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-7766121263616656446	Cavalier King Charles Spaniel	Cavalier King Charles Spaniel - wikipedia Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Blenheim Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Origin United Kingdom hide Traits Weight 13 -- 18 lb ( 5.9 -- 8.2 kg ) Height 12 -- 13 inches ( 30 -- 33 cm ) Colour Blenheim , Black and Tan , Ruby , and Tri-Colour Life span Average 9 to 14 years hide Classification / standards FCI Group 9 , Section 7 English Toy Spaniels # 136 standard AKC Toy standard ANKC Group 1 ( Toys ) standard CKC Group 5 -- Toys standard KC ( UK ) Toy standard NZKC Toy standard UKC Companion Breeds standard Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small spaniel classed as a toy dog by The Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club . It originated in the United Kingdom and is one of the more popular breeds in many countries . Since 2000 , it has grown in popularity in the United States and ranks as the 18th most popular pure - breed in the United States ( 2013 Registration Statistics ) . It has a silky , smooth coat and commonly a smooth undocked tail . The breed standard recognises four colours : Blenheim ( chestnut and white ) , Tricolour ( black / white / tan ) , Black and Tan , and Ruby . The breed is generally friendly , affectionate and good with both children and other animals ; however , they require a lot of human interaction . Since they are a family dog , it is recommended to not leave them alone for long periods at a time . The expected average lifespan of a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is under ten years . The Cavalier King Charles changed dramatically in the late 17th century , when it was interbred with flat - nosed breeds . Until the 1920s , the Cavalier shared the same history as the smaller King Charles Spaniel . Breeders attempted to recreate what they considered to be the original configuration of the breed , a dog resembling Charles II 's King Charles Spaniel of the Restoration . Various health issues affect this particular breed . Contents 1 History 1.1 Divergence from King Charles Spaniel 2 Description 2.1 Colour 2.2 Popularity 3 Temperament 4 Health 4.1 Mitral valve disease 4.2 Syringomyelia 4.3 Episodic Falling ( EF ) 4.4 Thrombocytopenia and macrothrombocytopenia 4.5 Hip and knee disorders 4.6 Eye problems 4.7 Ear disorders 5 Urban legend 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Cavalier King Charles Spaniel ; lesser stop ; skull not inclined to be domed with spot in centre of skull on the Blenheim . A white blaze between the eyes is standard of the Tricolour variety . Correct Ruby Cavalier King Charles Spaniel ; uniform chestnut colour , with no white markings ; ears and slippers are often slightly lighter but dark chestnut colour should predominate During the early part of the 18th century , John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough , kept red and white King Charles type spaniels for hunting . The duke recorded that they were able to keep up with a trotting horse . His estate was named Blenheim in honour of his victory at the Battle of Blenheim . Because of this influence , the red and white variety of the King Charles Spaniel and thus the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel became known as the Blenheim . Attempts were made to recreate the original Cavalier King Charles Spaniel as early as the turn of the 20th century , using the now extinct Toy Trawler Spaniels . These attempts were documented by Judith Blunt - Lytton , 16th Baroness Wentworth , in the book `` Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels , Pekingese , Japanese and Pomeranians '' published under the name of the `` Hon . Mrs Neville Lytton '' in 1911 . Divergence from King Charles Spaniel ( edit ) In 1926 , the American Roswell Eldridge offered a dog show class prize of twenty - five pounds each as a prize for the best male and females of `` Blenheim Spaniels of the old type , as shown in pictures of Charles II of England 's time , long face , no stop , flat skull , not inclined to be domed , with spot in centre of skull . '' The breeders of the era were appalled , although several entered what they considered to be sub-par Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in the competition . Eldridge died before seeing his plan come to fruition , but several breeders believed in what he said and in 1928 the first Cavalier club was formed . The first standard was created , based on a dog named `` Ann 's Son '' owned by Mostyn Walker , and the Kennel Club recognised the variety as `` King Charles Spaniels , Cavalier type '' . The Second World War caused a drastic setback to the emerging breed , with the vast majority of breeding stock destroyed because of wartime hardship and food shortages . For instance , in the Ttiweh Cavalier Kennel , the population of sixty dogs dropped to three during the 1940s . Following the war , just six dogs would survive as the new beginning from which all present - day Cavaliers descend . These dogs were Ann 's Son , his litter brother Wizbang Timothy , Carlo of Ttiweh , Duce of Braemore , Kobba of Kuranda and Aristide of Ttiweh . The numbers increased gradually , and in 1945 the Kennel Club first recognised the breed in its own right as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel . The history of the breed in America is relatively recent . The first recorded Cavalier living in the United States was brought from the United Kingdom in 1956 by W. Lyon Brown , together with Elizabeth Spalding and other enthusiasts , she founded the Cavalier King Charles Club USA which continues to the present day . In 1994 , the American Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club was created by a group of breeders to apply for recognition by the American Kennel Club . The Cavalier would go on to be recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1995 , and the ACKCSC became the parent club for Cavaliers . Description ( edit ) Ruby Cavalier in the snow Historically the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was a lap dog and is small for a spaniel , with fully grown adults comparable in size to adolescents of other larger spaniel breeds . Breed standards state that height of a Cavalier should be between 12 to 13 inches ( 30 to 33 cm ) with a proportionate weight between 13 to 18 pounds ( 5.9 to 8.2 kg ) . The tail is usually not docked , and the Cavalier should have a silky coat of moderate length . Standards state that it should be free from curl , although a slight wave is allowed . Feathering can grow on their ears , feet , legs and tail in adulthood . Standards require this be kept long , with the feathering on the feet a particularly important aspect of the breed 's features . The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and the English Toy Spaniel can be often confused with each other . In the United Kingdom , the English Toy Spaniel is called the King Charles Spaniel while in the United States , one of the colours of the Toy Spaniel is known as King Charles . The two breeds share similar history and only diverged from each other about 100 years ago . There are several major differences between the two breeds , with the primary difference being the size . While the Cavalier weighs on average between 13 to 18 pounds ( 5.9 to 8.2 kg ) , the King Charles is smaller at 9 to 15 pounds ( 4.1 to 6.8 kg ) . In addition their facial features while similar , are different ; the Cavalier 's ears are set higher and its skull is flat while the King Charles 's is domed . Finally the muzzle length of the Cavalier tends to be longer than that of its King Charles cousin . Colour ( edit ) Tricolour Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Cavalier King Charles Spaniel , Blenheim variety , with chestnut brown markings on a white background on its back , patches over eyes and all brown ears The breed has four recognized colours . Cavaliers which have rich chestnut markings on a pearly white background are known as Blenheim in honour of Blenheim Palace , where John Churchill , 1st Duke of Marlborough , raised the predecessors to the Cavalier breed in this particular colour . In some dogs there is a chestnut spot in the middle of the forehead : this is called the `` Blenheim '' spot . The Blenheim spot is also known as the mark of the `` Duchess Thumb Print '' , based on the legend that Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough while awaiting news of her husband 's safe return from the Battle of Blenheim , pressed the head of an expecting dam with her thumb , resulting in five puppies bearing the lucky mark after news that the battle had been won . Black and Tan are dogs with black bodies with tan highlights , particularly eyebrows , cheeks , legs and beneath the tail . Black and Tan is referred to as `` King Charles '' in the King Charles Spaniel . Ruby Cavaliers should be entirely chestnut all over , although some can have some white in their coats which is considered a fault under American Kennel Club conformation show rules . The fourth colour is known as Tricolour , which is black and white with tan markings on cheeks , inside ears , on eyebrows , inside legs , and on underside of tail . This colour is referred to as `` Prince Charles '' in the King Charles Spaniel . Rich chestnut markings on a white pearly coat Black - and - tan Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Front and top view of Blenheim Spot Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in the window Portrait of a young female Two Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Popularity ( edit ) According to statistics released by The Kennel Club , Cavaliers were the sixth most popular dog in the United Kingdom in 2007 with 11,422 registrations in a single year . Labrador Retrievers were the most popular with 45,079 registrations in that year . Their popularity is on the rise in America ; in 1998 they were the 56th most popular breed but in both 2007 and 2008 they were the 25th most popular . They ranked higher in some individual US cities in the 2008 statistics , being eighth in both Nashville and Minneapolis - St. Paul , seventh in Boston , Atlanta and Washington D.C. , and sixth in both New York City and San Francisco . The breed 's popularity has continued to grow , ranking in 18th place in 2013 . In 2009 , the Cavalier was the fourth most popular breed in Australia with 3,196 registrations behind only Labrador Retrievers , German Shepherd Dogs and Staffordshire Bull Terriers . In addition , there are also national breed clubs in Belgium , Canada , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , South Africa , Spain and Sweden . Temperament ( edit ) Blenheim markings The breed is highly affectionate , playful , extremely patient and eager to please . As such , dogs of the breed are good with children and other dogs . Cavaliers are not shy about socialising with much larger dogs . They will adapt quickly to almost any environment , family , and location and suit city and country life . Their ability to bond with larger and smaller dogs makes them ideal in houses with more than one breed of dog as long as the other dog is trained . Cavaliers rank 44th in Stanley Coren 's The Intelligence of Dogs , being of average intelligence in working or obedience . Cavaliers are naturally curious and playful , but also enjoy simply cuddling up on a cushion or lap , making them excellent companion or lap dogs for medical patients and the elderly . Cavaliers are active and sporting . Cavaliers are successful in conformation shows , obedience and agility and they also make wonderful therapy dogs due to their sweet , gentle natures . The breed is adaptable in their need for exercise , happy with either sleeping on the couch or taking long walks . The breed is well known for its loving temperament They have an instinct to chase most things that move including vehicles on busy streets , and so most Cavaliers will never become `` street-wise '' . As they tend to regard all strangers as friends , members of the breed will usually not make good guard dogs . Spaniels have a strong hunting instinct and may endanger birds and small animals . However , owners have reported that through training their Cavaliers live happily with a variety of small animals including hamsters and gerbils . The Cavalier 's coat requires weekly brushing , but no trimming . However , some owners prefer to trim their Cavalier 's long feathers and slippers which can become very dirty when walking or playing outside . Health ( edit ) Blenheim , Tricolour and Ruby Black - and - tan Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Cavaliers can notably be prone to mitral valve disease , which leads to heart failure . This appears in many Cavaliers at some point in their lives and is the most common cause of death . Some serious genetic health problems , including early - onset mitral valve disease ( MVD ) , the potentially severely painful syringomyelia ( SM ) , hip dysplasia , luxating patellas , and certain vision and hearing disorders are health problems for this breed . As today 's Cavaliers all descend from only six dogs , any inheritable disease present in at least one of the original founding dogs can be passed on to a significant proportion of future generations . This is known as the founder effect and is the likely cause of the prevalence of MVD in the breed . The health problems shared with this breed include mitral valve disease , luxating patella , and hereditary eye issues such as cataracts and retinal dysplasia . Cavaliers are also affected by ear problems , a common health problem among spaniels of various types , and they can have such other general conditions as hip dysplasia , which are common across many types of dog breeds . Mitral valve disease ( edit ) Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with bandaged paw Further information : Mitral valve disease Nearly all Cavaliers eventually have mitral valve disease , with heart murmurs which may progressively worsen , leading to heart failure . This condition is polygenic ( affected by multiple genes ) , and therefore all lines of Cavaliers worldwide are susceptible . It is the leading cause of death in the breed . A survey by The Kennel Club of the United Kingdom showed that 42.8 % of Cavalier deaths are cardiac related . The next most common causes are cancer ( 12.3 % ) and old age ( 12.2 % ) . The condition can begin to emerge at an early age and statistically may be expected to be present in more than half of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels by age 5 . It is rare for a 10 - year - old Cavalier not to have a heart murmur . While heart disease is common in dogs generally -- one in 10 of all dogs will eventually have heart problems -- mitral valve disease is generally ( as in humans ) a disease of old age . The `` hinge '' on the heart 's mitral valve loosens and can gradually deteriorate , along with the valve 's flaps , causing a heart murmur ( as blood seeps through the valve between heartbeats ) then congestive heart failure . The Cavalier is particularly susceptible to early - onset heart disease , which may be evident in dogs as young as one or two years of age . Veterinary geneticists and cardiologists have developed breeding guidelines to eliminate early - onset mitral valve disease in the breed , but it is unclear if a statistically significant number of breeders follow these guidelines . The chairperson of the UK CKCS Club said in 2009 : `` There are many members who are still not prepared to health check their breeding stock , and of those who do , it would appear that many would not hesitate to breed from affected animals . '' The MVD breeding protocol recommends that parents should be at least 2.5 years old and heart clear , and their parents ( i.e. , the puppy 's grandparents ) should be heart clear until age 5 . Syringomyelia ( edit ) Further information : Syringomyelia Syringomyelia ( SM ) is a condition affecting the brain and spine , causing symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain and partial paralysis . It is caused by a malformation , commonly known as Chiari Malformation , in the lower back of the skull which reduces the space available to the brain , compressing it and often forcing it out ( herniating it ) through the opening into the spinal cord . This blocks the flow of cerebral spinal fluid ( CSF ) around the brain and spine and increases the fluid 's pressure , creating turbulence which in turn is believed to create fluid pockets , or syrinxes ( hence the term syringomyelia ) , in the spinal cord . Syringomyelia is rare in most breeds but has become widespread in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel , with international research samples in the past few years consistently showing over 90 % of Cavaliers have the malformation , and that between 30 -- 70 % have syrinxes . However , most dogs with syrinxes are not symptomatic . Although symptoms of syringomyelia can present at any age , they typically appear between six months and four years of age in 85 % of symptomatic dogs , according to Clare Rusbridge , a research scientist . Symptoms include sensitivity around the head , neck , or shoulders , often indicated by a dog whimpering or frequently scratching at the area of his neck or shoulder . Scratching is often unilateral -- restricted to one side of the body . Scratching motions are frequently performed without actually making physical contact with the body ( `` air scratching '' ) . The scratching behavior appears involuntary and the dog frequently scratches while walking -- without stopping -- in a way that is very atypical of normal scratching ( `` bunny hopping '' ) . Scratching typical of SM is usually worse when the dog is wearing a collar , is being walked on leash , or is excited , and first thing in the morning or at night . Not all dogs with SM show scratching behavior . Not all dogs who show scratching behavior appear to be in pain , though several leading researchers , including Dr Clare Rusbridge in the UK and Drs Curtis Dewey and Dominic Marino in the US , believe scratching in SM cavaliers is a sign of pain and discomfort and of existing neurological damage to the dorsal horn region of the spine . If onset is at an early age , a first sign may be scratching and / or rapidly appearing scoliosis . If the problem is severe , there is likely to be poor proprioception ( awareness of body position ) , especially with regard to the forelimbs . Clumsiness and falling results from this problem . Progression is variable though the majority of dogs showing symptoms by age four tend to see progression of the condition . A veterinarian will rule out basic causes of scratching or discomfort such as ear mites , fleas , and allergies , and then , primary secretory otitis media ( PSOM -- glue ear ) , as well as spinal or limb injuries , before assuming that a Cavalier has SM . PSOM can present similar symptoms but is much easier and cheaper to treat . Episodic Falling Syndrome can also present similar symptoms . An MRI scan is normally done to confirm diagnosis of SM ( and also will reveal PSOM ) . If a veterinarian suspects SM he or she will recommend an MRI scan . Neurologists give scanned dogs a signed certificate noting its grade . Episodic falling ( EF ) ( edit ) Ruby Cavalier King Charles Spaniel puppy Episodic Falling causes `` exercise - induced paroxysmal hypertonicity '' meaning that there is increased muscle tone in the dog and the muscles can not relax . Previously thought to be a muscular disorder , it is now known to be neurological . EF is caused by a single recessive gene , and a genetic test is available . Except for severe cases , episodes will be in response to exercise , excitement or similar exertions . Although EF is often misdiagnosed as epilepsy , which typically results in loss of consciousness , the dog remains conscious throughout the episode . Severity of symptoms can range from mild , occasional falling to freezing to seizure - like episodes lasting hours . Episodes can become more or less severe as the dog gets older and there is no standard pattern to the attacks . The onset of symptoms usually occurs when a dog is between 4 months and 4 years of age . It is similar to Scotty Cramp , a genetic disorder in Scottish Terriers . About 1 % of Cavaliers are affected by the condition , with 19 % being carriers . Dogs with whole coloured coats were more likely to be affected than dogs with parti - coloured coats . Thrombocytopenia and Macrothrombocytopenia ( edit ) As many as half of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels may have a congenital blood disorder called idiopathic asymptomatic thrombocytopenia , an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood , according to recent studies in Denmark and the United States . Platelets , or thrombocytes , are disk - shaped blood elements which aid in blood clotting . Excessively low numbers are the most common cause of bleeding disorders in dogs . The platelets in the blood of many Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are a combination of those of normal size for dogs and others that are abnormally oversized , or macrothrombocytes . Macrothrombocytosis also is a congenital abnormality found in at least a third of CKCSs . These large platelets function normally , and the typical Cavalier does not appear to experience any health problems due to either the size or fewer numbers of its platelets . Hip and knee Disorders ( edit ) Hip dysplasia is a common genetic disease that affects Cavalier King Charles Spaniels . It is not present at birth but develops with age . Hip dysplasia is diagnosed by X-rays , but it is not usually evident in X-rays of Cavaliers until they mature . Even in adult spaniels with severe hip dysplasia , X-rays may not always indicate the disease . In a series of evaluations by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals , the Cavalier was ranked 78th worst out of 157 breeds . The worst affected breeds were the Bulldog , Pug and Dogue de Bordeaux . Cavaliers can be subject to a genetic defect of the femur and knee called luxating patella . This condition is most often observed when a puppy is 4 to 6 months old . In the most serious cases , surgery may be indicated . The grading system for the patella runs from 1 ( a tight knee ) , to 4 ( a knee so loose that its cap is easily displaced ) . If a cavalier has a grade 1 -- 2 , physical rehabilitation therapy and exercise may reduce the grading and potentially avoid surgery . The grades 3 -- 4 are most severe where surgery will most likely be needed to correct the problem to avoid the development of arthritis and lameness in the limb . Eye problems ( edit ) A disorder commonly found in Cavaliers is keratoconjunctivitis sicca , colloquially known as `` dry eye '' . The usual cause of this condition is an autoimmune reaction against the dog 's lacrimal gland ( tear gland ) , reducing the production of tears . According to the Canine Inherited Disorders Database , the condition requires continual treatment and if untreated may result in partial or total blindness . This disorder can decrease or heal over time . A 1999 study of Cavaliers conducted by the Canine Eye Registration Foundation showed that an average of 30 % of all Cavalier King Charles Spaniels evaluated had eye problems . They include hereditary cataracts , corneal dystrophy , distichiasis , entropion , microphthalmia , progressive retinal atrophy , and retinal dysplasia . Ear Disorders ( edit ) Primary Secretory Otitis Media ( PSOM ) , also known as glue ear , consists of a highly viscous mucus plug which fills the dog 's middle ear and may cause the tympanic membrane to bulge . PSOM has been reported almost exclusively in Cavaliers , and it may affect over half of them . Because the pain and other sensations in the head and neck areas , resulting from PSOM , are similar to some symptoms caused by syringomyelia ( SM ) , some examining veterinarians have mis - diagnosed SM in Cavaliers which actually have PSOM and not SM . Cavalier King Charles Spaniels may be predisposed to a form of congenital deafness , which is present at birth , due to a lack of formation or early degeneration of receptors in the inner ear , although this is relatively rare . In addition , more recent studies have found Cavaliers that develop a progressive hearing loss , which usually begins during puppyhood and progresses until the dog is completely deaf , usually between the ages of three and five years . The progressive nature of this form of deafness in Cavaliers is believed to be caused by degeneration of the hearing nerve rather than the lack of formation or early degeneration of the inner ear receptors . Urban legend ( edit ) An urban legend claims that Charles II issued a special decree granting King Charles Spaniels permission to enter any establishment in the UK , overriding `` no dog except guide dogs '' rules . A variant of this myth relates specifically to the Houses of Parliament . This myth is sometimes instead applied to the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel . The UK Parliament website states : `` Contrary to popular rumour , there is no Act of Parliament referring to King Charles spaniels being allowed anywhere in the Palace of Westminster . We are often asked this question and have thoroughly researched it . '' Similarly , there is no proof of any such law covering the wider UK . A spokesman for the Kennel Club said : `` This law has been quoted from time to time . It is alleged in books that King Charles made this decree but our research has n't tracked it down . '' See also ( edit ) Companion dog Companion Dog Group Toy Group Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lambert ( 2008 ) : p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` Get to Know the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel '' , ' The American Kennel Club ' , Retrieved 20 May 2014 Jump up ^ DG O'Neill ; DB Church ; PD McGreevy ; PC Thomson ; DC Brodbelt ( 2013 ) . `` Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England '' . The Veterinary Journal . Veterinary Journal ; 2013 ; 189 ( 3 ) : 638 - 643 . 198 ( 3 ) : 638 -- 643 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tvjl. 2013.09. 020 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Moffat ( 2006 ) : p. 19 Jump up ^ Lytton , Mrs. Neville ( 1911 ) . Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels , Pekingese , Japanese and Pomeranians . London , England : Duckworth & Co. pp. 81 -- 82 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Coile ( 2008 ) : p. 9 Jump up ^ Moffat ( 2006 ) : p. 22 Jump up ^ `` A Potted History '' . The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club . 2009 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club of BC . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Kennel Club '' . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Moffat ( 2006 ) : p. 23 ^ Jump up to : `` Cavalier King Charles Spaniel '' . CavalierKingCharlesSpanielClub.co.za . Archived from the original on 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Dog Breed Information '' . American Kennel Club . Jump up ^ Lambert ( 2008 ) : p. 14 Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Blenheim Spot '' . Charming Cache Cavaliers . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert ( 2008 ) : p. 15 Jump up ^ `` AKC MEET THE BREEDS : Cavalier King Charles Spaniel '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Top 20 Breed Registrations '' . The Kennel Club . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AKC Dog Registration Statistics '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Most Popular Breeds in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities Page 3 '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Popular Breeds in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities Page 1 '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 Most Popular Breeds in the 50 Largest U.S. Cities Page 5 '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ American Kennel Club 2013 Dog Registration Statistics Historical Comparisons & Notable Trends , The American Kennel Club , Retrieved 30 April 2014 Jump up ^ `` ANKC : National Animal Registration Analysis '' . Australian National Kennel Club . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Cavalier Clubs '' . The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club . 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Training and Cavalier Dog Breed Info '' . Puppy-Training-at-Home.com . Archived from the original on 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cavalier King Charles Spaniels '' . TerrificPets.com . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club -- USA . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cavalier FAQ '' . Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club -- USA . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Alex. , Gough ( 2010 ) . Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats . Thomas , Alison , 1964 - ( 2nd ed . ) . Chichester , West Sussex : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 9781405180788 . OCLC 467711662 . Jump up ^ Coile ( 2008 ) : p. 69 Jump up ^ `` Breed Profile : The English Toy Spaniel or King Charles Spaniel '' . English Toy Spaniel Club of America . Archived from the original on 8 December 2009 . Retrieved 22 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels '' ( PDF ) . Kennel Club / British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee Summary results . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mitral Valve Disease and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels '' . CavalierHealth.org . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mitral Valve Disease Breeding Protocol for the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel '' . CavalierHealth.org . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Wedderburn , Pete ( 27 March 2009 ) . `` Dog breeders in denial '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Important Findings At CKCSC , USA 'S Heart Symposium '' ( PDF ) . Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Syringomyelia ( SM ) and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel '' . CavalierHealth.org . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rusbridge , Clare ( 2007 ) . Chiari - Like Malformation and Syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel ( PhD thesis ) . Utrecht University . ISBN 978 - 90 - 393 - 4456 - 9 . OCLC 123300926 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Secretory Otitis Media ( PSOM ) in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel '' . CavalierHealth.org . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , Jennifer L. ; Tsai , Kate L. ; Krey , Christa ; Noorai , Rooksana E. ; Vanbellinghen , Jean - François ; Garosi , Laurent S. ; Shelton , G. Diane ; Clark , Leigh Anne ; Harvey , Robert J. ( January 2012 ) . `` A canine BCAN microdeletion associated with episodic falling syndrome '' . Neurobiology of Disease . 45 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 136 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nbd. 2011.07. 014 . Jump up ^ `` Episodic Falling Syndrome ( Muscle Hypertonicity ) : Cavaliers Collapse Suddenly After Exercise '' . CavalierHealth.org . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Slatter , Douglas H. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery ( 3rd ed . ) . W.B. Saunders Company . p. 1094 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 8607 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency of two disease - associated mutations in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels '' ( PDF ) . Animal Health Trust . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blood Platelets in Cavaliers : Too Few ( Thrombocytopenia ) and Too Large ( Macrothrombocytopenia ) '' . CavalierHealth.org . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hip Dysplasia in Cavaliers : Painful and Expensive '' . Cavalier Health.org . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hip Dysplasia Statistics '' . Orthopedic Foundation for Animals . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patellar Luxation in Cavaliers : Genetic and Degenerative '' . Cavalier Health.org . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dry Eye Syndrome : A Life - Long Irritating Defect for Cavaliers '' . CavalierHealth.org . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca ( KCS ) ? '' . Canine Inherited Disorders Database. 11 May 2000 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Cynthia A. ( 1999 ) . Ocular Disorders Presumed to be Inherited in Purebred Dogs . American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists . ISBN 0 - 9635163 - 2 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Corneal Dystrophy and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel '' . CavalierHealth.org . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Secretory Otitis Media ( PSOM ) in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel '' . CavalierHealth.org . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deafness in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels can be Congenital or Progressive '' . CavalierHealth.org . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shops centre ban for ' royal ' dog '' . Manchester Evening News ( Jan 2007 ) . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Charles and a point of law '' . Dogcast Radio . ^ Jump up to : `` I want the act saying that King Charles spaniels have special rights in the Houses of Parliament '' . Parliament.uk . Archived from the original on 4 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feeding your small breed puppy '' . Kennel Club . Jump up ^ `` The Cavalier '' . Buchlyvie chapter No 513 Order of The Eastern Star . References ( edit ) `` AKC MEET THE BREEDS : Cavalier King Charles Spaniel '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . `` AKC Dog Registration Statistics '' . American Kennel Club . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . `` A Potted History '' . The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club . 2009 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . `` Cavalier King Charles Spaniel '' . CavalierKingCharlesSpanielClub.co.za . Archived from the original on 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Coile , D. Caroline ( 2008 ) . Cavalier King Charles Spaniels ( 2nd ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 3771 - 6 . `` Cavalier King Charles Spaniels '' . Blenheim Company . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Dupre , Malcolm . `` Cavalier King Charles Spaniel History '' . Barkbytes.com . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Lambert , Cathy ( 2008 ) . Getting to Know Cavaliers . AnimalInfo Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 921537 - 13 - 4 . `` 2007 Top 20 Breed Registrations '' . The Kennel Club . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Lytton , Mrs. Neville ( 1911 ) . Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels , Pekingese , Japanese and Pomeranians . London , England : Duckworth & Co. pp. 81 -- 82 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Moffat , Norma ( 2006 ) . Cavalier King Charles Spaniel : Your Happy Healthy Pet ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 74823 - 4 . Wheeler , Cynthia A. ( 1999 ) . Ocular Disorders Presumed to be Inherited in Purebred Dogs . American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists . ISBN 0 - 9635163 - 2 - 9 . Youatt , William ( 1852 ) . The Dog . Blanchard and Lea . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cavalier King Charles Spaniel . Cavalier King Charles Spaniel at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Toy dogs Extant Affenpinscher Australian Silky Terrier Bichon Frisé Bolognese Bolonka Boston Terrier Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Chihuahua Chinese Crested Dog Coton de Tulear English Toy Terrier French Bulldog Griffon Bruxellois Havanese Italian Greyhound Japanese Chin King Charles Spaniel Löwchen Maltese Miniature Pinscher Miniature Poodle Papillon Pekingese Phalène Pomeranian Pug Russkiy Toy Shih Tzu Tibetan Spaniel Toy Fox Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Toy Poodle Yorkshire Terrier Extinct Toy Trawler Spaniel Dogs originating in Britain Hounds Beagle Bloodhound Dumfriesshire Hound English Foxhound Greyhound Harrier Otterhound Scottish Deerhound Welsh Hound Whippet Gun dogs Clumber Spaniel Curly Coated Retriever Cocker Spaniel English Setter English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel Flat - Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Gordon Setter Labrador Retriever Pointer Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Terriers Working breeds Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Border Terrier Cairn Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Fox Terrier ( Smooth & Wire ) Jack Russell Terrier Lakeland Terrier Manchester Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Russell Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Toy breeds English Toy Terrier ( Black & Tan ) Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Bull types Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Staffordshire Bull Terrier Herding dogs Bearded Collie Border Collie Cardigan Welsh Corgi English Shepherd Lancashire Heeler Old English Sheepdog Pembroke Welsh Corgi Rough Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smooth Collie Welsh Sheepdog Other Bulldog Bullmastiff Cavalier King Charles Spaniel English Mastiff French Bulldog King Charles Spaniel Northern Inuit Dog Types Fell Terrier Longdog Lurcher Extinct Black and Tan Terrier Blue Paul Terrier English Water Spaniel English White Terrier Norfolk Spaniel North Country Beagle Old English Bulldog Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog Paisley Terrier Southern Hound Talbot Toy Bulldog Toy Trawler Spaniel Turnspit dog Tweed Water Spaniel Welsh hillman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavalier_King_Charles_Spaniel&oldid=854593455 '' Categories : Toy dogs Dog breeds Spaniels Companion dogs Dog breeds originating in England Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with Curlie links Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 13 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the average age of a king charles cavalier	[ "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel\nBlenheim Cavalier King Charles SpanielOrigin\nUnited Kingdom\nhideTraitsWeight\n13–18 lb (5.9–8.2 kg)Height\n12–13 inches (30–33 cm)Colour\nBlenheim, Black and Tan, Ruby, and Tri-ColourLife span\nAverage 9 to 14 years[1]\nhideClassification / standardsFCI\nGroup 9, Section 7 English Toy Spaniels #136\nstandardAKC\nToy\nstandardANKC\nGroup 1 (Toys)\nstandardCKC\nGroup 5 – Toys\nstandardKC (UK)\nToy\nstandardNZKC\nToy\nstandardUKC\nCompanion Breeds\nstandard\nDomestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)" ]	[ "9 to 14 years" ]
6250781216625863955	Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four	Nations of Nineteen Eighty - Four - wikipedia Nations of Nineteen Eighty - Four Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Oceania is coloured in pink , Eurasia is orange and Eastasia is green on the fictitious 1984 world map . The `` disputed area '' rests roughly between the dotted lines . Oceania , Eurasia and Eastasia are the three fictional superstates in George Orwell 's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty - Four . How the world evolved into the three states is vague . They appear to have emerged from nuclear warfare and civil dissolution over 20 years between 1945 , the end of World War II , and 1965 . Eurasia was likely formed first , followed closely afterwards by Oceania , with Eastasia emerging a decade later , possibly in the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Oceania 2 Eurasia 3 Eastasia 4 Disputed area 5 International relations 6 Ambiguity 7 Notes Oceania ( edit ) Oceania is the superstate in which protagonist Winston Smith dwells . It is believed to be composed of the Americas , the British Isles ( called `` Airstrip One '' in the novel ) , Iceland , Australia , New Zealand , Polynesia , and Southern Africa below the River Congo . It also controls , to different degrees and at various times during the course of its perpetual war with either Eurasia or Eastasia , the polar regions , India , Indonesia , and the islands of the Pacific . Oceania lacks a single capital city , but London and apparently New York City may be regional capitals . In the novel , Emmanuel Goldstein , Oceania 's declared public enemy number one , describes it in the fictional book The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism as a result of the United States having absorbed the British Empire . Goldstein 's book also states that Oceania 's primary natural barrier is the sea surrounding it . The ruling doctrine of Oceania is Ingsoc , the Newspeak neologism for English Socialism . Its nominal leader is Big Brother , believed by the masses to have been the leader of the revolution and still used as an icon by the Party . The cult of personality is maintained through Big Brother 's function as a focal point for love , fear , and reverence , more easily felt towards an individual than towards an organization . The unofficial language of Oceania is English ( officially called Oldspeak ) , and the official language is Newspeak . The restructuring of the language is intended to eliminate unorthodox political and social thought by eliminating the words needed to express it . The society of Oceania is sharply stratified into three groups : the small ruling Inner Party , the more - numerous and highly indoctrinated Outer Party , and the large body of politically - meaningless Proles . Apart from exceptions such as Hate Week , the proles remain essentially outside Oceania 's political control and are placated by trivial sports and other entertainment : the Thought Police manage any Proles who are socially aware enough to be a problem . Oceania 's national anthem is Oceania , Tis For Thee , which , in one of the three film versions of the book , takes the form of a crescendo of organ music along with operatic lyrics . The lyrics are sung in English , and the song is reminiscent of God Save the Queen and My Country , ' Tis of Thee . Even the names of countries , and their shapes on the map , had been different . Airstrip One , for instance , had not been so called in those days : it had been called England , or Britain , though London , he felt fairly certain , had always been called London . Like the rest of Europe , Britain was hit by atomic weapons in the conflicts before the revolutions in Oceania and then elsewhere . One British town , Colchester , is referenced specifically as having been destroyed ; flashbacks to Smith 's childhood also include scenes of Londoners taking refuge in the London Underground tunnels in the midst of the bombing . Eurasia ( edit ) It is stated that Eurasia was formed when the Soviet Union annexed the rest of Continental Europe , creating a single polity stretching from Portugal to the Bering Strait . Orwell frequently describes the face of the standard Eurasian as `` mongolic '' in the novel . The only soldiers other than Oceanians to appear in the novel are the Eurasians . When a large number of captured soldiers are executed in Victory Square , some Slavs are mentioned , but the stereotype of the Eurasian maintained by the Party is Mongoloid , like O'Brien 's servant , Martin . This implies that the Party uses racism to avert sympathy towards an enemy , selectively parading Central Asian troops in front of the Oceanians . According to Goldstein 's book , Eurasia 's main natural defence is its vast territorial extent , while the ruling ideology of Eurasia is identified as `` Neo-Bolshevism '' , a variation of the Oceanian `` Ingsoc '' . Eastasia ( edit ) Eastasia 's borders are not as clearly defined as those of the other two superstates , but it is known that they encompass most of modern - day Mainland China and Taiwan , Japan , and Korea . Eastasia repeatedly captures and loses Indonesia , New Guinea , and the various Pacific archipelagos . Its political ideology is , according to the novel , `` called by a Chinese name usually translated as Death - worship , but perhaps better rendered as ' Obliteration of the Self ' '' . Orwell does not appear to have based this on any existing Chinese word or phrase . Not much information about Eastasia is given in the book . It is known that it is the newest and smallest of the three superstates . According to Goldstein 's book , it emerged a decade after the establishment of the other two superstates , placing it somewhere in the 1960s , after years of `` confused fighting '' among its predecessor nations . It is also said in the book that the industriousness and the fecundity of the people of Eastasia allow them to overcome their territorial inadequacy in comparison to the other two powers . At the time Orwell wrote the book , East Asians , including the Japanese , all had birth rates higher than those of Europeans . Disputed area ( edit ) The `` disputed area '' , which lies `` between the frontiers of the super-states '' , is a rough quadrilateral with its corners at Tangier , Brazzaville , Darwin , and Hong Kong `` . This area is fought over during the perpetual war among the three superstates , one of which sometimes controls vast swaths of the disputed territory , only to lose it again . The reason that the three superstates seek to control the area is to harness the large population and the vast resources within the region . Control of the islands in the Pacific and the polar regions is also constantly shifting , but there also , none of the three superpowers ever gains a lasting hold . The inhabitants of the area , having no allegiance to any nation , live in constant slavery under whichever power controls them . Eastasia and Eurasia fight over `` a large but fluctuating portion of Manchuria , Mongolia , and Tibet '' . At one point during the novel , Julia procures tea to share with Winston and remarks that she thinks Oceania recently captured India ( or perhaps parts of India ) , but such `` control '' is usually transient . International relations ( edit ) The world of Nineteen Eighty - Four exists in a state of perpetual war among the three major powers . Two of the three states are aligned against the third : Oceania and Eurasia against Eastasia or Eurasia and Eastasia against Oceania . However , as Goldstein 's book points out , each superstate is so powerful that even an alliance of the other two can not destroy it , which results in a continuing stalemate . From time to time , one of the states betrays its ally and sides with its former enemy . In Oceania , when that occurs , the Ministry of Truth rewrites history to make it appear that the current state of affairs is the way it has always been , and documents with contradictory information are destroyed in the memory hole . Goldstein 's book states that the war is not a war in the traditional sense but simply exists to use up resources and keep the population in line . Victory for any side is not attainable or even desirable , but the Inner Party , through an act of doublethink , believes that such victory is possible . Although the war began with the limited use of atomic weapons in a limited atomic war in the 1950s , the combatants all stopped using them for fear of upsetting the balance of power . Relatively few technological advances have been made ( the only two mentioned are the replacement of bombers with `` rocket bombs '' and of traditional capital ships with the immense `` floating fortresses '' ) . Examples of both technologies had been developed in the closing stages of World War II : the V2 rocket , the ice aircraft carrier , and the floating harbour . Ambiguity ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Almost all of the information about the world beyond London is given to the reader through government or Party sources , which , by the very premise of the novel , are unreliable narrators . Specifically , Julia brings up the idea that the war is fictional and that the rocket bombs falling from time to time on London are fired by the government of Oceania itself to maintain the war atmosphere among the population . The protagonists have no means of proving or disproving the theory . Furthermore , during preparations for Hate Week , rocket bombs fall at an increasing rate , hitting places such as playgrounds and crowded theatres , causing mass casualties and increased hysteria and hatred for the Party 's enemies . War is also a convenient pretext to maintain a huge military -- industrial complex in which the state is committed to developing and acquiring large and expensive weapons systems , which almost immediately become obsolete and required replacement . Finally , according to Goldstein 's book , war makes handing over power to a small caste easier and gives the pretext to do so . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ George Orwell , Nineteen Eighty - Four , p. 18 . Jump up ^ The literal translation of `` Death - worship '' is `` 死亡崇拜 '' , or Sǐwáng chóngbài , which is not a known religious concept or political philosophy . Related moral concepts may be `` 殺身成仁 '' , shāshēn chéngrén , to die to achieve virtue , found in Analects ; or `` 捨身取義 '' , shěshēn qǔyì , to give up life for righteousness , found in Mencius , but the concept of mortal sacrifice for the greater good , and emphasis of collective interests were already used in propaganda of both Nationalist and Communist revolutionaries at the time . Another possibility is that the phrase used is derived somehow from nirvana ( rendered 涅槃 in Chinese , a transliteration of the original Sanskrit ) , which if stretched , could be interpreted as `` Obliteration of the Self '' . In comparison , the later North Korean ideology of Juche has a roughly - similar trait of difficult translation into English -- as well as similar Big Brother figures in its veneration of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il . Jump up ^ Part II , Ch. 9 . ( hide ) George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) Characters Winston Smith Julia O'Brien Big Brother Emmanuel Goldstein Places Nations of Nineteen Eighty - Four Ministries of Nineteen Eighty - Four Groups Social classes Inner Party Outer Party Proles The Brotherhood Thought Police Concepts Ingsoc Newspeak wordlist Doublethink Two + two = five Thoughtcrime Telescreen Memory hole Goldstein 's book Two Minutes Hate Hate week Prolefeed Related articles Adaptations Nineteen Eighty - Four in popular media Book : Nineteen Eighty - Four Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nations_of_Nineteen_Eighty-Four&oldid=843145438 '' Categories : Fictional future countries Nineteen Eighty - Four Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2011 Articles to be expanded from February 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles that may contain original research from June 2015 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the three main powers in 1984	[ "Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia are the three fictional superstates in George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.", "Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia are the three fictional superstates in George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.", "Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia are the three fictional superstates in George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four." ]	[ "Oceania", "Eurasia", "Eastasia" ]
4345856830784070241	Atacama Desert	Atacama Desert - wikipedia Atacama Desert Jump to : navigation , search `` Atacama '' redirects here . For other uses , see Atacama ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 24 ° 30 ′ S 69 ° 15 ′ W / 24.500 ° S 69.250 ° W / - 24.500 ; - 69.250 Atacama Desert Desert Atacama by NASA World Wind Country Chile Area 105,000 km ( 40,541 sq mi ) Biome Desert Map of the Atacama Desert : The area most commonly defined as Atacama is yellow . In orange are the outlying arid areas of the southern Chala , Altiplano , Puna de Atacama , and Norte Chico . The Atacama Desert ( Spanish : Desierto de Atacama ) is a plateau in South America , covering a 1000 - km ( 600 - mi ) strip of land on the Pacific coast , west of the Andes mountains . It is the driest desert in the world , as well as the only true desert to receive less precipitation than the polar deserts . According to estimates , the Atacama Desert occupies 105,000 km ( 41,000 sq mi ) , or 128,000 km ( 49,000 sq mi ) if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included . Most of the desert is composed of stony terrain , salt lakes ( salares ) , sand , and felsic lava that flows towards the Andes . Geographically , the aridity of the Atacama is explained by it being situated between two mountain chains ( the Andes and the Chilean Coast Range ) of sufficient height to prevent moisture advection from either the Pacific or the Atlantic Oceans , a two - sided rain shadow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Climate 2.1 Aridity 2.2 Comparison to Mars 3 Flora 4 Fauna 5 Human presence 5.1 Chinchorro culture 5.2 Abandoned nitrate mining towns 6 Astronomical observatories 7 Other uses 7.1 Sports 7.2 Solar car racing 7.3 Tourism 8 El Tatio Geyser 9 Termas Baños de Puritama 10 Gallery 11 Protected areas 12 Legends 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links Setting ( edit ) See also : Andean orogeny and Arid Diagonal According to the World Wide Fund for Nature , the Atacama Desert ecoregion occupies a continuous strip for nearly 1,600 km along the narrow coast of the northern third of Chile , from near Arica ( 18 ° 24 'S ) southward to near La Serena ( 29 ° 55 'S ) . The National Geographic Society considers the coastal area of southern Peru to be part of the Atacama Desert and also includes the deserts south of the Ica Region in Peru . Peru borders it on the north and the Chilean Matorral ecoregion borders it on the south . To the east lies the less arid Central Andean dry puna ecoregion . The drier portion of this ecoregion is located south of the Loa River between the parallel Sierra Vicuña Mackenna and Cordillera Domeyko . To the north of the Loa lies the Pampa del Tamarugal . The Coastal Cliff of northern Chile west of the Chilean Coast Range is the main topographical feature of the coast . The geomorphology of the Atacama Desert has been characterized as a low - relief bench `` similar to a giant uplifted terrace '' by Armijo and co-workers . The intermediate depression ( or Central Valley ) forms a series of endorheic basins in much of Atacama Desert south of latitude 19 ° 30 'S . North of this latitude , the intermediate depression drains into the Pacific Ocean . Climate ( edit ) Snow in Paranal Observatory at 2,600 masl Although the almost total lack of precipitation is the most prominent characteristic of the Atacama Desert , exceptions may occur . In July 2011 , an extreme Antarctic cold front broke through the rain shadow , bringing 80 cm ( 31 in ) of snow to the plateau , stranding residents across the region , particularly in Bolivia , where many drivers became stuck in snow drifts and emergency crews became overtaxed with a large number of rescue calls . In 2012 , the altiplano winter brought floods to San Pedro de Atacama . On 25 March 2015 , heavy rainfall affected the southern part of the Atacama Desert . Resulting floods triggered mudflows that affected the cities of Copiapo , Tierra Amarilla , Chanaral , and Diego de Almagro , causing the deaths of more than 100 people . Aridity ( edit ) A flat area of the Atacama Desert between Antofagasta and Taltal The Atacama Desert is commonly known as the driest nonpolar place in the world , especially the surroundings of the abandoned Yungay town ( in Antofagasta Region , Chile ) . The average rainfall is about 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) per year , although some locations , such as Arica and Iquique , receive 1 to 3 mm ( 0.04 to 0.12 in ) in a year . Moreover , some weather stations in the Atacama have never received rain . Periods up to four years have been registered with no rainfall in the central sector , delimited by the cities of Antofagasta , Calama , and Copiapó , in Chile . Evidence suggests that the Atacama may not have had any significant rainfall from 1570 to 1971 . Wild donkey in the Atacama desert The Atacama Desert may be the oldest desert on earth , and has experienced extreme hyperaridity for at least 3 million years , making it the oldest continuously arid region on earth . The long history of aridity raises the possibility that supergene mineralisation , under the appropriate conditions , can form in arid environments , instead of requiring humid conditions . Geological research suggests that in some sections of the Atacama Desert , such as in today 's Chile , hyperaridity has persisted for the last 200 million years ( since the Triassic ) , competing only with Africa 's Namib Desert for such a title . The Atacama is so arid that many mountains higher than 6,000 m ( 20,000 ft ) are completely free of glaciers . Only the highest peaks ( such as Ojos del Salado , Monte Pissis , and Llullaillaco ) have some permanent snow coverage . The southern part of the desert , between 25 and 27 ° S , may have been glacier - free throughout the Quaternary ( including during glaciations ) , though permafrost extends down to an altitude of 4,400 m ( 14,400 ft ) and is continuous above 5,600 m ( 18,400 ft ) . Studies by a group of British scientists have suggested that some river beds have been dry for 120,000 years . However , some locations in the Atacama receive a marine fog known locally as the camanchaca , providing sufficient moisture for hypolithic algae , lichens , and even some cacti -- the genus Copiapoa is notable among these . Geographically , the aridity of the Atacama is explained by it being situated between two mountain chains ( the Andes and the Chilean Coast Range ) of sufficient height to prevent moisture advection from either the Pacific or the Atlantic Oceans , a two - sided rain shadow . Comparison to Mars ( edit ) The lack of humidity , rain , and light pollution together produce a dusty , rocky landscape . In a region about 100 km ( 60 mi ) south of Antofagasta , which averages 3,000 m ( 10,000 ft ) in elevation , the soil has been compared to that of Mars . Owing to its otherworldly appearance , the Atacama has been used as a location for filming Mars scenes , most notably in the television series Space Odyssey : Voyage to the Planets . In 2003 , a team of researchers published a report in which they duplicated the tests used by the Viking 1 and Viking 2 Mars landers to detect life , and were unable to detect any signs in Atacama Desert soil in the region of Yungay . The region may be unique on Earth in this regard , and is being used by NASA to test instruments for future Mars missions . The team duplicated the Viking tests in Mars - like Earth environments and found that they missed present signs of life in soil samples from Antarctic dry valleys , the Atacama Desert of Chile and Peru , and other locales . However , in 2014 , a new hyperarid site was reported , María Elena South , which was much drier than Yungay , and thus , a better Mars - like environment . Towards Atacama , near the deserted coast , you see a land without men , where there is not a bird , not a beast , nor a tree , nor any vegetation . `` '' La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla , 1569 In 2008 , the Phoenix Mars Lander detected perchlorates on the surface of Mars at the same site where water was first discovered . Perchlorates are also found in the Atacama and associated nitrate deposits have contained organics , leading to speculation that signs of life on Mars are not incompatible with perchlorates . The Atacama is also a testing site for the NASA - funded Earth -- Mars Cave Detection Program . Flora ( edit ) Rare rainfall events cause the flowering desert phenomenon in the southern Atacama Desert . In spite of the geographic and climatic conditions of the desert , a rich variety of flora has evolved there . Over 500 species have been gathered within the border of this desert . These species are characterized by their extraordinary ability to adapt to this extreme environment . Most common species are the herbs and flowers such as thyme , llareta , and saltgrass ( Distichlis spicata ) , and where humidity is sufficient , trees such as the chañar ( Geoffroea decorticans ) , the pimiento tree , and the leafy algarrobo ( Prosopis chilensis ) . Vegetation in Pan de Azúcar National Park on the coast of the Atacama Desert The llareta is one of the highest - growing wood species in the world . It is found at altitudes between 3,000 and 5,000 m ( 9,800 and 16,400 ft ) . Its dense form is similar to a pillow some 3 to 4 m ( 9.8 to 13.1 ft ) thick . It concentrates and retains the heat from the day to cope with low evening temperatures . The growth rate of the llareta has been recently estimated at about 1.5 cm per year , making many llaretas over 3,000 years old . It produces a much - prized resin , which the mining industry once harvested indiscriminately as fuel , making this plant endangered . The desert is also home to cacti , succulents , and other plants that thrive in a dry climate . Cactus species here include the candelabro ( Browningia candelaris ) and cardon ( Echinopsis atacamensis ) , which can reach a height of 7 m ( 23 ft ) and a diameter of 70 cm ( 28 in ) . The Atacama Desert flowering ( Spanish : desierto florido ) can be seen from September to November in years with sufficient precipitation , as happened in 2015 . Fauna ( edit ) Andean flamingos in Salar de Atacama The climate of the Atacama Desert limits the number of animals living permanently in this extreme ecosystem . Some parts of the desert are so arid , no plant or animal life can survive . Outside of these extreme areas , sand - colored grasshoppers blend with pebbles on the desert floor , and beetles and their larvae provide a valuable food source in the lomas ( hills ) . Desert wasps and butterflies can be found during the warm and humid season , especially on the lomas . Red scorpions also live in the desert . Liolaemus nitidus , a lizard native to the southern reaches of the Atacama Desert A unique environment is provided by some lomas , where the fog from the ocean provides enough moisture for seasonal plants and a few animal species . Surprisingly few reptile species inhabit the desert and even fewer amphibian species . Chaunus atacamensis , the Vallenar toad or Atacama toad , lives on the lomas , where it lays eggs in permanent ponds or streams . Iguanas and lava lizards inhabit parts of the desert , while salt flat lizards , Liolaemus , live in the dry areas bordering the ocean . One species , Liolaemus fabiani , is endemic to the Salar de Atacama , the Atacama salt flat . Birds are probably the largest animal group in the Atacama . Humboldt penguins live year - round along the coast , nesting in desert cliffs overlooking the ocean . On salt flats both near the Pacific and inland , Andean flamingos flock to eat algae . Other birds ( including species of hummingbirds and sparrows ) visit the lomas seasonally to feed on insects , nectar , seeds , and flowers . The lomas help sustain several threatened species , such as the endangered Chilean woodstar . Because of the desert 's extreme aridity , only a few specially adapted mammal species live in the Atacama , such as Darwin 's leaf - eared mouse . The less arid parts of the desert are inhabited by the South American gray fox and the viscacha ( a relative of the chinchilla ) . Larger animals , such as guanacos and vicuñas , graze in areas where grass grows , mainly because it is seasonally irrigated by melted snow . Vicuñas need to remain near a steady water supply , while guanacos can roam into more arid areas and survive longer without fresh water . Seals and sea lions often gather along the coast . Human presence ( edit ) View of Chuquicamata , a large , state - owned copper mine The Atacama is sparsely populated , with most towns located along the Pacific coast . In interior areas , oases and some valleys have been populated for millennia and were the location of the most advanced pre-Columbian societies found in Chile . Chinchorro culture ( edit ) Main article : Chinchorro culture The Chinchorro culture developed in the Atacama Desert area from 7,000 to 1,500 BCE . These peoples were sedentary fishermen inhabiting mostly coastal areas . Their presence is found from today 's towns of Ilo , in southern Peru , to Antofagasta in northern Chile . Presence of fresh water in the arid region on the coast facilitated human settlement in these areas . The Chinchorro were famous for their detailed mummification and funerary practices . In later times , the Atacama oases experienced little population growth and urban development . During the 20th century , they have had conflicts over water resources with the coastal cities and the mining industry . San Pedro de Atacama , at about 2,400 m ( 8,000 ft ) elevation , is like many of the small towns . Before the Inca empire and prior to the arrival of the Spanish , the extremely arid interior was inhabited primarily by the Atacameño tribe . They are noted for building fortified towns called pucarás , one of which is located a few kilometers from San Pedro de Atacama . The town 's church was built by the Spanish in 1577 . The coastal cities originated in the 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries during the time of the Spanish Empire , when they emerged as shipping ports for silver produced in Potosí and other mining centers . During the 19th century , the desert came under control of Bolivia , Chile , and Peru . With the discovery of sodium nitrate deposits and as a result of unclear borders , the area soon became a zone of conflict and resulted in the War of the Pacific . Chile annexed most of the desert , and cities along the coast developed into international ports , hosting many Chilean workers who migrated there . With the guano and saltpeter booms of the 19th century , the population grew immensely , mostly as a result of immigration from central Chile . In the 20th century , the nitrate industry declined and at the same time , the largely male population of the desert became increasingly problematic for the Chilean state . Miners and mining companies came into conflict , and protests spread throughout the region . Abandoned nitrate mining towns ( edit ) Main article : List of saltpeter works in Tarapacá and Antofagasta The desert has rich deposits of copper and other minerals and the world 's largest natural supply of sodium nitrate , which was mined on a large scale until the early 1940s . The Atacama border dispute over these resources between Chile and Bolivia began in the 19th century and resulted in the War of the Pacific . The desert is littered with about 170 abandoned nitrate ( or `` saltpeter '' ) mining towns , almost all of which were shut down decades after the invention of synthetic nitrate in Germany at the turn of the 20th century ( see Haber process ) . The towns include Chacabuco , Humberstone , Santa Laura , Pedro de Valdivia , Puelma , María Elena , and Oficina Anita . The Atacama Desert is rich in metallic mineral resources such as copper , gold , silver and iron , as well as nonmetallic minerals including important deposits of boron , lithium , sodium nitrate , and potassium salts . The Salar de Atacama is where bischofite is extracted . These resources are exploited by various mining companies such as Codelco , Lomas Bayas , Mantos Blancos , and Soquimich . Astronomical observatories ( edit ) ALMA and the center of the Milky Way Because of its high altitude , nearly nonexistent cloud cover , dry air , and lack of light pollution and radio interference from widely populated cities and towns , this desert is one of the best places in the world to conduct astronomical observations . The European Southern Observatory operates two major observatories in the Atacama : La Silla Observatory Paranal Observatory , which includes the Very Large Telescope A new radio astronomy telescope , called the Atacama Large Millimeter Array , built by European countries , Japan , the United States , Canada , and Chile in the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory officially opened on 3 October 2011 . A number of radio astronomy projects , such as the CBI , the ASTE and the ACT , among others , have been operating in the Chajnantor area since 1999 . Other uses ( edit ) Sports ( edit ) The Atacama Desert is popular with all - terrain sports enthusiasts . Various championships have taken place here , including the Lower Atacama Rally , Lower Chile Rally , Patagonia - Atacama Rally , and the latter Dakar Rally 's editions . The rally was organized by the Amaury Sport Organisation and held in 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , and 2012 . The dunes of the desert are ideal rally races located in the outskirts of the city of Copiapó . The 2013 Dakar 15 - Day Rally started on 5 January in Lima , Peru , through Chile , Argentina and back to Chile finishing in Santiago . Visitors also use the Atacama Desert sand dunes for sandboarding ( Spanish : duna ) . A week - long foot race called the Atacama Crossing has the competitors cross the various landscapes of the Atacama . An event called Volcano Marathon takes place near the Lascar volcano in the Atacama Desert . Solar car racing ( edit ) Eighteen solar powered cars were displayed in front of the presidential palace ( La Moneda ) in Santiago in November 2012 . The cars were then raced 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) through the desert from 15 -- 19 November 2012 . Tourism ( edit ) Most people who go to tour the sites in the desert stay in the town of San Pedro de Atacama . The Atacama Desert is in the top three tourist locations in Chile . The specially commissioned ESO hotel is reserved for astronomers . El tatio geyser ( edit ) Main article : El Tatio About 80 geysers occur in a valley about 80 km from the town of San Pedro de Atacama . They are closer to the town of Chiu Chiu . Termas Baños de Puritama ( edit ) The Baños de Puritama are rock pools which are 37 miles from the geysers . Gallery ( edit ) `` Icy Penitents by Moonlight '' Valle de la Luna , near San Pedro de Atacama Laguna Verde Valley in Atacama Vista before sunset . Chajnantor Plateau in the Chilean Andes , home to the ESO / NAOJ / NRAO ALMA Salt evaporation ponds in the Atacama Desert Paranal Observatory Flowering desert Llamas Valley of Death Machuca chapel Protected areas ( edit ) Pan de Azúcar National Park Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve La Chimba National Reserve Legends ( edit ) Alicanto Atacama Giant See also ( edit ) Puna de Atacama Norte Grande , Chile 2010 Copiapó mining accident Atacama border dispute Salar de Atacama List of deserts by area Llano de Chajnantor Observatory Transverse Valleys Mano del Desierto Pulpería The asteroid 18725 Atacama has been named after the Atacama Desert . Paposo Lomas Camanchaca References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vesilind , Priit J. ( August 2003 ) . `` The Driest Place on Earth '' . National Geographic Magazine . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . ( Excerpt ) Jump up ^ `` Even the Driest Place on Earth Has Water '' . Extreme Science . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Mckay , Christopher P. ( May -- June 2002 ) . `` Two dry for life : the Atacama Desert and Mars '' ( PDF ) . AdAstra : 30 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 8 December 2005 ) . `` Chile desert 's super-dry history '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Air Temperature , Wind , Precipitation , and Atmospheric Humidity in the McMurdo Region , Antarctica '' ( PDF ) . Antarctic Research Centre . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , John W. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac ( 2007 ed . ) . New York : Penguin Books . p. 456 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303820 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rundel , P.W. ; Villagra , P.E. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Arid and Semi-Arid Ecosystems '' . In Veblen , Thomas T. ; Young , Kenneth R. ; Orme , Anthony R. Physical Geography of South America . Oxford University Press . pp. 158 -- 183 . ^ Jump up to : Veblen , Thomas T. , ed. ( 2007 ) . The Physical Geography of South America . Oxford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531341 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Atacama desert '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 11 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( 23 October 2006 ) . `` Viking Mission May Have Missed Mars Life , Study Finds '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Minard , Anne ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Giant Penguins Once Roamed Peru , Fossils Show '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Quezada , Jorge ; Cerda , José Luis ; Jensen , Arturo ( 2010 ) . `` Efectos de la tectónica y el clima en la configuración morfológica del relieve costero del norte de Chile '' . Andean Geology ( in Spanish ) . 37 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 109 . doi : 10.4067 / s0718 - 71062010000100004 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Armijo , Rolando ; Lacassin , Robin ; Coudurier - Curveur , Aurélie ; Carrizo , Daniel ( 2015 ) . `` Coupled tectonic evolution of Andean orogeny and global climate '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 143 : 1 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2015.01. 005 . Jump up ^ Evenstar , Laura ; Mather , Anna ; Stuart , Finlay ; Cooper , Frances ; Sparks , Steve ( May 2014 ) . `` Geomorphic surfaces and supergene enrichment in Northern Chile '' . Vienna : EGU General Assembly 2014 , held 27 April - 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow Comes to the Atacama Desert '' . ESO . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hyper - Arid Atacama Desert Hit By Snow '' . BBC News . 7 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Inundación en San Pedro de Atacama deja 800 afectados y 13 turistas evacuados '' . El Mostrador ( in Spanish ) . 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism in San Pedro de Atacama restricted by floods '' . This is Chile . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atacama Desert Blooms Pink After Historic Rainfall ( Photos ) '' . LiveScience.com . ^ Jump up to : Erin Blakemore . `` The World 's Driest Desert Is in Breathtaking Bloom '' . Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` Yungay - the driest place in the world Wondermondo '' . www.wondermondo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Richard G. ; Armstrong , David G. ; Hunkins , Francis P. ; Reinhartz , Dennis ; Lobrecht , Merry ( 2005 ) . The World and its People ( Teacher 's wraparound ed . ) . New York : Glencoe / McGraw - Hill . p. 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 860977 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The desert biome '' . University of California Museum of Paleontology . Jump up ^ `` Rare snow in the Atacama Desert : Image of the Day '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Jonathan D.A. Clarke ( 2006 ) . `` Antiquity of aridity in the Chilean Atacama Desert '' ( PDF ) . Geomorphology. 73 : 101 -- 114 . Bibcode : 2006Geomo ... 73 ... 101C . doi : 10.1016 / j. geomorph. 2005.06. 008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chile desert 's super-dry history '' . BBC News . 8 December 2005 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A trip to Mars '' . www.eso.org . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Navarro - Gonzalez , R. ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Mars - Like Soils in the Atacama Desert , Chile , and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life '' . Science . 302 ( 5647 ) : 1018 -- 1021 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 302.1018 N . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1089143 . PMID 14605363 . Jump up ^ azua - bustos , A. ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Discovery and microbial content of the driest site of the hyperarid Atacama Desert , Chile '' . Environmental Microbiology Reports . Jump up ^ Braudel , Fernand ( 1992 ) . The Perspective of the World . Berkeley , Calif. : University of California Press . p. 388 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08116 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Andrea ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` Scientists Set Record Straight on Martian Salt Find '' . Space.com . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Wynne , J.J. ; Cabrol , N.A. ; Chong Diaz , G. ; Grin , G.A. ; Jhabvala , M.D. ; Moersch , J.E. ; Titus , T.N. Earth -- Mars Cave Detection Program Phase 2 -- 2008 Atacama Desert Expedition ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Thos . Morong. ( 12 February 1891 ) . `` The Flora of the Desert of Atacama '' . Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club . 18 ( 2 ) : 39 -- 48 . doi : 10.2307 / 2475523 . Jump up ^ Monique Bos . `` Animals that live in the Atacama Desert '' . Paw Nation . Jump up ^ Claudio M. Escobar ; et al. ( March 2003 ) . `` Chemical Composition of Precloacal Secretions of Two Liolaemus fabiani Populations : Are They Different ? '' . Diary of Chemical Ecology. 29 ( 3 ) : 629 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022858919037 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ South America physical map Jump up ^ Sanz , Nuria ; Arriaza , Bernardo T. ; Standen , Vivien G. , The Chinchorro Culture : A Comparative Perspective . The archaeology of the earliest human mummification . UNESCO Office Mexico ; Universidad de Tarapacá ( Chile ) ; National Monuments Council ( Chile ) Paris , UNESCO , 2014 Jump up ^ Holsti , K.J. ( 1997 ) . The State , War , and the State of War . Cambridge University Press . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57790 - 8 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Lawrence A. ( 1984 ) . The Bolivarian Nations . The Forum Press . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88273 - 603 - 7 . Jump up ^ St. John , Robert Bruce ( 1994 ) . The Bolivia - Chile - Peru dispute in the Atacama Desert ( Report ) . International Boundaries Research Unit . Jump up ^ `` Exploring the Atacama '' . yes . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kogel , Jessica Elzea ( 2006 ) . Kogel , Jessica Elzea ; Trivedi , Nikhil ; Barker , James ; Krukowski , Stanley , eds . Industrial Minerals & Rocks : Commodities , Markets , and Uses ( 7th ed . ) . Littleton , Colo. : Society for Mining , Metallurgy , and Exploration . p. 605 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87335 - 233 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` ALMA Upgrade to Image the Event Horizons of Supermassive Black Holes '' . ESO Announcement . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Atacama Desert Facts That Every Tourist Must Know '' . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bustos , R. ; Rubio , M. ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Parque Astronómico de Atacama : An Ideal Site for Millimeter , Submillimeter , and Mid-Infrared Astronomy '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 126 ( 946 ) : 1126 . arXiv : 1410.2451 . Bibcode : 2014PASP ... 126.1126 B . doi : 10.1086 / 679330 . Jump up ^ Toll , Rosser ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` In Chile desert , huge telescope begins galaxy probe '' . AFP . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ruíz - Tagle ve difícil que Chile no esté en un nuevo Dakar '' . La Nacion. 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dakar Rally event 2013 to culminate in Chilean capital '' . yes . This is Chile . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Atacama Crossing '' . yes . 4 deserts . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Volcano Marathon Volcanomarathon.com . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nueva generación de autos solares son presentados en Chile '' . La Nacion. 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los autos que competirán en la súper carrera solar de Atacama '' . La Nacion. 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Atacama Desert '' . Conde Nast Traveller . Conde Nast . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Graham ( 2005 ) . 21st Century Hotel . London : Laurence King . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85669 - 401 - 8 . Jump up ^ Erfurt - Cooper , Patricia ; Cooper , Malcolm , eds. ( 2010 ) . Volcano and Geothermal Tourism : Sustainable Geo - resources for Leisure and Recreation . London : Earthscan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84407 - 870 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mroue , Haas ; Schreck , Kristina ; Luongo , Michael ( 2005 ) . Frommer 's Argentina & Chile ( 3rd ed . ) . Hoboken , N.J. ( u.a. ) : Wiley . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 8439 - 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) Braudel , Fernand ( 1984 ) ( 1979 ) . The perspective of the world . Civilization and Capitalism. 3 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08116 - 1 . OCLC 505033669 . Sagaris , Lake ( 2000 ) . Bone and dream : into the world 's driest desert . Toronto : Alfred A. Knopf Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97223 - 8 . OCLC 57692400 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atacama Desert . `` Mars - like Soils in the Atacama Desert , Chile , and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life '' , NASA press release `` Roving robot finds desert life '' , article in Nature `` A Lady in the Atacama Desert , from the travel blog A Lady in London Detailed article issued by the Geological Society of America on the history of aridity of the Atacama Desert Atacama Desert Photo Gallery , photos of many different landscapes , flora and fauna of the Atacama Desert World deserts Desert Desertification List of deserts List of deserts by area Africa Algerian Bayuda Blue Chalbi Danakil Djurab Eastern Ferlo Farafra ( White ) Kalahari Libyan Moçâmedes Namib Nubian Nyiri Owami Richtersveld Sahara Tanezrouft Ténéré Western Asia Ad - Dahna Akshi Arabian Aral Karakum Aralkum Badain Jaran Betpak - Dala Cholistan Dasht - e Kavir Dasht - e Khash Dasht - e Leili Dasht - e Loot Dasht - e Margo Dasht - e Naomid Gurbantünggüt Gobi Hami Indus Valley Judaean Karakum Katpana Kharan Kumtag Kyzylkum Lop Maranjab Muyunkum Nefud Negev Polond Ordos Qaidam Ramlat al - Sab'atayn Rub ' al Khali Russian Arctic Registan Saryesik - Atyrau Syrian Taklamakan Tengger Thal Thar Ustyurt Plateau Wahiba Sands Australia Gibson Great Sandy Great Victoria Little Sandy Nullarbor Plain Painted Pedirka Simpson Strzelecki Sturt 's Stony Tanami Tirari Europe Accona Bardenas Reales Błędów Cabo de Gata Deliblatska Peščara Hálendi Monegros Oleshky Oltenian Sahara Ryn Stranja Tabernas North America Alvord Amargosa Baja California Black Rock Carcross Carson Channeled scablands Chihuahuan Colorado Escalante Forty Mile Gran Desierto de Altar Great Basin Great Salt Lake Great Sandy Jornada del Muerto Kaʻū Lechuguilla Mojave North American Arctic Owyhee Painted Desert Red Desert Sevier Smoke Creek Sonoran Tonopah Desert Tule ( Arizona ) Tule ( Nevada ) Yp Yuha Yuma South America Atacama La Guajira Los Médanos de Coro Monte Patagonian Sechura Tatacoa Zealandia Rangipo Desert Polar Regions Antarctica Arctic Greenland North American Arctic Russian Arctic Project Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atacama_Desert&oldid=832417654 '' Categories : Atacama Desert Deserts of Chile Deserts and xeric shrublands Ecoregions of Chile Dunes of South America Ergs Geography of Atacama Region Plateaus of Chile Landforms of Atacama Region Natural regions of South America Regions of Chile Physiographic sections Neotropic ecoregions Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did it last rain in the atacama desert	[ "On 25 March 2015, heavy rainfall affected the southern part of the Atacama Desert.[19][20] Resulting floods triggered mudflows that affected the cities of Copiapo, Tierra Amarilla, Chanaral, and Diego de Almagro, causing the deaths of more than 100 people." ]	[ "25 March 2015" ]
3638092287512207752	Vanessa Williams	Vanessa Williams - Wikipedia Vanessa Williams This article is about the actress , singer , and former Miss America . For other uses , see Vanessa Williams ( disambiguation ) . Vanessa Williams Williams in March 2012 Vanessa Lynn Williams ( 1963 - 03 - 18 ) March 18 , 1963 ( age 55 ) The Bronx , New York , U.S. Residence Chappaqua , New York , U.S. Nationality American Education Syracuse University Occupation Actress singer fashion designer Years active 1982 -- present Title Miss America 1984 Miss New York 1983 Miss Syracuse 1983 Term September 17 , 1983 -- July 22 , 1984 ( resigned ) Predecessor Debra Maffett Successor Suzette Charles Spouse ( s ) Ramon Hervey II ( m . 1987 ; div. 1997 ) Rick Fox ( m . 1999 ; div. 2004 ) Jim Skrip ( m . 2015 ) Children 4 ; including Jillian Hervey Relatives Chris Williams ( brother ) Musical career Genres R&B pop soul dance jazz gospel Labels Wing Polydor Mercury Lava Concord Website vanessawilliams.com Vanessa Lynn Williams ( born March 18 , 1963 ) is an American singer , actress , and fashion designer . She initially gained recognition as the first African - American recipient of the Miss America title when she was crowned Miss America 1984 in 1983 . However , a scandal arose the following year when , a few weeks prior to the end of her reign , Williams learned that Penthouse magazine would be publishing unauthorized nude photographs of her in an upcoming issue . Amid growing media controversy and scrutiny , Williams resigned as Miss America in July 1984 ( under pressure from the Miss America Organization ) , and was replaced by first runner - up Miss New Jersey Suzette Charles . Thirty - two years later , Miss America CEO Sam Haskell offered her a public apology ( during the Miss America 2016 pageant ) for the events of 1984 . Williams rebounded from the scandal with a successful career as a singer and actress . In 1988 , she released her debut studio album The Right Stuff whose title single saw moderate success before `` Dreamin ' '' peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . Her second and third studio albums , The Comfort Zone ( 1991 ) and The Sweetest Days ( 1994 ) , saw continued commercial success and for which she received multiple Grammy Award nominations , including for her number - one hit and signature song , `` Save the Best for Last '' . Her most recent studio albums include Everlasting Love ( 2005 ) and The Real Thing ( 2009 ) . As an actress , Williams enjoyed success on both stage and screen , receiving an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture for her portrayal of Teri Joseph in the film Soul Food ( 1997 ) . Her best known television roles are that of Wilhelmina Slater on Ugly Betty ( 2006 -- 10 ) , for which she was nominated three times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , and Renee Perry on Desperate Housewives ( 2010 -- 12 ) . She has also starred in films such as Eraser ( 1996 ) , Soul Food ( 1997 ) and Dance with Me ( 1998 ) . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Name 3 Miss America 4 Career 4.1 Music 4.2 Television and film 4.3 Theatre 4.4 Additional roles 4.5 Fashion 5 Personal life 6 Honors and awards 7 Discography 8 Filmography 8.1 Film 8.2 Television 9 Book 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Vanessa Lynn Williams was born in The Bronx , New York , with a birth announcement that read : `` Here she is : Miss America . '' Later in life , she participated in a DNA test with the following results : 23 % from Ghana , 17 % from the British Isles ( specifically English , Welsh and Irish ) , 15 % from Cameroon , 12 % Finnish , 11 % Southern European , 7 % from Togo , 6 % from Benin , 5 % from Senegal , and 4 % Portuguese . Her maternal great - great grandfather was William A. Feilds , an African - American legislator in the Tennessee House of Representatives . Her mother Helen Tinch met her father Milton Augustine Williams Jr. ( 1935 -- 2006 ) while both were music education students at Fredonia State Teachers College in the late 1950s . They both became elementary school music teachers after marriage , though their teaching positions were in separate districts . Milton also served as the assistant principal of his school for an extended period of time . Williams was raised Roman Catholic , the religion of her father . Her mother , who had been raised Baptist , converted to Catholicism when she got married . Williams was baptized at Our Lady of Grace Church in the Bronx . Her mother played the organ at St. Theresa 's Church in Briarcliff Manor for weddings and at mass , and Williams used to assist her mother by turning the pages of sheet music . Williams and her younger brother Chris ( who would later become an actor ) grew up in a predominantly white middle - class suburb of New York City . Williams believes she may have been the first African - American student to go from the first grade to the 12th grade in the Chappaqua Central School District . A child of music teachers , Williams grew up in a musical household , studying classical and jazz dance , French horn , piano , and violin . She was offered the Presidential Scholarship for Drama to attend Carnegie Mellon University during the college application period , ( one of 12 students to receive it ) but decided instead to attend Syracuse University on a different scholarship . Thus , in 1981 , Williams joined Syracuse 's College of Visual and Performing Arts , Department of Drama as a musical theater major . She stayed at Syracuse through her sophomore year until she was crowned Miss America 1984 in September 1983 . Twenty - five years later in May 2008 , Syracuse granted Williams a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree . According to Syracuse News , `` Williams earned the remaining credits for her degree through industry experience and her substantial performances on stage and screen . '' Williams also delivered the 2008 convocation address , telling Syracuse seniors to `` treasure this moment . These days are irreplaceable and are the beginning of the rest of your life . '' Name ( edit ) Williams is most often referenced and publicly recognized simply as `` Vanessa Williams '' . There is , however , occasional confusion with the similarly named actress Vanessa A. Williams , who is just two months younger . It has been reported that Williams first became aware of Vanessa A. in the 1980s when her New York University registrar told her that another , similarly aged student with the same name and from the same state had applied . When Williams appeared as Miss America in a Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , Vanessa A. accidentally received her check for the appearance , which she returned . In the area of acting , the two ran into name conflict when Screen Actors Guild rules prohibited duplicate stage naming . Vanessa A. had registered the name `` Vanessa Williams '' first , so as a compromise , Williams was occasionally credited as `` Vanessa L. Williams '' in acting credits . To compound the confusion , both actresses starred in versions of the drama Soul Food ( Williams in the film version , and Vanessa A. in its TV series adaptation ) . The Screen Actors Guild eventually took the issue to arbitration and decided both actresses could use the professional name `` Vanessa Williams '' . Miss America ( edit ) Vanessa Williams at the conclusion of her performance of `` Oh How the Years Go By '' at Miss America 2016 Main article : Vanessa Williams and Miss America Williams was the first African American recipient of the Miss America title when she was crowned Miss America 1984 in September 1983 . Several weeks before the end of her reign , however , a scandal arose when Penthouse magazine bought and published unauthorized nude photographs of her . Williams was pressured to relinquish her title , and was succeeded by the first runner - up , Miss New Jersey 1983 , Suzette Charles . Thirty - two years later , in September 2015 , when Williams served as head judge for the Miss America 2016 pageant , former Miss America CEO Sam Haskell made a public apology to her for the events of 1984 . Career ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Williams first received public recognition for her musical abilities when she won the preliminary talent portion of the Miss America pageant with her rendition of `` Happy Days Are Here Again '' ( Williams would later be crowned Miss America 1984 ) . Four years later in 1988 , Williams released her debut album , The Right Stuff . The first single , `` The Right Stuff '' , found success on the R&B chart , while the second single , `` He 's Got the Look '' , found similar success on the same chart . The third single , `` Dreamin ' '' , was a pop hit , becoming Williams ' first top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at No. 8 , and her first number one single on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . The album reached platinum status in the U.S. and earned her a NAACP Image Award and three Grammy Award nominations , including one for Best New Artist . Her second album The Comfort Zone became the biggest success in her music career . The lead single `` Running Back to You '' reached top twenty on the Hot 100 , and the top position of Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart on October 5 , 1991 . Other singles included `` The Comfort Zone '' ( # 2 R&B ) , `` Just for Tonight '' ( # 26 Pop ) , a cover of The Isley Brothers ' `` Work to Do '' ( # 3 R&B ) , and the club - only hit `` Freedom Dance ( Get Free ! ) . '' The most successful single from the album , as well as her biggest hit to date , is `` Save the Best for Last '' . It reached No. 1 in the United States , where it remained for five weeks , as well as No. 1 in Australia , the Netherlands , and Canada , and was in the top 5 in Japan , Ireland and the United Kingdom . The album sold 2.2 million copies in the U.S. at its time of release and has since been certified triple platinum in the United States by the RIAA , gold in Canada by the CRIA , and platinum in the United Kingdom by the BPI . The Comfort Zone earned Williams five Grammy Award nominations . The Sweetest Days , her third album , was released in 1994 to highly - favorable reviews . The album saw Williams branch out and sample other styles of music that included jazz , hip hop , rock , and Latin - themed recordings such as `` Betcha Never '' and `` You Ca n't Run '' , both written and produced by Babyface . Other singles from the album included the adult - contemporary and dance hit `` The Way That You Love '' and the title track . The album was certified platinum in the U.S. by the RIAA and earned her two Grammy Award nominations . Other releases include two Christmas albums , Star Bright in 1996 , and Silver & Gold in 2004 ; Next in 1997 , Everlasting Love in 2005 , and The Real Thing in 2009 , along with a greatest - hits compilation released in 1998 , and a host of other compilations released over the years . Notable chart performances from subsequent albums , motion picture and television soundtracks have included the songs `` Love Is '' , which was a duet with Brian McKnight , the Golden Globe - and Academy Award - winning `` Colors of the Wind '' , `` Where Do We Go from Here ? '' , and `` Oh How the Years Go By '' . In April 2018 , she announced she was working on a new studio album due in the Fall which would incorporate her R&B , pop & Broadway influences . Television and film ( edit ) Williams at the 2007 Mercedes - Benz Fashion Week in New York City Williams has had a successful career in television . Her first television appearance was on a 1984 episode of The Love Boat followed by guest appearances in a number of popular shows . In 1995 , Williams starred as Rose Alvarez in a television adaptation of the 1960 Broadway musical Bye Bye Birdie and portrayed the nymph Calypso in the 1997 Hallmark Entertainment miniseries The Odyssey . In 2001 , Williams starred in the Lifetime cable movie about the life of Henriette DeLille , The Courage to Love and in 2003 , Williams read the narrative of Tempie Herndon Durham from the WPA slave narratives in the HBO documentary Unchained Memories : Readings from the Slave Narratives . In 2006 , Williams received considerable media attention for her comic / villainess role as former model / magazine creative director turned editor - in - chief Wilhelmina Slater in the ABC comedy series Ugly Betty . Her performance on the series resulted in a nomination for outstanding supporting actress at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards and in 2008 and 2009 , she was nominated in the outstanding supporting actress in a comedy series category for Ugly Betty . Williams next joined the cast of Desperate Housewives for its seventh season , where she portrayed Renee Perry , an old college `` frenemy '' of Lynette Scavo ( Felicity Huffman ) . In 2016 , she joined the cast of The Librarians , as recurring villainess General Rockwell . She is scheduled to star as Maxine on the VH1 television series Daytime Divas in June 2017 . Williams has also appeared in a number of feature films . She received a NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture for her portrayal of Teri Joseph for the 1997 feature film Soul Food . In 2007 , she starred in the independent film My Brother , for which she won Best Actress honors at the Harlem International Film Festival , the African - American Women in Cinema Film Festival , and at the Santa Barbara African Heritage Film Festival . She also notably co-starred with Arnold Schwarzenegger in Eraser , Samuel L. Jackson in the 2000 remake of Shaft , the characters from Sesame Street in The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland ( as the Queen of Trash ) , and with Miley Cyrus in Hannah Montana : The Movie . Theatre ( edit ) Williams began her career on stage in the 1985 production , One Man Band , as one of `` the women . '' She followed it in 1989 as `` Laura '' in Checkmates . In 1994 , she broadened her ascendant music career into a theatrical role when she was cast as the understudy for Aurora in the Broadway production of Kiss of the Spider Woman . In 1998 , she portrayed Della Green in the revival of St. Louis Woman , and Carmen Jones in the 2002 Kennedy Center Special Performance of Carmen Jones . In the same year , she was also featured in the Tony / Drama Desk Award winning revival production of Stephen Sondheim 's Into the Woods , for which she was nominated a Tony and Drama Desk Award for her performance as the Witch . This production included songs revised for her . In 2010 , Vanessa starred in a new Broadway musical revue entitled Sondheim on Sondheim , a look at Stephen Sondheim through his music , film and videotaped interviews . Sondheim ran from March 19 to June 13 at Studio 54 in New York City . In 2013 , she starred as Jessie Mae Watts in the Horton Foote play The Trip to Bountiful , which was later turned into a 2014 television film . In 2014 , she starred in the Broadway musical , After Midnight and in 2015 she appeared in a PBS production of Show Boat as Julie La Verne . Additional roles ( edit ) Williams served as the host of the 1994 Essence Awards , co-host of Carnegie Hall Salutes the Jazz Masters : Verve Records at 50 , host of the 1998 NAACP Image Awards , host of the 2002 documentary , It 's Black Entertainment , host of The 6th Annual TV Land Awards in 2007 , host of the 36th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards in 2009 , and finally host of the documentary Dreams Come True : A Celebration of Disney Animation ( 2009 ) . Williams is a spokesmodel for Proactiv Solution , and was the first African - American spokesmodel for L'Oréal cosmetics in the late 1990s . She appeared on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire in 2000 as a contestant , and once again on August 10 , 2009 , as a celebrity guest during the show 's 10th anniversary prime - time special editions , winning $50,000 for her charity . In a commercial that began running during Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 , Williams voiced the new character Ms. Brown , a brown M&M . Fashion ( edit ) In March 2016 , Williams launched her own clothing line , V. by Vanessa Williams for EVINE Live . Personal life ( edit ) Williams and her mother Helen co-authored a memoir entitled You Have No Idea , published in April 2012 . In the book , Williams discusses her childhood , rise to fame , and personal struggles ( including life with type 1 diabetes ) , including the fact that she was sexually molested by a woman when she was 10 years old . She also spoke candidly about having an abortion while she was in high school . Williams is a Roman Catholic , something she spoke about on the ABC News program , Focus On Faith with Father Edward L. Beck . Williams is also involved with a number of humanitarian causes . She is a supporter of LGBT rights and same sex marriage , and in 2011 she participated in a human rights campaign entitled `` New Yorkers for Marriage Equality '' . She is also partnered with Dress For Success , an organization that provides professional attire for low - income women , to help support their job - search and interview process . In addition , Williams is involved with The San Miquel Academy of Newburgh , a school for boys at risk . Williams has been married three times . She married her first husband , Ramon Hervey II , at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church in 1987 just a few years after giving up her crown , and gave birth to her first child at this time . Hervey was a public relations specialist who had been hired to resuscitate her career after her resignation as Miss America in July 1984 . They have three children ( Melanie , Jillian Hervey , and Devin ) and divorced in 1997 . She then married NBA basketball player Rick Fox in 1999 . They have one daughter , Sasha Gabriella Fox , and divorced in 2004 . In 2015 , Williams married Jim Skrip , a businessman from Buffalo , New York . Her daughter Jillian Hervey is an American singer , dancer and member of the group Lion Babe . Honors and Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Vanessa Williams Williams is the recipient of many awards and nominations including Grammy nominations for hits such as `` The Right Stuff '' , `` Save the Best for Last '' , and `` Colors of the Wind '' . In addition , she has earned multiple Emmy nominations , a Tony Award nomination , seven NAACP Image Awards , and four Satellite Awards . She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 19 , 2007 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Vanessa Williams discography Studio albums The Right Stuff ( 1988 ) The Comfort Zone ( 1991 ) The Sweetest Days ( 1994 ) Star Bright ( 1996 ) Next ( 1997 ) Silver & Gold ( 2004 ) Everlasting Love ( 2005 ) The Real Thing ( 2009 ) Filmography ( edit ) Source ( unless otherwise specified ) : Vanessa Williams at AllMovie Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Pick - up Artist Rae , girl with dog Under the Gun Samantha Richards 1991 Another You Gloria 1991 Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man Lulu Daniels Eraser Dr. Lee Cullen 1997 Soul Food Teri Joseph 1997 Hoodlum Francine Hughes 1998 Dance with Me Ruby Sinclair 1999 The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland Queen of Trash 1999 Light It Up Detective Audrey McDonald 2000 A Diva 's Christmas Carol Ebony Scrooge 2000 Shaft Carmen Vasquez Johnson Family Vacation Dorothy Johnson 2006 My Brother L'Tisha Morton 2007 And Then Came Love Julie Davidson 2009 Hannah Montana : The Movie Vita 2011 Delhi Safari Beggum ( voice ) English version 2012 He 's Way More Famous Than You Herself 2013 Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor Janice 2014 When Marnie Was There Hisako ( voice ) English version 2018 Suicide Squad : Hell to Pay Amanda Waller ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 The Love Boat Herself Episode : `` Ace 's Valet ; Mother Comes First ; Hit or Miss America '' 1984 Partners in Crime Roselle Robins Episode : `` Celebrity '' 1986 The Redd Foxx Show Jessica Episode : `` The Prodigal Son '' 1986 T.J. Hooker Officer Pat Williamson Episode : `` Partners in Death '' 1986 The Love Boat Pearl Episode : `` My Stepmother , Myself / Almost Roommates / Cornerback Sneak '' Full Exposure : The Sex Tapes Scandal Valentine Hayward Movie 1990 Perry Mason : The Case of the Silenced Singer Terri Knight Movie 1990 The Kid Who Loved Christmas Lynette Movie 1992 Stompin ' at the Savoy Pauline Movie 1992 The Jacksons : An American Dream Suzanne de Passe Miniseries ; 2 episodes 1992 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Danny Mitchell Episode : `` A Funny Thing Happened on the Way Home from the Forum '' 1995 Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child Beauty ( voice ) Episode : `` Beauty and the Beast '' 1995 Nothing Lasts Forever Dr. Kathy `` Kat '' Hunter Movie 1995 Bye Bye Birdie Rose Alvarez Movie Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Arandis Episode : `` Let He Who Is Without Sin ... '' 1997 The Odyssey Calypso Miniseries ; 2 episodes 1998 Futuresport Alex Torres Movie 1999 L.A. Doctors Dr. Leanne Barrows 3 episodes 2000 The Courage to Love Henriette DeLille Movie 2000 Don Quixote Dulcinea / Aldonza Movie 2000 A Diva 's Christmas Carol Ebony Scrooge Movie 2001 WW3 M.J. Blake Movie 2001 Santa , Baby ! Alicia ( voice ) Movie 2002 Keep the Faith , Baby Hazel Scott Movie 2002 Ally McBeal Sheila Hunt Episode : `` Another One Bites the Dust '' 2002 The Proud Family Debra ( voice ) Episode : `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thingy , Baby '' 2003 Boomtown Detective Katherine Pierce 6 episodes 2006 South Beach Elizabeth Bauer Main role ( 8 episodes ) 2006 -- 2010 Ugly Betty Wilhelmina Slater Main role ( 85 episodes ) 2007 -- 2008 Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies Mama Mirabelle ( voice ) Main role ( 23 episodes ) 2010 -- 2012 Desperate Housewives Renee Perry Main role ( 45 episodes in seasons 7 -- 8 ) 2011 RuPaul 's Drag Race Herself Season 3 , episode 2 2011 Who Do You Think You Are ? Herself Season 2 , episode 1 2012 Phineas and Ferb Flight attendant ( voice ) Episode : `` Where 's Perry ( Part One ) '' 2012 -- 2013 666 Park Avenue Olivia Doran Main role ( 13 episodes ) 2014 The Trip to Bountiful Jessie Mae Watts Movie 2014 Oprah 's Master Class Herself Season 4 , episode 7 2015 The Mindy Project Dr. Suzanne Phillips Episode : `` Danny Castellano Is My Nutritionist '' 2015 Royal Pains Olympia Houston 2 episodes 2015 The Good Wife Courtney Paige 4 episodes 2016 Broad City Elizabeth Carlton Episode : `` Game Over '' 2016 Milo Murphy 's Law Eileen Underwood ( voice ) 2016 -- 2017 The Librarians Gen. Cynthia Rockwell 4 episodes 2017 Daytime Divas Maxine Robinson Main role ( 10 episodes ) 2017 Modern Family Rhonda Episode : `` The Long Goodbye '' 2018 RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Herself Season 3 , episode 2 Book ( edit ) Wiliams , Vanessa ; Wiliams , Helen ( April 17 , 2012 ) . You Have No Idea : A Famous Daughter , Her No - Nonsense Mother , and How They Survived Pageants , Hollywood , Love , Loss ( and Each Other ) . New York : Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5924 - 0759 - 0 . See also ( edit ) Book : Vanessa Williams Biography portal List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vanessa Williams Biography '' . biography.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanessa Williams on Her Faith '' . ABC News . 2010 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Telegraph Reporters ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Miss America apologises to Vanessa Williams , Ugly Betty star '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Vanessa Williams Explains How DNA Powers Her Family Tree '' . ancestry.com . May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` African American Legislators in 19th Century Tennessee : William Alexander Feilds '' . State of Tennessee . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Do You Think You Are ? : Season 2 , Episode 1 , Vanessa Williams ( February , 2011 ) '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? . February 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Helen Tinch Williams , mother of Vanessa Williams , to be honored by SUNY Fredonia '' . Observer ( Dunkirk ) . November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wise , Brian ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` An Appreciation ; Remembering Milton Williams , A Mentor to Music Students '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanessa Williams Biography '' . billboard.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Blust , Erica ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` Vanessa Williams to deliver 2008 convocation address for College of Visual and Performing Arts , receive BFA degree '' . Syracuse University . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ AP ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Vanessa Williams To Graduate From College This Weekend '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Melinda ( May 10 , 2008 ) . `` Vanessa Williams gets Syracuse University degree '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hobson , Louis B. ( August 16 , 1998 ) , `` Vanessa dancing up a storm '' Archived July 11 , 2012 , at Archive.is , Canoe.ca ^ Jump up to : `` Vanessa Williams : Boomtown 's New Bombshell ! '' . TV Guide . September 2 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Singleton , Don ( September 18 , 1983 ) . `` Vanessa Williams is crowned the first African - American Miss America in 1983 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams 's ancestry revealed : One great great grandfather escaped slavery ... the other was a politician who left ' a legacy more precious than gold ' '' . Daily Mail . London . February 6 , 2011 . ' As an African American growing up here in the States , there are a lot of records that we do n't have . ' Jump up ^ `` A New York Debut '' . People . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Julee ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` A Look Black : Vanessa Williams Crowned Miss America In 1983 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Vanessa Williams Returns to Miss America and Receives an Apology '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/music/vanessa-williams-10305047 Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` ' Love Boat ' : A Fantastic Voyage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams Emmy Award Winner '' . Emmys.com . Jump up ^ `` Desperate Housewives '' Scoop : Vanessa L. Williams Moving to Wisteria Lane ! , Entertainment Weekly , May 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Vanessa Williams Joins TNT 's ' The Librarians ' Season 3 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams to Topline VH1 's Star Jones Drama ' Satan 's Sisters ' '' . ^ Jump up to : FOX . `` Vanessa Williams '' . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams Brings MY BROTHER to Big Screen '' . Yahoo ! Voices . March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hruska , Bronwen ( June 19 , 1996 ) . `` The ` Eraser ' Effect Singer Vanessa Williams Hopes The New Schwarzenegger Film Will Wipe Away Doubts About Her Acting - As Well As Any Lingering Memories Of Her Beauty - queen Fiasco '' . Philly.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ On ' Hannah Montana : The Movie ' Is Underway . WJXT Jacksonville Archived May 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bruckner , D.J.R. ( June 26 , 1985 ) . `` Stage : ' One - Man Band , ' at South Street Theater '' . NY Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shirley , Don . `` Stage Review : New Faces in ' Checkmates ' in Westwood '' . LA Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hershenson , Roberta ( October 2 , 1994 ) . `` Vanessa Williams , a Homespun ' Spider Woman ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( May 2 , 1998 ) . `` Theater Review ; The Birthright of Beauty : Free and Easy '' . NY Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( November 18 , 2002 ) . `` ' Carmen Jones , ' Chilled and Well Served Its Star '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( February 24 , 2002 ) . `` Spring Theater ; Back to the Woods , With Darker Lyrics And a Dancing Cow '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` Sondheim on Sondheim , a New Musical Reflection of a Life in Art , Begins on Broadway '' Archived March 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill , March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Trip To Bountiful '' . Roundabout Theatre Company , April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Diamond Grant. `` Vanessa Williams Steps Into ' After Midnight ' on Deck Circle '' . BroadwayTour.net , February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Larry ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Classic American musical `` Show Boat '' gets first class production on PBS `` . berkshireonstage.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Essence Awards ( 1994 ) '' . TCM Channel . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kohlhaase , Bill ( May 18 , 1994 ) . `` TV Review : ' Jazz Masters ' Salute on PBS Swings at Variable Speeds '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 29th NAACP Image Awards ( 1998 ) '' . TCM Channel . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land Awards '' . TV Guide . 2007 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land Awards '' . Emmy Online . 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams '' . proactiv.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` L'Oréal Futur - E TV Ad ( 1998 ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : Episode Guide '' . msn . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire 10th Anniversary - Part 4 '' . Dailymotion . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' The Good Wife , ' awards shows and ' The Little Couple ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Vanessa Williams Launches Clothing Line , Where Everything Is Under $100 and Meant to ' Hide Bra Fat ' '' . March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chai , Barbara ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Vanessa Williams Speaks Candidly in ' You Have No Idea ' '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gostin , Nicki ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` QA : Vanessa Williams writes of sexual abuse , teenage abortion in new book '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bauer , Zoe . `` Lily Allen and Other Celebs Who Shared Their Views on Abortion '' . Yahoo ! OMG ! . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams Speaks Out for Marriage Equality '' . BET.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams on How to Make the Perfect First Impression -- On the Phone '' . Jump up ^ West , Latoya ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Vanessa Williams supports tuition - free school for at - risk boys '' . The Journal News . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Norment , Lynn ( October 1997 ) . `` Vanessa L. Williams : on her painful divorce , the pressures of superstardom and her new life as a single mom '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jet '' . Google.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jet - Google Books '' . Books.google.com . February 2 , 1987 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jet '' . Google.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams Is Engaged to Boyfriend Jim Skrip -- Check Out Her Stunning Engagement Ring ! '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Long past that Miss A scandal , Vanessa Williams is happy she - and pageant - are back in Atlantic City '' . Philly.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa L. Williams : On Her Painful Divorce , the Pressures of Superstardom and Her New Life as a Single Mom '' . Ebony . October 1997 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanessa Williams Biography '' . People . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Money with Rick Fox and Vanessa L. Williams -- Behind the Glamorous Life , His - and - Hers Nest Eggs - NYTimes.com '' . Nytimes.com . November 25 , 2001 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams On Her Forever Romantic View Of Relationships ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Denies Another Woman Played Part In Williams Split '' . July 19 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Rick Fox files for divorce from Vanessa Williams '' . Jump up ^ Margaret , Mary ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` Exes Vanessa Williams , Rick Fox Hook Up for Ugly Betty '' . People Magazine . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams Ties the Knot with Jim Skrip '' . People . July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Vanessa Williams Is Engaged to Jim Skrip '' . People . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Vanessa Williams marries for a third time '' . LA Times . July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams receives star on Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . UPI. 2007 . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( 1984 - 09 - 29 ) . `` TV : 2 SERIES , ' PARTNERS IN CRIME ' AND ' COVER UP ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jack , Fisher ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) . `` On the Next Actor 's Choice ( 09 - 12 - 16 ) : Ursaline Bryant and Shelly Fisher '' . EURweb . Electronic Urban Report . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : McCann , Bob ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ) . Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television . McFarland . p. 365 . ISBN 9780786458042 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Love Boat Season 9 , Episode 24 My Stepmother , Myself ; Almost Roommates ; Cornerback Sneak '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( August 23 , 1998 ) . `` Brooke Shields , Vanessa Williams and Gail O'Grady star as ... '' Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Williams , Vanessa '' . StarTrek.com . CBS Studios . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ WW3 at the TCM Movie Database Jump up ^ Wilson , Joanna ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Santa , Baby ! ( 2001 ) '' . Christmas TV History . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Template : Tcmdb Jump up ^ `` The Proud Family Season 2 , Episode 3 Ai n't Nothing like the Real Thingy , Baby '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2011 - 01 - 25 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season premiere : Can you believe RuPaul brought ( spoiler ) back ? ! ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Season 2 , Episode 1 Vanessa Williams '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( 2012 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Disney 's ' Phineas and Ferb ' to Air Two - Part ' Where 's Perry ? ' Special and Online Mystery '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Desperate Housewives ' Vanessa Williams To Co-Star In ABC Pilot ' 666 Park Avenue ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Williams Opens Up About Being Molested as a Child '' . Oprah.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Exclusive : Mindy Has the Hots for Vanessa Williams ? ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Paula ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) . `` ROYAL PAINS Recap / Update : Boris Is Back To Make Evan Crazy '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Wife Cast '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Kayla Kumari ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) . `` It 's `` Game Over '' for Ilana 's professional life on Broad City `` . TV Club . AV Club . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 4 February 2016 ) . `` ' Weird Al ' Yankovic To Voice Title Role In ' Milo Murphy 's Law ' For Disney XD '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` And the Rise of Chaos - Guest Cast '' . www.tvmaze.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` And the Trial of the Triangle - Guest Cast '' . www.tvmaze.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` And the Fatal Separation - Guest Cast '' . www.tvmaze.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` And the Wrath of Chaos - Guest Cast '' . www.tvmaze.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Vanessa Williams To Star In ' Satan 's Sisters ' Drama Series At VH1 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Family Season 9 , Episode 2 The Long Goodbye '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Vanessa Williams Returns As A Judge On ' RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars ' ! '' . OK ! Magazine . 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vanessa Williams . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Vanessa Williams Official website Vanessa Williams on IMDb Vanessa Williams at AllMusic Vanessa Williams at the Internet Broadway Database Awards and achievements Preceded by Debra Maffett Miss America 1984 Succeeded by Suzette Charles Preceded by Eileen Clark Miss New York Succeeded by Melissa Manning Vanessa Williams Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums The Right Stuff The Comfort Zone The Sweetest Days Star Bright Next Silver & Gold Everlasting Love The Real Thing Compilations Greatest Hits : The First Ten Years Love Songs Singles `` The Right Stuff '' `` ( He 's Got ) the Look '' `` Dreamin ' '' `` Darlin ' I '' `` Running Back to You '' `` The Comfort Zone '' `` Save the Best for Last '' `` Work to Do '' `` Just for Tonight '' `` Love Is '' `` The Sweetest Days '' `` The Way That You Love '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` Where Do We Go from Here '' `` Do You Hear What I Hear / The Little Drummer Boy '' `` Happiness '' `` Oh How the Years Go By '' `` Merry Christmas Darling '' `` You Are Everything '' `` The Real Thing '' Relatives William A. Feilds Chris Williams Jillian Hervey Related topics Teri Joseph Wilhelmina Slater Renee Perry Vanessa Williams and Miss America Book Awards for Vanessa Williams Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Helen Mirren ( 1996 ) Jennifer Beals ( 1997 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Linda Hamilton ( 1999 ) Jill Hennessy ( 2000 ) Judy Davis ( 2001 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2002 ) Meryl Streep ( 2003 ) Dianne Wiest ( 2004 ) Kristen Bell ( 2005 ) Judy Davis ( 2006 ) Samantha Morton ( 2007 ) Judi Dench ( 2008 ) Drew Barrymore ( 2009 ) Claire Danes ( 2010 ) Kate Winslet ( 2011 ) Julianne Moore ( 2012 ) Elisabeth Moss ( 2013 ) Frances McDormand ( 2014 ) Sarah Hay ( 2015 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2016 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Kathy Bates ( 1996 ) Ellen Barkin ( 1997 ) Rita Wilson ( 1998 ) Julia Ormond ( 2001 ) Helen Mirren ( 2002 ) Justine Bateman ( 2003 ) Anjelica Huston ( 2004 ) Lisa Edelstein ( 2005 ) Julie Benz ( 2006 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2007 ) Fionnula Flanagan ( 2008 ) Jane Lynch ( 2009 ) Brenda Vaccaro ( 2010 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2011 ) Maggie Smith ( 2012 ) Laura Prepon ( 2013 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2014 ) Rhea Seehorn ( 2015 ) Olivia Colman / Rhea Seehorn ( 2016 ) Ann Dowd ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Vanessa Williams ( 2007 ) Ed Westwick ( 2008 -- 09 ) Ian Somerhalder ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber ( 2011 ) Janel Parrish ( 2012 -- 13 ) Dylan O'Brien ( 2014 ) Vanessa Ray ( 2015 ) Janel Parrish ( 2016 -- 17 ) Mark Consuelos ( 2018 ) Miss America titleholders ( 1980 -- 1999 ) Cheryl Prewitt ( 1980 ) Susan Powell ( 1981 ) Elizabeth Ward ( 1982 ) Debra Maffett ( 1983 ) Vanessa Williams / Suzette Charles ( 1984 ) Sharlene Wells ( 1985 ) Susan Akin ( 1986 ) Kellye Cash ( 1987 ) Kaye Lani Rae Rafko ( 1988 ) Gretchen Carlson ( 1989 ) Debbye Turner ( 1990 ) Marjorie Judith Vincent ( 1991 ) Carolyn Suzanne Sapp ( 1992 ) Leanza Cornett ( 1993 ) Kimberly Clarice Aiken ( 1994 ) Heather Whitestone ( 1995 ) Shawntel Smith ( 1996 ) Tara Dawn Holland ( 1997 ) Katherine Shindle ( 1998 ) Nicole Johnson ( 1999 ) New York pageant winners Miss New York Bess Myerson ( 1945 ) Kris Krull ( 1974 ) Tawny Godin ( 1975 ) Mary Hinterberger ( 1975 ) Vanessa Williams ( 1983 ) Maryalice Demler ( 1990 ) Brandi Burkhardt ( 1999 ) Jessica Lynch ( 2003 ) Christina Ellington ( 2004 ) Kandice Pelletier ( 2005 ) Leigh - Taylor Smith ( 2008 ) Claire Buffie ( 2010 ) Kaitlin Monte ( 2011 ) Mallory Hagan ( 2012 ) Nina Davuluri ( 2013 ) Kira Kazantsev ( 2014 ) Jamie Lynn Macchia ( 2015 ) Miss New York USA Jackie Loughery ( 1952 ) Mary Therese Friel ( 1979 ) Jennifer Gareis ( 1994 ) Shanna Moakler ( 1995 ) Kimberly Pressler ( 1999 ) Jaclyn Nesheiwat ( 2004 ) Meaghan Jarensky ( 2005 ) Adriana Diaz ( 2006 ) Gloria Almonte ( 2007 ) Danielle Roundtree ( 2008 ) Tracey Chang ( 2009 ) Joanne Nosuchinsky ( 2013 ) Serena Bucaj ( 2016 ) Miss New York Teen USA Ruth Zakarian ( 1983 ) Jessica Collins ( 1988 ) Kimberly Pressler ( 1994 ) Gloria Almonte ( 2001 ) Adriana Diaz ( 2003 ) Natascha Bessez ( 2005 ) Taylor Gildersleeve ( 2009 ) Corrin Stellakis ( 2014 ) Mrs. New York Meaghan Castaldi ( 2010 ) BIBSYS : 7078941 BNE : XX1287612 BNF : cb139662905 ( data ) GND : 134633474 ISNI : 0000 0001 1462 842X LCCN : n88028222 MusicBrainz : 7cce3b8e - 623c - 4078 - b079 - 837cbcf638c4 NKC : xx0025306 SUDOC : 200130064 VIAF : 249551293 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Williams&oldid=856750012 '' Categories : Vanessa Williams 1963 births 20th - century American singers 20th - century women singers 21st - century American singers 21st - century women singers Actresses from New York City African - American actresses African - American Catholics African - American fashion designers African - American female singers American contemporary R&B singers American dance musicians American fashion designers American female pop singers American film actresses American soul singers American voice actresses Beauty pageant controversies Concord Records artists Lava Records artists LGBT rights activists from the United States Living people Mercury Records artists Miss America 1980s delegates Miss America Preliminary Talent winners Miss America winners Miss New York winners People with diabetes mellitus type 1 Syracuse University alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles with hCards Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Cebuano Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Volapük 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 09 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the first african amercian woman to be crowned miss america	[ "Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963) is an American singer, actress, and fashion designer. She initially gained recognition as the first African-American recipient of the Miss America title when she was crowned Miss America 1984 in 1983. However, a scandal arose the following year when, a few weeks prior to the end of her reign, Williams learned that Penthouse magazine would be publishing unauthorized nude photographs of her in an upcoming issue. Amid growing media controversy and scrutiny, Williams resigned as Miss America in July 1984 (under pressure from the Miss America Organization), and was replaced by first runner-up Miss New Jersey Suzette Charles. Thirty-two years later, Miss America CEO Sam Haskell offered her a public apology (during the Miss America 2016 pageant) for the events of 1984.\n" ]	[ "Vanessa Lynn Williams" ]
