiu city and its neighboring village in Yunnan Province, China. As a result of the radon/thoron measurements for about 50 houses, very high thoron concentrations were found in some hoses (maximum: 7,900 Bq/m{sup 3}). The mean annual dose from thoron decay products was estimated to be larger than that from radon decay products (2.9 mSv vs. 1.6 mSv). Further dosimetric and epidemiological studies are needed to investigate the possible effects of radon and thoron. 7. Intraluminal brachytherapy in the treatment of oesophageal cancers--some preliminary results. PubMed Wee, J T; Theobald, D R; Chua, E J 1994-03-01 Cancer of the oesophagus is the sixth commonest cancer in males in Singapore. The majority occur in the elderly and patients are often debilitated at presentation. Treatment is often aimed at palliation only. In this article, the preliminary results of 15 patients treated solely on a high dose rate remote afterloading Gammamed brachytherapy machine with an Iridium 192 (Ir192) source are reported. The patients were given 15 Gray (Gy) in a single or two 7.5 Gray fractions. All the patients treated had some improvement of their dysphagia, and seven out of 11 (63%) evaluable patients had symptom improvement lasting at least 11 weeks. 8. Preliminary results of carbon cycling in southwestern ecosystems: Implications for climate change SciTech Connect Klopatek, C.C. \|; Murphy, K.L.; Klopatek, J.M. 1995-12-31 By determining the C pool sizes, cycling and relative sequestering rates, the authors intend to estimate the effects of a vegetation change caused by a temperature increase and available moisture decrease. A predominant source of C for the soil compartment is the plant litter and its subsequent decomposition. The resulting effect of temperature and moisture on decomposition will vary according to the biome and litter quality of that biome. Litter quality, referring to the carbon and other nutrient fractions, strongly influences the potential rate of decomposition. The preliminary findings indicate that litter quality and moisture, not temperature, are the major controlling variables in decomposition. 9. Developing of Hardware to Detect Surfaces Images on Magnetic Materials: Preliminary Results Hernández-Pavón, J. C.; Navarro, J.; Córdova, T.; Martínez, J. C.; Sosa, M. 2006-09-01 Implementation of a scanner system for magnetic surfaces images is proposed. The Magnetometer was built with a couple of coils arranged in a first order gradiometer. The magnetic sensor was connected to an electronic circuit, then a data acquisition card, which transmitted the signal to a PC. On the other hand, the sample was placed on a xy system, for realizing the records. The conversion of the magnetic signal to pixels, was carried out with an implemented routine in LabVIEW environment. Preliminary results suggest a reasonable correlation between the original shapes and the studied surfaces. 10. Preliminary results of the analysis of CaII K spectroheliograms NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kariyappa, R.; Pap, Judit M.; Balasubramaniam, K. S.; Kuhn, Jeff R. 1995-01-01 The preliminary results of the photometry of CaII K spectroheliograms are presented. From the spectrograms for 1992, plages, the magnetic network, intranetwork elements and the chromospheric background were separated using the histogram method. The intensity and area of these separated features, as well as the full disk intensity, were derived. The spatial K index was compared to the spectral CaII K index derived from line profiles. It was found that the spatial K index and intensity of plages, the network elements and the intranetwork and background regions were highly correlated with the MgII h and k c/w ratio. 11. Separation and/or divorce sexual assault in rural Ohio: preliminary results of an exploratory study. PubMed DeKeseredy, Walter S; Joseph, Carolyn 2006-03-01 A rapidly growing social scientific literature shows that many women are at great risk of being killed, beaten, or psychologically abused when they exit or try to leave their marital and/or cohabiting partners. However, less than a handful of studies have examined male-to-female sexual assaults during and after separation or divorce. Furthermore, the bulk of the limited empirical work on this problem was done in urban areas. Thus, the main objective of this article is to help fill two major research gaps by presenting the preliminary results of an ongoing exploratory study of separation and/or divorce sexual assault in rural Ohio. 12. Housing and Health in Europe: Preliminary Results of a Pan-European Study PubMed Central Bonnefoy, Xavier R.; Braubach, Matthias; Moissonnier, Brigitte; Monolbaev, Kubanychbek; Röbbel, Nathalie 2003-01-01 Objectives. The World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe has undertaken a large study to evaluate housing and health in 7 European cities. Methods. Survey tools were used to obtain information about housing and living conditions, health perception, and health status from a representative sample of the population in each city. Results. In Forli, Italy, the first city studied, preliminary findings indicate some important potential links between housing and health. Conclusions. These findings, when combined with those from the remaining European cities, will likely generate concrete recommendations for the allocation of resources to programs that can improve housing and health. PMID:12948980 13. Validation of NDVI/LAI Empirical Model to Force a Pasture Growth Model: Preliminary Results Alexandre, C.; Lajoie, G.; Tillard, E.; Salgado, P. 2016-08-01 Estimating forage biomass is nowadays essential for a good farm management. To answer to this problem we can use mathematic models that use meteorological, soil, grass data. However, in specifics territories as Reunion Island, they are not efficient. That is why we want to force this kind of model to improve the biomass prediction. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) is one parameter used in growth models. Estimate this parameter from satellite images could a solution to predict better the forage biomass. Preliminary results show a strong relation between LAI and NDVI (Normalized Vegetation Index). 14. Natural Gamma Emitters after a Selective Chemical Separation of a TENORM residue: Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Alves de Freitas, Antonio; Abrao, Alcidio; Godoy dos Santos, Adir Janete; Pecequilo, Brigitte Roxana Soreanu 2008-08-07 An analytical procedure was established in order to obtain selective fractions containing radium isotopes ({sup 228}Ra), thorium ({sup 232}Th), and rare earths from RETOTER (REsiduo de TOrio e TErras Raras), a solid residue rich in rare earth elements, thorium isotopes and small amount of natural uranium generated from the operation of a thorium pilot plant for purification and production of pure thorium nitrate at IPEN -CNEN/SP. The paper presents preliminary results of {sup 228}Ra, {sup 226}Ra, {sup 238}U, {sup 210}Pb, and {sup 40}K concentrations in the selective fractions and total residue determined by high-resolution gamma spectroscopy, considering radioactive equilibrium of the samples. 15. Preliminary results for the helicity asymmetry E for eta photoproduction on the proton SciTech Connect B. T. Morrison, M. Dugger, B. G. Ritchie, CLAS Collaboration 2012-04-01 Polarization observables are an important tool for clarifying the nucleon resonance spectrum. No previous measurements for double polarization asymmetries have been published for eta photoproduction. Double polarization measurements have been made at Jefferson Lab using a polarized photon beam and protons in a polarized frozen spin target (FROST). Data were taken during the first running period of FROST using the CLAS detector with photon energies from 0.33 to 2.35 GeV. Preliminary results for the E polarization observable for eta meson photoproduction from the proton at threshold and above, along with comparisons to several theoretical predictions are presented. 16. Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing (SILTS) experiment - STS-35 and STS-40 preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Throckmorton, David A.; Zoby, E. V.; Dunavant, James C.; Myrick, David L. 1992-01-01 Preliminary results from the STS-35 and STS-40 flight of the Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing (SILTS) experiment aboard the Shuttle Orbiter Columbia are presented. Infrared images are shown in false-color indicating the level and distribution of surface temperature over the vehicle's leeside fuselage during entry. Features evident in the imagery are related to their causative aerodynamic flow phenomena. Quantitative comparisons of the infrared image data with in situ temperature measurements obtained with thermocouples located at the aerodynamic surface of the thermal protection materials are presented. 17. Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing (SILTS) experiment - STS-28 preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Throckmorton, David A.; Zoby, E. Vincent; Dunavant, James C.; Myrick, David L. 1990-01-01 Preliminary results from the STS-28 flight of the Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing (SILTS) experiment aboard the Shuttle Orbiter Columbia are presented. Infrared images are shown in false-color indicating the level and distribution of surface temperature on the leeside of the left wing during entry. Features evident in the imagery are related to their causative aerodynamic flow phenomena. Quantitative comparisons of the infrared image data with in situ temperature measurements obtained with thermocouples located at the aerodynamic surface of the thermal protection system materials are presented. 18. Preliminary Results on the Experimental Investigation of the Structure Functions of Bound Nucleons SciTech Connect Bodek, Arie 2016-08-01 We present preliminary results on an experimental study of the nuclear modification of the longitudinal ($\\sigma_L$) and transverse ($\\sigma_T$) structure functions of nucleons bound in nuclear targets. The origin of these modifications (commonly referred as as the EMC effect) is not fully understood. Our measurements of R= $\\sigma_L / \\sigma_T$ for nuclei ($R_A$) and for deuterium ($R_D$) indicate that nuclear modifications of the structure functions of bound nucleons are different for the longitudinal and transverse structure functions, and that contrary to expectation from several theoretical models, $R_A< R_D$. 19. Design and preliminary results of a fuel flexible industrial gas turbine combustor NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Novick, A. S.; Troth, D. L.; Yacobucci, H. G. 1981-01-01 The design characteristics are presented of a fuel tolerant variable geometry staged air combustor using regenerative/convective cooling. The rich/quench/lean variable geometry combustor is designed to achieve low NO(x) emission from fuels containing fuel bound nitrogen. The physical size of the combustor was calculated for a can-annular combustion system with associated operating conditions for the Allison 570-K engine. Preliminary test results indicate that the concept has the potential to meet emission requirements at maximum continuous power operation. However, airflow sealing and improved fuel/air mixing are necessary to meet Department of Energy program goals. 20. UAS Integration into the NAS: iHTL: DAA Display Evaluation Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Fern, Lisa; Rorie, Conrad; Shively, Jay 2014-01-01 The integrated human-in-the-loop (iHITL) simulation examined the effect of four different Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) display concepts on unmanned aircraft system (UAS) pilots' ability to maintain safe separation. The displays varied in the type and amount of guidance they provided to pilots. The study's background and methodology are discussed, followed by a presentation of the preliminary 'measured response' data (i.e., pilots' end-to-end response time in reacting to traffic alerts on their DAA display). Results indicate that display type had moderate to no affect on pilot measured response times. 1. Quaternary sedimentation and active faulting along the Ecuadorian shelf: preliminary results of the ATACAMES Cruise (2012) Michaud, F.; Proust, J. N.; Collot, J. Y.; Lebrun, J. F.; Witt, C.; Ratzov, G.; Pouderoux, H.; Martillo, C.; Hernández, M. J.; Loayza, G.; Penafiel, L.; Schenini, L.; Dano, A.; Gonzalez, M.; Barba, D.; De Min, L.; Ponce, G.; Urresta, A.; Calderon, M. 2015-03-01 Selected high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles and multibeam bathymetry acquired along the convergent Ecuador margin during the ATACAMES cruise on onboard the R/V L'Atalante (Jan.15-Feb.18, 2012) allow a preliminary evaluation of the neotectonic development and stratigraphic evolution of the margin based on the sismo-stratigraphic analysis of Quaternary sediment preserved on the margin shelf and upper slope. We present three major preliminary results. (1) The evolution of the Esmeraldas, Guayaquil and Santa Elena canyons. The head of the Esmeraldas canyon is the location of a continuous significant sediment transport. The Guayaquil canyon shows several episodes of deposition and incision. Aggrading sedimentation pattern in the canyon records several changes in relative sea-level. The subsidence of the Gulf of Guayaquil probably contributes to the good preservation of the canyon filling stages. The Santa Elena canyon is controlled by a SW-NE trending normal fault. (2) Variations of sediment accumulation and relative vertical motions are shown along-strike the shelf edge. Offshore the uplifted Manta peninsula, a pronounced subsidence of the shelf edge is documented by sedimentary clinoforms that have deposited in a morphological reentrant, and have migrated upslope testifying of a local subsidence meanwhile the adjacent La Plata Island area underwent uplift. In the Esmeraldas canyon area, a local uplift of the shelf is documented. (3) Two neotectonic fault systems with a possible transcurrent component are imaged across the shelf edge and upper margin slope offshore Jama, and Cape Galera. This possible transcurrent motion could be related to the reactivation of ancient faults of the upper plate by the subduction. These preliminary results indicate that the ATACAMES data set has a strong potential to evaluate the spatial and temporal contribution of tectonic and climate changes on the structural development and stratigraphic evolution of the Ecuador continental 2. Peak Seeking Control for Reduced Fuel Consumption with Preliminary Flight Test Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Brown, Nelson 2012-01-01 The Environmentally Responsible Aviation project seeks to accomplish the simultaneous reduction of fuel burn, noise, and emissions. A project at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center is contributing to ERAs goals by exploring the practical application of real-time trim configuration optimization for enhanced performance and reduced fuel consumption. This peak-seeking control approach is based on Newton-Raphson algorithm using a time-varying Kalman filter to estimate the gradient of the performance function. In real-time operation, deflection of symmetric ailerons, trailing-edge flaps, and leading-edge flaps of a modified F-18 are directly optimized, and the horizontal stabilators and angle of attack are indirectly optimized. Preliminary results from three research flights are presented herein. The optimization system found a trim configuration that required approximately 3.5% less fuel flow than the baseline trim at the given flight condition. The algorithm consistently rediscovered the solution from several initial conditions. These preliminary results show the algorithm has good performance and is expected to show similar results at other flight conditions and aircraft configurations. 3. Upper Stratospheric Temperature Climatology Derived from SAGE II Observations: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Wang, P.-H.; Cunnold, D. M.; Wang, H. J.; Chu, W. P.; Thomason, L. W. 2002-01-01 This study shows that the temperature information in the upper stratosphere can be derived from the SAGE II 385-mn observations. The preliminary results indicate that the zonal mean temperature increases with altitude below 50 km and decreases above 50 km. At 50 km, a regional maximum of 263 K is located in the tropics, and a minimum of 261 K occurs in the subtropics in both hemispheres. The derived long-term temperature changes from 1985 to 1997 reveal a statistically significant negative trend of -2 to -2.5 K/decade in the tropical upper stratosphere and about -2 K/decade in the subtropics near the stratopause. At latitudes poleward of 50, the results show a statistically significant positive trend of about 1 K/decade in the upper stratosphere. The preliminary results also show large annual temperature oscillations in the extratropics with a maximum amplitude of approx. 8 K located at about 44 km near 50 in both hemispheres during local summer. In addition, the semiannual oscillation is found to be a maximum in the tropics with a peak amplitude of approx. 3.3 K located at about 42 km during the equinox. 4. An Integrated, Acceptance-Based Behavioral Approach for Depression With Social Anxiety: Preliminary Results. PubMed Dalrymple, Kristy L; Morgan, Theresa A; Lipschitz, Jessica M; Martinez, Jennifer H; Tepe, Elizabeth; Zimmerman, Mark 2014-07-01 Depression and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are highly comorbid, resulting in greater severity and functional impairment compared with each disorder alone. Although recently transdiagnostic treatments have been developed, no known treatments have addressed this comorbidity pattern specifically. Preliminary support exists for acceptance-based approaches for depression and SAD separately, and they may be more efficacious for comorbid depression and anxiety compared with traditional cognitive-behavioral approaches. The aim of the current study was to develop and pilot test an integrated acceptance-based behavioral treatment for depression and comorbid SAD. Participants included 38 patients seeking pharmacotherapy at an outpatient psychiatry practice, who received 16 individual sessions of the therapy. Results showed significant improvement in symptoms, functioning, and processes from pre- to post-treatment, as well as high satisfaction with the treatment. These results support the preliminary acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of this treatment in a typical outpatient psychiatry practice, and suggest that further research on this treatment in larger randomized trials is warranted. 5. Preliminary results of the CRISP 3D seismic experiment, offshore Costa Rica Bangs, N. L.; McIntosh, K. D.; Silver, E. A.; Ranero, C. R.; Kluesner, J. W.; von Huene, R.; Cavanaugh, S.; Graf, S.; Cameselle, A. L.; Baracco, A. M.; Nuñez, E. 2011-12-01 In April and May of 2011, we acquired a new 3D seismic reflection data volume offshore Costa Rica, northwest of the Osa Peninsula. The goal of the survey was to examine the crustal structure and deformation history of this collision zone, and to clearly image the plate-boundary fault from the trench and into the seismogenic zone. These data will also help locate a deep site for riser drilling as part of the CRISP drilling program. The 3D survey covered 55 km across the upper shelf and slope, and into the trench. It extended 11 km along strike for a total survey area of 11 x 55 km. These data were acquired with the R/V Langseth using a 3300 cubic inch source shot every 50 m. We recorded the data on four 6-km-long, 468-channel streamers with 150m separation. We have preliminary results from processing 2D seismic lines extracted from the 3D volume, and from initial 3D volume processing. In the preliminary images we can trace strong seismic reflections from the plate-boundary fault down to 3 s two-way travel time (approx. 5 km depth) below the seafloor and 26 km landward from the trench. The plate-boundary fault reflection amplitudes decrease substantially with depth and are difficult to depict on these preliminary profiles. The upper plate structure shows numerous faults, many extending down to the plate-interface, and intense folding and faulting of the slope cover sequences. Currently these data are being processed by the Spanish oil company, Repsol, and should reveal far more detail with complete 3D processing. 6. Surface mapping of three components of the lunar magnetic anomaly field: Preliminary results Tsunakawa, H.; Takahashi, F.; Shimizu, H.; Shibuya, H.; Matsushima, M. 2010-12-01 Mapping of the lunar magnetic anomaly gives a crucial constraint on the crustal magnetization structure of the Moon. High spatial resolution of the magnetic anomaly map requires low altitude mapping. We have developed a new method for mapping three components of the lunar magnetic anomaly field on the lunar surface using magnetic field observations by a satellite magnetometer. This surface mapping method was applied to the datasets of several lunar magnetic anomaly regions observed by Lunar Prospector and Kaguya. We will report their preliminary results. The radial component of the crustal magnetic field (Br) on the surface can be obtained from the satellite observations at various altitudes through the inversion of a boundary value problem (Tsunakawa et al., in press). In our method, surface Br values are mapped at almost equal interval points, called generalized spiral points. Two horizontal components are calculated at each point from Br values at the adjacent points. Thus we can map the surface values of three components and total intensity of the lunar magnetic anomaly field (Tsunakawa et al., in prep.). We have applied the method to several strong anomaly regions (e.g. Reiner Gamma) observed by Lunar Prospector and Kaguya. Since the observation altitudes are mostly 15-45 km, spatial resolutions are estimated to be 0.5-1 degree. Preliminary results show strong magnetic anomaly fields with intensity peaks of more than 500 nT on the lunar surface. 7. Magnetic monitoring of pollution deposited on leaves, bark and soil: preliminary results Górka-Kostrubiec, B.; Jeleńska, M.; Król, E. 2012-04-01 We report preliminary results of magnetic study of pollution deposited on leaves, bark and soil in six locations in Warsaw of various level of contamination. Leaves and bark samples were taken at about 1.5m height from different spots of tree crown and at about 0.5m from surface, respectively. Top-soil samples were taken at a distance of no more than 2.5 m from a tree. Samples of leaves and bark were collected from horse chestnut trees in spring and autumn after few rainless days. In spring in several places lime tree leaves were sampled. Dry leaves were crashed and closely packed in plastic boxes. Mass specific susceptibility was measured in three frequency of magnetic filed as a detector of magnetic particles of pollution. Comparison of autumn and spring data provides information about the amount of pollution deposited during vegetation season. Data for horse chestnut and lime tree leaves show that horse chestnut is better collector of particulates. Because of that we decided not to collect leaves from lime tree in the autumn. The relationship of soil susceptibility (X) with X of leaves and bark reveal linear correlation with correlation coefficient R=0.97 and 0.5 for leaves and bark, respectively. Distribution of X values well agree with exposition on roadside particulate pollution. These preliminary results demonstrate that leaves and bark can be used for magnetic monitoring as detector of pollution level and can provide us with information about seasonal variation of this level. 8. High risk cohort study for psychiatric disorders in childhood: rationale, design, methods and preliminary results. PubMed Salum, Giovanni Abrahão; Gadelha, Ary; Pan, Pedro Mario; Moriyama, Tais Silveira; Graeff-Martins, Ana Soledade; Tamanaha, Ana Carina; Alvarenga, Pedro; Valle Krieger, Fernanda; Fleitlich-Bilyk, Bacy; Jackowski, Andrea; Sato, João Ricardo; Brietzke, Elisa; Polanczyk, Guilherme Vanoni; Brentani, Helena; de Jesus Mari, Jair; Do Rosário, Maria Conceição; Manfro, Gisele Gus; Bressan, Rodrigo Affonseca; Mercadante, Marcos Tomanik; Miguel, Eurípedes Constantino; Rohde, Luis Augusto 2015-03-01 The objective of this study is to present the rationale, methods, design and preliminary results from the High Risk Cohort Study for the Development of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders. We describe the sample selection and the components of each phases of the study, its instruments, tasks and procedures. Preliminary results are limited to the baseline phase and encompass: (i) the efficacy of the oversampling procedure used to increase the frequency of both child and family psychopathology; (ii) interrater reliability and (iii) the role of differential participation rate. A total of 9937 children from 57 schools participated in the screening procedures. From those 2512 (random = 958; high risk = 1554) were further evaluated with diagnostic instruments. The prevalence of any child mental disorder in the random strata and high-risk strata was 19.9% and 29.7%. The oversampling procedure was successful in selecting a sample with higher family rates of any mental disorders according to diagnostic instruments. Interrater reliability (kappa) for the main diagnostic instrument range from 0.72 (hyperkinetic disorders) to 0.84 (emotional disorders). The screening instrument was successful in selecting a sub-sample with "high risk" for developing mental disorders. This study may help advance the field of child psychiatry and ultimately provide useful clinical information. 9. Preliminary results of calibration for ALOS optical sensors and validation of generated PRISM DSM Tadono, Takeo; Shimada, Masanobu; Murakami, Hiroshi; Mukaida, Akira; Takaku, Junichi; Kawamoto, Sachi 2006-09-01 The Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) was successfully launched on January 24 th, 2006. This paper introduces the preliminary results of calibration and validation for two optical sensors of ALOS i.e., the Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM) and the Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type-2 (AVNIR-2). PRISM consists of three independent panchromatic radiometers, and is used to derive a digital surface model (DSM) with high spatial resolution, which is also an objective of the ALOS mission. So, the geometric calibration is important in generating a highly accurate DSM by stereo pair image of PRISM. The radiometric calibration is also important for AVNIR-2 as well as PRISM. The relative radiometric calibration is carrying out using acquired images over homogeneous targets such as ocean, deserts, ice and snow areas and the nighttime observation. The absolute radiometric calibration is applied the cross calibration method using calibrated satellite images i.e., MODIS onboard Terra/Aqua satellites, ASTER, SPOT-5 etc. In this paper, results of the first images acquisition and preliminary analysis for calibration and validation are described. 10. Preliminary Results from CINDERS: Circularized IFUs Now Deployed using Economical Robots on SOAR McBride, JoEllen; Cecil, G. N. 2014-01-01 Long slit spectroscopy provides stellar population and activity information along an entire axis of a target. Single fiber spectroscopy focuses in on specific regions of galaxies, such as the center. We discuss preliminary results from the addition of the CINDERS IFU module to the Goodman Spectrograph on the SOAR telescope, which provides the next stage, spatially resolved spectroscopy. CINDERS deploys three bundles of 61 fiber optic cables arranged in a nested circular pattern using inexpensive actuators that control 3-axis motion stages. The optics allow for 0.77" sampling of an 7" diameter region of up to three objects simultaneously in a 9'x4.5' field of view, making CINDERS ideal for clustered targets with more than 100" separation. Because approximately 78% of the bundle face is light sensitive, it is necessary to dither observations by 0.38" in a triangular pattern to adequately recover spatial resolution of the target. Using the 400 line/mm grating produces spectral coverage over 3700-7200AA at 5AA resolution. Initial system throughput measurements (excluding atmosphere), in the V-band, for one of the bundles are 65%. The initial project utilizing CINDERS involves mapping the central regions of 44 galaxies in Southern Compact Groups and determining the amount of star formation and AGN activity compared to isolated galaxies. We will discuss preliminary results for several of these groups. 11. Receiver structure beneath the Chinese Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN) stations: Preliminary results. Scientific report No. 1 SciTech Connect Mangino, S.; Ebel, J. 1992-04-30 This report provides preliminary results of an investigation of the crust and upper-mantle seismic velocity structure beneath the China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN). Receiver functions obtained from over 100 teleseismic events were stacked by common back-azimuth and epicentral distance and inverted for the velocity structure beneath 5 CDSN stations. ne inversion results show that stations HIA and BJI have well constrained crustal models of about 40-km thickness with gradational Mohos. At WMQ there is evidence for shallow dipping structure and the inversion results indicate a smooth positive gradient in the crust with a transitional crust-mantle boundary. Model estimates for KMI and LZH are poorly constrained by the data analyzed thus far. Synthetic seismograms of 5 CDSN crustal models for the Soviet JVE nuclear test indicate that the receiver structure most strongly affects the radial component of the recorded P wave. Seismology, Crustal Structure Upper Mantle Structure, China, Receiver Function, Regional phases, Teleseismic. 12. ATS-6 - Preliminary results from the 13/18-GHz COMSAT Propagation Experiment NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hyde, G. 1975-01-01 The 13/18-GHz COMSAT Propagation Experiment (CPE) is reviewed, the data acquisition and processing are discussed, and samples of preliminary results are presented. The need for measurements of both hydrometeor-induced attenuation statistics and diversity effectiveness is brought out. The facilitation of the experiment - CPE dual frequency and diversity site location, the CPE ground transmit terminals, the CPE transponder on Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6), and the CPE receive and data acquisition system - is briefly examined. The on-line preprocessing of the received signal is reviewed, followed by a discussion of the off-line processing of this database to remove signal fluctuations not due to hydrometeors. Finally, samples of the results of first-level analysis of the resultant data for the 18-GHz diversity site near Boston, Mass., and for the dual frequency 13/18-GHz site near Detroit, Mich., are presented and discussed. 13. Preliminary Results from the MSX Satellite: Infrared Observations of the Galactic Plane Shipman, R. F.; Egan, M. P.; Price, S. D. 1996-12-01 We present preliminary results from observations of two regions in the Galactic plane from the mid-infrared radiometer aboard the Midcource Space Experiment (MSX). The observations cover a {1(deg) x 3(deg}) field of the Galactic center and a similar field at {l=28(deg}) . The radiometer abord MSX simultaneously observes 5 pass bands ranging from 4 to 25 {microns } with a spatial resolution of 18" . We present results for the MSX Band A detectors (6-11 \\: microns ) and compare the results with IRAS 12 \\: microns ISSA images and full resolution IRAS images from the Galactic Plane Supplement (GPS). The higher resolution of MSX clearly resolves the regions that were confused to IRAS. We compare the extracted source density as a function of galatic lattitude with current IRAS data and models. 14. Multitemporal Sentinel-1A Data for Urban Land Cover Mapping Using Deep Learning: Preliminary Results McCutchan, Marvin; Ban, Yifang; Niu, Xin 2016-08-01 The objective of this research is to evaluate multitemporal Sentinel-1A SAR data for urban land cover mapping using a pixel-based Deep Belief Network (DBN) and an object-based post-processing. Multitemporal Sentinel-1A SAR in both ascending and descending orbits were acquired in Stockholm during the 2015 vegetation season. The images were first terrain corrected, co-registered, speckle filtered and scaled to 8 bit. Then the images were segmented using KTH-SEG, an edge- aware region growing and merging algorithm. For classification, a pixel-based deep belief network (DBN) was used. Then classification result was post-processed using object-based majority voting. For comparison, the same dataset was classified using an object-based support vector machine (SVM). The preliminary results show that the hybrid deep learning classification scheme produced comparable results as object-based SVM while yielded higher accuracies for builtup classes. 15. Preliminary results from the investigation of thermal effects in electrokinetics soil remediation SciTech Connect Krause, T.R.; Tarman, B. 1993-10-01 Electrokinetics is an emerging soil remediation technology. Contaminants are extracted from the soil as a result of a complex set of phenomena that occur when an electric gradient is imposed across a soil-water system. The primary phenomena include electroosmosis, electromigration, and electrophoresis. Secondary phenomena, such as changes in solubility or speciation of various chemical components, may occur as a result of electrically induced changes in the chemical environment of the system. Numerous factors, such as temperature, may affect each of these phenomena and, consequently, the overall process efficiency. We have begun an investigation of thermal effects in the extraction of potassium dichromate from kaolinite soils under conditions of constant saturation and dewatering. Preliminary results suggest that increasing the soil temperature from 21 to 55{degrees}C may decrease the processing time under saturated conditions. However, increasing the soil temperature under dewatering, conditions causes soil cracking, which reduces the overall process efficiency. 16. Research Initiatives and Preliminary Results In Automation Design In Airspace Management in Free Flight NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Corker, Kevin; Lebacqz, J. Victor (Technical Monitor) 1997-01-01 The NASA and the FAA have entered into a joint venture to explore, define, design and implement a new airspace management operating concept. The fundamental premise of that concept is that technologies and procedures need to be developed for flight deck and ground operations to improve the efficiency, the predictability, the flexibility and the safety of airspace management and operations. To that end NASA Ames has undertaken an initial development and exploration of "key concepts" in the free flight airspace management technology development. Human Factors issues in automation aiding design, coupled aiding systems between air and ground, communication protocols in distributed decision making, and analytic techniques for definition of concepts of airspace density and operator cognitive load have been undertaken. This paper reports the progress of these efforts, which are not intended to definitively solve the many evolving issues of design for future ATM systems, but to provide preliminary results to chart the parameters of performance and the topology of the analytic effort required. The preliminary research in provision of cockpit display of traffic information, dynamic density definition, distributed decision making, situation awareness models and human performance models is discussed as they focus on the theme of "design requirements". 17. Preliminary Results from Reflectance Spectroscopy Observations of Space Debris in GEO Vananti, A.; Schidknecht, T.; Krag, H.; Erd, C. 2009-03-01 The space debris environment in the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) region is mostly investigated using optical telescopes. The detection of the objects and the determination of their orbits are based on optical observations. However, for a better characterization of the environment it would be necessary to know the shape and the material of the objects. The area-to-mass ratio can be estimated from orbit determinations. In some rare case additional information can be derived from photometric measurements. A possible technique to investigate the material type of the debris is the reflectance spectroscopy. This paper discusses preliminary results obtained from spectrometric observations of orbital space debris. The observations were acquired at the 1-meter ESA Space Debris Telescope (ESASDT) on Tenerife with a low-resolution spectrograph in the wavelength range of 450-960 nm. The observed objects are space debris in GEO orbits with brightness as small as magnitude 16. The spectra show shape variations expected to be caused by the different physical properties of the objects. The determination of the material and of the type of object is still in a preliminary phase. Limitations of the acquisition process of the spectra and the subsequent analysis are discussed. Future steps planned for a better characterization of the debris from the observed data are briefly outlined. 18. Modeling of Particle Acceleration at Multiple Shocks via Diffusive Shock Acceleration: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Parker, L. Neergaard; Zank, G. P. 2013-01-01 Successful forecasting of energetic particle events in space weather models require algorithms for correctly predicting the spectrum of ions accelerated from a background population of charged particles. We present preliminary results from a model that diffusively accelerates particles at multiple shocks. Our basic approach is related to box models in which a distribution of particles is diffusively accelerated inside the box while simultaneously experiencing decompression through adiabatic expansion and losses from the convection and diffusion of particles outside the box. We adiabatically decompress the accelerated particle distribution between each shock by either the method explored in Melrose and Pope (1993) and Pope and Melrose (1994) or by the approach set forth in Zank et al. (2000) where we solve the transport equation by a method analogous to operator splitting. The second method incorporates the additional loss terms of convection and diffusion and allows for the use of a variable time between shocks. We use a maximum injection energy (E(sub max)) appropriate for quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular shocks and provide a preliminary application of the diffusive acceleration of particles by multiple shocks with frequencies appropriate for solar maximum (i.e., a non-Markovian process). 19. An Elizabethan Survey and Possible Astronomical Observations on the Oregon Coast: Preliminary Results Haramundanis, Katherine; Gaposchkin, E. 2007-12-01 We present preliminary results of our investigations of inscribed rocks found along the Oregon Coast. The roughly 30 rocks contain Latin letters, numbers, and other signs. Bawlf (2000), after Costaggini and Schultz (1977), suggested that the artifacts represent a survey and longitude observation made by Francis Drake in 1579 during his circumnavigation. We have analyzed old records and photographs, and made preliminary site visits to evaluate if these suggestions have merit. The artifacts were first seen in the late 19th century by settlers along the Nehalem River and inspired early searches for treasure on the mountainside, which is rugged, rocky, and steep. The nearby wreck of a Spanish galleon confounded the interpretations. The director of the local Tillamook County Pioneer Museum, Wayne Jensen, with an enthusiastic colleague, Don Viles, spent two decades looking for artifacts and commissioned the existing site survey from the Civil Engineering Department of Oregon State University. Both Viles (1982, 1990) and Jensen (1990) published descriptions of the finds and their search methods. We present photographs of several of the larger artifacts, our conclusions about what the site represents and who may have created it, and suggestions about the meaning of some of the markings and artifacts, including calculations for possible astronomical observations. We solicit comments from the audience regarding any similar sites. 20. Modeling of Particle Acceleration at Multiple Shocks Via Diffusive Shock Acceleration: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Parker, Linda Neergaard; Zank, Gary P. 2013-01-01 We present preliminary results from a model that diffusively accelerates particles at multiple shocks. Our basic approach is related to box models (Protheroe and Stanev, 1998; Moraal and Axford, 1983; Ball and Kirk, 1992; Drury et al., 1999) in which a distribution of particles is diffusively accelerated inside the box while simultaneously experiencing decompression through adiabatic expansion and losses from the convection and diffusion of particles outside the box (Melrose and Pope, 1993; Zank et al., 2000). We adiabatically decompress the accelerated particle distribution between each shock by either the method explored in Melrose and Pope (1993) and Pope and Melrose (1994) or by the approach set forth in Zank et al. (2000) where we solve the transport equation by a method analogous to operator splitting. The second method incorporates the additional loss terms of convection and diffusion and allows for the use of a variable time between shocks. We use a maximum injection energy (Emax) appropriate for quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular shocks (Zank et al., 2000, 2006; Dosch and Shalchi, 2010) and provide a preliminary application of the diffusive acceleration of particles by multiple shocks with frequencies appropriate for solar maximum (i.e., a non-Markovian process). 1. The deep structure of the east Oman continental margin: preliminary results and interpretation Barton, P. J.; Owen, T. R. E.; White, R. S. 1990-02-01 We describe preliminary results of a coincident normal incidence and wide-angle Seismic experiment across the east Oman continental margin just north of the Masirah Island ophiolite. This margin is affected by tectonic deformation and may be the site of margin-parallel shear in a zone parallel to the Owen Fracture Zone. The reflection profile is used to define upper crustal structure and shows a deep offshore basin dammed oceanwards by a ridge, interpreted here as a rotated fault block. Wide-angle data were collected using ten digital ocean-bottom Seismometers and 110 explosive shots. Preliminary raytracing of a crustal model based on the gravity model of Whitmarsh (1979) shows rapid changes in crustal thickness across the margin. A steep landward dipping reflector, probably the Moho, lies beneath the continental slope. The orientation of this reflector is exactly opposite to the direction of tectonic fabric predicted by a simple overthrust model of ophiolite emplacement from the ocean basin to the east. 2. 76 FR 31938 - Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat Products From India: Notice of Preliminary Results of 2009... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-06-02 ... Trade Compliance Analyst, through Melissa Skinner, Office Director, concerning Certain Hot Rolled... Trade Compliance Analyst, through Melissa Skinner, Office Director, concerning Certain Hot-Rolled....224(b). Comments Interested parties are invited to comment on the preliminary results and may... 3. 76 FR 49437 - Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe From Mexico: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2011-08-10 ... International Trade Administration Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe From Mexico: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY: Import Administration, International Trade..., 2011. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mark Flessner or Robert James, AD/CVD Operations, Office... 4. 75 FR 78216 - Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe From Mexico: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-12-15 ... International Trade Administration Certain Circular Welded Non-Alloy Steel Pipe From Mexico: Preliminary Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review AGENCY: Import Administration, International Trade...: December 15, 2010. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mark Flessner or Robert James, AD/CVD... 5. Preliminary results of 3D-DDTC pixel detectors for the ATLAS upgrade La Rosa, A. 3D Silicon sensors fabricated at FBK-irst with the Double-side Double Type Column (DDTC) approach and columnar electrodes only partially etched through p-type substrates were tested in laboratory and in a 1.35 Tesla magnetic field with a 180GeV pion beam at CERN SPS. The substrate thickness of the sensors is about 200um, and different column depths are available, with overlaps between junction columns (etched from the front side) and ohmic columns (etched from the back side) in the range from 110um to 150um. The devices under test were bump bonded to the ATLAS Pixel readout chip (FEI3) at SELEX SI (Rome, Italy). We report leakage current and noise measurements, results of functional tests with Am241 gamma-ray sources, charge collection tests with Sr90 beta-source and an overview of preliminary results from the CERN beam test. 6. Economic Evaluation of Short-Term Wind Power Forecasts in ERCOT: Preliminary Results; Preprint SciTech Connect Orwig, K.; Hodge, B. M.; Brinkman, G.; Ela, E.; Milligan, M.; Banunarayanan, V.; Nasir, S.; Freedman, J. 2012-09-01 Historically, a number of wind energy integration studies have investigated the value of using day-ahead wind power forecasts for grid operational decisions. These studies have shown that there could be large cost savings gained by grid operators implementing the forecasts in their system operations. To date, none of these studies have investigated the value of shorter-term (0 to 6-hour-ahead) wind power forecasts. In 2010, the Department of Energy and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration partnered to fund improvements in short-term wind forecasts and to determine the economic value of these improvements to grid operators, hereafter referred to as the Wind Forecasting Improvement Project (WFIP). In this work, we discuss the preliminary results of the economic benefit analysis portion of the WFIP for the Electric Reliability Council of Texas. The improvements seen in the wind forecasts are examined, then the economic results of a production cost model simulation are analyzed. 7. The Water-Mist Fire Suppression Experiment (Mist): Preliminary Results From The STS-107 Mission NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Abbud-Madrid, Angel; McKinnon, J. Thomas; Amon, Francine; Gokoglu, Suleyman 2003-01-01 An investigation of the effect of water mists on premixed flame propagation has been conducted onboard the Space Shuttle to take advantage of the prolonged microgravity environment to study the effect of uniformly distributed clouds of polydisperse water mists on the speed and shape of propagating propane-air premixed flames. The suspension of a quiescent and uniform water mist cloud was confirmed during the microgravity tests. Preliminary results show good agreement with trends obtained by the numerical predictions of a computational model that uses a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation to simulate the two-phase, flame/mist interaction. Effective flame suppression is observed at progressively higher water loadings and smaller water droplet sizes. Other unusual flame behavior, such as flame front breakup and pulsating flames, is still under investigation. The promising results from the microgravity tests will be used to assess the feasibility of using water mists as fire suppressants on Earth and on spacecraft. 8. Understanding Active Galactic Nuclei using near-infrared high angular resolution polarimetry II: Preliminary results Marin, F.; Grosset, L.; Goosmann, R.; Gratadour, D.; Rouan, D.; Clénet, Y.; Pelat, D.; Rojas Lobos, P. A. 2016-12-01 In this second research note of a series of two, we present the first near-infrared results we obtained when modeling Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Our first proceedings showed the comparison between the MontAGN and STOKES Monte Carlo codes. Now we use our radiative transfer codes to simulate the polarization maps of a prototypical, NGC 1068-like, type-2 radio-quiet AGN. We produced high angular resolution infrared (1 μm) polarization images to be compared with recent observations in this wavelength range. Our preliminary results already show a good agreement between the models and observations but cannot account for the peculiar linear polarization angle of the torus such as observed. tet{Gratadour2015} found a polarization position angle being perpendicular to the bipolar outflows axis. Further work is needed to improve the models by adding physical phenomena such as dichroism and clumpiness. 9. Preliminary Results of NASA's First Autonomous Formation Flying Experiment: Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Folta, David; Hawkins, Albin 2001-01-01 NASA's first autonomous formation flying mission is completing a primary goal of demonstrating an advanced technology called enhanced formation flying. To enable this technology, the Guidance, Navigation, and Control center at the Goddard Space Flight Center has implemented an autonomous universal three-axis formation flying algorithm in executive flight code onboard the New Millennium Program's (NMP) Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) spacecraft. This paper describes the mathematical background of the autonomous formation flying algorithm and the onboard design and presents the preliminary validation results of this unique system. Results from functionality assessment and autonomous maneuver control are presented as comparisons between the onboard EO-1 operational autonomous control system called AutoCon(tm), its ground-based predecessor, and a stand-alone algorithm. 10. Multidisciplinary High-Fidelity Analysis and Optimization of Aerospace Vehicles. Part 2; Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Walsh, J. L.; Weston, R. P.; Samareh, J. A.; Mason, B. H.; Green, L. L.; Biedron, R. T. 2000-01-01 An objective of the High Performance Computing and Communication Program at the NASA Langley Research Center is to demonstrate multidisciplinary shape and sizing optimization of a complete aerospace vehicle configuration by using high-fidelity finite-element structural analysis and computational fluid dynamics aerodynamic analysis in a distributed, heterogeneous computing environment that includes high performance parallel computing. A software system has been designed and implemented to integrate a set of existing discipline analysis codes, some of them computationally intensive, into a distributed computational environment for the design of a high-speed civil transport configuration. The paper describes both the preliminary results from implementing and validating the multidisciplinary analysis and the results from an aerodynamic optimization. The discipline codes are integrated by using the Java programming language and a Common Object Request Broker Architecture compliant software product. A companion paper describes the formulation of the multidisciplinary analysis and optimization system. 11. Preliminary results of the large experimental wind turbine phase of the national wind energy program NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Thomas, R. L.; Sholes, J. E. 1975-01-01 A major phase of the wind energy program is the development of reliable wind turbines for supplying cost-competitive electrical energy. This paper discusses the preliminary results of two projects in this phase of the program. First an experimental 100 kW wind turbine design and its status are reviewed. Also discussed are the results of two parallel design studies for determining the configurations and power levels for wind turbines with minimum energy costs. These studies show wind energy costs of 7 to 1.5 c/kWH for wind turbines produced in quantities of 100 to 1000 a year and located at sites having average winds of 12 to 18 mph. 12. PDM performance Test Results and Preliminary Analysis: Incompressible and Compressible Fluids SciTech Connect Dreesen, D.S.; Gruenhagan, E.; Cohen, J.C.; Moran, D.W. 1999-02-01 Three, small diameter, Moineau, positive displacement (drilling) motors (PDMs) were dynamometer tested using water, air-water mist, air-water foam, and aerated water. The motors included (1) a 1.5-inch OD, single-lobe mud motor; (2) a 1.69-inch OD, 5:6 multi-lobe mud motor; and (3) a 1.75-inch OD, 5:6 multi-lobe air motor. This paper describes the test apparatus, procedures, data analysis, and results. Incompressible and compressible fluid performance are compared; linear performance, predicted by a positive displacement motor model, is identified where it occurs. Preliminary results and conclusions are (1) the performance of all three motors is accurately modeled using a two-variable, linear model for incompressible fluid and (2) the model was not successfully adapted to model compressible fluid performance. 13. Comparison of stroke infarction between CT perfusion and diffusion weighted imaging: preliminary results Abd. Rahni, Ashrani Aizzuddin; Arka, Israna Hossain; Chellappan, Kalaivani; Mukari, Shahizon Azura; Law, Zhe Kang; Sahathevan, Ramesh 2016-03-01 In this paper we present preliminary results of comparison of automatic segmentations of the infarct core, between that obtained from CT perfusion (based on time to peak parameter) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). For each patient, the two imaging volumes were automatically co-registered to a common frame of reference based on an acquired CT angiography image. The accuracy of image registration is measured by the overlap of the segmented brain from both images (CT perfusion and DWI), measured within their common field of view. Due to the limitations of the study, DWI was acquired as a follow up scan up to a week after initial CT based imaging. However, we found significant overlap of the segmented brain (Jaccard indices of approximately 0.8) and the percentage of infarcted brain tissue from the two modalities were still fairly highly correlated (correlation coefficient of approximately 0.9). The results are promising with more data needed in future for clinical inference. 14. Preliminary results of the solar corona spectroscopic observation of 9th March 2016 Total Solar Eclipse Sungging Mumpuni, Emanuel; Zamzam Nurzaman, Muhamad; Suryana, Nana 2016-11-01 Spectroscopy observation of solar corona has been carried out from 9th March 2016 Total Solar Eclipse expedition in Maba, East Halmahera. Due to limitation by the weather condition during the observation, the obtained data were not favorable. Because of the low signal to noise ratio, the wavelength calibration was not straightforward. To obtain the optimum results, steps for data reduction were performed as the following: selecting the finest data, extracting the 1D spectrum from 2D spectrum, and calibrating spectrum wavelength (including careful interpolation). In this preliminary result, we discuss the instrumentation, the data under investigation, the extraction process of spectrum, and the polynomial interpolation that has been used for extracting information from our data. 15. Luminescence Dating of Marine Terrace Sediments Between Trabzon and Rize, Eastern Black Sea Basin: Preliminary Results Softa, Mustafa; Spencer, Joel Q. G.; Emre, Tahir; Sözbilir, Hasan; Turan, Mehmet 2016-04-01 Quaternary marine terraces in the coastal region of Pontides in Northeastern Turkey are valuable archives of past sea level change. Until recently, dates of raised marine terraces undeciphered in the coastal region between Trabzon and Rize because of chronologic limitations. In this paper was to determine ages of the terrace deposits by applying optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating methods using single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) techniques on quartz minerals from extracted marine terraces. Several samples were collected from three orders of Quaternary marine terraces which are reproducible at all sampling location in between cities of Trabzon and Rize, Turkey, coastal of Eastern Pontides, at the front of the thrust system. The terrace deposits mainly consist of clays, silts, sands and gravels. The sediments in these deposits are mainly derived from basaltic, andesitic, and limestone geology, and have elipsoid, square and flat shapes. The terrace deposits have heights ranging from 1 to 17 meters and increases in height and thickness from west to east. Initial OSL results from 1 mm and 3 mm quartz aliquots demonstrate good luminescence characteristics. Preliminary equivalent dose analysis results ranging from 17.6 Gy to 79.6 Gy have been calculated using the Central Age Model (CAM) and Minimum Age Model (MAM). According to ages obtained from three separate terrace is ~8 ka, ~42 ka and ~78 ka, respectively. Results of marine terrace sediments indicate this region has three sedimentation periods and coastal region of Pontides has been remarkably tectonically active since latest Pleistocene to earlier Holocene. This study will present preliminary OSL dating results obtained from samples of Quaternary marine terrace formation. Keywords: optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, single grain, marine terraces, Eastern Pontides. 16. New Ages on Old Arc Rocks, Preliminary Results From the Southern IBM Arc Mohler, D.; Reagan, M.; Heizler, M.; Hickey-Vargas, R. 2001-12-01 The first results of our reevaluation of the geochemistry and geochronology of Eocene to Miocene volcanic rocks from the southern Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) arc include preliminary 40Ar/39Ar ages on rocks from Guam, and DSDP sites 447, 448, 458, 459B. Our new 40Ar/39Ar age of 44 Ma on a boninite series basalt from the Facpi formation, supports earlier work by Meijer et al. (1983, AGU Mono. 27, p349) who obtained a 44 Ma K-Ar age on a similar basalt from the same area in western Guam. Our 40Ar/39Ar age of 20 Ma age on a tholeiite dike in the southern portion of the Facpi formation is in the range of K-Ar ages in Cosca et al. (1998 Is. Arc 7 p.579) and Meijer et al. (1983) of 36 Ma to 16 Ma for the Facpi. These ages are younger than the Late Middle Eocene age assigned to the Facpi, and indicates either that a previously unrecognized unit of tholeiitic arc volcanics exists in southern Guam, or that zeolite facies metamorphism reset the ages. If the former is true, then this unit has ages within the gap in arc volcanism previously postulated for the late Oligocene and early Miocene on Guam. Our preliminary results on DSDP cores when combined with 40Ar/39Ar and K-Ar dates from Cosca et al. (1998,), and older K-Ar ages from Meijer et al. (1983) suggest that tholeiitic to boninitic volcanism occurred at site 458 and perhaps 459 to east of Guam at about 50 Ma. Similarly, Cosca et al. (1998), showed that volcanism along the Palau-Kyushu ridge dates back to about 50 Ma. Thus, magmatism appears to have occurred around 5 Ma later on Guam than to the east and west, which is consistent with a center of Eocene forearc spreading near Guam. A single preliminary 40Ar/39Ar age of 20 Ma for a relatively intact diabase at site 447 and dates reported in Fujioka et al., (1999, Geology 27, p.1135) and Hickey-Vargas (1998 JGR 103, p. 20963) presents the possibility that volcanism continued in the West Philippine Basin into the early Miocene. 17. Physical activity in solid organ transplant recipients: organizational aspects and preliminary results of the Italian project. PubMed Roi, G S; Stefoni, S; Mosconi, G; Brugin, E; Burra, P; Ermolao, A; Granito, M; Macini, P; Mastrosimone, S; Nacchia, F; Pegoraro, C; Rigotti, P; Sella, G; Sgarzi, S; Tamè, M R; Totti, V; Trerotola, M; Tripi, F; Nanni Costa, A 2014-09-01 Most of the difficulties when trying to realize the proposal to prescribe physical activity for transplantation patients come from patient attitudes and cultural beliefs that ignore the benefits of exercise, but there also are organizational aspects arising from the difficulties that these patients face in accessing supervised exercise facilities. To address these difficulties, the Italian study project "Transplant … and Now Sport" was developed based on a model of cooperation among transplantation specialists, sports physicians, and exercise specialists organized as a team combining their specific skills to effectively actuate the physical exercise programs. This preliminary report is based on 26 patients (16 male, 10 female; 47.8±10.0 years old; 21 kidney and 5 liver transplantations; time from transplantation 2.3±1.4 years) who performed prescribed and supervised exercises consisting of 3 sessions per week of aerobic and strengthening exercises for 1 year. Preliminary results show a significant decrease in body mass index (t=1.966; P<.05) and a significant increase in peak aerobic power (t=4.535; P<.01) and maximum workload (t=4.665; P<.01) on the incremental cycling test. Also maximum strength of knee extensors (t=2.933; P<.05) and elbow flexors (t=2.450; P<.05) and countermovement jump performance (t=2.303; P<.05) significantly increased. Creatinine and proteinuria tended to decrease, but the differences were not significant. In health-related quality of life assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire, the Bodily Pain, General Health, Vitality, Social Functioning, and Role Emotional scale scores showed a significant improvement (P<.05). Preliminary results of the study protocol "Transplant…and Now Sport" show the positive effects of the model based on cooperation among transplantation centers, sports medicine centers, and gyms in the administration of a supervised exercise prescription. These data should be considered a contribution to developing and promoting 18. Preliminary Results from Integrating Compton Photon Polarimetry in Hall A of Jefferson Lab SciTech Connect D. Parno, M. Friend, F. Benmokhtar, G. Franklin, R. Michaels, S. Nanda, B. Quinn, P. Souder 2011-09-01 A wide range of nucleon and nuclear structure experiments in Jefferson Lab's Hall A require precise, continuous measurements of the polarization of the electron beam. In our Compton polarimeter, electrons are scattered off photons in a Fabry-Perot cavity; by measuring an asymmetry in the integrated signal of the scattered photons detected in a GSO crystal, we can make non-invasive, continuous measurements of the beam polarization. Our goal is to achieve 1% statistical error within two hours of running. We discuss the design and commissioning of an upgrade to this apparatus, and report preliminary results for experiments conducted at beam energies from 3.5 to 5.9 GeV and photon rates from 5 to 100 kHz. 19. Prospective birth cohort in a hyperendemic dengue area in Northeast Brazil: methods and preliminary results. PubMed Braga, Cynthia; Albuquerque, Maria de Fátima Pessoa Militão de; Cordeiro, Marli Tenório; Castanha, Priscila M S; Ramesh, Anita; Alexander, Neal; Mello, Maria Júlia G de; Marques, Ernesto T A; Martelli, Celina M Turchi 2016-01-01 Dengue cases have increased in younger age groups in Brazil. Maternal anti-dengue antibodies can have a protective effect in the first months of life, but their decline can increase the risk of severe dengue. A prospective birth cohort was established in 2011-2012 in the city of Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil, to determine the incidence of serotype-specific dengue infection and the kinetics of transferred maternal anti-dengue antibodies in the first years of life. This article describes the design, methods and preliminary results of this cohort study. 354 children underwent clinical and laboratory monitoring for two years, with 15% losses to follow-up. The overall rate of new infections was approximately 10% in the first year of follow-up. Information on the force of serotype-specific dengue infection and the evaluation of transferred maternal antibodies can contribute to understanding dengue etiopathogenesis. 20. Preliminary analysis of Skylab RADSCAT results over the ocean. [using radar backscatter and microwave emission NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Moore, R. K.; Claassen, J. D.; Young, J. D.; Pierson, W. J., Jr.; Cardone, V. J. 1974-01-01 Preliminary observations at 13.9 GHz of the radar backscatter and microwave emission from the sea were analyzed using data obtained by the radiometer scatterometer on Skylab. Results indicate approximately a square-law relationship between differential scattering coefficient and windspeed at angles of 40 deg to 50 deg, after correction for directional effect, over a range from about 4 up to about 25 meters/sec. The brightness temperature response was also observed, and considerable success was achieved in correcting it for atmospheric attenuation and emission. Measurements were made in June, 1973, over Hurricane Ava off the west coast of Mexico and over relatively calm conditions in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. 1. Infrasonic Detection of a Large Bolide over South Sulawesi, Indonesia on October 8, 2009: Preliminary Results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Silber, E. A.; Brown, P. G.; Le Pinchon, A. 2011-01-01 In the morning hours of October 8, 2009, a bright object entered Earth's atmosphere over South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This bolide disintegrated above the ground, generating stratospheric infrasound returns that were detected by infrasonic stations of the global International Monitoring System (IMS) Network of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) at distances up to 17 500 km. Here we present instrumental recordings and preliminary results of this extraordinary event. Using the infrasonic period-yield relations, originally derived for atmospheric nuclear detonations, we find the most probable source energy for this bolide to be 70+/-20 kt TNT equivalent explosive yield. A unique aspect of this event is the fact that it was apparently detected by infrasound only. Global events of such magnitude are expected only once per decade and can be utilized to calibrate infrasonic location and propagation tools on a global scale, and to evaluate energy yield formula, and event timing. 2. Damping measurements from an operating wind turbine: Preliminary results and procedures SciTech Connect James, G.H.; Carne, T.G. 1992-01-01 The Natural Excitation Technique (NEXT) extracts modal parameters from structures undergoing some natural excitation in which no measure of the excitation force is available. Preliminary damping results are presented for the first blade flatwise modes of the Sandia/DOE 34-m Test Bed (a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine) as a function of both wind speed and tip speed ratio. The current data set is to sparse to show a trend between damping and wind speed, however a trend of higher damping for higher tip speed ratio is apparent. An estimate of the uncertainty of the data is provided. Several improvements to NEXT have been added and are discussed in this paper. These improvements include: the use of a single software environment, the addition of the complex mode indicator function, the partial removal of harmonics, time and frequency domain cross-correlation function calculation, windowing, variable ensemble size capability, filtering and data decimation, and visual convergence checking. 3. Damping measurements from an operating wind turbine: Preliminary results and procedures SciTech Connect James, G.H.; Carne, T.G. 1992-12-31 The Natural Excitation Technique (NEXT) extracts modal parameters from structures undergoing some natural excitation in which no measure of the excitation force is available. Preliminary damping results are presented for the first blade flatwise modes of the Sandia/DOE 34-m Test Bed (a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine) as a function of both wind speed and tip speed ratio. The current data set is to sparse to show a trend between damping and wind speed, however a trend of higher damping for higher tip speed ratio is apparent. An estimate of the uncertainty of the data is provided. Several improvements to NEXT have been added and are discussed in this paper. These improvements include: the use of a single software environment, the addition of the complex mode indicator function, the partial removal of harmonics, time and frequency domain cross-correlation function calculation, windowing, variable ensemble size capability, filtering and data decimation, and visual convergence checking. 4. Low Frequency Vibrating Optical System for Detecting Objects Buried in Turbid Media: Preliminary Results Cywiak, D.; Cywiak, M.; Pérez-Solano, R.; Gutiérrez-Juárez, G. 2012-11-01 Preliminary results of an in-plane vibrating system to image objects buried in turbid media are presented. The incident optical beam is vibrated in a periodic back-and-forth motion at low frequency and small constant amplitude in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the beam. The detection is performed in the AC mode, blocking the DC component. The system shows a dramatic increase in the AC signal whenever the target boundary intersects with the reference line between the incident laser beam and a photodiode after a small aperture. The system was capable to render visible 2 mm width objects buried at depths up to 3 cm from the front surface of a 1% intralipid sample. 5. Cancer prevention interdisciplinary education program at Purdue University: overview and preliminary results. PubMed Teegarden, Dorothy; Lee, Ji-Yeon; Adedokun, Omolola; Childress, Amy; Parker, Loran Carleton; Burgess, Wilella; Nagel, Julie; Knapp, Deborah W; Lelievre, Sophie; Agnew, Christopher R; Shields, Cleveland; Leary, James; Adams, Robin; Jensen, Jakob D 2011-12-01 Cancer prevention is a broad field that crosses many disciplines; therefore, educational efforts to enhance cancer prevention research focused on interdisciplinary approaches to the field are greatly needed. In order to hasten progress in cancer prevention research, the Cancer Prevention Internship Program (CPIP) at Purdue University was designed to develop and test an interdisciplinary curriculum for undergraduate and graduate students. The hypothesis was that course curriculum specific to introducing interdisciplinary concepts in cancer prevention would increase student interest in and ability to pursue advanced educational opportunities (e.g., graduate school, medical school). Preliminary results from the evaluation of the first year which included ten undergraduate and five graduate students suggested that participation in CPIP is a positive professional development experience, leading to a significant increase in understanding of interdisciplinary research in cancer prevention. In its first year, the CPIP project has created a successful model for interdisciplinary education in cancer prevention research. 6. Preliminary Results of Estimating Soil Moisture Over Bare Soil Using Full-Polarimetric ALOS-2 Data Sekertekin, A.; Marangoz, A. M.; Abdikan, S.; Esetlili, M. T. 2016-10-01 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging system is one of the most effective way for Earth observation. The aim of this study is to present the preliminary results about estimating soil moisture using L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Full-polarimetric (HH, HV, VV, VH) ALOS-2 data, acquired on 22.04.2016 with the incidence angle of 30.4o, were used in the study. Simultaneously with the SAR acquisition, in-situ soil moisture samples over bare agricultural lands were collected and evaluated using gravimetric method. Backscattering coefficients for all polarizations were obtained and linear regression analysis was carried out with in situ moisture measurements. The best correlation coefficient was observed with VV polarization. Cross-polarized backscattering coefficients were not so sensitive to soil moisture content. In the study, it was observed that soil moisture maps can be retrieved with the accuracy about 14% (RMSE). 7. Link prediction in a MeSH co-occurrence network: preliminary results. PubMed Kastrin, Andrej; Rindflesch, Thomas C; Hristovski, Dimitar 2014-01-01 Literature-based discovery (LBD) refers to automatic discovery of implicit relations from the scientific literature. Co-occurrence associations between biomedical concepts are commonly used in LBD. These co-occurrences can be represented as a network that consists of a set of nodes representing concepts and a set of edges representing their relationships (or links). In this paper we propose and evaluate a methodology for link prediction of implicit connections in a network of co-occurring Medical Subject Headings (MeSH®). The proposed approach is complementary to, and may augment, existing LBD methods. Link prediction was performed using Jaccard and Adamic-Adar similarity measures. The preliminary results showed high prediction performance, with area under the ROC curve of 0.78 and 0.82 for the two similarity measures, respectively. 8. Fuzzy-logic-based hybrid locomotion mode classification for an active pelvis orthosis: Preliminary results. PubMed Yuan, Kebin; Parri, Andrea; Yan, Tingfang; Wang, Long; Munih, Marko; Vitiello, Nicola; Wang, Qining 2015-01-01 In this paper, we present a fuzzy-logic-based hybrid locomotion mode classification method for an active pelvis orthosis. Locomotion information measured by the onboard hip joint angle sensors and the pressure insoles is used to classify five locomotion modes, including two static modes (sitting, standing still), and three dynamic modes (level-ground walking, ascending stairs, and descending stairs). The proposed method classifies these two kinds of modes first by monitoring the variation of the relative hip joint angle between the two legs within a specific period. Static states are then classified by the time-based absolute hip joint angle. As for dynamic modes, a fuzzy-logic based method is proposed for the classification. Preliminary experimental results with three able-bodied subjects achieve an off-line classification accuracy higher than 99.49%. 9. Preliminary results of medical investigations during manned flights of the Salyut 4 orbital station. PubMed Vorobyov, E I; Gazenko, O G; Gurovsky, N N; Nefyodov, Y G; Egorov, B B; Bryanov, I I; Genin, A M; Degtyarev, V A; Egorov, A D; Eryomin, A V; Kakurin, L I; Pestov, I D; Shulzhenko, E B 1977-01-01 In 1975 the Soviet Union performed two manned flights on board the orbital station Salyut 4. The first mission of 30 days was flown by A. A. Gubarev (Commander) and G. M. Grechko (Flight Engineer) and the second mission of 63 days by P.I. Klimuk (Commander) and V.I. Sevastyanov (Flight Engineer). The present paper gives preliminary data on the general health and cardiovascular investigations of the crew members during and after flight. The clinical and physiological examinations of the cosmonauts showed that the work-rest cycles and counter-measures used helped to maintain their good health and high performance in flight, to alleviate adverse reactions and to facilitate readaptation post-flight. Medical results of the post-flight investigations revealed no changes that may detract from further increasing the duration of manned space missions. 10. Cancer Prevention Interdisciplinary Education Program at Purdue University: Overview and Preliminary Results PubMed Central Teegarden, Dorothy; Lee, Ji-Yeon; Adedokun, Omolola; Childress, Amy; Parker, Loran Carleton; Burgess, Wilella; Nagel, Julie; Knapp, Deborah W.; Lelievre, Sophie; Agnew, Christopher R.; Shields, Cleveland; Leary, James; Adams, Robin; Jensen, Jakob D. 2012-01-01 Cancer prevention is a broad field that crosses many disciplines; therefore, educational efforts to enhance cancer prevention research focused on interdisciplinary approaches to the field are greatly needed. In order to hasten progress in cancer prevention research, the Cancer Prevention Internship Program (CPIP) at Purdue University was designed to develop and test an interdisciplinary curriculum for undergraduate and graduate students. The hypothesis was that course curriculum specific to introducing interdisciplinary concepts in cancer prevention would increase student interest in and ability to pursue advanced educational opportunities (e.g., graduate school, medical school). Preliminary results from the evaluation of the first year which included 10 undergraduate and 5 graduate students suggested that participation in CPIP is a positive professional development experience, leading to a significant increase in understanding of interdisciplinary research in cancer prevention. In its first year, the CPIP project has created a successful model for interdisciplinary education in cancer prevention research. PMID:21533583 11. Preliminary Results from Nuclear Decay Experiments Performed During the Solar Eclipse of August 1, 2008 SciTech Connect Javorsek, D. II; Kerford, J. L.; Stewart, C. A.; Hoft, A. W.; Horan, T. J.; Buncher, J. B.; Fischbach, E.; Gruenwald, J. T.; Heim, J.; Kohler, M.; Longman, A.; Mattes, J. J.; Mohsinally, T.; Newport, J. R.; Jenkins, J. H.; Lee, R. H.; Morreale, B.; Morris, D. B.; O'Keefe, D.; Terry, B. 2010-08-04 Recent developments in efforts to determine the cause of anomalous experimental nuclear decay fluctuations suggest a possible solar influence. Here we report on the preliminary results from several nuclear decay experiments performed at Thule Air Base in Greenland during the Solar Eclipse that took place on 1 August 2008. Because of the high northern latitude and time of year, the Sun never set and thereby provided relatively stabilized conditions for nearly all environmental factors. An exhaustive list of relevant factors were monitored during the eclipse to help rule out possible systematic effects due to external influences. In addition to the normal temperature, pressure, humidity, and cloud cover associated with the outside ambient observations, we included similar measurements within the laboratory along with monitoring of the power supply output, local neutron count rates, and the Earth's local magnetic and electric fields. 12. Microwave frequency sweep interferometer for plasma density measurements in ECR ion sources: Design and preliminary results SciTech Connect Torrisi, Giuseppe; Mascali, David; Neri, Lorenzo; Leonardi, Ornella; Celona, Luigi; Castro, Giuseppe; Agnello, Riccardo; Caruso, Antonio; Passarello, Santi; Longhitano, Alberto; Gammino, Santo; Sorbello, Gino; Isernia, Tommaso 2016-02-15 The Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRISs) development is strictly related to the availability of new diagnostic tools, as the existing ones are not adequate to such compact machines and to their plasma characteristics. Microwave interferometry is a non-invasive method for plasma diagnostics and represents the best candidate for plasma density measurement in hostile environment. Interferometry in ECRISs is a challenging task mainly due to their compact size. The typical density of ECR plasmas is in the range 10{sup 11}–10{sup 13} cm{sup −3} and it needs a probing beam wavelength of the order of few centimetres, comparable to the chamber radius. The paper describes the design of a microwave interferometer developed at the LNS-INFN laboratories based on the so-called “frequency sweep” method to filter out the multipath contribution in the detected signals. The measurement technique and the preliminary results (calibration) obtained during the experimental tests will be presented. 13. Prepectoral Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction: Rationale, Indications, and Preliminary Results. PubMed Sigalove, Steven; Maxwell, G Patrick; Sigalove, Noemi M; Storm-Dickerson, Toni L; Pope, Nicole; Rice, Jami; Gabriel, Allen 2017-02-01 Implant-based breast reconstruction is currently performed with placement of the implant in a subpectoral pocket beneath the pectoralis major muscle, by means of the dual-plane approach. Although the safety and breast aesthetics of this approach are well recognized, it is not without concerns. Animation deformities and accompanying patient discomfort, which are direct consequences of muscle elevation, can be severe in some patients. Moving the implant prepectorally may eliminate these concerns. For a successful prepectoral approach, the authors advocate use of their bioengineered breast concept, which was detailed in a previous publication. In this report, the authors discuss the rationale for prepectoral implant reconstruction, its indications/contraindications, and preliminary results from over 350 reconstructions. 14. The Initial Mass Function of Young Open Clusters in the Galaxy: A Preliminary Result Lim, Beomdu; Sung, Hwankyung; Hur, Hyeonoh; Park, Byeong-Gon 2017-03-01 The initial mass function (IMF) is an essential tool with which to study star formation processes. We have initiated the photometric survey of young open clusters in the Galaxy, from which the stellar IMFs are obtained in a homogeneous way. A total of 16 famous young open clusters have preferentially been studied up to now. These clusters have a wide range of surface densities (log σ = -1 to 3 [stars pc-2] for stars with mass larger than 5M ⊙) and cluster masses (M cl = 165 to 50, 000M ⊙), and also are distributed in five different spiral arms in the Galaxy. It is possible to test the dependence of star formation processes on the global properties of individual clusters or environmental conditions. We present a preliminary result on the variation of the IMF in this paper. 15. The LPSP instrument on OSO 8. II - In-flight performance and preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Bonnet, R. M.; Lemaire, P.; Vial, J. C.; Artzner, G.; Gouttebroze, P.; Jouchoux, A.; Vidal-Madjar, A.; Leibacher, J. W.; Skumanich, A. 1978-01-01 The paper describes the in-flight performance for the first 18 months of operation of the LPSP (Laboratoire de Physique Stellaire et Planetaire) instrument incorporated in the OSO 8 launched June 1975. By means of the instrument, an absolute pointing accuracy of nearly one second was achieved in orbit during real-time operations. The instrument uses a Cassegrain telescope and a spectrometer simultaneously observing six wavelengths. In-flight performance is discussed with attention to angular resolution, spectral resolution, dispersion and grating mechanism (spectral scanner) stability, scattered light background and dark current, photometric standardization, and absolute calibration. Real-time operation and problems are considered with reference to pointing system problems, target acquisition, and L-alpha modulation. Preliminary results involving the observational program, quiet sun and chromospheric studies, quiet chromospheric oscillation and transients, sunspots and active regions, prominences, and aeronomy investigations are reported. 16. [Sarcoma developed in irradiated area: Preliminary results of the SARI trial]. PubMed Maingon, P; Mirjolet, C; Diallo, I; Veres, C; Collin, F; Italiano, A; Chibon, F; Merlin, J L; Coindre, J M 2016-10-01 Radiotherapy and surgery are the two main pillars of the locoregional treatment of cancer. The risk of second malignancy is better evaluated and constitutes a major issue regarding radioprotection of the patients. Among malignant disease observed in the surviving irradiated patients, the occurrence of sarcoma is a rare event but associated with a poor outcome since the 5 year overall survival is estimated at 10 to 35 %. The SARI protocol, written in 2011, included 120 patients and 240 controlled patients, irradiated in the same conditions but without sarcoma observed during the follow up. The main objective was to identify the clinical and biological factors associated with the occurrence of such a complication. The secondary objective was to identify the dosimetric characteristics of the treatment of the primary. Preliminary results will be presented during the 2016 meeting of the French radiation oncology society. 17. Preliminary Results from VOC measurements in the Lower Fraser Valley in July/Aug 2012 Schiller, C. L.; Jones, K.; Vingarzan, R.; Leaitch, R.; Macdonald, A.; Osthoff, H. D.; Reid, K. 2012-12-01 In July/August 2012, a pilot study looking at the effect of ClNO2 production on the ozone concentrations in the lower Fraser valley near Abbotsford, BC was conducted. The lower Fraser valley in British Columbia Canada has some of the highest ozone concentrations and visibility issues in Canada. Abbotsford is located approximately 80 kms east of Vancouver, BC and approximately 30 kms from the ocean. The site was located in a largely agricultural area with fruit farms (raspberries and blueberries) and poultry barns predominating. During the study biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs were measured in situ using a GCMS/FID with hourly samples. Particle composition was measured using an ACSM and size distribution using an SMPS. Preliminary results from the study will be discussed. 18. Physical and Chemical Processes Opacity Project: an Overview and Some Preliminary Results Mendoza, C. 1990-11-01 RESUMEN. El Proyecto de la Opacidad es un esfuerzo internacional dedicado a calcular con precisi6n la gran cantidad de datos at6micos que se necesitan para estimar opacidades en los envolventes estelares. Describimos el panorama general del proyecto incluyendo aspectos astrofisicos, flsico-at6micos y computacionales. El volumen y calidad de los datos que se estan generando se puede apreciar en los resultados preliminares que se presentan. ABSTRACT The Opacity Project is an international effort dedicated to the calculation of the vast, accurate, atomic data required to estimate stellar envelope opacities. We give an overview of the project including astrophysical, atomic-physical and computational aspects. The volume and quality of the data which are being generated can be appreciated in the preliminary results that are presented. }% words: ATOMIC PROCESSES - OPACITIES - STARS-INThRIORS 19. Preliminary Results on the Experimental Investigation of the Structure Functions of Bound Nucleons SciTech Connect Bodek, Arie 2015-09-01 We present preliminary results on an experimental study of the nuclear modification of the longitudinal (σL) and transverse (σT) structure functions of nucleons bound in nuclear targets. The origin of these modifications (commonly referred as as the EMC effect) is not fully understood. Our measurements of R= σLT for nuclei (RA) and for deuterium (RD) indicate that nuclear modifications of the structure functions of bound nucleons are different for the longitudinal and transverse structure functions, and that contrary to expectation from several theoretical models, RA < RD. 20. [Ultra-fast opiate detoxification under general anesthesia: preliminary results of the Liege protocol]. PubMed Pinto, E; Reggers, J; Delhez, M; Fuchs, S; Venneman, I; Lamy, M; Ansseau, M 2001-08-01 Many studies support the hypothesis of a substantial benefit in inducing an Opiate Receptor Blockade through a Rapid Opiate Detoxification under general Anaesthesia (RODA) in opiate dependent patients. However, prospective studies and long term evaluation of the technique are lacking. In order to evaluate long-term abstinence rates after a RODA among a sample of opiate addicts, a study was started in March 1999 at the University of Liège. To date, 45 patients were evaluated (mean age: 29 +/- 5 years) with a mean opiate dependence duration of 8 +/- 4 years. Most of them were both heroin and methadone dependent; 42.2% of them were included while 31.1% did not complete the whole inclusion procedure and 26.7% were excluded. None experienced severe withdrawal symptoms. At six months, abstinence rate was 67% and 46% at one year. These preliminary results suggest the interest of the procedure in carefully selected patients. 1. Preliminary Results of the Herschel Gould Belt Survey in the Orion B Complex Könyves, Vera; André, Philippe; Palmeirim, Pedro; Schneider, Nicola; Arzoumanian, Doris; Men'shchikov, Alexander As a preliminary result of the Herschel Gould Belt survey (André et al. 2010) in the Orion B cloud complex we find a clear connection between the locations of the detected prestellar cores and the column density values. We find that the vast majority of the gravitationally bound prestellar cores are detected above a high column density of about 6-7 × 1021 cm-2 (A V ˜ 6-7). This is in very good agreement with dense core formation thresholds found in other regions. For Orion B, a similar limit appears both in the distribution of background column density values of the prestellar cores, and in the column density PDF of the region. Within our core formation scenario, the found threshold can be translated as the column density above which the filaments become gravitationally unstable and fragment into cores. 2. Development and preliminary results of the Financial Incentive Coercion Assessment questionnaire. PubMed Byrne, Margaret M; Croft, Jason R; French, Michael T; Dugosh, Karen L; Festinger, David S 2012-07-01 Financial incentives are often used in research, yet no measure exists to determine whether they lead to perceptions of coercion in subjects. We present a preliminary evaluation of a recently developed Financial Incentive Coercion Assessment (FICA) questionnaire. FICA measures perceived coercion specifically related to payment for participation in a research study. Two hundred sixty-six subjects were recruited from a large randomized controlled trial; 152 returned for a 6-month follow-up and completed the FICA. Approximately 30% of participants reported the major reason for participating was "for the money," but less than 5% felt that the financial incentives were coercive. FICA results are consistent with levels of perceived coercion using an alternative measure. Initial assessment of responses on the FICA suggests that it may provide a novel approach to measuring perceived coercion from financial incentives in research. Future work will refine the FICA and analyze its psychometric properties. 3. Preliminary Results on TID (Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances) over Ebro from TEC Data. DTIC Science & Technology 1982-10-30 IONOSPHERIC SECTION UNCLASSIFIED L F ALBERCA ET AL. 30 OCT 82 EOARD-TR-84-02 FIG 4/1 NL ""’Em""’ 1.2111 4 m26 ICRCPRSL’- N ET HRNAIOA 9UtA OFSTD 12.2 I La...5MW-TR -8 4; C - 1• SCIENTIFIC REPORT N° 3 PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON TID OVER EBRO FROM TEC DATA L. F. Alberca S.I. J.O. Card’s S.I. E. Gald6n S.I...FROM TEC DATA L.F. Alberca , s.I. J.O. Cardds, s.l. E. Gald6n, s.I. OBSERVATORIO DEL EBRO IONOSPHERIC SECTION ROQUETES * (Tarragona) Spain THE RESEARCH 4. Preliminary results of a seismic borehole test using downhole shaped charges at the DOE Hanford Site SciTech Connect Narbutovskih, S.M.; Michelsen, F. 1994-02-01 Geophysical site characterization studies can be important steps in the process of designing and monitoring remediation at hazardous waste storage facilities. Use of seismic techniques for subsurface characterization at the DOE Hanford Site has been limited. One reason is the lack of borehole velocity control, and low-velocity sediments are highly attenuative. Consequently, standard techniques to provide velocity control are not adequate. Both Vertical Seismic Profiling and reversed VSP surveys are currently being investigated to provide velocity control and for subsurface imaging capabilities. Recently a jet perforating gun was used to perforate a doubled-cased borehole in the 200 West Area. Acoustic emissions were recorded from numerous depths to obtain velocity control for a previous surface survey conducted in the same area. Both P- and S-wave data were recorded simultaneously from multiple horizons using the DAS-1 seismograph and 3-component geophones. The data were analyzed for a variety of uses besides velocity control. Signal attenuation was studied as a function of source depth and offset distance to evaluate formation absorption while vertical resolution was determined from the frequency spectrum. Preliminary results indicate that adequate P-wave velocity control can be obtained even though the near-surface sediments are very attenuative. However, we conclude that the perforating gun produces little SH energy. Preliminary velocities indicate that reflection coefficients should be great enough to use surface techniques. Results from the frequency study suggest that a swept source for both surface and borehole surveys may be necessary to obtain required resolutions. Finally, signal attenuation as a function of formation facies suggest that seismic techniques may be useful in mapping perched water zones and for long term vadose zone monitoring. 5. The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP): Progress and Preliminary Results Rosenzweig, C. 2011-12-01 The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) is a distributed climate-scenario simulation exercise for historical model intercomparison and future climate change conditions with participation of multiple crop and agricultural trade modeling groups around the world. The goals of AgMIP are to improve substantially the characterization of risk of hunger and world food security due to climate change and to enhance adaptation capacity in both developing and developed countries. Recent progress and the current status of AgMIP will be presented, highlighting three areas of activity: preliminary results from crop pilot studies, outcomes from regional workshops, and emerging scientific challenges. AgMIP crop modeling efforts are being led by pilot studies, which have been established for wheat, maize, rice, and sugarcane. These crop-specific initiatives have proven instrumental in testing and contributing to AgMIP protocols, as well as creating preliminary results for aggregation and input to agricultural trade models. Regional workshops are being held to encourage collaborations and set research activities in motion for key agricultural areas. The first of these workshops was hosted by Embrapa and UNICAMP and held in Campinas, Brazil. Outcomes from this meeting have informed crop modeling research activities within South America, AgMIP protocols, and future regional workshops. Several scientific challenges have emerged and are currently being addressed by AgMIP researchers. Areas of particular interest include geospatial weather generation, ensemble methods for climate scenarios and crop models, spatial aggregation of field-scale yields to regional and global production, and characterization of future changes in climate variability. 6. Computer-based cognitive intervention for dementia: preliminary results of a randomized clinical trial. PubMed Galante, E; Venturini, G; Fiaccadori, C 2007-01-01 Dementia is a highly invalidating condition and, given the progressive aging of the population, one of the major issues that health systems will have to face in future years. Recently there has been an increase in the potential of diagnostic tools and pharmacological treatments for dementia; moreover, considerable interest has been expressed regarding non pharmacological interventions. However, the current evidence in support of non pharmacological treatments in patients affected by dementia still does not allow to draw definitive conclusions on what is the most effective treatment to apply, largely because of methodological difficulties and limitations of the studies so far carried out due to the complex nature of the disease. To address this need, we carried out a single blind randomized controlled study on the efficacy of computer cognitive rehabilitation in patients with mild cognitive decline. We here present preliminary data on 11 patients with diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and mild cognitive decline randomly assigned to treatment (a) or control (b) condition (i.e. specific vs. aspecific treatment). The specific treatment (a) consisted in a cycle of 12 individual sessions of computer exercises, while the control condition (b) consisted in sessions of semi-structured interviews with patients, conducted with the same frequency and time period as (a). Cognitive, behavioural and functional assessment was performed by an expert evaluator, blinded to the patients' group allocation. Preliminary results show a significant performance decline only in the control group at the 9-month follow-up compared to both baseline and the 3-month follow-up. Our results suggest that computer based cognitive training in patients with AD and mild cognitive decline is effective at least in delaying the continuous progression of cognitive impairment in AD. 7. Preliminary results of a lidar-dial integrated system for the automatic detection of atmospheric pollutants Gaudio, P.; Gelfusa, M.; Richetta, M. 2012-11-01 In the last decades, atmospheric pollution in urban and industrial areas has become a major concern of both developed and developing countries. In this context, surveying relative large areas in an automatic way is an increasing common objective of public health organisations. The Lidar-Dial techniques are widely recognized as a cost-effective approach to monitor large portions of the atmosphere and, for example, they have been successful applied to the early detection of forest fire. The studies and preliminary results reported in this paper concern the development of an integrated Lidar-Dial system able to detect sudden releases in air of harmful and polluting substances. The propose approach consists of continuous monitoring of the area under surveillance with a Lidar type measurement (by means of a low cost system). Once a significant increase in the density of a pollutant is revealed, the Dial technique is used to identify the released chemicals. In this paper, the specifications of the proposed station are discussed. The most stringent requirement is the need for a very compact system with a range of at least 600-700 m. Of course, the optical wavelengths must be in an absolute eye-safe range for humans. A conceptual design of the entire system is described and the most important characteristic of the main elements are provided. In particular the capability of the envisaged laser sources, Nd:YAG and CO2 lasers, to provide the necessary quality of the measurements is carefully assessed. Since the detection of dangerous substances must be performed in an automatic way, the monitoring station will be equipped with an adequate set of control and communication devices for independent autonomous operation. The results of the first preliminary tests illustrate the potential of the chosen approach. 8. Preliminary results of the water-mist fire auppression experiment from the STS-107 mission Abbud-Madrid, A.; McKinnon, J.; Gokoglu, S. A discussion of the preliminary results of the Water-Mist Fire Suppression experiment (Mist) from the STS-107 mission of the Space Shuttle is presented. The overall objective of the project is to study the feasibility of developing fine-water- mist systems as the next generation of fire suppressants that may replace the currently used halon-based systems. Halons (fluoro-bromo -carbons) are so effective at fire suppression that in the past it was not necessary to evaluate other options. However, as is well known now, halons are powerful ozone-depleting agents in the stratosphere. The realization of this attribute led to the ban of the manufacture of halons in the industrialized world by the Montreal Protocols starting in 1995. The Mist experiment studies the influence of water mists on premixed flames propagating in a cylindrical tube under low-gravity conditions and evaluates the role of thermal, physical, and chemical mechanisms in the water-mist/flame interaction. Prior to the orbital flight, a numerical simulation of this interaction was developed and reduced- gravity ground experiments were conducted to obtain the preliminary data necessary to define the scientific objectives and technical issues of the spacecraft experiments. The effects of droplet size and water concentration on the laminar flame speed and flame shape are used as the measure of fire suppression efficacy. A simplified numerical simulation of the flame/mist interaction shows the effect of water mist on flame speed and evaluates the relative importance of the latent and sensible heats of water droplets on fire suppression. The microgravity tests of the Mist experiment are performed in the Combustion Module (CM-2) facility in the Space Shuttle. These tests explore the efficacy of three droplet sizes and three water concentrations on the propagation of lean, stoichiometric, and rich premixed propane-air flames. The long duration and quality of microgravity in the spaceflight provide the required 9. Preliminary results on photometric properties of materials at the Sagan Memorial Station, Mars USGS Publications Warehouse Johnson, J. R.; Kirk, R.; Soderblom, L.A.; Gaddis, L.; Reid, R.J.; Britt, D.T.; Smith, P.; Lemmon, M.; Thomas, N.; Bell, J.F.; Bridges, N.T.; Anderson, R.; Herkenhoff, K. E.; Maki, J.; Murchie, S.; Dummel, A.; Jaumann, R.; Trauthan, F.; Arnold, G. 1999-01-01 Reflectance measurements of selected rocks and soils over a wide range of illumination geometries obtained by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP) camera provide constraints on interpretations of the physical and mineralogical nature of geologic materials at the landing site. The data sets consist of (1) three small "photometric spot" subframed scenes, covering phase angles from 20?? to 150??; (2) two image strips composed of three subframed images each, located along the antisunrise and antisunset lines (photometric equator), covering phase angles from ???0?? to 155??; and (3) full-image scenes of the rock "Yogi," covering phase angles from 48?? to 100??. Phase functions extracted from calibrated data exhibit a dominantly backscattering photometric function, consistent with the results from the Viking lander cameras. However, forward scattering behavior does appear at phase angles >140??, particularly for the darker gray rock surfaces. Preliminary efforts using a Hapke scattering model are useful in comparing surface properties of different rock and soil types but are not well constrained, possibly due to the incomplete phase angle availability, uncertainties related to the photometric function of the calibration targets, and/or the competing effects of diffuse and direct lighting. Preliminary interpretations of the derived Hapke parameters suggest that (1) red rocks can be modeled as a mixture of gray rocks with a coating of bright and dark soil or dust, and (2) gray rocks have macroscopically smoother surfaces composed of microscopically homogeneous, clear materials with little internal scattering, which may imply a glass-like or varnished surface. Copyright 1999 by the American Geophysical Union. 10. Residents' reactions to long-term sonic boom exposure: Preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Fields, James M.; Moulton, Carey; Baumgartner, Robert M.; Thomas, Jeff 1994-01-01 This presentation is about residents' reactions to sonic booms in a long-term sonic boom exposure environment. Although two phases of the data collection have been completed, the analysis of the data has only begun. The results are thus preliminary. The list of four authors reflects the complex multi-disciplinary character of any field study such as this one. Carey Moulton is responsible for Wyle Laboratories' acoustical data collection effort. Robert Baumgartner and Jeff Thomas of HBRS, a social science research firm, are responsible for social survey field work and data processing. The study is supported by the NASA Langley Research Center. The study has several objectives. The preliminary data addresses two of the primary objectives. The first objective is to describe the reactions to sonic booms of people who are living where sonic booms are a routine, recurring feature of the acoustical environment. The second objective is to compare these residents' reactions to the reactions of residents who hear conventional aircraft noise around airports. Here is an overview of the presentation. This study will first be placed in the context of previous community survey research on sonic booms. Next the noise measurement program will be briefly described and part of a social survey interview will be presented. Finally data will be presented on the residents' reactions and these reactions will be compared with reactions to conventional aircraft. Twelve community studies of residents' reactions to sonic booms were conducted in the United States and Europe in the 1960's and early 1970's. None of the 12 studies combined three essential ingredients that are found in the present study. Residents' long-term responses are related to a measured noise environment. Sonic booms are a permanent feature of the residential environment. The respondents' do not live on a military base. The present study is important because it provides the first dose/response relationship for sonic booms 11. Lithostratigraphy, volcanism, paleomagnetism and palynology of Quaternary lacustrine deposits from Barombi Mbo (West Cameroon): Preliminary results Maley, J.; Livingstone, D. A.; Giresse, P.; Thouveny, N.; Brenac, P.; Kelts, K.; Kling, G.; Stager, C.; Haag, M.; Fournier, M.; Bandet, Y.; Williamson, D.; Zogning, A. 1990-08-01 We present preliminary results from the study of 23.50-m core from Lake Barombi Mbo, representing the last 25,000 years. The lake is in an explosion crater formed during Quaternary time. The very laminated sediment is composed mostly of clay containing 5-10% organic carbon. Each couplet is commonly composed of a basal lamina rich in quartz, plant debris, muscovite and sponge spicules, and of a more clayey upper lamina often with siderite. A perturbed section near the base of the core, before ca. 21,000 yr B.P., could be the result of a violent release of gas, such CO 2, comparable to the recent Nyos gas eruption. The paleomagnetic studies exhibit high-frequency oscillations interpreted as paleosecular variations of the local geomagnetic field. This first record obtained on the African continent can be closely compared to the type record obtained in Western Europe. The pollen results demonstrate the presence of a forest refuge in West Cameroon during the last great arid period, ca. 18,000 yr B.P. When equatorial forest was broken up, elements of montane vegetation spread to the lowlands. These phenomena resulted from a drying and cooling climate. 12. Preliminary Results of an Experimental Investigation of the Qu Superconducting Heat Pipe NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Blackmon, James B.; Entrekin, Sean F. 2006-01-01 This note on preliminary results of our evaluation of the so-called Qu Tube is prompted in part by recent concerns expressed to the authors by some researchers regarding the performance characteristics of the superconducting, solid-state heat pipe as described in the patents, or on the company's websites. Briefly, the company's claims include: a new type of heat transfer mechanism that is a form of solid state thermal superconductivity, which results in an effective thermal conductivity of the order of tens of thousands of times that of an equivalent solid silver bar, or, tens to hundreds of times that of liquid - vapor heat pipes. The company's website also refers to tests conducted by Stanford Research Institute that substantiate these claims, but the report is apparently not publicly available. We are conducting an investigation of the Qu Tube under a NASA Grant, and in general find that these claims have merit, but our study is not yet complete. We present some of our preliminary results in part to show that it would not be imprudent to conduct such studies, especially for possible future applications requiring exceptional thermal management performance capabilities. Working with HiTek Services, we originally acquired several Qu Tubes, including 17" long, 5/16" diameter copper tubes, one that is 7 7/8" long, 3/16" diameter, and one that is 4" long, 1" diameter. We subjected the smaller tubes to various exploratory tests, including a transient test with electrical band heaters, boiling water tests, and a series of steady state tests with electrical band heaters heating one end with free convective cooling along the remainder of the length. All results indicate a very high thermal conductivity, but the length of these tubes limited our ability to obtain accurate data on temperature gradients, necessary to determine the effective thermal conductivity. We then acquired nine Qu Tubes that are 10' long, 5/16" diameter, and we have recently conducted initial tests 13. Charm photoproduction at 20 GeV including preliminary lifetime results with improved optical resolution SciTech Connect Colley, D.C.; Brick, D.; Bacon, T.C.; Cohn, H.O.; Franek, B.; Armenteros, R.; Abe, K.; Kafka, T.; Bingham, H.H.; Brau, J.E. 1984-07-01 Sixty five charm events have been observed in an exposure, during 1983, of the SLAC Hybrid Facility (SHF) to a backward scattered laser beam. Preliminary results for the charmed meson lifetimes have been obtained based on 19 neutral and 22 charged decays thereby doubling our earlier data. These lifetimes are consistent with our published results and the two data samples have been combined. From the resulting 42 neutral, 45 charged and 13 topologically ambiguous decays the charmed meson lifetimes are measured to be tau/sub D/sup 0// = (6.4/sub -0.9//sup +1.1/ +- 0.5) x 10/sup -13/s and tau/sub D/sup + -// = (8.2/sub -1.1//sup +1.3/ +- 0.6) x 10/sup -13/s and their ratio tau/sub D//sup + -///tau/sub D/sup 0// = 1.3/sub -0.3/sup +0.5/. The inclusive charm cross-section at a photon energy of 20 GeV has been measured to be 60 +- 8 +- 21) nb. 14. Preliminary Results of a Magnetotelluric Survey in the Center of Hawaii Island Lienert, B. R.; Thomas, D. M.; Wallin, E. 2014-12-01 From 2013 up to the present we have been recording magnetotelluric (MT) data at 25 sites in a 35x25 km region (elev. 1943 m) on the saddle between the active volcano of Mauna Loa (4169 m) and the dormant volcano of Mauna Kea (4205 m) on Hawai'i Island. The MT data, particularly the electric fields, are frequently contaminated by spurious components that are not due to the plane-wave magnetic signals required for derivation of the MT impedance tensor. We therefore developed interactive graphical software (MTPlot) to plot and analyze the MT signals in the field. MTPlot allows us to quickly examine records in both the time and frequency domain to in order to judge their quality. It also transforms the data into estimates of apparent resistivity and their error in the frequency range 0.001-500 Hz. This has proved very useful for selecting suitable records for subsequent analysis. We then use multi-taper remote reference processing to obtain our final apparent resistivity estimates and their errors. We present preliminary results of one and two dimensional modeling of these estimates to obtain the three-dimensional distribution of subsurface resistivities down to depths of 5 km. The results are compared to temperatures and properties of cores obtained when we drilled a research hole to a depth of 1760 m in this same region. We shall discuss how our results relate to the extent of the fresh-water and geothermal energy reservoirs that we discovered during drilling. 15. Preliminary results of local earthquake tomography around Bali, Lombok, and Sumbawa regions SciTech Connect Nugraha, Andri Dian Puspito, Nanang T; Yudistira, Tedi; Kusnandar, Ridwan; Sakti, Artadi Pria 2015-04-24 Bali, Sumbawa, and Lombok regions are located in active tectonic influence by Indo-Australia plate subducts beneath Sunda plate in southern part and local back-arc thrust in northern part the region. Some active volcanoes also lie from eastern part of Java, Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa regions. Previous studies have conducted subsurface seismic velocity imaging using regional and global earthquake data around the region. In this study, we used P-arrival time from local earthquake networks compiled by MCGA, Indonesia within time periods of 2009 up to 2013 to determine seismic velocity structure and simultaneously hypocenter adjustment by applying seismic tomography inversion method. For the tomographic inversion procedure, we started from 1-D initial velocity structure. We evaluated the resolution of tomography inversion results through checkerboard test and calculating derivative weigh sum. The preliminary results of tomography inversion show fairly clearly high seismic velocity subducting Indo-Australian and low velocity anomaly around volcano regions. The relocated hypocenters seem to cluster around the local fault system such as back-arc thrust fault in northern part of the region and around local fault in Sumbawa regions. Our local earthquake tomography results demonstrated consistent with previous studies and improved the resolution. For future works, we will determine S-wave velocity structure using S-wave arrival time to enhance our understanding of geological processes and for much better interpretation. 16. Synaptic Plasticity In Mammalian Gravity Sensors: Preliminary Results From SLS-2 NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Ross, M. D.; Hargens, Alan R. (Technical Monitor) 1996-01-01 Sensory conflict is the prevalent theoretical explanation for space adaptation syndrome. This ultrastructural study tests the hypothesis that peripheral gravity sensors (maculae) play a role. Results were obtained from the medial part of utricular maculae of adult rats exposed to microgravity for 14 days, and from controls. Means and statistical significance of synapse counts were calculated using SUPERANOVA(Trademark) and Scheffe's procedure for post-hoc comparisons. Preliminary findings are from 2 sets of 100 serial sections for each dataset. Synapses were doubled numerically in type II hair cells of utricular maculae collected on day 13 inflight compared to controls (11.4 +/- 7.1 vs. 5.3 +/- 3.8; p < 0.0001). Flight mean synaptic number declined rapidly postflight and became comparable to means of controls. Synapses also increased numerically in type I cells inflight (2.4 +/- 1.6 vs. 1.7 +/- 1.0; p < 0.0341). Postflight there were no significant differences in counts. Results concerning shifts in ribbon type and distribution are also largely replicating previous findings from flight studies. Results indicate that mammalian maculae are adaptive endorgans that retain the property of synaptic plasticity into the adult stage. Macular plasticity has clinical implications for balance disorders of peripheral origin. 17. Design of a Regenerative Life Support System for a Moon Base. Preliminary Results. Duatis Juarez, Jordi; Guirado, Víctor; Lasseur, Christophe NTE-SENER has finalised a study under an ESA contract, to define a preliminary system design of an European Module to provide Environmental Control and Life Support to a potential Moon base. The design is based on current Life Support System technologies under development in Europe (MELiSSA, GWRU, Sabatier Reactor and UTU) along with contamination and microbial detection technologies (ANITA, MIDASS). The ECLSS is sized to provide water, air and up to the 40 As a support to the study a simulator has been developed to analyse the energy, volume and mass and the flow rates and efficiencies of the different components. The study applied the basics of the ALISSE criteria to evaluate the technologies taking as a source the results of the simulations. Detailed models of the different technologies have been developed including feedback from the pilot designs. The results of the study have showed up opportunities of improvement and many points that need to be further investigated. The technologies used in the study are based on the MELiSSA Pilot Plant reactors implementation and the results could affect their design in the near fu-ture in aspects such as carbon recycling, irrigation methods, energy consumption, technologies involved, etc. 18. Impulsivity in Multiplayer Online Battle Arena Gamers: Preliminary Results on Experimental and Self-Report Measures. PubMed Nuyens, Filip; Deleuze, Jory; Maurage, Pierre; Griffiths, Mark D; Kuss, Daria J; Billieux, Joël 2016-06-01 Background and aims Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) games have become the most popular type of video games played worldwide, superseding the playing of Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games and First-Person Shooter games. However, empirical studies focusing on the use and abuse of MOBA games are still very limited, particularly regarding impulsivity, which is an indicator of addictive states but has not yet been explored in MOBA games. In this context, the objective of the present study is to explore the associations between impulsivity and symptoms of addictive use of MOBA games in a sample of highly involved League of Legends (LoL, currently the most popular MOBA game) gamers. Methods Thirty-six LoL gamers were recruited and completed both experimental (Single Key Impulsivity Paradigm) and self-reported impulsivity assessments (s-UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale), in addition to an assessment of problematic video game use (Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire). Results Results showed links between impulsivity-related constructs and signs of excessive MOBA game involvement. Findings indicated that impaired ability to postpone rewards in an experimental laboratory task was strongly related to problematic patterns of MOBA game involvement. Although less consistent, several associations were also found between self-reported impulsivity traits and signs of excessive MOBA game involvement. Conclusions Despite these results are preliminary and based upon a small (self-selected) sample, the present study highlights potential psychological factors related to the addictive use of MOBA games. 19. Intra-Operative Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Node Biopsy in Laryngeal Carcinoma: Preliminary Results PubMed Central Khadivi, Ehsan; Daghighi, Maryam; Khazaeni, Kamran; Dabbagh Kakhki, Vahid Reza; Zarifmahmoudi, Leili; Sadeghi, Ramin 2015-01-01 Introduction: Sentinel node mapping has been used for laryngeal carcinoma in several studies, with excellent results thus far. In the current study, we report our preliminary results on sentinel node mapping in laryngeal carcinoma using intra-operative peri-tumoral injection of a radiotracer. Materials and Methods: Patients with biopsy-proven squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx were included in the study. Two mCi/0.4 cc Tc-99m-phytate in four aliquots was injected on the day of surgery, after induction of anesthesia, in the sub-mucosal peri-tumoral location using a suspension laryngoscopy. After waiting for 10 minutes, a portable gamma probe was used to search for sentinel nodes. All patients underwent laryngectomy and modified radical bilateral neck dissection. All sentinel nodes and removed non-sentinel nodes were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results: Ten patients with laryngeal carcinoma were included. At least one sentinel node could be detected in five patients (bilateral nodes in four patients). One patient had pathologically involved sentinel and non-sentinel nodes (no false-negative cases). Conclusion: Sentinel node mapping in laryngeal carcinoma is technically feasible using an intra-operative radiotracer injection. In order to evaluate the relationship of T-stage and the laterality of the tumor with accuracy, larger studies are needed. PMID:26788477 20. Impulsivity in Multiplayer Online Battle Arena Gamers: Preliminary Results on Experimental and Self-Report Measures PubMed Central Nuyens, Filip; Deleuze, Jory; Maurage, Pierre; Griffiths, Mark D.; Kuss, Daria J.; Billieux, Joël 2016-01-01 Background and aims Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) games have become the most popular type of video games played worldwide, superseding the playing of Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games and First-Person Shooter games. However, empirical studies focusing on the use and abuse of MOBA games are still very limited, particularly regarding impulsivity, which is an indicator of addictive states but has not yet been explored in MOBA games. In this context, the objective of the present study is to explore the associations between impulsivity and symptoms of addictive use of MOBA games in a sample of highly involved League of Legends (LoL, currently the most popular MOBA game) gamers. Methods Thirty-six LoL gamers were recruited and completed both experimental (Single Key Impulsivity Paradigm) and self-reported impulsivity assessments (s-UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale), in addition to an assessment of problematic video game use (Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire). Results Results showed links between impulsivity-related constructs and signs of excessive MOBA game involvement. Findings indicated that impaired ability to postpone rewards in an experimental laboratory task was strongly related to problematic patterns of MOBA game involvement. Although less consistent, several associations were also found between self-reported impulsivity traits and signs of excessive MOBA game involvement. Conclusions Despite these results are preliminary and based upon a small (self-selected) sample, the present study highlights potential psychological factors related to the addictive use of MOBA games. PMID:27156376 1. Preliminary results of local earthquake tomography around Bali, Lombok, and Sumbawa regions Nugraha, Andri Dian; Kusnandar, Ridwan; Puspito, Nanang T.; Sakti, Artadi Pria; Yudistira, Tedi 2015-04-01 Bali, Sumbawa, and Lombok regions are located in active tectonic influence by Indo-Australia plate subducts beneath Sunda plate in southern part and local back-arc thrust in northern part the region. Some active volcanoes also lie from eastern part of Java, Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa regions. Previous studies have conducted subsurface seismic velocity imaging using regional and global earthquake data around the region. In this study, we used P-arrival time from local earthquake networks compiled by MCGA, Indonesia within time periods of 2009 up to 2013 to determine seismic velocity structure and simultaneously hypocenter adjustment by applying seismic tomography inversion method. For the tomographic inversion procedure, we started from 1-D initial velocity structure. We evaluated the resolution of tomography inversion results through checkerboard test and calculating derivative weigh sum. The preliminary results of tomography inversion show fairly clearly high seismic velocity subducting Indo-Australian and low velocity anomaly around volcano regions. The relocated hypocenters seem to cluster around the local fault system such as back-arc thrust fault in northern part of the region and around local fault in Sumbawa regions. Our local earthquake tomography results demonstrated consistent with previous studies and improved the resolution. For future works, we will determine S-wave velocity structure using S-wave arrival time to enhance our understanding of geological processes and for much better interpretation. 2. Seismic Investigations of the Murci Geothermal Field (Southern Tuscany, Italy): Preliminary Results Riedel, M.; Alexandrakis, C.; Buske, S. 2013-12-01 The Monte Amiata region in the Southern Tuscany, Central Italy, describes a volcanic complex with great significance in terms of the regional fresh water supply, mining and geothermal power generation. Mainly for the latter purpose, the volcanic area of Mt Amiata has been the subject of extensive geological and geophysical research (e.g. Dini et al., 2010 and references therein). The insights from these studies have led to successful geothermal production in the Mt Amiata region since the early 1960s (e.g. Batini et al., 2003). Today's most important reservoirs in this area are the Bagnore and the Piancastagnaio fields which are both operated by the company Enel Green Power. The work presented here deals with the Murci area, another potential reservoir located about 10 km southwest of the Mt Amiata volcanic complex. Therefore, in order to get a more detailed understanding of this area, five reflection seismic profiles were carried out. We have performed on three of them a preliminary depth-migrated images, through Kirchhoff prestack depth migration (KPSDM). The vital point of depth migration algorithms is the accuracy of the velocity model that is used for the backpropagation of the seismic data. Therefore, we derived a suitable 1D starting model from nearby well logs and VSP measurements. In order to remove the large topography effects along the profiles, we then utilized first-arrival tomography for each seismic line. For the following processing we incorporated these 2D tomographic results into our starting model which compensates for static effects and improves the resolution in the near-surface area. The velocity models were then used in the application of KPSDM to the seismic data for each profile, respectively. The resulting preliminary images show a zone of high seismic reflectivity, known as the 'K-horizon' (e.g. Brogi, 2008), and could improve its geological interpretation. These promising results encourage us to proceed with deeper migration velocity 3. 75 FR 81570 - Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary Results of Antidumping... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2010-12-28 ... International Trade Administration Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip From India: Preliminary... semiannual new shipper review (NSR) under the antidumping duty order on polyethylene terephthalate film... Fair Value and Antidumping Duty Order: Polyethylene Terephthalate Film, Sheet, and Strip from India,... 4. 77 FR 17013 - Sodium Hexametaphosphate From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Second... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-03-23 ... International Trade Administration Sodium Hexametaphosphate From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary...'') is conducting the second administrative review of the antidumping duty order on sodium hexametaphosphate (sodium hex'') from the People's Republic of China (PRC'') for the period of review... 5. 77 FR 73011 - Sodium Hexametaphosphate From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Results of Antidumping... Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 2012-12-07 ... International Trade Administration Sodium Hexametaphosphate From the People's Republic of China: Preliminary... antidumping duty order on sodium hexametaphosphate (sodium hex'') from the People's Republic of China (PRC... order consists of sodium hexametaphosphate.\\1\\ The merchandise subject to this order is... 6. Geobiological Assessment of Evaporite Deposits in the Great Salt Lake Desert: Preliminary Results Lynch, K.; Zabrusky, K.; Lossing, R.; Hoehler, T. M.; Spear, J. R. 2010-12-01 The study of analog evaporitic environments on Earth is of increasing importance due to the multiple reports of possible evaporite deposits across the martian surface. If life ever evolved on the red planet, these deposits could have harbored potential energy sources and preserved microfossils. Evaporite deposits on earth are often associated with preserved organic material, and understanding the relationships of evaporites and organics will be important for such detections on Mars. Additionally, naturally occurring perchlorate deposits are typically associated with evaporitic materials and further understanding of geobiological processes of this oxidant will be of great use for future habitability assessments on Mars. In order to fully evaluate the astrobiological potential of martian evaporites, a wide variety of terrestrial analog systems can be studied. One understudied system is the Great Salt Lake Desert and its associated features. The Great Salt Lake Desert is the remnant bed of ancient Lake Bonneville, one of the several giant lakes from the Pleistocene Epoch and covered about 20,000 square miles of western Utah and smaller sections of eastern Nevada and southern Idaho. The most well know remnant lake features are the Bonneville Salt Flats and the Great Salt Lake. The Bonneville Salt Flats represent a mainly closed system that receives little to no recharge. The Great Salt Lake, however, still has fresh water recharge its southern arm. The mineralogy of both systems is dominated by halite. The salt flats also have deposits of gypsum, potassium chloride, and a host of magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts. Although the Great Salt Lake Desert has high economic importance, the geobiological potential of its evaporitic features has rarely been studied and there is little to no information regarding the microbial diversity within some of the richest deposits. Here we present the preliminary results of a geobiological study of a sample transect that stretches 7. Preliminary Results From NASA's Space Solar Power Exploratory Research and Technology Program NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Howell, Joe T.; Mankins, John C. 2000-01-01 Large solar power satellite (SPS) systems that might provide base load power into terrestrial markets were examined extensively in the 1970s by the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Following a hiatus of about 15 years, the subject of space solar power (SSP) was reexamined by NASA from 1995-1997 in the "fresh look" study, and during 1998 in an SSP "concept definition study". As a result of these efforts, during 1999-2000, NASA has been conducting the SSP Exploratory Research and Technology (SERT) program. The goal of the SERT activity has been to conduct preliminary strategic technology research and development to enable large, multi-megawatt SSP systems and wireless power transmission (WPT) for government missions and commercial markets (in-space and terrestrial). In pursuing that goal, the SERT: (1) refined and modeled systems approaches for the utilization of SSP concepts and technologies, ranging from the near-term (e.g., for space science, exploration and commercial space applications) to the far-term (e.g., SSP for terrestrial markets), including systems concepts, architectures, technology, infrastructure (e.g. transportation), and economics; (2) conducted technology research, development and demonstration activities to produce "proof-of-concept" validation of critical SSP elements for both nearer and farther-term applications; and (3) engendered the beginnings of partnerships (nationally and internationally) that could be expanded, as appropriate, to pursue later SSP technology and applications. Through these efforts, the SERT should allow better informed future decisions regarding further SSP and related technology research and development investments by both NASA and prospective partners, and guide further definition of technology roadmaps - including performance objectives, resources and schedules, as well as "multi-purpose" applications (e.g., commerce, science, and government). This paper 8. Results from Effervescent Spray Atomization for MCB and a preliminary Proposal for Field Experiments Neukermans, A.; Cooper, G. F.; Foster, J. D.; Galbraith, L. K.; Jain, S.; Ormond, R. 2014-12-01 We report on the preliminary results of spraying saltwater using a variant of effervescent spray atomization (ESA), for the purpose of producing salt nuclei for Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB). ESA is a well known industrial method, where air and water are mixed, to produce a choked two phase flow in a nozzle. The choked flow leaves a pressure residue at the nozzle exit which produces very efficient atomization. The resulting measured salt aerosol appears to be smaller than what is expected from current ESA theories. As measured with standard and well calibrated standard aerosol instruments, the distribution of the salt nuclei has an approximately log normal distribution with mean diameter of 60-80 nm and a GSD close to 2. Measured by electrostatic precipitation of the aerosol on a Si wafer and SEM observation, the median diameter is almost 1.5-2x as large, and this discrepancy has to date not been fully resolved. While the observed median diameter is perhaps somewhat on the low side for efficient conversion in the clouds, this nuclei distribution should be useful for preliminary field experiments. Assuming this distribution, with very simple means, a single small nozzle 150 um in diameter produces 5.3 x1012 nuclei/sec. A few hundred nozzles would be sufficient to produce 1015 nuclei/sec, requiring a power of only 25 kW, although errors on the tail end of the distribution could easily double this figure. To lift the spray, we envision the nozzles easily integrated in standard snowmaking machines, which are estimated by their manufactures to lift the nuclei from 50-100 m in the air, requiring another 20 kW of power. In cooperation with and under the scientific guidance of the U. of Washington, we propose to develop a set of staggered MCB experimental tests in Central California, first on land, and subsequently over the ocean. While this method may not be the ultimate one desired for full deployment (If ever), its simplicity, low cost and ease of deployment would seem 9. Preliminary Results of Cyclical De-Icing of a Gas-Heated Airfoil NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gray, V. H.; Bowden, D. T.; VonGlahn, U. 1952-01-01 An NACA 65(sub 1)-212 airfoil of 8-foot chord was provided with a gas-heated leading edge for investigations of cyclical de-icing. De-icing was accomplished with intermittent heating of airfoil segments that supplied hot gas to chordwise passages in a double-skin construction. Ice removal was facilitated by a spanwise leading-edge parting strip which was continuously heated from the gas-supply duct. Preliminary results demonstrate that satisfactory cyclical ice removal occurs with ratios of cycle time to heat-on period (cycle ratio) from 10 to 26. For minimum runback, efficient ice removal, and minimum total heat input, short heat-on periods of about 15 seconds with heat-off periods of 260 seconds gave the best results. In the range of conditions investigated, the prime variables in the determination of the required heat input for cyclical ice removal were the air temperature and the cycle ratio; heat-off period, liquid water content, airspeed, and angle of attack had only secondary effects on heat input rate. 10. Preliminary Results of Femtosecond Laser-assisted Cataract Surgery in a Private Clinic in Iran PubMed Central 2017-01-01 Purpose: To report the preliminary results of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery in Iranian patients. Methods: This prospective case series included 21 eyes of 21 patients with cataract. Mean patient age was 66.7 ± 10 years. The patients underwent femtosecond-laser assisted cataract surgery (VICTUS Femtosecond Laser Platform: Bausch + Lomb) and intraocular lens (IOL) implementation in Bina Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran between May and October, 2014. Visual outcomes, intraocular pressure (IOP), and complications were evaluated three months after surgery. Results: Mean preoperative best-spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) was 0.40 ± 0.21 logMAR which significantly improved to 0.02 ± 0.03 logMAR three months postoperatively (P < 0.001). Mean preoperative IOP was 17.88 ± 2.70 mmHg which significantly decreased to 12.5 ± 1.51 mmHg three months after operation (P < 0.001). Mean duration of operation for these patients was 29.30 ± 8 minutes and mean femtosecond laser process time was 4.20 ± 2 minutes. In terms of complications, 9 patients developed fine subconjunctival hemorrhage and eye redness and 2 patients had mild corneal edema which all subsided within less than 7 days. Serious complications such as anterior or posterior capsule tears were not encountered. Conclusion: Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery is a relatively new method of cataract PMID:28299005 11. Estimation of Croplands in West Africa using Global Land Cover and Land Use Datasets: Preliminary Results 2013-12-01 Africa is vulnerable to the effects of global climate change resulting in reduced agricultural production and worsening food security. Studies show that Africa has the lowest cereal yield compared to other regions of the world. The situation is particularly dire in East, Central and West Africa. Despite their low cereal yield, the population of East, Central and West Africa has doubled between 1980 and 2007. Furthermore, West Africa has a history of severe and long droughts which have occasionally caused widespread famine. To understand how global climate change and land cover change have impacted crop production (yield) it is important to estimate croplands in the region. The objective of this study is to compare ten publicly available land cover and land use datasets, covering different time periods, to estimate croplands in West Africa. The land cover and land use data sets used cover the period from early 1990s to 2010. Preliminary results show a high variability in cropland estimates. For example, in Benin, the estimated cropland area varies from 2.5 to 21% of the total area, while it varies from 3 to 8% in Niger. Datasets with a finer resolution (≤ 1,000 m) have consistently estimated comparable cropland areas across all countries. Several categorical verification statistics such as probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR) and critical success index are also used to analyze the correspondence between estimated and observed cropland pixels at the scales of 1 Km and 10 Km. 12. Preliminary test results from the CELSS Test Facility Engineering Development Unit NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kliss, Mark H.; Macelroy, R. D.; Blackwell, C. C.; Borchers, B. A.; Drews, M. E.; Longabaugh, J. R.; Yendler, B. S.; Zografos, A. I. 1994-01-01 As part of the NASA Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Program, a CELSS Test Facility (CTF) is being planned for installation on the Space Station. The CTF will be used to provide data on the productivity and efficiency of a variety of CELSS higher plant crops grown in the microgravity environment of the Space Station. Tight environmental control will be maintained while data on gas exchange rates and biomass accumulation rates are collected. In order to obtain an early realistic determination of the subsystem and system requirements necessary to provide the environmental conditions specified for CTF crop productivity experiments, an Engineering Development Unit (EDU) has been designed, constructed and is in the process of subsystem and system testing at NASA Ames Research Center. The EDU is a ground test-bed which will be used to characterize the integrated performance of major subsystem technologies, to evaluate hardware candidates and control strategies required for the CTF, and to further define the ability to meet CTF requirements within present Space Station constraints. This paper reviews the functional requirements for the EDU, and focuses on the performance evaluation and test results of the various subsystems. Preliminary integrated performance results and control system operation are addressed, and plans for future science and technology testing are discussed. 