-7665525511527216964	Valley of the Kings	Valley of the Kings - wikipedia Valley of the Kings Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Valley of the Kings ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 25 ° 44 ′ 27 '' N 32 ° 36 ′ 8 '' E / 25.74083 ° N 32.60222 ° E / 25.74083 ; 32.60222 Location of the valley in the Theban Hills , west of the Nile , October 1988 ( red arrow shows location ) The Valley of the Kings ( Arabic : وادي الملوك ‎ Wādī al Mulūk , Coptic : ϫⲏⲙⲉ ) , the Valley of the Gates of the Kings ( Arabic : وادي ابواب الملوك ‎ Wādī Abwāb al Mulūk ) , is a valley in Egypt where , for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC , rock cut tombs were excavated for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom ( the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt ) . The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile , opposite Thebes ( modern Luxor ) , within the heart of the Theban Necropolis . The wadi consists of two valleys , East Valley ( where the majority of the royal tombs are situated ) and West Valley . With the 2005 discovery of a new chamber and the 2008 discovery of two further tomb entrances , the valley is known to contain 63 tombs and chambers ( ranging in size from KV54 , a simple pit , to KV5 , a complex tomb with over 120 chambers ) . It was the principal burial place of the major royal figures of the Egyptian New Kingdom , as well as a number of privileged nobles . The royal tombs are decorated with scenes from Egyptian mythology and give clues as to the beliefs and funerary rituals of the period . Almost all of the tombs seem to have been opened and robbed in antiquity , but they still give an idea of the opulence and power of the Pharaohs . This area has been a focus of archaeological and egyptological exploration since the end of the eighteenth century , and its tombs and burials continue to stimulate research and interest . In modern times the valley has become famous for the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun ( with its rumours of the Curse of the Pharaohs ) , and is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world . In 1979 , it became a World Heritage Site , along with the rest of the Theban Necropolis . Exploration , excavation and conservation continues in the valley , and a new tourist centre has recently been opened . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 1.1 Hydrology 2 History 2.1 Royal Necropolis 3 Exploration of the valley 4 Tomb development 4.1 Location 4.2 Architecture 4.3 Decoration 4.4 Tomb equipment 4.5 Tomb numbering 4.6 Eighteenth Dynasty 4.6. 1 Amarna Period 4.7 Nineteenth Dynasty 4.8 Twentieth Dynasty 4.9 Twenty - first Dynasty and the decline of the necropolis 4.10 Minor tombs in the Valley of the Kings 4.11 Tomb robbers 5 Tourism 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 References 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Geology ( edit ) Stratigraphy of the valley The types of soil where the Valley of the Kings is located are an alternating sandwich of dense limestone and other sedimentary rock ( which form the cliffs in the valley and the nearby Deir el - Bahri ) and soft layers of marl . The sedimentary rock was originally deposited between 35 -- 56 million years ago during a time when the precursor to the Mediterranean Sea covered an area that extended much further inland than it does today . During the Pleistocene the valley was carved out of the plateau by steady rains . There is currently little year - round rain in this part of Egypt , but there are occasional flash floods that hit the valley , dumping tons of debris into the open tombs . The quality of the rock in the Valley is inconsistent , ranging from finely - grained to coarse stone , the latter with the potential to be structurally unsound . The occasional layer of shale also caused construction and conservation difficulties , as this rock expands in the presence of water , forcing apart the stone surrounding it . It is thought that some tombs were altered in shape and size depending on the types of rock the builders encountered . Builders took advantage of available geological features when constructing the tombs . Some tombs were quarried out of existing limestone clefts , others behind slopes of scree , or were at the edge of rock spurs created by ancient flood channels . The problems of tomb construction can be seen with tombs of Ramesses III and his father Setnakhte . Setnakhte started to excavate KV11 but broke into the tomb of Amenmesse , so construction was abandoned and he instead usurped the tomb of Twosret , KV14 . When looking for a tomb , Ramesses III extended the partly - excavated tomb started by his father . The tomb of Ramesses II returned to an early style , with a bent axis , probably due to the quality of the rock being excavated ( following the Esna shale ) . Between 1998 and 2002 the Amarna Royal Tombs Project investigated the valley floor using ground - penetrating radar and found that , below the modern surface , the Valley 's cliffs descend beneath the scree in a series of abrupt , natural `` shelves '' , arranged one below the other , descending several metres down to the bedrock in the valley floor . Panorama of the valley , looking north Hydrology ( edit ) The area of the Theban hills is subject to infrequent violent thunder storms , causing flash floods in the valley . Recent studies have shown that there are at least seven active flood stream beds leading down into the central area of the valley . This central area appears to have been flooded at the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty , with several tombs buried under metres of debris . The tombs KV63 , KV62 , and KV55 are dug into the actual wadi bedrock rather than the debris , showing that the level of the valley was five meters below its present level . After this event later dynasties leveled the floor of the valley , making the floods deposit their load further down the valley , and the buried tombs were forgotten and only discovered in the early 20th century . This was the area that was the subject of the Amarna Royal Tombs Project ground scanning radar investigation , which showed several anomalies , one of which was proved to be KV63 . History ( edit ) al - Qurn dominates the valley . The Theban Hills are dominated by the peak of al - Qurn , known to the Ancient Egyptians as ta dehent , or ' The Peak ' . It has a pyramid - shaped appearance , and it is probable that this echoed the pyramids of the Old Kingdom , more than a thousand years prior to the first royal burials carved here . Its isolated position also resulted in reduced access , and special tomb police ( the Medjay ) were able to guard the necropolis . While the iconic pyramid complexes of the Giza plateau have come to symbolize ancient Egypt , the majority of tombs were cut into rock . Most pyramids and mastabas contain sections which are cut into ground level , and there are full rock - cut tombs in Egypt that date back to the Old Kingdom . After the defeat of the Hyksos and the reunification of Egypt under Ahmose I , the Theban rulers began to construct elaborate tombs that reflected their newfound power . The tombs of Ahmose and his son Amenhotep I ( their exact location remains unknown ) were probably in the Seventeenth Dynasty necropolis of Dra ' Abu el - Naga ' . The first royal tombs in the valley were those of Amenhotep I ( although this identification is also disputed ) , and Thutmose I , whose advisor , Ineni , notes in his tomb that he advised the king to place his tomb in the desolate valley ( the identity of this actual tomb is unclear , but it is probably KV20 or KV38 ) . I saw to the excavation of the rock - tomb of his majesty , alone , no one seeing , no one hearing . The Valley was used for primary burials from approximately 1539 BC to 1075 BC . It contains at least 63 tombs , beginning with Thutmose I ( or possibly earlier , during the reign of Amenhotep I ) and ending with Ramesses X or XI , although non-Royal burials continued in usurped tombs . Despite its name , the Valley of the Kings also contains the tombs of favorite nobles as well as the wives and children of both nobles and pharaohs . Therefore , only about 20 of the tombs actually contain the remains of kings . The remains of nobles and of the royal family , together with unmarked pits and embalming caches , make up the rest . Around the time of Ramesses I ( ca . 1301 BC ) construction commenced in the separate Valley of the Queens . Royal Necropolis ( edit ) The official name for the site in ancient times was The Great and Majestic Necropolis of the Millions of Years of the Pharaoh , Life , Strength , Health in The West of Thebes ( see below for the hieroglyphic spelling ) , or Ta - sekhet - ma'at ( the Great Field ) . At the start of the Eighteenth Dynasty , only kings were buried within the valley in large tombs . When a non-royal person was buried , it was in a small rock cut chamber , close to the tomb of their master . Amenhotep III 's tomb was constructed in the Western Valley , and while his son Akhenaten moved his tomb 's construction to Amarna , it is thought that the unfinished WV25 may have originally been intended for him . With the return to religious orthodoxy at the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty , Tutankhamun , Ay , and Horemheb returned to the royal necropolis . The Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties saw an increase in the number of burials ( both here and in the Valley of the Queens ) , with Ramesses II and later Ramesses III constructing a massive tomb that was used for the burial of their sons ( KV5 and KV3 respectively ) . There are some kings that are not buried within the valley or whose tomb has not been located : Thutmose II may have been buried in Dra ' Abu el - Naga ' ( although his mummy was in the Deir el - Bahri tomb cache ) , Smenkhkare 's burial has never been located , and Ramesses VIII seems to have been buried elsewhere . In the Pyramid Age , the tomb of the king was associated with a mortuary temple located close to the pyramid . As the tomb of the king was hidden , this mortuary temple was located away from the burial , closer to the cultivation facing toward Thebes . These mortuary temples became places visited during the various festivals held in the Theban necropolis . Most notable is the Beautiful festival of the valley , where the sacred barques of Amun - Re , his consort , Mut , and son , Khonsu , left the temple at Karnak in order to visit the funerary temples of deceased kings on the West Bank and their shrines in the Theban Necropolis . The tombs were constructed and decorated by the workers of the village of Deir el - Medina , located in a small wadi between this valley and the Valley of the Queens , facing Thebes . The workers journeyed to the tombs through various routes over the Theban hills . The daily lives of these workers are quite well known and are recorded in tombs and official documents . Amongst the events documented is perhaps the first recorded worker 's strike , detailed in the Turin strike papyrus . Exploration of the Valley ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of the Valley of the Kings View of the central East Valley , showing area around KV62 Entrance to a Royal Tomb , drawn in 1821 The area has been a major focus of modern Egyptological exploration for the last two centuries . Prior to this time it was a site for tourism in antiquity ( especially during Roman times ) . This area illustrates the changes in the study of ancient Egypt , starting as antiquity hunting , and ending as scientific excavation of the whole Theban Necropolis . Despite the exploration and investigation noted below , only eleven of the tombs have actually been completely recorded . Many of the tombs have graffiti written by these ancient tourists . Jules Baillet has located over 2,100 Greek and Latin instances of graffiti , along with a smaller number in Phoenician , Cypriot , Lycian , Coptic , and other languages . The majority of the ancient graffiti is found in KV9 , which contains just under a thousand of them . The earliest positively dated graffiti dates to 278 B.C. In 1799 , members of Napoleon 's expedition to Egypt ( especially Dominique Vivant ) drew maps and plans of the known tombs , and for the first time noted the Western Valley ( where Prosper Jollois and Édouard de Villiers du Terrage located the tomb of Amenhotep III , WV22 ) . The Description de l'Égypte contains two volumes ( out of a total of 24 ) on the area around Thebes . European exploration continued in the area around Thebes during the nineteenth century , boosted by Champollion 's translation of hieroglyphs . Early in the century , the area was visited by Belzoni , working for Henry Salt , who discovered several tombs , including those of Ay in the West Valley ( WV23 ) in 1816 and Seti I ( KV17 ) the following year . At the end of his visits , Belzoni declared that all of the tombs had been located and nothing of note remained to be found . Working at the same time ( and a great rival of Belzoni and Salt ) was Bernardino Drovetti , the French Consul - General . When Gaston Maspero was reappointed as head of the Egyptian Antiquities Service , the nature of the exploration of the valley changed again . Maspero appointed English archaeologist Howard Carter as the Chief Inspector of Upper Egypt , and the young man discovered several new tombs and explored several others , clearing KV42 and KV20 . Around the start of the 20th century American explorer Theodore M. Davis had the excavation permit in this valley . His team ( led mostly by Edward R. Ayrton ) discovered several royal and non-royal tombs ( including KV43 , KV46 and KV57 ) . In 1907 they discovered the possible Amarna Period cache in KV55 . After finding what they thought was all that remained of the burial of Tutankhamun ( items recovered from KV54 and KV58 ) , it was announced that the valley was completely explored and that no further burials were to be found . Davis 's 1912 publication , The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou closes with the comment , `` I fear that the Valley of Kings is now exhausted . '' Entrance to Horemheb 's tomb , soon after discovery in 1908 After Davis 's death early in 1915 , Lord Carnarvon acquired the concession to excavate the valley , and he employed Howard Carter to explore it . After a systematic search , they discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun ( KV62 ) in November 1922 . Various expeditions have continued to explore the valley , adding greatly to the knowledge of the area . In 2001 the Theban Mapping Project designed new signs for the tombs , providing information and plans of the open tombs . Tomb Development ( edit ) Further information : List of burials in the Valley of the Kings KV1 KV2 KV3 KV4 KV5 KV6 KV7 KV8 KV9 KV10 KV11 KV12 KV13 KV14 KV15 KV16 KV17 KV18 KV19 KV20 KV21 WV22 WV23 WV24 WV25 KV26 KV28 KV29 KV30 KV31 KV32 KV34 KV35 KV36 KV37 KV38 KV39 KV40 KV41 KV42 KV43 KV44 KV45 KV46 KV47 KV48 KV54 KV55 KV56 KV57 KV58 KV59 KV61 KV62 KV63 A map of the Valley of the Kings with locations of tombs marked Location ( edit ) The earliest tombs were located in cliffs at the top of scree slopes , under storm - fed waterfalls ( KV34 and KV43 ) . As these locations were filled , burials descended to the valley floor , gradually moving back up the slopes as the valley bottom filled with debris . This explains the location of the tombs KV62 and KV63 buried in the valley floor . Architecture ( edit ) The tomb of Twosret and Setnakhte showing descending corridor The usual tomb plan consisted of a long inclined rock - cut corridor , descending through one or more halls ( possibly mirroring the descending path of the sun god into the underworld ) to the burial chamber . In the earlier tombs , the corridors turn 90 degrees at least once ( such as KV43 , the tomb of Thutmose IV ) , and the earliest ones had cartouche - shaped burial chambers ( for example , KV43 , the tomb of Thutmose IV ) . This layout is known as ' Bent Axis ' , After the burial the upper corridors were meant to be filled with rubble and the entrance to the tomb hidden . After the Amarna Period , the layout gradually straightened , with an intermediate ' Jogged Axis ' ( the tomb of Horemheb , KV57 is typical of this and is one of the tombs that is sometimes open to the public ) , to the generally ' Straight Axis ' of the late Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasty tombs ( Ramesses III 's and Ramesses IX 's tombs , KV11 and KV6 respectively ) . As the tombs ' axes straightened , the slopes also lessened . They almost disappeared in the late Twentieth Dynasty . Another feature that is common to most tombs is the ' well ' , which may have originated as an actual barrier intended to stop flood waters from entering the lower parts of the tomb . It seems to have developed a ' magical ' purpose later on as a symbolic shaft . In the later Twentieth Dynasty , the well itself was sometimes not excavated , but the well room was still present . Decoration ( edit ) Main article : Ancient Egyptian funerary texts Detail of decoration from KV2 The majority of the royal tombs were decorated with religious texts and images . The early tombs were decorated with scenes from Amduat ( ' That Which is in the Underworld ' ) , which describes the journey of the sun god through the twelve hours of the night . From the time of Horemheb , tombs were decorated with the Book of Gates , which shows the sun god passing through the twelve gates that divide the nighttime and ensures the tomb owner 's own safe passage through the night . These earliest tombs were generally sparsely decorated , and those of a non-royal nature were totally undecorated . Late in the Nineteenth Dynasty the Book of Caverns , which divided the underworld into massive caverns containing deities as well as the deceased waiting for the sun to pass through and restore them to life , was placed in the upper parts of tombs . A complete version appears in the tomb of Ramesses VI . The burial of Ramesses III saw the Book of the Earth , where the underworld is divided into four sections , climaxing in the sun disc being pulled from the earth by Naunet . The ceilings of the burial chambers were decorated ( from the burial of Seti I onwards ) with what became formalised as the Book of the Heavens , which again describes the sun 's journey through the twelve hours of night . Again from Seti I 's time , the Litany of Re , a lengthy hymn to the sun god began to appear . Pillar in Seti I 's tomb Tomb equipment ( edit ) Each burial was provided with equipment that would enable a comfortable existence in the afterlife . Also present in the tombs were items used to perform magic rituals , such as Shabtis and divine figurines . Some equipment was what the king may have used during his lifetime ( Tutankhamun 's sandals for example ) , and some was specially constructed for the burial . Tomb numbering ( edit ) The modern abbreviation `` KV '' stands for `` Kings ' Valley '' , and the tombs are numbered according to their order of ' discovery ' , from KV1 ( Rameses VII ) to KV64 ( discovered in 2012 ) . Since the early 19th century AD , antiquarians and archaeologists have cleared and recorded tombs , with a total of 61 sepulchers being known by the start of the 20th century . KV5 was only rediscovered in the 1990s after being dismissed as unimportant by previous investigators . The West Valley tombs often carry the prefix `` WV '' , but they follow the same numbering system . Some of the tombs are unoccupied , others remain unidentifiable as regards to their owners , and still others are merely pits used for storage . Most of the open tombs in the Valley of the Kings are located in the East Valley , and this is where most of the tourist facilities are located . Eighteenth Dynasty ( edit ) Decoration in KV34 Typical ' Bent axis ' early Eighteenth Dynasty tomb The Eighteenth Dynasty tombs within the valley vary quite a bit in decoration , style , and location . It seems that at first there was no fixed plan . The tomb of Hatshepsut has a unique shape , twisting and turning down over 200 metres from the entrance , so that the burial chamber is 97 metres below the surface . The tombs gradually became more regular and formalised , and those of Thutmose III and Thutmose IV , KV34 and KV43 , are good examples of Eighteenth Dynasty tombs , both with their bent axis , and simple decoration . Perhaps the most imposing tomb of this period is that of Amenhotep III , WV22 , located in the West Valley . It was re-investigated in the 1990s by a team from Waseda University , Japan , but it is not open to the public . At the same time , powerful and influential nobles began to be buried with the royal family ; the most famous of these tombs is the joint tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu , KV46 . They were possibly the parents of Queen Tiy . Until the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun , this was the best - preserved of the tombs that had been discovered in the Valley . Amarna period ( edit ) Typical ' Jogged axis ' post-Amarna tomb The return of royal burials to Thebes after the end of the Amarna period marks a change to the layout of royal burials , with the intermediate ' jogged axis ' gradually giving way to the ' straight axis ' of later dynasties . In the Western Valley , there is a tomb commencement that is thought to have been started for Akhenaten , but it is no more than a gateway and a series of steps . The tomb of Ay , Tutankhamun 's successor is close by . It is likely that this tomb was started for Tutankhamun ( its decoration is of a similar style ) but later usurped for Ay 's burial . This would mean that KV62 may have been Ay 's original tomb , which would explain the smaller size and unusual layout for a royal tomb . The other Amarna period tombs are located in a smaller , central area in the centre of the East Valley , with a possible mummy cache ( KV55 ) that may contain the burials of several Amarna Period royals -- Tiy and Smenkhkare or Akhenaten . Decoration of the burial chamber in KV62 In close proximity is the burial of Tutankhamun . This is perhaps the most famous discovery of modern Western archaeology . It was discovered here by Howard Carter on November 4 , 1922 , with clearance and conservation work continuing until 1932 . This was the first royal tomb to be discovered that was still largely intact , although tomb robbers had entered . And until the excavation of KV63 on 10 March 2005 , it considered the last major discovery in the valley . The opulence of his grave goods notwithstanding , Tutankhamun was a relatively minor king , and other burials probably had more numerous treasures . In the same central area as KV62 and KV63 , is KV64 , a radar anomaly believed to be a tomb or chamber announced on 28 July 2006 . It is not an official designation , and the actual existence of a tomb at all is dismissed by the Supreme Council of Antiquities . The nearby tomb of Horemheb , ( KV57 ) is rarely open to visitors . But it has many unique features and is extensively decorated . The decoration shows a transition from the pre-Amarna tombs to those of the 19th dynasty tombs that followed . Nineteenth Dynasty ( edit ) Typical ' Straight axis ' Nineteenth / Twentieth Dynasty tomb The Nineteenth Dynasty saw a further standardisation of tomb layout and decoration . The tomb of the first king of the dynasty , Ramesses I , was hurriedly finished due to the death of the king and is little more than a truncated descending corridor and a burial chamber . However , KV16 has vibrant decoration and still contains the sarcophagus of the king . Its central location makes it one of the more frequently visited tombs . It shows the development of the tomb entrance and passage and of decoration . His son and successor , Seti I 's tomb , KV17 ( also known as Belzoni 's tomb , the tomb of Apis , or the tomb of Psammis , son of Necho ) , is usually regarded as the finest tomb in the valley . It has extensive relief work and paintings . When it was rediscovered by Belzoni in 1817 , he referred to it as `` ... a fortunate day ... '' The son of Seti , Ramesses the Great , constructed a massive tomb , KV7 , but it is in a ruinous state . It is currently undergoing excavation and conservation by a Franco - Egyptian team led by Christian Leblanc . The tomb is vast in size , about the same length , and a larger area , of the tomb of his father . Merenptah 's stone sarcophagus in KV8 At the same time , and just opposite his own tomb , Ramesses enlarged the earlier small tomb of an unknown Eighteenth Dynasty noble ( KV5 ) for his numerous sons . With 120 known rooms , and excavation work still underway , it is probably the largest tomb in the valley . Originally opened ( and robbed ) in antiquity , it is a low - lying structure that has been particularly prone to the flash floods that sometimes hit the area . Tonnes of debris and material has washed in over the centuries , ultimately concealing its vast size . It is not currently open to the public . Ramesses II 's son and eventual successor , Merenptah 's tomb has been open since antiquity ; it extends 160 metres , ending in a burial chamber that once contained a set of four nested sarcophagi . Well decorated , it is typically open to the public most years . The last kings of the dynasty also constructed tombs in the valley , all of which follow the same general pattern of layout and decoration . Notable amongst these is the tomb of Siptah , which is well decorated , especially the ceiling . Twentieth Dynasty ( edit ) The first ruler of the dynasty , Setnakhte , actually had two tombs constructed for himself . He started excavating the eventual tomb of his son , Ramesses III , but broke into another tomb and abandoned it in order to usurp and complete the tomb of the Nineteenth Dynasty female pharaoh , Twosret . Therefore , this tomb has two burial chambers , the later extensions making the tomb one of the largest of the Royal tombs , at over 150 metres . Tomb of Ramesses III , KV11 The tomb of Ramesses III ( known as Bruce 's Tomb or The Harper 's Tomb due to its decoration ) is one of the largest tombs in the valley and is open to the public . It is located close to the central ' rest -- area ' , and its location and superb decoration make this one of the tombs most visited by tourists . The successors and offspring of Ramesses III constructed tombs that had straight axes . They all had similar decorations . Notable amongst these is KV2 , the tomb of Ramesses IV , which has been open since antiquity , containing a large amount of hieratic graffiti . The tomb is mostly intact and is decorated with scenes from several religious texts . The joint tomb of Ramesses V and Ramesses VI , KV9 ( also known as the Tomb of Memnon or La Tombe de la Métempsychose ) is decorated with many sunk - relief carvings , depicting illustrated scenes from religious texts . Open since antiquity , it contains over a thousand examples of graffiti written in ancient Greek , Latin and Coptic . The spoil from the excavation and later clearance of this tomb , together with later construction of workers huts , covered the earlier burial of KV62 and seems to have been what protected that tomb from earlier discovery and looting . Tomb of Ramesses IX , KV6 The tomb of Ramesses IX , KV6 , has been open since antiquity , as can be seen by the graffiti left on its walls by Roman and Coptic visitors . Located in the central part of the valley , it is between and slightly above KV5 and KV55 . The tomb extends a total distance of 105 metres into the hillside , including extensive side chambers that were neither decorated nor finished . The hasty and incomplete nature of the rock - cutting and decorations ( it is only decorated for a little over half its length ) within the tomb indicate that the tomb was not completed by the time of Ramesses ' death , with the completed hall of pillars serving as the burial chamber . Another notable tomb from this dynasty is KV19 , the tomb of Mentuherkhepshef ( son of Ramesses IX ) . This small tomb is simply a converted , unfinished corridor , but the decoration is extensive . The tomb has been newly restored and opened for visitors . Twenty - first Dynasty and the Decline of the Necropolis ( edit ) By the end of the New Kingdom , Egypt had entered a long period of political and economic decline . The priests at Thebes grew more powerful , and they effectively administered Upper Egypt , while kings ruling from Tanis controlled Lower Egypt . Some attempt at using the open tombs was made at the start of the Twenty - first Dynasty , with the High Priest of Amun , Pinedjem I , adding his cartouche to KV4 . The Valley began to be heavily plundered , so during the Twenty - first Dynasty the priests of Amun opened most of the tombs and moved the mummies into three tombs in order to better protect them . They removed most of the treasure in order to further protect the bodies from robbers . Most of these were later moved to a single cache near Deir el - Bari ( known as TT320 ) . Located in the cliffs overlooking Hatshepsut 's famous temple , this mass reburial contained a large number of royal mummies . They were found in a great state of disorder , many placed in other 's coffins , and several are still unidentified . Other mummies were moved to the tomb of Amenhotep II , where over a dozen mummies , many of them royal , were later relocated . During the later Third Intermediate Period and later periods , intrusive burials were introduced into many of the open tombs . In Coptic times , some of the tombs were used as churches , stables , and even houses . Minor tombs in the Valley of the Kings ( edit ) Main article : Minor tombs in the Valley of the Kings The majority of the 65 numbered tombs in the Valley of the Kings can be considered as minor tombs , either because at present they have yielded little information or because the results of their investigations were only poorly recorded by their explorers . Some have received very little attention or were only cursorily noted . Most of these tombs are small , often consisting of only a single burial chamber accessed by a shaft or staircase with a corridor or a series of corridors leading to the chamber . But some are larger , multiple - chambered tombs . These minor tombs served various purposes : some were intended for burials of lesser royalty or private burials , some contained animal burials , and others apparently never received a primary burial . In many cases these tombs also served secondary functions , and later intrusive material has been found related to these secondary activities . While some of these tombs have been open since antiquity , the majority were discovered in the 19th and early 20th centuries during the height of exploration in the valley . Tomb robbers ( edit ) Almost all of the tombs have been ransacked . Several papyri have been found that describe the trials of tomb robbers . These date mostly from the late Twentieth Dynasty . One of these , Papyrus Mayer B , describes the robbery of the tomb of Ramesses VI and was probably written in Year Nine of Ramesses IX : The foreigner Nesamun took us up and showed us the tomb of King Ramesses VI ... And I spent four days breaking into it , we being present all five . We opened the tomb and entered it ... We found a cauldron of bronze , three wash bowls of bronze ... The valley also seems to have suffered an official plundering during the virtual civil war , which started during the reign of Ramesses XI . The tombs were opened , all the valuables were removed , and the mummies were collected into two large caches . One in the tomb of Amenhotep II , contained sixteen , and others were hidden within Amenhotep I 's tomb . A few years later most of them were moved to the Deir el - Bahri cache , containing no fewer than forty royal mummies and their coffins . Only tombs whose locations were lost ( KV62 , KV63 and KV46 , although both KV62 and KV46 were robbed soon after their actual closure ) were undisturbed during this period . Tourism ( edit ) Most of the tombs are not open to the public ( 18 of the tombs can be opened , but they are rarely open at the same time ) , and officials occasionally close those that are open for restoration work . The number of visitors to KV62 has led to a separate charge for entry into the tomb . The West Valley has only one open tomb -- that of Ay -- and a separate ticket is needed to visit this tomb . The tour guides are no longer allowed to lecture inside the tombs , and visitors are expected to proceed quietly and in single file through the tombs . This is to minimize time in the tombs and prevent the crowds from damaging the surfaces of the decoration . Photography is no longer allowed in the tombs . In 1997 , 58 tourists and four Egyptians were massacred at nearby Deir el - Bahri by Islamist militants from Al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya . This led to an overall drop in tourism in the area . On most days of the week an average of 4,000 to 5,000 tourists visit the main valley . The West Valley is much less visited , as there is only one tomb that is open to the public . See also ( edit ) Valley of the Queens -- Nearby burials of queens and offspring of kings . Royal Wadi and tombs -- Burial place of Akhenaten and his royal family . Naqsh - e Rustam -- Persian `` Valley of the Kings '' royal tombs . Ming and Qing Imperial Tombs -- Royal tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties . Notes and references ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trismegistos '' . www.trismegistos.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Maspero ( 1913 ) , p. 182 Jump up ^ `` Theban Mapping Project '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Siliotti ( 1997 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass . `` Spotlight Interview : 2008 '' . The Plateau : Official Website for Dr. Zahi Hawass . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Valley of the Kings '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's `` King Tut Curse '' Caused by Tomb Toxins ? `` . National Geographic . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Thebes and its necropolis '' . UNESCO Work Heritage Sites . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geography and Geology of the Valley '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sampsell ( 2003 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 194 Jump up ^ `` KV 7 ( Rameses II ) '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Egypt Resource '' . NicholasReeves.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 2008 ) p. 303 Jump up ^ Cross ( 2008 ) p. 307 Jump up ^ Cross ( 2008 ) p. 310 Jump up ^ Hirokatsu Watanabe , Masanori Ito and Nicholas Reeves ( 2000 ) . `` ARTP Radar Survey of the Valley of the Kings '' . Nicholas Reeves . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Development of the Valley of the Kings in the New Kingdom '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Dodson ( 1991 ) , pp. 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Bierbrier ( 1993 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ `` Historical Development of Royal Cemeteries outside Thebes and inside Thebes ( Early Dynastic - Second Intermediate Period ) '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Baines and Malik ( 2000 ) , p. 99 Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) p. 94 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 89 ^ Jump up to : Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 186 ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Valley of the Kings ( Third Intermediate Period - Byzantine Period ) '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Siliotti ( 1996 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Siliotti ( 1996 ) , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Siliotti ( 1997 ) , pp. 12 - 13 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 116 Jump up ^ `` Development of Tombs , Part I '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` KV 5 History '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` KV 3 ( Son of Rameses III ) '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cachette of the Royal Mummies , TT320 '' . Russian Academy of Sciences - Network of the Centre for Egyptological Studies . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) p. 78 Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Deir el - Medina Database '' . The Deir el - Medina Database . Leiden University . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) p. 187 Jump up ^ Pascal Vernus . `` Affairs and Scandals in Ancient Egypt '' . Bryn Mawr Classical Review . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ Siliotti ( 1997 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ `` Description de l'Égypte -- text of the 2nd edition '' . Bibliotheque nationale de France ( in French ) . Gallicia . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bernardino Drovetti '' . Travellers In Egypt . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 71 Jump up ^ Davis ( 2001 ) p. 37 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 81 ^ Jump up to : `` Valley of the Kings '' . Egypt and the Nile . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) , p. 117 ^ Jump up to : Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ Wilkinson ( 1993 ) , pp 10 - 20 Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) , p. 98 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Rossi ( 2001 ) , p. 75 Jump up ^ `` KV - 10 tomb diagram '' . Amenmesse Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 37 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 160 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 43 Jump up ^ Ruhli , Frank ( 2015 ) . `` New Ancient Egyptian Human Mummies from the Valley of the Kings , Luxor : Anthropological , Radiological , and Egyptological Investigations '' . BioMed Research International . 2015 : 530362 . doi : 10.1155 / 2015 / 530362 . PMC 4544442 . PMID 26347313 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 105 Jump up ^ El - Aref , Nevine ( 2004 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Sleuthing in a royal tomb '' ( 676 ) . Al - Ahram Weekly Online . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Interim Report on the Re-Clearance at the Royal Tomb of Amenophis III '' . Research in Egypt 1966 - 1991 . Institute of Egyptology at Waseda University . 1991 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 174 Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) p. 104 Jump up ^ Davis ( 2001 ) , p. XV Jump up ^ `` Egypt offers first look at newly discovered tomb : First such discovery in Valley of the Kings since Tutankhamun 's in 1922 '' . MSNBC. 2006 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ El Mahdy ( 2001 ) , p. 131 Jump up ^ Vergano , Dan ( 2006 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Egyptian tomb digs up controversy '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` KV 57 ( Horemheb ) '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 134 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 137 Jump up ^ Christian Leblanc . `` The Tomb of Ramesses II and Remains of His Funerary Treasure '' . Le Ramesseum : Temple de Millions d'Années de Ramsès II à Thèbes - Ouest . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Recherches et travaux dans la tombe de Ramsès II : Aujourďhui '' . Recherches et Travaux Tombe Ramsès ( in French ) . L'Institut d'Egyptologie Thébaine du Musée du Louvre . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` KV 5 Excavation '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 202 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 212 Jump up ^ Davis ( 2001 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` KV 14 ( Tausert and Setnakht ) '' . Theban Mapping project . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 206 Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 196 Jump up ^ `` KV 9 ( Rameses V and Rameses VI ) '' . Theban Mapping project . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 198 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 168 Jump up ^ `` KV 19 ( Mentuherkhepeshef ) '' . Theban Mapping project . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mark Andrews . `` KV19 , the Tomb of Prince Ramesses - Mentuherkhepshef '' . Tour Egypt . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 208 Jump up ^ `` The Finding of the Pharaohs '' . TravellersInEgypt.org . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 221 Jump up ^ `` Valley of the Kings , finds in the Petrie Museum '' . Digital Egypt . UCL . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 192 Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 191 Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raiders of KV 46 ! '' . The Theban Royal Mummy Project . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` KV Condition Surveys '' ( PDF ) . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Management in KV '' ( PDF ) . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ambros ( 2001 ) , p. 181 Jump up ^ `` Tourists massacred at temple '' . BBC News . 1997 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ambros , Eva ( 2001 ) . Egypt : an up - to - date travel guide with 145 color photos and 21 maps . Hunter Publishing . ISBN 3 - 88618 - 140 - 5 . Baines , John ; Jaromir Malik ( 2000 ) . Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt . New York : Facts on file . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4036 - 2 . Baillet , Jules ( 1920 -- 1926 ) . Inscriptions grecques et latines des tombeaux des rois ou Syringes à Thèbes . Cairo : Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire , Mémoires publiés par les membres . M.L. Bierbrier ( 1993 ) . The Tomb - Builders of the Pharaohs . Cairo : American Univ in Cairo Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 210 - 6 . Cross , Stephen W. ( 1993 ) . `` The Hydrology of the Valley of the Kings '' . JEA. 94 : 303 -- 310 . Davis , Theodore M. ( 2001 ) . The Tomb of Siphtah with The Tomb of Queen Tiyi . London : Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 3073 - 3 . Davis , Theodore M. ( 2001 ) . The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou . London : Duckworth Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 3072 - 5 . Dodson , Aidan ( 1991 ) . Egyptian Rock - cut Tombs . Buckinghamshire : Shire Publications Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0128 - 2 . El Mahdy , Christine ( 2001 ) . Tutankhamen : The Life and Death of the Boy - King . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 28064 - 5 . Maspero , Gaston ( 1913 ) . Manual of Egyptian Archaeology , Sixth English Edition . H. Grevel and Co . ISBN 1 - 4219 - 4169 - 4 . Reeves , Nicholas ( 1990 ) . Valley of the Kings : The Decline of a Royal Necropolis . Keegan Paul . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0368 - 8 . Reeves , Nicholas ; Richard H. Wilkinson ( 1996 ) . The Complete Valley of the Kings . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05080 - 5 . -- Details of all the major tombs , their discovery , art and architecture Romer , John ( 1981 ) . Valley of the Kings . Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 0993 - 0 . -- Covers the history of the exploration of the Valley in chronological order Rossi , Corinna ( 2001 ) . `` Dimensions and Slope in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasty Royal Tombs '' . The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology . The Egyptian Exploration Society . 87 : 73 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 3822372 . ISSN 0307 - 5133 . JSTOR 3822372 . Sampsell , Bonnie M. ( 2003 ) . A Traveler 's Guide to the Geology of Egypt . Cairo : American University Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 785 - X . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the Valley of the Kings . Barnes and Noble . ISBN 88 - 8095 - 496 - 2 . -- A good introduction to the valley and surroundings Strudwick , Nigel ; Helen Strudwick ( 1999 ) . Thebes in Egypt . Cornell University . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8616 - 5 . Weeks , Kent R. ( 2001 ) . Valley of the Kings . Friedman / Fairfax . ISBN 88 - 8095 - 712 - 0 . -- Spectacular photography of the best tombs Weeks , Kent R. ( 2000 ) . KV 5 : A Preliminary Report on the Excavation of the Tomb of the Sons of Ramesses II in the Valley of the Kings . Cairo : American University Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 574 - 1 . Weigall , Arthur ( 1910 ) . A Guide to the Antiquities of Upper Egypt . London : Mentheun & Co . ISBN 1 - 4253 - 3806 - 2 . Wilkinson , Richard H. ( 1994 ) . Valley of the Sun Kings : New Explorations in the Tombs of the Pharaohs . Tucson : University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition . ISBN 0 - 9649958 - 0 - 8 . -- chapters by archaeologists working in the valley from an international conference on the Valley of the Kings Wilkinson , Richard H. ( 1993 ) . `` The paths of Re : Symbolism in the royal tombs of Wadi Biban El Moluk '' . KMT. 4 ( 3 ) . Library resources about Valley of the Kings Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading ( edit ) Atiya , Farid S. Valley of the Kings . Cairo , Egypt : F. Atiya Press , 2006 . Bongioanni , Alessandro . Luxor and the Valley of the Kings . Vercelli , Italy : White Star Publishers , 2004 . Dodson , Aidan . After the Pyramids : The Valley of the Kings and Beyond . London : Rubicon Press , 2000 . Hornung , Erik . The Valley of the Kings : Horizon of Eternity . 1st U.S. ed . New York : Timken , 1990 . Reeves , C.N. Valley of the Kings : The Decline of a Royal Necropolis . London : K. Paul International , 1990 . Reeves , Nicolas , and Richard H. Wilkinson . The Complete Valley of the Kings . London : Thames & Hudson , 2008 . Weeks , Kent R. Atlas of the Valley of the Kings . Cairo : American University in Cairo Press , 2000 . Wilkinson , Richard H. , and Kent R. Weeks . The Oxford Handbook of the Valley of the Kings . New York : Oxford University Press , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valley of the Kings . `` Theban Mapping Project '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . `` The Quest for Immortality , Treasures of Ancient Egypt , Virtual Tour : KV 34 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . `` Valley of the Kings photographs on GlobalAmity.net '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . `` VOKF Foundation ( Origins , Aims , Objectives : The Amarna Royal Tombs Project '' . NicholasReeves.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Valley of the Kings Tombs East Valley KV1 KV2 KV3 KV4 KV5 KV6 KV7 KV8 KV9 KV10 KV11 KV12 KV13 KV14 KV15 KV16 KV17 KV18 KV19 KV20 KV21 KV26 KV27 KV28 KV29 KV30 KV31 KV32 KV33 KV34 KV35 KV36 KV37 KV38 KV39 KV40 KV41 KV42 KV43 KV44 KV45 KV46 KV47 KV48 KV49 KV50 KV51 KV52 KV53 KV54 KV55 KV56 KV57 KV58 KV59 KV60 KV61 KV62 KV63 KV64 KV65 West Valley WV22 WV23 WV24 WV25 Exploration Theodore M. Davis Amarna Royal Tombs Project Theban Mapping Project John Romer See also List of burials in the Valley of the Kings Minor tombs in the Valley of the Kings Valley of the Queens Royal Mummy Cache Theban Necropolis Temple sites Deir el - Bahri Medinet Habu Mortuary Temple of Seti I Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III Ramesseum Royal Necropolis Valley of the Kings Valley of the Queens Other burials Deir el - Medina el - Assasif el - Khokha el - Tarif Dra ' Abu el - Naga ' Qurnet Murai Sheikh Abd el - Qurna Related List of Theban tombs Beautiful festival of the valley Landmarks of Luxor East Bank Luxor Temple Luxor International Airport Karnak Temple Luxor Museum Mummification Museum Winter Palace Hotel West Bank Valley of the Kings Valley of the Queens Medinet Habu The Ramesseum Deir al - Madinah Tombs of the Nobles Deir el - Bahri Malkata Colossi of Memnon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valley_of_the_Kings&oldid=828053931 '' Categories : Luxor Valley of the Kings Valleys of Egypt Rock - cut tombs Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Coptic - language text Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 08 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the valley of the kings located	[ "The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes (modern Luxor), within the heart of the Theban Necropolis.[5] The wadi consists of two valleys, East Valley (where the majority of the royal tombs are situated) and West Valley." ]	[ "on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes (modern Luxor), within the heart of the Theban Necropolis" ]
-3645789134723549884	Pui Fan Lee	Pui Fan Lee - wikipedia Pui Fan Lee This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pui Fan Lee ( 1971 - 07 - 14 ) 14 July 1971 ( age 47 ) Nottingham , England , U.K. Occupation Actress , presenter Years active 1982 -- present Known for Presenting CBeebies ( 2002 -- 2009 ) Pui Fan Lee ( born 14 July 1971 ) is an English actress and presenter , best known for portraying Po in the children 's television programme Teletubbies , and more recently for presenting the popular CBeebies pre-school educational programme Show Me Show Me . She was the first presenter , alongside Chris Jarvis , Sidney Sloane , and Sue Monroe to introduce programming on the BBC digital channel CBeebies . In January 2009 , Pui left presenting CBeebies to host Show Me Show Me . References Jump up ^ `` Pui Fan Lee '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 04 . External links Pui Fan Lee on IMDb Profile at Blackburn Sachs Associates Interview on CBeebies.com The Chris and Pui Roadshow website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pui_Fan_Lee&oldid=858778687 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people Actresses from Birmingham , West Midlands Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art British puppeteers British actresses of Chinese descent British television actresses British television presenters English people of Hong Kong descent People from Nottingham 20th - century British actresses 21st - century British actresses Actresses from Nottinghamshire Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Talk View source About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Bikol Central Español Gàidhlig Picard Winaray Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2018 , at 15 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who is the actress who plays po on teletubbies	[ "Pui Fan Lee (born 14 July 1971) is an English actress and presenter,[1] best known for portraying Po in the children's television programme Teletubbies, and more recently for presenting the popular CBeebies pre-school educational programme Show Me Show Me. She was the first presenter, alongside Chris Jarvis, Sidney Sloane, and Sue Monroe to introduce programming on the BBC digital channel CBeebies. In January 2009, Pui left presenting CBeebies to host Show Me Show Me.\n" ]	[ "Pui Fan Lee" ]
8533835452659072121	Amanda & Jack Go Glamping	Amanda & Jack Go Glamping - Wikipedia Amanda & Jack Go Glamping hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article reads like a press release or a news article or is largely based on routine coverage or sensationalism . Please expand this article with properly sourced content to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards , event notability guideline , or encyclopedic content policy . ( February 2018 ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for films . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Amanda & Jack Go Glamping '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Amanda & Jack Go Glamping Theatrical release poster Directed by Brandon Dickerson Written by Brandon Dickerson Starring David Arquette Amy Acker Adan Canto June Squibb Gustavo Gomez Distributed by Open Road Films Release date October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Amanda & Jack Go Glamping is a 2017 American comedy - drama film written and directed by Brandon Dickerson and starring David Arquette , Amy Acker , Adan Canto and June Squibb . Principal photography focused in the areas of Elgin , TX and Austin , TX . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Jack Spencer ( David Arquette ) has his marriage and career in trouble , he is a dejected author . He decides to leave his kids with his brother in - law and travel with his wife Amanda to an isolated glamping ( glamorous camping ) retreat in search of a spark in life . There is a surprise double booking and he finds their private retreat anything but private . Jack then runs into various comedic scenarios , including a friendship with a miniature donkey . Cast ( edit ) David Arquette as Jack Spencer Amy Acker as Amanda Adan Canto as Nate June Squibb as Jude Gustavo Gomez as Jordan Reception ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 40 % based on 5 reviews , with an average score of 5 / 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Film Review '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amanda and Jack Go Glamping '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Amanda & Jack Go Glamping on IMDb This article about a 2010s comedy - drama film is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amanda_%26_Jack_Go_Glamping&oldid=836876800 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films Films shot in Texas 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s comedy - drama film stubs Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from February 2018 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2018 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with multiple maintenance issues All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 11 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was amanda and jack go glamping filmed	[ "Amanda & Jack Go Glamping is a 2017 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Brandon Dickerson and starring David Arquette, Amy Acker, Adan Canto and June Squibb. Principal photography focused in the areas of Elgin, TX and Austin, TX.", "Amanda & Jack Go Glamping is a 2017 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Brandon Dickerson and starring David Arquette, Amy Acker, Adan Canto and June Squibb. Principal photography focused in the areas of Elgin, TX and Austin, TX." ]	[ "Elgin, TX", "Austin, TX" ]
-1869029885886097677	Arabian Peninsula	Arabian peninsula - wikipedia Arabian peninsula Jump to : navigation , search `` Arabia '' and `` Arabian '' redirect here . For other uses , see Arabia ( disambiguation ) and Arabian ( disambiguation ) . Arabian Peninsula ( Arabia ) Area 3.2 million km ( 1.25 million mi2 ) Population 77,983,936 Demonym Arabian Countries Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Yemen Iraq Jordan This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . A map of the Arabian peninsula made in 1720 by the German publisher Christoph Weigel Play media This video was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the ISS on a pass from Western Europe to the Arabian Peninsula . The Arabian Peninsula , simplified Arabia ( Arabic : شبه الجزيرة العربية ‎ ‎ Shibhu al - jazīrati al - ʿarabiyya , ' Arabian island ' ) or ( Arabic : جزيرة العرب ‎ ‎ Jazīratu Al - ʿArab , ' Island of the Arabs ' ) , is a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate . From a geological perspective , it is considered a subcontinent of Asia . It is the largest peninsula in the world , at 3,237,500 km ( 1,250,000 sq mi ) . The Arabian Peninsula consists of the countries Yemen , Oman , Qatar , Bahrain , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates , and parts of Jordan and Iraq . The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago , and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest , the Persian Gulf to the northeast , the Levant to the north and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . The Arabian Peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Middle East and the Arab world due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas . Before the modern era , it was divided into four distinct regions : Hejaz , Najd , Southern Arabia ( Hadhramaut ) and Eastern Arabia . Hejaz and Najd make up most of Saudi Arabia . Southern Arabia consists of Yemen and some parts of Saudi Arabia ( Najran , Jizan , Asir ) and Oman ( Dhofar ) . Eastern Arabia consists of the entire coastal strip of the Persian Gulf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Political boundaries 1.2 Population 1.2. 1 21 - chromosome 1.3 Landscape 1.4 Land and sea 2 Etymology 3 History 3.1 Pre-Islamic Arabia 3.2 Rise of Islam 3.3 The Middle Ages 3.4 Modern history 3.4. 1 Late Ottoman rule and the Hejaz Railway 3.4. 2 The Arab Revolt and the unification of Saudi Arabia 3.4. 3 Oil reserves 3.4. 4 Civil war in Yemen 3.4. 5 Gulf War 4 Transport and industry 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Saudi Arabia Africa , Arabian subcontinent ( Asia ) , and Eurasia . The Arabian Peninsula is located in the continent of Asia and bounded by ( clockwise ) the Persian Gulf on the northeast , the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman on the east , the Arabian Sea on the southeast and south , the Gulf of Aden on the south , the Bab - el - Mandeb strait on the southwest and the Red Sea , which is located on the southwest and west . The northern portion of the peninsula merges with the Syrian Desert with no clear border line , although the northern boundary of the Arabian Peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait . The most prominent feature of the peninsula is desert , but in the southwest there are mountain ranges , which receive greater rainfall than the rest of the Arabian Peninsula . Harrat ash Shaam is a large volcanic field that extends from the northwestern Arabian Peninsula into Jordan and southern Syria . Political boundaries ( edit ) The Arabian Peninsula . The peninsula 's constituent countries are ( clockwise north to south ) Kuwait , Bahrain , Qatar , and the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) on the east , Oman on the southeast , Yemen on the south and Saudi Arabia at the center . The island nation of Bahrain lies off the east coast of the peninsula . Six countries ( Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Bahrain , Qatar , United Arab Emirates and Oman ) form the Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) . However , this is a disputed term . Iranians assert that it is a historical and internationally recognized convention to name it the Persian Gulf , while Arab States , and most notably the six GCC member countries , have been claiming that the Gulf is Arabian since its shallow marine depths are a geological continuity of the Arabian peninsula 's Eastern low - lying coasts , from Kuwait to the UAE 's Northern Emirates . The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia covers the greater part of the peninsula . The majority of the population of the peninsula live in Saudi Arabia and in Yemen . The peninsula contains the world 's largest reserves of oil . Saudi Arabia and the UAE are economically the wealthiest in the region . Qatar , a small peninsula in the Persian Gulf on the larger peninsula , is home of the Arabic - language television station Al Jazeera and its English - language subsidiary Al Jazeera English . Kuwait , on the border with Iraq , is an important country strategically , forming one of the main staging grounds for coalition forces mounting the invasion of Iraq in 2003 . Distribution of J1 haplogroup Population ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1950 9,481,713 -- 1960 11,788,232 + 24.3 % 1970 15,319,678 + 30.0 % 1980 23,286,256 + 52.0 % 1990 35,167,708 + 51.0 % 2000 47,466,523 + 35.0 % 63,364,000 + 33.5 % 2014 77,584,000 + 22.4 % Political Definition : Gulf Cooperation Council and Yemen Sources : 1950 - 2000 2000 - 2014 Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1950 356,235 -- 1970 1,329,168 + 273.1 % 1990 4,896,491 + 268.4 % 11,457,000 + 134.0 % 2014 17,086,000 + 49.1 % 4 smallest states ( area ) of Gulf Cooperation Council with entire coastline in Persian Gulf : UAE , Bahrain , Qatar , Kuwait Sources : 1950 - 2000 2000 - 2014 Though historically lightly populated , political Arabia is noted for a high population growth rate - as the result of both very strong inflows of migrant labor as well as sustained high birth rates . The population tends to be relatively young and heavily skewed gender ratio dominated by males . In many states , the number of South Asians exceeds that of the local citizenry . The four smallest states ( by area ) , which have their entire coastlines on the Persian Gulf , exhibit the world 's most extreme population growth , roughly tripling every 20 years . In 2014 , the estimated population of the Arabian Peninsula was 77,983,936 ( including expatriates ) . 21 - Chromosome ( edit ) Listed here are the human Y - chromosome DNA haplogroups in Arabia ( Yemen , Oman , Qatar , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates ) Haplogroup J is the most abundant component in the Arabian peninsula , embracing more than 50 % of its Y - chromosomes . Its two main subclades ( J1 - M267 and J2 - M172 ) , show opposite latitudinal gradients in the Middle East . J1 - M267 is more abundant in the southern areas , reaching a frequency around 73 % in Yemen , whereas J2 - M172 is more common in the Levant . J ( L222. 2 ) Accounts for the majority of ( L147. 1 ) in Saudi Arabia . It seems to be an exclusively Adnani marker . Haplogroup J 54.8 % Haplogroup E 17.5 % R 11.6 % Haplogroup T - M184 5.1 % Landscape ( edit ) A caravan crossing the ad - Dahna Desert in central Saudi Arabia . Ras Aljinz , southeastern Arabia ( Oman ) also known as the ' Turtle Beach ' . AR - Arabian Plate , velocities with respect to Africa in millimeters per year . Salalah is a famous tourist destination in Arabia for its annual khareef season . Geologically , this region is perhaps more appropriately called the Arabian subcontinent because it lies on a tectonic plate of its own , the Arabian Plate , which has been moving incrementally away from the rest of Africa ( forming the Red Sea ) and north , toward Asia , into the Eurasian plate ( forming the Zagros mountains ) . The rocks exposed vary systematically across Arabia , with the oldest rocks exposed in the Arabian - Nubian Shield near the Red Sea , overlain by earlier sediments that become younger towards the Persian Gulf . Perhaps the best - preserved ophiolite on Earth , the Semail Ophiolite , lies exposed in the mountains of the UAE and northern Oman . The peninsula consists of : A central plateau , the Najd , with fertile valleys and pastures used for the grazing of sheep and other livestock A range of deserts : the Nefud in the north , which is stony ; the Rub ' al Khali or Great Arabian Desert in the south , with sand estimated to extend 600 ft ( 180 m ) below the surface ; between them , the Dahna In Hejaz , ranges of mountains , paralleling the Red Sea coast on the west ( e.g. Asir province ) but also at the southeastern end of the peninsula ( Oman ) . The mountains show a steady increase in altitude westward as they get nearer to Yemen , and the highest peaks and ranges are all located in Yemen The highest , Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb in Yemen , is 3666 m high Stretches of dry or marshy coastland with coral reefs on the Red Sea side ( Tihamah ) Oases and marshy coast - land in Eastern Arabia on the Persian Gulf side Arabia has few lakes or permanent rivers . Most areas are drained by ephemeral watercourses called wadis , which are dry except during the rainy season . Plentiful ancient aquifers exist beneath much of the peninsula , however , and where this water surfaces , oases form ( e.g. Al - Hasa and Qatif , two of the world 's largest oases ) and permit agriculture , especially palm trees , which allowed the peninsula to produce more dates than any other region in the world . In general , the climate is extremely hot and arid , although there are exceptions . Higher elevations are made temperate by their altitude , and the Arabian Sea coastline can receive surprisingly cool , humid breezes in summer due to cold upwelling offshore . The peninsula has no thick forests . Desert - adapted wildlife is present throughout the region . According to NASA 's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ( GRACE ) satellite data ( 2003 - 2013 ) analysed in a University of California , Irvine ( UCI ) - led study published in Water Resources Research on 16 June 2015 , the most over-stressed aquifer system in the world is the Arabian Aquifer System , upon which more than 60 million people depend for water . Twenty - one of the thirty seven largest aquifers `` have exceeded sustainability tipping points and are being depleted '' and thirteen of them are `` considered significantly distressed . '' A plateau more than 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) high extends across much of the Arabian Peninsula . The plateau slopes eastwards from the massive , rifted escarpment along the coast of the Red Sea , to the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf . The interior is characterised by cuestas and valleys , drained by a system of wadis . A crescent of sand and gravel deserts lies to the east . Land and Sea ( edit ) Coconut palms line corniches of Oman ( Al Hafa ) . Red sea coral reefs . Most of the Arabian Peninsula is unsuited to agriculture , making irrigation and land reclamation projects essential . The narrow coastal plain and isolated oases , amounting to less than 1 % of the land area , are used to cultivate grains , coffee and tropical fruits . Goat , sheep , and camel husbandry is widespread elsewhere throughout the rest of the Peninsula . Some areas have a summer humid tropical monsoon climate , in particular the Dhofar and Al Mahrah areas of Oman and Yemen . These areas allow for large scale coconut plantations . Much of Yemen has a tropical monsoon rain influenced mountain climate . The plains usually have either a tropical or subtropical arid desert climate or arid steppe climate . The sea surrounding the Arabian Peninsula is generally tropical sea with a very rich tropical sea life and some of the world 's largest , undestroyed and most pristine coral reefs . In addition , the organisms living in symbiosis with the Red Sea coral , the protozoa and zooxanthellae , have a unique hot weather adaptation to sudden rise ( and fall ) in sea water temperature . Hence , these coral reefs are not affected by coral bleaching caused by rise in temperature as elsewhere in the indopacific coral sea . The reefs are also unaffected by mass tourism and diving or other large scale human interference . However , some reefs were destroyed in the Persian Gulf , mostly caused by phosphate water pollution and resultant increase in algae growth as well as oil pollution from ships and pipeline leakage . Terraced fields in Yemen . The fertile soils of Yemen have encouraged settlement of almost all of the land from sea level up to the mountains at 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) . In the higher reaches , elaborate terraces have been constructed to facilitate grain , fruit , coffee , ginger and khat cultivation . The Arabian peninsula is known for its rich oil , i.e. petroleum production due to its geographical location . Etymology ( edit ) Main article : Arab ( etymology ) During the Hellenistic period , the area was known as Arabia or Aravia ( Greek : Αραβία ) . The Romans named three regions with the prefix `` Arabia '' , encompassing a larger area than the current term `` Arabian Peninsula '' : Arabia Petraea : for the area that is today southern modern Syria , Jordan , the Sinai Peninsula and northwestern Saudi Arabia . It was the only one that became a province , with Petra as its capital . Arabia Deserta ( `` Desert Arabia '' ) : signified the desert interior of the Arabian peninsula . As a name for the region , it remained popular into the 19th and 20th centuries , and was used in Charles M. Doughty 's Travels in Arabia Deserta ( 1888 ) . Arabia Felix ( `` Fortunate Arabia '' ) : was used by geographers to describe what is now Yemen , which enjoys more rainfall , is much greener than the rest of the peninsula and has long enjoyed much more productive fields . The Arab inhabitants used a north - south division of Arabia : Al Sham - Al Yaman , or Arabia Deserta - Arabia Felix . Arabia Felix had originally been used for the whole peninsula , and at other times only for the southern region . Because its use became limited to the south , the whole peninsula was simply called Arabia . Arabia Deserta was the entire desert region extending north from Arabia Felix to Palmyra and the Euphrates , including all the area between Pelusium on the Nile and Babylon . This area was also called Arabia and not sharply distinguished from the peninsula . The Arabs and the Ottoman Empire considered the west of the Arabian Peninsula region where the Arabs lived ' the land of the Arabs ' -- Bilad al - Arab ( Arabia ) , and its major divisions were the bilad al - Sham ( Syria ) , bilad al - Yaman ( the Land of the southern Peninsula ) , and Bilad al - Iraq and modern - day Kuwait ( the Land of the River Banks ) . The Ottomans used the term Arabistan in a broad sense for the subcontinent itself starting from Cilicia , where the Euphrates river makes its descent into Syria , through Palestine , and on through the remainder of the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas . The provinces of Arabia were : Al Tih , the Sinai peninsula , Hedjaz , Asir , Yemen , Hadramaut , Mahra and Shilu , Oman , Hasa , Bahrain , Dahna , Nufud , the Hammad , which included the deserts of Syria , Mesopotamia and Babylonia . History ( edit ) Ancient coins from Failaka Island , Kuwait . The history of the Arabian Peninsula goes back to the beginnings of human habitation in Arabia up to 130,000 years ago . Pre-Islamic Arabia ( edit ) Main article : Pre-Islamic Arabia Sabaean inscription addressed to the god Almaqah , mentioning five Ancient Yemeni gods , two reigning sovereigns and two governors , 7th century BC . The old city of Sana'a , Yemen . There is evidence that human habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 106,000 to 130,000 years ago . However , the harsh climate historically prevented much settlement in pre-Islamic Arabian peninsula , apart from a small number of urban trading settlements , such as Mecca and Medina , located in the Hejaz in the west of the peninsula . However , archaeology has revealed the existence of many civilizations in pre-Islamic Arabia ( such as Thamud ) , especially in South Arabia . South Arabian civilizations include Sheba , Himyarite Kingdom , Kingdom of Awsan , Kingdom of Ma'īn and Sabaean Kingdom . Central Arabia was the location of Kingdom of Kindah in the 4th , 5th and early 6th centuries AD . Eastern Arabia was home to the Dilmun civilization . The earliest known events in Arabian history are migrations from the Peninsula into neighbouring areas . The Arabian peninsula has long been accepted as the original Urheimat of the Semitic languages by a majority of scholars . `` Shamir of Dhu - Raydan and Himyar had called in the help of the clans of Habashat for against the kings of Saba ; but Ilmuqah granted ... the submission of Shamir of Dhu - Raydan and the clans of Habashat . '' Rise of Islam ( edit ) Main articles : Early Muslim conquests and Islamic Golden Age Age of the Caliphs Expansion under Muhammad , 622 -- 632 / A.H. 1 -- 11 Expansion during Rashidun Caliphate , 632 -- 661 / A.H. 11 -- 40 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate , 661 -- 750 / A.H. 40 -- 129 Approximate locations of some of the important tribes and Empire of the Arabian Peninsula at the dawn of Islam ( approximately 600 CE / 50 BH ) . The seventh century saw the introduction of Islam to the Arabian Peninsula . The Islamic prophet Muhammad , was born in Mecca in about 570 and first began preaching in the city in 610 , but migrated to Medina in 622 . From there he and his companions united the tribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian peninsula . He established a new unified polity in the Arabian peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian peninsula in the form of a vast Muslim Arab Empire with an area of influence that stretched from the northwest Indian subcontinent , across Central Asia , the Middle East , North Africa , southern Italy , and the Iberian Peninsula , to the Pyrenees . Muhammad began preaching Islam at Mecca before migrating to Medina , from where he united the tribes of Arabia into a singular Arab Muslim religious polity . With Muhammad 's death in 632 AD , disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community . Umar ibn al - Khattab , a prominent companion of Muhammad , nominated Abu Bakr , who was Muhammad 's intimate friend and collaborator . Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph . This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad 's companions , who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib , his cousin and son - in - law , had been designated his successor . Abu Bakr 's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by Byzantine ( or Eastern Roman Empire ) forces , although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the Ridda wars , or `` Wars of Apostasy '' . Following Muhammad 's death in 632 , Abu Bakr became leader of the Muslims as the first Caliph . After putting down a rebellion by the Arab tribes ( known as the Ridda wars , or `` Wars of Apostasy '' ) , Abu Bakr attacked the Byzantine Empire . On his death in 634 , he was succeeded by Umar as caliph , followed by Uthman ibn al - Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib . The period of these first four caliphs is known as al - khulafā ' ar - rāshidūn : the Rashidun or `` rightly guided '' Caliphate . Under the Rashidun Caliphs , and , from 661 , their Umayyad successors , the Arabs rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim control outside of Arabia . In a matter of decades Muslim armies decisively defeated the Byzantine army and destroyed the Persian Empire , conquering huge swathes of territory from the Iberian peninsula to India . The political focus of the Muslim world then shifted to the newly conquered territories . Nevertheless , Mecca and Medina remained the spiritually most important places in the Muslim world . The Qur'an requires every able - bodied Muslim who can afford it , as one of the five pillars of Islam , to make a pilgrimage , or Hajj , to Mecca during the Islamic month of Dhu al - Hijjah at least once in his or her lifetime . The Masjid al - Haram ( the Grand Mosque ) in Mecca is the location of the Kaaba , Islam 's holiest site , and the Masjid al - Nabawi ( the Prophet 's Mosque ) in Medina is the location of Muhammad tomb ; as a result , from the 7th century , Mecca and Medina became the pilgrimage destinations for large numbers of Muslims from across the Islamic world . The Middle Ages ( edit ) Despite its spiritual importance , in political terms Arabia soon became a peripheral region of the Islamic world , in which the most important medieval Islamic states were based at various times in such far away cities as Damascus , Baghdad , and Cairo . However , from the 10th century ( and , in fact , until the 20th century ) the Hashemite Sharifs of Mecca maintained a state in the most developed part of the region , the Hejaz . Their domain originally comprised only the holy cities of Mecca and Medina but in the 13th century it was extended to include the rest of the Hejaz . Although , the Sharifs exercised at most times independent authority in the Hejaz , they were usually subject to the suzerainty of one of the major Islamic empires of the time . In the Middle Ages , these included the Abbasids of Baghdad , and the Fatimids , Ayyubids and Mamluks of Egypt . Modern history ( edit ) Ottoman territories acquired between 1481 and 1683 ( See : list of territories ) . The provincial Ottoman Army for Arabia ( Arabistan Ordusu ) was headquartered in Syria , which included Palestine , the Transjordan region in addition to Lebanon ( Mount Lebanon was , however , a semi-autonomous mutasarrifate ) . It was put in charge of Syria , Cilicia , Iraq , and the remainder of the Arabian Peninsula . The Ottomans never had any control over central Arabia , also known as the Najd region . The Damascus Protocol of 1914 provides an illustration of the regional relationships . Arabs living in one of the existing districts of the Arabian peninsula , the Emirate of Hejaz , asked for a British guarantee of independence . Their proposal included all Arab lands south of a line roughly corresponding to the northern frontiers of present - day Syria and Iraq . They envisioned a new Arab state , or confederation of states , adjoining the southern Arabian Peninsula . It would have comprised Cilicia -- İskenderun and Mersin , Iraq with Kuwait , Syria , Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate , Jordan , and Palestine . In the modern era , the term bilad al - Yaman came to refer specifically to the southwestern parts of the peninsula . Arab geographers started to refer to the whole peninsula as ' jazirat al - Arab ' , or the peninsula of the Arabs . Late Ottoman rule and the Hejaz railway ( edit ) The Arabian Peninsula in 1914 . In the beginning of the 20th century , the Ottomans embarked on an ambitious project : the construction of a railway connecting Istanbul , the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the seat of the Islamic Caliphate , and Hejaz with its holiest shrines of Islam which are the yearly pilgrimage destination of the Hajj . Another important goal was to improve the economic and political integration of the distant Arabian provinces into the Ottoman state , and to facilitate the transportation of military troops in case of need . The Hejaz Railway was a narrow gauge railway ( 1050 mm ) that ran from Damascus to Medina , through the Hejaz region of Arabia . It was originally planned to reach the holy city of Mecca , but due to the interruption of the construction works caused by the outbreak of World War I , it eventually only reached Medina . It was a part of the Ottoman railway network and was built in order to extend the previously existing line between Istanbul and Damascus ( which began from the Haydarpaşa Terminal ) . The railway was started in 1900 at the behest of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II and was built largely by the Turks , with German advice and support . A public subscription was opened throughout the Islamic world to fund the construction . The railway was to be a waqf , an inalienable religious endowment or charitable trust . The Arab Revolt and the unification of Saudi Arabia ( edit ) The major developments of the early 20th century were the Arab Revolt during World War I and the subsequent collapse and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire . The Arab Revolt ( 1916 -- 1918 ) was initiated by the Sherif Hussein ibn Ali with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Empire and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen . During World War I , the Sharif Hussein entered into an alliance with the United Kingdom and France against the Ottomans in June 1916 . These events were followed by the unification of Saudi Arabia under King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud . In 1902 , Ibn Saud had captured Riyadh . Continuing his conquests , Abdulaziz subdued Al - Hasa , Jabal Shammar , Hejaz between 1913 and 1926 founded the modern state of Saudi Arabia . The Saudis absorbed the Emirate of Asir , with their expansion only ending in 1934 after a war with Yemen . Two Saudi states were formed and controlled much of Arabia before Ibn Saud was even born . Ibn Saud , however , established the third Saudi state . Oil reserves ( edit ) The second major development has been the discovery of vast reserves of oil in the 1930s . Its production brought great wealth to all countries of the region , with the exception of Yemen . Civil War in Yemen ( edit ) The North Yemen Civil War was fought in North Yemen between royalists of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and factions of the Yemen Arab Republic from 1962 to 1970 . The war began with a coup d'état carried out by the republican leader , Abdullah as - Sallal , which dethroned the newly crowned Muhammad al - Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency . The Imam escaped to the Saudi Arabian border and rallied popular support . The royalist side received support from Saudi Arabia , while the republicans were supported by Egypt and the Soviet Union . Both foreign irregular and conventional forces were also involved . The Egyptian President , Gamal Abdel Nasser , supported the republicans with as many as 70,000 troops . Despite several military moves and peace conferences , the war sank into a stalemate . Egypt 's commitment to the war is considered to have been detrimental to its performance in the Six - Day War of June 1967 , after which Nasser found it increasingly difficult to maintain his army 's involvement and began to pull his forces out of Yemen . By 1970 , King Faisal of Saudi Arabia recognized the republic and a truce was signed . Egyptian military historians refer to the war in Yemen as their Vietnam . Gulf War ( edit ) In 1990 , Iraq invaded Kuwait . The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces led to the 1990 -- 91 Gulf War . Egypt , Qatar , Syria and Saudi Arabia joined a multinational coalition that opposed Iraq . Displays of support for Iraq by Jordan and Palestine resulted in strained relations between many of the Arab states . After the war , a so - called `` Damascus Declaration '' formalized an alliance for future joint Arab defensive actions between Egypt , Syria , and the GCC member states . Transport and industry ( edit ) The extraction and refining of oil and gas are the major industrial activities in the Arabian Peninsula . The region also has an active construction sector , with many cities reflecting the wealth generated by the oil industry . The service sector is dominated by financial and technical institutions , which , like the construction sector , mainly serve the oil industry . Traditional handicrafts such as carpet - weaving are found in rural areas of Arabia . See also ( edit ) Ancient history of Yemen Arab League Araby European exploration of Arabia Iram of the Pillars Kingdom of Aksum List of Arabian cities by population Mashriq References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam Webster 's Geographical Dictionary . Merriam - Webster ( Third ed . ) . 2001 . p. 61 . ISBN 0877795460 . Jump up ^ `` Arabia peninsula , Asia '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Jump up ^ McColl , R.W. ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) . Encyclopedia of World Geography . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9780816072293 . Jump up ^ `` Arabian Peninsula '' . World News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Niz , Ellen Sturm ( 2006 - 04 - 10 ) . Peninsulas . Capstone . ISBN 9780736861427 . Jump up ^ McColl , R.W. ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) . Encyclopedia of World Geography . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9780816072293 . Jump up ^ Condra , Jill ( 2013 - 04 - 09 ) . Encyclopedia of National Dress : Traditional Clothing Around the World ( 2 Volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313376375 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Christine Huda ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) . The Everything Understanding Islam Book : A Complete and Easy to Read Guide to Muslim Beliefs , Practices , Traditions , and Culture . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781605505459 . Jump up ^ Reviews , C.T.I. ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) . A World of Nations : Civilizations , Civilizations . Cram101 Textbook Reviews . ISBN 9781467246903 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Largest Peninsulas In The World '' . WorldAtlas . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Geopolitics of the World System - Page 337 , Saul Bernard Cohen - 2003 ^ Jump up to : `` Arabia '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Y. ( 1 January 2007 ) . `` A transition from strombolian to phreatomagmatic activity induced by a lava flow damming water in a valley '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 159 ( 1 -- 3 ) : Pages 267 -- 284 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2006.06. 015 . Jump up ^ A.S. Alsharhan , Z.A. Rizk , A.E.M. Nairn ( et al . ) , 2001 , Hydrogeology of an Arid Region , Elsevier . Jump up ^ `` International Programs '' . census.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Asia : Population Statistics in Maps and Charts for Cities , Agglomerations and Administrative Divisions of all Countries in Asia '' . citypopulation.de . Jump up ^ `` International Programs '' . census.gov . Jump up ^ `` The World Fact book '' . Central Intelligence Agency . 2007 - 08 - 07 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen - Ancestral Genography Atlas '' . Jump up ^ `` Oman - Ancestral Genography Atlas '' . Jump up ^ `` Qatar - Ancestral Genography Atlas '' . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait - Ancestral Genography Atlas '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Saudi Arabia - Ancestral Genography Atlas '' . Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates - Ancestral Genography Atlas '' . Jump up ^ Bekada A , Fregel R , Cabrera VM , Larruga JM , Pestano J , et al. ( 2013 ) Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y - Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape . PLoS ONE 8 ( 2 ) : e56775 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0056775 Jump up ^ Table S6 . Y - chromosome haplogroup frequencies ( % ) in the studied populations . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0056775. s006 ( XLS ) Jump up ^ Abu - Amero , Khaled K ; Hellani , Ali ; González , Ana M ; Larruga , Jose M ; Cabrera , Vicente M ; Underhill , Peter A ( 22 September 2009 ) . `` Saudi Arabian Y - Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions '' . BMC Genet. 10 : 59 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2156 - 10 - 59 . PMC 2759955 . PMID 19772609 . Jump up ^ `` The Genetic Atlas '' . www.thegeneticatlas.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Prothero , G.W. ( 1920 ) . Arabia . London : H.M. Stationery Office . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Study : Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress '' , NASA , 16 June 2015 , retrieved 26 June 2015 Jump up ^ See Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt , David Frankfurter , BRILL , 1998 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 11127 - 1 , page 163 Jump up ^ Salibi , Kamal Suleiman ( 1988 ) . `` A House of Many Mansions : The History of Lebanon Reconsidered '' . google.com . University of California Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07196 - 4 . Jump up ^ See for example Palestine : The Reality , Joseph Mary Nagle Jeffries , Published by Longmans , Green and co. , 1939 , Page 4 Jump up ^ see Review of Reviews and World 's Work : An International Magazine , Albert Shaw ed. , The Review of Reviews Corporation , 1919 , page 408 ) Jump up ^ `` New International Encyclopedia - 2nd Edition , Dodd , Mead , Co. , 1914 '' . google.com . p. 795 . Jump up ^ Saudi Embassy ( US ) Website Archived 2016 - 03 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved 20 January 2011 Jump up ^ Gordon , Matthew ( 2005 ) . The Rise of Islam . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32522 - 7 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Burrowes ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Yemen . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 319 . ISBN 0810855283 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Anderson Kitchen ( 2003 ) . On the Reliability of the Old Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 116 . ISBN 0802849601 . Jump up ^ Philip Khuri Hitti ( 2002 ) , History of the Arabs , Revised : 10th Edition Jump up ^ Gray , Louis Herbert ( 2006 ) Introduction to Semitic Comparative Linguistics Jump up ^ Courtenay , James John ( 2009 ) The Language of Palestine and Adjacent Regions Jump up ^ Kienast , Burkhart. ( 2001 ) . Historische semitische Sprachwissenschaft . Jump up ^ Bromiley , Geoffrey W. ( 1995 ) The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Stuart Munro - Hay . Aksum : A Civilization of Late Antiquity . Edinburgh : University Press . 1991 . pp. 66 . Jump up ^ See : Holt ( 1977a ) , p. 57 Hourani ( 2003 ) , p. 22 Lapidus ( 2002 ) , p. 32 Madelung ( 1996 ) , p. 43 Tabatabaei ( 1979 ) , p. 30 -- 50 Jump up ^ See : Holt ( 1977a ) , p. 57 , Hourani ( 2003 ) , p. 22 , Lapidus ( 2002 ) , p. 32 , Madelung ( 1996 ) , p. 43 , Tabatabaei ( 1979 ) , p. 30 -- 50 Jump up ^ L. Gardet ; J. Jomier . `` Islam '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Farah , Caesar ( 1994 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 5th ed . ) , pp. 145 -- 147 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1853 - 0 Jump up ^ Goldschmidt , Jr. , Arthur ; Lawrence Davidson ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) , p. 48 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4275 - 7 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Online : History of Arabia retrieved 18 January 2011 Jump up ^ see History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey , Stanford J. Shaw , Ezel Kural Shaw , Cambridge University Press , 1977 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29166 - 6 , page 85 Jump up ^ The Politics of Interventionism in Ottoman Lebanon , 1830 -- 1861 , by Caesar E. Farah , explains that Mount Lebanon was in the jurisdiction of the Arabistan Army , and that its headquarters was briefly moved to Beirut . Jump up ^ As cited by R , John and S. Hadawi 's , Palestine Diary , pp. 30 -- 31 , the ' Damascus Protocol ' stated : `` The recognition by Great Britain of the independence of the Arab countries lying within the following frontiers : North : The Line Mersin_Adana to parallel 37N. and thence along the line Birejek - Urga - Mardin - Kidiat - Jazirat ( Ibn ' Unear ) - Amadia to the Persian frontier ; East : The Persian frontier down to the Persian Gulf ; South : The Indian Ocean ( with the exclusion of Aden , whose status was to be maintained ) . West : The Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea back to Mersin . The abolition of all exceptional privileges granted to foreigners under the capitulations . The conclusion of a defensive alliance between Great Britain and the future independent Arab State . The grant of economic preference to Great Britain . '' see King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz , By Randall Baker , Oleander Press , 1979 , ISBN 0 - 900891 - 48 - 3 , pages 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Salibi , Kamal Suleiman ( 1988 ) . A House of Many Mansions : The History of Lebanon Reconsidered , . University of California Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07196 - 4 . Jump up ^ King Hussein And The Kingdom of Hejaz , Randall Baker , Oleander Press 1979 , ISBN 0 - 900891 - 48 - 3 , page 18 Jump up ^ Aboul - Enein , Youssef ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Egyptian - Yemen War : Egyptian perspectives on Guerrilla warfare '' . Infantry Magazine ( Jan -- Feb , 2004 ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved October 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ see Richard Schofield , Kuwait and Iraq : Historical Claims and Territorial . Disputes , London : Royal Institute of International Affairs 1991 , ISBN 0 - 905031 - 35 - 0 and The Kuwait Crisis : Basic Documents , By E. Lauterpacht , C.J. Greenwood , Marc Weller , Published by Cambridge University Press , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 46308 - 4 Jump up ^ Egypt 's Bid for Arab Leadership : Implications for U.S. Policy , By Gregory L. Aftandilian , Published by Council on Foreign Relations , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 87609 - 146 - X , pages 6 -- 8 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Arabian Peninsula . Look up Arabian Peninsula in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Arabian peninsula ( category ) Travels in Arabia , 1892 High resolution scan of old map of Arabia The Coast of Arabia the Red Sea , and Persian Sea of Bassora Past the Straits of Hormuz to India , Gujarat and Cape Comorin from the World Digital Library , depicts a map from 1707 . Wahab , Robert Alexander ; Thatcher , Griffithes Wheeler ; Goeje , Michael Jan de ( 1911 ) . `` Arabia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Arabia : Cultural - Historical Zones Regions of the world Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Frontier Strip Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan_Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book VIAF : 315125202 GND : 4002529 - 9 Coordinates : 23 ° N 46 ° E / 23 ° N 46 ° E / 23 ; 46 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Peninsula&oldid=809457399 '' Categories : Arabian Peninsula Peninsulas of Asia Geography of the Middle East Landforms of the Middle East Regions of Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the arabian peninsula located on a map	[ "The Arabian Peninsula, simplified Arabia[1] (Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية‎‎ Shibhu al-jazīrati al-ʿarabiyya, ‘Arabian island’) or (Arabic: جزيرة العرب‎‎ Jazīratu Al-ʿArab, ‘Island of the Arabs’),[2] is a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geological perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.[3][4]" ]	[ "Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate" ]
6178029728215430111	East India Company	East India company - wikipedia East India company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England ( Great Britain ) Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , which was formed to pursue trade with the `` East Indies '' ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Indian powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and Conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links Founding ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . Permission was granted , and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . One of them , Edward Bonaventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594 . In 1596 , three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . Three years later , on 22 September 1599 , another group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , on 24 September , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they , nonetheless , sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue , bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened , again , a year later . This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years , the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders , in breach of the charter without a licence from the company , were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java comprised an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609 , and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company . The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC 's status . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan , the Mughal governor of Bengal , to obtain a firman , an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire . However , the company 's governor in London , Sir Josiah Child , interfered with Hedges 's mission , causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet on return from the annual pilgrimage to Mecca . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . To appease Aurangzeb , the East India Company promised to pay all financial reparations , while Parliament declared the pirates hostis humani generis ( `` enemies of the human race '' ) . In mid-1696 the government issued a £ 500 bounty on Every 's head and offered a free pardon to any informer who disclosed his whereabouts . When the East India Company later doubled that reward , the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history was underway . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent . As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . First recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the company 's Affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) File : India 1835 2 Mohurs. jpg 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . View of the Calcutta port in 1848 English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , Leadenhall Street , London , as reconstructed in 1796 -- 1800 . A drawing by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd of c. 1817 . The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . This also led to Macaulayism in the Indian subcontinent . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The blazon of the arms is as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East India Company ( EIC ) ships were well built , with the result that the Royal Navy bought several of them to convert to warships and transports . The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804728645 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` First EIC Voyage '' . thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . < / ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32280 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 . Jump up ^ Burgess 2009 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 9789054876182 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : as of 30 December 1600 , the official name : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Misra , B.B. . The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) online O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . online Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) online , focus on its impact on ordinary people in India Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British East Africa Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Asiatisk Kompagni ( da ) Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai VIAF : 239176400 LCCN : n79118917 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 GND : 2052078 - 5 SUDOC : 027501884 BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=813776163 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 05 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the first and main aim of the british east india company	[ "The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company,[1] was an English and later British joint-stock company,[2] which was formed to pursue trade with the \"East Indies\" (in present-day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent." ]	[ "pursue trade with the \"East Indies\"" ]
8886741657437283086	Livin' on a Prayer	Livin ' on a Prayer - wikipedia Livin ' on a Prayer Jump to : navigation , search For the Family Guy episode , see Livin ' on a Prayer ( Family Guy ) . `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' Single by Bon Jovi from the album Slippery When Wet B - side `` Wild in the Streets '' Released October 31 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 31 ) Format 7 '' 12 '' CD Genre Hard rock glam metal Length 4 : 11 ( album version ) 4 : 23 ( Rock Band 2 edit ) 5 : 07 ( DualDisc remix ) Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Desmond Child Producer ( s ) Bruce Fairbairn Bon Jovi singles chronology `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( 1986 ) `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ( 1986 ) `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( 1987 ) `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' ( 1986 ) `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ( 1986 ) `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( 1987 ) Music video `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' on YouTube `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' is Bon Jovi 's second chart - topping song from their third album Slippery When Wet . Written by Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora , and Desmond Child , the single , released in late 1986 , was well received at both rock and pop radio and its music video was given heavy rotation at MTV , giving the band their first No. 1 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart and their second consecutive No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hit . The song is the band 's signature song , topping fan - voted lists and re-charting around the world decades after its release . The original 45 - RPM single release sold 800,000 copies in the United States , and in 2013 was certified Triple Platinum for over 3 million digital downloads . The official music video has over 410 million views on YouTube . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song history 2 Commercial success 3 Lyrics 4 Music video 5 Alternate versions 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Sales and certifications 8 References 9 External links Song History ( edit ) Jon Bon Jovi did not like the original recording of this song , which can be found as a hidden track on 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong . Lead guitarist Richie Sambora , however , convinced him the song was good , and they reworked it with a new bass guitar line ( recorded by Hugh McDonald uncredited ) , different drum fills and the use of a talk box to include it on their upcoming album Slippery When Wet . The song spent two weeks at number one on the Mainstream Rock Tracks , from January 31 to February 14 , 1987 , and four weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , from February 14 to March 14 . It also hit number four on the UK singles chart . The album version of the song , timed around 4 : 10 , fades out at the end . However , the music video game Guitar Hero World Tour features the song 's original studio ending , where the band revisit the intro riff and end with a talk box solo ; this version ends at 4 : 53 . The original ending is also playable on the similar video game Rock Band 2 , though edited in this case ( thereby eliminating the talk box solo at the end ) . The version included on the 2005 DualDisc edition of Slippery When Wet has an extended version of the original ending , with a different talk box solo playing over the riff ( possibly taken from an outtake of the song ) ; this version , which fades out at the end like the standard version of the song , ends at 5 : 06 . After the September 11 , 2001 attacks -- in which New Jersey was the second - hardest hit state after New York City , suffering hundreds of casualties among both WTC workers and first responders -- the band performed an acoustic version of this song for New York . Bon Jovi performed a similar version as part of the special America : A Tribute to Heroes . Commercial success ( edit ) In 2006 , online voters rated `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' No. 1 on VH1 's list of The 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 80s . More recently , in New Zealand , `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' was No. 1 on the C4 music channel 's show U Choose 40 , on the 80 's Icons list . It was also No. 1 on the `` Sing - a-long Classics List '' . After Bon Jovi performed in New Zealand on January 28 , 2008 while on their Lost Highway Tour , the song re-entered the official New Zealand RIANZ singles chart at number 24 , over twenty years after the initial release . Australian music TV channel MAX placed this song at No. 18 on their 2008 countdown `` Rock Songs : Top 100 '' . In 2009 , the song returned to the charts in the UK , notably hitting the number - one spot on the UK Rock Chart . In 2010 the song was chosen in an online vote on the Grammy.com website over the group 's more recent hits `` Always '' and `` It 's My Life '' to be played live by the band on the 52nd Grammy Awards telecast . In the Billboard Hot 100 Anniversary 50 , `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' was named as 46 in the All time rock songs . After the song was released for download , the song has sold 3.4 million digital copies in the US as of November 2014 . The song , including its original ending , is also playable on the music video games Guitar Hero World Tour and Rock Band 2 . The song was re-worked and made available to download on November 9 , 2010 for use in the Rock Band 3 music gaming platform to take advantage of PRO mode which allows use of a real guitar / bass guitar , and standard MIDI - compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards in addition to up to three - part harmony or backup vocals . In November 2013 , the song made its return to the Billboard Hot 100 at number 25 , due to a viral video . In 2017 , ShortList 's Dave Fawbert listed the song as containing `` one of the greatest key changes in music history '' . Lyrics ( edit ) `` It deals with the way that two kids -- Tommy and Gina -- face life 's struggles , '' noted Bon Jovi , `` and how their love and ambitions get them through the hard times . It 's working class and it 's real ... I wanted to incorporate the movie element , and tell a story about people I knew . So instead of doing what I did on ' Runaway ' , where the girl did n't have a name , I gave them names , which gave them an identity ... Tommy and Gina are n't two specific people ; they represent a lifestyle . '' Bon Jovi explained that he `` wrote that song during the Reagan era ( 1980 -- 1988 ) and the trickle - down economics are really inspirational to writing songs '' . Tommy and Gina are also referred to in Bon Jovi 's 2000 song `` It 's My Life '' . Music video ( edit ) The music video was filmed on September 17 , 1986 , at the Grand Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles , California and was directed by Wayne Isham . It all starts with a silhouette of the band walking down the hall and it features shots of the band rehearsing , then playing in front of a crowd . The first half of the video , featuring the rehearsal footage , is in black and white , and the second half of the video , performing to the arena audience , is in color . In the beginning of the video , Jon has a harness attached by professional stunt coordinators and stunt spotters , and later in the video he soars over the crowd via overhead wires . Alternate versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bon Jovi have themselves reworked the song several times , including an acoustic live version that served as a precursor to the MTV Unplugged series and a re-recorded version of the song , `` Prayer ' 94 , '' which appeared on U.S. versions of their Cross Road hits collection . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi -- lead vocals Richie Sambora -- guitar , talkbox , backing vocals Alec John Such -- bass guitar , backing vocals Tico Torres -- drums , finger cymbals David Bryan -- keyboards , backing vocals Additional musicians Hugh McDonald -- bass guitar ( wrote and recorded the bass parts , uncredited ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 -- 87 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 8 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 56 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Position UK Singles ( Gallup ) 36 Chart ( 1987 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 29 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 17 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 32 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 40 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Album Rock Tracks ( Billboard ) 15 US Cash Box 5 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,400,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AllMusic ( Bon Jovi charts & awards ) Billboard singles '' . Jump up ^ Brodén , Victor . `` On Bass : The Song Guys '' . Premier Guitar . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn . `` Inside The Business Of Bon Jovi With Bryan Reesman '' . Forbes . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Hugh . `` Hugh McDonald Official Website -- Discography '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ RIANZ Archived 2011 - 03 - 16 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` More GRAMMY Performers , Presenters Announced '' . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Swift Boated '' . Jump up ^ It 's Only Rock & Roll : Top Billboard Hot 100 Rock Songs ^ Jump up to : Appel , Rich ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Revisionist History , Part 5 : Bon Jovi 's ' Prayer ' Answered , ' Caroline ' Is Sweeter Than ' Sugar ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Bon Jovi Rock Band Tracks Upgraded with Pro Keys , Guitars '' . Wired . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Rock Band 3 : What 's New , What 's Notable '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The 19 greatest key changes in music history '' . ShortList . October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dome , Malcolm ( July 2006 ) . `` We 'll make it , I swear ... '' . Classic Rock # 94 . p. 45 - 46 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Calls George Bush as ' lunatic ' ! '' . Jump up ^ `` mvdbase.com -- Wayne Isham technician videography '' . Jump up ^ Brodén , Victor . `` On Bass : The Song Guys '' . Premier Guitar . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn . `` Inside The Business Of Bon Jovi With Bryan Reesman '' . Forbes . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Hugh . `` Hugh McDonald Official Website -- Discography '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . Sydney : Australian Chart Book . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bon Jovi -- Livin ' On A Prayer '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 top 30 : 7 february 1987 '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 30 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 45 , No. 23 , March 14 , 1987 '' . RPM . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin -- levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bon Jovi -- Livin ' On A Prayer '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Livin ' On A Prayer '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bon Jovi '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bon Jovi -- Livin ' On A Prayer '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bon Jovi -- Livin ' On A Prayer '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- Livin ' On A Prayer '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( B ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- Livin ' On A Prayer '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- Livin ' On A Prayer '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending FEBRUARY 14 , 1987 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on 19 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 24 . 24 January 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1987 ( Flanders ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of ' 87 '' . RPM . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1987 '' . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1987 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1987 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles of ' 87 '' . Billboard.biz . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Rock Tracks '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 99 ( 52 ) : 16 . December 26 , 1987 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1987 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- Livin ' on a Prayer '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Single Certification List -- August 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- Livin ' on a Prayer '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Enter Livin ' on a Prayer in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- Livin ' on a Prayer '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` My Baby '' by The Pretenders Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks number - one single January 31 , 1987 -- February 13 , 1987 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Midnight Blue '' by Lou Gramm Preceded by `` Open Your Heart '' by Madonna Billboard Hot 100 number - one single February 14 , 1987 -- March 7 , 1987 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Jacob 's Ladder '' by Huey Lewis and the News Preceded by `` Desolation Row '' by My Chemical Romance `` Destabilise '' by Enter Shikari `` Christmas Time ( Do n't Let the Bells End ) '' by The Darkness UK Rock Chart number - one single February 22 , 2009 -- March 22 , 2009 November 6 , 2010 -- November 13 , 2010 January 2 , 2011 -- January 9 , 2011 Succeeded by `` I 'd Come For You '' by Nickelback `` Na Na Na ( Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na ) '' by My Chemical Romance `` Feeling Good '' by Muse Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Singles `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' `` Real Life '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You for Loving Me '' `` One Wild Night '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Live ) `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` What Do You Got ? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' `` This House Is Not for Sale '' Other songs `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live ! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Book Category Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Singles `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' `` Real Life '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You for Loving Me '' `` One Wild Night '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Live ) `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` What Do You Got ? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' `` This House Is Not for Sale '' Other songs `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live ! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livin%27_on_a_Prayer&oldid=839485206 '' Categories : 1986 songs 1986 singles Bon Jovi songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Music videos directed by Wayne Isham Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in New Zealand RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Desmond Child Songs about labor Songs written by Richie Sambora Songs written by Jon Bon Jovi Song recordings produced by Bruce Fairbairn Mercury Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrock Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Dansk Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 18 : 53 . 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About Wikipedia	what instruments are used in bon jovi livin on a prayer	[ "\nJon Bon Jovi – lead vocals\nRichie Sambora – guitar, talkbox, backing vocals\nAlec John Such – bass guitar, backing vocals\nTico Torres – drums, finger cymbals\nDavid Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals\n", "\nJon Bon Jovi – lead vocals\nRichie Sambora – guitar, talkbox, backing vocals\nAlec John Such – bass guitar, backing vocals\nTico Torres – drums, finger cymbals\nDavid Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals\n", "\nJon Bon Jovi – lead vocals\nRichie Sambora – guitar, talkbox, backing vocals\nAlec John Such – bass guitar, backing vocals\nTico Torres – drums, finger cymbals\nDavid Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals\n", "\nJon Bon Jovi – lead vocals\nRichie Sambora – guitar, talkbox, backing vocals\nAlec John Such – bass guitar, backing vocals\nTico Torres – drums, finger cymbals\nDavid Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals\n", "\nJon Bon Jovi – lead vocals\nRichie Sambora – guitar, talkbox, backing vocals\nAlec John Such – bass guitar, backing vocals\nTico Torres – drums, finger cymbals\nDavid Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals\n", "\nJon Bon Jovi – lead vocals\nRichie Sambora – guitar, talkbox, backing vocals\nAlec John Such – bass guitar, backing vocals\nTico Torres – drums, finger cymbals\nDavid Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals\n" ]	[ "guitar", "talkbox", "bass guitar", "drums", "finger cymbals", "keyboards" ]
1616414774334157978	Rajya Sabha	Rajya Sabha - Wikipedia Rajya Sabha Jump to : navigation , search For Current list of Rajya Sabha members , see List of current members of the Rajya Sabha . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 0 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E / 28.61667 ° N 77.20833 ° E / 28.61667 ; 77.20833 Rajya Sabha Council of States Emblem of India Type Type Upper house of the Parliament of India Term limits 6 years Leadership Chairman ( Vice-President ) Venkaiah Naidu Since 11 August 2017 Deputy Chairman P.J. Kurien , INC Since 21 August 2012 Leader of the House Arun Jaitley , BJP Since 2 June 2014 Leader of the Opposition Ghulam Nabi Azad , INC Since 8 June 2014 Structure Seats 245 233 Elected 12 Nominated 1 Vacant ( 1 Elected Seat ) Political groups Government coalition ( 87 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 87 ) BJP ( 69 ) JD ( U ) ( 6 ) SAD ( 3 ) SS ( 3 ) JKPDP ( 2 ) BPF ( 1 ) NPF ( 1 ) RPI ( A ) ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Opposition Parties ( 158 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 57 ) INC ( 51 ) DMK ( 4 ) IUML ( 1 ) KC ( M ) ( 1 ) Janata Parivar Parties ( 7 ) RJD ( 5 ) INLD ( 1 ) JD ( S ) ( 1 ) Unaligned Parties ( 79 ) AIADMK ( 13 ) AITC ( 13 ) SP ( 13 ) BJD ( 9 ) TDP ( 6 ) TRS ( 6 ) CPI ( M ) ( 5 ) BSP ( 4 ) NCP ( 4 ) AAP ( 3 ) YSRCP ( 2 ) CPI ( 1 ) Others ( 15 ) Nominated ( 8 ) Independents ( 6 ) Vacant ( 1 ) Elections Voting system Single transferable vote Last election 21 July and 08 August 2017 Next election 16 January and 23 March 2018 Meeting place Chamber of Rajya Sabha , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website rajyasabha.nic.in The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India . Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members , and current laws have provision for 245 members . Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes , while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . Members sit for staggered six - year terms , with one third of the members retiring every two years . The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions , and unlike the Lok Sabha , the lower house of Parliament , is not subject to dissolution . However , the Rajya Sabha , like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President . The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha , except in the area of supply , where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers . In the case of conflicting legislation , a joint sitting of the two houses can be held . However , since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha , the former would normally hold the greater power . Joint sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare , and in the history of the Republic , only three such joint - sessions have been held ; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act . The Vice President of India ( currently , Venkaiah Naidu ) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha , who presides over its sessions . The Deputy Chairman , who is elected from amongst the house 's members , takes care of the day - to - day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman . The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952 . The salary and other benefits for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha . Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifications 2 Limitations 2.1 Money bills 2.2 Joint Sitting of the Parliament 2.3 No - confidence motion 3 Powers 3.1 Union - States Relations 3.2 Creation of All - India Services 4 Membership and Composition 4.1 Membership by party 5 Officers 5.1 Leader of the House 5.2 Leader of the Opposition 6 Secretariat 7 Media 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Qualifications ( edit ) Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament . A member of the Rajya Sabha must : Must be a citizen of India . Must make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution . Must be at least 30 years old . Must be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of Single transferable vote through Proportional representation . Cannot be a proclaimed criminal . Cannot be an insolvent , i.e. he / she should not be in debt that he / she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his / her financial expenses . Should not hold any other office of profit under the Government of India . Should not be of unsound mind . Must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament . In addition , twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in various areas like arts and science . However , they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution . Limitations ( edit ) The Constitution of India places some restrictions on Rajya Sabha which makes Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas in comparison . Money bills ( edit ) The definition of a money bill is given in article 110 of constitution of India . A money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha by a minister and only on recommendation of President of India . When the Lok Sabha passes a money bill then the Lok Sabha sends money bill to the Rajya Sabha council of states for 14 days during which it can make recommendations . Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha , that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses . Also , if the Lok Sabha rejects any ( or all ) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha , the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form the Lok Sabha finally passes it . This is because the Lok Sabha has largest number of representatives of peoples of India and so the Lok Sabha lower house also called house of the peoples is more powerful in comparison with Rajya Sabha council of states upper house . Hence , Rajya Sabha can only give recommendations for a money bill but Rajya Sabha can not amend a money bill this is to ensure that Rajya Sabha must not add any non money matters in money bill . Lok Sabha can reject all the recommendations of Rajya Sabha or can accept some or all of the recommendations . Decisions of the speaker of the Lok Sabha are final . There is no joint sitting of both houses with respect to money bills , because all final decisions are taken by the Lok Sabha . Joint sitting of the Parliament ( edit ) Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases . A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house , has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months , or has disagreed to the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it . Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha , Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament . A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha . Also , because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government , which already has a majority in Lok Sabha , the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority . Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity , and have been convened three times in last 69 years , for the purpose of passage of a specific legislative act , the latest time being in 2002 : 1961 : Dowry Prohibition Act , 1958 1978 : Banking Services Commission ( Repeal ) Act , 1977 2002 : Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 No - confidence motion ( edit ) Unlike the Lok Sabha , a member of the Rajya Sabha can not bring to the house a no - confidence motion against the government . Powers ( edit ) In Indian federal structure , Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature ( Hence the name , Council of States ) . Hence , Rajya Sabha is granted powers that protect the rights of States against the Union . Union - States relations ( edit ) The Constitution empowers Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States ( States List ) . However , this can only be done if Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by two - thirds special majority granting such a power to the Union Parliament . The union government can not make a law on a matter reserved for states without any authorisation from Rajya Sabha . Creation of all - India Services ( edit ) Rajya Sabha , by a two - thirds super majority can pass a resolution empowering the Government of India to create more All - India Services common to both Union and States , including a judicial service . Membership and Composition ( edit ) Seats are allotted in proportion to the population of people of each state or union territory in such a manner that smaller states have slight advantage over more populous states . As the members are elected by the state legislature , smaller Union Territories which are not States and do not have legislatures can not have representation in Rajya Sabha . Hence , Andaman & Nicobar Islands , Lakshadweep , Chandigarh , Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President . As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950 , the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States . The present strength , however , is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by the President . The twelve nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields , and are well known contributors in the particular field . A few examples of such nominated persons are cricketing icon Sachin Tendulkar , former RBI Governor Bimal Jalan and famous lyricist and poet Javed Akhtar . As of March 2014 , each state or union territory specified in the first column of the following table , there shall be allotted the number of seats specified in the second column thereof opposite to that State or that union territory , as the case may be : Name of state and union territory No. of Seats Andhra Pradesh 11 Arunachal Pradesh Assam 7 Bihar 16 Chhattisgarh 5 Goa Gujarat 11 Haryana 5 Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand 6 Karnataka 12 Kerala 9 Madhya Pradesh 11 Maharashtra 19 Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland National Capital Territory of Delhi Nominated 12 Odisha 10 Puducherry Punjab 7 Rajasthan 10 Sikkim Tamil Nadu 18 Telangana 7 Tripura Uttar Pradesh 31 Uttarakhand West Bengal 16 Total 245 Membership by party ( edit ) Main article : List of current members of the Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha Secretariat ( As of 9 April 2018 ) : Alliances Party MP National Democratic Alliance Seats : 87 Bharatiya Janata Party 69 Janata Dal ( United ) 6 Shiromani Akali Dal Shiv Sena Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Bodoland People 's Front Naga People 's Front Republican Party of India ( A ) Sikkim Democratic Front United Progressive Alliance Seats : 57 Indian National Congress 51 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Indian Union Muslim League Kerala Congress ( M ) Janata Parivar Seats : 7 Rashtriya Janata Dal 5 Indian National Lok Dal Janata Dal ( Secular ) Other Parties Seats : 79 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 13 All India Trinamool Congress 13 Samajwadi Party 13 Biju Janata Dal 9 Telugu Desam Party 6 Telangana Rashtra Samithi 6 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 5 Bahujan Samaj Party Nationalist Congress Party Aam Aadmi Party YSR Congress Party Communist Party of India Nominated 8 Independents 6 Vacant Seats 1 Seat from Bihar Total 245 Officers ( edit ) Leader of the house ( edit ) Main article : Leader of the House ( Rajya Sabha ) Besides the Chairman ( Vice-President of India ) and the Deputy Chairman , there is also a position called Leader of the House . This is a cabinet minister -- the prime minister if he is a member of the House , or another nominated minister . The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman , in the front row . Leader of the Opposition ( edit ) Main article : Leader of the Opposition ( India ) Besides the Leader of the House , who is leading the majority , there is also a Leader of the Opposition ( LOP ) -- leading the opposition parties . The function was only recognized in the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act 1977 . This is commonly the leader of the largest non-government party , and is recognized as such by the Chairman . The following people have been the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha : Sr No Name Portrait Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) Prime Minister Shyam Nandan Mishra December 1969 March 1971 INC ( O ) Indira Gandhi M.S. Gurupadaswamy March 1971 April 1972 Kamalapati Tripathi 30 March 1977 15 February 1978 INC Morarji Desai Bhola Paswan Shastri 24 February 1978 23 March 1978 INC ( O ) 5 Kamalapati Tripathi 23 March 1978 8 January 1980 INC Charan Singh 6 Lal Krishna Advani 21 January 1980 7 April 1980 Janata Party Indira Gandhi 7 P. Shiv Shankar 18 December 1989 2 January 1991 INC V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar 8 M.S. Gurupadaswamy 28 June 1991 21 July 1991 Janata Dal P.V. Narasimha Rao 9 S. Jaipal Reddy 22 July 1991 29 June 1992 10 Sikander Bakht 7 July 1992 23 May 1996 BJP 11 Shankarrao Chavan 23 May 1996 1 June 1996 INC Atal Bihari Vajpayee 12 Sikander Bakht 1 June 1996 19 March 1998 BJP H.D. Deve Gowda I.K. Gujral 13 Manmohan Singh 21 March 1998 21 May 2004 INC Atal Bihari Vajpayee 14 Jaswant Singh 3 June 2004 16 May 2009 BJP Manmohan Singh 15 Arun Jaitley 3 June 2009 26 May 2014 16 Ghulam Nabi Azad 8 June 2014 Incumbent INC Narendra Modi Secretariat ( edit ) The Secretariat of Rajya Sabha was set up pursuant to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution . The said Article , which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament , reads as follows : - 98 . Secretariat of Parliament -- Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff : Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament . ( 2 ) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament . The Rajya Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Chairman . The main activities of the Secretariat inter alia include the following : ( i ) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) possible to Members of Rajya Sabha ; ( iv ) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees ; ( v ) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications ; ( vi ) recruitment of manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters ; and ( vii ) preparing and publishing a record of the day - to - day proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and bringing out such other publications , as may be required concerning the functioning of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees . In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities , the Chairman , Rajya Sabha is assisted by the Secretary - General , who holds the rank equivalent ( 16 ) to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India . The Secretary - General , in turn , is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary , Additional Secretary , Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat . Media ( edit ) Rajya Sabha Television ( RSTV ) is a 24 - hour a day , seven day a week parliamentary TV channel fully owned and operated by the Rajya Sabha . The channel is aimed at providing in - depth coverage and analysis of parliamentary affairs especially the functioning of and developments related to Rajya Sabha . During sessions of Parliament , apart from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha , RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day - to - day parliamentary events and developments . See also ( edit ) Lok Sabha List of members of the Rajya Sabha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . New Delhi , India . 11 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy Chairman , Rajya Sabha , Parliament of India '' . Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RAJYA SABHA -- AN INTRODUCTION '' . rajyasabha.nic.in . Archived from the original on 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA ( STATE WISE LIST ) '' . Rajya Sabha . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Deshmukh , Yashwant ( 11 June 2016 ) . `` Crucial polls today : A guide to calculus of Rajya Sabha for dummies '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OUR PARLIAMENT '' . Indian Parliament . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) -- rajyasabha.in '' . Archived from the original on 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HANDBOOK FOR RETURNING OFFICERS -- FOR ELECTIONS TO THE COUNCIL OF STATES AND STATE LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . 1992 . pp. 400 -- 426 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Website of the Rajya Sabha -- Legislation '' . Jump up ^ `` 642 Sidharth Chauhan , Bicameralism : comparative insights and lessons '' . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT RAJYA SABHA '' . Indian Parliament . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Composition of Rajya Sabha -- Rajya Sabha At Work '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in . Rajya Sabha Secretariat , New Delhi . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Schedule '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 July 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajya Sabha members alloted ( sic ) to Telangana , Andhra Pradesh '' . The Economic Times . 30 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STRENGTHWISE PARTY POSITION IN THE RAJYA SABHA '' . Rajya Sabha . Archived from the original on 23 March 2018 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Rajya Sabha TV '' . Rajya Sabha . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) The Nominated Members of India 's Council of States : A Study of Role - Definition J.H. Proctor , Legislative Studies Quarterly , Vol. 10 , No. 1 , Feb 1985 , pp. 53 -- 70 . Alistair , McMillan . `` Constitution 91st Amendment Bill : A Constitutional Fraud ? '' . nuff.ox.ac.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who presides over the session of rajya sabha in the absence of the chairman	[ "The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952.[6] The salary and other benefits for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha." ]	[ "The Deputy Chairman" ]