13. Holocene evolution and sedimentation rate of Alikes Lagoon, Zakynthos island, Western Greece - preliminary results Avramidis, P.; Kontopoulos, N. 2009-03-01 In the present study we present preliminary results of Zakynthos Alikes lagoon, which is one of the most seismically active regions of Greece. In order to estimate - interpret the Holocene evolution of the area and to reconstruct the palaeonvironmental changes, we based on the data of a 21 m sediment core. Sediment types, structure, colour, as well as contact depths and bed characteristics, were recorded in the field. Standarised sedimentological analysis were carried out, on 46 samples including grain size analysis, calculation of moment measures, and micro- and molluscan fossils of 17 selected samples. Moreover, radiocarbon age determinations have been made on individual Cardium shells from two horizons and whole - core Magnetic Susceptibility (MS) measurements were taken. The interpretation of depositional environments suggests a coastal environment (restricted-shallow) with reduced salinity such as a lagoon margin and in a tidal flat and/or marsh particularly. The maximum age of the study sediments is about 8500 BP. The rate of sedimentation between 8280 BP and 5590 BP was 5.3 mm/yr and between 5590 BP and modern times 1.03 mm/yr. The rate of sedimentation was higher until mid-Holocene while decrease after to 1.03 mm/yr, results which are similar to other coastal areas of western Greece. 14. Holocene evolution and sedimentation rate of Alikes Lagoon, Zakynthos island, Western Greece: preliminary results Avramidis, P.; Kontopoulos, N. 2009-07-01 In the present study we present preliminary results from Alikes lagoon in Zakynthos island, an area that is one of the most seismically active regions of Greece. In order to estimate - interpret the Holocene evolution of the area and to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental changes, we based on data derived from a 21 m sediment core. Sediment types, structure, colour, as well as contact depths and bed characteristics were recorded in the field. Standarised sedimentological analysis was carried out, on 46 samples including grain size analysis, calculation of moment measures, and micro- and molluscan fossils of 17 selected samples. Moreover, radiocarbon age determinations have been made on individual Cardium shells from two horizons and whole - core Magnetic Susceptibility (MS) measurements were taken. The interpretation of depositional environments suggests a coastal environment (restricted-shallow) with reduced salinity such as a lagoon margin and in a tidal flat and/or marsh particularly. The maximum age of the studied sediments is about 8500 BP. The rate of sedimentation between 8280 BP while 5590 BP was 5.3 mm/yr and between 5590 BP and modern times is on the order of 1.03 mm/yr. These sedimentation rates results are similar to other coastal areas of western Greece. 15. Preliminary Operational Results of the TDRSS Onboard Navigation System (TONS) for the Terra Mission NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gramling, Cheryl; Lorah, John; Santoro, Ernest; Work, Kevin; Chambers, Robert; Bauer, Frank H. (Technical Monitor) 2000-01-01 16. The Shuttle Orbiter high resolution accelerometer package experiment - Preliminary flight results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Blanchard, R. C.; Rutherford, J. F. 1984-01-01 A description of the High Resolution Accelerometer Package (HiRAP) experiment, designed to measure rarefied flow aerodynamic accelerations, is given. The ground test calibration factors, as well as post-flight data processing techniques to extract aerodynamic accelerations, are discussed and applied to the recorded reentry data of the recent STS-6 Shuttle Orbiter flight. The ratio of the measured normal-to-axial aerodynamic accelerations during reentry is used to obtain the first flight measurement of the lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) of a winged entry vehicle in the rarefied flow flight regime. The preliminary result for the free-molecule flow L/D is 0.10 + or - 0.03. The initial flight results on L/D are compared with current predictions which are based upon theoretical and empirical considerations. The measured free-molecule flow L/D value is higher than predicted by a factor of about three, indicating that surface reflection is not completely diffuse as currently assumed. In the rarefied flow transition regime, the Shuttle data book-bridging formula fits the flight data adequately. Upper altitude density profiles are also deduced from the measurements and presented. The density profiles show a wave phenomena with amplitude of about 60 percent, relative to a standard model. 17. Preliminary Results from an Investigation into Nanostructured Nuclear Radiation Detectors for Non-Proliferation Applications SciTech Connect , 2012-10-01 In recent years, the concept of embedding composite scintillators consisting of nanosized inorganic crystals in an organic matrix has been actively pursued. Nanocomposite detectors have the potential to meet many of the homeland security, non-proliferation, and border and cargo-screening needs of the nation and, by virtue of their superior nuclear identification capability over plastic, at roughly the same cost as plastic, have the potential to replace all plastic detectors. Nanocomposites clearly have the potential of being a gamma ray detection material that would be sensitive yet less expensive and easier to produce on a large scale than growing large, whole crystals of similar sensitivity. These detectors would have a broad energy range and a sufficient energy resolution to perform isotopic identification. The material can also be fabricated on an industrial scale, further reducing cost. This investigation focused on designing and fabricating prototype core/shell and quantum dot (QD) detectors. Fourteen core/shell and four QD detectors, all with the basic consistency of a mixture of nanoparticles in a polymer matrix with different densities of nanoparticles, were prepared. Nanoparticles with sizes <10 nm were fabricated, embedded in a polystyrene matrix, and the resultant scintillators’ radiation detector properties were characterized. This work also attempted to extend the gamma energy response on both low- and high-energy regimes by demonstrating the ability to detect low-energy and high-energy gamma rays. Preliminary results of this investigation are consistent with a significant response of these materials to nuclear radiation. 18. Reflectance Anisotropy Measurements Using a Pushbroom Spectrometer Mounted on Uav and a Laboratory Goniometer - Preliminary Results Suomalainen, J.; Roosjen, P.; Bartholomeus, H.; Clevers, J. 2015-08-01 During 2014-2015 we have developed a new method to measure reflectance factor anisotropy using a pushbroom spectrometer mounted on a multicopter UAV. In this paper/presentation we describe the acquisition method and show the preliminary results of the experiment. To validate the measurements the same targets have also been measured with a laboratory goniometer system. The first experiments over sugar beet fields in 2014 show similar trends in both UAV and laboratory anisotropy data, but also some differences caused by differences in sampling and diffuse illumination. In 2015 a more extensive study on wheat, barley and potato fields were performed. The measurements were repeated on three days over the growth of the crops allowing linking the development of the crops to the anisotropy signals. On each day the anisotropy measurement was repeated 4-5 times with different solar zenith angles ranging from 60° to 40° allowing analysis how the solar angle affects the anisotropy. The first results of these experiments will be presented in this conference. 19. Planned LMSS propagation experiment using ACTS: Preliminary antenna pointing results during mobile operations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rowland, John R.; Goldhirsh, Julius; Vogel, Wolfhard J.; Torrence, Geoffrey W. 1991-01-01 An overview and a status description of the planned LMSS mobile K band experiment with ACTS is presented. As a precursor to the ACTS mobile measurements at 20.185 GHz, measurements at 19.77 GHz employing the Olympus satellite were originally planned. However, because of the demise of Olympus in June of 1991, the efforts described here are focused towards the ACTS measurements. In particular, we describe the design and testing results of a gyro controlled mobile-antenna pointing system. Preliminary pointing measurements during mobile operations indicate that the present system is suitable for measurements employing a 15 cm aperture (beamwidth at approximately 7 deg) receiving antenna operating with ACTS in the high gain transponder mode. This should enable measurements with pattern losses smaller than plus or minus 1 dB over more than 95 percent of the driving distance. Measurements with the present mount system employing a 60 cm aperture (beamwidth at approximately 1.7 deg) results in pattern losses smaller than plus or minus 3 dB for 70 percent of the driving distance. Acceptable propagation measurements may still be made with this system by employing developed software to flag out bad data points due to extreme pointing errors. The receiver system including associated computer control software has been designed and assembled. Plans are underway to integrate the antenna mount with the receiver on the University of Texas mobile receiving van and repeat the pointing tests on highways employing a recently designed radome system. 20. Palliation of Postoperative Gastrointestinal Anastomotic Malignant Strictures with Flexible Covered Metallic Stents: Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Lee, Jeong-Min; Han, Young Min; Lee, Sang Yong; Kim, Chong Soo; Yang, Doo Hyun; Lee, Seung Ok 2001-01-15 Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of the placement of covered metallic stents for palliation of gastrointestinal anastomotic strictures secondary to recurrent gastric cancer.Methods: Under fluoroscopic guidance, placement of one or two self-expandable covered metallic stents was attempted perorally in 11 patents (aged 48-76 years) with anastomotic stenoses due to recurrent gastric malignancies. The strictures involved both the afferent and efferent loops in three patients. All patients had poor peroral food intake with severe nausea and vomiting after ingestion. The technical and clinical success was evaluated.Results: Placement of the covered stent was technically successful in 13 of 15 (87%) attempts in ten patients. After the procedure, 9 of 11 (82%) patients overall were able to ingest at least a liquid diet and had markedly decreased incidence of vomiting. During the follow-up of 2-31 weeks (mean 8.5 weeks) there were no major complications.Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that flexible, covered stents may provide effective palliation of malignant anastomotic stricture secondary to recurrent gastric cancer. 1. True and false autobiographical memories in schizophrenia: preliminary results of a diary study. PubMed Pernot-Marino, Elodie; Schuster, Caroline; Hedelin, Guy; Berna, Fabrice; Zimmermann, Marie-Agathe; Danion, Jean-Marie 2010-08-30 The frequency of true and false autobiographical memories and associated states of conscious awareness, i.e., conscious recollection and simply knowing, as well as the respective roles of affective and cognitive processes in autobiographical memory construction, were assessed in eight patients with schizophrenia and eight control participants. A diary study methodology was used in combination with the Remember/Know procedure. The results showed a higher frequency of Know responses associated with the retrieval of both true and false memories in patients than in control participants. Whereas control participants rated higher at retrieval than at encoding the distinctiveness and personal importance of events, as well as the extent to which events furthered current personal plans, patients exhibited an opposite pattern of ratings, with ratings being lower at retrieval than at encoding. These preliminary results show a high frequency of simply knowing associated with the retrieval of true and false autobiographical memories in patients with schizophrenia and provide evidence for the interest of the diary study methodology for studying autobiographical memory in schizophrenia. 2. Preliminary test results of electrical charged particle generator for application to fog dispersal NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Frost, W. 1982-01-01 A charged particle generator for use in fog dispersal applications was built and preliminary tests were carried out. The parameter used as a measure of performance was the current measured with a needle probe positioned in the charged jet connected to ground through an ammeter. The needle was movable and allowed the current profile throughout the jet to be determined. The measured current is referred to as the current output. The major independent parameters were liquid water injection rate, plenum pressure, and corona voltage. Optimum current output was achieved at the approximate pressure of 30 psig, corona voltage of 5600 volts, and liquid water injection rate of 6 cc/min. The results of the test with the prototype charged particle generator clearly demonstrate that a current on the order of 20 microamperes can be routinely achieved with the system. This measurement of current does not necessarily represent the total issuing from the nozzle current which is expected to be larger. From these results, confidence was established that a charged particle generator which will operate continuously and consistently can be designed, constructed, and operated. Further work is required, however, to better understand the physical mechanisms involved and to optimize the system for fog dispersal application. 3. Preliminary Mission Results and Project Evaluation of the Delfi-C3 Nano-satellite Bouwmeester, J.; Aalbers, G. T.; Ubbels, W. J. 2008-08-01 This paper discusses preliminary mission results of Delfi-C3 up till the early operations phase. The first section will discuss the design philosophy of Delfi-C3. To reduce operational risks, Delfi-C3 followed the KISS principle and is designed to be Single-Point-of-Failure- free. A balance is made between adoption of professional space engineering customs and standards on one hand and the limitations of small satellites, financial budgets and limited human resources on the other hand. The second section of the paper discusses the project planning and management of Delfi-C3. Addressed are reasonable timelines for the development of a nano-satellite, how to deal with a launch slip and the occasional conflicts between the interest of the students and the interest of the project. The third section of the paper will present the results of the early operations of Delfi-C3. Discussed are the performance of the payloads, the bus and the ground network of the satellite. Finally, an early statement of the mission success will be given. 4. 1995 Integrated Monitoring Study: Fog measurements in the Northern San Joaquin Valley - preliminary results SciTech Connect Collett, J. Jr.; Bator, A.; Sherman, D.E. 1996-12-31 Vertical gradients in fog chemistry and physics were measured from a 430 m television broadcast tower in the northern San Joaquin Valley near Walnut Grove, California. Fog was collected on the ground and at two elevations on the tower using Caltech Active Strand Cloudwater Collectors Version 2 (CASCC2). Work was conducted as part of the 1995 Integrated Monitoring Study (IMS95). Results will be used to evaluate the need to make measurements aloft in future regional studies of fog processing of atmospheric particles and for testing whether vertically resolved fog models provide realistic simulations of fog physics and chemistry above the ground. Two fog/low cloud events were sampled during the tower study. Preliminary results show concentrations of major species in the fogwater typically decreasing with altitude, while liquid water contents increase. Fogwater loadings of major species, the total amount of a species in the aqueous phase per unit air volume, were observed to increase with altitude. Major species concentrations were typically quite stable at a given elevation, while significant decreases were observed over time in liquid water content. Fogwater concentrations of soluble hydroperoxides were highest near the surface and increased with time after sunrise and were observed to coexist in the high pH fog with S(IV). Time lapse video footage of the top of the fog/cloud layer revealed a very dynamic interface, suggesting entrainment of material from the clear air into the fog/cloud may be significant. 12 refs., 7 figs. 5. Experimental Impeller Fragmentation of Iliocaval Thrombosis Under Tulip Filter Protection: Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Schmitz-Rode, Thomas; Vorwerk, Dierk; Schuermann, Karl; Guenther, Rolf W. 1996-04-15 Purpose: To assess the efficacy of catheter fragmentation of massive caval thrombosis and of filter protection against procedure-related pulmonary embolism. Methods: In 10 sheep, a self-expanding tulip-shaped filter made from Wallstent mesh (diameter 25 mm) was introduced from the right jugular approach into the proximal inferior vena cava. Experimentally induced massive iliocaval thrombosis was fragmented by an impeller catheter (expanded diameter 14 mm), which was advanced coaxially through the sheath of the expanded filter. Post-procedural cavography and pulmonary angiography were performed to document the extent of caval recanalization and pulmonary embolism. Results: In all cases, impeller fragmentation cleared the inferior vena cava and the iliac veins of thrombi completely. Fragments washed downstream were trapped in the filter. In two of the first cases, parts of the clots caused pulmonary embolism before the filter was in place. Further events were avoided by a modification of the experimental setup. Except for some small peripheral perfusion defects in two cases, pulmonary angiograms did not show any incidence of pulmonary embolism. Conclusion: Our preliminary results suggest that impeller fragmentation of iliocaval thrombi under tulip filter protection is effective and does not cause significant pulmonary embolism. 6. Preliminary Results from the PrimEx-II experiment at Jefferson Lab SciTech Connect Gasparian, Ashot 2016-06-01 Properties of the neutral pion, as the lightest hadron in Nature, are most sensitive to the basic symmetries and their partial breaking effects in the theory of the strong interaction (QCD). In particular, the po →gg decay width is primarily defined by the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking effect (chiral anomaly) in QCD. The next order corrections to the anomaly have been shown to be small and are known to a 1% precision level. The PrimEx Collaboration at JLab has developed and performed two Primakoff type experiments to measure the po →gg decay width with a similar precision. The published result from the PrimEx-I experiment, G(p0 →gg ) = 7.82±0.14 (stat.)±0.17 (syst.) eV, was a factor of two more precise than the average value quoted in PDG-2010 [1]. The second experiment was performed in 2010 with a goal of 1.4% total uncertainty to address the next-to-leading-order theory calculations. The preliminary results from the PrimEx-II experiment are presented and discussed in this note. 7. Preliminary results of a balloon flight of the solar disk sextant NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Maier, E.; Twigg, L.; Sofia, S. 1992-01-01 Preliminary results of a balloon flight on October 11, 1991, of the solar disk sextant (SDS) experiment are reported. The SDS is an instrument which measures the solar diameter at different orientations with respect to the solar polar axis. Fitting straight lines through two fixed-angle data sets with time as the independent variable yields slopes of (7.1 +/ - 1.5) x 10 exp -3 and (6.7 +/- 1.6) x 10 exp -3/mas s, consistent with the value of 6.47 x 10 exp -3/mas s expected from the earth's approach to the sun due to the orbital motion toward perihelion. Upon the instrument's rotation on its axis a sinusoidal component of the diameter measurement was observed in each rotation cycle, with a variable amplitude of about 150 mas. The present result is epsilon of (5.6 +/- 6.3) x 10 exp -6, about 30 deg offset from the polar-equator position. The absolute diameter obtained by means of the FFT definition is found to be 1919.269 +/- 0.240 arcsec or 1919.131 +/- 0.240 arcsec, depending on the orientation mode of the measurement. 8. Planned LMSS propagation experiment using ACTS: Preliminary antenna pointing results during mobile operations Rowland, John R.; Goldhirsh, Julius; Vogel, Wolfhard J.; Torrence, Geoffrey W. 1991-07-01 An overview and a status description of the planned LMSS mobile K band experiment with ACTS is presented. As a precursor to the ACTS mobile measurements at 20.185 GHz, measurements at 19.77 GHz employing the Olympus satellite were originally planned. However, because of the demise of Olympus in June of 1991, the efforts described here are focused towards the ACTS measurements. In particular, we describe the design and testing results of a gyro controlled mobile-antenna pointing system. Preliminary pointing measurements during mobile operations indicate that the present system is suitable for measurements employing a 15 cm aperture (beamwidth at approximately 7 deg) receiving antenna operating with ACTS in the high gain transponder mode. This should enable measurements with pattern losses smaller than plus or minus 1 dB over more than 95 percent of the driving distance. Measurements with the present mount system employing a 60 cm aperture (beamwidth at approximately 1.7 deg) results in pattern losses smaller than plus or minus 3 dB for 70 percent of the driving distance. Acceptable propagation measurements may still be made with this system by employing developed software to flag out bad data points due to extreme pointing errors. The receiver system including associated computer control software has been designed and assembled. Plans are underway to integrate the antenna mount with the receiver on the University of Texas mobile receiving van and repeat the pointing tests on highways employing a recently designed radome system. 9. Preliminary experimental results of tungsten wire-array Z-pinches on primary test stand SciTech Connect Huang, Xian-Bin; Zhou, Shao-Tong; Dan, Jia-Kun; Ren, Xiao-Dong Wang, Kun-Lun; Zhang, Si-Qun; Li, Jing; Xu, Qiang; Cai, Hong-Chun; Duan, Shu-Chao; Ouyang, Kai; Chen, Guang-Hua; Ji, Ce; Wei, Bing; Feng, Shu-Ping; Wang, Meng; Xie, Wei-Ping; Deng, Jian-Jun; Zhou, Xiu-Wen; Yang, Yi 2015-07-15 The Primary Test Stand (PTS) developed at the China Academy of Engineering Physics is a 20 TW pulsed power driver, which can deliver a ∼10 MA, 70 ns rise-time (10%–90%) current to a short-circuit load and has important applications in Z-pinch driven inertial confinement fusion and high energy density physics. Preliminary results of tungsten wire-array Z-pinch experiments on PTS are presented. The load geometries investigated include 15-mm-tall cylindrical single and nested arrays with diameter ranging from 13 mm to 30 mm, consisting of 132–300 tungsten wires with 5–10 μm in diameter. Multiple diagnostics were fielded to characterize the x-ray radiation from wire-array Z pinches. The x-ray peak power (∼50 TW) and total radiated energy (∼500 kJ) were obtained from a single 20-mm-diam array with 80-ns stagnation time. The highest x-ray peak power up to 80 TW with 2.4 ns FWHM was achieved by using a nested array with 20-mm outer diameter, and the total x-ray energy from the nested array is comparable to that of single array. Implosion velocity estimated from the time-resolved image measurement exceeds 30 cm/μs. The detailed experimental results and other findings are presented and discussed. 10. Development of a decision support system for residential construction using panellised walls: approach and preliminary results. PubMed Nussbaum, Maury A; Shewchuk, John P; Kim, Sunwook; Seol, Hyang; Guo, Cheng 2009-01-01 There is a high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among residential construction workers, yet control in this industry can be difficult for a number of reasons. A decision support system (DSS) is described here to allow early assessment of both ergonomic and productivity concerns, specifically by designers. Construction using prefabricated walls (panels) is the focus of current DSS development and is based conceptually on an existing 'Safety in Construction Design' model. A stepwise description of the development process is provided, including input from end users, taxonomy development and task analysis, construction worker input, detailed laboratory-based simulations and modelling/solution approaches and implementation. Preliminary results are presented for several steps. These results suggest that construction activities using panels can be efficiently represented, that some of these activities involve exposure to high levels of WMSD risk and that several assumptions are required to allow for ease of mathematical and computational implementation of the DSS. Successful development of such tools, which allow for proactive control of exposures, is argued as having substantial potential benefit. 11. Development of a treatment planning system for BNCT based on positron emission tomography data: preliminary results Cerullo, N.; Daquino, G. G.; Muzi, L.; Esposito, J. 2004-01-01 Present standard treatment planning (TP) for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM - a kind of brain tumor), used in all boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) trials, requires the construction (based on CT and/or MRI images) of a 3D model of the patient head, in which several regions, corresponding to different anatomical structures, are identified. The model is then employed by a computer code to simulate radiation transport in human tissues. The assumption is always made that considering a single value of boron concentration for each specific region will not lead to significant errors in dose computation. The concentration values are estimated "indirectly", on the basis of previous experience and blood sample analysis. This paper describes an original approach, with the introduction of data on the in vivo boron distribution, acquired by a positron emission tomography (PET) scan after labeling the BPA (borono-phenylalanine) with the positron emitter 18F. The feasibility of this approach was first tested with good results using the code CARONTE. Now a complete TPS is under development. The main features of the first version of this code are described and the results of a preliminary study are presented. Significant differences in dose computation arise when the two different approaches ("standard" and "PET-based") are applied to the TP of the same GBM case. 12. Bioinformatics analysis of the gene expression profile of hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results PubMed Central Li, Jia 2016-01-01 Aim of the study To analyse the expression profile of hepatocellular carcinoma compared with normal liver by using bioinformatics methods. Material and methods In this study, we analysed the microarray expression data of HCC and adjacent normal liver samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to screen for differentially expressed genes. Then, functional analyses were performed using GenCLiP analysis, Gene Ontology categories, and aberrant pathway identification. In addition, we used the CMap database to identify small molecules that can induce HCC. Results Overall, 2721 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. We found 180 metastasis-related genes and constructed co-occurrence networks. Several significant pathways, including the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signalling pathway, were identified as closely related to these DEGs. Some candidate small molecules (such as betahistine) were identified that might provide a basis for developing HCC treatments in the future. Conclusions Although we functionally analysed the differences in the gene expression profiles of HCC and normal liver tissues, our study is essentially preliminary, and it may be premature to apply our results to clinical trials. Further research and experimental testing are required in future studies. PMID:27095935 13. Preliminary results from Jurassic/Cretaceous magnetostratigraphic sections in the Northern Apennines (Italy) Turtù, Antonio; Satolli, Sara 2013-04-01 The Jurassic to Eocene Italian Umbria-Marche sections of the Apennines have demonstrated their exceptional magnetic and biostratigraphic potential for magnetostratigraphy. Moreover, they are well exposed and give the possibility to perform fold and reversal test in order to verify the reliability of the characteristic magnetization components. We report preliminary results from two sections in the Northern Apennines (Italy): the Salto del Cieco section ranges from the Lower Jurassic (Calcare Massiccio Fm.) to the Lower Cretaceous (Marne a Fucoidi Fm.) time with a total thickness of ca. 400 m. Samples have been collected with spacing of 20-30 cm, gathering 717 samples; the Piè di Cammoro section encompasses the Barremian-Turonian (top of Maiolica Fm. to top of Scaglia Bianca Fm.) time span. Here, the paleomagnetic sampling has been carried with spacing of 20-50 cm for a total of 345 samples. Paleomagnetic analysis was performed in the Alpine Laboratory of Paleomagnetism (ALP) in Peveragno (Cuneo, Italy). The Magnetic Susceptibility and the Natural Remanent Magnetization of all samples were measured using a Kappabridge KLY-3 and a 2G DC-SQUID cryogenic magnetometer, respectively. 45 pilot samples were demagnetized in 23 steps between 20° C and 700° C, controlling variation in mineralogy by measuring the magnetic susceptibility at each step. This allow to recognize the presence of a characteristic magnetization component between 300° C and 700° C. Thus, all the remaining samples where demagnetized in 15 steps in this temperature range. The Virtual Geomagnetic Pole (VGP) latitudes of the characteristic magnetization components from each retained sample were evaluated by calculating the angles between the individual VGPs and the mean paleomagnetic pole of each section. The VGP latitudes define a succession of normal- and reverse-polarity magnetozones, which was compared to the geomagnetic polarity timescale (GPTS). In the Salto del Cieco section we obtained a good 14. Detections of Propellers in Saturn's Rings using Machine Learning: Preliminary Results Gordon, Mitchell K.; Showalter, Mark R.; Odess, Jennifer; Del Villar, Ambi; LaMora, Andy; Paik, Jin; Lakhani, Karim; Sergeev, Rinat; Erickson, Kristen; Galica, Carol; Grayzeck, Edwin; Morgan, Thomas; Knopf, William 2015-11-01 We report on the initial analysis of the output of a tool designed to identify persistent, non-axisymmetric features in the rings of Saturn. This project introduces a new paradigm for scientific software development. The preliminary results include what appear to be new detections of propellers in the rings of Saturn.The Planetary Data System (PDS), working with the NASA Tournament Lab (NTL), Crowd Innovation Lab at Harvard University, and the Topcoder community at Appirio, Inc., under the umbrella “Cassini Rings Challenge”, sponsored a set of competitions employing crowd sourcing and machine learning to develop a tool which could be made available to the community at large. The Challenge was tackled by running a series of separate contests to solve individual tasks prior to the major machine learning challenge. Each contest was comprised of a set of requirements, a timeline, one or more prizes, and other incentives, and was posted by Appirio to the Topcoder Community. In the case of the machine learning challenge (a “Marathon Challenge” on the Topcoder platform), members competed against each other by submitting solutions that were scored in real time and posted to a public leader-board by a scoring algorithm developed by Appirio for this contest.The current version of the algorithm was run against ~30,000 of the highest resolution Cassini ISS images. That set included 668 images with a total of 786 features previously identified as propellers in the main rings. The tool identified 81% of those previously identified propellers. In a preliminary, close examination of 130 detections identified by the tool, we determined that of the 130 detections, 11 were previously identified propeller detections, 5 appear to be new detections of known propellers, and 4 appear to be detections of propellers which have not been seen previously. A total of 20 valid detections from 130 candidates implies a relatively high false positive rate which we hope to reduce by further 15. Upper Pleistocene - Holocene activity of the Carrascoy Fault (Murcia, SE Spain): preliminary results from paleoseismological research. Martin-Banda, Raquel; Garcia-Mayordomo, Julian; Insua-Arevalo, Juan M.; Salazar, Angel; Rodriguez-Escudero, Emilio; Alvarez-Gomez, Jose A.; Martinez-Diaz, Jose J.; Herrero, Maria J.; Medialdea, Alicia 2014-05-01 The Carrascoy Fault is located in the Internal Zones of the Betic Cordillera (Southern Spain). In particular, the Carrascoy Fault is one of the major faults forming the Eastern Betic Shear Zone, the main structure accommodating the convergence between Nubian and Eurasian plates in the westernmost Mediterranean. So far, the Carrascoy Fault has been defined as a left-lateral strike-slip fault. It extends for at least 31 km in a NE-SW trend from the village of Zeneta (Murcia) at its northeastern tip, to the Cañaricos village, controlling the northern edge of the Carrascoy Range and its linkage to the Guadalentin Depression towards the southwest. This is an area of moderate seismic activity, but densely populated, the capital of the region, Murcia, being settled very close to the fault. Hence, the knowledge of the structure and kinematics of the Carrascoy Fault is essential for assessing reliably the seismic hazard of the region. We present a detailed-scale geological and geomorphological map along the fault zone created from a LIDAR DEM combined with fieldwork, and geological and geophysical information. Furthermore, a number of trenches have been dug across the fault at different locations providing insights in the fault most recent activity as well as paleoseismic data. Preliminary results suggest that the Cararscoy Fault has recently changed its kinematic showing a near pure reverse motion. According to this, the fault can be divided into two distinct segments, the eastern one: Zeneta - Fuensanta, and the western one: Fuensanta - Cañaricos, each one having its own characteristic style and geodynamics. Some new active strands of the fault locate at the foot of the very first relief towards the North of the older strand, forming the current southern border of the Guadalentin Depression. These new faults show an increasingly reverse component westwards, so that the Fuensanta - Cañaricos segment is constituted by thrusts, which are blind at its western end 16. Intraprostatic injection of alcohol gel for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: preliminary clinical results. PubMed Larson, Benjamin T; Netto, Nelson; Huidobro, Christian; de Lima, Marcelo Lopez; Matheus, Wagner; Acevedo, Cristian; Larson, Thayne R 2006-09-06 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases ailing older men. Office-based procedures offer the advantage of being more effective than medications, while limiting the adverse effects, cost, and recovery of surgery. This study presents preliminary data on a new procedure that utilizes intraprostatic alcohol gel injection to ablate prostatic tissue. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using this gel as a treatment for BPH. A total of 65 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to BPH were treated with intraprostatic injections of alcohol gel. The gel is composed of 97% denatured alcohol and a patented polymer to cause viscosity. Three different methods of injection were utilized: transrectal (TR) injections (8), transurethral (TU) injections (36), and transperineal (TP) injections guided by biplaned ultrasound (21). Each method provided easy access to the center of the prostate, where a volume of gel, approximately 20-30% of the prostatic volume, was injected. Follow-up was based on changes in peak urinary flow (Qmax), IPSS scores, quality of life scores (QoL), adverse effects, and failures. Data are available at 3 and 12 months. The procedure was well tolerated with only local or no anesthesia in the TR and TP groups; the TU group received spinal anesthesia. All groups showed statistically significant (p < 0.0001) improvements in Qmax, IPSS, and QoL. The mean amount of gel injected was 8.05 ml, representing 21.56% of the prostatic volume. Qmax increased from a baseline mean of 8.50 to 12.01 ml/s at 3 months, and to 11.29 ml/s at 12 months. IPSS scores improved from a baseline mean of 21.12 to 10.00 at 3 months, and to 11.84 at 12 months. QoL scores were only available for 55 patients. QoL scores improved from a baseline of 3.93 to 1.98 at 3 months, and to 2.18 at 12 months. No extraprostatic injury or adverse effects were reported due to treatment. This preliminary study presents significant results 17. Chronic inhalation study of fiber glass and amosite asbestos in hamsters: twelve-month preliminary results. PubMed Central Hesterberg, T W; Axten, C; McConnell, E E; Oberdörster, G; Everitt, J; Miiller, W C; Chevalier, J; Chase, G R; Thevenaz, P 1997-01-01 The effects of chronic inhalation of glass fibers and amosite asbestos are currently under study in hamsters. The study includes 18 months of inhalation exposure followed by lifetime recovery. Syrian golden hamsters are exposed, nose only, for 6 hr/day, 5 day/week to size-selected test fibers: MMVF10a (Schuller 901 insulation glass); MMVF33 (Schuller 475 durable glass); amosite asbestos (three doses); or to filtered air (controls). Here we report interim results on airborne fiber characterization, lung fiber burden, and pathology (preliminary) through 12 months. Aerosolized test fibers averaged 15 to 20 microns in length and 0.5 to 1 micron in diameter. Target aerosol concentrations of World Health Organization (WHO) fibers (longer than 5 microns) were 250 fibers/cc for MMVF10a and MMVF33, and 25, 125, or 250 fibers/cc for amosite. WHO fiber lung burdens showed time-dependent and (for amosite) dose-dependent increases. After a 12-month exposure, lung burdens of fibers longer than 20 microns were greatest with amosite high and mid doses, similar for low-dose amosite and MMVF33, and smaller for MMVF10a. Biological responses of animals exposed for 12 months to MMVF10a were limited to nonspecific pulmonary inflammation. However, exposures to MMVF33 and each of three doses of amosite were associated with lung fibrosis and possible mesotheliomas (1 with MMVF33 and 2, 3, and 1 with amosite low, mid, and high doses, respectively). Pulmonary and pleural changes associated with amosite were qualitatively and quantitatively more severe than those associated with MMVF33. As of the 12-month time point, this study demonstrates that two different fiber glass compositions with similar fiber dimensions but different durabilities can have distinctly different effects on the hamster lung and pleura after inhalation exposure. (Preliminary tumor data through 18 months of exposure and 6 weeks of postexposure recovery became available as this manuscript went to press: No tumors were 18. Radiologically Defined Ecological Dynamics and Clinical Outcomes in Glioblastoma Multiforme: Preliminary Results1 PubMed Central Zhou, Mu; Hall, Lawrence; Goldgof, Dmitry; Russo, Robin; Balagurunathan, Yoganand; Gillies, Robert; Gatenby, Robert 2014-01-01 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations from 32 patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) enrolled in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Spatial variations in T1 post-gadolinium and either T2-weighted or fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequences from each tumor MRI study were used to characterize each small region of the tumor by its local contrast enhancement and edema/cellularity (“habitat”). The patient cohort was divided into group 1 (survival < 400 days, n = 16) and group 2 (survival > 400 days, n = 16). RESULTS: Histograms of relative values in each sequence demonstrated that the tumor regions were consistently divided into high and low blood contrast enhancement, each of which could be subdivided into regions of high, low, and intermediate cell density/interstitial edema. Group 1 tumors contained greater volumes of habitats with low contrast enhancement but intermediate and high cell density (not fully necrotic) than group 2. Both leave-one-out and 10-fold cross-validation schemes demonstrated that individual patients could be correctly assigned to the short or long survival group with 81.25% accuracy. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that novel image analytic techniques can characterize regional habitat variations in GBMs using combinations of MRI sequences. A preliminary study of 32 patients from the TCGA database found that the distribution of MRI-defined habitats varied significantly among the different survival groups. Radiologically defined ecological tumor analysis may provide valuable prognostic and predictive biomarkers in GBM and other tumors. PMID:24772202 19. Hippocampal Brain Volume Is Associated with Faster Facial Emotion Identification in Older Adults: Preliminary Results PubMed Central Szymkowicz, Sarah M.; Persson, Jonas; Lin, Tian; Fischer, Håkan; Ebner, Natalie C. 2016-01-01 Quick correct identification of facial emotions is highly relevant for successful social interactions. Research suggests that older, compared to young, adults experience increased difficulty with face and emotion processing skills. While functional neuroimaging studies suggest age differences in neural processing of faces and emotions, evidence about age-associated structural brain changes and their involvement in face and emotion processing is scarce. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), this study investigated the extent to which volumes of frontal and temporal brain structures were related to reaction time in accurate identification of facial emotions in 30 young and 30 older adults. Volumetric segmentation was performed using FreeSurfer and gray matter volumes from frontal and temporal regions were extracted. Analysis of covariances (ANCOVAs) models with response time (RT) as the dependent variable and age group and regional volume, and their interaction, as independent variables were conducted, controlling for total intracranial volume (ICV). Results indicated that, in older adults, larger hippocampal volumes were associated with faster correct facial emotion identification. These preliminary observations suggest that greater volume in brain regions associated with face and emotion processing contributes to improved facial emotion identification performance in aging. PMID:27610082 20. Cloud recognition from ground-based solar radiation measurements: preliminary results Calbo, Josep; Gonzalez, Josep-Abel 1998-12-01 Despite cloud recognition techniques that can routinely identify cloud classes form satellite images, observation of clouds from the ground is still needed to acquire a complete description of cloud climatology. Solar radiation in a given site is one of the meteorological magnitudes that are most affected by cloud cover. Presently, the number of stations where both global and diffuse total solar radiation is measured is growing, due basically to energetic applications of solar radiation. Global and diffuse hourly irradiation, along with some measure of the temporal variability of solar radiation, are used in this paper to describe the sky condition, and to classify it into several cloud types. A classical maximum likelihood method is applied for clustering data. One year of solar radiation data and cloud observations at a site in Catalonia, Spain is used to illustrate the ability of solar radiation measurements to describe cloud types. Preliminary results of the above methodology show that three clusters appear using global and diffuse hourly irradiation only. Fog, stratus, and stratocumulus from the first group. A second group includes altocumulus alone or mixed with other clouds, as well as scattered cumulus congestus. In a third group, we find clear skies, cirrus and scattered cumulus. Especially in this third group, variability of solar radiation within an hour helps to separate different situations. 1. Preliminary results for salt aerosol production intended for marine cloud brightening, using effervescent spray atomization PubMed Central Cooper, Gary; Foster, Jack; Galbraith, Lee; Jain, Sudhanshu; Neukermans, Armand; Ormond, Bob 2014-01-01 The large-scale production of vast numbers of suitable salt nuclei and their upward launch is one of the main technological barriers to the experimental testing of marine cloud brightening (MCB). Very promising, though not definitive, results have been obtained using an adapted version of effervescent spray atomization. The process is simple, robust and inexpensive. This form of effervescent spraying uses only pressurized water and air sprayed from small nozzles to obtain very fine distributions. While it is far from optimized, and may not be the best method if full deployment is ever desired, we believe that even in its present form the process would lend itself well to preliminary field test investigations of MCB. Measurements obtained using standard aerosol instrumentation show approximately lognormal distributions of salt nuclei with median diameters of approximately 65 nm and geometric standard deviations slightly less than 2. However, these measurements are not in agreement with those based on scanning electron microscopy imaging of collected particles, an observation that has not yet been explained. Assuming the above distribution, 1015 particles per second could be made with 21 kW of spray power, using approximately 200 nozzles. It is envisioned that existing snow making equipment can be adapted to launch the nuclei 60–100 m into the air, requiring approximately 20 kW of additional power. PMID:25404673 2. Non-migrating diurnal tides as measured by the TIMED Doppler interferometer: Preliminary results Oberheide, J.; Wu, Q.; Ortland, D. A.; Killeen, T. L.; Hagan, M. E.; Roble, R. G.; Niciejewski, R. J.; Skinner, W. R. Preliminary meridional wind data from the TIMED Doppler interferometer (TIDI) onboard the TIMED satellite are analyzed for non-migrating diurnal tides. Tidal definitions are given for the most pronounced westward, eastward and standing oscillations ( w2, e3, s0). The analysis interval is March 2002 to June 2004 and covers the altitude range 85-105 km. Monthly tidal wind fields from 40°S to 40°N are presented. TIDI tides compare favorably with previously reported 95 km HRDI results. Non-migrating diurnal tidal wind speeds larger than 30 m/s are observed thus emphasizing the important role of non-migrating tides in middle atmosphere coupling. A comparative analysis with the global scale wave model (GSWM) and the thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIME-GCM) indicates that both latent heat release in the tropical troposphere and non-linear planetary wave/migrating tide interaction are important sources of non-migrating tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. 3. The new single-channel approaches for retrieving land surface temperature and the preliminary results Chen, Feng; Yang, Song; Liu, Lin; Zhao, Xiaofeng 2014-11-01 Two satellites named HJ-1A and HJ-1B were launched on 6 September 2008, which are intended for environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting. The infrared scanner (IRS) onboard HJ-1B has one thermal infrared band. Currently, for sensors with one thermal band (e.g. Landsat TM/ETM+ and HJ-1B), several empirical algorithms have been developed to estimate land surface temperature (LST). However, surface emissivity and atmospheric parameters which are not readily accessible to general users are required for these empirical methods. To resolve this problem, particularly for HJ-1B, new retrieval methodology is desired. According to proper assumptions, two approaches were proposed, which included the single-channel method based on temporal and spatial information (MTSC) and the image based single-channel method (IBSC). The newly developed methods are mainly for estimating LST accurately from one thermal band, even without any accurate information related to the atmospheric parameters and land surface emissivity. In this paper, we introduce and give preliminary assessments on the new approaches. Assessments generally show good agreement between the HJ-1B retrieved results and the MODIS references. Especially, over sea and water areas the biases were less than 1K while the root mean square errors were about 1K for both MTSC and IBSC methods. As expected, the MTSC method did superiorly to the IBSC method, owning to spatiotemporal information is incorporated into the MTSC method, although more experiments and comparisons should be conducted further. 4. Preliminary results from a search for regional tectonomagnetic effects in California and western Nevada USGS Publications Warehouse Johnston, M.J.S. 1974-01-01 Physical theory and laboratory experiments both indicate that tectonomagnetic effects in seismically active areas should be detected with highly sensitive drift-free differential magnetometers. By using a pair of synchronized 0.25 7 absolute magnetometers to measure precisely field differences between 70 adjacent sites with a 10-15 km separation, more than 1,000 km of faults in California and western Nevada have been monitored for anomalous changes in the local magnetic field. Over a nine-month period, four sets of mea surements have been completed along 350 km of the San Andreas and two sets along the Excelsior Mountains, Mono Lake, and Owens Valley. Preliminary results show that significant changes have occurred between each subsequent data set and that these changes appear to be related to tectonic structure and seismicity. This method looks promising as a simple inexpensive scheme for indicating some hazardous sections of active faults, particularly in countries where extensive geophysics programs are not feasible. ?? 1974. 5. Preliminary results of CCD observations targeting Himalia acquired at Yunnan Observatories in 2015 Peng, Huan-Wen; Wang, Na; Peng, Qing-Yu 2016-12-01 In order to study the potential associated with high precision CCD astrometry of irregular satellites, we have acquired experimental observations of Himalia, the sixth and irregular satellite of Jupiter. A total of 185 CCD observations were obtained by using the 2.4m and 1m telescopes administered by Yunnan Observatories over ten nights. Preliminary analysis of the observations were made, including geometric distortion, atmospheric refraction, and also the phase effect. All positions of Himalia are measured relative to the reference stars from the catalog UCAC4 in each CCD field of view. The theoretical positions of Himalia were retrieved from the Institute de Méchanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides, while the positions of Jupiter were obtained based on the planetary ephemeris INPOP13c. The results show that the means of observed minus computed (O - C) residuals are -0.004″ and -0.002″ in right ascension and declination, respectively. The standard deviations of (O - C) residuals are estimated to be about 0.04″ in each direction. 6. Preliminary results for the design, fabrication, and performance of a backside-illuminated avalanche drift detector Qiao, Yun; Liang, Kun; Chen, Wen-Fei; Han, De-Jun 2013-10-01 The detection of low-level light is a key technology in various experimental scientific studies. As a photon detector, the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) has gradually become an alternative to the photomultiplier tube (PMT) in many applications in high-energy physics, astroparticle physics, and medical imaging because of its high photon detection efficiency (PDE), good resolution for single-photon detection, insensitivity to magnetic field, low operating voltage, compactness, and low cost. However, primarily because of the geometric fill factor, the PDE of most SiPMs is not very high; in particular, for those SiPMs with a high density of micro cells, the effective area is small, and the bandwidth of the light response is narrow. As a building block of the SiPM, the concept of the backside-illuminated avalanche drift detector (ADD) was first proposed by the Max Planck Institute of Germany eight years ago; the ADD is promising to have high PDE over the full energy range of optical photons, even ultraviolet light and X-ray light, and because the avalanche multiplication region is very small, the ADD is beneficial for the fabrication of large-area SiPMs. However, because of difficulties in design and fabrication, no significant progress had been made, and the concept had not yet been verified. In this paper, preliminary results in the design, fabrication, and performance of a backside-illuminated ADD are reported; the difficulties in and limitations to the backside-illuminated ADD are analyzed. 7. Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation Lung Ablation: Preliminary Results in a Porcine Model SciTech Connect Deodhar, Ajita; Monette, Sebastien; Single, Gordon W.; Hamilton, William C.; Thornton, Raymond H.; Sofocleous, Constantinos T.; Maybody, Majid; Solomon, Stephen B. 2011-12-15 Objective: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) uses direct electrical pulses to create permanent 'pores' in cell membranes to cause cell death. In contrast to conventional modalities, IRE has a nonthermal mechanism of action. Our objective was to study the histopathological and imaging features of IRE in normal swine lung. Materials and Methods: Eleven female swine were studied for hyperacute (8 h), acute (24 h), subacute (96 h), and chronic (3 week) effects of IRE ablation in lung. Paired unipolar IRE applicators were placed under computed tomography (CT) guidance. Some applicators were deliberately positioned near bronchovascular structures. IRE pulse delivery was synchronized with the cardiac rhythm only when ablation was performed within 2 cm of the heart. Contrast-enhanced CT scan was performed immediately before and after IRE and at 1 and 3 weeks after IRE ablation. Representative tissue was stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathology. Results: Twenty-five ablations were created: ten hyperacute, four acute, and three subacute ablations showed alveolar edema and necrosis with necrosis of bronchial, bronchiolar, and vascular epithelium. Bronchovascular architecture was maintained. Chronic ablations showed bronchiolitis obliterans and alveolar interstitial fibrosis. Immediate post-procedure CT images showed linear or patchy density along the applicator tract. At 1 week, there was consolidation that resolved partially or completely by 3 weeks. Pneumothorax requiring chest tube developed in two animals; no significant cardiac arrhythmias were noted. Conclusion: Our preliminary porcine study demonstrates the nonthermal and extracellular matrix sparing mechanism of action of IRE. IRE is a potential alternative to thermal ablative modalities. 8. Pool film boiling experiments on a wire in low gravity: preliminary results. PubMed Di Marco, P; Grassi, W; Trentavizi, F 2002-10-01 This paper reports preliminary results for pool film boiling on a wire immersed in almost saturated FC72 recently obtained during an experimental campaign performed in low gravity on the European Space Agency Zero-G airplane, (reduced gravity level 10(-2)). This is part of a long-term research program on the effect of gravitational and electric forces on boiling. The reported data set refers to experiments performed under the following conditions: (1) Earth gravity without electric field, (2) Earth gravity with electric field, (3) low gravity without electric field, and (4) low gravity with electric field. Although a decrease of gravity causes a heat transfer degradation, the electric field markedly improves heat exchange. This improvement is so effective that, beyond a certain field value, the heat flux is no longer sensitive to gravity. Two main film boiling regimes have been identified, both in normal and in low gravity: one is affected by the electric field and the other is practically insensitive to the field influence. 9. The relationship between team climate and interprofessional collaboration: Preliminary results of a mixed methods study. PubMed Agreli, Heloise F; Peduzzi, Marina; Bailey, Christopher 2017-03-01 Relational and organisational factors are key elements of interprofessional collaboration (IPC) and team climate. Few studies have explored the relationship between IPC and team climate. This article presents a study that aimed to explore IPC in primary healthcare teams and understand how the assessment of team climate may provide insights into IPC. A mixed methods study design was adopted. In Stage 1 of the study, team climate was assessed using the Team Climate Inventory with 159 professionals in 18 interprofessional teams based in São Paulo, Brazil. In Stage 2, data were collected through in-depth interviews with a sample of team members who participated in the first stage of the study. Results from Stage 1 provided an overview of factors relevant to teamwork, which in turn informed our exploration of the relationship between team climate and IPC. Preliminary findings from Stage 2 indicated that teams with a more positive team climate (in particular, greater participative safety) also reported more effective communication and mutual support. In conclusion, team climate provided insights into IPC, especially regarding aspects of communication and interaction in teams. Further research will provide a better understanding of differences and areas of overlap between team climate and IPC. It will potentially contribute for an innovative theoretical approach to explore interprofessional work in primary care settings. 10. Multitemporal Spaceborne SAR Data For Urbanization Monitoring In China: Preliminary Result 2010-10-01 The objective of this research is to investigate multitemporal spaceborne SAR data for urbanization monitoring in China. A generalized version of Kittler- Illingworth minimum-error thresholding algorithm, that takes into account the non-Gaussian distribution of SAR images, was tested to automatically classify the change variable derived from SAR multitemporal images into two classes, change and no change. A modified ratio operator was examined for identifying both positive and negative changes by comparing the multitemporal SAR images on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Various probability density functions such as Log normal, Generalized Gaussian, Nakagami ratio, and Weibull ratio models were tested to model the distribution of the change and no change classes. The preliminary results showed that this unsupervised change detection algorithm is very effective in detecting temporal changes in urban areas using multitemporal SAR images. The initial findings indicated that change detection accuracy varies depending on how the assumed conditional class density function fits the histograms of change and no change classes. 11. Preliminary Results of Earthquake-Induced Building Damage Detection with Object-Based Image Classification Sabuncu, A.; Uca Avci, Z. D.; Sunar, F. 2016-06-01 Earthquakes are the most destructive natural disasters, which result in massive loss of life, infrastructure damages and financial losses. Earthquake-induced building damage detection is a very important step after earthquakes since earthquake-induced building damage is one of the most critical threats to cities and countries in terms of the area of damage, rate of collapsed buildings, the damage grade near the epicenters and also building damage types for all constructions. Van-Ercis (Turkey) earthquake (Mw= 7.1) was occurred on October 23th, 2011; at 10:41 UTC (13:41 local time) centered at 38.75 N 43.36 E that places the epicenter about 30 kilometers northern part of the city of Van. It is recorded that, 604 people died and approximately 4000 buildings collapsed or seriously damaged by the earthquake. In this study, high-resolution satellite images of Van-Ercis, acquired by Quickbird-2 (Digital Globe Inc.) after the earthquake, were used to detect the debris areas using an object-based image classification. Two different land surfaces, having homogeneous and heterogeneous land covers, were selected as case study areas. As a first step of the object-based image processing, segmentation was applied with a convenient scale parameter and homogeneity criterion parameters. As a next step, condition based classification was used. In the final step of this preliminary study, outputs were compared with streetview/ortophotos for the verification and evaluation of the classification accuracy. 12. Preliminary Results of Subsurface Exploration and Monitoring at the Johnson Creek Landslide, Lincoln County, Oregon USGS Publications Warehouse Schulz, William H.; Ellis, William L. 2007-01-01 The Johnson Creek landslide is a translational, primarily bedrock landslide located along the Oregon coast about 5 km north of Newport. The landslide has damaged U.S. Highway 101 many times since construction of the highway and at least two geological and geotechnical investigations of the landslide have been performed by Oregon State agencies. In cooperation with the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries and the Oregon Department of Transportation, the U.S. Geological Survey upgraded landslide monitoring systems and installed additional monitoring devices at the landslide beginning in 2004. Monitoring devices at the landslide measured landslide displacement, rainfall, air temperature, shallow soil-water content, and ground-water temperature and pressure. The devices were connected to automatic dataloggers and read at one-hour and, more recently, 15-minute intervals. Monitoring results were periodically downloaded from the dataloggers using cellular telemetry. The purposes of this report are to describe and present preliminary monitoring data from November 19, 2004, to March 31, 2007. 13. Preliminary results of the aerosol optical depth retrieval in Johor, Malaysia Lim, H. Q.; Kanniah, K. D.; Lau, A. M. S. 2014-02-01 Monitoring of atmospheric aerosols over the urban area is important as tremendous amounts of pollutants are released by industrial activities and heavy traffic flow. Air quality monitoring by satellite observation provides better spatial coverage, however, detailed aerosol properties retrieval remains a challenge. This is due to the limitation of aerosol retrieval algorithm on high reflectance (bright surface) areas. The aim of this study is to retrieve aerosol optical depth over urban areas of Iskandar Malaysia; the main southern development zone in Johor state, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 500 m resolution data. One of the important steps is the aerosol optical depth retrieval is to characterise different types of aerosols in the study area. This information will be used to construct a Look Up Table containing the simulated aerosol reflectance and corresponding aerosol optical depth. Thus, in this study we have characterised different aerosol types in the study area using Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data. These data were processed using cluster analysis and the preliminary results show that the area is consisting of coastal urban (65%), polluted urban (27.5%), dust particles (6%) and heavy pollution (1.5%) aerosols. 14. Preliminary results from the hydrodynamic element of the 1994 entrapment zone study USGS Publications Warehouse Burau, J.R.; Stacey, M.; Gartner, J.W. 1995-01-01 This article discusses preliminary results from analyses of USGS hydrodynamic data collected as part of the 1994 Interagency Ecological Program entrapment zone study. The USGS took part in three 30-hour cruises and deployed instruments for measuring currents and salinity from April to June. This article primarily focuses on the analysis of data from five Acoustic Doppler Current ProUers (ADCPs) deployed in Carquinez Strait, Suisun Bay, and the Western Delta. From these analyses a revised conceptual model of the hydrodynamics of the entrapment/null zone has evolved. The ideas discussed in this newsletter article are essentially working hypotheses, which are presented here to stimulate discussion and further analyses. In this article we discuss the currently-held conceptual model of entrapment and present data that are inconsistent with this conceptual model. Finally, we suggest a revised conceptual model that is consistent with all of the hydrodynamic data collected to date and describe how the 1995 study incorporates our revised conceptual model into its design. 15. The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (GeoMIP6): simulation design and preliminary results Kravitz, B.; Robock, A.; Tilmes, S.; Boucher, O.; English, J. M.; Irvine, P. J.; Jones, A.; Lawrence, M. G.; MacCracken, M.; Muri, H.; Moore, J. C.; Niemeier, U.; Phipps, S. J.; Sillmann, J.; Storelvmo, T.; Wang, H.; Watanabe, S. 2015-06-01 We present a suite of new climate model experiment designs for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). This set of experiments, named GeoMIP6 (to be consistent with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6), builds on the previous GeoMIP simulations, and has been expanded to address several further important topics, including key uncertainties in extreme events, the use of geoengineering as part of a portfolio of responses to climate change, and the relatively new idea of cirrus cloud thinning to allow more longwave radiation to escape to space. We discuss experiment designs, as well as the rationale for those designs, showing preliminary results from individual models when available. We also introduce a new feature, called the GeoMIP Testbed, which provides a platform for simulations that will be performed with a few models and subsequently assessed to determine whether the proposed experiment designs will be adopted as core (Tier 1) GeoMIP experiments. This is meant to encourage various stakeholders to propose new targeted experiments that address their key open science questions, with the goal of making GeoMIP more relevant to a broader set of communities. 16. The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (GeoMIP6): simulation design and preliminary results Kravitz, B.; Robock, A.; Tilmes, S.; Boucher, O.; English, J. M.; Irvine, P. J.; Jones, A.; Lawrence, M. G.; MacCracken, M.; Muri, H.; Moore, J. C.; Niemeier, U.; Phipps, S. J.; Sillmann, J.; Storelvmo, T.; Wang, H.; Watanabe, S. 2015-10-01 We present a suite of new climate model experiment designs for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). This set of experiments, named GeoMIP6 (to be consistent with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6), builds on the previous GeoMIP project simulations, and has been expanded to address several further important topics, including key uncertainties in extreme events, the use of geoengineering as part of a portfolio of responses to climate change, and the relatively new idea of cirrus cloud thinning to allow more longwave radiation to escape to space. We discuss experiment designs, as well as the rationale for those designs, showing preliminary results from individual models when available. We also introduce a new feature, called the GeoMIP Testbed, which provides a platform for simulations that will be performed with a few models and subsequently assessed to determine whether the proposed experiment designs will be adopted as core (Tier 1) GeoMIP experiments. This is meant to encourage various stakeholders to propose new targeted experiments that address their key open science questions, with the goal of making GeoMIP more relevant to a broader set of communities. 17. Application of ARM Cloud Radar Simulator to GCMs: Plan, Issues, and Preliminary Results Zhang, Y.; Xie, S.; Klein, S. A.; Marchand, R.; Lin, W.; Kollias, P.; Clothiaux, E. E. 2015-12-01 It has been challenging to directly compare ARM ground-based cloud radar measurements with climate model output because of limitations or features of the observing process. To address this issue, an ongoing effort in ARM is to implement ARM cloud radar simulator, similar to satellite simulators that have been widely used in the global climate modeling community, to convert model data into pseudo-ARM cloud radar observations. The simulator mimics the instrument view of a narrow atmospheric column (as compared to a large GCM grid-cell) thus allowing meaningful comparison between model output and ARM cloud observations. This work is being closely coordinated with the CFMIP (the Cloud-Feedback Model Intercomparison Project) Observation Simulator Package (COSP, www.cfmip.net; Bodas-Salcedo et al. 2011) project. The goal is to incorporate ARM simulators into COSP with the global climate modeling community as the target user. This poster provides details about the implementation plan, discusses potential issues with ground-based simulators for both ARM radars, and presents preliminary results in evaluating the DOE Accelerated Climate Model for Energy (ACME) simulated clouds with ARM radar observations through applying the ARM radar simulator to ACME. Future plans on this project are discussed. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. 18. Preliminary results with a strip ionization chamber used as beam monitor for hadrontherapy treatments Boriano, A.; Bourhaleb, F.; Cirio, R.; Cirrone, G. A. P.; Cuttone, G.; Donetti, M.; Garelli, E.; Giordanengo, S.; Luparia, A.; Marchette, F.; Peroni, C.; Raffaele, L.; Sabini, M. G.; Valastro, L. 2006-01-01 Preliminary results are presented from a test of a parallel plate ionization chamber with the anode segmented in strips (MOPI) to be used as a beam monitor for therapeutical treatments on the 62 MeV proton beam line of the INFN-LNS Superconducting Cyclotron. Ocular pathologies have been treated at the Catana facility since March 2002. The detector, placed downstream of the patient collimator, will allow the measurement of the relevant beam diagnostic parameters during treatment such as integrated beam fluence, for dose determination; the beam baricentre, width and asymmetry will be obtained from the fluence profile sampled with a resolution of about 100 Urn at a rate up to 1 kHz with no dead time. In this test, carried out at LNS, the detector has been exposed to different beam shapes and the integrated fluence derived by the measured beam profiles has been compared with that obtained with other dosimeters normally used for treatment. The skewness of the beam profile has been measured and shown to be suitable to on-line check variations of the beam shape. 19. A Compact Infrared Space Telescope MIRIS and its Preliminary Observational Results Han, Wonyong; Pyo, Jeonghyun; Kim, Il-Joong; Lee, Dae-Hee; Jeong, Woong-Seob; Moon, Bongkon; Park, Youngsik; Park, Sung-Joon; Lee, Dukhang; Park, Won-Kee; Ko, Kyeongyeon; Kim, Min Gyu; Nam, Uk-Won; Park, Hong-Young; Lee, Hyung Mok; Matsumoto, Toshio 2015-08-01 The first Korean infrared space telescope MIRIS (Milti-purpose InfraRed Imaging System) was successfully launched in November 2013, as the main payload of Korean STSAT-3 (Science and Technology Satellite-3). After the initial on-orbit operation for verification, the observations are made with MIRIS for the fluctuation of Cosmic Infrared Background (CIB) and the Galactic Plane survey. For the study of near-infrared background, MIRIS surveyed large areas (> 10° x 10°) around the pole regions: the north ecliptic pole (NEP), the north and south Galactic poles (NGP, SGP), while the NEP region is continually monitored for the instrumental calibration and the zodiacal light study. In addition, the Paschen-α Galactic plane survey has been made with two narrow-band filters (at 1.88 μm and 1.84+1.92 μm) for the study of warm interstellar medium. We plan to continue surveying the entire galactic plane with the latitude of ±3°, and expect to be completed by 2015. The data are still under the stage of reduction and analysis, and guest observations are on-going. We present some of the preliminary results. 20. Channel characterisation for future Ka-band Mobile Satellite Systems and preliminary results NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sforza, Mario; Buonomo, Sergio; Arbesser-Rastburg, Bertram 1994-01-01 Mobile satellite systems (MSS) are presently designed or planned to operate, with the exception of OMNITRACKS, in the lower part of the frequency spectrum (UHF to S-bands). The decisions taken at the last World Administrative Radio Conference in 1992 to increase the allocated L- and S-bands for MSS services will only partly alleviate the problem of system capacity. In addition the use of L-and S-band frequencies generally requires large antenna apertures on board the satellite terminal side. The idea of exploiting the large spectrum resources available at higher frequencies (20-30 GHz) and the perspective of reducing user terminal size (and possibly price too) have spurred the interest of systems designers and planners. On the other hand, Ka-band frequencies suffer from increased slant path losses due to atmospheric attenuation phenomena. The European Space Agency (ESA) has recently embarked on a number of activities aimed at studying the effect of the typical mobile propagation impairments at Ka-band. This paper briefly summarizes ESA efforts in this field of research and presents preliminary experimental results. 1. Development and Preliminary Results of CTAS on Airline Operational Control Center Operations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Zelenka, Richard; Beatty, Roger; Falcone, Richard; Engelland, Shawn; Tobias, Leonard (Technical Monitor) 1998-01-01 Continued growth and expansion of air traffic and increased air carrier economic pressures have mandated greater flexibility and collaboration in air traffic management. The ability of airspace users to select their own routes, so called "free-flight", and to more actively manage their fleet operations for maximum economic advantage are receiving great attention. A first step toward greater airspace user and service provider collaboration is information sharing. In this work, arrival scheduling and airspace management data generated by the NASA/FAA Center/TRACON Automation System (CTAS) and used by the FAA service provider is shared with an airline with extensive operations within the CTAS operational domain. The design and development of a specialized airline CTAS "repeater" system is described, as well as some preliminary results of the impact and benefits of this information on the air carrier's operations. FAA controller per aircraft scheduling information, such as that provided by CTAS, has never before been shared in real-time with an airline. Expected airline benefits include improved fleet planning and arrival gate management, more informed "hold-go" decisions, and avoidance of costly aircraft diversions to alternate airports when faced with uncertain airborne arrival delays. 2. Development and Preliminary Results of CTAS on Airline Operational Control Center Operations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Zelenka, Richard; Beatty, Roger; Engelland, Shawn 2004-01-01 Continued growth and expansion of air traffic and increased air carrier economic pressures have mandated greater flexibility and collaboration in air traffic management. The ability of airspace users to select their own routes, so called "free-flight", and to more actively manage their fleet operations for maximum economic advantage are receiving great attention. A first step toward greater airspace user and service provider collaboration is information sharing. In this work, arrival scheduling and airspace management data generated by the NASA/FAA Center/TRACON Automation System (CTAS) and used by the FAA service provider is shared with an airline with extensive operations within the CTAS operational domain. The design and development of a specialized airline CTAS "repeater" system is described, as well as some preliminary results of the impact and benefits of this information on the air carrier's operations. FAA controller per aircraft scheduling information, such as that provided by CTAS, has never before been shared in real-time with an airline. Expected airline benefits include improved fleet planning and arrival gate management, more informed "hold-go decisions, and avoidance of costly aircraft diversions to alternate airports when faced with uncertain airborne arrival delays. 3. Evaluating outcomes of palliative photodynamic therapy: instrument development and preliminary results Goodell, Teresa T.; Bargo, Paulo R.; Jacques, Steven L. 2002-06-01 Background: Subjective measures are considered the gold standard in palliative care evaluation, but no studies have evaluated palliative photodynamic therapy (PDT) subjectively. If PDT is to be accepted as a palliative therapy for later-stage obstructing esophageal and lung cancer, evidence of its effectiveness and acceptability to patients must be made known. Study Design/Materials and Methods: This ongoing study's major aim is to evaluate subjective outcomes of PDT in patients with obstructing esophageal and lung cancer. Existing measures of health status, dysphagia and performance status were supplemented with an instrument developed to evaluate PDT symptom relief and side effect burden, the PDT Side Effects Survey (PSES). Results: PDT patients treated with porfimer sodium (Photofrin) and 630-nm light experienced reduced dysphagia grade and stable performance status for at least one month after PDT (N= 10-17), but these effects did not necessarily persist at three months. Fatigue, appetite and quality of life may be the most burdensome issues for these patients. Conclusions: Preliminary data suggest that the PSES is an acceptable and valid tool for measuring subjective outcomes of palliative PDT. This study is the first attempt to systematically evaluate subjective outcomes of palliative PDT. Multi-center outcomes research is needed to draw generalizable conclusions that will establish PDT's effectiveness in actual clinical practice and enhance the wider adoption of PDT as a cancer symptom relief modality. 4. The Radii and Oblateness of Pluto and Charon: Preliminary Results from the 2015 New Horizons Flyby Lisse, Carey M.; Nimmo, Francis; McKinnon, William B.; Umurhan, Orkan M.; Buie, Marc W.; Lauer, Tod R.; Roberts, James H.; Stern, S. Alan; Weaver, Hal A.; Young, Leslie A.; Ennico-Smith, Kimberly; Olkin, Cathy B. 2015-11-01 We present preliminary results for the radii and oblateness of Pluto and Charon. Accurate determinations of the mean radii of Pluto and Charon are important for establishing their densities and bulk composition. A fossil bulge, if present, would place constraints on the thermal and orbital evolution of these bodies [1,2]. The New Horizons LORRI imaging system [3] has provided global images of Pluto and Charon, with best resolutions of 3.8 and 2.3 km/pix, respectively. Three separate approaches have been used to determine mean radii and oblateness from the images, two using a threshold DN value [4,5] and one using a maximum gradient method. These approaches were validated using synthetic images having a range of photometric functions. Tradeoffs between the limb center location and the derived shape in individual images can be reduced by combining limb pixel locations obtained from different imaged rotational phases.This work was supported by NASA's New Horizons project.[1] Robuchon & Nimmo, Icarus 216, 426, 2011. [2] McKinnon & Singer, DPS 46, abs. no. 419.07, 2014. [3] Cheng et al., SSR 140, 189, 2008. [4] Dermott & Thomas, Icarus 73, 25, 1988. [5] Thomason & Nimmo, LPSC 46, abs. no. 1462, 2015. 5. Radii and Shape of Pluto and Charon: Preliminary Results from New Horizons Nimmo, F.; Lisse, C. M.; Umurhan, O. M.; McKinnon, W. B.; Buie, M. W.; Lauer, T.; Beyer, R. A.; Moore, J. M.; Stern, A.; Weaver, H. A., Jr.; Olkin, C.; Ennico Smith, K.; Young, L. A.; Bierson, C. J. 2015-12-01 Accurate determinations of the mean radii of Pluto and Charon are important for establishing their densities and thus bulk composition. A fossil bulge, if present, would place constraints on the thermal and orbital evolution of these bodies [1,2]. The New Horizons LORRI imaging system [3] has provided global images of Pluto and Charon, with best resolutions of 3.8 and 2.3 km/pix, respectively. Three separate approaches have been used to determine mean radii and shape from the images, two using a threshold DN value [4,5] and one using a maximum gradient method. These approaches were validated using synthetic images having a range of photometric functions. Tradeoffs between the limb center location and the derived shape in individual images can be reduced by combining limb picks from different images. Preliminary results for both Pluto and Charon will be presented. [1] Robuchon & Nimmo, Icarus 216, 426, 2011. [2] McKinnon & Singer, DPS 46, abs. no. 419.07, 2014. [3] Cheng et al., SSR 140, 189, 2008. [4] Dermott & Thomas, Icarus 73, 25, 1988. [5] Thomason & Nimmo, LPSC 46, abs. no. 1462, 2015. 6. CHARACTERIZING SUBPOPULATIONS WITHIN THE NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS WITH NEOWISE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS SciTech Connect Mainzer, A.; Masiero, J.; Bauer, J.; Giorgini, J.; Grav, T.; McMillan, R. S.; Spahr, T.; Cutri, R. M.; Tholen, D. J.; Jedicke, R.; Walker, R.; Wright, E.; Nugent, C. R. 2012-06-20 We present the preliminary results of an analysis of the sub-populations within the near-Earth asteroids, including the Atens, Apollos, Amors, and those that are considered potentially hazardous using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). In order to extrapolate the sample of objects detected by WISE to the greater population, we determined the survey biases for asteroids detected by the project's automated moving object processing system (known as NEOWISE) as a function of diameter, visible albedo, and orbital elements. Using this technique, we are able to place constraints on the number of potentially hazardous asteroids larger than 100 m and find that there are {approx}4700 {+-} 1450 such objects. As expected, the Atens, Apollos, and Amors are revealed by WISE to have somewhat different albedo distributions, with the Atens being brighter than the Amors. The cumulative size distributions of the various near-Earth object (NEO) subgroups vary slightly between 100 m and 1 km. A comparison of the observed orbital elements of the various sub-populations of the NEOs with the current best model is shown. 7. 1995 Integrated Monitoring Study: Fog measurements in the Southern San Joaquin Valley - preliminary results SciTech Connect Collett, J. Jr.; Bator, A.; Sherman, D.E. 1996-12-31 Fogs were sampled at three ground-based stations in the southern portion of Californias San Joaquin Valley as part of the winter component of the 1995 Integrated Monitoring Study (IMS95). The three sampling sites included two urban locations (Bakersfield and Fresno) and one rural location (near the Kern Wildlife Refuge). Both bulk and drop size-fractionated samples were collected at each site. Several fog events were sampled, with three periods of extensive fog coverage that included all three sampling sites. Results of preliminary data analysis are presented. Fog collected at the sites was generally quite basic. Most bulk fog samples had pH values above 6 reflecting strong inputs from ammonia. Occasional strong sulfur plumes at Bakersfield, however, tended to lower the fog pH. Aside from these periods, nitrate was generally present at much higher concentrations in the fog than sulfate. Decreases in fogwater loadings of major species over the course of one extended fog episode at Fresno suggest significant deposition was occurring to the surface, consistent with observations of substantial droplet fluxes to exposed surfaces during that period. 16 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab. 8. Observation of seismicity based on DOMERAPI and BMKG seismic networks: A preliminary result from DOMERAPI project Ramdhan, Mohamad; Nugraha, Andri Dian; Widiyantoro, Sri; Kristyawan, Said; Sembiring, Andry Syaly; Mtaxian, Jean-Philippe 2016-05-01 DOMERAPI project has involved earth scientists from Indonesia and France to conduct comprehensively a study of the internal structure of Mt. Merapi and its vicinity based on seismic tomographic imaging. The DOMERAPI seismic network was running from October 2013 to April 2015 consisting of 53 broad-band seismometers, covering Mt. Merapi and Mt. Merbabu, and some geological features such as Opak and Dengkeng faults. Earthquake hypocenter determination conducted in this study is an important step before seismic tomographic imaging. The earthquake events were identified and picked manually and carefully. The majority of earthquakes occured outside the DOMERAPI network. The ray paths of seismic waves from these earthquakes passed through the deep part of the study area around Merapi. The joint data of BMKG and DOMERAPI networks can minimize the azimuthal gap, which is often used to obtain an indication of the reliability of the epicentral solution. Our preliminary results show 279 events from October 2013 to mid August 2014. For future work, we will incorporate the BPPTKG (Center for Research and Technology Development of Geological Disaster) data catalogue in order to enrich seismic ray paths. The combined data catalogues will provide information as input for further advanced studies and volcano hazards mitigation. 9. Satellite geological and geophysical remote sensing of Iceland: Preliminary results from analysis of MSS imagery NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Williams, R. S., Jr.; Boedvarsson, A.; Fridriksson, S.; Palmason, G.; Rist, S.; Sigtryggsson, H.; Thorarinsson, S.; Thorsteinsson, I. 1973-01-01 A binational, multidisciplinary research effort in Iceland is directed at an analysis of MSS imagery from ERTS-1 to study a variety of geologic, hydrologic, oceanographic, and agricultural phenomena. A preliminary evaluation of available MSS imagery of Iceland has yielded several significant results - some of which may have direct importance to the Icelandic economy. Initial findings can be summarized as follows: (1) recent lava flows can be delineated from older flows at Askja and Hekla; (2) MSS imagery from ERTS-1 and VHRR visible and infrared imagery from NOAA-2 recorded the vocanic eruption on Heimaey, Vestmann Islands; (3) coastline changes, particularly changes in the position of bars and beaches along the south coast are mappable; and (4) areas covered with new and residual snow can be mapped, and the appearance of newly fallen snow on ERTS-1, MSS band 7 appears dark where it is melting. ERTS-1 imagery provides a means of updating various types of maps of Iceland and will permit the compilation of special maps specifically aimed at those dynamic environmental phenomena which impact on the Icelandic economy. 10. Methodology and preliminary results from the Neurobiology of Late-life Depression study PubMed Central Steffens, David C.; Manning, Kevin J.; Wu, Rong; Grady, James J.; Fortinsky, Richard H.; Tennen, Howard A. 2015-01-01 Background We sought to investigate the relationship between neuroticism and depression in an elderly cohort. In this paper, we describe the methods of an NIMH-supported study and present findings among the cohort enrolled to date. Methods We used the NEO Personality Inventory to assess neuroticism, and we employed several cognitive neuroscience-based measures to examine emotional control. Results Compared with a group of 27 non-depressed older control subjects, 33 older depressed subjects scored higher on measures of state and trait anxiety and neuroticism. On our experimental neuroscience-based measures, depressed subjects endorsed more negative words compared with controls on an emotional characterization test. In addition, we found a significant group-by-congruency effect on an emotional interference test where subjects were asked to identify the face’s emotional expression while ignoring the words “fear” or “happy” labeled across the face. Conclusion Thus, in this preliminary work, we found significant differences in measures of neuroticism and emotional controls among older adults with and without depression. PMID:26323208 11. Post-impact climate conditions on early Mars: preliminary results from GCM simulations Steakley, Kathryn; Murphy, Jim; Kahre, Melinda A.; Haberle, Robert 2016-10-01 Observations imply that liquid water was stable on Mars' surface during the late Noachian/early Hesperian era, with valley networks forming roughly 3.5-3.75 billion years ago, possibly from precipitation and runoff (Fassett & Head 2008, Icarus 195, 61; Hynek et al., 2010, JGR Planets, 115, E09008). Climate models, however, struggle to reproduce such warm conditions (Forget et al., 2013, Icarus 21, 81). Volcanism and impacts have been suggested as mechanisms of either inducing a warm and wet environment or causing local melting in a cold and wet environment. Comets and asteroids are capable of injecting into the atmosphere both kinetic energy from the impact and water from the object itself and from vaporized surface and subsurface ice. Segura et al. (2008, JGR Planets 113, E11007) find using a 1-D atmospheric model that significant rainfall and periods of above-freezing temperatures lasting months to years can follow impacts of objects between 30 and 100 km in diameter. We revisit this work utilizing a 3-D global climate model (GCM) to consider the effects of dynamics, topography, global surface ice variations, etc. We present preliminary results from the NASA ARC Mars GCM investigating global temperature and precipitation behavior in a post-impact, early Mars environment. 12. Characterizing Subpopulations within the near-Earth Objects with NEOWISE: Preliminary Results Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Bauer, J.; McMillan, R. S.; Giorgini, J.; Spahr, T.; Cutri, R. M.; Tholen, D. J.; Jedicke, R.; Walker, R.; Wright, E.; Nugent, C. R. 2012-06-01 We present the preliminary results of an analysis of the sub-populations within the near-Earth asteroids, including the Atens, Apollos, Amors, and those that are considered potentially hazardous using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). In order to extrapolate the sample of objects detected by WISE to the greater population, we determined the survey biases for asteroids detected by the project's automated moving object processing system (known as NEOWISE) as a function of diameter, visible albedo, and orbital elements. Using this technique, we are able to place constraints on the number of potentially hazardous asteroids larger than 100 m and find that there are ~4700 ± 1450 such objects. As expected, the Atens, Apollos, and Amors are revealed by WISE to have somewhat different albedo distributions, with the Atens being brighter than the Amors. The cumulative size distributions of the various near-Earth object (NEO) subgroups vary slightly between 100 m and 1 km. A comparison of the observed orbital elements of the various sub-populations of the NEOs with the current best model is shown. 13. Preliminary results from field testing an improved refractory material for slagging coal gasifiers SciTech Connect Bennett, James P.; Kwong, Kyei-Sing; Powell, Cynthia A. 2004-01-01 Slag attack of refractory materials used to line the hot face of slagging gasifiers limits their service life to between 3 and 24 months. These gasifiers use coal, petroleum coke, or combinations of them as raw materials to produce chemicals, liquid fuel, and/or electricity; with future consideration being given to the use of other abundant, low cost feedstock such as biomass. The ash from these materials generate liquid slags during gasification at temperature between 1300 - 1575 C and pressures up to 1000 psi, leading to severe slag attack of a vessel lining and causing unacceptable gasifier reliability and on-line availability. To maximize refractory life and provide protection of the gasifier metal shell, the best liners have contained a minimum of 60-70 pct chromia in combination with alumina, alumina/zirconia, or magnesia. The Albany Research Center of DOE has developed a phosphate containing high chrome oxide refractory liner that indicates potential for increased service life over currently used materials. This new liner has been produced commercially by a refractory company and installed in a gasifier for performance evaluation. Refractory issues in slagging gasifiers, the development and properties of the phosphate containing high chrome oxide material, and the preliminary results from the plant trial of this material will be presented. 14. Diagnosis of breast cancer using elastic-scattering spectroscopy: preliminary clinical results Bigio, Irving J.; Brown, Stephen G.; Briggs, Gavin M.; Kelley, Christine; Lakhani, Sunil; Pickard, David; Ripley, Paul M.; Rose, Ian; Saunders, Christobel 2000-04-01 We report on the first stages of a clinical study designed to test elastic-scattering spectroscopy, medicated by fiberoptic probes, for three specific clinical applications in breast-tissue diagnosis: (1) a transdermal-needle (interstitial) measurement for instant diagnosis with minimal invasiveness similar to fine-needle aspiration but with sensitivity to a larger tissue volume, (2) a hand-held diagnostic probe for use in assessing tumor/resection margins during open surgery, and (3) use of the same probe for real-time assessment of the sentinel' node during surgery to determine the presence or absence of tumor (metastatic). Preliminary results from in vivo measurements on 31 women are encouraging. Optical spectra were measured on 72 histology sites in breast tissue, and 54 histology sites in sentinel nodes. Two different artificial intelligence methods of spectral classification were studied. Artificial neural networks yielded sensitivities of 69% and 58%, and specificities of 85% and 93%, for breast tissue and sentinel nodes, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis yielded sensitivities of 67% and 91%, and specificities of 79% and 77%, for breast tissue and sentinel nodes, respectively. These values are expected to improve as the data sets continue to grow and more sophisticated data preprocessing is employed. The study will enroll up to 400 patients over the next two years. 15. The DEEP-South: Preliminary Photometric Results from the KMTNet-CTIO Kim, Myung-Jin; Moon, Hong-Kyu; Choi, Young-Jun; Yim, Hong-Suh; Bae, Youngho; Roh, Dong-Goo; the DEEP-South Team 2015-08-01 The DEep Ecliptic Patrol of the Southern sky (DEEP-South) will not only conduct characterization of targeted asteroids and blind survey at the sweet spots, but also utilize data mining of small Solar System bodies in the whole KMTNet archive. As round-the-clock observation with the KMTNet is optimized for spin characterization of tumbling and slow-rotating bodies as it facilitates debiasing previously reported lightcurve observations. It is also most suitable for detection and rapid follow-up of Atens and Atiras, the “difficult objects” that are being discovered at lower solar elongations.For the sake of efficiency, we implemented an observation scheduler, SMART (Scheduler for Measuring Asteroids RoTation), designed to conduct follow-up observations in a timely manner. It automatically updates catalogs, generates ephemerides, checks priorities, prepares target lists, and sends a suite of scripts to site operators. We also developed photometric analysis software called ASAP (Asteroid Spin Analysis Package) that aids to find a set of appropriate comparison stars in an image, to derive spin parameters and reconstruct lightcurve simultaneously in a semi-automatic manner. In this presentation, we will show our preliminary results of time series analyses of a number of km-sized Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs), 5189 (1990 UQ), 12923 (1999 GK4), 53426 (1999 SL5), 136614 (1993 VA6), 385186 (1994 AW1), and 2000 OH from test runs in February and March 2015 at the KMTNet-CTIO. 16. Bent Laue X-ray Fluorescence Imaging of Manganese in Biological Tissues--Preliminary Results SciTech Connect Zhu Ying; Zhang Honglin; Bewer, Brian; Nichol, Helen; Chapman, Dean; Thomlinson, Bill 2010-06-23 Manganese (Mn) is not abundant in human brain tissue, but it is recognized as a neurotoxin. The symptoms of manganese intoxication are similar to Parkinson's disease (PD), but the link between environmental, occupational or dietary Mn exposure and PD in humans is not well established. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and in particular X-ray fluorescence can provide precise information on the distribution, concentration and chemical form of metals. However the scattered radiation and fluorescence from the adjacent abundant element, iron (Fe), may interfere with and limit the ability to detect ultra-dilute Mn. A bent Laue analyzer based Mn fluorescence detection system has been designed and fabricated to improve elemental specificity in XAS imaging. This bent Laue analyzer of logarithmic spiral shape placed upstream of an energy discriminating detector should improve the energy resolution from hundreds of eV to several eV. The bent Laue detection system was validated by imaging Mn fluorescence from Mn foils, gelatin calibration samples and adult Drosophila at the Hard X-ray MicroAnalysis (HXMA) beamline at the Canadian Light Source (CLS). Optimization of the design parameters, fabrication procedures and preliminary experimental results are presented along with future plans. 17. Preliminary results from the MAESTRO 1 Campaign over the Black Forest NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Churchill, P. N.; Degrandi, G.; Sieber, A. J. 1990-01-01 The Joint Research Center (JRC) Ispra and the European Space Agency (ESA) have co-sponsored the deployment of the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), C-, L-, and P-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in Europe in mid-August 1989. This deployment represents the first opportunity for European agencies and institutes to evaluate the current state of the art of multifrequency polarimetric imaging technology over European Test Sites. Of particular interest to the Joint Research Center (JRC) Ispra is the Black Forest Test Site at Freiburg in the Federal Republic of Germany. This Test Site incorporates the Villingen region of the Black Forest to the south-west of Germany. This paper reports upon the activities undertaken in preparation for the MAESTRO 1 Campaign in the Black Forest Test Site. In particular this paper reports upon the ground data collection campaign for the Freiburg Test Site where extensive and intensive ground data measurements were undertaken. These measurements were based upon standard ground data collection protocols developed for forestry by the JRC and utilized throughout Europe for the MAESTRO 1 Campaign. The paper then goes on to present preliminary results derived from the SAR data using the JRC-developed software for polarimetric data interpretation, POLTOOL. 18. The Geographic Climate Information System Project (GEOCLIMA): Overview and preliminary results Feidas, H.; Zanis, P.; Melas, D.; Vaitis, M.; Anadranistakis, E.; Symeonidis, P.; Pantelopoulos, S. 2012-04-01 The project GEOCLIMA aims at developing an integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) allowing the user to manage, analyze and visualize the information which is directly or indirectly related to climate and its future projections in Greece. The main components of the project are: a) collection and homogenization of climate and environmental related information, b) estimation of future climate change based on existing regional climate model (RCM) simulations as well as a supplementary high resolution (10 km x 10 km) simulation over the period 1961-2100 using RegCM3, c) compilation of an integrated uniform geographic database, and d) mapping of climate data, creation of digital thematic maps, and development of the integrated web GIS application. This paper provides an overview of the ongoing research efforts and preliminary results of the project. First, the trends in the annual and seasonal time series of precipitation and air temperature observations for all available stations in Greece are assessed. Then the set-up of the high resolution RCM simulation (10 km x 10 km) is discussed with respect to the selected convective scheme. Finally, the relationship of climatic variables with geophysical features over Greece such as altitude, location, distance from the sea, slope, aspect, distance from climatic barriers, land cover etc) is investigated, to support climate mapping. The research has been co-financed by the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - Research Funding Program COOPERATION 2009. 19. A therapist-assisted Internet-based CBT intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder: preliminary results. PubMed Klein, Britt; Mitchell, Joanna; Gilson, Kathryn; Shandley, Kerrie; Austin, David; Kiropoulos, Litza; Abbott, Jo; Cannard, Gwenda 2009-01-01 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health condition frequently associated with psychiatric comorbidity and diminished quality of life, and it typically follows a chronic, often lifelong, course. Previous research has shown that trauma-related psychopathology (but not necessarily clinical PTSD) can be effectively treated via the Internet. This study is the first of its kind to report on the online treatment of patients with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition) clinical diagnosis of PTSD with therapist support by e-mail only. Preliminary findings are presented of an open trial involving a 10-week Internet-based therapist-assisted cognitive behavioural treatment for PTSD (PTSD Online). Pre and posttreatment measures of PTSD and related symptomatology were compared for 16 participants with a variety of trauma experiences. Participants showed clinically significant reductions in PTSD severity and symptomatology, moderate tolerance of the program content, and high therapeutic alliance ratings. No significant change was found on measures of more general psychological symptoms. The results suggest that PTSD Online appears to be an effective and accessible clinical treatment for people with a confirmed PTSD diagnosis. 20. 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https://www.embeddedrelated.com/showarticle/56.php	# Bringing up Baby - product development thoughts August 15, 20085 comments Things have just started to get exciting. After months of defining, specifying and designing my latest product, I finally have semi-functional prototypes. After a few side steps during the building and bring-up process, power is applied and most of the low level functions have been verified. Soon, software will meet hardware and debugging can begin in earnest. Before jumping in and really enjoying the fun (besides I'm now waiting for some new parts to arrive), I thought it would be nice to look back at the steps that brought me to this point. As with almost every project that I have been involved with, this one has taught me a few new lessons. If we don't learn from the challenges we run into, we will continue to face them (over and over....). What follows is a list of some of the many steps necessary in the creation of a new product, along with some of the checks that should be in place to make sure that problems are spotted as soon as possible. I have also offered some ideas and opinions that might be helpful to anyone willing to learn from others' mistakes and challenges. Decide on a product Any good product starts as a good idea. It is important to research existing products and competitors prior to putting large amounts of effort into an idea that might already exists. Keep focused, fight the impulse to add too many features. Write a specification If you don't specify what you are going to produce, how will you know if you got it right when you are done? How will know if you are done? For a single-person project a simple specification is sufficient. The more people involved, or the more complex the project, the more detailed the specification will need to be. Again, keep focused and keep the specification limited to the features that are needed. Block out a design Begin with a simple block diagram of the product. Get a rough idea of how the features will be implemented (both in hardware and software). Start sizing memory (FLASH. RAM, EEPROM) and speed requirements of your microprocessor (I assume that you are using one, or you might want to look at other websites). Also begin to determine needed items like peripherals, I/O pins and other features. By firming up the design at this point, some of the following steps will get much easier. Select components With your rough design in hand, start looking for the parts that will be needed to fulfill the design requirements. This is where I start looking at things like cost and availability. No point in starting off a new product with parts that will no longer be available, or just very hard to obtain (i.e. near end of life). Also, by looking into cost at this point, you can avoid adding a $10.00 part to a potential$5.00 product. One of the pivotal decisions in most of my designs is picking the microprocessor. By beginning with the information from the sizing exercise of the previous step, we develop a good starting point for this decision. Add to this starting point, issues of development tools (compilers, programmers, emulators, etc.) and experience working with various families of microprocessors to help narrow down the choices. Here too, we need to look at potential risks to the project. Do I want to write low-level USB code in the microprocessor, or use a simple USB to serial converter chip? Now is the time to trade cost for complexity and risk. As an example, by spending an additional \$0.50 per board, you could potentially eliminate months of software development by leveraging pre-built functionality over risk intensive development. I also like to take a little bit of time here to examine growth potential before making a final decision on all the components. Things like, are there pin compatible family members of the microprocessor with more speed and/or memory? With the other components, are there available pin-compatible parts with greater speed and/or precision (i.e. ADC, DAC, references, regulators, etc.)? When building up your list of components, it is sometimes a good idea to look for parts that are available from a number of vendors (either IC vendors or distributors). It is always better to have choices, should the part you need not be available at the time you will be ordering it. In the past few years this has been a reoccurring problem, as both IC vendors and distributors have been phasing out leaded components. Several times I would look one day, finding ample supply of the parts I needed, only to find that none were available when it was time to place an order. As always, having multiple choices of the components/vendors is better than not having any choices at all. If while looking for parts, you find a part that you really like, that is not currently stocked, first try and modify your design to eliminate this part. If you can not design around a 'no stock' part, order the part as soon as possible, overlapping the procurement delay with time used to complete your design. There is some risk involved in ordering early, but there is also risk in waiting around for a long lead item that you just got around to ordering. Some vendors/distributors will sample a small quantity of their parts, so that you might be able to get a few, hard-to-get parts to handle your prototype needs. Generate a schematic With a good idea of what we want to achieve and a rough idea of the parts we intend to use, we can further firm up the design. For me, the process of generating a schematic is somewhat iterative. As I place components and run wires, any gaps in the design start to stand out. Design checking tools also help to isolate deficiencies in the design (like inputs with no outputs, or multiple outputs on a node). (Note: this will only be helpful if your component models are correct and complete.) Depending on your tool set, this may also be the time that you define the package types on the devices that you are using. This is the point where you need to look ahead a little bit. Your choice of package types should to take into account several factors, like space available (i.e. board real estate), assembly cost or limitations (i.e. pin pitch and spacing) and PCB costs (i.e. trace width, spacing requirements and hole sizes can effect PCB cost). Looking ahead now, could save you headaches and additional cost later. Generate a bill of materials With your schematic complete and all of your components identified, now is a good time to document your choices. By identifying part counts and manufactures part number for all components, you can begin to determine where you are going to get the parts and how much this will cost you. For potential products (as opposed to one-time builds), I like to look at near term needs and future volumes when researching pricing for components. Some manufactures offer deeper price cuts for higher volumes, so thinking about futures volumes can be important to the selection of components at this early point in a potential product life cycle. Lay out the PCBs With a complete schematic and a bill of materials, you can now begin laying out your PCB. I usually start by a rough placement of all components, focusing on minimizing all high-speed and/or high-current connections. With a rough placement, I determine the overall dimensions of the board, placement of connectors and location of mounting holes, if any. At this point, I adjust my component positioning, attempting to avoid crowding and, wherever possible, align components on grids, with similar orientations (pin 1 pointing in the same direction). With the components and connectors in place, I start to work through the power and ground connections first. There are many rules and guides that should be followed in running power and ground traces. I will not attempt to define all of these here, but I will give you a few points to consider. • Keep bypass capacitors as close as possible to the appropriate power pins on devices. • Use proper trace widths and minimize the length of the traces. • Avoid vias or feed-throughs between the bypass capacitors and the power pins. • Manage all power and ground paths with 'star patterns', emanating from single points (i.e. main ground connection, or regulator outputs), where possible. • Avoid current loops (closed paths, or multiple paths for current flows). • Avoid running high-speed signals in parallel to power and ground traces. In addition to the above points, on boards with a mix of high-speed signals and low-level analog signals, I try to minimize the use of power and ground planes. On these types of boards, the high-speed signals can (and quite often do) capacitively couple through to the power/ground planes inducing noise into the sensitive analog components. In these cases I run thick traces, radiating outward from a single point, towards the components. Power components of like functions (analog or digital) separately and use inductors/ferrite beads to decouple high-frequency signals from the power lines. Most of the boards that I have built have been 4 or more layers. I choose to bury the majority of power and ground traces onto the inner layers (ground on one, power on another), leaving the two outer layers for signal routing. With power and ground traces laid, I usually focus next on the high-speed and low-level signals. With these signals I attempt to keep the trace lengths as short as possible. In the case of the high-speed signals, I also endeavor to route these traces away from power and ground traces, favoring right angle crosses of inner layer traces, as opposed to running in parallel with them. Finally, I focus on routing the remaining signals, moving from fastest signals towards the slower, less noise sensitive signals (like pull-up resistors on static pins). With all the traces in place, I go back over the analog sections of the board, looking for areas that could benefit from ground flooding (addition of copper ground planes to protect sensitive areas from noise). I usually attempt to ground flood areas that are using high-impedance inputs and very low-level signals. When using ground flooding, I try to avoid including areas that have high-speed or high-energy signals within them, or running under them, as these may again capacitively couple these signals into the ground flooded copper planes. Board layout is a very complex process. Much has been written as to the correct steps and procedures. My suggestions are only intended as such. Board layout is more of a practiced art; only years of experience will lead you to the skills necessary to develop good boards that are small, clean, reliable and free from performance diminishing noise. Recheck layout/test fit parts Once your board is laid out, take some time to go over your work in detail. I usually print out my board plots on paper checking all component pads for proper fit. Using spare components, I attempt to verify that the part outlines are correct, leaving proper clearance on the pads for good solder joints. I also double check all my connector placements to be sure that the pins and guide pins (if any) all align properly and that the bodies of the connectors are not interfering with other components. This is also a good time to go over the silk screen layout. Check that the component call-outs are visible, clear and unbroken by vias or feed-throughs. Also check on pin 1 markings (or other markings for proper orientation) for all components. Don't forget polarity marks on polarized parts, i.e. electrolytic capacitors, diodes, etc. The silk screen is a guide of how to assemble and troubleshoot your work; now is the time to make sure it will be helpful. Order boards Now you are ready to start spending some serious money. This is where I take a couple of deep breaths and then pull the trigger (or on most websites, click on the submit button). Some PCB vendors have on-line design rule checkers to ensure that your layout does not violate any of their trace width and spacing requirements. If available, use these tools. I have found small difference between vendor tools and my own tools when it comes to spacing checks. I trust the vendor tools, and make and changes that are called out. Shopping for PCB vendors can be tricky. I have seen some inexpensive boards that were good and some that were bad. Vendors that had in the past, produced high quality boards consistently, later turned out a few boards with broken traces. Wherever possible get recommendations from others when working with a new vendor. Order parts Your PCB may take some time to be manufactured and shipped. Often the price that you pay, determines your job's priority in the manufacturing process. I use this time to start ordering my parts. With the bill of material generated in a prior step, you should now know the quantity and value/type of the components you will need. Using this as your guide, place your order for parts. Keep an eye on quantities when ordering your parts. If for example you need 20 of a given part, check the next higher quantity on the distributor's site to see if it is more cost effective to order 25 parts (at a deeper discount). The spare parts can come in handy later (like during assemble and/or debug stages). Keep in mind that you should have some spare parts on hand to handle any waste in the assembly process (some board assembly houses require that you have 5-10% waste included in your build kits). In the process of building my boards, I usually send a few very tiny parts flying off to who knows where. Sometimes you may fine that a distributor is out of stock of a part you have identified for your design. This is where good planning can help. By having identified other components or vendors during the part selection step, you should be able to switch over to another part that will work for your design. Check ordered parts against the Bill of Material Most likely, your parts will arrive before your PCBs (unless you spent the extra money to expedite their manufacture and/or delivery). As a matter of course, I always re-check the parts against the invoice, looking at the part values, part numbers and quantities. On most integrated components I also check that package type (SOIC, TSSOP, etc) is correct. On my most recent project I learned a new lesson. I should have carefully checked the somewhat cryptic part numbering on the components themselves. The distributor had made an error and sent me the wrong part. The first thing I should have noticed was the incorrect package. Even though the bag listed the part as a MSOP-8, it was in fact a TSSOP-8. These parts have the same pin pitch, but have different body widths. I was, at the time, willing to accept that I had somehow incorrectly built the component pad layout for this part, rather than suspect that the distributor had sent the wrong thing. Later, during the assembly step, I somehow managed to solder the larger component onto the pads of the smaller footprint. It was only even later, during the debugging of the board, that I found I was unable to get the part to function as expected. After many hours of debugging, I finally began to question the correctness of the part and begin to look at the part marking on the chip. Morals of this lesson: • Have some kind of incoming inspection to verify that what you have received is what you expected. Incoming inspection is cheaper that correction of an error. • When something does not look right, spend the extra time to determine why it seems wrong. Question everything at the first sign of a problem, and correct the issue at the earliest opportunity. Check boards for workmanship and shorts With new boards in hand, I first check the boards (under a microscope) to assure that they appear to be manufactured correctly. In doing this, look for any traces that end abruptly without a via or a component pad (breaks), thinned out traces (over-etched) or shorted traces (under-etched). Also, make sure that drilled holes are centered in the pads (hole registration), as this can point to broken or shorted traces in the inner layers of the board. If your boards are pre-tinned, make sure that there are no high spots in the solder that will make it difficult to place components flatly on the board. In addition to visual inspection, I usually check electrically for shorts and opens, especially on all power and ground traces, where the effects can be the most damaging (i.e. gross failure and/or the generation of heat and/or smoke). Assemble boards If able, I like to hand assemble the first round of prototype boards. This allows me to see any potential areas of the assembly process that might be difficult or unclear for others less familiar with my design. Be sure to keep notes of any findings, as these can become instructions for the next person who needs to build future boards (or input into the next design or re-design process). I try to keep one complete set of documentation (schematic, layout plots, silk screen drawings and bill of materials) that is marked as 'Master', used to track any changes or corrections. In the assembly process, I like to place smaller (lower profile) components first. I do this to allow myself as much access as possible for using clamping tweezers (self closing or reverse tweezers) to hold components in place while soldering. I moved to the highest pin count or smallest pin pitch components next (assuming that they are also very low profile). I finish by adding all the higher profile components, as I am still be able to hold them place with the tweezers (easier to clamp over lower profile parts). Also, within these groups of component , I try to work outwards from the center of the board to the edges, again making it easier to clamp components in place. If I am building a couple of prototype boards at a time, I usually choose to add a given component type (or value) to all the boards at once. This limits the handling of components and makes it easier for me to avoid some assembly errors. Repeating the same step over a couple of times makes it easier to see errors, like putting a part in the wrong spot, as we tend to see differences more clearly. Check out the assembled boards This is a many step process. The order of steps is often effected by the complexity of the design, the access to good test points and many other factors. What follows are some of the simpler steps that I try to use in all my check out processes. Start with visual inspection of the boards and the solder joints. Even if I did the soldering (and sometime just because I did the soldering), I like to pass the boards under a microscope one more time to look for errors or mistakes. I look for cold or broken solder joints, excess solder (short circuits or bridges) and correct component placement/orientation. I also look for free solder balls and excess flux build ups left over from the assembly process and clean the boards as necessary. When the boards 'look' good, it's time again to check electrically for opens and shorts in power and ground paths. Using an ohmmeter, measure the impedance between power and ground paths (in both directions). I also like to check power and ground continuities to all the major components, if possible. Satisfied that thing should not blow up, I bring up the power and quickly measure voltage levels on all the main power circuits (regulator outputs and inputs, and other voltage source points). Next, I like to check the current draw of the board to assure that it is in the correct range. This sometime requires a little rework or fixturing to accomplish, but it is usually worth the effort. I also like to take a quick temperature reading on the power components (just a quick touch is usually sufficient, as long as it it safe to do so, i.e. no high voltage present in the area). My next step is usually to connect a device programmer and see if the microprocessor is functioning. Most programmers and devices have a simple method to test the device ID of the chip. If the ID looks good, it's safe to move to the next step (deep breath). Most microprocessors have 'fuses' (programmable settings) that control things like basic modes of operation, oscillator types, etc. My next step is to program these fuses so that the microprocessor begins to function. Here is where things really get fun. I prefer to take a low level approach to bringing up a board. To verify that the microprocessor is operating at the speed I expect, I have it write a counting pattern to all of the available output pins. I look for a unique squarewave pattern on each of the outputs using an oscilloscope (another deep breath). Looking at the highest frequency output, I compare the value to the target microprocessor frequency. The ratio of these two value should be proportional to the number of instructions taken to increment a variable, output it to a port, and then loop back for the next iteration. Looking at the compiled program listing, you can count the number of instruction cycles needed for the opcodes to complete the loop. The instruction count, times two, should match the ratio between the two frequencies (as the loop needs to be executed twice to toggle an output high then low). My next steps widely vary based on the design complexity and the available test points, but my goal is to test each function of the circuit with as little interaction from surrounding components as possible. I like to take many small steps with each building on the other to test more and more of the design. As an example, consider a board with a serial interface. My first step is to have the microprocessor write a single character, over and over. Once verified, I move to the ever popular 'echo' test, where the microprocessor reads a character and then writes back the same character. Next, I assign different characters to actions (like set outputs high or set outputs low). This allows me to build-in test sequences used to more completely test my design. I continue these sorts of tests, building more and more complexity, until I am satisfied that my circuit is basically functional. Then, using the test code that I have created as a model, I begin to write the real software for my product. As my software grows, to complete the full functionality of my design, I sometime find it useful to drop back to my 'test software' to prove or test some function that I had not previously tested (or completely tested) during the bring up process. So here I wait. The replacements for the in-correctly shipped parts, are still in transit (FedEx from Thailand), as my distributor of choice is now 'out of stock' on the correct part (their inventory system is most likely still recovering from the mis-binning of parts). Meanwhile, I am building up a couple more boards, so that they will be ready to accept the new parts as they arrive. In parting, may all of your challenges be not too challenging! Gene Previous post by Gene Breniman: VHDL tutorial - Creating a hierarchical design Next post by Gene Breniman: Software Prototyping [ - ] Comment by July 13, 2009 Good article, comprehensive ! The part I would like to add my two cents in, is the DVT of prototypes. Its very important that the prototype PCB's make it back to the designer so that he can verify the PCB itself, and of course the product functions that need to be verified before the design is handed off to test engineering and production. Far, far to often managers think its a prudent move to have someone else verify the products basic functions before the designer ever knows the prototypes have been recieved in house. It is allways best to have the desiger choose whom will be the owner of DVT for prototypes. [ - ] Comment by April 27, 2010 Thanks .... please share .. ORCAD procedures for baby product .........??? [ - ] Comment by April 3, 2011 This is a down-right practical and exhaustive description of all those processes involved in product development. [ - ] Comment by May 24, 2011 That's a really good concise list of the development process. Well stated! [ - ] Comment by June 21, 2012 Good article... Very good learning of product design cycle for hardware design freshers !! To post reply to a comment, click on the 'reply' button attached to each comment. To post a new comment (not a reply to a comment) check out the 'Write a Comment' tab at the top of the comments. Registering will allow you to participate to the forums on ALL the related sites and give you access to all pdf downloads. Sign up I agree with the terms of use and privacy policy. Try our occasional but popular newsletter. VERY easy to unsubscribe. or Sign in	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.268126517534256, "perplexity": 1381.958772583339}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540548544.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213043650-20191213071650-00531.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/analysis-proof-help-s.13249/	# Analysis Proof Help :S 1. Jan 25, 2004 ### gimpy Hi, im taking my first analysis course and we are studying Limits right now. My prof said they are the most important thing to remember out of this whole semester. Anyways i have two problems im trying to solve that i could do with some help. 1) Show that if $$f(x) \leq 0$$ and $$\lim_{x->a} f(x) = l$$, then $$l \leq 0$$. 2) If $$f(x) \leq g(x)$$ for all x, then $$\lim_{x->a} f(x) \leq \lim_{x->a} g(x)$$. If those limits exist. For number one i can see this is obvious but i don't know where to start to try and prove it. I know the definitions for limits, do i use them somehow? For number 1) i think that i can use a proof by contradiction somehow. 2. Jan 25, 2004 ### Hurkyl Staff Emeritus Yah, using the definition of limit will probably be helpful. Proof by contradiction sounds like a good plan, let us know how far you get! 3. Jan 25, 2004 ### gimpy I have been working ont he second question: 2) If $$f(x) \leq g(x)$$ for all x, then $$\lim_{x->a} f(x) \leq \lim_{x->a} g(x)$$. If those limits exist. Suppose that $$f(x) \leq g(x)$$. Let $$h(x) = g(x)-f(x)$$. So $$h(x) \geq 0$$. $$\lim_{x->a} h(x) = \lim_{x->a} g(x) - \lim_{x->a} f(x) \geq 0$$. Therefore $$\lim_{x->a} f(x) \leq \lim_{x->a} g(x)$$ Is this right? Can someone give me a hint for question 1? Start me off or something...... Last edited: Jan 25, 2004 4. Jan 25, 2004 ### Hurkyl Staff Emeritus What is your justification for this? Your hint for problem (1) is to assume $l > 0$ and rewrite the entire problem in terms of epsilons and deltas; exactly what you said you thought you should do. 5. Jan 26, 2004 ### gimpy Ok i had a good nights sleep went to school and came back tonight with a fresh mind to give it another shot. And i believe it worked :D 1) Show that if $$f(x) \leq 0$$ and $$\lim_{x->a} f(x) = l$$, then $$l \leq 0$$. $$\forall\epsilon > 0, \exists\delta > 0 \ni$$ for all $$x$$ , $$0< \|x - a\| < \delta$$, then $$\|f(x) - l\| < \epsilon$$. Assume that $$l > 0$$ $$\forall\epsilon > 0, \exists\delta > 0 \ni$$ for all $$x$$ , $$0< \|x - a\| < \delta$$, then $$l - f(x) < \epsilon$$. since $$l - f(x) > 0 \implies 0 < l - f(x) < \epsilon$$ add $$f(x)$$ to each side to get $$f(x) < l < \epsilon + f(x)$$. Choose $$\alpha$$ to be the distance from $$f(x)$$ to $$0$$. Then we choose $$\delta \ni \epsilon = \alpha$$, then $$\epsilon + f(x) = 0$$ therefore, $$f(x) < l < 0$$ which is a contradiction to $$l > 0$$. Im sure this must be correct. I will try number 2 now. Thanks for your hint ;) 6. Jan 26, 2004 ### Hurkyl Staff Emeritus You're almost there: given the assumption $l > 0$, you've correctly proven $$\forall \epsilon > 0 \exists \delta > 0 \forall x: 0 < \|x - a\| < \delta \implies f(x) < l < f(x) + \epsilon$$ however, the next steps are wrong. For instance, the distance from $f(x)$ to zero could, in fact, be zero. (e.g. take $f(x) = 0$, or $f(x) = -\|x\|$) I'm also not sure what you're trying to do when you say "choose $\delta$ such that $\epsilon = \alpha$"... when deriving the contradiction you do get to choose $\epsilon$, but the contradiction must hold for all $\delta$. You need another hint on this one? As for number two, the proof you gave almost works, now that you've proven #1... see if you can rewrite it to take advantage of knowing #1.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9632222652435303, "perplexity": 427.2893625796525}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746171.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20181119233342-20181120015342-00247.warc.gz"}