-1553486038874054086	Dewey, Cheatem & Howe	Dewey , Cheatem & Howe - Wikipedia Dewey , Cheatem & Howe Jump to : navigation , search Dewey , Cheatem & Howe is the gag name of a fictional law or accounting firm , used in several parody settings . The gag name pokes fun at the perceived propensity of some lawyers and accountants to take advantage of their clients : The name of the firm is a pun on the phrase `` Do we cheat ' em ? And how ! '' This gag name is also used more broadly as a placeholder for any hypothetical law firm . The second name varies somewhat with regards to spelling ( Cheetem , Cheater , Cheethem , Cheatham , etc . ) , but also to the word upon which it is based ( Screwum , Burnham , etc . ) . Examples ( edit ) The name of the DC&H corporate offices is visible on the third floor window above the corner of Brattle and JFK Streets , in Harvard Square , Cambridge , Massachusetts . Tom and Ray Magliozzi , of NPR 's Car Talk radio program , named their business corporation `` Dewey , Cheetham & Howe '' . Their corporate offices were located on a third - floor office at the corner of Brattle and JFK Streets in Harvard Square in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The Magliozzi brothers declared that they established DC&H in 1989 . A popular poster for The Three Stooges features the Stooges as bumbling members of such a firm , although the actual episodes use the name `` Dewey , Burnham , and Howe '' . The 2012 film uses this example , among similar ones such as proctologists `` Proba , Keister , and Wince '' and divorce lawyers `` Ditcher , Quick , and Hyde . '' The champion Standardbred race horse Deweycheatumnhowe takes his name from this pun . On August 3 , 2008 , that undefeated horse won harness racing 's most prestigious event , the Hambletonian Stakes , run at the Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford , New Jersey . Variants exist on the theme . The British magazine Private Eye uses `` Sue , Grabbitt , and Runne '' ( `` sue , grab it and run '' ) when satirizing the legal profession , reflecting the magazine 's experience defending from defamation lawsuits . In a set of legal forms published for lawyers and other legal professionals , one fictitious law - firm name is `` Skrewer , Widow & Children . '' The narrating presidential aide in Christopher Buckley 's novel The White House Mess came from the law firm of `` Dewey , Scruem , and Howe '' . Robin Williams used a variant of the pun when making a joke about the Bernard Madoff fiasco and the fact that his name is pronounced as `` made off '' by saying `` What 's next , a law firm called Dewey , Fuckyou and Howe ? '' The novel Gump and Co. , Winston Groom 's sequel to Forrest Gump , names `` Dewey , Screwum , & Howe '' as legal representation for members , including Forrest Gump , of a New York firm accused of insider trading . In an episode of Gilmore Girls , Luke Danes ( Scott Patterson ) , while dealing with his wife 's irritating divorce lawyer , jokes that his own lawyer is Don Dewey at `` Dewey , Cheatem , and Howe . '' In an episode of Prison Break , Theodore `` T - Bag '' Bagwell states that he won a large sum of money after sustaining an injury on an oil rig , thanks to his lawyers at `` Dewey , Cheatem , and Howe '' . In an episode of Friends , Chandler Bing 's boss states that the company they both work for has signed a contract with a new law firm : `` Dewey , Cheatem and Howe '' . It is , of course , in the context of an office party , shortly before the boss is heard giving the punchline `` Twenty dollars Sister , same as in town . '' . The 1989 video game Leisure Suit Larry III : Passionate Patti in Pursuit of the Pulsating Pectorals features a law firm by this name , though only the second partner , Suzi Cheatem , makes an actual appearance in the game . The novel The Plague Dogs by Richard Adams features a firm of architects by the name of `` Sir Conham Goode , Son , and Howe '' . In an episode of White Collar ( Season 01 Episode 09 , time index 0 : 05 : 41 ) the document that has the Judge 's ID stamp lists the Plaintiff as being represented by `` Donald Dewey of the law firm Dewey , Chetham and Howe '' . In the video game , The Sims 4 , Sims in the Business career go to work at the `` Dewey , Cheatem & Howe '' offices . See also ( edit ) Aptronym , a personal name descriptive of the person so named . Blackacre , another legal placeholder name do - dew merger Lawyer jokes , which often use fictional firms or fictional names References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gerald P. Koocher , Patricia Keith - Spiegel ( 1998 ) . Ethics in psychology : professional standards and cases . Oxford University Press . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509201 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Fullname Citation Style '' . Harvard University . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` LaTeX letter using `` appmhead '' styles `` . University of Colorado Boulder . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Math 103 , Fall 2009 , questions for final exam televised review , with solutions '' ( PDF ) . Rutgers University . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Your Clients - Consumer Protection - Fall 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Georgia State University . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Research Memo Assignment '' . Louisiana State University . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Car Talk '' . Car Talk ( cartalk.com ) . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Sports & Exposition Authority , August 2 , 2008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewey,_Cheatem_%26_Howe&oldid=788979738 '' Categories : Fictional law firms Professional humor Placeholder names Harvard Square Hidden categories : All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 July 2017 , at 16 : 19 . About Wikipedia	what was the name of the three stooges law firm	[ "Dewey, Cheatem & Howe is the gag name of a fictional law or accounting firm,[1] used in several parody settings. The gag name pokes fun at the perceived propensity of some lawyers and accountants to take advantage of their clients: The name of the firm is a pun on the phrase \"Do we cheat 'em? And how!\" This gag name is also used more broadly as a placeholder for any hypothetical law firm.[2][3][4][5][6]" ]	[ "Dewey, Cheatem & Howe" ]
1306279852139895522	The Mountain Between Us (film)	The Mountain Between Us ( film ) - wikipedia The Mountain Between Us ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Mountain Between Us Theatrical release poster Directed by Hany Abu - Assad Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark David Ready Jenno Topping Screenplay by Chris Weitz J. Mills Goodloe Based on The Mountain Between Us by Charles Martin Starring Idris Elba Kate Winslet Music by Ramin Djawadi Cinematography Mandy Walker Edited by Lee Percy Production companies Chernin Entertainment Fox 2000 Pictures Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date September 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 09 ) ( TIFF ) October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $52.3 million The Mountain Between Us is a 2017 American romance survival adventure film , directed by Hany Abu - Assad and written by Chris Weitz and J. Mills Goodloe , based on the novel of the same name by Charles Martin . It stars Idris Elba and Kate Winslet as a surgeon and a journalist , respectively , who survive a plane crash , with a dog , and are stranded in High Uintas Wilderness with injuries and harsh weather conditions . The film premiered on September 9 , 2017 , at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival , and was theatrically released in the United States on October 6 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Music 5 Releases 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Differences between novel and film 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) After the cancellation of their flights out of Boise Airport due to stormy weather , Dr. Ben Bass ( Idris Elba ) and photojournalist Alex Martin ( Kate Winslet ) contact Walter ( Beau Bridges ) , a local private pilot in order to get to Alex 's wedding ( scheduled for the following day ) and Ben 's emergency surgery appointment in Baltimore , Maryland . They board an uncharted flight with Walter 's dog . Shortly after takeoff , Walter suffers a stroke , causing the plane to crash on a mountaintop . Ben , Alex and the dog survive the incident with various injuries , but Walter is killed . Ben buries Walter and tends to Alex 's wounds , realizing they must find civilization for any hope of survival . Alex asks Ben to leave her behind as he has a better chance of surviving , but Ben refuses . Instead , he climbs a peak in order to see if there are any structures nearby . On his descent , he nearly falls off a cliff face . Meanwhile , a cougar approaches the plane wreckage , attacking and injuring the dog . The cougar then approaches Alex within the plane wreckage , but she wounds it with a flare . Ben returns to find a blood trail and rushes to the plane . He provides medical attention to the dog and later retrieves the body of the cougar for food . Stranded for days with dwindling sustenance , Ben and Alex find strength in each other . Alex becomes skeptical that help will come , though Ben continues to insist they press on . After a heated argument , they both sleep , with Alex resolving that she will leave . At first light , she proceeds to leave the wreckage and start a descent down the mountain . Ben wakes and gives chase , eventually catching up with Alex , and they make up over past grievances . While making shelter in a cave , Alex uses her camera to locate a man - made structure and spots a reflective material flashing at her . They agree to make it down to this structure . As they continue their walk , they become separated from the dog . Ben goes after him and finds an abandoned cabin . As he looks through it , Alex feels the ground beneath her cracking . She realizes she is standing over thin ice , and she falls through into the ice cold water . Ben hears the cracking and sees Alex fall down . He runs over and pulls her out , but she is unconscious and almost blue . Ben brings her to the cabin and starts a fire to warm her up . He takes a risk of administrating her an injection he crafted out of materials in the cabin in a resourceful way . A couple of days later , Alex eventually wakes up to the sound Ben makes with the piano placed in the cabin . The first time Ben leaves Alex alone in the cabin , she goes through his personal things and finds a voicemail recording from his wife . Ben catches Alex in the act . She says she did n't mean to be nosy , but she just wants to know something about him , especially since he has disclosed so little about himself and he never talks about his wife . He finally tells her his wife died two years ago from a brain tumor . When Ben tells Alex he is going outside to get more wood for the fire , the culmination of all of their experiences together finally overcomes them . No longer able to resist each other , they have sex . As Ben sleeps afterwards , Alex takes his picture . Deciding that they still wo n't make it , Alex again asks Ben to leave her behind to find help and return . Ben initially agrees but has regrets about leaving her behind just for a moment . He returns once more and they begin to press forward again . As they make their way down , Alex begins to tire quickly . However , Ben still refuses to leave her behind . They fall asleep in the woods . Eventually , they find a timber yard on the mountain and they make their way to it . Ben gets his leg caught in a bear trap . Alex keeps going and she 's rescued by a truck driver , who goes back and rescues Ben . Ben wakes up in the hospital and goes to Alex 's room , where he sees her with Mark , her fiancé . Mark praises Ben for saving Alex , to which Ben replies she saved him , and leaves the room , heartbroken . Some time after , Mark tells Alex that `` I told myself that if you ever lost a part of you ( an arm or leg in her dangerous job as a photojournalist ) , I would still love you . '' But now , it 's obvious to him that he has lost her heart . Alex tries calling Ben , but he declines her phone calls until he receives pictures of him and Alex on the mountain . This encourages Ben to call Alex . They meet up at a restaurant in Manhattan , where it is revealed that Alex is now a part - time teacher who is uncomfortable flying , and Ben is now working as a consultant in trauma clinics as his frostbitten hands have not recovered enough for him to operate . Ben admits that he did not call her back because he thought she would be married , and Alex responds by saying that she could n't go through with it and she loved Ben while they were together on the mountain . Out of the restaurant , citing what Ben said on the mountain that ' Heart is just a muscle ' , Alex gives Ben a goodbye hug . Ben can not admit to himself that he wants her back , and they part ways after a hug . As the two depart in opposite directions , they feel deep regrets , burst into tears and run back into each other 's arms as the screen cuts to black . Cast ( edit ) Idris Elba as Dr. Ben Bass , a surgeon Kate Winslet as Alex Martin , a photojournalist Dermot Mulroney as Mark , Alex 's fiancé Beau Bridges as Walter , the pilot of the charter plane Raleigh and Austin as Walter 's dog , later adopted by Ben Production ( edit ) The project was first developed in January 2012 , with Mexican director Gerardo Naranjo set to direct a script by J. Mills Goodloe . In August 2012 , Scott Frank was hired to re-write the script . In November 2014 , Hany Abu - Assad replaced Naranjo , and Chris Weitz was later hired to re-write the script . Abu - Assad has said of the film , `` I really did n't see an epic love story against the background of survival , I think optimism and hope is crucial to survive . And to go on with your life even if you 've had a lot of bad luck . So if you give ( in ) to the bad luck , you will die . ( But ) if you fight the bad luck , you have a better chance to survive and make your life better . This is very simple wisdom , yes ? But still very crucial especially in these kind of days , when everybody feels entitled to their good luck . '' Casting ( edit ) The film went through several lead casting changes . In March 2012 , it was announced that Michael Fassbender would star as Bass , but by September 2014 , Fassbender dropped out due to a scheduling conflict , and Charlie Hunnam replaced him . Margot Robbie also came on board to star as Alex . In November 2014 , Robbie dropped out of the project , and Rosamund Pike entered negotiations for the lead role . In December 2015 , both Hunnam and Pike dropped out . In February 2016 , Idris Elba came on board , followed by Kate Winslet in June 2016 . Dermot Mulroney joined the cast as Winslet 's character 's fiancé in early February 2017 . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography started on December 5 , 2016 , in Vancouver and continued until February 24 , 2017 . Elba and Winslet filmed scenes at the Vancouver International Airport on December 6 , 2016 , and Elba also filmed scenes at the Abbotsford International Airport on December 7 , 2016 . Filming stopped for Christmas holidays , from December 20 , 2016 , to January 3 , 2017 . Filming resumed around Invermere and Panorama Mountain Village on January 4 , 2017 . Winslet was spotted filming scenes at Eagle Ridge Hospital in Port Moody on February 8 , 2017 . Most of the filming took place in Canada , on the border of Alberta and British Columbia . Abu - Assad has described the locations as having very cold temperatures , and tough and harsh filming conditions . Many scenes were shot on a mountaintop , and he and the crew had to drive 40 minutes before reaching the film 's base camp . If the weather was okay , they could board the helicopter to reach their destination along with their supplies . On July 19 , 2017 , Winslet and Elba were spotted in London re-shooting some scenes for the film . Music ( edit ) German - Iranian composer Ramin Djawadi composed the music for the film . The official trailer for the movie was released with `` Dusk Till Dawn '' by Zayn and Sia as the official soundtrack . Releases ( edit ) The film had its premiere at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival , on September 9 , 2017 . The film was initially set for release in the United States on October 20 , 2017 , but was later moved up to October 6 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) As of November 16 , 2017 , The Mountain Between Us has grossed $29.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $22.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $52.3 million , against a production budget of $35 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Blade Runner 2049 and My Little Pony : The Movie , and was expected to gross $11 -- 12 million from 3,088 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up debuting to $10.1 million , finishing second at the box office , behind Blade Runner 2049 ( $32.5 million ) . The film dropped 47 % in its second weekend , making $5.7 million and falling to 5th . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 43 % , based on 134 reviews , with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Mountain Between Us may be too far - fetched for some viewers to appreciate , but it 's elevated by reliably engaging performances from Idris Elba and Kate Winslet . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as `` an easily digestible love story - come - survival tale that tosses two excellent actors in the snow and lets them do their thing , '' before concluding that `` what really helps Mountain overcome its far - fetched scenario is the pairing of Winslet and Elba , who know how to turn up the charm tenfold yet make Alex and Ben seem ( mostly ) like real people . '' Tim Grierson of ScreenDaily noted that the film `` struggles to balance its life - or - death stakes with its far more florid love story , '' but added that `` the considerable chemistry between Kate Winslet and Idris Elba certainly helps sell this tearjerker . '' In his review for Variety , Peter Debruge described it as `` a movie in which neither the subzero temperature nor the romantic heat penetrates more than skin deep . '' Also criticising the film , Steve Pond of TheWrap found it unnecessarily lengthy and said that `` a love story cheapens the grand survival story . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club criticized the central characters as `` a couple of one - note personality - test types '' with `` zero romantic chemistry , '' and wrote that the script `` actually tones down the howling outrageousness of Martin 's novel , which seems to miss the point . But , structurally , it 's the same junk . Problems pop out of nowhere and resolve themselves , while torturous motivations attempt to explain why characters would withhold basic information from one another for weeks ... '' Differences Between novel and film ( edit ) In the film , Winslet 's character 's name was changed from Ashley Knox to Alex Martin , and Elba 's character 's surname from Payne to Bass . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on 18 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE MOUNTAIN BETWEEN US '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mountain Between Us ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Briers , Michael ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Kate Winslet May Board The Mountain Between Us With Idris Elba '' . wegotthiscovered.com . Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Idris Elba and Kate Winslet Are Stranded Survivors in ' The Mountains Between Us ' Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kate Winslet in Talks to Star Opposite Idris Elba in ' Mountain Between Us ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Kate Winslet - Idris Elba Survival Pic ' The Mountain Between Us ' Moves Up In October '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( 2 February 2012 ) . `` ' Miss Bala ' Director Gerardo Naranjo Lands Hollywood Debut ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . thefilmstage.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Rachel ( 9 August 2012 ) . `` Scott Frank rewrites Chernin 's ' Mountain ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr. , Mike ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl 's Rosamund Pike Circling ' The Mountain Between Us ' With Charlie Hunnam '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` Chris Weitz re-writing The Mountain Between Us as it loses its leads '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mandell , Andrea ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` See Idris Elba , Kate Winslet stranded in the wild in ' Mountain Between Us ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 30 May 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` Michael Fassbender To Climb ' The Mountain Between Us ' For ' Miss Bala ' Director Gerardo Naranjo '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` Casting : Charlie Hunnam Replaces Michael Fassbender in ' The Mountain Between Us ; ' Two More Join The Coen Bros ' ' Hail Caesar ! ' '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Idris Elba to Star in ' The Mountains Between Us ' as Fox Embraces Colorblind Casting '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Kate Winslet in Talks for ' Mountain Between Us ' With Idris Elba '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Dermot Mulroney Joins Idris Elba & Kate Winslet In ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` VANCOUVER SCREEN SCENE : THE MOUNTAIN BETWEEN US , IMPOSTERS , DEAD SHACKVANCOUVER SCREEN SCENE : THE MOUNTAIN BETWEEN US , IMPOSTERS , DEAD SHACK , AND MORE '' . Insidevancouver.ca . Archived from the original on 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` He 's on a roll ! Idris Elba chows down on a baguette and enjoys a very modern can of Coke in period costume while filming new sci - fi action flick The Dark Tower in LA '' . Daily Mail . 5 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Make - up free Kate Winslet seen for first time on set filming The Mountain Between Us with Idris Elba in Vancouver '' . Daily Mail . 6 December 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain Between Us & Fatal Vision Currently Filming in Vancouver '' . Whatsfilming.ca. 13 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( 5 December 2016 ) . `` VANCOUVER SCREEN SCENE : CASEY AFFLECK , WHEN CALLS THE HEART , PUBLIC SCHOOLED , AND MORE '' . Insidevancouver.ca . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Eric ( 22 December 2016 ) . `` Big stars set to film in local mountains '' . Columbiavalleypioneer.com . Archived from the original on 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Haney , Stephanie ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` Ouch ! Kate Winslet appears bruised and battered on set of The Mountain Between Us in British Columbia '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Chester , Jason ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Farewell scene ? Idris Elba and Kate Winslet warmly embrace as they film new movie The Mountain Between Us on London street ... after tense location shoot in rural Canada '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ramin Djawadi to Score ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . Filmmusicreporter.com. 5 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto Film Festival 2017 Unveils Strong Slate '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` TWC / Dimension Moves Robert De Niro Comedy ' War With Grandpa ' To October , Sets ' Polaroid ' For Summer '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Poised To Fly Around The World With Estimated $100 M Bow '' . Deadline.com . October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blade Runner 2049 ' Dulls - 11 % On Saturday ; Weekend Opening Now At $31 M+ : Sunday Postmortem '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain Between Us ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mountain Between Us reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mintzer , Jordan ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mountain Between Us ' : Film Review TIFF 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Tim ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mountain Between Us ' : Toronto Review '' . ScreenDaily . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto Film Review : ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mountain Between Us ' Toronto Review : Idris Elba and Kate Winslet Plane Crash Drama Falls Short '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` A plane crash becomes a blind date from hell in the mawkish and clumsy The Mountain Between Us '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Mountain Between Us on IMDb The Mountain Between Us at Box Office Mojo The Mountain Between Us at Rotten Tomatoes The Mountain Between Us at Metacritic Films directed by Hany Abu - Assad Het 14e kippetje ( 1998 ) Rana 's Wedding ( 2002 ) Paradise Now ( 2005 ) Stories on Human Rights ( 2008 ) The Courier ( 2012 ) Omar ( 2013 ) The Idol ( 2015 ) The Mountain Between Us ( 2017 ) Films by Chris Weitz Films directed American Pie ( 1999 ) Down to Earth ( 2001 ) About a Boy ( 2002 ) The Golden Compass ( 2007 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2009 ) A Better Life ( 2011 ) Operation Finale ( 2018 ) Written only Antz ( 1998 ) Nutty Professor II : The Klumps ( 2000 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) The Mountain Between Us ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mountain_Between_Us_(film)&oldid=812314150 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s disaster films 2010s romantic drama films 20th Century Fox films American disaster films American films American romantic drama films American survival films Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Films based on American novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by Hany Abu - Assad Films set in Utah Films shot in Alberta Films shot in London Films shot in Vancouver Mountaineering films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 05 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the mountain between is come out	[ "\n\nThe Mountain Between Us\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nHany Abu-Assad\n\n\nProduced by\n\n\n\nPeter Chernin\nDylan Clark\nDavid Ready\nJenno Topping\n\n\n\n\n\nScreenplay by\n\n\n\nChris Weitz\nJ. Mills Goodloe\n\n\n\n\n\nBased on\nThe Mountain Between Us\nby Charles Martin\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nIdris Elba\nKate Winslet\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nRamin Djawadi\n\n\nCinematography\nMandy Walker\n\n\nEdited by\nLee Percy\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompanies\n\n\n\n\n\nChernin Entertainment[1]\nFox 2000 Pictures[1]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributed by\n20th Century Fox[1]\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nSeptember 9, 2017 (2017-09-09) (TIFF)\nOctober 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) (United States)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n112 minutes[2]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$35 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$52.3 million[3]\n\n" ]	[ "October 6, 2017" ]
-8601346486452561661	Troposphere	Troposphere - wikipedia Troposphere Jump to : navigation , search Space Shuttle Endeavour silhouetted against the atmosphere . The orange layer is the troposphere , the white layer is the stratosphere , and the blue layer is the mesosphere . ( The shuttle is actually orbiting at an altitude of more than 320 km ( 200 mi ) , far above all three layers . ) The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth 's atmosphere , and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place . It contains approximately 75 % of the atmosphere 's mass and 99 % of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols . The average depths of the troposphere are 20 km ( 12 mi ) in the tropics , 17 km ( 11 mi ) in the mid latitudes , and 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) in the polar regions in winter . The lowest part of the troposphere , where friction with the Earth 's surface influences air flow , is the planetary boundary layer . This layer is typically a few hundred meters to 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) deep depending on the landform and time of day . Atop the troposphere is the tropopause , which is the border between the troposphere and stratosphere . The tropopause is an inversion layer , where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness . The word troposphere derives from the Greek : `` tropos '' for `` turn , turn toward , trope '' and `` - sphere '' ( as in , the Earth ) , reflecting the fact that rotational turbulent mixing plays an important role in the troposphere 's structure and behaviour . Most of the phenomena associated with day - to - day weather occur in the troposphere . Diagram showing the five primary layers of the Earth 's atmosphere : exosphere , thermosphere , mesosphere , stratosphere , and troposphere . The layers are to scale . From Earth 's surface to the top of the stratosphere ( 50km ) is just under 1 % of Earth 's radius . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pressure and temperature structure 1.1 Composition 1.2 Pressure 1.3 Temperature 1.4 Tropopause 2 Atmospheric flow 2.1 Zonal flow 2.2 Meridional flow 2.3 Three - cell model 3 Synoptic scale observations and concepts 3.1 Forcing 3.2 Divergence and convergence 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pressure and temperature structure ( edit ) A view of Earth 's troposphere from an airplane . Composition ( edit ) By volume , dry air contains 78.08 % nitrogen , 20.95 % oxygen , 0.93 % argon , 0.04 % carbon dioxide , and small amounts of other gases . Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor . Except for the water vapor content , the composition of the troposphere is essentially uniform . The source of water vapor is at the Earth 's surface through the process of evaporation . The temperature of the troposphere decreases with altitude . And , saturation vapor pressure decreases strongly as temperature drops . Hence , the amount of water vapor that can exist in the atmosphere decreases strongly with altitude and the proportion of water vapor is normally greatest near the surface of the Earth . Pressure ( edit ) The pressure of the atmosphere is maximum at sea level and decreases with altitude . This is because the atmosphere is very nearly in hydrostatic equilibrium so that the pressure is equal to the weight of air above a given point . The change in pressure with altitude can be equated to the density with the hydrostatic equation d P d z = − ρ g n = − m P g n R T ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dP ) ( dz ) ) = - \ rho g_ ( n ) = - ( \ frac ( mPg_ ( n ) ) ( RT ) ) ) where : g is the standard gravity ρ is the density z is the altitude P is the pressure R is the gas constant T is the thermodynamic ( absolute ) temperature m is the molar mass Since temperature in principle also depends on altitude , one needs a second equation to determine the pressure as a function of altitude as discussed in the next section . Temperature ( edit ) This image shows the temperature trend in the Middle Troposphere as measured by a series of satellite - based instruments between January 1979 and December 2005 . The middle troposphere is centered around 5 kilometers above the surface . Oranges and yellows dominate the troposphere image , indicating that the air nearest the Earth 's surface warmed during the period. Source : ( 1 ) The temperature of the troposphere generally decreases as altitude increases . The rate at which the temperature decreases , − d T / d z ( \ displaystyle - dT / dz ) , is called the environmental lapse rate ( ELR ) . The ELR is nothing more than the difference in temperature between the surface and the tropopause divided by the height . The ELR assumes that the air is perfectly still , i.e. that there is no mixing of the layers of air from vertical convection , nor winds that would create turbulence and hence mixing of the layers of air . The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun 's energy , which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact . Meanwhile , the radiation of heat at the top of the atmosphere results in the cooling of that part of the atmosphere . Environmental Lapse Rate ( ELR ) Altitude Region Lapse rate Lapse Rate ( m ) ( Kelvin / km ) ( ° F / 1000 feet ) 0 -- 11,000 − 6.5 − 3.57 11,000 -- 20,000 0.0 0.0 20,000 -- 32,000 1.0 0.55 32,000 -- 47,000 2.8 1.54 47,000 -- 51,000 0.0 0.0 51,000 -- 71,000 − 2.8 − 1.54 71,000 -- 85,000 − 2.0 − 1.09 The ELR assumes the atmosphere is still , but as air is heated it becomes buoyant and rises . The dry adiabatic lapse rate accounts for the effect of the expansion of dry air as it rises in the atmosphere and wet adiabatic lapse rates includes the effect of the condensation of water vapor on the lapse rate . When a parcel of air rises , it expands , because the pressure is lower at higher altitudes . As the air parcel expands , it pushes the surrounding air outward , transferring energy in the form of work from that parcel to the atmosphere . As energy transfer to a parcel of air by way of heat is very slow , it is assumed to not exchange energy by way of heat with the environment . Such a process is called an adiabatic process ( no energy transfer by way of heat ) . Since the rising parcel of air is losing energy as it does work on the surrounding atmosphere and no energy is transferred into it as heat from the atmosphere to make up for the loss , the parcel of air is losing energy , which manifests itself as a decrease in the temperature of the air parcel . The reverse , of course , will be true for a parcel of air that is sinking and is being compressed . Since the process of compression and expansion of an air parcel can be considered reversible and no energy is transferred into or out of the parcel , such a process is considered isentropic , meaning that there is no change in entropy as the air parcel rises and falls , d S = 0 ( \ displaystyle dS = 0 ) . Since the heat exchanged d Q = 0 ( \ displaystyle dQ = 0 ) is related to the entropy change d S ( \ displaystyle dS ) by d Q = T d S ( \ displaystyle dQ = TdS ) , the equation governing the temperature as a function of height for a thoroughly mixed atmosphere is d S d z = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dS ) ( dz ) ) = 0 ) where S is the entropy . The above equation states that the entropy of the atmosphere does not change with height . The rate at which temperature decreases with height under such conditions is called the adiabatic lapse rate . For dry air , which is approximately an ideal gas , we can proceed further . The adiabatic equation for an ideal gas is p ( z ) T ( z ) − γ γ − 1 = constant ( \ displaystyle p ( z ) T ( z ) ^ ( - ( \ frac ( \ gamma ) ( \ gamma - 1 ) ) ) = ( \ text ( constant ) ) ) where γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) is the heat capacity ratio ( γ ( \ displaystyle \ gamma ) = 7 / 5 , for air ) . Combining with the equation for the pressure , one arrives at the dry adiabatic lapse rate , d T d z = − m g R γ − 1 γ = − 9.8 ∘ C / k m ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dT ) ( dz ) ) = - ( \ frac ( mg ) ( R ) ) ( \ frac ( \ gamma - 1 ) ( \ gamma ) ) = - 9.8 ^ ( \ circ ) \ mathrm ( C ) / \ mathrm ( km ) ) If the air contains water vapor , then cooling of the air can cause the water to condense , and the behavior is no longer that of an ideal gas . If the air is at the saturated vapor pressure , then the rate at which temperature drops with height is called the saturated adiabatic lapse rate . More generally , the actual rate at which the temperature drops with altitude is called the environmental lapse rate . In the troposphere , the average environmental lapse rate is a drop of about 6.5 ° C for every 1 km ( 1,000 meters ) in increased height . The environmental lapse rate ( the actual rate at which temperature drops with height , d T / d z ( \ displaystyle dT / dz ) ) is not usually equal to the adiabatic lapse rate ( or correspondingly , d S / d z ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle dS / dz \ neq 0 ) ) . If the upper air is warmer than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate ( d S / d z > 0 ( \ displaystyle dS / dz > 0 ) ) , then when a parcel of air rises and expands , it will arrive at the new height at a lower temperature than its surroundings . In this case , the air parcel is denser than its surroundings , so it sinks back to its original height , and the air is stable against being lifted . If , on the contrary , the upper air is cooler than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate , then when the air parcel rises to its new height it will have a higher temperature and a lower density than its surroundings , and will continue to accelerate upward . The troposphere is heated from below by latent heat , longwave radiation , and sensible heat . Surplus heating and vertical expansion of the troposphere occurs in the tropics . At middle latitudes , tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 15 ° C at sea level to about − 55 ° C at the tropopause . At the poles , tropospheric temperature only decreases from an average of 0 ° C at sea level to about − 45 ° C at the tropopause . At the equator , tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20 ° C at sea level to about − 70 to − 75 ° C at the tropopause . The troposphere is thinner at the poles and thicker at the equator . The average thickness of the tropical tropopause is roughly 7 kilometers greater than the average tropopause thickness at the poles . Tropopause ( edit ) Main article : Tropopause The tropopause is the boundary region between the troposphere and the stratosphere . Measuring the temperature change with height through the troposphere and the stratosphere identifies the location of the tropopause . In the troposphere , temperature decreases with altitude . In the stratosphere , however , the temperature remains constant for a while and then increases with altitude . The region of the atmosphere where the lapse rate changes from positive ( in the troposphere ) to negative ( in the stratosphere ) , is defined as the tropopause . Thus , the tropopause is an inversion layer , and there is little mixing between the two layers of the atmosphere . Atmospheric flow ( edit ) The flow of the atmosphere generally moves in a west to east direction . This , however , can often become interrupted , creating a more north to south or south to north flow . These scenarios are often described in meteorology as zonal or meridional . These terms , however , tend to be used in reference to localised areas of atmosphere ( at a synoptic scale ) . A fuller explanation of the flow of atmosphere around the Earth as a whole can be found in the three - cell model . Zonal flow ( edit ) A zonal flow regime . Note the dominant west - to - east flow as shown in the 500 hPa height pattern . A zonal flow regime is the meteorological term meaning that the general flow pattern is west to east along the Earth 's latitude lines , with weak shortwaves embedded in the flow . The use of the word `` zone '' refers to the flow being along the Earth 's latitudinal `` zones '' . This pattern can buckle and thus become a meridional flow . Meridional flow ( edit ) Meridional Flow pattern of October 23 , 2003 . Note the amplified troughs and ridges in this 500 hPa height pattern . When the zonal flow buckles , the atmosphere can flow in a more longitudinal ( or meridional ) direction , and thus the term `` meridional flow '' arises . Meridional flow patterns feature strong , amplified troughs of low pressure and ridges of high pressure , with more north - south flow in the general pattern than west - to - east flow . Three - cell model ( edit ) Main article : Atmospheric circulation Atmospheric circulation shown with three large cells . The three cells model of the atmosphere attempts to describe the actual flow of the Earth 's atmosphere as a whole . It divides the Earth into the tropical ( Hadley cell ) , mid latitude ( Ferrel cell ) , and polar ( polar cell ) regions , to describe energy flow and global atmospheric circulation ( mass flow ) . Its fundamental principle is that of balance -- the energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses to space by radiation . This overall Earth energy balance , however , does not apply in each latitude due to the varying strength of the sun in each `` cell '' as a result of the tilt of the Earth 's axis in relation to its orbit . The result is a circulation of the atmosphere that transports warm air poleward from the tropics and cold air equatorward from the poles . The effect of the three cells is the tendency to even out the heat and moisture in the Earth 's atmosphere around the planet . Synoptic scale observations and concepts ( edit ) Forcing ( edit ) Forcing is a term used by meteorologists to describe the situation where a change or an event in one part of the atmosphere causes a strengthening change in another part of the atmosphere . It is usually used to describe connections between upper , middle or lower levels ( such as upper - level divergence causing lower level convergence in cyclone formation ) , but also be to describe such connections over lateral distance rather than height alone . In some respects , teleconnections could be considered a type of forcing . Divergence and convergence ( edit ) An area of convergence is one in which the total mass of air is increasing with time , resulting in an increase in pressure at locations below the convergence level ( recall that atmospheric pressure is just the total weight of air above a given point ) . Divergence is the opposite of convergence -- an area where the total mass of air is decreasing with time , resulting in falling pressure in regions below the area of divergence . Where divergence is occurring in the upper atmosphere , there will be air coming in to try to balance the net loss of mass ( this is called the principle of mass conservation ) , and there is a resulting upward motion ( positive vertical velocity ) . Another way to state this is to say that regions of upper air divergence are conducive to lower level convergence , cyclone formation , and positive vertical velocity . Therefore , identifying regions of upper air divergence is an important step in forecasting the formation of a surface low pressure area . See also ( edit ) Atmospheric sciences portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STS - 130 Shuttle Mission Imagery '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ McGraw - Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology . ( 1984 ) . Troposphere . `` It contains about four - fifths of the mass of the whole atmosphere . '' ^ Jump up to : Danielson , Levin , and Abrams , Meteorology , McGraw Hill , 2003 ^ Jump up to : Landau and Lifshitz , Fluid Mechanics , Pergamon , 1979 Jump up ^ Landau and Lifshitz , Statistical Physics Part 1 , Pergamon , 1980 Jump up ^ Kittel and Kroemer , Thermal Physics , Freeman , 1980 ; chapter 6 , problem 11 Jump up ^ Paul E. Lydolph ( 1985 ) . `` The Climate of the Earth '' . Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 12 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` American Meteorological Society Glossary -- Zonal Flow '' . Allen Press Inc . June 2000 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` American Meteorological Society Glossary -- Meridional Flow '' . Allen Press Inc . June 2000 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Meteorology -- MSN Encarta , `` Energy Flow and Global Circulation '' `` . Encarta.Msn.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Look up troposphere in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . U.S. National Weather Service -- Layers of the Atmosphere Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere Earth 's atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Thermopause / Exobase Ozone layer Turbopause Ionosphere GND : 4061018 - 4 NDL : 01200546 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troposphere&oldid=832711622 '' Categories : Atmosphere Atmosphere of Earth Atmospheric thermodynamics Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Wolof 粵語中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 15 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	since we live at the surface of the earth what layer of the atmosphere would this be	[ "The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols.[2] The average depths of the troposphere are 20 km (12 mi) in the tropics, 17 km (11 mi) in the mid latitudes, and 7 km (4.3 mi) in the polar regions in winter. The lowest part of the troposphere, where friction with the Earth's surface influences air flow, is the planetary boundary layer. This layer is typically a few hundred meters to 2 km (1.2 mi) deep depending on the landform and time of day. Atop the troposphere is the tropopause, which is the border between the troposphere and stratosphere. The tropopause is an inversion layer, where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness.[3]" ]	[ "troposphere" ]
-3458196452783963823	Eugene V. Debs	Eugene V. Debs - wikipedia Eugene V. Debs Jump to : navigation , search Eugene Debs Personal details Eugene Victor Debs ( 1855 - 11 - 05 ) November 5 , 1855 Terre Haute , Indiana , U.S. October 20 , 1926 ( 1926 - 10 - 20 ) ( aged 70 ) Elmhurst , Illinois , U.S. Political party Democratic ( Before 1894 ) Social Democracy ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Social Democratic ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Socialist ( 1901 -- 1926 ) Spouse ( s ) Kate Metzel ( m . 1885 ; his death 1926 ) Signature Part of a series on Socialism in the United States History ( show ) Utopian socialism New Harmony Brook Farm Oneida Community Icarians Bishop Hill Commune Progressive Era St. Louis Commune 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike Labor unionisation Women 's suffrage Haymarket affair May Day Green Corn Rebellion Repression and persecution Espionage Act of 1917 First Red Scare American Defense Society American Protective League Seattle General Strike Communist Party USA and African Americans Communism in the Labor Movement 1919 -- 37 Communism in the Labor Movement 1937 -- 50 McCarthyism Smith Act / Smith Act trials John Birch Society Civil rights / anti-War movements COINTELPRO New Left Great Society War on Poverty Poor People 's Campaign Black Power movement Active parties ( show ) American Party of Labor Black Riders Liberation Party Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism ( CDCS ) Communist Party USA Democratic Socialists of America Freedom Road Socialist Organization Freedom Socialist Party Industrial Workers of the World International Socialist Organization Legal Marijuana Now Party New Afrikan Black Panther Party New Students for a Democratic Society Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Revolutionary Communist Party Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Party Socialist Organizer Socialist Party Socialist Workers Party Spartacist League Workers World Party World Socialist Party of the United States Defunct parties ( show ) American Labor Party American Workers Party Black Panther Party Communist League of America Communist Workers ' Party Democratic Socialist Federation Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Farmer -- Labor Party Maoist Internationalist Movement New American Movement Proletarian Party of America Puerto Rican Socialist Party Social Democracy of America Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Social Democrats , USA Socialist Labor Party of America Socialist Party of America Students for a Democratic Society Weather Underground White Panther Party Workers Party of the United States Youth International Party Literature ( show ) The Jungle Appeal to Reason International Socialist Review Looking Backward The Other America Daily Worker Monthly Review Voluntary Socialism Monopoly Capital Related topics ( show ) American Left Anarchism Anarchism in the United States Socialism Utopian socialism Scientific socialism Marxism Marxism -- Leninism Labor history Labor unions Libertarian socialism Labor laws Minimum wage Socialism portal United States portal Eugene Victor Debs ( November 5 , 1855 -- October 20 , 1926 ) was an American democratic socialist political activist and trade unionist , one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies ) , and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States . Through his presidential candidacies , as well as his work with labor movements , Debs eventually became one of the best - known socialists living in the United States . Early in his political career , Debs was a member of the Democratic Party . He was elected as a Democrat to the Indiana General Assembly in 1884 . After working with several smaller unions , including the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen , Debs was instrumental in the founding of the American Railway Union ( ARU ) , one of the nation 's first industrial unions . After workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company organized a wildcat strike over pay cuts in the summer of 1894 , Debs signed many into the ARU . He called a boycott of the ARU against handling trains with Pullman cars , in what became the nationwide Pullman Strike , affecting most lines west of Detroit , and more than 250,000 workers in 27 states . Purportedly to keep the mail running , President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike . As a leader of the ARU , Debs was convicted of federal charges for defying a court injunction against the strike and served six months in prison . In jail , Debs read various works of socialist theory and emerged six months later as a committed adherent of the international socialist movement . Debs was a founding member of the Social Democracy of America ( 1897 ) , the Social Democratic Party of America ( 1898 ) , and the Socialist Party of America ( 1901 ) . Debs ran as a Socialist candidate for President of the United States five times , including 1900 ( earning 0.6 % of the popular vote ) , 1904 ( 3.0 % ) , 1908 ( 2.8 % ) , 1912 ( 6.0 % ) , and 1920 ( 3.4 % ) , the last time from a prison cell . He was also a candidate for United States Congress from his native state Indiana in 1916 . Debs was noted for his oratory , and his speech denouncing American participation in World War I led to his second arrest in 1918 . He was convicted under the Sedition Act of 1918 and sentenced to a term of 10 years . President Warren G. Harding commuted his sentence in December 1921 . Debs died in 1926 , not long after being admitted to a sanatorium due to cardiovascular problems that developed during his time in prison . He has since been cited as the inspiration for numerous politicians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Marriage and family 2 Labor activism 2.1 Pullman Strike 3 Socialist leader 3.1 Split to found the Social Democratic Party 3.2 Founding the IWW 3.3 Socialists split with the IWW 3.4 Leadership style 3.5 Incarceration 3.6 Last years 4 Legacy 5 Representation in other media 6 Works 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Video Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Eugene Debs was born on November 5 , 1855 , in Terre Haute , Indiana , to Jean Daniel and Marguerite Mari ( Bettrich ) Debs , who immigrated to the United States from Colmar , Alsace , France . His father , who came from a prosperous family , owned a textile mill and meat market . Debs was named after the French authors Eugène Sue and Victor Hugo . Debs attended public school , dropping out of high school at age 14 . He took a job with the Vandalia Railroad cleaning grease from the trucks of freight engines for fifty cents a day . He later became a painter and car cleaner in the railroad shops . In December 1871 , when a drunken locomotive fireman failed to report for work , Debs was pressed into service as a night fireman . He decided to remain a fireman on the run between Terre Haute and Indianapolis , earning more than a dollar a night for the next three and half years . In July 1875 Debs left to work at a wholesale grocery house , where he remained for four years , while attending a local business school at night . Debs had joined the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen ( BLF ) in February 1875 and became active in the organization . In 1877 he served as a delegate of the Terre Haute lodge to the organization 's national convention . Debs was elected associate editor of the BLF 's monthly organ , Firemen 's Magazine , in 1878 . Two years later , he was appointed Grand Secretary and Treasurer of the BLF and editor of the magazine in July 1880 . He worked as a BLF functionary until January 1893 and as the magazine 's editor until September 1894 . At the same time he became a prominent figure in the community . He served two terms as Terre Haute 's city clerk from September 1879 to September 1883 . In the fall of 1884 he was elected to the Indiana General Assembly as a Democrat , serving for one term . Marriage and family ( edit ) Eugene Debs married Kate Metzel on June 9 , 1885 . Their home still stands in Terre Haute , preserved amidst the campus of Indiana State University . Labor activism ( edit ) The railroad brotherhoods were comparatively conservative organizations , focused on providing fellowship and services rather than on collective bargaining . Their motto was `` Benevolence , Sobriety , and Industry '' . Debs , as editor of the official journal of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen , initially concentrated on improving the Brotherhood 's death and disability insurance programs . During the early 1880s , Debs ' writing stressed themes of self - upliftment : temperance , hard work and honesty . Debs also held the view that `` labor and capital are friends '' and opposed strikes as a means of settling differences ; the Brotherhood had never authorized a strike , from its founding in 1873 , to 1887 : a record which Debs was proud of . Railroad companies cultivated the Brotherhood and granted them perks like free transportation to their conventions for the delegates . Debs also invited railroad president Henry C. Lord to write for the magazine . Summarizing Debs 's thought in this period , historian David A. Shannon wrote : `` Debs 's desideratum was one of peace and co-operation between labor and capital , but he expected management to treat labor with respect , honor and social equality '' . Debs gradually became convinced of the need for a more unified and confrontational approach as railroads were powerful companies in the economy . One influence was his involvement in the Burlington Railroad Strike of 1888 , a defeat for labor that convinced Debs of the necessity of organizing along craft lines . After stepping down as Brotherhood Grand Secretary in 1893 , Debs organized one of the first industrial unions in the United States , the American Railway Union ( ARU ) , for unskilled workers . He was elected president of the ARU upon its founding , with fellow railway labor organizer George W. Howard as first vice president . The Union successfully struck the Great Northern Railway in April 1894 , winning most of its demands . Pullman strike ( edit ) See also : Pullman Strike Striking American Railway Union members confront Illinois National Guard troops in Chicago , during Debs ' Rebellion in 1894 . In 1894 Debs became involved in the Pullman Strike , which grew out of a compensation dispute started by the workers who constructed the train cars made by the Pullman Palace Car Company . The Pullman Company , citing falling revenue after the economic Panic of 1893 , had cut the wages of its employees by 28 % . The workers , many of whom were already members of the American Railway Union , appealed for support to the union at its convention in Chicago , Illinois . Debs tried to persuade the Union members who worked on the railways that the boycott was too risky , given the hostility of both the railways and the federal government , the weakness of the union , and the possibility that other unions would break the strike . The membership ignored his warnings and refused to handle Pullman cars or any other railroad cars attached to them , including cars containing U.S. Mail . After ARU Board Director Martin J. Elliott extended the strike to St. Louis , doubling its size to 80,000 workers , Debs relented and decided to take part in the strike , which was now endorsed by almost all members of the ARU in the immediate area of Chicago . On July 9 , 1894 , a New York Times editorial called Debs `` a lawbreaker at large , an enemy of the human race . '' Strikers fought by establishing boycotts of Pullman train cars , and with Debs ' eventual leadership , the strike came to be known as `` Debs ' Rebellion '' . The US federal government intervened , obtaining an injunction against the strike on the theory that the strikers had obstructed the US Mail , carried on Pullman cars , by refusing to show up for work . President Grover Cleveland , who Debs had supported in all three of his presidential campaigns , sent the United States Army to enforce the injunction . The entrance of the Army was enough to break the strike . Overall , 30 strikers were killed in the strike , 13 of them in Chicago , and thousands were blacklisted . An estimated $80 million worth of property was damaged , and Debs was found guilty of contempt of court for violating the injunction and sent to federal prison . Debs was represented by Clarence Darrow , later a leading American lawyer and civil libertarian , who had previously been a corporate lawyer for the railroad company . While it is commonly thought that Darrow `` switched sides '' to represent Debs , a myth repeated by Irving Stone 's biography , Clarence Darrow For the Defense , he had in fact resigned from the railroad earlier , after the death of his mentor William Goudy . A Supreme Court case decision , In re Debs , later upheld the right of the federal government to issue the injunction . Socialist leader ( edit ) Rogers , Elliott , Keliher , Hogan , Burns , Goodwin , and Debs -- the seven ARU officers jailed following the loss of the 1894 Pullman strike . At the time of his arrest for mail obstruction , Debs was not yet a socialist . While serving his six - month term in the jail at Woodstock , Illinois , Debs and his ARU comrades received a steady stream of letters , books , and pamphlets in the mail from socialists around the country . Debs recalled several years later : ... I began to read and think and dissect the anatomy of the system in which workingmen , however organized , could be shattered and battered and splintered at a single stroke . The writings of Bellamy and Blatchford early appealed to me . The Cooperative Commonwealth of Gronlund also impressed me , but the writings of Kautsky were so clear and conclusive that I readily grasped , not merely his argument , but also caught the spirit of his socialist utterance -- and I thank him and all who helped me out of darkness into light . Additionally , Debs was visited in jail by Milwaukee socialist newspaper editor Victor L. Berger , who , in Debs ' words , `` came to Woodstock , as if a providential instrument , and delivered the first impassioned message of Socialism I had ever heard . '' In his 1926 obituary in Time , it was said that Berger left him a copy of Das Kapital and `` prisoner Debs read it slowly , eagerly , ravenously . '' Debs emerged from jail at the end of his sentence a changed man . He would spend the final three decades of his life proselytizing for the socialist cause . After Debs and Martin Elliott were released from prison in 1895 , Debs started his Socialist political career . Debs persuaded the American Railway Union membership to join with the Brotherhood of the Cooperative Commonwealth to found the Social Democracy of America . Debs , along with Elliott , were the first federal office candidates for the fledgling Socialist party , running ( unsuccessfully ) for US president and Congress in 1900 . Along with his running mate Job Harriman , Debs received 87,945 votes -- 0.6 % of the popular vote -- and no electoral votes . Debs ' wife , Kate , was opposed to Debs ' socialism . The `` tempestuous relationship with a wife who rejects the very values he holds most dear '' was the basis of Irving Stone 's biographical novel Adversary in the House . Split to found the Social Democratic Party ( edit ) Campaign poster from his 1912 Presidential campaign , featuring Debs and Vice Presidential candidate Emil Seidel One year later this group split and Debs went with the majority faction to found the Social Democratic Party of the United States , also called the Social Democratic Party . Debs was elected chairman of the Executive Board of the National Council , the board which governed the party . Though the party did not have a sole figure that governed its actions , Debs ' position as chairman and his notoriety gave him the status of party figurehead . He was the Socialist Party of America candidate for president in 1904 , 1908 , 1912 , and 1920 ( the final time from prison ) . In his showing in the 1904 election , Debs received 402,810 votes , which was 3.0 % of the popular vote . Debs received no electoral votes , and , with vice presidential candidate Benjamin Hanford , ultimately finished third overall . In the 1908 election , Debs again ran on the same ticket as Benjamin Hanford . While receiving a slightly higher number of votes in the popular vote , 420,852 , he received 2.8 % of the popular vote . Again Debs received no electoral votes . Debs received 6.0 % of the popular vote ( a total of 901,551 votes ) in 1912 . His total of 913,693 votes in the 1920 campaign remains the all - time high for a Socialist Party candidate . Running alongside Emil Seidel , Debs again received no electoral votes . Although he received some success as a third - party candidate , Debs was largely dismissive of the electoral process ; he distrusted the political bargains that Victor Berger and other `` Sewer Socialists '' had made in winning local offices . He put much more value on organizing workers into unions , favoring unions that brought together all workers in a given industry over those organized by the craft skills workers practiced . Founding the IWW ( edit ) After his work with the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and the American Railway Union , Debs ' next major work in organizing a labor union came during the founding of the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) . On June 27 , 1905 , in Chicago , Illinois , Debs and other influential union leaders including Big Bill Haywood , leader of the Western Federation of Miners , and Daniel De León , leader of the Socialist Labor Party , held what Haywood called the `` Continental Congress of the working class '' . Haywood stated : `` We are here to confederate the workers of this country into a working class movement that shall have for its purpose the emancipation of the working class ... '' , and for Debs : `` We are here to perform a task so great that it appeals to our best thought , our united energies , and will enlist our most loyal support ; a task in the presence of which weak men might falter and despair , but from which it is impossible to shrink without betraying the working class . '' Socialists split with the IWW ( edit ) Although the IWW was built on the basis of uniting workers of industry , a rift began between the union and the Socialist Party . It started when the electoral wing of the Socialist Party , led by Victor Berger and Morris Hillquit , became irritated with speeches by Haywood . In December 1911 , Haywood told a Lower East Side audience at New York 's Cooper Union that parliamentary Socialists were `` step - at - a-time people whose every step is just a little shorter than the preceding step . '' It was better , Haywood said , to `` elect the superintendent of some branch of industry , than to elect some congressman to the United States Congress . '' In response , Hillquit attacked the IWW as `` purely anarchistic ... '' The Cooper Union speech was the beginning of a split between Bill Haywood and the Socialist Party , leading to the split between the factions of the IWW , one faction loyal to the Socialist Party , and the other to Haywood . The rift presented a problem for Debs , who was influential in both the IWW and the Socialist Party . The final straw between Haywood and the Socialist Party came during the Lawrence Textile Strike when , disgusted with the decision of the elected officials in Lawrence , Massachusetts , to send police who subsequently used their clubs on children , Haywood publicly declared that `` I will not vote again '' until such a circumstance was rectified . Haywood was purged from the National Executive Committee by passage of an amendment that focused on the direct action and sabotage tactics advocated by the IWW . Debs was probably the only person who could have saved Haywood 's seat . In 1906 , when Haywood had been on trial for his life in Idaho , Debs had described him as `` the Lincoln of Labor '' and called for Haywood to run against Theodore Roosevelt for President of the United States , but times had changed and Debs , facing a split in the Party , chose to echo Hillquit 's words , accusing the IWW of representing anarchy . Debs thereafter stated that he had opposed the amendment , but that once it was adopted it should be obeyed . Debs remained friendly to Haywood and the IWW after the expulsion , despite their perceived differences over IWW tactics . Debs speaking in Canton , Ohio in 1918 ; he was arrested for sedition shortly thereafter Prior to Haywood 's dismissal , the Socialist Party membership had reached an all - time high of 135,000 . One year later , four months after Haywood was recalled , the membership dropped to 80,000 . The reformists in the Socialist Party attributed the decline to the departure of the `` Haywood element '' , and predicted that the party would recover . It did not ; in the election of 1912 many of the Socialists who had been elected to public office lost their seats . Leadership style ( edit ) Debs was noted by many to be a charismatic speaker who sometimes called on the vocabulary of Christianity and much of the oratorical style of evangelism -- even though he was generally disdainful of organized religion . It has been said , that Debs was what every socialist and radical should be ; fierce in his convictions , but kind and compassionate in his personal relations . As Heywood Broun noted in his eulogy for Debs , quoting a fellow Socialist : `` That old man with the burning eyes actually believes that there can be such a thing as the brotherhood of man . And that 's not the funniest part of it . As long as he 's around I believe it myself . '' Although sometimes called `` King Debs '' , Debs himself was not wholly comfortable with his standing as a leader . As he told an audience in Detroit in 1906 : I am not a Labor Leader ; I do not want you to follow me or anyone else ; if you are looking for a Moses to lead you out of this capitalist wilderness , you will stay right where you are . I would not lead you into the promised land if I could , because if I led you in , some one else would lead you out . You must use your heads as well as your hands , and get yourself out of your present condition . Incarceration ( edit ) Debs with Max Eastman and Rose Pastor Stokes in 1918 Debs ' speeches against the Wilson administration and the war earned the enmity of President Woodrow Wilson , who later called Debs a `` traitor to his country . '' On June 16 , 1918 , Debs made a speech in Canton , Ohio , urging resistance to the military draft of World War I. He was arrested on June 30 and charged with ten counts of sedition . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Debs ' Speech of Sedition His trial defense called no witnesses , asking that Debs be allowed to address the court in his defense . That unusual request was granted , and Debs spoke for two hours . He was found guilty on September 12 . At his sentencing hearing on September 14 , he again addressed the court , and his speech has become a classic . Heywood Broun , a liberal journalist and not a Debs partisan , said it was `` one of the most beautiful and moving passages in the English language . He was for that one afternoon touched with inspiration . If anyone told me that tongues of fire danced upon his shoulders as he spoke , I would believe it . '' Debs said in part : Your honor , I have stated in this court that I am opposed to the form of our present government ; that I am opposed to the social system in which we live ; that I believe in the change of both but by perfectly peaceable and orderly means ... I am thinking this morning of the men in the mills and factories ; I am thinking of the women who , for a paltry wage , are compelled to work out their lives ; of the little children who , in this system , are robbed of their childhood , and in their early , tender years , are seized in the remorseless grasp of Mammon , and forced into the industrial dungeons , there to feed the machines while they themselves are being starved body and soul ... Your honor , I ask no mercy , I plead for no immunity . I realize that finally the right must prevail . I never more fully comprehended than now the great struggle between the powers of greed on the one hand and upon the other the rising hosts of freedom . I can see the dawn of a better day of humanity . The people are awakening . In due course of time they will come into their own . When the mariner , sailing over tropic seas , looks for relief from his weary watch , he turns his eyes toward the Southern Cross , burning luridly above the tempest - vexed ocean . As the midnight approaches the Southern Cross begins to bend , and the whirling worlds change their places , and with starry finger - points the Almighty marks the passage of Time upon the dial of the universe ; and though no bell may beat the glad tidings , the look - out knows that the midnight is passing -- that relief and rest are close at hand . Let the people take heart and hope everywhere , for the cross is bending , midnight is passing , and joy cometh with the morning . Debs was sentenced on November 18 , 1918 , to ten years in prison . He was also disenfranchised for life . Debs presented what has been called his best - remembered statement at his sentencing hearing : Your Honor , years ago I recognized my kinship with all living beings , and I made up my mind that I was not one bit better than the meanest on earth . I said then , and I say now , that while there is a lower class , I am in it , and while there is a criminal element , I am of it , and while there is a soul in prison , I am not free . Debs appealed his conviction to the Supreme Court . In its ruling on Debs v. United States , the court examined several statements Debs had made regarding World War I and socialism . While Debs had carefully worded his speeches in an attempt to comply with the Espionage Act , the Court found he had the intention and effect of obstructing the draft and military recruitment . Among other things , the Court cited Debs ' praise for those imprisoned for obstructing the draft . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. stated in his opinion that little attention was needed since Debs ' case was essentially the same as that of Schenck v. United States , in which the Court had upheld a similar conviction . Clifford Berryman 's cartoon depiction of Debs ' 1920 presidential run from prison Debs went to prison on April 13 , 1919 . In protest of his jailing , Charles Ruthenberg led a parade of unionists , socialists , anarchists and communists to march on May 1 ( May Day ) 1919 , in Cleveland , Ohio . The event quickly broke into the violent May Day Riots of 1919 . Debs ran for president in the 1920 election while in prison in Atlanta , Georgia , at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary . He received 919,799 votes ( 3.4 % ) , slightly less than he had won in 1912 , when he received 6 % , the highest number of votes for a Socialist Party presidential candidate in the U.S. During his time in prison , Debs wrote a series of columns deeply critical of the prison system . They appeared in sanitized form in the Bell Syndicate and were published in his only book , Walls and Bars , with several added chapters . It was published posthumously . In March 1919 , President Wilson asked Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer for his opinion on clemency , offering his own : `` I doubt the wisdom and public effect of such an action . '' Palmer generally favored releasing people convicted under the wartime security acts , but when he consulted with Debs ' prosecutors -- even those with records as defenders of civil liberties -- they assured him that Debs ' conviction was correct and his sentence appropriate . The President and his Attorney General both believed that public opinion opposed clemency and that releasing Debs could strengthen Wilson 's opponents in the debate over the ratification of the peace treaty . Palmer proposed clemency in August and October 1920 without success . At one point , Wilson wrote : While the flower of American youth was pouring out its blood to vindicate the cause of civilization , this man , Debs , stood behind the lines sniping , attacking , and denouncing them ... This man was a traitor to his country and he will never be pardoned during my administration . In January 1921 , Palmer , citing Debs ' deteriorating health , proposed to Wilson that Debs receive a presidential pardon freeing him on February 12 , Lincoln 's birthday . Wilson returned the paperwork after writing `` Denied '' across it . Debs leaving the federal penitentiary in Atlanta on Christmas Day 1921 , following commutation of his sentence On December 23 , 1921 , President Harding commuted Debs ' sentence to time served , effective Christmas Day . He did not issue a pardon . A White House statement summarized the administration 's view of Debs ' case : There is no question of his guilt ... He was by no means as rabid and outspoken in his expressions as many others , and but for his prominence and the resulting far - reaching effect of his words , very probably might not have received the sentence he did . He is an old man , not strong physically . He is a man of much personal charm and impressive personality , which qualifications make him a dangerous man calculated to mislead the unthinking and affording excuse for those with criminal intent . Last years ( edit ) Debs leaving the White House , the day after being released from prison in 1921 When Debs was released from the Atlanta Penitentiary , the other prisoners sent him off with `` a roar of cheers '' and a crowd of 50,000 greeted his return to Terre Haute to the accompaniment of band music . En route home , Debs was warmly received at the White House by Harding , who greeted him by saying : `` Well , I 've heard so damned much about you , Mr. Debs , that I am now glad to meet you personally . '' In 1924 , Debs was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the Finnish Socialist Karl H. Wiik on the grounds that `` Debs started to work actively for peace during World War I , mainly because he considered the war to be in the interest of capitalism . '' He spent his remaining years trying to recover his health which was severely undermined by prison confinement . In late 1926 , he was admitted to Lindlahr Sanitarium in Elmhurst , Illinois . He died there of heart failure on October 20 , 1926 , at the age of 70 . His body was cremated and buried in Highland Lawn Cemetery in Terre Haute , Indiana . Legacy ( edit ) Eugene Debs helped motivate the American Left to organise political opposition to corporations and World War I. American socialists , communists , and anarchists honor his work for the labor movement and motivation to have the average working man build socialism without large state involvement . Several books have been written about his life as an inspirational American socialist . In 1979 , Bernie Sanders produced a documentary about Debs , released as a film and an audio LP record , as an audio - visual teaching aid : in the documentary he described Debs as `` probably the most effective and popular leader that the American working class has ever had '' . Sanders hung a portrait of Debs in City Hall in Burlington , Vermont when he served as mayor of the city in the 1980s and has a plaque dedicated to Debs in his Congressional office . It has been argued that Debs was important in first advocating for reforms which were subsequently implemented by more moderate left - leaning politicians , such as banking reform and child labor laws . On May 22 , 1962 , Debs ' home was purchased by the Eugene V. Debs Foundation for $9,500 , which worked to preserve it as a Debs memorial . In 1965 it was designated as an official historic site of the state of Indiana , and in 1966 it was designated as a National Historic Landmark of the United States . The preservation of the museum is monitored by the National Park Service . In 1990 , the U.S. Department of Labor named Debs a member of its Labor Hall of Fame . While Debs did not leave a collection of papers to a university library , the pamphlet collection which he and his brother amassed is held by Indiana State University in Terre Haute . The scholar Bernard Brommel , author of a 1978 biography of Debs , has donated his biographical research materials to the Newberry Library in Chicago , where they are open to researchers . The original manuscript of Debs ' book Walls and Bars , with handwritten amendments , presumably by Debs , is held in the Thomas J. Morgan Papers in the Special Collections department of the University of Chicago Library . Debs sitting with five young socialists in Chicago . The man on the far right , Louis Eisner , was the father of Stanford University professor Elliot Eisner . The town of Debs , Minnesota , is named after Debs . Former New York radio station WEVD ( now ESPN radio ) was named in his honor . `` Debs Place '' , a housing block in Co-op City in the Bronx , New York , was named in his honor . The Eugene V. Debs Cooperative House in Ann Arbor , Michigan was named after Debs . There are at least two beers named after Debs -- `` Debs ' Red Ale '' and `` Eugene '' . Representation in other media ( edit ) John Dos Passos included Eugene Debs as a historical figure in his U.S.A. Trilogy . Debs is featured among other figures in the 42nd Parallel ( 1930 ) . His affiliation with the IWW prompted actions by such fictional characters in the novel as `` Mac '' . Fifty Years Before Your Eyes ( 1950 ) is a documentary including historic footage of Debs , among others , directed by Robert Youngson . The narrator of Hocus Pocus by Kurt Vonnegut is named Eugene Debs Hartke , in honor of Eugene V. Debs . ( p. 1 ) Eugene Debs appears in the Southern Victory Series novels The Great War : Breakthroughs and American Empire : Blood and Iron by Harry Turtledove . Self proclaimed democratic socialist Bernie Sanders voices Eugene Debs in a 1979 documentary about his political career . The alternate history collection Back in the USSA by Kim Newman and Eugene Byrne is set in a world where Debs leads a Communist revolution in the USA in 1917 . A likeness of Eugene holding a beer keg above his head appears on a beer can from Revolution Brewing . Works ( edit ) Locomotive Firemen 's Magazine ( editor , 1880 -- 1894 ) : Vol. 4 ( 1880 ) Vol. 5 ( 1881 ) Vol. 6 ( 1882 ) Vol. 7 ( 1883 ) Vol. 8 ( 1884 ) Vol. 9 ( 1885 ) Vol. 10 ( 1886 ) Vol. 11 ( 1887 ) Vol. 12 ( 1888 ) Vol. 13 ( 1889 ) Vol. 14 ( 1890 ) Vol. 15 ( 1891 ) Vol. 16 ( 1892 ) Vol. 17 ( 1893 ) Vol. 18 ( 1894 ) Debs : His Life , Writings , and Speeches : With a Department of Appreciations . Girard , KS : Appeal to Reason , 1908 . Labor and Freedom . St. Louis : Phil Wagner , 1916 . Audio version . `` Susan B. Anthony : Pioneer of Freedom , '' Pearson 's Magazine , vol. 38 , no . 1 ( July 1917 ) , pp. 5 -- 7 . Walls and Bars : Prisons and Prison Life In The `` Land Of The Free . '' Chicago : Socialist Party , 1927 . See also ( edit ) Debs v. United States In re Debs List of civil rights leaders References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Eugene V. Debs '' . Time . November 1 , 1926 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 21 . As it must to all men , Death came last week to Eugene Victor Debs , Socialist ^ Jump up to : Bill Roberts . `` The Socialist Worker '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biographical : Eugene V. Debs , '' Railway Times ( Chicago ) , vol. 2 , no . 17 ( Sept. 2 , 1895 ) , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eugene Victor Debs 1855 -- 1926 '' . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Shannon , David A. ( 1951 ) . `` Eugene V. Debs : Conservative Labor Editor '' . Indiana Magazine of History . 47 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 64 . JSTOR 27787982 . Jump up ^ Reitano , Joanne ( 2003 ) . `` Railroad Strike of 1888 '' . In Schlup , Leonard C. ; Ryan , James G. Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age . Armonk , New York ; London : M.E. Sharpe . p. 405 . ISBN 9780765621061 . Jump up ^ `` American Railway Union Officers '' . Salt Lake Herald . 47 ( 273 ) . April 18 , 1893 . p. 2 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Latham , Charles . `` Eugene V. Debs Papers , 1881 -- 1940 '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Historical Society . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Embracing More Railroads ; Pullman Boycott Extending , The Men Being Determined . Big Lines West of Chicago Crippled by the Action of the Strikers , Who Will Endeavor to Bring in All Labor Organizations -- Estimated that 40,000 of the Workers Are Out -- May Change Headquarters to St. Louis -- The Managers Stand Firm '' . The New York Times . June 29 , 1894 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial '' . The New York Times . July 9 , 1894 . p. 4 . ' Organized labor ' makes a miserable showing in its attempts to give aid and comfort to the Anarchists at Chicago ... The truth is that every labor union man in the City of New - York knows that he becomes a criminal the moment he puts himself on the side of Debs or attempts to sustain Debs or attempts to sustain Debs by quitting work to show sympathy for the strikes and the riots Debs has provoked . When he sent his dispatch to the railway laborers in Buffalo Debs became a misdemeanant under the Penal Code of this State ... He is a lawbreaker at large , an enemy of the human race . There has been quite enough talk about warrants against him and about arresting him . It is time to cease mouthings and begin . Debs should be jailed , if there are jails in his neighborhood , and the disorder his bad teaching has engendered must be squelched . Jump up ^ Lindsey , Almont ( 1964 ) . The Pullman strike : the story of a unique experiment and of a great labor . University of Chicago Press . p. 312 . ISBN 9780226483832 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2004 ) . 1912 : Wilson , Roosevelt , Taft & Debs -- the election that changed the country . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 80 , 78 . ISBN 9780743203944 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Ginger ( 1949 ) . The Bending Cross : A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs . Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Farrell , John A. ( 2011 ) . Clarence Darrow : Attorney for the Damned . Knopf Doubleday . ISBN 9780385534512 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene V. Debs , `` How I Became a Socialist . '' The Comrade , April 1902 . Jump up ^ `` Eugene V. Debs . Obituary '' . Time . 8 ( 18 ) . November 1926 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ The Tribune almanac and political register edited by Horace Greeley , John Fitch Cleveland , F.J. Ottarson , Edward McPherson , Alexander Jacob Schem , Henry Eckford Rhoades Jump up ^ `` 1900 Presidential General Election Results '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kate Debs seemed to have been so hostile to Debs 's socialist activities -- it threatened her sense of middle - class respectability -- that novelist Irving Stone was led to call her , in the title of his fictional portrayal of the life of Debs , the Adversary in the House . ( Daniel Bell , Marxian Socialism in the United States , footnote on p. 88 ) Jump up ^ Adversary in the House Archived 2006 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Social Democracy of America Party History Marxist History . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1904 Presidential General Election Results . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1908 Presidential General Election Results . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2005 ) . 1912 : Wilson , Roosevelt , Taft and Debs -- The Election that Changed the Country . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 7355 - 9 . Jump up ^ 1912 Presidential General Election Results . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood , 1929 , by William D. Haywood , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Eugene V. Debs Speech at the Founding of the IWW Documents for the Study of American History . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter Carlson , Roughneck : The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood . New York : W.W. Norton , 1983 ; p. 156 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Roughneck , p. 157 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Roughneck , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Roughneck , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Roughneck , 200 ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Roughneck , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Roughneck , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : William D. Haywood , The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood . New York : International Publishers , 1929 ; p. 279 . Jump up ^ Salvatore , Nick ( 1982 ) . Eugene V. Debs : Citizen and Socialist . Illini Books . Jump up ^ Gillespie , J. David . `` Doctrinal Parties 1 : The Socialists and Communists . '' Challengers to Duopoly : Why Third Parties Matter in American Two - party Politics . Columbia , SC : U of South Carolina , 2012 . p. 176 . Print . Jump up ^ Jesus and Eugene Debs Archived 2011 - 01 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jim McGuiggan . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' King '' Debs `` . Harper 's Weekly . July 14 , 1894 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Learn About Eugene Debs Texas Labor . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Burl Noggle , Into the Twenties : The United States form Armistice to Normalcy ( University of Illinois Press , 1974 ) , 113 Jump up ^ https://www.marxists.org/archive/debs/bio/zinn.htm Jump up ^ David Pietrusza , 1920 : The Year of Six Presidents . New York : Carroll and Graf , 2007 ; pp. 267 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Pietrusza , 1920 , pp. 269 -- 70 Jump up ^ Statement to the Court Upon Being Convicted of Violating the Sedition Act Marxists . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David ( 2006 ) . The American Pageant . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin . p. 716 . Jump up ^ `` Election of 1920 '' . Travel and History . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Election of 1912 '' . Travel and History . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stanley Coben , A. Mitchell Palmer : Politician ( NY : Columbia University Press , 1963 ) , 200 -- 03 Jump up ^ Coben , 202 Jump up ^ `` Harding Frees Debs and 23 Others Held for War Violations '' . New York Times . December 24 , 1921 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eugene V. Debs Dies After Long Illness '' . New York Times . October 21 , 1926 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ John Wesley Dean , Warren G. Harding ( NY : Henry Holt , 2004 ) 128 Jump up ^ Nobel Foundation . `` The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Peace , 1901 -- 1955 '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Debs Foundation '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Eugene V. Debs hero '' . Thirdworldtraveler.com . Archived from the original on 2000 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , David ( September 2015 ) . `` Can Bernie Keep Socialism Alive ? '' . politico.com . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bates , Eric ( 16 October 2016 ) . `` Bernie Looks Ahead '' . newrepublic.com . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Prokop , Andrew ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` Bernie Sanders vs. the billionaires '' . Vox ( website ) . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` Bernie Sanders is in with the enemy , some old allies say '' . WashingtonPost.com . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hettle , Wallace ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` An historian compares Bernie Sanders and Eugene Debs -- and explains why the pundits are wrong '' . The Raw Story . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor -- Labor Hall of Fame -- Eugene V. Debs '' . United States Department of Labor . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Alison Hinderliter , `` Inventory of the Bernard J. Brommel - Eugene V. Debs Papers , 1886 -- 2003 '' , Roger and Julie Baskes Department of Special Collections , Newberry Library , Chicago , Illinois , 2004 . Jump up ^ Gerald Friedberg , `` Sources for the Study of Socialism in America , 1901 -- 1919 , '' Labor History , vol. 6 , no . 2 ( Spring 1965 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` Tiny town of Debs draws big crowd to Fourth of July celebration '' . The Bemidji Pioneer . July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Louise M. Benjamin , Freedom of the Air and the Public Interest : First Amendment Rights in Broadcasting to 1935 ( Southern Illinois University , 2001 ) , 182 Jump up ^ Max Mitchell ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Glenn Beck disses Co-op City '' . Bronx Times . Jump up ^ `` Eugene V. Debs Cooperative House '' . Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Debs ' Red Ale '' . Bell 's Beer . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Revolution - Eugene '' . ratebeer.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dos Passos , John . U.S.A. New York : Literary Classics of the United States , 1996 Jump up ^ Fifty Years before Your Eyes , IMDB Jump up ^ Bernard Sanders ; American People 's Historical Society ( 1979 ) . Debs ( Videotape ) . Other side of American history . New York : Devlin Productions . OCLC 5014706 . Jump up ^ `` Bernie Sanders 's Documentary on Eugene Debs '' . National Review Online . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Further reading ( edit ) Bernard J. Brommel , `` Debs 's Cooperative Commonwealth Plan for Workers , '' Labor History , vol. 12 , no . 4 ( Fall 1971 ) , pp. 560 -- 569 . Bernard J. Brommel , Eugene V. Debs : Spokesman for Labor and Socialism . Chicago : Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co. , 1978 . Dave Burns , `` The Soul of Socialism : Christianity , Civilization , and Citizenship in the Thought of Eugene Debs '' in Labor , vol. 5 , no . 2 ( 2008 ) , pp. 83 -- 116 . Peter Carlson , Roughneck , The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood . New York : W.W. Norton , 1983 . McAlister Coleman , Eugene V. Debs : A Man Unafraid . New York : Greenberg , 1930 . J. Robert Constantine ( ed . ) , Gentle Rebel : Letters of Eugene V. Debs . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1995 . J. Robert Constantine ( ed . ) , Letters of Eugene V. Debs . In Three Volumes . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1990 . J. Robert Constantine and Gail Malmgreen ( eds . ) The Papers of Eugene V. Debs , 1834 -- 1945 : A Guide to the Microfilm Edition . Microfilming Corporation of America , 1983 . Ray Ginger , The Bending Cross : A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs . Rutgers University Press : 1949 . Herbert M. Morais and William Cahn , Eugene Debs : The Story of a Fighting American . New York : International Publishers , 1948 . Ronald Radosh ( ed . ) , Great Lives Observed : Debs . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall , 1971 . Trachtenberg , Alexander ( ed . ) , The Heritage of Gene Debs . New York : International Publishers . 1955 . Nick Salvatore , Eugene V. Debs : Citizen and Socialist . Reprinted by University of Illinois Press , 1984 . Irving Stone . Adversary in the House . New York : Doubleday , 1947 . -- Historical fiction . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : Eugene V. Debs Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eugene V. Debs . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Eugene V. Debs Eugene V. Debs Foundation Museum and memorial in Deb 's home from 1890 till death in 1926 Works by Eugene V. Debs at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by or about Eugene V. Debs at Internet Archive `` Eugene V. Debs Collection , '' Wabash Valley Visions and Voices Digital Memory Project . -- 6,000 pdfs of Debs - related correspondence . Eugene V. Debs Internet Archive , Marxists Internet Archive , www.marxists.org/ -- Includes extensive collection of Debs ' writings . `` The Debs Project : Eugene V. Dabs Selected Works . '' -- Informational website . Photos of Debs , Indiana State University Library 1921 film of Eugene Debs departing Atlanta penitentiary and exiting White House after visiting Harding Bernard J. Brommel -- Eugene V. Debs Papers at the Newberry Library Eugene Debs and the Kingdom of Evil . Chris Hedges for Truthdig . July 16 , 2017 Video ( edit ) `` Eugene Debs , Presidential Contender '' from C - SPAN 's The Contenders Nick Salvatore on Eugene Debs , C - SPAN , May 19 , 2007 Bernie Sanders ' 1979 Eugene Debs Documentary Party political offices New political party Socialist nominee for President of the United States 1900 , 1904 , 1908 , 1912 Succeeded by Allan L. Benson Preceded by Allan L. Benson Socialist nominee for President of the United States 1920 Succeeded by Robert M. La Follette Endorsed Socialist Party of America Presidential tickets 1904 , Debs / Hanford 1908 , Debs / Hanford 1912 , Debs / Seidel 1916 , Benson / Kirkpatrick 1920 , Debs / Stedman 1924 , Endorsed Progressive Party ticket 1928 , Thomas / Maurer 1932 , Thomas / Maurer 1936 , Thomas / Nelson 1940 , Thomas / Krueger 1944 , Thomas / Hoopes 1948 , Thomas / Smith 1952 , Hoopes / Friedman 1956 , Hoopes / Friedman Parties by state and territory State California Colorado Connecticut Florida Kansas Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Texas Washington ( state ) Wisconsin Related topics History of the socialist movement in the United States Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Socialist Party USA Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Social Democrats , USA Young People 's Socialist League Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America Democratic socialism Multi-tendency ( 1908 ← ) United States presidential election , 1912 ( → 1916 ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee Woodrow Wilson VP nominee Thomas R. Marshall Candidates Champ Clark Judson Harmon Oscar Underwood Thomas R. Marshall Eugene Foss Republican Party Convention Nominee William Howard Taft VP nominee Nicholas Murray Butler Candidates Theodore Roosevelt Robert M. La Follette Progressive Party Convention Nominee Theodore Roosevelt VP nominee Hiram Johnson Socialist Party Nominee Eugene V. Debs VP nominee Emil Seidel Third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee Eugene W. Chafin VP nominee Aaron S. Watkins Socialist Labor Party Nominee Arthur E. Reimer VP nominee August Gillhaus Other 1912 elections : House Senate BIBSYS : 98033868 BNF : cb119433812 ( data ) GND : 119151499 ISNI : 0000 0001 1060 5386 LCCN : n50040439 NLA : 35034484 SELIBR : 137463 SNAC : w68g8nv7 SUDOC : 027379337 VIAF : 46769189 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_V._Debs&oldid=843662448 '' Categories : 1855 births 1926 deaths 20th - century American politicians American anti-war activists American anti -- World War I activists American democracy activists American labor leaders American labor unionists American pacifists American people in rail transportation American people of Alsatian descent American prisoners and detainees American social democrats American socialists Anti-poverty advocates Anti-nationalists Democratic socialists History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Indiana Democrats Industrial Workers of the World leaders Industrial Workers of the World members Members of the Indiana House of Representatives People from Elmhurst , Illinois Politicians from Terre Haute , Indiana Persons convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Progressive Era in the United States Recipients of American presidential clemency Social Democratic Party of America politicians Socialist Party of America politicians from Indiana Socialist Party of America presidential nominees Stateless people United States presidential candidates , 1900 United States presidential candidates , 1904 United States presidential candidates , 1908 United States presidential candidates , 1912 United States presidential candidates , 1920 Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina مازِرونی 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	union leader who ran for president 5 times	[ "Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American democratic socialist political activist and trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.[1] Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States." ]	[ "Eugene Victor Debs" ]
3993115432906058105	Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering	Financial Action Task Force on money laundering - wikipedia Financial Action Task Force on money laundering Financial Action Task Force Abbreviation FATF Formation Type Intergovernmental organization Purpose Combat money laundering and terrorism financing Headquarters Paris , France Region served Worldwide Membership 37 Official language English , French President Marshall Billingslea Affiliations Asia / Pacific Group on Money Laundering ( APG ) Caribbean Financial Action Task Force ( CFATF ) The Council of Europe Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism ( MONEYVAL ) Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering in South America ( GAFISUD ) Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force ( MENAFATF ) Website www.fatf-gafi.org The Financial Action Task Force ( on Money Laundering ) ( FATF ) , also known by its French name , Groupe d'action financière ( GAFI ) , is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering . In 2001 its mandate expanded to include terrorism financing . It monitors progress in implementing the FATF Recommendations through `` peer reviews '' ( `` mutual evaluations '' ) of member countries . The FATF Secretariat is housed at the OECD headquarters in Paris . Contents 1 History 2 The Forty Recommendations and Special Recommendations on Terrorism Financing 3 Non-cooperative countries or territories 4 Types of Members 4.1 Jurisdictions 4.2 Associate members 4.3 Observer members 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) FATF was formed by the 1989 G7 Summit in Paris to combat the growing problem of money laundering . The task force was charged with studying money laundering trends , monitoring legislative , financial and law enforcement activities taken at the national and international level , reporting on compliance , and issuing recommendations and standards to combat money laundering . At the time of its formation , FATF had 16 members , which by 2016 had grown to 37 . In its first year , FATF issued a report containing forty recommendations to more effectively fight money laundering . These standards were revised in 2003 to reflect evolving patterns and techniques in money laundering . The mandate of the organisation was expanded to include terrorist financing following the September 11 terror attacks in 2001 . The Forty Recommendations and Special Recommendations on terrorism financing ( edit ) The FATF 's primary policies issued are the Forty Recommendations on money laundering from 1990 and the Nine Special Recommendations ( SR ) on Terrorism Financing ( TF ) . Together , the Forty Recommendations and Special Recommendations on Terrorism Financing set the international standard for anti-money laundering measures and combating the financing of terrorism and terrorist acts . They set out the principles for action and allow countries a measure of flexibility in implementing these principles according to their particular circumstances and constitutional frameworks . Both sets of FATF Recommendations are intended to be implemented at the national level through legislation and other legally binding measures . The FATF completely revised the Forty Recommendations in 1996 and 2003 . The 2003 Forty Recommendations require states , among other things , to : Implement relevant international conventions Criminalise money laundering and enable authorities to confiscate the proceeds of money laundering Implement customer due diligence ( e.g. , identity verification ) , record keeping and suspicious transaction reporting requirements for financial institutions and designated non-financial businesses and professions Establish a financial intelligence unit to receive and disseminate suspicious transaction reports , and Cooperate internationally in investigating and prosecuting money laundering The FATF issued eight Special Recommendations on Terrorism Financing in October 2001 , following the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States . Among the measures , `` Special Recommendation VIII '' ( SR VIII ) was targeted specifically at nonprofit organizations . This was followed by the International Best Practices Combating the Abuse of Non-Profit Organizations in 2002 , released one month before the U.S. Department of Treasury 's Anti-Terrorist Financing Guidelines , and the Interpretive Note for SR VIII in 2006 . In February 2004 ( Updated as of February 2009 ) the FATF published a reference document Methodology for Assessing Compliance with the FATF 40 Recommendations and the FATF 9 Special Recommendations . The 2009 Handbook for Countries and Assessors outlines criteria for evaluating whether FATF standards are achieved in participating countries . In February 2012 , the FATF codified its recommendations and Interpretive Notes into one document that maintains SR VIII ( renamed `` Recommendation 8 '' ) , and also includes new rules on weapons of mass destruction , corruption and wire transfers ( `` Recommendation 16 '' ) . Non-cooperative countries or Territories ( edit ) Main article : FATF Blacklist In addition to FATF 's `` Forty plus Nine '' Recommendations , in 2000 FATF issued a list of `` Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories '' ( NCCTs ) , commonly called the FATF Blacklist . This was a list of 15 jurisdictions that , for one reason or another , FATF members believed were uncooperative with other jurisdictions in international efforts against money laundering ( and , later , terrorism financing ) . Typically , this lack of cooperation manifested itself as an unwillingness or inability ( frequently , a legal inability ) to provide foreign law enforcement officials with information relating to bank account and brokerage records , and customer identification and beneficial owner information relating to such bank and brokerage accounts , shell company , and other financial vehicles commonly used in money laundering . As of October 2006 , there are no Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories in the context of the NCCT initiative . However FATF issues updates as countries on High - risk and non-cooperative jurisdictions list have made significant improvements in standards and cooperation . The FATF also issues updates to identify additional jurisdictions that pose Money Laundering / Terrorist Financing risks . The effect of the FATF Blacklist has been significant , and arguably has proven more important in international efforts against money laundering than has the FATF Recommendations . While , under international law , the FATF Blacklist carried with it no formal sanction , in reality , a jurisdiction placed on the FATF Blacklist often found itself under intense financial pressure . Types of members ( edit ) Jurisdictions ( edit ) As of 2016 FATF consists of thirty - five member jurisdictions and two regional organisations , the European Commission and the Gulf Co-operation Council . The FATF also works in close co-operation with a number of international and regional bodies involved in combating money laundering and terrorism financing . Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China Denmark European Commission Finland France Germany Greece Gulf Co-operation Council Hong Kong , China ( originally joined under the designation Hong Kong in 1991 ) Iceland India Ireland Italy Japan South Korea Kingdom of the Netherlands ( comprises Netherlands , Aruba , Curacao and Sint Maarten ) Luxembourg Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Norway Portugal Russian Federation Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States Associate members ( edit ) As of 2015 there are 8 associate members : Asia / Pacific Group on Money Laundering ( APG ) Caribbean Financial Action Task Force ( CFATF ) Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group ( ESAAMLG ) Eurasian Group ( EAG ) Council of Europe Select Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures ( MONEYVAL ) ( formerly PC - R - EV ) Financial Action Task Force of Latin America ( GAFILAT ) , formerly The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering in South America ( GAFISUD ) Inter-Governmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa ( GIABA ) Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force ( MENAFATF ) Observer members ( edit ) As of 2015 twenty five international organisations including for example the International Monetary Fund , the UN with six expert groups and the World Bank are observer organisations . The FATF welcomed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as an observer to the FATF . See also ( edit ) Money laundering Politically exposed person White collar crime Wolfsberg Group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FATF -- Presidency '' . FATF-gafi.org . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived August 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived August 13 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` National money laundering and terrorist financing risk assessment '' . FATF - GAFI . FATF - GAFI . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Methodology for Assessing Compliance with the FATF 40 Recommendations and the FATF 9 Special Recommendations '' ( PDF ) . FATF-GAFI.org . FATF - GAFI . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AML / CFT Evaluations and Assessments '' ( PDF ) . FATF - GAFI . FATF - GAFI . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON COMBATING MONEY LAUNDERING AND THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM & PROLIFERATION . FATF Recommendations '' ( PDF ) . FATF / OECD . p. 130 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` High - risk and non-cooperative jurisdictions '' . FATF - GAFI . FATF - GAFI . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Counter-Terrorism , `` Policy Laundering , '' and the FATF : Legalizing Surveillance , Regulating Civil Society `` . The International Journal of Not - for - Profit Law . The International Journal of Not - for - Profit Law . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FATF Members and Observers '' . FATF . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Asia / Pacific Group On Money Laundering '' . Asia / Pacific Group . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Financial Action Task Force '' . Caribbean Financial Action Task Force ( CFATF ) . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group - Home '' . Esaamlg.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism '' . Eurasiangroup.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Moneyval '' . Coe.int . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` GAFILAT '' . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GIABA - Welcome ! '' . Giaba.org . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MENAFATF Official Web Site '' . Menafatf.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Further reading ( edit ) Hawala , An Informal Payment System and Its Use to Finance Terrorism by Sebastian R. Müller , December 2006 , VDM Verlag , ISBN 3 - 86550 - 656 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 86550 - 656 - 6 External links ( edit ) Official website Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism ( EAG ) FATF - Style Regional Bodies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_Action_Task_Force_on_Money_Laundering&oldid=855896797 '' Categories : Anti-money laundering measures Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Task forces International organizations based in France Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी עברית Қазақша Македонски مازِرونی 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 15 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the role of the financial action task force	[ "The Financial Action Task Force (on Money Laundering) (FATF), also known by its French name, Groupe d'action financière (GAFI), is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering. In 2001 its mandate expanded to include terrorism financing. It monitors progress in implementing the FATF Recommendations through \"peer reviews\" (\"mutual evaluations\") of member countries. The FATF Secretariat is housed at the OECD headquarters in Paris.\n" ]	[ "to develop policies to combat money laundering" ]
5010703991096493745	Pull Up to the Bumper	Pull up to the Bumper - wikipedia Pull up to the Bumper Jump to : navigation , search `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' Single by Grace Jones from the album Nightclubbing B - side `` Feel Up '' `` Breakdown '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Nipple to the Bottle '' Released June 1981 Format 7 '' 12 '' CS CD Genre Dance Length 4 : 41 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Kookoo Baya Grace Jones Dana Mano Producer ( s ) Chris Blackwell Alex Sadkin Grace Jones singles chronology `` I 've Seen That Face Before ( Libertango ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' ( 1981 ) `` Walking in the Rain '' ( 1981 ) `` I 've Seen That Face Before ( Libertango ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' ( 1981 ) `` Walking in the Rain '' ( 1981 ) Alternative cover 1985 re-release Music video `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' on YouTube `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' is a 1981 single by Jamaican singer Grace Jones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Chart performance 5 Later versions 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' was co-written by Grace Jones herself , Kookoo Baya and Dana Manno . The song 's instrumental path was originally recorded in 1980 during the Warm Leatherette sessions , however , it did not make the album as Chris Blackwell found its R&B sound not fitting in the rest of the material . It was finally completed for the 1981 critically acclaimed album Nightclubbing and became its third single in June 1981 . The song sparked some controversy for its suggestive lyrics , as they figuratively describe sexual intercourse , prompting some radio stations in the United States to refuse to broadcast it . Among the lines are `` Pull up to my bumper baby / In your long black limousine / Pull up to my bumper baby / Drive it in between '' and `` Grease it / Spray it / Let me lubricate it '' . However , in a 2008 interview with the Q magazine , Jones revealed that the meaning of the lyrics were not necessarily meant to be interpreted in a sexual context . Over the years , `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' has been remixed several times . The original 12 - inch single featured the unedited album master recording as an extended mix of 6m45s . There also appears to be an untitled long album version lasting 5m48s which can be found on the US Rebound Records / Polygram Records World of Dance : The 80 's compilation CD . An extended dub version lasting 7m17s also known as `` Remixed Version '' was included as the B - side on the 12 - inch release of Jones ' `` Walking in the Rain '' ; this version can be found on the Universal Music compilation CD 12 `` / 80s . The `` Walking in the Rain '' 7 '' single also had an alternate dub mix as the B - side , called `` Peanut Butter '' and credited to the Compass Point All Stars . The full mix of `` Peanut Butter '' lasting 7m02s as well as `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' 's `` Party Version '' lasting 5m01s can be found on the US Hip - O Records / Universal Music In Good Company CD by Sly & Robbie . In 1985 the track was again remixed and re-released to promote the Island Life compilation , and was released in two different 12 '' mixes , one an extended mix with additional keyboard overdubs and remix by Paul `` Groucho '' Smykle , which can be found on both the Rodeo Media 2011 Dance Classics - Pop Edition Vol. 4 2CD Compilation and the very rare EVA Records 1986 Now Dance compilation CD . The other , an eight - minute megamix entitled `` Musclemix '' , which included excerpts from tracks like `` Warm Leatherette '' , `` Walking in the Rain '' , `` Use Me '' , `` Love Is the Drug '' and `` Slave to the Rhythm '' , remains unreleased on CD . Upon its release , the song spent seven weeks at number 2 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart , as well as becoming a Top 5 single on the US R&B chart . The track has since come to be one of Jones ' signature tunes and her first transatlantic hit . Music critic and writer Glenn O'Brien called `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' `` Grace 's first car radio hit '' . The original 1981 release peaked at number 53 on the UK Singles Chart . When it was re-released in 1985 , then with the 1977 recording of `` La Vie en rose '' as the B - side , it reached number 12 on the UK pop chart in early 1986 . The song then finally charted in Ireland and Germany , and became the singer 's best - seller . The song was ranked at number 8 among the top ten `` Tracks of the Year '' for 1981 by NME . In 2011 , The Guardian 's Richard Vine ranked the release of `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' as one of 50 key events in the history of dance music , proclaiming it `` one of those rare records that manages to replicate the sensation of actually being in a club . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' is a combination of live footage with Jones performing the song on her A One Man Show merged and edited alongside excerpts from Godfrey Reggio 's 1982 experimental documentary film Koyaanisqatsi . The video uses the edited studio version of the song and its opening section includes excerpts from the song `` Nightclubbing '' . Another music video for the song was produced , also using the same live footage , cut and re-edited , but this time retaining the original concert soundtrack . The video ends with Jones jumping from the stage into the audience . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' single ( 1981 ) A. `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' -- 3 : 40 B. `` Feel Up '' -- 4 : 02 7 '' single ( US , 1981 ) A. `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' -- 3 : 40 B. `` Breakdown '' -- 3 : 00 12 '' single ( 1981 ) A. `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' ( long version ) -- 5 : 45 B. `` Feel Up '' ( Long Version ) -- 6 : 14 12 '' promotional single ( US , 1981 ) A. `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 30 B. `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' ( party version ) -- 5 : 45 7 '' single ( 1985 ) A. `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' -- 3 : 40 B. `` La Vie en rose '' -- 3 : 35 12 '' single ( 1985 ) A. `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' ( Remix ) -- 6 : 24 B1 . `` La Vie en rose '' -- 7 : 24 B2 . `` Nipple to the Bottle '' -- 5 : 55 12 '' single ( UK , 1985 ) A. `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' -- 4 : 40 B. `` Nipple to the Bottle '' -- 6 : 57 12 '' single ( UK , 1986 ) A. `` Grace Jones Musclemix '' -- 9 : 12 B1 . `` La Vie en rose '' -- 7 : 24 B2 . `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' ( Remix ) -- 6 : 24 12 '' single ( Canada , 1986 ) A. `` Grace Jones Musclemix '' -- 9 : 12 B1 . `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' ( Remix ) -- 6 : 29 B2 . `` Nipple to the Bottle '' -- 5 : 55 Cassette single ( 1986 ) `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' ( Remix ) -- 6 : 29 `` Nipple to the Bottle '' -- 5 : 55 `` La Vie en rose '' -- 7 : 24 `` Peanut Butter '' -- 5 : 10 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 67 Belgium 14 Germany 26 Ireland 10 Netherlands 16 New Zealand 13 United Kingdom 12 Spain 37 United States ( Hot Dance Club Songs ) United States ( R&B Singles ) 5 Later versions ( edit ) `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' was recorded by a Jamaican reggae singer Patra in 1995 from her second album Scent of Attraction . It reached number 60 on the US Hot 100 , number 21 on the R&B chart , and # 15 on the dance chart . It also reached number 78 in Australia , number 12 in New Zealand , and number 50 in the UK . Coolio sampled the song on his 1997 single `` Ooh La La '' , from the album My Soul . Another version was released by an Australian R&B singer Deni Hines , which featured in 2000 film The Wog Boy . It reached number 36 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart in February 2000 . Also in 2000 , short lived British band Made in London recorded `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' as a B - side for their only charting single `` Dirty Water '' . Danish artist Funkstar De Luxe remixed the song with Jones ' original vocals , and released it as a single in late 2000 , with an accompanying music video . The song reached number four on the US Billboard dance chart and number 60 on the UK pop chart . Bands Gossip and LCD Soundsystem performed the song together at the Coachella festival in 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pull Up to the Bumper by Grace Jones Songfacts '' . www.songfacts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sex : part four of 1000 songs everyone must hear '' . www.guardian.co.uk. 2009 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Jones laughs off ' Bumper ' sex myth '' . Q Magazine . 2008 - 12 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco 1974 - 2003 . Record Research Inc . Jump up ^ Album liner notes by Glenn O'Brien for Island Life CD booklet , page 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grace Jones - Full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Flashback : Grace Jones Pull Up to the Bumper '' . www.overgroundonline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Albums and Tracks of the Year '' . NME. 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Richard Vine ( 2011 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Grace Jones pulls up to the bumper '' . www.guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Jones - Pull Up To The Bumper - YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Jones - Pull Up To the Bumper - Video Dailymotion '' . www.dailymotion.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Jones - Pull Up To The Bumper / Breakdown ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . www.discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Jones - Pull Up To The Bumper ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . www.discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Jones - Pull Up To The Bumper / Nipple To The Bottle ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . www.discogs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . Sydney : Australian Chart Book . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Jones - Pull Up To The Bumper '' ( in Dutch ) . www.ultratop.be . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / JONES , GRACE / Single '' ( in German ) . www.musicline.de . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Search the charts '' . www.irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Discografie Grace Jones '' ( in Dutch ) . www.dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Grace Jones '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grace Jones '' . www.allmusic.com . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / Patra > Chart History > The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / Patra > Chart History > Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / Patra > Chart History > Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 29 Oct 1995 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . N.B. The HP column displays the highest peak reached . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz > Patra in New Zealand Charts '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts > Patra '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Deni Hines - Pull Up To The Bumper '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Andrew Matson ( 2010 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Coachella 2010 day two notables : Gossip , Flying Lotus '' . seattletimes.nwsource.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Grace Jones Studio albums Portfolio ( 1977 ) Fame ( 1978 ) Muse ( 1979 ) Warm Leatherette ( 1980 ) Nightclubbing ( 1981 ) Living My Life ( 1982 ) Slave to the Rhythm ( 1985 ) Inside Story ( 1986 ) Bulletproof Heart ( 1989 ) Hurricane ( 2008 ) Compilations Island Life ( 1985 ) The Ultimate ( 1993 ) Private Life : The Compass Point Sessions ( 1998 ) 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Grace Jones ( 2003 ) The Universal Masters Collection ( 2003 ) The Collection ( 2004 ) The Grace Jones Story ( 2006 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 2006 ) Disco ( 2015 ) Singles `` I Need a Man '' `` Sorry '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Do or Die '' `` On Your Knees '' `` A Rolling Stone '' `` Love Is the Drug '' `` Private Life '' `` The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game '' `` Breakdown '' `` Demolition Man '' `` I 've Seen That Face Before ( Libertango ) '' `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' `` Walking in the Rain '' `` Nipple to the Bottle '' `` The Apple Stretching '' `` My Jamaican Guy '' `` Cry Now , Laugh Later '' `` Living My Life '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Jones the Rhythm '' `` I 'm Not Perfect ( But I 'm Perfect for You ) '' `` Party Girl '' `` Crush '' `` Victor Should Have Been a Jazz Musician '' `` Love on Top of Love '' `` Amado Mio '' `` 7 Day Weekend '' `` Evilmainya '' `` Sex Drive '' `` Love Bites '' `` Hurricane ( Cradle to the Grave ) '' `` Corporate Cannibal '' `` Williams ' Blood '' `` Love You to Life '' Related Discography A One Man Show albums songs Deni Hines Studio albums Imagination ( 1996 ) Water for Chocolate ( 2006 ) The Other Woman ( 2007 ) The Soul Sessions ( 2014 ) Remix and compilation albums Remix Your Imagination ( 1997 ) A Delicious Collection / The Definitive Collection ( 2002 ) / ( 2004 ) Singles `` It 's Alright '' `` Imagination '' `` I Like the Way '' `` I 'm Not in Love '' `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' `` Son of a Preacher Man '' `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' `` Love Is in Control ( Finger on the Trigger ) '' Featured singles `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` That Word ( L.O.V.E. ) '' `` It 's Not Over `` Stomp ! '' Related articles Rockmelons Marcia Hines Kirk Pengilly Ben Steel Mushroom Records Mao 's Last Dancer ( film ) `` Not Enough Time '' ( INXS song ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pull_Up_to_the_Bumper&oldid=826266403 '' Categories : 1981 singles Grace Jones songs Songs written by Grace Jones Island Records singles 1981 songs Songs about sexuality Songs with double entendres Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 04 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang pull up to the bumper baby	[ "\n\n\"Pull Up to the Bumper\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Grace Jones\n\n\nfrom the album Nightclubbing\n\n\nB-side\n\n\n\n\"Feel Up\"\n\"Breakdown\"\n\"La Vie en rose\"\n\"Nipple to the Bottle\"\n\n\n\n\n\nReleased\nJune 1981\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\n7\"\n12\"\nCS\nCD\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nDance\n\n\nLength\n4:41\n\n\nLabel\nIsland\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nKookoo Baya\nGrace Jones\nDana Mano\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nChris Blackwell\nAlex Sadkin\n\n\n\n\n\nGrace Jones singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I've Seen That Face Before (Libertango)\"\n(1981)\n\"Pull Up to the Bumper\"\n(1981)\n\"Walking in the Rain\"\n(1981)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I've Seen That Face Before (Libertango)\"\n(1981)\n\"Pull Up to the Bumper\"\n(1981)\n\"Walking in the Rain\"\n(1981)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternative cover\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1985 re-release\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Pull Up to the Bumper\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Grace Jones" ]
-5923764583864766749	Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji	Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji - Wikipedia Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 35 ° 21 ′ 46.35 '' N 138 ° 43 ′ 53.63 '' E / 35.3628750 ° N 138.7315639 ° E / 35.3628750 ; 138.7315639 Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji ( 富士山の噴火史 , Fuji - san no funka - shi ) Mt . Fuji Mount Fuji is the tallest volcano in Japan , and also the highest peak . The mountain as it appears now is the `` New Fuji volcano '' , which began to erupt about 10,000 years ago . Under the `` New Fuji volcano '' lies the `` Old Fuji volcano '' , which was active between 100,000 years ago and 10,000 years ago , and the `` Komitake volcano '' , which became active 700,000 years ago . Contents ( hide ) 1 Komitake 2 Old Fuji 3 New Fuji 3.1 The Gotemba mud flow 3.2 Jōgan eruption 3.3 Hōei eruption 3.4 Records of eruption 4 Current eruptive danger 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Komitake ( edit ) There has been much volcanic activity in the vicinity of Mount Fuji for several million years . In the location occupied by the current Mount Fuji , a volcano known as Mount Komitake ( 小御岳火山 ) , literally meaning `` small mountain volcano '' , became active 700,000 years ago . Around this time , another volcano , Mount Ashitaka ( 愛鷹山 ) , in the area to the south - east of Mount Fuji , was also highly active . The peak of the ancient volcano , Komitake , can be seen from the north face of Mount Fuji at the fifth station , about 2,300 meters ( 7,500 ft ) above sea - level . Old Fuji ( edit ) Around 100,000 years after becoming inactive , Komitake entered another period of activity . The volcano in this period is known as Old Fuji ( 古富士 , kofuji ) . Older Fuji was known as to have explosive eruptions , throwing out large quantities of scoria , volcanic ash and lava , forming a large mountain which reached a height of 3,100 meters ( 10,200 ft ) . New Fuji ( edit ) Following the Old Fuji period , there were about 4,000 years of inactivity , ending at around 5,000 years ago , when Mount Fuji became active again ; this period is known as New Fuji ( 新富士 , shinfuji ) , and continues to the present day . Eruptions of New Fuji exhibit phenomena such as lava flows , magma , scoria , volcanic ash , collapses and side eruptions , leading it to be called `` a department store of eruptions '' . Ash from New Fuji is often black , and eruptions are new in terms of geological layers . Valuable data on the activity of Mount Fuji is recorded in Japanese historical documents dating from the 8th century onwards . It exhibits a range of representative eruptions . The Gotemba mud flow ( edit ) About 2,300 years ago the east face of the volcano collapsed and lahars flowed down to the Gotemba area as far as the Ashigara plain in the east and the Suruga bay across Mishima city in the south . This incident is now called the Gotemba mud flow ( 御殿場泥流 , Gotemba deiryū ) . Liquid mud piled up over an area as wide as the city area of Mishima . Jōgan eruption ( edit ) In 864 ( the 6th year of the Jōgan era ) there was an eruption on the north - east side of Mount Fuji , which produced a great amount of lava . 864 ( Jōgan 6 , 5th month ) : Mount Fuji erupted for 10 days , and it ejected from its summit an immense quantity of cinders and ash which fell back to earth as far away as the ocean at Edo bay . Many people perished and a great numbers of homes were destroyed . The volcanic eruption began on the side of Fuji - san closest to Mount Asama , throwing cinders and ash as far away as Kai province . Some of the lava filled up a large lake Senoumi ( せの海 ) which existed at the time , dividing it into two lakes , Saiko ( 西湖 ) and Shōjiko ( 精進湖 ) . This is known as the Aokigahara lava ( 青木ヶ原溶岩 ) , and at present is covered by the dense Aokigahara forest . Hoei eruption ( edit ) The Hoei Crater , visible to the right of the peak of Mt . Fuji , was the location of the 1707 AD eruption that spewed ash as far as Edo . The latest eruption , in 1707 ( the 4th year of the Hōei era ) , was known as the great Hōei eruption . It followed several weeks after the Great Hōei earthquake , an 8.7 in the Richter scale . The earthquake severely damaged the city of Osaka , but more than that , it created enough seismic activity to compress the magma chamber 20 km deep in the inactive Mt . Fuji . Due to the compression of the magma chamber , basaltic lava rose from the bottom to the higher dacitic magma chamber at 8 km deep . The mixing of the two different types of magma caused a plinian eruption to occur . Previous to the Hoei , another earthquake named Genroku had struck Japan in 1703 . The earthquake affected both Kanagawa and Shizuoka prefectures ; Genroku was measured as an 8.2 in the Richter Scale , it caused the same effect as Hoei but with less severity . It clamped the dike of the mountain at 8 km to the surface ( where the dacitic magma resides ) , as well as the basaltic chamber at 20 km deep . Many articles find a correlation between the two earthquakes , getting to the conclusion that without one another the Hoei eruption would 've not happened . November 11 , 1707 ( Hōei 4 , 14th day of the 10th month ) : The city of Osaka suffers tremendously because of a very violent earthquake . December 16 , 1707 ( Hōei 4 , 23rd day of the 11th month ) : An eruption of Mt . Fuji ; the cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu , Kai , Sagami , and Musashi . This eruption was remarkable in that it spread a vast amount of volcanic ash and scoria over a region as far away as Edo . Records of eruption ( edit ) Sixteen eruptions of New Fuji have been recorded since 781 . Many of the eruptions occurred in the Heian era , with twelve eruptions between 800 and 1083 . Sometimes inactive periods between eruptions lasted for hundreds of years , as in the period between 1083 and 1511 , when no eruptions were recorded for over 400 years . At present , there have been no eruptions since the Hoei eruption in 1707 -- 1708 , around 300 years ago . Current eruptive danger ( edit ) Scientists study the activity of the magma rising by measuring CO emissions in the deeper parts of the volcano . Studies from before the Tohoku earthquake show the CO emissions below 5 gCO / m / day , which is the detection limit . If the emissions rise above 5 gCO / m / day then seismic activity is occurring and an eruption could possibly take place . According to a five - stage evolutionary model for the release of volcanic gas , Mt . Fuji would be considered stage I. Magma is at a considerable 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) depth and no emissions of gasses can be observed regularly . Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami much attention was given to the volcanic reaction of Mt . Fuji . Experts have found that the internal pressure of the Mt . Fuji magma chamber has increased to an estimated 1.6 megapascals , raising speculation over the possibility of an eruption . The estimated damage to Japan from a Fuji eruption is at ¥ 2.5 trillion ( $25 billion ) . Professor Masaki Kimura has predicted on the basis of his many studies an eruption of Mt . Fuji in 2015 , four years after the major Tohoku earthquake in 2011 , and similar to the Hoei eruption four years after the Genroku earthquake . Professor Kimura mentions two important details that back up his prediction . One , the rise in the water level in Lake Sai , just after the Tohoku earthquake , which he believes was caused by the melting of a permafrost layer in the summit of the mountain by rising magma . And two , the continuous occurrence of phreatic eruptions , explosions of steam , around the mountain . It should also be noted that Professor Kimura is the author of two books that refer to his predictions : Fujisan no Funka wa Hajimatteiru ! ( The Eruption of Mt . Fuji has Begun ) , released in June 2012 , and Fujisan Dai Funka ! Bukimina Itsutsu no Choko ( Major Eruption of Mt . Fuji ! Five Eerie Signs ) , released in 2011 . See also ( edit ) Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji List of volcanoes in Japan Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/fuji.html Jump up ^ Titsingh , Isaac ( 1834 ) Annales des empereurs du japon , p118 Jump up ^ Titsingh , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Shikuoka University page ; see Japanese Wikipedia . Jump up ^ Experts Predict Mount Fuji Will Erupt Soon Experts Predict Mount Fuji Will Erupt Soon Jump up ^ `` 2011 earthquake put pressure on Mt . Fuji - UPI.com '' . upi.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . References ( edit ) Fujisan Sono Shizen no Subete ( 富士山その自然のすべて ) , `` Mount Fuji - All About Its Nature '' , written by Akira Suwa ( 諏訪彰 ) 1992 Dōbunshoin ( 同文書院 ) ISBN 4 - 8103 - 4047 - 3 Titsingh , Isaac . ( 1834 ) . ( Siyun - sai Rin - siyo / Hayashi Gahō , 1652 ) , Nipon o daï itsi ran ; ou , Annales des empereurs du Japon . Paris : Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland . External links ( edit ) Fujisan `` Fujisan ( Mount Fuji ) '' ( PDF ) . - Japan Meteorological Agency Fujisan ( Mount Fuji ) - Smithsonian Institution : Global Volcanism Program Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historic_eruptions_of_Mount_Fuji&oldid=793199049 '' Categories : Izu - Bonin volcanic arc Volcanoes of Honshū Mount Fuji Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2017 , at 07 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time mount fuji errupted	[ "Sixteen eruptions of New Fuji have been recorded since 781. Many of the eruptions occurred in the Heian era, with twelve eruptions between 800 and 1083. Sometimes inactive periods between eruptions lasted for hundreds of years, as in the period between 1083 and 1511, when no eruptions were recorded for over 400 years. At present, there have been no eruptions since the Hoei eruption in 1707–1708, around 300 years ago." ]	[ "1707–1708" ]