http://inference-review.com/article/on-goedels-ontological-argument	In response to: “Gödel: The Third Degree” (Vol. 3, No. 1). To the editors: I enjoyed reading Graham Oppy’s lucid and perceptive summary of the debate over Gödelian modal ontological-arguments.1 While I agree with most of what he says, I want to outline how a defender of such arguments might respond to some of his main objections, and then suggest what I take to be the most persuasive distinct objections to such arguments. Oppy rightly challenges the proponent of a modal ontological-argument (MOA) to offer an account of “positive” properties that delivers the conclusion that God exists. He is unpersuaded by Alexander Pruss’s attempts to fill in the analysis of a positive property in a way that unequivocally supports theism.2 Still, the analysis of positivity that makes the most sense in the Anselmian tradition is the first of Pruss’s suggestions: 1. P is positive =df. it is better to have P than to lack P.3 This is exactly what we should expect the Anselmian to say; the Anselmian believes that for all properties P, if it is better to have P than to lack it, then God has P.4 Let us proceed with this definition and see whether the Gödelian MOA is successful. I will consider two of Oppy’s objections, suggest replies, and then present two independent objections to the Gödelian MOA. ## Oppy’s First Objection: Incoherence Recall two relevant axioms: • A1: If A is positive, then ~A is not positive. • A2: If Δ is a set of positive properties, and Δ entails B, then B is positive. Oppy writes: Given (a), neither A1 or A2 seems plausible. For any F and G, F entails FG. If it is better to have F than not to have F, and better not to have G than to have G, then symmetry would suggest that FG is neither one nor the other.5 How might the theist respond to this argument? A first reply would be to bite the bullet: affirm that FG is neither positive nor not-positive, by affirming that there is a truth-value gap here.6 Another reply would be to deny that there are such things as disjunctive properties.7 Sentences obviously entail disjunctions of which the sentence is a disjunct, but it does not follow that properties entail disjunctive properties of which the property is a disjunct. (Importantly, we are imagining that F and G each individually entail the property of disjunctively being FG, not that they either entail F or entail G (or both).) Suppose that we do not want to bite the bullet and we nevertheless grant the existence of disjunctive properties. And suppose, as before, that F is positive and that G is not-positive. Then given A1-A2, FG is positive. Still, if we imagine that G is not-positive and entails FG, then that does not yet entail that FG is not-positive. We would need to add: • A2: If Δ is a set of not-positive properties, and Δ entails B, then B is not-positive. Of course, A2 is unnecessary for the Gödelian MOA so far stated, so our theist can cheerfully decline to endorse it. To reply, Oppy might argue that A2* is independently plausible, especially given A1 and A2. But I am not yet sure how plausible it is, nor am I sure about how much that alleged plausibility tells us. Philosophers of logic are quite familiar with the sometimes-puzzling results of taking standard first-order propositional logic literally, and asking whether the language we teach to first-year students really does match our English words “if,” “then,” and the rest.8 These debates should weaken our confidence that we can tell, simply by looking at A2* and surveying our immediate intuitions, whether A2* is true. Moreover, of course, if Oppy argues that A2* is plausible given A1 and A2, then he has already offered a rebuttal to that argument: his original criticism of (a) based on F, G, and FG. Our theist can simply report that A2* is no longer plausible when its logical consequences (from importing A1 and A2) are understood. Thus our theist could reject A2* and affirm that FG is positive. One might argue independently that it is better to have FG than to lack it, since G might not be bad-making, whereas F is guaranteed to be good-making. Consider an analogy: Suppose that envelope F contains $200 and envelope G either contains (with equal probability)$200, $100, or nothing. Suppose you have the option to pay$100 for an opportunity to randomly draw envelope F or envelope G, each at 50% probability. Intuitively, it is rational to pay the $100 to play the game, because the expected value of playing the game is$50: (½)(200) + (½)[(⅓)(200) + (⅓)(100) + (⅓)(0)] – 100. By analogy, if F is positive and G is either positive, neutral, or “negative,” and the negativity would be of the same magnitude as the positivity (in G and in F), then it seems that a fully-rational, fully-informed cognizer (who is not extremely risk averse) would prefer the instantiation of the property FG to its non-instantiation. To reply to these observations, Oppy might simply recast his example to add the following items, similar to suggestions that Pruss has made:9 • (a) P is negative =df. it is worse to have P than to lack P. • A1: If A is negative, then ~A is not negative. • A2: If Δ is a set of negative properties, and Δ entails B, then B is negative. In turn, Oppy could argue that it is then both better and worse (at the same time) to possess FG, when F is positive and G is negative. But as before, our theist has no reason yet to endorse (a), A1, and A2.10 Suppose someone is still unconvinced by these arguments. Then the theist could simply say that FG is of “indeterminate” valence, and add these axioms: • A1: If A is positive or indeterminate, then ~A is not positive nor of indeterminate valence. • A2: If Δ is a set of positive or indeterminate properties, and Δ entails B, then either B is positive or B is of indeterminate valence. A2 still gives us the conclusion, modulo the other Gödelian assumptions, that God is possible. To see this, consider an analogue of the Gödelian argument Oppy considers for the possibility of God: Suppose that Δ is a non-empty set of positive or indeterminate properties; and that the properties in Δ are not possibly instantiated. Anything that has all of the properties in Δ has, by D0, the negation of at least one. By A1, the entailed property is not positive nor indeterminate, since it is the negation of a property that is positive or indeterminate; but, by A2, the entailed property in Δ is positive or indeterminate, since it is entailed by a set of properties all of which are positive or indeterminate…11 Upon first glance, that argument appears to be just as cogent as the original version, and has avoided Oppy’s objection from incoherence. Given that being God-like is positive, it follows that it is positive or indeterminate, and we reach the conclusion that being God-like is possible. ## Oppy’s Second Objection: Circularity Recall Oppy’s summary of the argument for the crucial lemma L1: [The Possibility Argument] Suppose that Δ is a non-empty set of positive properties; and that the properties in Δ are not possibly instantiated. Anything that has all of the properties in Δ has, by D0, the negation of at least one. By A1, the entailed property is not positive, since it is the negation of a property that is positive; but, by A2, the entailed property in Δ is positive, since it is entailed by a set of properties all of which are positive. This is a contradiction. The properties in Δ are possibly co-instantiated.12 Clearly, an ontological argument that used God’s possibility as a premise would be circular: [Definition (a)] … can only support the claim that P is positive if possession of P is possible. If possession of P is impossible, then it is better to lack P then to have P, P detracts from excellence, and P entails being limited. The claim that satisfaction of (a) … supports the claim that P is positive assumes that possession of P is possible. But Gödel’s derivation is supposed to establish that possession of P is possible, and so cannot rely on the prior assumption that this is so.13 Therefore, Oppy concludes, to use (a) would produce merely a circular MOA. One quick reply is to observe that the positivity of P is not intended to prove its possibility, so the argument is not really circular after all. Instead, the argument attempts to demonstrate the possible co-instantiation of God’s properties, from which it follows that each property is individually instantiable. Yes, the argument cannot be sound without P’s being possible, but no argument can be sound without its conclusion being true. Another reply would be to argue that a property can pro tanto contribute to a being’s goodness (and thereby be positive) without its being possible. It is not good-making to be impossible, but it does not follow that it is not good-making to have some property such that the property is impossible. Suppose that an omnipotent, omniscient, perfectly evil being exists de-re-necessarily. Then it might be impossible to have the property “is a happy creature.” But it would not follow that the property “is a happy creature” is not positive. Similarly, suppose (as I have argued elsewhere)14 that omnipotence and omniscience are logically incompatible. It does not follow that it is not good-making to be omnipotent and omniscient. Even if those replies do not work, the proponent of the MOA can go through the argument and replace every instance of positive with positive-if-possible, and modify the first two axioms: • A1: If A is positive-if-possible, then ~A is not positive-if-possible. • A2: If Δ is a set of positive-if-possible properties, and Δ entails B, then B is positive-if-possible. Positive-if-possible would mean that such a property, if it is possible to possess at all, would pro tanto contribute to a being’s goodness. Compare: [The Positive-if-Possible Argument] Suppose that Δ is a non-empty set of individually positive-if-possible properties; and that the properties in Δ are not possibly instantiated. Anything that has all of the properties in Δ has, by D0, the negation of at least one. By A1, the entailed property is not positive-if-possible, since it is the negation of a property that is positive-if-possible; but, by A2, the entailed property in Δ is positive-if-possible, since it is entailed by a set of properties all of which are positive-if-possible. This is a contradiction. The properties in Δ are possibly co-instantiated. [Therefore,] L1: Any non-empty set of positive-if-possible properties is possibly instantiated, i.e., it is possible for there to be something that has all of these properties. If someone argues now that we do not know whether God’s properties are even possible to possess, then we have strayed out of the territory of evaluating the MOA and into a distinct discussion of divine-attribute arguments. I and other philosophers have written about such arguments before,15 but it does not strike me as an objection to the MOA in particular—rather than an independent argument against theism—to simply question whether these properties are individually possibly instantiated. In any case, the theist can simply report that God’s properties are prima facie conceivable and narrowly logically possible, which many or most philosophers will take to be prima facie evidence of metaphysical possibility.16 I have suggested some ways for the theist to respond to Oppy’s criticisms of Gödelian MOAs. Now let us turn to some independent objections to such arguments, objections that I believe to be more difficult to answer. One traditional objection to MOAs, one that Oppy himself essentially offers with his example of the Godless singularity, is that the atheist has no more reason to affirm the possibility of God than she has to affirm the possibility of atheism being true.17 The Gödelian possibility-lemma, L1, is intended to repair this flaw. Recall, once again, the Possibility Argument for L1: Suppose that Δ is a non-empty set of positive properties; and that the properties in Δ are not possibly instantiated. Anything that has all of the properties in Δ has, by D0, the negation of at least one …. The underlying argument appears to require: [The Compatibility-Possibility Link] Every set of properties is either possibly co-instantiated or narrowly logically incompossible. Robert Maydole makes the Compatibility-Possibility Link explicit in a slightly different form: If the essential properties of something are compatible, then it is possible that it exists. He reports that the Compatibility-Possibility Link is self-evident to him.18 However, the atheist has good reason to deny the Compatibility-Possibility Link. The reason is the peculiarity of the subject of our argument: a de-re-metaphysically-necessarily-existing being that is arguably not conceptually nor narrowly logically necessary. Notably, Oppy’s gloss of the argument for L1 does not specify the sense of modality we are talking about. Relevant to our purposes, the modality might be metaphysical modality, or it might instead be narrow logical-modality. (Roughly speaking, something is metaphysically possible just in case it could have existed, given some set of physical laws or other. Something is narrowly logically possible just in case the denial of its existence is not a theorem of standard logic.)19 Therefore, we really have two Possibility Arguments to consider: • Metaphysical (M1) Suppose that Δ is a non-empty set of positive properties; and that the properties in Δ are not metaphysically-possibly instantiated. [Therefore,] (M2) Anything that has all of the properties in Δ has, by D0, the negation of at least one… • Narrow Logical (N1) Suppose that Δ is a non-empty set of positive properties; and that the properties in Δ are not narrowly-logically-possibly instantiated. (N2) Anything that has all of the properties in Δ has, by D0, the negation of at least one. By A1, the entailed property is not positive, since it is the negation of a property that is positive; but, by A2, the entailed property in Δ is positive, since it is entailed by a set of properties all of which are positive. This is a contradiction. [Therefore,] (N3) The properties in Δ are narrowly-logically possibly co-instantiated. (N4) Therefore, the properties in Δ are metaphysically possibly co-instantiated. (N5) Therefore, given S5, a metaphysically necessary God exists. The problem with the Metaphysical argument is that (M2) does not follow from (M1). In the metaphysical modality sense, an object can be impossible in all sorts of ways that it cannot be in the narrow logical sense. For example, suppose the Anselmian God exists. Then arguably an instance of gratuitous evil would be impossible.20 It would not be narrowly logically impossible, because there is no contradiction in the sentence, “There is an instance of gratuitous evil,” nor in “(x)(Ex & Gx).” Instead, it would be metaphysically impossible, because it would be incompossible with the existence of a certain de-re-necessarily existing Anselmian God. In contrast, the problem with the Narrow Logical argument is that (N4) does not follow from (N3), and (N3) alone is not enough to prove that theism is metaphysically possibly true. As before, that inference would assume the Compatibility-Possibility Link. But the example of gratuitous evils is a counterexample to the connection between narrow-logical modality and metaphysical modality. And crucially, in the end, our theist wants to derive the metaphysical possibility of God’s existence. The atheist can grant that God is narrowly logically necessary without yet granting that God is actual; the former claim is simply the relatively uninteresting claim about which formulae are properly derivable from which other formulae in a given language of logic. Last, someone might argue that narrow-logical possibility is good evidence of metaphysical possibility. My suspicion, although I do not have the space to develop it here, is that the atheist can ultimately make the same case for the metaphysical possibility of a Godless universe. ## S5 Is Unsound As noted in the previous section, it is possible to derive all sorts of interesting results in narrow-logical modality, without learning anything interesting about truth and falsity in the real world. For those conclusions, we need a story about semantics; we need to connect the derivations in our logic to the facts about reality. Therefore, we need to know whether S5 is sound: we need to know whether, given true premises, expressed in S5 modal logic, it is ever possible to derive a conclusion that is (semantically) false but validly derived in S5.21 Consider the notion of accessibility. Suppose that some world w is accessible to w if and only if: if w were actual then w* would be possible. Thus accessibility can be imagined as a two-place relation that takes possible worlds as its relata. For S5 to be sound, this relation must be reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.22 There are multiple reasons to reject transitivity.23 Here is a version of the Modal-Sorites Argument:24 • T1: Any normal human (in any possible world that contains humans) could have existed if 0.00001% of her DNA had been different from what it actually is. • T2: Accessibility is transitive. • T3: Therefore, any normal human in the actual world could have existed if all of her DNA had been different from what it actually is. Premise (T1) is supposed to be intuitive; in the real world, ionizing radiation that mutated 0.0001% of your DNA would intuitively not ipso facto have killed you. And conclusion (T3) follows from (T1) and (T2); we just keep imagining further possible worlds in which another 0.0001% of the person’s DNA is changed. Thus: Some human exists in w0. She could have existed in w1, in which 0.0001% of her DNA is different. The w1-human could have existed in w2, in which a further 0.0001% of her DNA had been different from how it is in w1, still. And given these two facts plus transitivity, the w0-human could have still existed in w2, and even (ultimately) in w1,000,000. Yet (T3) will be implausible to many or most readers. Therefore, we should reject (T2). Reina Hayaki offers interesting objections to the Modal-Sorites Argument. First, she argues (in effect) that the Modal-Sorites Argument cannot be successfully evaluated until we have a general theory of vagueness. Second, she argues that the entity in the distant possible world (say, the person with all of her DNA changed) is not actually existent at a possible world after all.25 I reply to the first objection by noting that the argument appears compatible with all serious theories of vagueness; indeed, it does not depend on saying that a person’s identity changes at any particular point. (Vagueness is only interesting when we are forced to say that (e.g.) a non-heap becomes a heap, but the point of this Modal-Sorites argument is that given transitivity, the person’s identity does not change.) I reply to the second objection as follows. Either Hayaki means that the distant possible world is impossible relative to the actual world or that it is impossible relative to all possible worlds, i.e., is intrinsically impossible. If she means the former, then that is exactly the point of the Modal-Sorites Argument: transitivity entails the possibility of this distant possible world relative to the actual world, so transitivity is false. If she means the latter, then there is no reason yet to believe this; there is no contradiction in describing a creature, 100% of whose DNA is different from mine. As with transitivity, there are multiple arguments against symmetry.26 One appeals to the somewhat-controversial thesis of the necessity of the past: in some worlds (e.g. the ones in which humans never existed), it is at least possible that Julius Caesar never existed (i.e. the world in which he never existed is accessible), but not in others.27 The world in which Julius Caesar has existed is accessible from some worlds in which he has not (yet) existed (after all, he could have been born or conceived an hour later than he was), but the world in which he has not (yet) existed is inaccessible from the worlds in which he has existed. The other argument against symmetry that I want to consider appeals to an intuitive premise that may be difficult to describe sufficiently precisely. It would look something like this: What happens in other possible worlds, stays in other possible worlds. That is, whether some actually-nonexistent being exists in some other possible world should have no bearing on what exists in the actual world. If we accept a version of this principle, then we find that in a sense, MOAs themselves are counterexamples to symmetry; they deliver the implausible conclusion that just because something is possibly necessary, it is actual. To this, the proponent of an MOA might reply that our critic is begging the question. Reply: the friend and the foe of MOAs both inspect the structure and content of the MOA in question and come to different conclusions. To the foe, the mere fact that God could have existed necessarily is irrelevant to whether he exists in the actual world, and the MOA is a nice illustration of this point. Our critic’s position is that the MOA has led her to notice that symmetry is independently implausible. She might say honestly that she would have been led to the same conclusion even if the subject of the argument were not the Anselmian God but instead some other entity that was alleged to exist necessarily if at all, for example nunicorns, which are necessarily existing unicorns, or Kane’s “less-than-perfect necessary beings.”28 These observations answer a reply that the proponent of MOAs might offer at this point: Look; it is not my job to defend S5 (or transitivity, or symmetry) independently. S5 is less controversial than theism. To make gains for theism, I only need to show that given S5, theism is justified. My suggestion is that, to the contrary, it is incumbent on the proponent of a MOA to defend symmetry, because that debate is, in a sense, the debate over MOAs themselves. It is a debate over—fundamentally—whether the possible existence of a necessary being tells us anything at all about the actual world. Robert Kane offers three arguments for symmetry.29 The first argument is based on an intuition that if something is not actual, then it could not possibly be necessary. The second is based on intuition that accessibility would be universal. The third is based on an intuition that if a proposition is actually true, then it cannot possibly be impossible. But these arguments are refuted by my examples above. It could have been necessary that Earth has been destroyed, even though it is not necessary, because Earth has not been destroyed yet. In the actual world, the trillionth human ever to be born does not exist, but it could have been impossible that the trillionth human being to be born never existed, e.g. if this human being had already been born. And it could have been necessary that unicorns exist. Upon considering these examples, I no longer have the intuition that accessibility is universal, nor that the conditionals Kane adduces are true. I conclude, therefore, that S5 is probably unsound. ## Conclusion: Further research I have argued that the proponent of a Gödelian MOA can successfully derive the conclusion that the Anselmian God is narrowly-logically necessary, given S5. But S5 is questionable in ways that most proponents of MOAs have not tried to address. And the mere narrow-logical necessity of God is, at best, good evidence of God’s metaphysical possibility. Moreover, I suggested that it is probably not too difficult to construct an analogue of the Possibility Argument, but for the possibility of a Godless world. Therefore, the theist ought to (i) defend symmetry and transitivity explicitly, to (ii) argue explicitly for an evidential connection between narrow-logical necessity and metaphysical necessity, and to (iii) refute an analogue of the Possibility Argument that attempts to confirm the possibility of a Godless world. If these tasks can be accomplished, then our theist may have discovered a cogent modal ontological argument. Thomas Metcalf Graham Oppy replies: Thomas Metcalf offers a range of comments on my paper. These comments are of two kinds. Some are intended to defend Gödel’s ontological argument against the criticisms that I make of it. And some are intended to raise more challenging criticisms of Gödel’s ontological argument. The more challenging criticisms that Metcalf develops are aimed at the logical system within which Gödel’s ontological argument is developed. Gödel’s logical system is a third-order classical predicate logic with S5 modal base and λ–abstraction. As I noted in my paper, there are various contestable elements in Gödel’s logical system. Some do not like higher-order logic. Some do not like modal logic. Some do not like λ–abstraction. Metcalf objects to S5; he thinks that a correct modal logic will be significantly weaker than S5. Moreover, he claims that, even granted S5, the most that Gödel’s argument establishes is that it is narrowly-logically necessary that God exists, whereas the conclusion that theists want is that it is metaphysically necessary that God exists. In my paper, I argued that, even granting Gödel everything that his logical system requires, his argument fails. That leaves it entirely open whether we should grant Gödel everything that his logical system requires. Higher-order logic, modal logic, λ-abstraction, S5, and the alleged distinction between narrowly-logical modality and metaphysical modality all raise big, controversial philosophical questions. But there is no prospect of giving an adequate discussion of any of these matters here. So I shall not try. Instead, I will just take up the comments in which Metcalf defends Gödel’s argument against the criticisms that I make of it. ## “Incoherence” In my paper, I say that, in the context of Gödel’s argument, a minimum requirement on any account of positive properties is that the following two principles are both endorsed: • A1: If A is positive, then ~A is not positive. • A2: If Δ is a set of positive properties, and Δ entails B, then B is positive. The reason for this is that A1 and A2 are the premises in Gödel’s key lemma: • L1: A1, A2 Any non-empty set of positive properties is possibly instantiated Metcalf claims that the proponent of Gödel’s argument can opt for the following account of positive properties: • A is positive =df. It is better to have A than not to have A. Against this account, I objected that, if A is a property that it is better to have than not to have, and B is a property that it is better not to have then to have, then, while symmetry tells us that AB is a property that it is neither better to have nor better not to have, A2 wrongly entails that it is a property that it is better to have. (This is because A entails AB, and A is a property that it is better to have.) Metcalf first suggests that this objection can be met by claiming that AB is neither positive nor not-positive (“by affirming a truth-value gap”). This reply is odd. Gödel’s premises require that AB is better to have. So a defense of Gödel would need to be an argument that AB is better to have. An argument that AB is neither better to have nor better to not have is not such an argument. Metcalf next suggests that the objection can be met by denying that there are disjunctive properties. But, in the context of Gödel’s logical system, it is obvious that there are disjunctive properties (in the sense relevant to Gödel’s proof). Suppose that A(x) and B(x) are well-formed formulae in which the variable x has one or more free occurrences. In Gödel’s system, we can form the lambda abstracts λxA(x) and λx(B(x); informally, we can read these as “the property A” and “the property B.” And it is a theorem of the logical system that □∀x[λyA(y)]x) □∀x{[λy[A(y)vB(y)]x}. That is to say, it is a theorem of the logical system that the property A entails the property AB. Setting aside these two objections, Metcalf then suggests that, on the assumption that F is positive and G is not positive, the fact that G is not positive does not entail that FG is not positive. So, he suggests, we need a further axiom. Perhaps: • A2* If Δ is a set of not-positive properties, and Δ entails B, then B is not positive. This suggestion is also odd. It should be noted that my argument assumed, not that G is not better to have, but rather that G is better not to have. If A is a property that it is better to have then not to have, then, necessarily, for any x, it is better that Ax than that ~Ax; if A is a property that it is better not to have than to have then, necessarily, for any x, it is better that ~Ax than that Ax. There are many properties that satisfy neither of these conditions. Consider, for example, the property of being either good or a mass murderer. It is better than not that good beings have this property; it is not better than not that mass murderers have this property. The argument that FG is not better to have than not to have, given that F is better to have than not to have and G is better not to have than to have, does not depend upon A2, or A2, or any similar principle. Rather, as I said, it is a straightforward appeal to symmetry: given that F is better to have than not to have, and G is better not to have than to have, it cannot be that FG is better to have than not to have, and nor can it be that FG is better not to have than to have. Finally, Metcalf suggests that we might entertain some more complicated view about the valences of disjunctive properties: perhaps, for example, we might suppose that FG is of indeterminate valence. And, he suggests, we might adopt axioms couched in terms of “positive or indeterminate” properties. Again, this suggestion seems strange to me. We have it quite generally that, given (1) if ϑ(A) then ~ϑ(~A), and (2) if, for all A Δ, ϑA, and Δ entails B, then ϑ(B), it follows (3) that any non-empty set of ϑ-properties is possibly instantiated. Theists are interested in the case in which the ϑ-properties are the positive properties because they (allegedly) find it intuitive that the positive properties are the divine properties. Theists surely do not find it intuitive to suppose that the positive or indeterminate properties are the divine properties. But, in any case, in order to meet my objection, there is no point looking at alternative ϑ-properties; in order to defend the claim that, in Gödel’s argument, we can take the positive properties to be the properties that are better to have than not to have, we need to have a direct argument that it is better than not that Hitler had the property of being either good or a mass murderer. Best of luck with that. ## “Circularity” In my paper, I added a second line of criticism of (a). (This line of criticism applies to a wide range of attempts to define the positive properties.) Given A1 and A2, a property can only be positive if it is possibly instantiated. Given some account of what it is to be a positive property—e.g. that it is a property that is better to have than not—we are faced with the problem of assessing those axioms in Gödel’s argument that claim that particular properties are positive. To set up the problem, consider someone who thinks that the only causal entity that exists of necessity is the initial singularity from which our universe emerges; every possible world starts with that initial singularity, and diverges from the actual world only because chance plays out differently. On this view, there are none but natural causes, involving none but natural properties; it is impossible for there to be gods, or other supernatural entities. While this person does not claim to know the essential properties of the initial singularity, they insist that the initial singularity does have essential properties. Consequently, they think that there is a set of essential properties of the initial singularity that is non-trivial and closed under entailment. Call the members of this set of essential properties of the initial singularity the -properties. Given these assumptions, that person accepts: 1. For all first-order properties P, if (P) then ~(~P); and 2. For all non-empty sets of first-order properties Δ, if, for all PΔ (P), and Δ entails Q, then (Q); and 3. For all first-order properties P, if (P) then (Necessarily P); and 4. (Having all of the Ƥ-properties essentially); and 5. (Necessarily Existing) Moreover, they have the following result: • Theorem N: (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) There is a necessarily-existing initial singularity By contrast, a theist who accepts that God exists of necessity and possesses all of the properties that it is better to have than not to have essentially accepts: 1. For all first-order properties P, if Ƥ(P) then ~Ƥ(~P); and 2. For all non-empty sets of first-order properties Δ, if, for all PΔ Ƥ(P), and Δ entails Q, then Ƥ(Q); and 3. For all first-order properties P, if (P) then (Necessarily P); and 4. Ƥ (Having all of the Ƥ-properties essentially); and 5. Ƥ(Necessarily Existing) And they have the following result: • Theorem T: (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) There is a necessarily existing God-like being. The question that I wish to raise is this: how do we collectively decide between the many different arguments of this form that we can construct? The key lemma is a perfectly general result. What follows from it depends upon which higher-order properties we take to satisfy the conditions of the lemma. We could suppose that, under some construal, positive properties fit the bill. We could decide that divine properties fit the bill. We could decide that the properties of the initial singularity fit the bill. But our taking any argument of the form of Gödel’s argument to be sound depends upon our deciding which higher-order properties make (3), (4) and (5) true. Consider the claim that having all of the positive properties is positive, under the interpretation according to which the positive properties are those that it is better to have than not to have. If it is impossible for anything to have all of the properties that it is better to have than not to have, then it simply is not true that having all of the positive properties is positive. According to the view for which the only causal entity that exists of necessity is the initial singularity, it is plainly not true that having all of the positive properties is positive, if the positive properties include such properties as omnipotence, omniscience, perfect goodness, and so forth. If it is impossible for anything to be omnipotent, then it is better not to be omnipotent! Metcalf takes me to be claiming that Gödel’s argument is circular. I do not think that is quite right. It is rather, as I suggested at the end of my article, that the argument should leave anyone who is not already a particular kind of theist cold. Even if all that is true of you is that you think it no less plausible that there is a necessarily-existing initial singularity than that there is a necessarily-existing God, you have no reason at all to think that Gödel’s argument is sound. In his discussion of my second line of criticism, Metcalf claims that, even if it is impossible to have a property, it might nonetheless be the case that the property is positive. But, given the assumptions in play, that cannot be right. Suppose that it is impossible for anything to be F, and yet that F is a positive property. Given that F is a positive property, by the key lemma, it is possible that F is instantiated. But that just contradicts the claim that it is impossible for anything to be F. Metcalf suggests that we might avoid this response by modifying the first two axioms: • A1: If A is positive-if-possible, then ~A is not positive-if-possible • A2: If Δ is a set of positive-if-possible properties, and Δ entails B, then B is positive-if-possible. He claims that we can then derive a modified version of the key lemma: • L1*: Any non-empty set of positive-if-possible properties is possibly instantiated According to Metcalf, a property is “positive-if-possible” just in case, if it is possible to possess it, it is a good-making property for whatever has it. I take it that there are two kinds of “positive-if-possible” properties: those that are possible, and those that are not. Consider a “positive-if-possible” property that is not possible. Any property that is not possible entails every property. So, if even one “positive-if-possible” property is impossible, then the “positive-if-possible” properties are just all of the properties (i.e. every pair of contradictory properties falls under the “positive-if-possible” properties). But it is impossible for all of the properties to be instantiated. Clearly, in order to avoid this unwanted conclusion, we need to suppose that all of the “positive-if-possible” properties are possible. But that just takes us back to consideration of the positive properties. ## Concluding Remark I agree with Metcalf that there are challenging questions to ask about the logical system within which Gödel’s ontological argument is developed. However, unlike Metcalf, I think that those who reject the conclusion of Gödel’s ontological argument can reasonably find the argument unconvincing even while granting—if only for the sake of argument—that the logical system is perfectly in order. Whereas Metcalf thinks that resistance to the suggestion that the positive properties are those properties that it is better to have than not to have can be overcome, I demur; on closer examination, the reasons that he offers for thinking this turn out to be insufficient. Thomas Metcalf is professor of Philosophy at Spring Hill College. Graham Oppy is professor of Philosophy at Monash University. 1. Graham Oppy, “Gödel: The Third Degree,” Inference: International Review of Science 3, no. 1 (2017). 2. Alexander Pruss, “A Gödelian Ontological Argument Improved,” Religious Studies 45 (2009): 347–53; Alexander Pruss, “A Gödelian Ontological Argument Improved Even More,” in Ontological Proofs Today, ed. Miroslaw Szatkowski (Heusenstamm, Germany: Ontos Verlag, 2012), 203–14. 3. Alexander Pruss, “A Gödelian Ontological Argument Improved,” Religious Studies 45 (2009): 347 ff. I am omitting the subscript from the original presentation because I am suggesting that we say that positivity is this, not that we are using positivity1 4. St. Anselm, Proslogium, in Proslogium; Monologium: An Appendix In Behalf Of The Fool By Gaunilo; And Cur Deus Homo, trans. Sidney Norton Deane, (Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Company, 1926), ch. V. 5. Graham Oppy, “Gödel: The Third Degree,” Inference: International Review of Science 3, no. 1 (2017). 6. See, for example, David Ripley, “Paraconsistent Logic,” Journal of Philosophical Logic 44, no. 6 (2015): 771–80. The theist might also endorse a glut here; cf. Dale Jacquette, ed., A Companion to Philosophical Logic (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), Part XII. 7. Paul Audi, “How to Rule out Disjunctive Properties,” Noûs 47 (2013): 748–66. 8. See e.g. Edwin Mares, “Relevance Logic,” in A Companion to Philosophical Logic, ed. Dale Jacquette (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005), 609–28; Vann McGee, “A Counterexample to Modus Ponens,” The Journal of Philosophy 82, no. 9 (1985): 462–71; and Seth Yalcin, “A Counterexample to Modus Tollens,” Journal of Philosophical Logic 41, no. 6 (2012): 1,001–24. 9. Alexander Pruss, “A Gödelian Ontological Argument Improved Even More,” in Ontological Proofs Today, ed. Miroslaw Szatkowski (Heusenstamm, Germany: Ontos Verlag, 2012), § 3. 10. Cf. Graham Oppy, Ontological Arguments and Belief in God (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 181; it’s unlikely that many will find necessary existence to be a negative property, and so one probably need not worry that these items will lead to the conclusion that there is a necessarily existing, completely negative being. 11. Based on the argument in Graham Oppy, “Gödel: The Third Degree,” Inference: International Review of Science 3, no. 1 (2017). 12. Graham Oppy, “Gödel: The Third Degree,” Inference: International Review of Science 3, no. 1 (2017). 13. Graham Oppy, “Gödel: The Third Degree,” Inference: International Review of Science 3, no. 1 (2017), emphasis original. 14. Thomas Metcalf, “Omniscience and Maximal Power,” Religious Studies 40 (2004): 289–306. 15. Thomas Metcalf, “Omniscience and Maximal Power,” Religious Studies 40 (2004): 289–306; Wes Morriston, “Omnipotence and Necessary Moral Perfection: Are They Compatible?”, Religious Studies 37 (2001): 143–160. In general, see e.g. Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz, The Divine Attributes (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2002) on these attributes and their coherence and mutual compatibility. 16. See the essays in Tamar Szabo Gendler and John Hawthorne, eds., Conceivability and Possibility (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). 17. Graham Oppy, “Gödel: The Third Degree,” Inference: International Review of Science 3, no. 1 (2017). 18. See the discussion in Robert Maydole, “Ontological Arguments,” in The Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology, eds. William Lane Craig and J. P. Moreland (West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2012), 553–92, at § 2c. 19. For a discussion of varieties of modality and in particular, analysis of metaphysical possibility in terms of physical laws, see e.g. David Chalmers, “Does Conceivability Entail Possibility?”, in Conceivability and Possibility, eds. Tamar Szabo Gendler and John Hawthorne (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 145–200. 20. Nick Trakakis, “God, Gratuitous Evil, and van Inwagen’s Attempt to Reconcile the Two,” Ars Disputandi 3, no. 1 (2003): 288–97. 21. This is rarely addressed in the literature on MOAs. For example, in Maydole’s exhaustive treatment of ontological arguments, he devotes no real discussion to whether S5 might be unsound. 22. See e.g. Dale Jacquette, “Modality of Deductively Valid Inference,” in A Companion to Philosophical Logic, ed. Dale Jacquette (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), 256–61. Interestingly, something very close to a sound traditional MOA is achievable with symmetry alone, although it only proves that a de-re-contingent God actually exists. On this, see Robert Kane, “The Modal Ontological Argument,” Mind 93 (1984): 336–50. Still, that’s no small feat, so the critic of a MOA has reason to reject both transitivity and symmetry. 23. Jacquette observes that transitivity may generate the Pseudo-Scotus Paradox. Dale Jacquette, “Modality of Deductively Valid Inference,” in A Companion to Philosophical Logic, ed. Dale Jacquette (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), 256–61. 24. Cf. Nathan Salmon, “Modal Paradox: Parts and Counterparts, Points and Counterpoints,” in Midwest Studies in Philosophy XI: Studies in Essentialism, eds. Peter French et al., (Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), 75–120. 25. Reina Hayaki, “The Transience of Possibility,” European Journal of Analytic Philosophy 1, no. 2 (2005): 25–36. 26. Hayaki herself gives an interesting example of such an argument. I mention it to credit her but set it aside for this essay. 27. Cf. Michael Dummett, “Bringing About the Past,” Philosophical Review 73 (1964): 338–59. 28. Compare Caterus’ example of an existent lion. See René Descartes, Meditations, Objections, and Replies, ed. and trans. Roger Ariew and Donald Cress (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2006),51 ff. See also Robert Kane, “The Modal Ontological Argument,” Mind 93 (1984): § IV. This reply may depend on actualism or ersatzism about modality, but actualism-ersatzism is a respectable position. To make the MOA depend on possibilism or concretism would greatly weaken the argument, since these positions are unpopular. Cf. David K. Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1986) on these positions. 29. Robert Kane, “The Modal Ontological Argument,” Mind 93 (1984): 342–3.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6585780382156372, "perplexity": 1607.9826559206654}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825575.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023035656-20171023055656-00401.warc.gz"}