-176238188786268562	The Day the Music Died	The Day the Music Died - wikipedia The Day the Music Died Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the plane crash . For other uses , see The Day the Music Died ( disambiguation ) . The Day the Music Died The memorial marking the crash site , 2003 Accident summary Date February 3 , 1959 ( 1959 - 02 - 03 ) Summary Spatial disorientation , loss of control in near - IMC conditions Site Near Clear Lake , Iowa , United States 43 ° 13 ′ 13.3 '' N 93 ° 22 ′ 53.1 '' W / 43.220361 ° N 93.381417 ° W / 43.220361 ; - 93.381417 Coordinates : 43 ° 13 ′ 13.3 '' N 93 ° 22 ′ 53.1 '' W / 43.220361 ° N 93.381417 ° W / 43.220361 ; - 93.381417 Passengers Crew Fatalities 4 ( all ) Survivors 0 Aircraft type Beechcraft Bonanza Operator Dwyer Flying Service , Mason City , Iowa Registration N3794N Flight origin Mason City Municipal Airport , Iowa Destination Hector Airport , North Dakota On February 3 , 1959 , rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly , Ritchie Valens , and J.P. `` The Big Bopper '' Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake , Iowa , together with pilot Roger Peterson . The event later became known as `` The Day the Music Died '' , after singer - songwriter Don McLean referred to it as such in his 1971 song `` American Pie '' . At the time , Holly and his band , consisting of Waylon Jennings , Tommy Allsup , and Carl Bunch , were playing on the `` Winter Dance Party '' tour across the United States Midwest . Rising artists Valens and Richardson had joined the tour , as well . The long journeys between venues on board the cold , uncomfortable tour buses adversely affected the performers , with cases of flu and even frostbite . After stopping at Clear Lake to perform , and frustrated by such conditions , Holly chose to charter a plane to reach their next venue in Moorhead , Minnesota . Richardson , who had the flu , swapped places with Jennings , taking his seat on the plane , while Allsup lost his seat to Valens on a coin toss . Soon after takeoff , late at night and in poor , wintry weather conditions , the pilot lost control of the light aircraft , a Beechcraft Bonanza , which subsequently crashed into a cornfield . Everyone on board was killed . The event has since been mentioned in various songs and films . A number of monuments have been erected at the crash site and in Clear Lake , where an annual memorial concert is also held at the Surf Ballroom , the venue that hosted the artists ' last performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Flight arrangements 3 Take - off and crash 4 Aftermath 5 Official investigation 6 Subsequent investigations 7 Legacy 7.1 Notification of victims ' families 7.2 Memorials 7.2. 1 Films 7.2. 2 Memorial concerts 7.2. 3 Monuments 7.2. 4 Roads 7.2. 5 Songs 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Books 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Buddy Holly terminated his association with the Crickets in November 1958 . For the start of the `` Winter Dance Party '' tour , he assembled a band consisting of Waylon Jennings ( bass ) , Tommy Allsup ( guitar ) , and Carl Bunch ( drums ) , with the opening vocals of Frankie Sardo . The tour was set to cover 24 Midwestern cities in as many days . New hit artist Ritchie Valens , J.P. `` The Big Bopper '' Richardson and Dion DiMucci and his band The Belmonts joined the tour to promote their recordings and make an extra profit . Winter Dance Party Tour schedule , 1959 The tour began in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , on January 23 , 1959 . The amount of travel soon became a logistical problem . The distances between venues had not been properly considered when the performances were scheduled ; instead of `` circling '' around the Midwest to each town , the tour zig - zagged with distances between cities over 400 miles . General Artists Corporation , the organization that booked the tour , later received considerable criticism for their seemingly total disregard for the conditions they forced the touring musicians to endure : `` They did n't care . It was like they threw darts at a map ... The tour from hell -- that 's what they named it -- and it 's not a bad name . '' Buddy Holly historian Bill Griggs '' The entire company of musicians traveled together in one bus , although the buses used for the tour were wholly inadequate , breaking down and being replaced with astounding frequency . Griggs estimates that five separate buses were used in the first 11 days of the tour -- `` reconditioned school buses , not good enough for school kids . '' The artists themselves were responsible for loading and unloading equipment at each stop , as no road crew assisted them . Adding to the disarray , the buses were not equipped for the weather which consisted of waist - deep snow in several areas and varying temperatures from the 20s to as low as - 36 ° F. One bus had a heating system that broke down shortly after the tour began , in Appleton , Wisconsin . Later , Richardson and Valens began experiencing flu - like symptoms and drummer Bunch was hospitalized for severely frostbitten feet , after the tour bus simply broke down in the middle of the highway in subzero temperatures near Ironwood , Michigan . The musicians replaced that bus with another school bus and kept traveling . After Bunch was hospitalized , Carlo Mastrangelo of The Belmonts took over the drumming duties . When Dion and The Belmonts were performing , the drum seat was taken by either Valens or Holly . As Holly 's group had been the backing band for all of the acts , Holly , Valens , and DiMucci took turns playing drums for each other at the performances in Green Bay , Wisconsin , and Clear Lake , Iowa . On Monday , February 2 , the tour arrived in Clear Lake , Iowa , having driven 350 miles from the previous day 's concert in Green Bay . The town had not been a scheduled stop , but the tour promoters , hoping to fill an open date , called the manager of the local Surf Ballroom , Carroll Anderson ( 1920 - 2006 ) , and offered him the show . He accepted , and they set the show for that night . By the time Holly arrived at the venue that evening , he was frustrated with the ongoing problems with the bus . The next scheduled destination after Clear Lake was Moorhead , Minnesota , a 365 - mile drive north and northwest ( and , emphasizing the poor planning , a journey that would take them directly back through two towns they had already played within the last week . ) No let up after that was in sight , as the following day , they were scheduled to travel back almost directly south to Sioux City , Iowa , a 325 - mile trip . Holly decided to charter a plane to take his band and him to Fargo , North Dakota , which is adjacent to Moorhead . The rest of the party would have picked him up in Moorhead , saving him the journey in the bus and leaving him time to get some rest . Flight arrangements ( edit ) A V - tailed Bonanza similar to N3794N , the accident aircraft Surf Ballroom manager Anderson called Hubert Jerry Dwyer ( 1930 - 2016 ) , owner of the Dwyer Flying Service , a company in Mason City , Iowa , to charter the plane to fly to Hector Airport in Fargo , the closest one to Moorhead . Flight arrangements were made with Roger Peterson , a 21 - year - old local pilot described as a `` young married man who built his life around flying '' . The flying service charged a fee of $36 per passenger for the flight on the 1947 single - engined , V - tailed Beechcraft 35 Bonanza ( registration N3794N ) , which could seat three passengers plus the pilot . A popular misconception , originating from Don McLean 's eponymous song about the crash , was that the plane was called American Pie . In fact , no record exists of any name ever having been given to N3794N . The most widely accepted version of events was that Richardson had contracted flu during the tour and asked Waylon Jennings for his seat on the plane . When Holly learned that Jennings was not going to fly , he said in jest : `` Well , I hope your ol ' bus freezes up . '' Jennings responded : `` Well , I hope your ol ' plane crashes '' , a humorous but ill - fated response that haunted him for the rest of his life . Ritchie Valens , who once had a fear of flying , asked Tommy Allsup for his seat on the plane . The two agreed to toss a coin to decide . Bob Hale , a DJ with KRIB - AM , was working the concert that night and flipped the coin in the ballroom 's side - stage room shortly before the musicians departed for the airport . Valens won the coin toss for the seat on the flight . In contradiction to the testimony of Allsup and Jennings , Dion has since said that Holly approached him along with Valens and The Bopper to join the flight , not Holly 's bandmates . In a 2009 interview called `` The Winter Dance Party '' , Dion claimed that Holly called him , Valens , and Richardson into a vacant dressing room during Frankie Sardo 's performance and said `` I 've chartered a plane , we 're the guys making the money ( we should be the ones flying ahead ) ... the only problem is there are only two available seats . '' According to Dion , it was Valens , not Richardson who had fallen ill , so Valens and Dion flipped a coin for the seat . In his interview , no mention is made of Jennings or Allsup being invited on the plane . Dion claims that he won the toss , but ultimately decided that since the $36 fare ( equivalent to US $300 in today 's money ) equaled the monthly rent his parents paid for his childhood apartment , he could not justify the indulgence . Take - off and crash ( edit ) After the show ended , Anderson drove Holly , Valens , and Richardson to the Mason City Municipal Airport . The weather at the time of departure was reported as light snow , a ceiling of 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) AMSL with sky obscured , visibility 6 miles ( 9,700 m ) , and winds from 20 to 30 mph ( 32 to 48 km / h ) . Although deteriorating weather was reported along the planned route , the weather briefings pilot Peterson received failed to relay the information . Mason City and Clear Lake , Iowa The plane took off normally from runway 17 ( today 's runway 18 ) at 12 : 55 am Central Time on Tuesday , February 3 . Dwyer , the owner of the flight service company , witnessed the take - off from a platform outside the control tower . He was able to see clearly the aircraft 's tail light for most of the brief flight , which started with an initial left turn onto a northwesterly heading and a climb to 800 ft . The tail light was then observed gradually descending until it disappeared out of view . Around 1 : 00 am , when Peterson failed to make the expected radio contact , repeated attempts to establish communication were made , at Dwyer 's request , by the radio operator , but they were all unsuccessful . Later that morning , Dwyer , having heard no word from Peterson since his departure , took off in another airplane to retrace his planned route . Within minutes , at around 9 : 35 am , he spotted the wreckage less than 6 mi ( 9.7 km ) northwest of the airport . The sheriff 's office , alerted by Dwyer , dispatched Deputy Bill McGill , who drove to the crash site , a cornfield belonging to Albert Juhl . The Bonanza had impacted terrain at high speed , estimated to have been around 170 mph ( 270 km / h ) , banked steeply to the right and in a nose - down attitude . The right wing tip had struck the ground first , sending the aircraft cartwheeling across the frozen field for 540 feet ( 160 m ) , before coming to rest against a wire fence at the edge of Juhl 's property . The bodies of Holly and Valens had been ejected from the torn fuselage and lay near the wreckage . Richardson 's body had been thrown over the fence and into the cornfield of Juhl 's neighbor Oscar Moffett , while pilot Peterson 's body was entangled in the plane 's wreckage . With the rest of the entourage en route to Minnesota , ballroom manager Carroll Anderson , who had driven the party to the airport and witnessed the plane 's takeoff , had to identify the bodies of the musicians . County coroner Ralph Smiley certified that all four victims died instantly , citing the cause of death as `` gross trauma to brain '' for the three artists and `` brain damage '' for the pilot . Aftermath ( edit ) Holly 's pregnant wife , María Elena , learned of his death from the reports on television . A widow after only six months of marriage , she suffered a miscarriage shortly after , reportedly due to `` psychological trauma '' . Holly 's mother , on hearing the news on the radio at home in Lubbock , Texas , screamed and collapsed . María Elena Holly did not attend the funeral and has never visited the gravesite . She later said in an interview : `` In a way , I blame myself . I was not feeling well when he left . I was two weeks pregnant , and I wanted Buddy to stay with me , but he had scheduled that tour . It was the only time I was n't with him . And I blame myself because I know that , if only I had gone along , Buddy never would have gotten into that airplane . '' The `` Winter Dance Party '' tour did not stop ; Waylon Jennings and Tommy Allsup continued performing for two more weeks , with Jennings taking Holly 's place as lead singer . Meanwhile , the funerals of the victims were being held individually ; Holly and Richardson were buried in Texas , Valens in California , and pilot Peterson in Iowa . Official investigation ( edit ) The wreckage of N3794N as found by the authorities on the morning of the accident The official investigation was carried out by the Civil Aeronautics Board ( CAB , precursor to the NTSB ) . It emerged that pilot Roger Peterson had over four years of flying experience , of which one with Dwyer Flying Service , and had accumulated 711 flying hours , of which 128 on Bonanzas . He had also logged 52 hours of instrument flying training , although had passed only his written examination , and was not yet qualified to operate in weather that required flying solely by reference to instruments . He and Dwyer Flying Service itself were certified to operate only under visual flight rules , which essentially require that the pilot must be able to see where he is going . However , on the night of the accident , visual flight would have been virtually impossible due to the low clouds , the lack of a visible horizon , and the absence of ground lights over the sparsely populated area . Furthermore , Peterson , who had failed an instrument checkride nine months before the accident , had received his instrument training on airplanes equipped with a conventional artificial horizon as source of aircraft attitude information , while N3794N was equipped with an older - type Sperry F3 attitude gyroscope . Crucially , the two types of instruments display the same aircraft pitch attitude information in graphically opposite ways . The CAB concluded that the accident was due to `` the pilot 's unwise decision to embark on a flight '' that required instrument flying skills he had not proved to have . A contributing factor was the pilot 's unfamiliarity with the old - style attitude gyroscope fitted on board the aircraft , which may have caused him to believe that he was climbing when he was in fact descending ( an example of spatial disorientation ) . Another contributing factor was the `` seriously inadequate '' weather briefing provided to the pilot , which `` failed to even mention adverse flying condition which should have been highlighted '' . Subsequent investigations ( edit ) On March 6 , 2007 , in Beaumont , Texas , Richardson 's body was exhumed for reburial in a more fitting part of the local Forest Lawn cemetery . The musician 's son , Jay Perry , took the opportunity to have his father 's body re-examined to verify the original findings , and asked forensic anthropologist William Bass to carry out the procedure . Among the rumors surrounding the accident that this second examination sought to verify was that an accidental firearm discharge took place on board the aircraft and caused the crash , since two months after the event , a farmer had found at the crash site a . 22 ( 5.6 mm ) pistol known to have belonged to Buddy Holly . Another rumor had Richardson surviving the initial impact and crawling out of the aircraft in search for help , prompted by the fact that his body was found farther from the wreckage than the other three . Bass and his team took several X-rays of Richardson 's body and eventually concluded that the musician had indeed died instantly from extensive , nonsurvivable fractures to almost all of his bones ; no traces of lead were found from any bullet . Coroner Smiley 's original report was , therefore , confirmed . In March 2015 , the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) received a request to reopen the investigation into the accident . The request was made by L.J. Coon , a retired pilot from New England who felt that the conclusion of the 1959 investigation was inaccurate . Coon suspected a possible failure of the right rudder , or a problem with the fuel system , as well as a possible improper weight distribution . Coon also argued that Peterson may have tried to land the plane and that his efforts should be recognized . In April 2015 , the NTSB declined the request , citing that the evidence presented by Coon was insufficient to merit the reconsideration of the original findings . Legacy ( edit ) Notification of victims ' families ( edit ) Following the miscarriage suffered by Holly 's wife and the circumstances in which she was informed of his death , a policy was later adopted by authorities not to disclose victims ' names until after their families have been informed . Memorials ( edit ) A memorial service for Roger Peterson was held at Redeemer Lutheran Church , Ventura , Iowa , on February 5 . A funeral was held the next day at St. Paul Lutheran Church in his hometown of Alta ; Peterson was buried in Buena Vista Memorial Cemetery in nearby Storm Lake . His grave site is located at coordinates N 42 39.189 W 095 13.996 . Peterson 's parents later received condolence letters from the families of Holly and Valens . Films ( edit ) The accident is mentioned in the biographical film The Buddy Holly Story ( 1978 ) . The accident is also depicted in the Ritchie Valens biopic La Bamba ( 1987 ) . Memorial concerts ( edit ) Fans of Holly , Valens , and Richardson have been gathering for annual memorial concerts at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake since 1979 . The 50th - anniversary concert took place on February 2 , 2009 , with Delbert McClinton , Joe Ely , Wanda Jackson , Los Lobos , Los Lonely Boys , Chris Montez , Bobby Vee , Graham Nash , Peter and Gordon , Tommy Allsup , and a house band featuring Chuck Leavell , James `` Hutch '' Hutchinson , Bobby Keys , and Kenny Aronoff . Jay P. Richardson , the son of the Big Bopper , was among the participating artists , and Bob Hale was the master of ceremonies , as he was at the 1959 concert . Monuments ( edit ) Signpost near the Clear Lake crash site In June 1988 , a four - foot - tall granite memorial bearing the names of Peterson and the three entertainers was dedicated outside the Surf Ballroom with Peterson 's widow , parents , and sister in attendance ; the event marked the first time that the families of Holly , Richardson , Valens , and Peterson had gathered together . In 1989 , Ken Paquette , a Wisconsin fan of the 1950s era , made a stainless - steel monument that depicts a guitar and a set of three records bearing the names of the three performers killed in the accident . The monument is on private farmland , about ⁄ mi ( 0.40 km ) west of the intersection of 315th Street and Gull Avenue , 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) north of Clear Lake . Paquette also created a similar stainless - steel monument to the three musicians located outside the Riverside Ballroom in Green Bay , Wisconsin , where Holly , the Big Bopper , and Valens played their second - to - last show on the night of February 1 , 1959 . This second memorial was unveiled on July 17 , 2003 . In February 2009 , a further memorial made by Paquette for pilot Roger Peterson was unveiled at the crash site . A large plasma - cut steel set of Wayfarer - style glasses , constructed by Michael Connor of Clear Lake , similar to those Holly wore , sits at the access point to the crash site . Roads ( edit ) A road originating near the Surf Ballroom , extending north and passing to the west of the crash site , is now known as Buddy Holly Place . Songs ( edit ) `` American Pie '' The song `` American Pie '' dubbed the accident `` The Day The Music Died '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . Eddie Cochran 's `` Three Stars '' ( 1959 ) is the first song to commemorate the musicians . Don McLean later addressed the accident in his song `` American Pie '' ( 1971 ) , dubbing it `` the Day the Music Died '' , which for McLean symbolized the `` loss of innocence '' of the early rock - and - roll generation . See also ( edit ) Aviation portal Iowa portal Rock and Roll portal Patsy Cline plane crash 1969 Newton Cessna 172 crash Jim Croce plane crash Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash Randy Rhoads plane crash Stevie Ray Vaughan helicopter crash Bill Graham helicopter crash References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Suddath , Claire ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Day the Music Died '' . Time . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Everitt 2004 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.startribune.com/buddy-holly-the-tour-from-hell/38282249/ ^ Jump up to : Everitt 2004 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Connection to Buddy Holly Death '' . WeGoNews.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Everitt 2004 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Civil Aeronautics Board ( September 23 , 1959 ) . `` Aircraft Accident Report '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . ( ) Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry ( N3794N ) '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Jump up ^ Schuck , Raymond 2012 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` American Pie '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennings & Kaye 1996 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DiMucci , Dion ( 1988 ) . The Wanderer . Beech Tree Books . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Everitt 2004 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Everitt 2004 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Everitt 2004 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Civil Aeronautics Board ( September 23 , 1959 ) . `` Aircraft Accident Report '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Everitt 2004 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Everitt 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Death certificates '' ( PDF ) . Awesome Stories . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coroner 's investigation '' ( PDF ) . Awesome Stories . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kerns , William ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Buddy and Maria Elena Holly married 50 years ago '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carr & Munde 1997 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Accident Report : File No. 2 - 0001 '' ( PDF ) . Civil Aeronautics Board . September 15 , 1959 . p. 3 , `` The Aircraft '' section . Jump up ^ Griggs , Bill . `` Big Bopper Exhumation '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Autopsy of ' Big Bopper ' to Address Rumors About 1959 Plane Crash '' . The Washington Post . January 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Board considers reopening investigation into plane crash that caused the death of Buddy Holly '' . KITV . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilen , Mike ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` NTSB considers reopening Buddy Holly crash case '' . Des Moines Register . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Buddy Holly plane crash : officials consider reopening 1959 probe '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buddy Holly crash investigation will not be reopened '' . The Des Moines Register . Associated Press . April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 2010 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Dance Party History '' . Surf Ballroom . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bream , Jon ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Fans Pack Surf Ballroom for Tribute to Buddy Holly , Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper '' . CMT News . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coffey , Joe ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Holly , Valens , Richardson Remembered : 50 Winters Later '' . Premier Guitar . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Jennifer ( April 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Day the Music Died '' . Articles Tree . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Jennifer ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Memorial to Buddy Holly pilot dedicated at crash site '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clear Lake , Iowa : Buddy Holly Crash Site '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crouse 2012 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Thimou , Theodore ( December 28 , 2006 ) . `` Preview : The Twice - Famous Don McLean Plays Rams Head '' . Bay Weekly . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . `` Buddy Holly 's Coroner 's Report '' . February 4 , 1959 . `` Coroner 's investigation -- Air crash , Feb. 3 , 1959 -- SW1 / 4 Section 18 , Lincoln Twp. -- Cerro Gordo County , Iowa '' . `` The Day the Music Died : February 3 , 1959 '' . Books ( edit ) Carr , Joseph ; Munde , Alan ( 1997 ) . Prairie Nights to Neon Lights : The Story of Country Music in West Texas . Texas Tech University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89672 - 365 - 8 . Crouse , Richard ( 2012 ) . Who Wrote The Book of Love ? . Random House Digital . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67442 - 3 . Everitt , Rich ( 2004 ) . Falling Stars : Air Crashes That Filled Rock and Roll Heaven . Harbor House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891799 - 04 - 4 . McDonald , Les ( 2010 ) . The Day the Music Died . Xlibris Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4691 - 1356 - 2 . Jennings , Waylon ; Kaye , Lenny ( 1996 ) . Waylon : An Autobiography . Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51865 - 9 . Schuck , Raymond ( 2012 ) . Do You Believe in Rock and Roll ? Essays on Don Mclean 's American Pie . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 0036 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Lehmer , Larry ( 2004 ) . The Day the Music Died : The Last Tour of Buddy Holly , the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens ( illustrated ed . ) . Music Sales Group . ISBN 0 - 8256 - 7287 - 2 . Rabin , Staton ( 2009 ) . Oh Boy ! The Life and Music of Rock ' n ' Roll Pioneer Buddy Holly ( illustrated ed . ) . Van Winkle Publishing ( Kindle ) . ASIN B001OQBLLG . Schinder , Scott ; Huxley , Martin ; Skinner , Quinton ( 2000 ) . The Day the Music Died ( illustrated ed . ) . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 03962 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Day the Music Died . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Aircraft Accident Report for Buddy Holly 's crash February 3 , 1959 front page of the Mason City Globe - Gazette , via Newspapers.com fiftiesweb.com The Day the Music Died Bakotopia Magazine 's 50th Anniversary memorial article 1959 : Buddy Holly killed in air crash Voices of Oklahoma interview with Tommy Allsup . First person interview conducted with Tommy Allsup on September 8 , 2011 . Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project . Buddy Holly The Crickets Singles `` Love Me '' `` That 'll Be the Day '' `` Words of Love '' ( b / w `` Mailman , Bring Me No More Blues '' ) `` Peggy Sue '' ( b / w `` Everyday '' ) `` Oh , Boy ! '' `` Not Fade Away '' `` I 'm Gonna Love You Too '' `` Maybe Baby '' `` Rave On '' `` Think It Over '' `` Early in the Morning '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Heartbeat '' `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' ( b / w `` Raining in My Heart '' ) `` Peggy Sue Got Married '' ( b / w `` Crying , Waiting , Hoping '' ) `` True Love Ways '' `` Bo Diddley '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' `` Love is Strange '' Studio albums The `` Chirping '' Crickets Buddy Holly That 'll Be The Day Compilation albums The Buddy Holly Story The Buddy Holly Story , Vol. 2 Reminiscing Showcase Holly in the Hills Giant 20 Golden Greats For the First Time Anywhere Words of Love Greatest Hits Down the Line : Rarities Memorial Collection Tribute albums Not Fade Away ( Remembering Buddy Holly ) Rave On Buddy Holly Listen to Me : Buddy Holly Related Buddy Holly discography List of songs Bob `` Bobby '' Montgomery María Elena Holly ( wife ) Norman Petty The Day The Music Died ( 1959 plane crash ) The Buddy Holly Story Buddy -- The Buddy Holly Story `` Buddy Holly '' ( song ) Buddy Holly Center Book Ritchie Valens Studio albums Ritchie Valens Ritchie Live albums In Concert at Pacoima Jr . High Compilation albums Ritchie Valens Memorial Album Ritchie Valens ... His Greatest Hits Volume 2 History of Ritchie Valens The Best of Ritchie Valens Songs `` Donna '' `` Bony Moronie '' `` La Bamba '' `` Bluebirds over the Mountain '' `` We Belong Together '' Related Del - Fi Records Chicano rock Bob Keane The Day the Music Died ( 1959 plane crash ) La Bamba ( film ) ← 1958 Aviation accidents and incidents in 1959 ( 1959 ) 1960 → Jan 8 Southeast Airlines Flight 308 Jan 11 Lufthansa Flight 502 Jan 16 Austral Líneas Aéreas Flight 205 Feb 3 American Airlines Flight 320 Feb 3 Clear Lake crash ( `` The Day the Music Died '' ) Feb 17 Turkish Airlines Gatwick crash Apr 23 Air Charter Turkey crash May 12 Capital Airlines Flight 75 Jun 26 TWA Flight 891 Jun 30 Okinawa F - 100 crash Aug 15 American Airlines Flight 514 Aug 19 Transair Douglas Dakota accident Sep 24 TAI Flight 307 Sep 29 Braniff Flight 542 Oct 30 Piedmont Airlines Flight 349 Nov 16 National Airlines Flight 967 Nov 21 Ariana Afghan Airlines Flight 202 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_the_Music_Died&oldid=826674544 '' Categories : Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1959 Aviation accidents and incidents in Iowa Aviation accidents and incidents caused by pilot error Accidents and incidents involving the Beechcraft Bonanza 1959 in Iowa 1959 in American music English phrases Cerro Gordo County , Iowa Buddy Holly Ritchie Valens Deaths by person in the United States February 1959 events Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 12 : 19 . About Wikipedia	who is the song about the day the music died	[ "On February 3, 1959, rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. \"The Big Bopper\" Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson. The event later became known as \"The Day the Music Died\", after singer-songwriter Don McLean referred to it as such in his 1971 song \"American Pie\"." ]	[ "rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. \"The Big Bopper\" Richardson" ]
1096028692843968349	Gel electrophoresis	Gel electrophoresis - wikipedia Gel electrophoresis Jump to : navigation , search Gel electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis apparatus -- an agarose gel is placed in this buffer - filled box and an electrical field is applied via the power supply to the rear . The negative terminal is at the far end ( black wire ) , so DNA migrates toward the positively charged anode ( red wire ) . Classification Electrophoresis Other techniques Related Capillary electrophoresis SDS - PAGE Two - dimensional gel electrophoresis Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis Digital image of 3 plasmid restriction digests run on a 1 % w / v agarose gel , 3 volt / cm , stained with ethidium bromide . The DNA size marker is a commercial 1 kbp ladder . The position of the wells and direction of DNA migration is noted . The image above shows how small DNA fragments will migrate through agarose gel farther than large DNA fragments during electrophoresis . The graph to the right shows the nonlinear , relationship between the size of the DNA fragment and the distance migrated . Gel Electrophoresis is a process where an electric current is applied to DNA samples creating fragments that can be used for comparison between DNA samples . 1 ) DNA is extracted . 2 ) Isolation and amplification of DNA . 3 ) DNA added to the gel wells . 4 ) Electric current applied to the gel . 5 ) DNA bands are separated by size . 6 ) DNA bands are stained . Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules ( DNA , RNA and proteins ) and their fragments , based on their size and charge . It is used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge and / or size ( IEF agarose , essentially size independent ) and in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length , to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge . Nucleic acid molecules are separated by applying an electric field to move the negatively charged molecules through a matrix of agarose or other substances . Shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer ones because shorter molecules migrate more easily through the pores of the gel . This phenomenon is called sieving . Proteins are separated by charge in agarose because the pores of the gel are too large to sieve proteins . Gel electrophoresis can also be used for separation of nanoparticles . Gel electrophoresis uses a gel as an anticonvective medium and / or sieving medium during electrophoresis , the movement of a charged particle in an electrical field . Gels suppress the thermal convection caused by application of the electric field , and can also act as a sieving medium , retarding the passage of molecules ; gels can also simply serve to maintain the finished separation , so that a post electrophoresis stain can be applied . DNA Gel electrophoresis is usually performed for analytical purposes , often after amplification of DNA via polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) , but may be used as a preparative technique prior to use of other methods such as mass spectrometry , RFLP , PCR , cloning , DNA sequencing , or Southern blotting for further characterization . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical basis 2 Types of gel 2.1 Agarose 2.2 Polyacrylamide 2.3 Starch 3 Gel conditions 3.1 Denaturing 3.2 Native 4 Buffers 5 Visualization 6 Downstream processing 7 Applications 7.1 Nucleic acids 7.2 Proteins 8 History 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Physical basis ( edit ) See also : electrophoresis Overview of Gel Electrophoresis . In simple terms , electrophoresis is a process which enables the sorting of molecules based on size . Using an electric field , molecules ( such as DNA ) can be made to move through a gel made of agarose or polyacrylamide . The electric field consists of a negative charge at one end which pushes the molecules through the gel , and a positive charge at the other end that pulls the molecules through the gel . The molecules being sorted are dispensed into a well in the gel material . The gel is placed in an electrophoresis chamber , which is then connected to a power source . When the electric current is applied , the larger molecules move more slowly through the gel while the smaller molecules move faster . The different sized molecules form distinct bands on the gel . The term `` gel '' in this instance refers to the matrix used to contain , then separate the target molecules . In most cases , the gel is a crosslinked polymer whose composition and porosity is chosen based on the specific weight and composition of the target to be analyzed . When separating proteins or small nucleic acids ( DNA , RNA , or oligonucleotides ) the gel is usually composed of different concentrations of acrylamide and a cross-linker , producing different sized mesh networks of polyacrylamide . When separating larger nucleic acids ( greater than a few hundred bases ) , the preferred matrix is purified agarose . In both cases , the gel forms a solid , yet porous matrix . Acrylamide , in contrast to polyacrylamide , is a neurotoxin and must be handled using appropriate safety precautions to avoid poisoning . Agarose is composed of long unbranched chains of uncharged carbohydrate without cross links resulting in a gel with large pores allowing for the separation of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes . Electrophoresis refers to the electromotive force ( EMF ) that is used to move the molecules through the gel matrix . By placing the molecules in wells in the gel and applying an electric field , the molecules will move through the matrix at different rates , determined largely by their mass when the charge - to - mass ratio ( Z ) of all species is uniform . However , when charges are not all uniform then , the electrical field generated by the electrophoresis procedure will affect the species that have different charges and therefore will attract the species according to their charges being the opposite . Species that are positively charged will migrate towards the cathode which is negatively charged ( because this is an electrolytic rather than galvanic cell ) . If the species are negatively charged they will migrate towards the positively charged anode . If several samples have been loaded into adjacent wells in the gel , they will run parallel in individual lanes . Depending on the number of different molecules , each lane shows separation of the components from the original mixture as one or more distinct bands , one band per component . Incomplete separation of the components can lead to overlapping bands , or to indistinguishable smears representing multiple unresolved components . Bands in different lanes that end up at the same distance from the top contain molecules that passed through the gel with the same speed , which usually means they are approximately the same size . There are molecular weight size markers available that contain a mixture of molecules of known sizes . If such a marker was run on one lane in the gel parallel to the unknown samples , the bands observed can be compared to those of the unknown in order to determine their size . The distance a band travels is approximately inversely proportional to the logarithm of the size of the molecule . There are limits to electrophoretic techniques . Since passing current through a gel causes heating , gels may melt during electrophoresis . Electrophoresis is performed in buffer solutions to reduce pH changes due to the electric field , which is important because the charge of DNA and RNA depends on pH , but running for too long can exhaust the buffering capacity of the solution . There are also limitations in determining the molecular weight by SDS - PAGE , especially if you are trying to find the MW of an unknown protein . There are certain biological variables that are difficult or impossible to minimize and can affect the electrophoretic migration . Such factors include protein structure , post-translational modifications , and amino acid composition . For example , tropomyosin is an acidic protein that migrates abnormally on SDS - PAGE gels . This is because the acidic residues are repelled by the negatively charged SDS , leading to an inaccurate mass - to - charge ratio and migration . Further , different preparations of genetic material may not migrate consistently with each other , for morphological or other reasons . Types of gel ( edit ) The types of gel most typically used are agarose and polyacrylamide gels . Each type of gel is well - suited to different types and sizes of analyte . Polyacrylamide gels are usually used for proteins , and have very high resolving power for small fragments of DNA ( 5 - 500 bp ) . Agarose gels on the other hand have lower resolving power for DNA but have greater range of separation , and are therefore used for DNA fragments of usually 50 - 20,000 bp in size , but resolution of over 6 Mb is possible with pulsed field gel electrophoresis ( PFGE ) . Polyacrylamide gels are run in a vertical configuration while agarose gels are typically run horizontally in a submarine mode . They also differ in their casting methodology , as agarose sets thermally , while polyacrylamide forms in a chemical polymerization reaction . Agarose ( edit ) Main article : Agarose gel electrophoresis Agarose gels are made from the natural polysaccharide polymers extracted from seaweed . Agarose gels are easily cast and handled compared to other matrices , because the gel setting is a physical rather than chemical change . Samples are also easily recovered . After the experiment is finished , the resulting gel can be stored in a plastic bag in a refrigerator . Agarose gels do not have a uniform pore size , but are optimal for electrophoresis of proteins that are larger than 200 kDa . Agarose gel electrophoresis can also be used for the separation of DNA fragments ranging from 50 base pair to several megabases ( millions of bases ) , the largest of which require specialized apparatus . The distance between DNA bands of different lengths is influenced by the percent agarose in the gel , with higher percentages requiring longer run times , sometimes days . Instead high percentage agarose gels should be run with a pulsed field electrophoresis ( PFE ) , or field inversion electrophoresis . `` Most agarose gels are made with between 0.7 % ( good separation or resolution of large 5 -- 10kb DNA fragments ) and 2 % ( good resolution for small 0.2 -- 1kb fragments ) agarose dissolved in electrophoresis buffer . Up to 3 % can be used for separating very tiny fragments but a vertical polyacrylamide gel is more appropriate in this case . Low percentage gels are very weak and may break when you try to lift them . High percentage gels are often brittle and do not set evenly . 1 % gels are common for many applications . '' Polyacrylamide ( edit ) Main article : Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( PAGE ) is used for separating proteins ranging in size from 5 to 2,000 kDa due to the uniform pore size provided by the polyacrylamide gel . Pore size is controlled by modulating the concentrations of acrylamide and bis - acrylamide powder used in creating a gel . Care must be used when creating this type of gel , as acrylamide is a potent neurotoxin in its liquid and powdered forms . Traditional DNA sequencing techniques such as Maxam - Gilbert or Sanger methods used polyacrylamide gels to separate DNA fragments differing by a single base - pair in length so the sequence could be read . Most modern DNA separation methods now use agarose gels , except for particularly small DNA fragments . It is currently most often used in the field of immunology and protein analysis , often used to separate different proteins or isoforms of the same protein into separate bands . These can be transferred onto a nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane to be probed with antibodies and corresponding markers , such as in a western blot . Typically resolving gels are made in 6 % , 8 % , 10 % , 12 % or 15 % . Stacking gel ( 5 % ) is poured on top of the resolving gel and a gel comb ( which forms the wells and defines the lanes where proteins , sample buffer and ladders will be placed ) is inserted . The percentage chosen depends on the size of the protein that one wishes to identify or probe in the sample . The smaller the known weight , the higher the percentage that should be used . Changes on the buffer system of the gel can help to further resolve proteins of very small sizes . Starch ( edit ) Partially hydrolysed potato starch makes for another non-toxic medium for protein electrophoresis . The gels are slightly more opaque than acrylamide or agarose . Non-denatured proteins can be separated according to charge and size . They are visualised using Napthal Black or Amido Black staining . Typical starch gel concentrations are 5 % to 10 % . Gel conditions ( edit ) Denaturing ( edit ) TTGE profiles representing the bifidobacterial diversity of fecal samples from two healthy volunteers ( A and B) before and after AMC ( Oral Amoxicillin - Clavulanic Acid ) treatment Denaturing gels are run under conditions that disrupt the natural structure of the analyte , causing it to unfold into a linear chain . Thus , the mobility of each macromolecule depends only on its linear length and its mass - to - charge ratio . Thus , the secondary , tertiary , and quaternary levels of biomolecular structure are disrupted , leaving only the primary structure to be analyzed . Nucleic acids are often denatured by including urea in the buffer , while proteins are denatured using sodium dodecyl sulfate , usually as part of the SDS - PAGE process . For full denaturation of proteins , it is also necessary to reduce the covalent disulfide bonds that stabilize their tertiary and quaternary structure , a method called reducing PAGE . Reducing conditions are usually maintained by the addition of beta - mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol . For general analysis of protein samples , reducing PAGE is the most common form of protein electrophoresis . Denaturing conditions are necessary for proper estimation of molecular weight of RNA . RNA is able to form more intramolecular interactions than DNA which may result in change of its electrophoretic mobility . Urea , DMSO and glyoxal are the most often used denaturing agents to disrupt RNA structure . Originally , highly toxic methylmercury hydroxide was often used in denaturing RNA electrophoresis , but it may be method of choice for some samples . Denaturing gel electrophoresis is used in the DNA and RNA banding pattern - based methods temperature gradient gel electrophoresis ( TGGE ) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis ( DGGE ) . Native ( edit ) Specific enzyme - linked staining : Glucose - 6 - Phosphate Dehydrogenase isoenzymes in Plasmodium falciparum infected Red blood cells Native gels are run in non-denaturing conditions , so that the analyte 's natural structure is maintained . This allows the physical size of the folded or assembled complex to affect the mobility , allowing for analysis of all four levels of the biomolecular structure . For biological samples , detergents are used only to the extent that they are necessary to lyse lipid membranes in the cell . Complexes remain -- for the most part -- associated and folded as they would be in the cell . One downside , however , is that complexes may not separate cleanly or predictably , as it is difficult to predict how the molecule 's shape and size will affect its mobility . Addressing and solving this problem is a major aim of quantitative native PAGE . Unlike denaturing methods , native gel electrophoresis does not use a charged denaturing agent . The molecules being separated ( usually proteins or nucleic acids ) therefore differ not only in molecular mass and intrinsic charge , but also the cross-sectional area , and thus experience different electrophoretic forces dependent on the shape of the overall structure . For proteins , since they remain in the native state they may be visualised not only by general protein staining reagents but also by specific enzyme - linked staining . A specific experiment example of an application of native gel electrophoresis is to check for enzymatic activity to verify the presence of the enzyme in the sample during protein purification . For example , for the protein alkaline phosphatase , the staining solution is a mixture of 4 - chloro - 2 - 2methylbenzenediazonium salt with 3 - phospho - 2 - naphthoic acid - 2 ' - 4 ' - dimethyl aniline in Tris buffer . This stain is commercially sold as kit for staining gels . If the protein is present , the mechanism of the reaction takes place in the following order : it starts with the de-phosphorylation of 3 - phospho - 2 - naphthoic acid - 2 ' - 4 ' - dimethyl aniline by alkaline phosphatase ( water is needed for the reaction ) . The phosphate group is released and replaced by an alcohol group from water . The electrophile 4 - chloro - 2 - 2 methylbenzenediazonium ( Fast Red TR Diazonium salt ) displaces the alcohol group forming the final product Red Azo dye . As its name implies , this is the final visible - red product of the reaction . In undergraduate academic experimentation of protein purification , the gel is usually ran next to commercial purified samples in order to visualize the results and make confusions of whether or not purification was successful . Native gel electrophoresis is typically used in proteomics and metallomics . However , native PAGE is also used to scan genes ( DNA ) for unknown mutations as in Single - strand conformation polymorphism . Buffers ( edit ) Buffers in gel electrophoresis are used to provide ions that carry a current and to maintain the pH at a relatively constant value . These buffers have plenty of ions in them , which is necessary for the passage of electricity through them . Something like distilled water or benzene contains few ions , which is not ideal for the use in electrophoresis . There are a number of buffers used for electrophoresis . The most common being , for nucleic acids Tris / Acetate / EDTA ( TAE ) , Tris / Borate / EDTA ( TBE ) . Many other buffers have been proposed , e.g. lithium borate , which is almost never used , based on Pubmed citations ( LB ) , iso electric histidine , pK matched goods buffers , etc. ; in most cases the purported rationale is lower current ( less heat ) and or matched ion mobilities , which leads to longer buffer life . Borate is problematic ; Borate can polymerize , and / or interact with cis diols such as those found in RNA . TAE has the lowest buffering capacity but provides the best resolution for larger DNA . This means a lower voltage and more time , but a better product . LB is relatively new and is ineffective in resolving fragments larger than 5 kbp ; However , with its low conductivity , a much higher voltage could be used ( up to 35 V / cm ) , which means a shorter analysis time for routine electrophoresis . As low as one base pair size difference could be resolved in 3 % agarose gel with an extremely low conductivity medium ( 1 mM Lithium borate ) . Most SDS - PAGE protein separations are performed using a `` discontinuous '' ( or DISC ) buffer system that significantly enhances the sharpness of the bands within the gel . During electrophoresis in a discontinuous gel system , an ion gradient is formed in the early stage of electrophoresis that causes all of the proteins to focus into a single sharp band in a process called isotachophoresis . Separation of the proteins by size is achieved in the lower , `` resolving '' region of the gel . The resolving gel typically has a much smaller pore size , which leads to a sieving effect that now determines the electrophoretic mobility of the proteins . Visualization ( edit ) Further information : Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids § Visualization , and Gel electrophoresis of proteins § Visualization After the electrophoresis is complete , the molecules in the gel can be stained to make them visible . DNA may be visualized using ethidium bromide which , when intercalated into DNA , fluoresce under ultraviolet light , while protein may be visualised using silver stain or Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye . Other methods may also be used to visualize the separation of the mixture 's components on the gel . If the molecules to be separated contain radioactivity , for example in a DNA sequencing gel , an autoradiogram can be recorded of the gel . Photographs can be taken of gels , often using a Gel Doc system . Downstream processing ( edit ) After separation , an additional separation method may then be used , such as isoelectric focusing or SDS - PAGE . The gel will then be physically cut , and the protein complexes extracted from each portion separately . Each extract may then be analysed , such as by peptide mass fingerprinting or de novo peptide sequencing after in - gel digestion . This can provide a great deal of information about the identities of the proteins in a complex . Applications ( edit ) Estimation of the size of DNA molecules following restriction enzyme digestion , e.g. in restriction mapping of cloned DNA . Analysis of PCR products , e.g. in molecular genetic diagnosis or genetic fingerprinting Separation of restricted genomic DNA prior to Southern transfer , or of RNA prior to Northern transfer . Gel electrophoresis is used in forensics , molecular biology , genetics , microbiology and biochemistry . The results can be analyzed quantitatively by visualizing the gel with UV light and a gel imaging device . The image is recorded with a computer operated camera , and the intensity of the band or spot of interest is measured and compared against standard or markers loaded on the same gel . The measurement and analysis are mostly done with specialized software . Depending on the type of analysis being performed , other techniques are often implemented in conjunction with the results of gel electrophoresis , providing a wide range of field - specific applications . Nucleic acids ( edit ) Main article : Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids An agarose gel of a PCR product compared to a DNA ladder . In the case of nucleic acids , the direction of migration , from negative to positive electrodes , is due to the naturally occurring negative charge carried by their sugar - phosphate backbone . Double - stranded DNA fragments naturally behave as long rods , so their migration through the gel is relative to their size or , for cyclic fragments , their radius of gyration . Circular DNA such as plasmids , however , may show multiple bands , the speed of migration may depend on whether it is relaxed or supercoiled . Single - stranded DNA or RNA tend to fold up into molecules with complex shapes and migrate through the gel in a complicated manner based on their tertiary structure . Therefore , agents that disrupt the hydrogen bonds , such as sodium hydroxide or formamide , are used to denature the nucleic acids and cause them to behave as long rods again . Gel electrophoresis of large DNA or RNA is usually done by agarose gel electrophoresis . See the `` Chain termination method '' page for an example of a polyacrylamide DNA sequencing gel . Characterization through ligand interaction of nucleic acids or fragments may be performed by mobility shift affinity electrophoresis . Electrophoresis of RNA samples can be used to check for genomic DNA contamination and also for RNA degradation . RNA from eukaryotic organisms shows distinct bands of 28s and 18s rRNA , the 28s band being approximately twice as intense as the 18s band . Degraded RNA has less sharply defined bands , has a smeared appearance , and intensity ratio is less than 2 : 1 . Proteins ( edit ) Main article : Gel electrophoresis of proteins SDS - PAGE autoradiography -- The indicated proteins are present in different concentrations in the two samples . Proteins , unlike nucleic acids , can have varying charges and complex shapes , therefore they may not migrate into the polyacrylamide gel at similar rates , or at all , when placing a negative to positive EMF on the sample . Proteins therefore , are usually denatured in the presence of a detergent such as sodium dodecyl sulfate ( SDS ) that coats the proteins with a negative charge . Generally , the amount of SDS bound is relative to the size of the protein ( usually 1.4 g SDS per gram of protein ) , so that the resulting denatured proteins have an overall negative charge , and all the proteins have a similar charge - to - mass ratio . Since denatured proteins act like long rods instead of having a complex tertiary shape , the rate at which the resulting SDS coated proteins migrate in the gel is relative only to its size and not its charge or shape . Proteins are usually analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( SDS - PAGE ) , by native gel electrophoresis , by preparative gel electrophoresis ( QPNC - PAGE ) , or by 2 - D electrophoresis . Characterization through ligand interaction may be performed by electroblotting or by affinity electrophoresis in agarose or by capillary electrophoresis as for estimation of binding constants and determination of structural features like glycan content through lectin binding . History ( edit ) 1930s -- first reports of the use of sucrose for gel electrophoresis 1955 -- introduction of starch gels , mediocre separation ( Smithies ) 1959 -- introduction of acrylamide gels ; disc electrophoresis ( Ornstein and Davis ) ; accurate control of parameters such as pore size and stability ; and ( Raymond and Weintraub ) 1966 -- first use of agar gels 1969 -- introduction of denaturing agents especially SDS separation of protein subunit ( Weber and Osborn ) 1970 -- Laemmli separated 28 components of T4 phage using a stacking gel and SDS 1972 -- agarose gels with ethidium bromide stain 1975 -- 2 - dimensional gels ( O'Farrell ) ; isoelectric focusing then SDS gel electrophoresis 1977 -- sequencing gels 1983 -- pulsed field gel electrophoresis enables separation of large DNA molecules 1983 -- introduction of capillary electrophoresis 2004 -- standardized time of polymerization of acrylamide gels enables clean and predictable separation of native proteins ( Kastenholz ) A 1959 book on electrophoresis by Milan Bier cites references from the 1800s . However , Oliver Smithies made significant contributions . Bier states : `` The method of Smithies ... is finding wide application because of its unique separatory power . '' Taken in context , Bier clearly implies that Smithies ' method is an improvement . See also ( edit ) 2D gel analysis software History of electrophoresis Electrophoretic mobility shift assay Gel extraction Isoelectric focusing Pulsed field gel electrophoresis Nonlinear frictiophoresis Two - dimensional gel electrophoresis SDD - AGE Zymography Fast parallel proteolysis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kryndushkin DS , Alexandrov IM , Ter - Avanesyan MD , Kushnirov VV ( 2003 ) . `` Yeast ( PSI+ ) prion aggregates are formed by small Sup35 polymers fragmented by Hsp104 '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 278 ( 49 ) : 49636 -- 43 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M307996200 . PMID 14507919 . Jump up ^ Sambrook J , Russel DW ( 2001 ) . Molecular Cloning : A Laboratory Manual 3rd Ed . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . Cold Spring Harbor , NY . ^ Jump up to : Berg JM , Tymoczko JL , Stryer L ( 2002 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . WH Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4955 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robyt , John F. ; White , Bernard J. ( 1990 ) . Biochemical Techniques Theory and Practice . Waveland Press . ISBN 0 - 88133 - 556 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Molecular Weight Determination by SDS - PAGE '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tom Maniatis ; E.F. Fritsch ; Joseph Sambrook . `` Chapter 5 , protocol 1 '' . Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual . 1 ( 3rd ed . ) . p. 5.2 -- 5.3 . ISBN 978 - 0879691363 . Jump up ^ Smisek , D.L. ; Hoagland , D.A. ( 1989 ) . `` Agarose gel electrophoresis of high molecular weight , synthetic polyelectrolytes '' . Macromolecules. 22 ( 5 ) : 2270 -- 2277 . Bibcode : 1989MaMol ... 22.2270 S . doi : 10.1021 / ma00195a048 . Jump up ^ `` Agarose gel electrophoresis ( basic method ) '' . Biological Protocols . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Schägger , Hermann ( 2006 ) . `` Tricine -- SDS - PAGE '' . Nature Protocols. 1 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 22 . doi : 10.1038 / nprot. 2006.4 . PMID 17406207 . Jump up ^ Gordon , A.H. ( 1975 ) . Electrophoresis of proteins in polyacrylamide and starch gels . New York : American Elsevier Publishing Company , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Smithies , O. ( 1955 ) . `` Zone electrophoresis in starch gels : group variations in the serum proteins of normal adults '' . Biochem. J. 61 ( 4 ) : 629 -- 641 . PMC 1215845 . PMID 13276348 . Jump up ^ Wraxall , B.G.D. ; Culliford , B.J. ( 1968 ) . `` A thin - layer starch gel method for enzyme typing of bloodstains '' . J. Forensic Sci. Soc. 8 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / S0015 - 7368 ( 68 ) 70449 - 7 . PMID 5738223 . Jump up ^ Buell , GN ; Wickens , MP ; Payvar , F ; Schimke , RT ( Apr 10 , 1978 ) . `` Synthesis of full length cDNAs from four partially purified oviduct mRNAs '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 253 ( 7 ) : 2471 -- 82 . PMID 632280 . Jump up ^ Schelp , C ; Kaaden , OR ( May 1989 ) . `` Enhanced full - length transcription of Sindbis virus RNA by effective denaturation with methylmercury hydroxide '' . Acta virologica. 33 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 302 . PMID 2570517 . Jump up ^ Fromin N , Hamelin J , Tarnawski S , Roesti D , Jourdain - Miserez K , Forestier N , Teyssier - Cuvelle S , Gillet F , Aragno M , Rossi P ( November 2002 ) . `` Statistical analysis of denaturing gel electrophoresis ( DGE ) fingerprinting patterns '' . Environ . Microbiol. 4 ( 11 ) : 634 -- 43 . PMID 12460271 . Jump up ^ Fischer SG , Lerman LS ( January 1979 ) . `` Length - independent separation of DNA restriction fragments in two - dimensional gel electrophoresis '' . Cell. 16 ( 1 ) : 191 -- 200 . PMID 369706 . Jump up ^ Hempelmann E , Wilson RJ ( 1981 ) . `` Detection of glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase in malarial parasites '' . Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 197 -- 204 . doi : 10.1016 / 0166 - 6851 ( 81 ) 90100 - 6 . PMID 7012616 . Jump up ^ Ninfa AJ , Ballou DP ( 1998 ) . Fundamental Approaches to Biochemistry and Biotechnology . Bethesda , Md : Fitzgerald Science Press . ISBN 9781891786006 . Jump up ^ Ninfa , Alexander J. ; Ballou , David P. ; Benore , Marilee ( 2009 ) . fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . p. 161 . ISBN 0470087668 . Jump up ^ Brody JR , Kern SE ( October 2004 ) . `` History and principles of conductive media for standard DNA electrophoresis '' ( PDF ) . Anal . Biochem. 333 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ab. 2004.05. 054 . PMID 15351274 . Jump up ^ Lodish H ; Berk A ; Matsudaira P ( 2004 ) . Molecular Cell Biology ( 5th ed . ) . WH Freeman : New York , NY . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 8 . Jump up ^ Troubleshooting DNA agarose gel electrophoresis . Focus 19 : 3 p. 66 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Thorne HV ( 1966 ) . `` Electrophoretic separation of polyoma virus DNA from host cell DNA '' . Virology. 29 ( 2 ) : 234 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6822 ( 66 ) 90029 - 8 . PMID 4287545 . Jump up ^ Weber , K ; Osborn , M ( 1969 ) . `` The reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 244 ( 16 ) : 4406 -- 12 . PMID 5806584 . Jump up ^ Aaij C , Borst P ( 1972 ) . `` The gel electrophoresis of DNA '' . Biochim Biophys Acta. 269 ( 2 ) : 192 -- 200 . doi : 10.1016 / 0005 - 2787 ( 72 ) 90426 - 1 . PMID 5063906 . Jump up ^ Kastenholz B ( 2004 ) . `` Preparative native continuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( PNC ‐ PAGE ) : an efficient method for isolating cadmium cofactors in biological systems '' . Analytical Letters. 37 ( 4 ) : 657 -- 665 . doi : 10.1081 / AL - 120029742 . Jump up ^ Milan Bier ( 1959 ) . Electrophoresis . Theory , Methods and Applications ( 3rd ed . ) . Academic Press . p. 225 . OCLC 1175404 . LCC 59 - 7676 . Jump up ^ Minde DP ( 2012 ) . `` Determining biophysical protein stability in lysates by a fast proteolysis assay , FASTpp '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 10 ) : e46147 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 746147M . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0046147 . PMC 3463568 . PMID 23056252 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gel electrophoresis . Biotechniques Laboratory electrophoresis demonstration , from the University of Utah 's Genetic Science Learning Center Discontinuous native protein gel electrophoresis Drinking straw electrophoresis How to run a DNA or RNA gel Animation of gel analysis of DNA restriction Step by step photos of running a gel and extracting DNA A typical method from wikiversity 2 - D Electrophoresis Principles & Methods Handbook Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI Electrophoresis Techniques Affinity electrophoresis Agarose gel electrophoresis Capillary electrochromatography Capillary electrophoresis Dielectrophoresis Difference gel electrophoresis Discontinuous electrophoresis Electroblotting Electrochromatography Electrophoretic mobility shift assay Gel electrophoresis Immunoelectrophoresis Iontophoresis Isotachophoresis Moving - boundary electrophoresis Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis Two - dimensional gel electrophoresis Applications DNA laddering DNA separation by silica adsorption Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids Gel electrophoresis of proteins Serum protein electrophoresis Theory Electrical mobility Isoelectric focusing Journals Electrophoresis ( journal ) Commons Analytical Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gel_electrophoresis&oldid=841216943 '' Categories : Protein methods Molecular biology Laboratory techniques Electrophoresis Polymerase chain reaction Gels Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kurdî Magyar Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Simple English کوردی Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 17 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in gel electrophoresis what is the purpose of the buffer	[ "There are limits to electrophoretic techniques. Since passing current through a gel causes heating, gels may melt during electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is performed in buffer solutions to reduce pH changes due to the electric field, which is important because the charge of DNA and RNA depends on pH, but running for too long can exhaust the buffering capacity of the solution. There are also limitations in determining the molecular weight by SDS-PAGE, especially if you are trying to find the MW of an unknown protein. There are certain biological variables that are difficult or impossible to minimize and can affect the electrophoretic migration. Such factors include protein structure, post-translational modifications, and amino acid composition. For example, tropomyosin is an acidic protein that migrates abnormally on SDS-PAGE gels. This is because the acidic residues are repelled by the negatively charged SDS, leading to an inaccurate mass-to-charge ratio and migration.[5] Further, different preparations of genetic material may not migrate consistently with each other, for morphological or other reasons." ]	[ "to reduce pH changes due to the electric field" ]