http://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/2932/metric-spaces-and-the-support-of-a-random-variable/20769	Metric spaces and the support of a random variable Does the use of metric spaces to describe the support of a random variable provide any greater illumination? I ask this after reading about how metrics spaces have been used to unify the mathematical measure theoretic nature of probability and the physical intuition that most associate with probability. You can read my inspiration here: http://www.arsmathematica.net/archives/2009/02/14/complete-metric-spaces-and-the-interpretation-of-probability/ - Here are some technical conveniences of separable metric spaces (a) If $X$ and $X'$ take values in a separable metric space $(E,d)$ then the event $\{X=X'\}$ is measurable, and this allows to define random variables in the elegant way: a random variable is the equivalence class of $X$ for the "almost surely equals" relation (note that the normed vector space $L^p$ is a set of equivalence class) (b) The distance $d(X,X')$ between the two $E$-valued r.v. $X, X'$ is measurable; in passing this allows to define the space $L^0$ of random variables equipped with the topology of convergence in probability (c) Simple r.v. (those taking only finitely many values) are dense in $L^0$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9515782594680786, "perplexity": 165.33461742574897}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705305291/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115505-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.transtutors.com/questions/big-bend-picture-frames-has-asked-you-to-determine-whether-the-company-s-ability-to--86210.htm	Big Bend Picture Frames has asked you to determine whether the company’s ability to pay current... 1 answer below » Exercise 17-18 (E17-18) Big Bend Picture Frames has asked you to determine whether the company’s ability to pay current liabilities and total liabilities improved or deteriorated during 2007. To answer this question, compute these ratios for 2007 and 2006: a. Current ratio (p. 859) b. Acid-test ratio (p. 861) c. Debt ratio (p. 863) d. Times-interest-earned ratio (p. 864) Summarize the results of your analysis in a written report. 2007 2006 Cash $61,000$ 47,000 Short-term investments 28,000 — Net receivables 122,000 116,000 Inventory 237,000 272,000 Total assets 560,000 490,000 Total current liabilities 275,000 202,000 Long-term note payable 40,000 52,000 Income from operations 165,000 158,000 Interest expense 48,000 39,000 Analyzing the ability to pay current liabilities ABHISHEK K (a) Calculating the value of the current ratio for the year 2006 and 2007. We have, For 2007, Current Ratio = Current Asset / Current Liabilities Current Ratio = ( Cash + Short-term Investment + Net receivable + Inventory) / Current Liabilities Current Ratio = ( $61,000 +$ 28,000 + $122,000 +$ 237,000) / $275,000 Current Ratio =$ 448,000 / $275,000 Current Ratio = 1.63 times For 2006, Current ratio = ($ 47,000 +...	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.30463480949401855, "perplexity": 12096.574200788345}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986705411.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020081806-20191020105306-00133.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/348881/wrong-answer-rewrite-rational-number-as-a-fraction	# Wrong Answer - Rewrite Rational Number as a Fraction. This number 2.962962 can be rational $$x=2.962962$$ $$10x=29.62962$$ $$100x=296.2962$$ $$1000x=2962.962$$ $$1000x-10x=\frac{990x}{990}=\frac{2933}{990}$$ why is this wrong? That way of getting the answer is how I was said to do it Comment: $$1000x-x=\frac{999x}{999}=\frac{2960}{999}=?$$ - The last line is wrong. If the decimal part is supposed to be repeating, I imagine it should read $1000x - x = 999x = 2960$. – Qiaochu Yuan Apr 2 '13 at 8:54 Your solution makes very less sense. You have made many direct mistakes. Check it once again. – lsp Apr 2 '13 at 8:55 @QiaochuYuan That can't be right because the answer has to be rational – user1838781 Apr 2 '13 at 8:56 @user: Can you explain your reasoning in that last comment? – Hurkyl Apr 2 '13 at 9:02 @Hurkyl it has to be a fraction = no decimals – user1838781 Apr 2 '13 at 9:06 $$1000x -x = 2962.962962\ldots - 2.962962\ldots = 2960.$$ The fractional part cancels out completely. Then $$x = \frac{2960}{999} = \frac{37\cdot80}{37\cdot27} = \frac{80}{27}.$$ - I assume you meant a repeating decimal like $2.\overline{962}$ (i.e. $2.9629629\ldots$) rather than one that terminates like you write. Your work at the end is somewhat confused; I can't tell what you were trying to do. But the calculation of $1000x - 10x$ yields $$\begin{matrix} 2&9&\not 6^5&{}^1 2&.&9&\not6^5&{}^1 2&9&\not6^5&{}^12&... \\ & & 2&9&.&6&2&9&6&2&9&... \\\hline \\ 2 & 9 & 3 & 3 & . & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & \cdots \end{matrix}$$ (I hope that is how they still notate subtraction these days) and so you have $$1000 x - 10 x = 2933 + \frac{1}{3}$$ and $$1000 x - 10 x = 990 x$$ and so we've derived $$990 x = 2933 + \frac{1}{3}$$ Of course, it would have been easier to compare $1000x$ to $x$.... - Hint: there's a very easy way to transform periodic into decimals without any calculation. Here's an example: $$0.123\overline{4567}=\frac{1234567-123}{9999000}.$$ In your case it's just $$2\frac{962}{999}.$$ -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8333912491798401, "perplexity": 836.7026913557211}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443901.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00364-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/60945/understanding-the-musical-isomorphisms-in-vector-spaces/70101	# Understanding the Musical Isomorphisms in Vector Spaces I am trying to solidify my understanding of the muscial isomorphisms in the context of vector spaces. I believe I understand the definitions but would appreciate corrections if my understanding is not correct. Also, as I have had some difficulty tracking down related material, I would welcome any suggested references that would expand upon this material and related results. So, let $V$ be a finite-dimensional vector space over $\mathbb{R}$ with inner product $\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle$ and let $V^$ denote its dual. For each element $v \in V$, one can define a mapping $V \rightarrow V^$ by $v \mapsto \langle \cdot, v \rangle$. By the Riesz representation theorem this mapping actually determines an isomorphism that allows us to identify each element in $V$ with a unique functional in $V^$ The "flat" operator $\flat$ is defined by by $v^{\flat}(u) = \langle u , v \rangle$ for all $u \in V$ and is thus just the Riesz isomorphism in the direction $V \rightarrow V^$ as defined above. On the other hand, given a linear functional $f_v \in V^$, we know that there exists a unique $v \in V$ such that $f_v(u) = \langle u , v \rangle$ for all $u \in V$ and the "sharp" operator $\sharp$ is defined by by $f_v^{\sharp} = v$ and this represents the other direction of the Riesz isomorphism. Is this understanding correct? Can anyone provide a reference to some examples/exercises that would explore these operators in a concrete way? The Wikipedia page on the topic isn't of much help. Update: I am adding a bounty to this question in hopes that someone will be able to provide examples/exercises (or references to such) that illustrate the use of the musical isomorphisms in the context of vector spaces. - In finite dimensions, you don't need Riesz representation. By the nondegeneracy of the inner product, the map $v \mapsto \langle v,\cdot\rangle$ from $V\to V^$ has rank $\dim V$, so is a bijection. Also, you need that you are working over real vector spaces for the map to be an isomorphism. Over $\mathbb{C}$, it is an anti-isomorphism (scalars get changed to complex conjugates). Otherwise, yeah, your understanding in the second paragraph is correct. – Willie Wong Aug 31 '11 at 13:38 In fact, in finite dimensions, given any non-degenerate bilinear form $B$ on a vector space $V$, you can define the musical isomorphisms relative to $B$; whereas the proof of Riesz representation usually uses that for an inner product: $\\|u-v\\|^2 = 0 \iff u = v$, which maybe false if $B$ has mixed signatures. – Willie Wong Aug 31 '11 at 13:45 @Willie Thanks for the clarifications; I have updated the question to specify that the vector space in question is over the reals. – ItsNotObvious Aug 31 '11 at 13:47 Here's a visual way to imagine $\flat$: let's say the underlying field were $\mathbb{N}$ (even though that's not a field, we'll extend what I say at the end to $\mathbb{R}$). Counting we think of $5$ as 5 stones: ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤. But one could also think of $5$ as a line through the origin with the slope of 5. $f(x)=5x$ takes some input and does $f(■■■■)=5+5+5+5$ or $f(■■)=5+5$. These two visions biject insofar as any $r \in \mathbb{R}$ could be represented as a "regular number" or a sloped line. – isomorphismes May 13 '14 at 2:22 "Musical isomorphism" sounds like "catastrophe theory". But, irony aside, what you think and write is absolutely correct. (A minor point: You are not "given a functional $f_v\in V^$", but you are given a functional $f\in V^$, and the isomorphism in question guarantees you the existence of a unique $v\in V$ such that $f(u)=\langle v,u\rangle$ for all $u\in V$.) Now it seems that you cannot make the connection with the Wikipedia page about the "musical isomorphism". This has to do with the way a scalar product has to be encoded when the given basis is not orthonormal to start with. In this respect one can say the following: If $V$ is a real vector space provided with a scalar product $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle$, and if $(e_1,\ldots,e_n)$ is an arbitrary (i.e. not necessarily orthonormal) basis of $V$ then (a) any vector $x\in V$ is represented by a $(n\times 1)$ column vector $x\in{\mathbb R}^n$ such that $x=\sum_{k=1}^n x_k\> e_k$, and (b) there is a matrix $G=[g_{ik}]$ such that $$\langle x,y\rangle \ =\ x'\> G \> y\qquad \forall x,\forall y\ .$$ This implies that the functional $v^\flat$ appears in the form $$v^\flat(u)=\langle v,u\rangle=v'\> G\> u\ .$$ Putting $\sum_{i=1}^n v_i g_{ik}=: \bar v_k$ one therefore has $$v^\flat(u)=\sum_{k=1}^n \bar v_k\> u_k\ ,$$ so that one can interpret the coefficients $\bar v_k$ as "coordinates“ of the functional $v^\flat$. Similar considerations apply to the operator $\sharp$, and going through the motions one finds that the inverse of the matrix $G$ comes into play. The details are as follows: A given functional $f\in V^$ appears "coordinatewise" as $$f(u)\ =\ \sum_{k=1}^n f_k u_k\quad (u\in V)\ ,$$ where the coefficient vector $f=(f_1,\ldots, f_n)$ is some real $n$-tuple. Now you want to represent $f$ by means of the scalar product as a vector $f^\sharp\in V$ in the following way: We should have $$f(u)=\langle f^\sharp, u\rangle\qquad \forall u\in V\ ,$$ which in terms of matrix products means $$f'\> u\ =\ (f^\sharp)'\> G\>u\qquad\forall u\in{\mathbb R}^n$$ or $$f^\sharp =G^{-1}\>f\$$ (note that the matrix $G$ is symmetric). This formula gives you the coordinates of $f^\sharp$ with respect to the basis $(e_1,\ldots,e_n)$. In old books you read about "covariant" and "contravariant" coordinates of one and the same vector (or functional) $v$ resp. $f$. - I do complex differential geometry, so for me these things pop up in the context of finite dimensional linear algebra. I'll address your question in those terms. For references, I've profited much from Lee's Riemannian Manifolds and Coffman's Trace, metric and reality, which is an amazing book that talks about these things in a coordinate free way, which is almost essential to understanding what is going on. So, let's take a finite dimensional real vector space $V$, and equip it with an inner product $g$. Here $g(u,v) = \langle u, v \rangle$ in your notation. Each vector space $V$ is canonically isomorphic to its double dual $V^{}$, but it is not to its dual $V^$. Thus if we want to transport vectors from $V$ to $V^$ (we want to do this a lot, just note that the transpose of a vector is an element of the dual space) we need to choose an isomorphism $V \to V^$. The inner product $g$ is exactly the choice of such an isomorphism. More precisely, given $u$ in $V$ we send it to the linear form $v \mapsto g(u,v)$. We could also have sent $u$ to the linear form $v \mapsto g(v,u)$, but as $g$ is symmetric this gives the same form. Suppose now that we have a vector space of the form $V^{\otimes p} \otimes V^{\otimes q}$. An element of this space is often called a $(p,q)$ tensor. Pick one of the spaces $V$, say the first one. Then the inner product $g$ induces an isomorphism $V^{\otimes p} \otimes V^{\otimes q} \to V^{\otimes p-1} \otimes V^{\otimes q+1}$. In the literature, this map is called "lowering the index", or, in musical notation, the "flat" map. The classical "raising of index", or the "sharp" map, is now just the inverse of the isomorphism $V \to V^$ given by $g$. As we are working over finite dimensional spaces, so that $V^{*} = V$, it coincides with the dual inner product $V^ \to V^{*} = V$. This is far from being (only) abstract nonsense. As one example, this point of view clarifies immensly the definition of positive-definitiveness of a matrix $A$. Recall that a matrix $A$ (in the canonical basis of $\mathbb R^n$) is positive-definite if ${}^t u A u > 0$ for all non-zero vectors $u$. Recalling that we have the standard inner product on $\mathbb R^n$, we re-interpret this condition as saying that $\langle Au, u \rangle > 0$ for all vectors $u$. But now it is immediatly clear that this property depends on the choice of an inner product, and not a basis. So, let $g$ be an inner product on $V$. Then we say that a linear morphism $f : V \to V$ is $g$-positive-definite if the bilinear form (i.e. map $V \to V^$) $g \circ f$ is positive-definite, in the sense that $g \circ f (u,u) = g(f(u),u) > 0$ for all non-zero $u$. This does however not necessarily give the same condition as setting $g \circ f(u,u) = g(u,f(u))$. To get around this, note that usually we only talk about positive-definiteness for symmetric matrices $A$. Such a matrix represents a linear map $f : V \to V$, or in other words, an element of $V^* \otimes V$. This last space is auto-dual, so $f^$ is again a linear map $V \to V$. Saying that $A$ is symmetric exactly means that $f^ = f$. We are now free to define a $g$-positive-definite linear map $f : V \to V$ as a symmetric map as above. As another example, this point of view will make clear what "trace with respect to a metric" actually means. (Hint: The trace of a linear map is invariant of basis, and has nothing to do with an inner product. A 2-form however, that is something else. If only there was a way to convert a 2-form into a linear map.) - Wow, I think Coffman's notes could probably be subtitled "Everything you wanted to know about the tensor product and commutative diagrams in linear algebra but were afraid to ask". I've never seen anything quite like them. – ItsNotObvious Oct 6 '11 at 11:32 Why is there a canonical isomorphism from $V \to V^{*}$ but not from $V \to V^$? – isomorphismes May 13 '14 at 19:18 My copy of Spivak is in storage, unfortunately, but I think he discusses it in his Comprehensive Intro to Differential Geometry (volume 1, probably). I would also guess that Boothby discusses it in his intro to differentiable manifolds, but I am again not sure. I am almost certain that Spivak has a great exercise working through showing that this isomorphism is not canonical. As far as I can tell, this question shows up in three places. The first is in Hilbert space theory, where Willie Wong's remark is important -- in particular, you end up with some differences between the Banach space adjoint of an operator and the Hilbert space adjoint. This caught me by surprise when I first studied this. Reed & Simon, Functional Analysis, volume 1, has a discussion of this. The second context I have seen this in, is in Riemannian geometry. Here, you end up with an isomorphism between TM and T^M induced by the metric. The third context is in symplectic geometry, where the symplectic form induces this isomorphism (not called a musical isomorphism anymore). This is one of the cases covered by Willie Wong's second comment. (Presumably also this shows up in Lorentzian geometry, but I haven't ever studied that myself.) This isomorphism induced by the metric is quite important in Riemannian geometry -- it's what allows you to do the "raising and lowering of indices". This is why Riemannian geometry books often have discussions of these isomorphisms. Another possible source for a discussion of this is in Wendl's notes on connections, Appendix A. http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~ucahcwe/connections.html As for problems, I don't think any of these give you problems. However, I think there are some simple things you can compute directly that are worth playing around with. Let $V$ be an $n$-dimensional real vector space with an inner product on it. Choose a basis and use this to identify $V$ with $\mathbb{R}^n$. Use the dual basis to identify $V^$ with $\mathbb{R}^n$. (a) show that the inner product becomes where <,> denotes the standard inner product on $\mathbb{R}^n$, and $A$ is a matrix. Show $A$ is positive definite and symmetric. Also show that any positive definite symmetric matrix induces an inner product on $V$. (b) what does the "musical" isomorphism induced by the inner product look like as a map from $\mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n$, using the isomorphisms to $V$ and $V^$ given by the basis/dual-basis isomorphisms? (c) How do these isomorphisms transform if you change basis for $V$ (and thus change dual basis for $V^$)? (d) How about if you take some arbitrary basis for $V$ and $V^$? (i.e. not necessarily dual bases) (e) Now consider how to represent a linear map from $W \to V$ and from $V \to W$, composed/precomposed with the musical isomorphism. (f) The musical isomorphism allows you to put an inner product on $V^$. What does its corresponding self-adjoint positive definite matrix look like? Most of these are actually redundant, but once you've fiddled with this, I think you will understand the concept a lot better. I don't think it's the musical isomorphism that you don't understand, but the non-canonical nature of the isomorphism between $V$ and $V^*$. - Nice exercises and the notes you pointed me to were also helpful – ItsNotObvious Oct 6 '11 at 11:30 We can go back to Euclidean space to get some concrete intuition for what's going on. A motivation for introducing differential forms comes in the context of work being done on a particle along a curve $\gamma$ with some force field present. Now, one learns in a manifolds course that what is essential for integration is only the fact that we have linear functionals on the tangent space at each point; physically, this means we know the amount of work needed to push the particle an infinitesimal amount in some tangent direction. If we have an inner product, there's a very natural way to associate vector fields with such linear functionals. Thinking about this physically, imagine the particle on our curve with some tangent vector; we want to see how much the force field is pushing the particle in the direction of this tangent vector, and the most obvious thing to do is to look at the angle formed, which is defined using the Euclidean dot product. So given any vector field, we can use the dot product to get a linear way of assigning the amount of work required to push the particle in some direction. If we want to formulate the physical intuition above in terms of Riemannian manifolds, it would look something like this: for any vector field $X$ on a Riemannian manifold $M$ with metric $\langle\cdot, \cdot\rangle_p$, then $\langle X_p, \cdot \rangle$ defines a linear functional on $T_p M$. This is exactly the canonical identification of a tangent space with it's cotangent space. -	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9616138935089111, "perplexity": 145.29301122542367}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398444047.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205404-00184-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/force-on-a-body-due-to-pressure-of-a-fluid.823140/	# Force on a body due to pressure of a fluid 1. Jul 12, 2015 ### better361 • If I placed a anti-symmetric object in water, and if it floats,is it possible for it to move left or right due to a force imbalance in calculating $$\int p * \vec{dA}$$. • I know that if the object is a closed surface, we can apply the divergence theorem and because we also know how pressure changes with position ($\rho g z$), we can prove that the resultant force can only be in the z direction. 2. Jul 13, 2015 ### Svein Have you tried it in practice? 3. Jul 13, 2015 ### better361 I don't think I have something that it very anti-symmetric and floats. Ohh, and correction to my second statement, "I know I know that if the object is a closed surface, and if it is completely submerged, we can apply the....." 4. Jul 13, 2015 ### GlenMedina So which pressure are you talking here? Are we applying any pressure from above, equivalent to the formula mentioned?? Or is it the pressure inside?? It's that I'm not clear about the procedure here. 5. Jul 13, 2015 ### Orodruin Staff Emeritus You can still apply the divergence theorem when the object floats. The only difference is that the pressure gradient changes at the water surface. 6. Jul 13, 2015 ### A.T. Don't you think, that after thousands of years of building boats, we would have found that self-propelling hull shape by now? 7. Jul 13, 2015 ### better361 @GlenMedina Essentially, I am talking about the buoyant force. @Orodruin Wait, so divergence theorem still holds even if the vector field is discontinuous in a sense? @A.T. : I guess not, but I can only put this to rest with a mathematical or very thorough physical explanation . :) 8. Jul 13, 2015 ### Orodruin Staff Emeritus Yes, you can show it for distributions in general. As long as you are careful with what you do with the discontinuities you will be fine. In this case the discontinuity is in the derivative of the pressure field and the integral is well defined without any further assumptions. It is worse for point charges and other types of singularities where the discontinuities essentially give you delta functions. 9. Jul 13, 2015 ### better361 Ok, thanks! Also, can you link me to somewhere/some book that explains how to deal with discontinuities? I suspect it would just be in any regular multi book, but I just remember them saying when stuff isn't "nice", you can't apply the theorem. 10. Jul 13, 2015 ### A.T. How about considering the pressure forces from air and water separately? The two partial object surfaces aren't closed, but the missing parts are planar and horizontal, so they cannot introduce any horizontal force disbalance. 11. Jul 13, 2015 ### Orodruin Staff Emeritus This is true for the theorem as it is usually presented. If you allow for distributions where things such as $\Delta \phi(\vec x) = - \delta^{(3)}(\vec x)$ are well defined, you will essentially be safe also in these cases. Edit: The way this would be handled with the "usual" theorem would be to use the fact that the $\delta$ function is zero (and therefore nice) everywhere except at $\vec x = 0$ to rewrite integrals as an integral over a small surface around $\vec x = 0$. 12. Jul 13, 2015 ### SteamKing Staff Emeritus Floating objects tend to try to find a point of stability, such that the buoyant force and the weight of the object line up to produce zero net moment. Once stability is achieved, the object is in equilibrium and remains motionless until some external force disturbs its equilibrium. 13. Jul 13, 2015 ### better361 Do you mean the surface that intersects the horizontal plane at the surface? So if I had a sphere where half of it is submerged, the missing part would be the great circle around the equator? 14. Jul 15, 2015 ### Khashishi If you could have a boat that just accelerated due to equal pressure of the water on two asymmetric sides, then that would violate laws of thermodynamics. 15. Jul 15, 2015 ### better361 How so? 16. 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https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/jimo.2014.10.311	# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences January 2014, 10(1): 311-336. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2014.10.311 ## Convergence analysis of Euler discretization of control-state constrained optimal control problems with controls of bounded variation 1 Universität der Bundeswehr München, Institut für Mathematik und Rechneranwendung, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany 2 Elektrobit Automotive GmbH, Am Wolfsmantel 46, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Received October 2012 Revised July 2013 Published October 2013 We study convergence properties of Euler discretization of optimal control problems with ordinary differential equations and mixed control-state constraints. Under suitable consistency and stability assumptions a convergence rate of order $1/p$ of the discretized control to the continuous control is established in the $L^p$-norm. Throughout it is assumed that the optimal control is of bounded variation. The convergence proof exploits the reformulation of first order necessary optimality conditions as nonsmooth equations. Citation: Matthias Gerdts, Martin Kunkel. Convergence analysis of Euler discretization of control-state constrained optimal control problems with controls of bounded variation. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2014, 10 (1) : 311-336. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2014.10.311 ##### References: show all references ##### References: [1] Eduardo Casas, Fredi Tröltzsch. Sparse optimal control for the heat equation with mixed control-state constraints. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2020, 10 (3) : 471-491. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2020007 [2] Huaiqiang Yu, Bin Liu. Pontryagin's principle for local solutions of optimal control governed by the 2D Navier-Stokes equations with mixed control-state constraints. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2012, 2 (1) : 61-80. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2012.2.61 [3] Matthias Gerdts, Martin Kunkel. A nonsmooth Newton's method for discretized optimal control problems with state and control constraints. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2008, 4 (2) : 247-270. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2008.4.247 [4] Md. Haider Ali Biswas, Maria do Rosário de Pinho. A nonsmooth maximum principle for optimal control problems with state and mixed constraints - convex case. Conference Publications, 2011, 2011 (Special) : 174-183. doi: 10.3934/proc.2011.2011.174 [5] Thierry Horsin, Peter I. Kogut, Olivier Wilk. Optimal $L^2$-control problem in coefficients for a linear elliptic equation. II. Approximation of solutions and optimality conditions. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2016, 6 (4) : 595-628. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2016017 [6] Thierry Horsin, Peter I. Kogut. Optimal $L^2$-control problem in coefficients for a linear elliptic equation. I. Existence result. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2015, 5 (1) : 73-96. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2015.5.73 [7] Vincenzo Basco, Piermarco Cannarsa, Hélène Frankowska. Necessary conditions for infinite horizon optimal control problems with state constraints. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2018, 8 (3&4) : 535-555. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2018022 [8] Luís Tiago Paiva, Fernando A. C. C. Fontes. Adaptive time--mesh refinement in optimal control problems with state constraints. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2015, 35 (9) : 4553-4572. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2015.35.4553 [9] Theodore Tachim-Medjo. Optimal control of a two-phase flow model with state constraints. Mathematical Control & Related Fields, 2016, 6 (2) : 335-362. doi: 10.3934/mcrf.2016006 [10] Max Gunzburger, Sung-Dae Yang, Wenxiang Zhu. Analysis and discretization of an optimal control problem for the forced Fisher equation. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2007, 8 (3) : 569-587. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2007.8.569 [11] Ryan Loxton, Qun Lin, Volker Rehbock, Kok Lay Teo. Control parameterization for optimal control problems with continuous inequality constraints: New convergence results. Numerical Algebra, Control & Optimization, 2012, 2 (3) : 571-599. doi: 10.3934/naco.2012.2.571 [12] Changjun Yu, Shuxuan Su, Yanqin Bai. On the optimal control problems with characteristic time control constraints. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2021 doi: 10.3934/jimo.2021021 [13] Piermarco Cannarsa, Hélène Frankowska, Elsa M. Marchini. On Bolza optimal control problems with constraints. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2009, 11 (3) : 629-653. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2009.11.629 [14] M. Arisawa, P.-L. Lions. Continuity of admissible trajectories for state constraints control problems. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 1996, 2 (3) : 297-305. doi: 10.3934/dcds.1996.2.297 [15] Mikhail Gusev. On reachability analysis for nonlinear control systems with state constraints. Conference Publications, 2015, 2015 (special) : 579-587. doi: 10.3934/proc.2015.0579 [16] Christian Clason, Barbara Kaltenbacher. Avoiding degeneracy in the Westervelt equation by state constrained optimal control. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2013, 2 (2) : 281-300. doi: 10.3934/eect.2013.2.281 [17] Ying Zhang, Changjun Yu, Yingtao Xu, Yanqin Bai. Minimizing almost smooth control variation in nonlinear optimal control problems. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2020, 16 (4) : 1663-1683. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2019023 [18] Maria do Rosário de Pinho, Ilya Shvartsman. Lipschitz continuity of optimal control and Lagrange multipliers in a problem with mixed and pure state constraints. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2011, 29 (2) : 505-522. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2011.29.505 [19] Elimhan N. Mahmudov. Optimal control of second order delay-discrete and delay-differential inclusions with state constraints. Evolution Equations & Control Theory, 2018, 7 (3) : 501-529. doi: 10.3934/eect.2018024 [20] Yuefen Chen, Yuanguo Zhu. Indefinite LQ optimal control with process state inequality constraints for discrete-time uncertain systems. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2018, 14 (3) : 913-930. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2017082 2020 Impact Factor: 1.801	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5519455671310425, "perplexity": 6096.142315175179}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152085.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805224801-20210806014801-00115.warc.gz"}
http://www.incompleteideas.net/book/ebook/node74.html	Next: 7.3 The Backward View Up: 7. Eligibility Traces Previous: 7.1 -Step TD Prediction Contents # 7.2 The Forward View of TD() Backups can be done not just toward any -step return, but toward any average of -step returns. For example, a backup can be done toward a return that is half of a two-step return and half of a four-step return: . Any set of returns can be averaged in this way, even an infinite set, as long as the weights on the component returns are positive and sum to 1. The overall return possesses an error reduction property similar to that of individual -step returns (7.2) and thus can be used to construct backups with guaranteed convergence properties. Averaging produces a substantial new range of algorithms. For example, one could average one-step and infinite-step backups to obtain another way of interrelating TD and Monte Carlo methods. In principle, one could even average experience-based backups with DP backups to get a simple combination of experience-based and model-based methods (see Chapter 9). A backup that averages simpler component backups in this way is called a complex backup. The backup diagram for a complex backup consists of the backup diagrams for each of the component backups with a horizontal line above them and the weighting fractions below. For example, the complex backup mentioned above, mixing half of a two-step backup and half of a four-step backup, has the diagram: The TD() algorithm can be understood as one particular way of averaging -step backups. This average contains all the -step backups, each weighted proportional to , where (Figure 7.3). A normalization factor of ensures that the weights sum to 1. The resulting backup is toward a return, called the -return, defined by Figure 7.4 illustrates this weighting sequence. The one-step return is given the largest weight, ; the two-step return is given the next largest weight, ; the three-step return is given the weight ; and so on. The weight fades by with each additional step. After a terminal state has been reached, all subsequent -step returns are equal to . If we want, we can separate these terms from the main sum, yielding (7.3) This equation makes it clearer what happens when . In this case the main sum goes to zero, and the remaining term reduces to the conventional return, . Thus, for , backing up according to the -return is the same as the Monte Carlo algorithm that we called constant- MC (6.1) in the previous chapter. On the other hand, if , then the -return reduces to , the one-step return. Thus, for , backing up according to the -return is the same as the one-step TD method, TD(0). We define the -return algorithm as the algorithm that performs backups using the -return. On each step, , it computes an increment, , to the value of the state occurring on that step: (7.4) (The increments for other states are of course , for all .) As with the -step TD methods, the updating can be either on-line or off-line. The approach that we have been taking so far is what we call the theoretical, or forward, view of a learning algorithm. For each state visited, we look forward in time to all the future rewards and decide how best to combine them. We might imagine ourselves riding the stream of states, looking forward from each state to determine its update, as suggested by Figure 7.5. After looking forward from and updating one state, we move on to the next and never have to work with the preceding state again. Future states, on the other hand, are viewed and processed repeatedly, once from each vantage point preceding them. The -return algorithm is the basis for the forward view of eligibility traces as used in the TD() method. In fact, we show in a later section that, in the off-line case, the -return algorithm is the TD() algorithm. The -return and TD() methods use the parameter to shift from one-step TD methods to Monte Carlo methods. The specific way this shift is done is interesting, but not obviously better or worse than the way it is done with simple -step methods by varying . Ultimately, the most compelling motivation for the way of mixing -step backups is that there is a simple algorithm--TD()--for achieving it. This is a mechanism issue rather than a theoretical one. In the next few sections we develop the mechanistic, or backward, view of eligibility traces as used in TD(). Example 7.2: -return on the Random Walk Task Figure 7.6 shows the performance of the off-line -return algorithm on the 19-state random walk task used with the -step methods in Example 7.1. The experiment was just as in the -step case except that here we varied instead of . Note that we get best performance with an intermediate value of . Exercise 7.4 The parameter characterizes how fast the exponential weighting in Figure 7.4 falls off, and thus how far into the future the -return algorithm looks in determining its backup. But a rate factor such as is sometimes an awkward way of characterizing the speed of the decay. For some purposes it is better to specify a time constant, or half-life. What is the equation relating and the half-life, , the time by which the weighting sequence will have fallen to half of its initial value? Next: 7.3 The Backward View Up: 7. Eligibility Traces Previous: 7.1 -Step TD Prediction Contents Mark Lee 2005-01-04	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8891461491584778, "perplexity": 1193.8718468860052}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104628307.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705205356-20220705235356-00221.warc.gz"}
http://www.show-my-homework.com/2012/10/inertia-moment-homework-3-103.html	# Inertia Moment (Homework 3-103) 1. A hollow sphere (M = 3 kg, R = 60 cm) is rolling down an inclined surface with a height of 2.0 meters and an inclined angle of 25 degrees.a) find the moment of inertia of the sphere. b) find the speed of the center of the mass when it reaches the bottom of the hill. c) find the rotational kinetic energy at the bottom d) find the linear acceleration of the sphere e) for the sphere to make pure rotation find the magnitude of the static frictional coefficient. 2. A hollow spherical ball is let go from the top of a track and goes around a circular loop (R = 60 cm). a) What must be the minimum height of the track so that the ball will not fall off the track at the topmost point of the loop? b) when the above condition is met, what is the tangential speed of the ball when it reaches the topmost point? 3. A bucket (m = 4 kg) is falling down a 25 meter deep well as shown in the figure. The cylindrical drum on which is winded the bucket rope has a mass of 28 kg and radius of 15 cm. a) find the tension in the rope. b) find the linear acceleration of the descending bucket. c) find the angular acceleration of the drum d) find the angular velocity of the cylinder when the bucket touches the bottom of the well. 1. a) The moment of inertia of a hollow sphere of mass M and radius R is $I_sphere = 2MR^2/3 = 230.6^2/3 = 0.72 kgm^2$ b. The total energy of the sphere at up and at the bottom is the same. Up there is only potential energy, at the bottom there is kinetic energy of rotation +kinetic energy of the center of mass $MgH = I\omega^2/2 +MV(cm)^2/2$, $\omega$ is the angular speed of the sphere the contact point of the spere with the plane has instant speed zero, the diametrical opposite point has instant speed $v = \omegaR,$ hence the instant speed of the center of mass is $V(cm) = v/2 =omegaR/2$ $\omega = 2V(cm)/R$ $MgH = I4V(cm)^2/R^2/2 + MV(cm)^2/2$ $MgH = [I4/R^2/2+M/2]V(cm)^2$ $MgH = [(2M/3)2 +M/2]V(cm)^2$ $9.812 =[(2/3)2 +1/2]v(cm)^2$ $19.62 =1.83V(cm)^2$ $V(cm) =3.27 m/s$ c. Rotational kinetic energy is $E = I\omega^2/2 = I4V(cm)^2/R^2/2 =(2M/3)2V(cm)^2 =(23/3)23.27^2 =42.77 J$ 4. V(cm)^2 =2ad, where d is the sliding distance down the inclined plane $d = H/sin(\alpha) =2/sin(25) =4.73 m$ $a = V(cm)^2/2/d =3.27^2/2/4.73 =1.13 m/s^2$ d. The total friction force is equal to the friction force $Ma = \muMg$ $\mu = a/g = 1.13/9.81 =0.115$ 2. The condition of not falling is $mv^2/R = mg$ (centrifugal force is equal to the weight) $V^2/R = g$, or $V =\sqrt{(Rg)} = \sqrt{(0.69.81)} = 2.42 m/s$ The energy at the top of the loop (kinetic + potential) is equal to the energy at the maximum height (only potential) $mv^2/2 +mg(2R) = mgH$ $H =(V^2/2/g + 2R) =2.42^2/2/9.81 +20.6 = 1.498 m$ 3. considering the drum a solid cylinder it has a moment of inertia $I = mR^2/2 =280.15^2/2 =0.315 kgm^2$ for the bucket one can write $F +ma = mg$ (F is the force in the string) For the drum one can write $F = I\epsilon$ (epsion is the angular acceleration of the drum) $a =\epsilonR$ Hence $F = m(g-a)$ $F= Ia/R$ or $Ia/R =mg-ma$ $(I/R+m)a =mg$ $(0.315/0.15 +4)a =49.81$ $a =6.43 m/s^2$ the force in the rope is $F =m(g-a)= 4(9.81-6.43) =13.52 N$ angular acceleration $\epsilon = a/R =6.43/0.15 =42.86 1/s^2$ tangential velocity of the cylinder is $v= \sqrt{(2as)} =\sqrt{(26.4325)} = 17.93 m/s$ angular velocity is $\omega =v/R =17.93/0.15 =119.54 1/s^2$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.956141471862793, "perplexity": 415.89928760275285}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862929.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619115101-20180619135101-00501.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/users/76798/mare?tab=summary	# Mare less info reputation 7 bio website location Croatia age member for 7 months seen Dec 4 at 20:35 profile views 32 # 26 Questions 7 Given three integers in $\{0,\ldots,100\}$ which sum up to $100$. What is the probabilty that two of them are the same? 4 Is uncountable subset of separable space separable? 4 Cardinal arithmetic questions 3 Aproximating rational with fraction with “smallest numerator and denumerator possible” 3 When does equality holds in $A\subseteq P(\cup A)$ # 359 Reputation +5 Is this complete partial order? +5 Proving a set is language generated by given grammar +5 Is $\alpha + \omega$ limit ordinal +5 About described DFA # 30 Tags 0 elementary-set-theory × 10 0 computer-science × 2 0 general-topology × 8 0 automata × 2 0 homework × 4 0 calculus × 2 0 cardinals × 3 0 probability × 2 0 solution-verification × 3 0 combinatorics × 2 # 2 Accounts Mathematics 359 rep 7 MathOverflow 101 rep 1	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.804081916809082, "perplexity": 4247.809130564744}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164034642/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133354-00067-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/154768/sfml-getrenderwindow-method-help	# SFML GetRenderWindow Method Help I have been following the "SFML Game Development By Example" and on chapter 2, the book was showing the example game design of a Snake game. However he didn't write the code of some header classes and didn't mention whether they should exist. I tried writing some of them but encountered an error: sf::RenderWindow* Window::GetRenderWindow(return &m_window;) Error: declaration is incompatible with sf::RenderWindow Window::GetRenderWindow() In my Window class: class Window{ public: ... sf::RenderWindow GetRenderWindow(); ... private: ... sf::RenderWindow m_window; ... } I think it is probably because of the function declaration. ## 1 Answer sorry for the silly question. It is time to sleep I guess. Here is the corrected version: sf::RenderWindow* Window::GetRenderWindow() { return &m_window; } • Don't forget to come back and mark this answer as accepted when it's possible :) – Vaillancourt Feb 27 '18 at 2:18	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1778557449579239, "perplexity": 2027.4957058812581}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147647.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228200903-20200228230903-00137.warc.gz"}

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