7904461242156377970	Voltron: Legendary Defender	Voltron : Legendary Defender - wikipedia Voltron : Legendary Defender Voltron : Legendary Defender Genre Mecha Science fantasy Action Adventure Comedy Drama Based on Voltron : Defender of the Universe by World Events Productions Beast King GoLion by Toei Animation Voices of Josh Keaton Steven Yeun Jeremy Shada Bex Taylor - Klaus Tyler Labine Kimberly Brooks Rhys Darby Neil Kaplan Cree Summer A.J. Locascio Opening theme Alex Geringas Composer ( s ) Brad Breeck Country of origin United States ( production ) South Korea ( animation ) Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 65 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joaquim Dos Santos Lauren Montgomery Ted Koplar Bob Koplar Yoo Jae Myung Producer ( s ) Choi Goun Kim Seul Ki Lee Soo Kyung Kim Young Hyun ( season 1 − 6 ) Han Seong Ho ( season 7 ) Park Sang Ah ( season 7 ) Running time 23 minutes 69 minutes ( The Rise of Voltron ) Production company ( s ) DreamWorks Animation Television World Events Productions Studio Mir Distributor Netflix NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Netflix Picture format 1080p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Voltron Voltron : Fleet of Doom Voltron : The Third Dimension Voltron Force External links Website Voltron : Legendary Defender is an American animated mecha web television series produced by American companies DreamWorks Animation Television and World Events Productions and animated by South Korean Studio Mir . It is a reboot of the Voltron franchise and Japanese anime series Beast King GoLion , and its animation is a mix of anime - influenced traditional animation for characters and background and CGI for Voltron action sequences . Voltron : Legendary Defender is set in a science fiction universe where planetary energy called `` quintessence '' can be used to power vehicles and magic . The series follows the adventures of the Paladins of Voltron who must learn to work together to form the giant robot Voltron and use it to defeat the evil Galra Empire . The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10 , 2016 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The series has a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . It has been released globally in United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , France , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Scandinavia , Benelux Union , Latin America , Slovenia and Italy . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 , and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13 , 2017 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The fifth season premiered on March 2 , 2018 , and consists of six episodes . The sixth season premiered on June 15 , 2018 and consists of seven episodes . A seventh season premiered on August 10 , 2018 and consists of thirteen episodes . The series ' success has spawned several comics , action figures , and other toys . The eighth and final season will premiere on December 14 , 2018 , and will consist of of thirteen episodes . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.1. 1 Voltron Force 2.1. 2 Galra Empire 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Comics 6.1 Volume 1 ( 2016 ) 6.2 Volume 2 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Volume 3 ( 2018 ) 7 International broadcast 8 Home media 9 Promotion and merchandising 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) For millennia , the evil Galra Empire has plagued the universe by destroying other civilizations and enslaving various races . The only known threat strong enough against the empire 's power and plans is the legendary `` Defender of the Universe '' Voltron , a 100 - meter tall robot warrior composed of five lion mechas whose pilots are known as the Paladins . At the crux of the war that ended with the destruction of planet Altea , Voltron was separated by King Alfor of Altea in order to protect Voltron from falling into the Galran Emperor Zarkon 's possession . King Alfor bonded the five lion 's energies to his daughter Allura 's life force and sent them across the universe to different locations until the time for the next generation of Paladins to appear and pilot Voltron arrived . Princess Allura , her royal advisor Coran , and the Altean Castle of Lions were hidden on planet Arus along with the Black Lion . In the present , the Galra Empire 's path of conquest and search for Voltron has led them to Earth 's solar system . A group of space pilots -- Shiro , Keith , Lance , Pidge , and Hunk -- discover the Blue Lion and immediately get swept up into the Galran War . They meet Princess Allura , become the new Paladins , and reunite the five lions to form Voltron , beginning their fight to liberate the universe from the Galra Empire . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Voltron characters Main ( edit ) Voltron force ( edit ) Josh Keaton as Lieutenant / Commander Takashi `` Shiro '' Shirogane -- The Black Paladin and the pilot of the Black Lion . The Leader of the Defenders of the Universe , Shiro was captured by the Galra Empire a year before the start of the series during which he was given a weaponized prosthetic right arm . A natural , decisive leader , Shiro is calm and always in control . At the end of season two , Shiro reclaims his personal bayard weapon from Zarkon that enables them to defeat him , but Shiro mysteriously vanishes afterwards . In season three , it is revealed he was teleported to a Galra ship , as he ended up on one before escaping and was eventually found by the team . After finding that the Black Lion no longer accepts him as its true paladin , he continues to aid the team by providing guidance and support to them from the Castle of the Lions . At the start of season four , Shiro manages to re-establish his bond with the Black Lion when Keith was absent during an intense battle . In season five , he has become an unwitting mole of Haggar , who can see through his eyes to keep an eye on Lotor . After Keith and the Altean Romelle revealed Lotor 's true intentions , Haggar takes full control over Shiro , and Keith discovers that the Shiro besides them is a clone , while the true Shiro died during the fight at the end of season two and his soul lies inside the Black Lion . Afterwards , Shiro is revived when Allura uses her powers to transfer his soul from the Black Lion to the clone 's body . In season 7 following his return to Earth , he becomes the captain of the Atlas , a Garrison battleship and joins the fight against Sendak . The first episode introduces the character `` Adam W . '' who ( outside of the show ) has been referred to as a `` significant other '' to Shiro , a description confirmed by Lauren Montgomery which has led to Shiro being labeled an LGBT character . Steven Yeun as Keith -- The Red Paladin and the pilot of the Red Lion . Formerly a cadet at Galaxy Garrison academy before being expelled , Keith is an orphan and a lone wolf as a result . Sullen and temperamental , Keith spends his free time honing his skills for battle . In season two , Keith discovers he has Galra blood , apparently from his maternal side of the family . The revelation comes from a knife which associated him with a secret rebel group of the Galra called the `` Blade of Marmora '' , but also ends up straining Allura 's trust in him for a while . Due to Shiro 's absence , Keith takes over as the head of Voltron as the new pilot of the Black Lion in season three . At the start of season four , Keith officially steps down as the leader of Voltron , handing the position back to Shiro so that he can continue to work with the Blade of Marmora . At the end of season five , Keith is reunited with his Galra mother , Krolia . He rejoins the Paladins in the end of season six , reassuming command of the Black Lion . Jeremy Shada as Lance -- The Blue Paladin and the pilot of the Blue Lion . Lance was the fighter pilot of his team at Galaxy Garrison academy . Cocky and confident , Lance is the comic relief of the Defenders and likes to think of himself as a ladies ' man as well as the sharpshooter . Lance has maintained a one - sided rivalry with Keith from when the two were at the Galaxy Garrison together , but the two have shown to be an effective team . Lance becomes the new pilot of the Red Lion from season three onward . Bex Taylor - Klaus as Katie `` Pidge Gunderson '' Holt -- The Green Paladin and the pilot of the Green Lion . Katie disguised herself as a boy named Pidge Gunderson to get into Galaxy Garrison academy to find out what happened to her father and brother who disappeared whilst on the same mission which Shiro was captured on . A technical genius , Pidge is the smartest member of the team able to create specialist modifications for the Green Lion such as a cloaking device ( which only lasts thirty seconds ) and she re-purposed a Galran drone to work for her , naming it Rover , who later sacrifice itself to protect her . During her time as a Paladin , she eventually rescues her family and while her brother Matt keeps fighting for the alliance , her father returns to Earth to warn the Galaxy Garrison about the war against the Galra . Tyler Labine as Hunk -- The Yellow Paladin and the pilot of the Yellow Lion . Hunk was the engineer of his team at Galaxy Garrison academy . A gentle giant with an equally large appetite , Hunk is the heart of the team , lifting them up and making peace between them . After witnessing first hand the devastation and misery that Zarkon 's conquest of the universe has brought upon the people of various worlds , Hunk is determined to free those enslaved . Kimberly Brooks as Princess Allura -- Crown Princess of Altea , the daughter of King Alfor , Allura was the last known female Altean . Pilot and keeper of the Castle of Lions , a structure that is both a castle and a spaceship , Allura granted the Defenders their titles and sent them on their mission to defeat Zarkon and liberate the universe . Allura wishes more than anything to finish her father 's work in stopping Zarkon . In season three , she becomes the new pilot of the Blue Lion as the new Blue Paladin . As an Altean , Allura 's abilities include the chameleon - like ability to blend in with other species and magical abilities related to quintessence . She has a telepathic bond with some Altean mice that had ended up in the same cryo - pod that she was hibernating inside of . Rhys Darby as Coran -- The Royal advisor to Princess Allura 's family , Coran was the last known male Altean . Energetic and excitable , Coran serves Allura dutifully whilst being fiercely protective of her . He tends to ramble on and on about his past , particularly about his supposedly daring feats or past experiences . Despite his odd and quirky character , he is a reliable and steadfast ally to his princess and the Paladins . Galra Empire ( edit ) Neil Kaplan as Emperor Zarkon -- The Emperor of the ruthless Galra Empire , and the ruler of most of the known universe after spending the last ten thousand years conquering it . He desires the Lions of Voltron , whom he is powerful to contend against , due to both the threat they pose to campaign along with the revelation that he was the former Black Paladin that motivates his claim of the Lions as his own property . During the season two finale , Zarkon faces Voltron and the Paladins in an experimental mecha armor and is defeated but left in a coma for most of season three until he was revived by Haggar and begins a manhunt for Lotor . In season five , Lotor seems to have killed him in a duel to the death , and he is declared dead by the empire . Cree Summer as Witch Haggar -- Zarkon 's primary advisor , and leader of the Druids , dark mystics who fanatically serve the Galra Empire . Haggar is both a dangerous sorceress and a mad scientist . She combines her unnatural magic with abominable science to arm Galra soldiers with powerful weapons , create terrible monsters later called `` Robeasts '' to fight Voltron , and leech all manner of living things , including entire planets , of the mystical energy known as quintessence for the Galra to use in their conquest of the universe . In battle , her magical abilities allow her to teleport , cast illusions , fog the minds of others with hallucinations , and use her hands to project energy blasts and shields . Haggar is eventually revealed to be an Altean alchemist named Honerva , Zarkon 's wife who played a role in Voltron 's origins ten millennia ago . While afflicted by the same corruption that transformed Zarkon , Haggar lost all the memories of her former life , and gradually recovered them as she traveled the mystical realm of Oriande where Altean alchemy originated . The trip restores Haggar to her original state as Honerva . She has mysteriously disappeared during season 7 . Honerva will return on season 8 . A.J. Locascio as Prince Lotor -- The son of Zarkon and Honerva , making him a Galra - Altean hybrid , who assumes control of the Galra Empire following his father 's inability to lead while in critical condition . Possessing a Messianic complex , Lotor 's ideology that strength comes from worthy followers from conquered worlds , rather than resource expansion and subjugation , is reflected in his personal all - female strike team who are half - Galra like himself . While acting as ruler , ignoring matters that he deems a waste of time , Lotor has been working on his own plans to obtain Quintessence which results with him branded an outlaw by Zarkon once he returns to power . Forming an alliance with the Paladins after saving them from Haggar 's ambush , Lotor manages to win back the Galra throne after defeating his father in a battle to the death and subsequently dealing with insurgents , but Lotor 's alliance with the Paladins falls apart once it is revealed that he secretly saved many Alteans at the time during the past war , hiding them away and allowing them to thrive , only to sacrifice a majority of them so he can use their harvested quintessence for his plans , as revealed by Keith and the Altean Romelle . It is eventually revealed that Lotor 's goal is to establish a new Altean Empire , one that will even span across other realities , and he will dispose of anything , even his own forces if need be , to accomplish this , as he fights Voltron using his own giant robot formed from his Sincline ships , which has the ability to enter the Quintessence field at will . As the fight enters the Quintessence field itself , the exposure to all that quintessence drives Lotor mad with power , just like Zarkon , but Lotor is defeated when Allura has Voltron use all of its power , both from itself and the constant power it gets from Quintessence field , against him . As the power makes Voltron increasingly difficult to keep together , they are forced to abandon Lotor in the Quintessence field . Lotor will return on season 8 . Production ( edit ) On January 5 , 2016 , Netflix and DreamWorks Animation announced a new original animated Voltron series to debut in 2016 as an expansion of their existing multi-year agreement . Voltron was one of several series planned for initial development and debut in 2016 , including Guillermo del Toro 's animated Trollhunters . Lauren Montgomery and Joaquim Dos Santos , both known for their work on the Avatar : The Last Airbender and its sequel The Legend of Korra , served as showrunners while fellow crew member Tim Hedrick served as head writer . On March 25 , 2016 , at WonderCon it was announced that the voice cast would consist of Steven Yeun as Keith , Jeremy Shada as Lance , Bex Taylor - Klaus as Pidge , Josh Keaton as Shiro , Tyler Labine as Hunk , Kimberly Brooks as Princess Allura ; and Rhys Darby as Coran and Neil Kaplan as King Zarkon . Cree Summer later confirmed that she would be voicing Witch Haggar . The first season premiered on June 10 , 2016 , and consisted of 13 episodes . It was announced at San Diego Comic - Con that season two will premiere on Netflix in late 2016 . A few months later , at New York Comic Con , it was announced that the second season will premiere on January 20 , 2017 . The second season saw a special premiere at the New York Comic Con in October 7 , 2016 , where an episode was shown at the Voltron panel . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 , and consisted of 7 episodes . The fourth season premiered on October 2017 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The series was revealed at WonderCon 2017 to have a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . The fifth season premiered on March 2 , 2018 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The sixth season premiered on June 15 , 2018 , and consisted of 7 episodes . The seventh season premiered on August 10 , 2018 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The eighth and final season is confirmed to premiere on December 14 , 2018 , consisting of 13 episodes . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Voltron : Legendary Defender episodes Season Episodes Originally released First aired 13 June 10 , 2016 January 20 , 2017 7 August 4 , 2017 6 October 13 , 2017 5 March 2 , 2018 6 7 June 15 , 2018 7 13 August 10 , 2018 8 December 14 , 2018 Reception ( edit ) Voltron : Legendary Defender has received critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating for the first season , based on 11 reviews , with Critic Consensus being that `` Voltron : Legendary Defender honors its source material with beautifully expressive animation and impactful action . '' In reviewing the first season Max Nicholson of IGN wrote , `` DreamWork 's Voltron Legendary Defender delivers exactly the kind of show you 've come to expect from the amazing creative team behind The Legend of Korra . '' He rated the series an 8.9 out of 10 . Sarah Moran of ScreenRant gave a positive review of the first . Moran wrote , `` It is n't trying to reinvent or really improve on the original conceit of Voltron , but Legendary Defender is certainly a welcomed take on a classic cartoon ; one that should appeal to fans both new and old . '' Shamus Kelly from Den of Geek gave the series 5 stars out of 5 . Kelly wrote , `` Seriously , you wo n't be disappointed . It 's something special that does n't come around often in television . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Status Ref . 2017 44th Annie Awards Best / Animated TV Broadcast Production For Children 's Audience Episode : `` Return of the Gladiator '' Nominated Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series , Teens and Tweens Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated IGN 's Best of 2016 Awards Best Animated Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated 6th Annual BTVA Awards Best Vocal Ensemble in a New Television Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Vocal Ensemble in a New Television Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Won Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Jeremy Shada ( Lance ) Nominated Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Kimberly Brooks ( Allura ) Won Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Neil Kaplan ( Emperor Zarkon ) Won BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Neil Kaplan ( Emperor Zarkon ) Won IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards Best Animated Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated 2018 Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series , Teens and Tweens Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated 7th Annual BTVA Awards Best Vocal Ensemble in a Television Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Vocal Ensemble in a Television Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Won Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series Rhys Darby ( Coran ) Nominated BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series Rhys Darby ( Coran ) Won Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role AJ Locascio ( Prince Lotor ) Won BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role AJ Locascio ( Prince Lotor ) Won Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role Alyson Stoner ( Florona ) Nominated BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role Alyson Stoner ( Florona ) Won Comics ( edit ) Three comic series detailing events happening in between episodes were announced in January 2016 . Taking story ideas that were deemed too outlandish and too epic to be contained in a 23 - minute episode from the animated series , these comic series bridges the time lapse between seasons . Volume 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The first miniseries consisted of five issues , published by Lion Forge Comics . It was written by show head writer Tim Hedrick and Mitch Iverson , and illustrated by Digital Art Chefs . A special cover variant of issue # 1 was available at San Diego Comic - Con in 2016 , with a limited release of 250 copies . Issue # 2 was released on August 2 , 2016 , followed by issue # 3 on October 5 , 2016 , issue # 4 on November 9 , 2016 , and issue # 5 on November 20 , 2016 . The whole series will be collected in a graphic novel and was initially scheduled for a December 2016 release , but got pushed back to January 3 , 2017 , then was finally released January 25 , 2017 , according to Lion Forge . The second series will be announced after the release of the graphic novel . A motion comic of issue 1 with full voice acting by the series cast was released on June 15 , 2017 , at the DreamWorksTV YouTube channel . The story takes place in between the season 1 episodes `` Rebirth '' and `` Crystal Venom . '' Issue Release Date Writer ( s ) Artist ( s ) Collection ISBN # 1 July 13 , 2016 Tim Hedrick Mitch Iverson Digital Art Chefs Voltron : Legendary Defender Volume 1 RELEASED JANUARY 25 , 2017 9781941302217 # 2 August 24 , 2016 # 3 October 5 , 2016 # 4 November 9 , 2016 # 5 November 30 , 2016 Volume 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) During the Voltron : Legendary Defender panel at WonderCon 2017 , it was announced that the second series of five issues would debut in May 2017 . The date was pushed back to late June due to production delays. , however the date was pushed back on October 4 , 2017 where was published where lssue 2 and 3 was published on the same day , November 1 , 2017 and issue 4 was published on November 15 , 2017 , lssue 5 was published on December 13 , 2017 , the Vol. 2 Trade Paperback was published on January 31 , 2018 . The story takes place in between the season 2 episodes `` Shiro 's Escape '' and `` Greening the Cube . '' Issue Release Date Writer ( s ) Artist ( s ) Collection ISBN # 1 October 4 , 2017 Tim Hedrick Mitch Iverson Jung Gwan Ji - in Choi Voltron : Legendary Defender Volume 2 : Pilgrimage RELEASED JANUARY 31 , 2018 9781941302354 # 2 November 1 , 2017 Rubine Beni Lobel # 3 Rubine Jung Gwan Yoo Beni Lobel # 4 November 15 , 2017 Rubine Beni Lobel # 5 December 13 , 2017 Rubine Beni Lobel Puste Volume 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Volume 3 debuted on July 11 , 2018 . The story is set between season 4 and season 5 . Issue Release Date Writer ( s ) Artist ( s ) Collection ISBN # 1 July 11 , 2018 Mitch Iverson Gung Gwan Yoo Ji - in Choi Rubine Beni Lobel Voltron : Legendary Defender Volume 3 : Absolution Released January 9 , 2019 9786976585055 # 2 August 8 , 2018 Rubine Beni Lobel # 3 September 12 , 2018 Edwin Prasetya Puste # 4 # 5 International broadcast ( edit ) Country Channel United Kingdom Netflix Pop France Netflix Italy K2 Germany Netflix Philippines Netflix TV5 Asia DreamWorks Channel Canada Family Chrgd Netflix Australia Netflix ABC Me Hungary Minimax Romania Minimax Slovenia Minimax The Netherlands Netflix Brazil Netflix Latin America Netflix Home media ( edit ) The first two seasons were released on DVD in Region 1 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment on June 12 , 2018 . The series is also scheduled for DVD releases in the UK , Italy , and Germany . Promotion and merchandising ( edit ) To promote the series in between the release of season 1 and 2 , a Robeast fanart contest was announced via social media on October 18 , 2016 . The winner was announced on December 27 , 2016 on social media under the username `` Zilla B '' . A virtual - reality video game based on the series , known as Voltron VR Chronicles , was released for Steam , Oculus and PlayStation 4 via PlayStation Network . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Voltron Online Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Voltron : Legendary Defender announces season 2 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Shamus ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Voltron Season 3 Confirmed '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Voltron : Legendary Defender ' Season 5 Release Date Revealed '' . TV Shows . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer for `` Voltron Legendary Defender '' Season 5 , Streaming Starting March 2 , 2018 `` . Toonzone . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Voltron ' Season 6 Release Date Confirmed ! '' . Collider . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Season 7 Release Date and Everything We Know '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 1 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Playmates Voltron Legendary Defender 14 '' Electronic Voltron `` . Voltron.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender Animated Series to End This Year With Season 8 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Voltron ' Season 8 Release Date , Synopsis Released '' . Anime . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Oller , Jacob ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Voltron Legendary Defender debuts full premiere of seventh and penultimate season at SDCC 2018 '' . syfy.com . Season 7 kicks off with Shiro 's recovery ( and coming out , thanks to a flashback showing him and a significant other named Adam ) Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( 9 August 2018 ) . `` How Voltron showrunners found a Legendary LGBTQ Defender in Shiro '' . Entertainment Weekly . An episode screened for the crowd glimpsed a flashback scene involving Adam , Shiro 's former `` flight partner '' in the Galaxy Garrison who became something more . `` He is Shiro 's significant other , '' Montgomery told the room . `` They were n't married yet , but that 's the road they were going down '' -- that is , until Shiro `` made the unfortunate decision '' to go to space . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Christian ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` ' Voltron : Legendary Defender ' Paladin Confirmed as LGBT '' . comicbook.com . During today 's panel , showrunner Lauren Montgomery noted that viewers would meet Adam , Shiro 's significant other , during the seventh season of the show . The two men were heading towards marriage , but Shiro broke things off to join the Kerebos mission instead . Jump up ^ Leighton - Dore , Samuel ( 24 July 2018 ) . `` Netflix 's Voltron : Legendary Defender confirms lead character is gay '' . SBS Sexuality . Jump up ^ `` Netflix and DreamWorks Animation Expand Global Relationship '' . Netflix Media Center . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix And DreamWorks Are Working On An Animated Reboot Of ' Voltron ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks and Netflix reveal Voltron : Legendary Defender animated series showrunners '' . Nerd Reactor . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , By . `` WonderCon : Netflix 's Voltron Animated Series -- Release Date Set , Voice Cast Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cree Summer will voice Haggar the Witch '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jevon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voltron : Legendary Defender ' gets a second season on Netflix '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` DreamWorks Animation and Netflix Head to New York Comic - Con '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Season 4 '' . Dreamworks . July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Season 8 : Everything We Know '' . Den of Geek . August 23 , 2018 . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Leads Annie Awards Nominations '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2017 Kidscreen Awards winners are ... '' . February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Animated Series -- Best of 2016 Awards -- IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 BTVA Voice Acting Awards '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Best Animated Series -- Best of 2017 Awards -- IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2018 Kidscreen Awards go to ... '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 BTVA Voice Acting Awards '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voltron Legendary Defender Graphic Novel initial date '' . Dreamworks . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic SDCC Cover Variant '' . Comicsalliance.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 2 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 3 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 4 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 5 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Trade Paper Back Release Date '' . Lionforge . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Volume 1 Trade Paperback Release Date '' . Lionforge . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( MOTION COMIC ) Shakedown at the Fripping Bulgogian DREAMWORKS VOLTRON LEGENDARY DEFENDER ( Motion comic ) . DreamWorksTV . June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 2 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 3 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 4 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 5 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Comic Series 2 Announcement '' . Lionforge. April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Series 2 new Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VOLTRON LEGENDARY DEFENDER VOL 3 # 1 CVR A YAMASHIN ( MAY181839 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- ' Seasons 1 & 2 ' of the Current Show are Soaring to DVD Soon ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robeast contest announcement '' . Voltron.com . October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robeast contest announcement '' . Voltron.com . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . 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's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) DreamWorks Theatre ( 2018 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment Jay Ward Productions DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks Pictures DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures Illumination Illumination Mac Guff In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images Pearl Studio Universal Animation Studios List of productions Other programs Unproduced projects Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voltron:_Legendary_Defender&oldid=866484709 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American science fiction television series American children 's animated action television series American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated science fantasy television series Animated action television series Animated adventure television series Animated fantasy television series Animated science fantasy television series Anime - influenced Western animation English - language television programs Fantasy television series LGBT - related animation Mecha animation Netflix children 's programming Netflix original programming Science fiction television series Television series by DreamWorks Animation Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 16 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does voltron season 8 come out on netflix	[ "The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10, 2016, and consisted of 13 episodes. The series has a 78-episode commitment from Netflix. It has been released globally in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Benelux Union, Latin America, Slovenia and Italy.[1][2] The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes.[3] The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes.[4] The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes.[5][6] The sixth season premiered on June 15, 2018 and consists of seven episodes.[7] A seventh season premiered on August 10, 2018 and consists of thirteen episodes.[8] The series' success has spawned several comics,[9] action figures, and other toys.[10] The eighth and final season will premiere on December 14, 2018, and will consist of of thirteen episodes.[11][12] \n" ]	[ "December 14, 2018" ]
-4883550181625248640	2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage	2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League group stage - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League group stage Jump to : navigation , search The 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League group stage began on 12 September and will end on 6 December 2017 . A total of 32 teams compete in the group stage to decide the 16 places in the knockout phase of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League . Contents ( hide ) 1 Draw 2 Teams 3 Format 3.1 Tiebreakers 4 Groups 4.1 Group A 4.2 Group B 4.3 Group C 4.4 Group D 4.5 Group E 4.6 Group F 4.7 Group G 4.8 Group H 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Draw ( edit ) The draw for the group stage was held on 24 August 2017 , 18 : 00 CEST , at the Grimaldi Forum in Monaco . The 32 teams are drawn into eight groups of four , with the restriction that teams from the same association can not be drawn against each other . For the draw , the teams are seeded into four pots based on the following principles : Pot 1 contains the title holders and the champions of the top seven associations based on their 2016 UEFA country coefficients . If the title holders are one of the champions of the top seven associations , the champions of the association ranked eighth are also seeded into Pot 1 . Pot 2 , 3 and 4 contain the remaining teams , seeded based on their 2017 UEFA club coefficients . On 17 July 2014 , the UEFA emergency panel ruled that Ukrainian and Russian clubs would not be drawn against each other `` until further notice '' due to the political unrest between the countries . Moreover , the draw is controlled for teams from the same association in order to split the teams evenly into the two sets of four groups ( A -- D , E -- H ) for maximum television coverage . On each matchday , one set of four groups play their matches on Tuesday , while the other set of four groups play their matches on Wednesday , with the two sets of groups alternating between each matchday . The fixtures are decided after the draw , using a computer draw not shown to public , with the following match sequence ( Regulations Article 16.02 ) : Note : Positions for scheduling do not use the seeding pots , e.g. , Team 1 is not necessarily the team from Pot 1 in the draw . Matchday Matches Matchday 1 2 v 3 , 4 v 1 Matchday 2 1 v 2 , 3 v 4 Matchday 3 3 v 1 , 2 v 4 Matchday Matches Matchday 4 1 v 3 , 4 v 2 Matchday 5 3 v 2 , 1 v 4 Matchday 6 2 v 1 , 4 v 3 There are certain scheduling restrictions : for example , teams from the same city ( e.g. , Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid ) in general do not play at home on the same matchday ( UEFA tries to avoid teams from the same city playing at home on the same day or on consecutive days , due to logistics and crowd control ) , and teams in certain countries ( e.g. , Russia and Azerbaijan ) do not play at home on the last matchday ( due to cold weather and simultaneous kick - off times ) . Teams ( edit ) Below are the participating teams ( with their 2017 UEFA club coefficients ) , grouped by their seeding pot . They include 22 teams which enter in this stage , and the 10 winners of the play - off round ( 5 in Champions Route , 5 in League Route ) . Key to colours Group winners and runners - up advance to the round of 16 Third - placed teams enter the Europa League round of 32 Pot 1 ( by association rank ) Team Coeff Real Madrid 176.999 Bayern Munich 154.899 Chelsea 106.192 Juventus 140.666 Benfica 111.866 Monaco 62.333 Spartak Moscow 18.606 Shakhtar Donetsk 87.526 Pot 2 Team Coeff Barcelona 151.999 Atlético Madrid 142.999 Paris Saint - Germain 126.333 Borussia Dortmund 124.899 Sevilla 112.999 Manchester City 100.192 Porto 98.866 Manchester United 95.192 Pot 3 Team Coeff Napoli 88.666 Tottenham Hotspur 77.192 Basel 74.415 Olympiacos 64.580 Anderlecht 58.480 Liverpool 56.192 Roma 53.666 Beşiktaş 45.840 Pot 4 Team Coeff Celtic 42.785 CSKA Moscow 39.606 Sporting CP 36.866 APOEL 26.210 Feyenoord 23.212 Maribor 21.125 Qarabağ 18.050 RB Leipzig 15.899 Notes Title holders , automatically placed at the top position of seeding list . Winners of the play - off round ( Champions Route ) . Winners of the play - off round ( League Route ) . Format ( edit ) In each group , teams play against each other home - and - away in a round - robin format . The group winners and runners - up advance to the round of 16 , while the third - placed teams enter the Europa League round of 32 . Tiebreakers ( edit ) Teams are ranked according to points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) , and if tied on points , the following tiebreaking criteria are applied , in the order given , to determine the rankings ( Regulations Articles 17.01 ) : Points in head - to - head matches among tied teams ; Goal difference in head - to - head matches among tied teams ; Goals scored in head - to - head matches among tied teams ; Away goals scored in head - to - head matches among tied teams ; If more than two teams are tied , and after applying all head - to - head criteria above , a subset of teams are still tied , all head - to - head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams ; Goal difference in all group matches ; Goals scored in all group matches ; Away goals scored in all group matches ; Wins in all group matches ; Away wins in all group matches ; Disciplinary points ( red card = 3 points , yellow card = 1 point , expulsion for two yellow cards in one match = 3 points ) ; UEFA club coefficient . Groups ( edit ) The matchdays are 12 -- 13 September , 26 -- 27 September , 17 -- 18 October , 31 October -- 1 November , 21 -- 22 November , and 5 -- 6 December 2017 . The match kickoff times are 20 : 45 CEST / CET in general , except for certain matches for geographical reasons . Times up to 28 October 2017 ( matchdays 1 -- 3 ) are CEST ( UTC + 2 ) , thereafter ( matchdays 4 -- 6 ) times are CET ( UTC + 1 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Manchester United 0 0 7 + 6 6 Advance to knockout phase Basel 0 5 + 2 CSKA Moscow 0 5 − 2 Transfer to Europa League Benfica 0 0 7 − 6 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 27 September 2017 . Source : UEFA Benfica v CSKA Moscow 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 20 : 45 Benfica 1 -- 2 CSKA Moscow Seferović 50 ' Report Vitinho 63 ' ( pen . ) Zhamaletdinov 71 ' Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 38,323 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) Manchester United v Basel 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 20 : 45 Manchester United 3 -- 0 Basel Fellaini 35 ' Lukaku 53 ' Rashford 84 ' Report Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 73,854 Referee : Ruddy Buquet ( France ) Basel v Benfica 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 20 : 45 Basel 5 -- 0 Benfica Lang 2 ' Oberlin 20 ' , 69 ' Van Wolfswinkel 60 ' ( pen . ) Riveros 76 ' Report St. Jakob - Park , Basel Attendance : 34,111 Referee : Craig Thomson ( Scotland ) CSKA Moscow v Manchester United 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 20 : 45 CSKA Moscow 1 -- 4 Manchester United Kuchayev 90 ' Report Lukaku 4 ' , 27 ' Martial 19 ' ( pen . ) Mkhitaryan 57 ' VEB Arena , Moscow Attendance : 29,073 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) CSKA Moscow v Basel 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 45 CSKA Moscow Basel Report VEB Arena , Moscow Benfica v Manchester United 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 45 Benfica Manchester United Report Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Basel v CSKA Moscow 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 20 : 45 Basel CSKA Moscow Report St. Jakob - Park , Basel Manchester United v Benfica 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 20 : 45 Manchester United Benfica Report Old Trafford , Manchester CSKA Moscow v Benfica 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 18 : 00 CSKA Moscow Benfica Report VEB Arena , Moscow Basel v Manchester United 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 20 : 45 Basel Manchester United Report St. Jakob - Park , Basel Benfica v Basel 5 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 20 : 45 Benfica Basel Report Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Manchester United v CSKA Moscow 5 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 20 : 45 Manchester United CSKA Moscow Report Old Trafford , Manchester Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paris Saint - Germain 0 0 8 0 + 8 6 Advance to knockout phase Bayern Munich 0 0 Celtic 0 5 − 2 Transfer to Europa League Anderlecht 0 0 0 6 − 6 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 27 September 2017 . Source : UEFA Bayern Munich v Anderlecht 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich 3 -- 0 Anderlecht Lewandowski 12 ' ( pen . ) Thiago 65 ' Kimmich 90 ' Report Allianz Arena , Munich Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Paolo Tagliavento ( Italy ) Celtic v Paris Saint - Germain 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 20 : 45 Celtic 0 -- 5 Paris Saint - Germain Report Neymar 19 ' Mbappé 34 ' Cavani 40 ' ( pen . ) , 85 ' Lustig 83 ' ( o.g. ) Celtic Park , Glasgow Attendance : 57,562 Referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Paris Saint - Germain v Bayern Munich 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 20 : 45 Paris Saint - Germain 3 -- 0 Bayern Munich Dani Alves 2 ' Cavani 31 ' Neymar 63 ' Report Parc des Princes , Paris Attendance : 46,252 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Anderlecht v Celtic 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 20 : 45 Anderlecht 0 -- 3 Celtic Report Griffiths 38 ' Roberts 50 ' Sinclair 90 + 3 ' Constant Vanden Stock Stadium , Anderlecht Attendance : 19,898 Referee : Jesús Gil Manzano ( Spain ) Anderlecht v Paris Saint - Germain 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 45 Anderlecht Paris Saint - Germain Report Constant Vanden Stock Stadium , Anderlecht Bayern Munich v Celtic 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich Celtic Report Allianz Arena , Munich Paris Saint - Germain v Anderlecht 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 20 : 45 Paris Saint - Germain Anderlecht Report Parc des Princes , Paris Celtic v Bayern Munich 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 20 : 45 Celtic Bayern Munich Report Celtic Park , Glasgow Anderlecht v Bayern Munich 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 20 : 45 Anderlecht Bayern Munich Report Constant Vanden Stock Stadium , Anderlecht Paris Saint - Germain v Celtic 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 20 : 45 Paris Saint - Germain Celtic Report Parc des Princes , Paris Bayern Munich v Paris Saint - Germain 5 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich Paris Saint - Germain Report Allianz Arena , Munich Celtic v Anderlecht 5 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 20 : 45 Celtic Anderlecht Report Celtic Park , Glasgow Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Chelsea 0 0 8 + 7 6 Advance to knockout phase Roma 0 + 1 Atlético Madrid 0 − 1 Transfer to Europa League Qarabağ 0 0 8 − 7 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 27 September 2017 . Source : UEFA Chelsea v Qarabağ 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 20 : 45 Chelsea 6 -- 0 Qarabağ Pedro 5 ' Zappacosta 30 ' Azpilicueta 55 ' Bakayoko 71 ' Batshuayi 76 ' Medvedev 82 ' ( o.g. ) Report Stamford Bridge , London Attendance : 41,150 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) Roma v Atlético Madrid 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 20 : 45 Roma 0 -- 0 Atlético Madrid Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 36,064 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Qarabağ v Roma 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 18 : 00 Qarabağ 1 -- 2 Roma Pedro Henrique 28 ' Report Manolas 7 ' Džeko 15 ' Olympic Stadium , Baku Attendance : 67,200 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Atlético Madrid v Chelsea 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 20 : 45 Atlético Madrid 1 -- 2 Chelsea Griezmann 40 ' ( pen . ) Report Morata 60 ' Batshuayi 90 + 3 ' Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Attendance : 60,643 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Qarabağ v Atlético Madrid 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 18 : 00 Qarabağ Atlético Madrid Report Olympic Stadium , Baku Chelsea v Roma 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 45 Chelsea Roma Report Stamford Bridge , London Atlético Madrid v Qarabağ 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 20 : 45 Atlético Madrid Qarabağ Report Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Roma v Chelsea 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 20 : 45 Roma Chelsea Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Qarabağ v Chelsea 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 18 : 00 Qarabağ Chelsea Report Olympic Stadium , Baku Atlético Madrid v Roma 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 20 : 45 Atlético Madrid Roma Report Wanda Metropolitano , Madrid Chelsea v Atlético Madrid 5 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 20 : 45 Chelsea Atlético Madrid Report Stamford Bridge , London Roma v Qarabağ 5 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 20 : 45 Roma Qarabağ Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Barcelona 0 0 0 + 4 6 Advance to knockout phase Sporting CP 0 0 Juventus 0 − 1 Transfer to Europa League Olympiacos 0 0 5 − 3 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 27 September 2017 . Source : UEFA Barcelona v Juventus 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 20 : 45 Barcelona 3 -- 0 Juventus Messi 45 ' , 69 ' Rakitić 56 ' Report Camp Nou , Barcelona Attendance : 78,656 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Olympiacos v Sporting CP 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 20 : 45 Olympiacos 2 -- 3 Sporting CP Pardo 89 ' , 90 + 3 ' Report Doumbia 2 ' Gelson M. 13 ' Fernandes 43 ' Karaiskakis Stadium , Piraeus Attendance : 30,168 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) Sporting CP v Barcelona 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 20 : 45 Sporting CP 0 -- 1 Barcelona Report Coates 49 ' ( o.g. ) Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 48,575 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Juventus v Olympiacos 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 20 : 45 Juventus 2 -- 0 Olympiacos Higuaín 69 ' Mandžukić 80 ' Report Juventus Stadium , Turin Attendance : 33,460 Referee : Tobias Stieler ( Germany ) Juventus v Sporting CP 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 45 Juventus Sporting CP Report Juventus Stadium , Turin Barcelona v Olympiacos 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 45 Barcelona Olympiacos Report Camp Nou , Barcelona Sporting CP v Juventus 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 20 : 45 Sporting CP Juventus Report Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Olympiacos v Barcelona 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 20 : 45 Olympiacos Barcelona Report Karaiskakis Stadium , Piraeus Juventus v Barcelona 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 20 : 45 Juventus Barcelona Report Juventus Stadium , Turin Sporting CP v Olympiacos 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 20 : 45 Sporting CP Olympiacos Report Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Barcelona v Sporting CP 5 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 20 : 45 Barcelona Sporting CP Report Camp Nou , Barcelona Olympiacos v Juventus 5 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 20 : 45 Olympiacos Juventus Report Karaiskakis Stadium , Piraeus Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sevilla 0 5 + 3 Advance to knockout phase Liverpool 0 0 0 Spartak Moscow 0 0 0 Transfer to Europa League Maribor 0 − 3 Updated to match ( es ) played on 26 September 2017 . Source : UEFA Maribor v Spartak Moscow 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Maribor 1 -- 1 Spartak Moscow Bohar 85 ' Report Samedov 59 ' Ljudski vrt , Maribor Attendance : 12,566 Referee : Deniz Aytekin ( Germany ) Liverpool v Sevilla 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool 2 -- 2 Sevilla Firmino 21 ' Salah 37 ' Report Ben Yedder 5 ' Correa 72 ' Anfield , Liverpool Attendance : 52,332 Referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Sevilla v Maribor 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 20 : 45 Sevilla 3 -- 0 Maribor Ben Yedder 27 ' , 38 ' , 83 ' ( pen . ) Report Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville Attendance : 34,705 Referee : Aleksei Kulbakov ( Belarus ) Spartak Moscow v Liverpool 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 20 : 45 Spartak Moscow 1 -- 1 Liverpool Fernando 23 ' Report Coutinho 31 ' Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow Attendance : 43,376 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Spartak Moscow v Sevilla 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 45 Spartak Moscow Sevilla Report Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow Maribor v Liverpool 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 45 Maribor Liverpool Report Ljudski vrt , Maribor Sevilla v Spartak Moscow 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 20 : 45 Sevilla Spartak Moscow Report Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville Liverpool v Maribor 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool Maribor Report Anfield , Liverpool Spartak Moscow v Maribor 21 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 18 : 00 Spartak Moscow Maribor Report Otkrytiye Arena , Moscow Sevilla v Liverpool 21 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Sevilla Liverpool Report Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville Maribor v Sevilla 6 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Maribor Sevilla Report Ljudski vrt , Maribor Liverpool v Spartak Moscow 6 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool Spartak Moscow Report Anfield , Liverpool Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Manchester City 0 0 6 0 + 6 6 Advance to knockout phase Shakhtar Donetsk 0 − 1 Napoli 0 + 1 Transfer to Europa League Feyenoord 0 0 7 − 6 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 26 September 2017 . Source : UEFA Feyenoord v Manchester City 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Feyenoord 0 -- 4 Manchester City Report Stones 2 ' , 63 ' Agüero 10 ' Gabriel Jesus 25 ' De Kuip , Rotterdam Attendance : 43,500 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Shakhtar Donetsk v Napoli 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Shakhtar Donetsk 2 -- 1 Napoli Taison 15 ' Ferreyra 58 ' Report Milik 72 ' ( pen . ) Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv Attendance : 32,679 Referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Napoli v Feyenoord 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 20 : 45 Napoli 3 -- 1 Feyenoord Insigne 7 ' Mertens 49 ' Callejón 70 ' Report Amrabat 90 + 3 ' Stadio San Paolo , Naples Attendance : 22,577 Referee : Willie Collum ( Scotland ) Manchester City v Shakhtar Donetsk 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 20 : 45 Manchester City 2 -- 0 Shakhtar Donetsk De Bruyne 48 ' Sterling 90 ' Report City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester Attendance : 45,310 Referee : Jorge Sousa ( Portugal ) Manchester City v Napoli 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 45 Manchester City Napoli Report City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester Feyenoord v Shakhtar Donetsk 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 45 Feyenoord Shakhtar Donetsk Report De Kuip , Rotterdam Napoli v Manchester City 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 20 : 45 Napoli Manchester City Report Stadio San Paolo , Naples Shakhtar Donetsk v Feyenoord 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 20 : 45 Shakhtar Donetsk Feyenoord Report Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv Manchester City v Feyenoord 21 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Manchester City Feyenoord Report City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester Napoli v Shakhtar Donetsk 21 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Napoli Shakhtar Donetsk Report Stadio San Paolo , Naples Feyenoord v Napoli 6 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Feyenoord Napoli Report De Kuip , Rotterdam Shakhtar Donetsk v Manchester City 6 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Shakhtar Donetsk Manchester City Report Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv Group G ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Beşiktaş 0 0 5 + 4 6 Advance to knockout phase Porto 0 + 1 Monaco 0 − 3 Transfer to Europa League RB Leipzig 0 − 2 Updated to match ( es ) played on 26 September 2017 . Source : UEFA RB Leipzig v Monaco 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 20 : 45 RB Leipzig 1 -- 1 Monaco Forsberg 33 ' Report Tielemans 34 ' Red Bull Arena , Leipzig Attendance : 40,068 Referee : Michael Oliver ( England ) Porto v Beşiktaş 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Porto 1 -- 3 Beşiktaş Tošić 21 ' ( o.g. ) Report Talisca 13 ' Tosun 28 ' Babel 86 ' Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 42,429 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) Beşiktaş v RB Leipzig 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 20 : 45 Beşiktaş 2 -- 0 RB Leipzig Babel 11 ' Talisca 43 ' Report Vodafone Park , Istanbul Attendance : 36,641 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Monaco v Porto 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 20 : 45 Monaco 0 -- 3 Porto Report Aboubakar 31 ' , 69 ' Layún 89 ' Stade Louis II , Monaco Attendance : 11,703 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Monaco v Beşiktaş 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 45 Monaco Beşiktaş Report Stade Louis II , Monaco RB Leipzig v Porto 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 45 RB Leipzig Porto Report Red Bull Arena , Leipzig Beşiktaş v Monaco 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 18 : 00 Beşiktaş Monaco Report Vodafone Park , Istanbul Porto v RB Leipzig 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 20 : 45 Porto RB Leipzig Report Estádio do Dragão , Porto Beşiktaş v Porto 21 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 18 : 00 Beşiktaş Porto Report Vodafone Park , Istanbul Monaco v RB Leipzig 21 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Monaco RB Leipzig Report Stade Louis II , Monaco RB Leipzig v Beşiktaş 6 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 20 : 45 RB Leipzig Beşiktaş Report Red Bull Arena , Leipzig Porto v Monaco 6 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Porto Monaco Report Estádio do Dragão , Porto Group H ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Real Madrid 0 0 6 + 5 6 Advance to knockout phase Tottenham Hotspur 0 0 6 + 5 6 Borussia Dortmund 0 0 6 − 4 0 Transfer to Europa League APOEL 0 0 0 6 − 6 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 26 September 2017 . Source : UEFA Real Madrid v APOEL 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid 3 -- 0 APOEL Ronaldo 12 ' , 51 ' ( pen . ) Ramos 61 ' Report Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Attendance : 71,060 Referee : Benoît Bastien ( France ) Tottenham Hotspur v Borussia Dortmund 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Borussia Dortmund Son Heung - min 4 ' Kane 15 ' , 60 ' Report Yarmolenko 11 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 67,343 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Borussia Dortmund v Real Madrid 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 20 : 45 Borussia Dortmund 1 -- 3 Real Madrid Aubameyang 54 ' Report Bale 18 ' Ronaldo 50 ' , 79 ' Westfalenstadion , Dortmund Attendance : 65,849 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) APOEL v Tottenham Hotspur 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 20 : 45 APOEL 0 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur Report Kane 39 ' , 62 ' , 67 ' GSP Stadium , Nicosia Attendance : 16,324 Referee : Pavel Královec ( Czech Republic ) APOEL v Borussia Dortmund 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 45 APOEL Borussia Dortmund Report GSP Stadium , Nicosia Real Madrid v Tottenham Hotspur 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid Tottenham Hotspur Report Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Borussia Dortmund v APOEL 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 20 : 45 Borussia Dortmund APOEL Report Westfalenstadion , Dortmund Tottenham Hotspur v Real Madrid 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 20 : 45 Tottenham Hotspur Real Madrid Report Wembley Stadium , London APOEL v Real Madrid 21 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 20 : 45 APOEL Real Madrid Report GSP Stadium , Nicosia Borussia Dortmund v Tottenham Hotspur 21 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Borussia Dortmund Tottenham Hotspur Report Westfalenstadion , Dortmund Real Madrid v Borussia Dortmund 6 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid Borussia Dortmund Report Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Tottenham Hotspur v APOEL 6 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Tottenham Hotspur APOEL Report Wembley Stadium , London Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Qarabağ play their home matches at Olympic Stadium , Baku , instead of their regular stadium Azersun Arena , Baku . ^ Jump up to : Shakhtar Donetsk play their home matches at Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv , instead of their regular stadium Donbass Arena , Donetsk , due to the war conditions in Eastern Ukraine . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 / 18 Champions League match and draw calendar '' . UEFA.com. 11 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2017 / 18 Season '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com. 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Group stage draw '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Country coefficients 2014 / 15 '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Club coefficients 2016 / 17 '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Panel decisions '' . UEFA.org. 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid lead 2017 / 18 Champions League seeds '' . UEFA.com. 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Result of the Draw '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com. 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Time Summary Matchday 1 -- Tuesday 12 September 2017 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.org . Union of European Football Associations. 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Time Summary Matchday 2 -- Wednesday 27 September 2017 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.org . Union of European Football Associations. 27 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Time Summary Matchday 1 -- Wednesday 13 September 2017 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.org . Union of European Football Associations. 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Time Summary Matchday 2 -- Tuesday 26 September 2017 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.org . Union of European Football Associations. 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . 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-4721375675313231597	Justice League (film)	Justice League ( film ) - wikipedia Justice League ( film ) For other uses , see Justice League ( disambiguation ) . 2017 superhero film produced by Warner Bros . Justice League Theatrical release poster Directed by Zack Snyder Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Jon Berg Geoff Johns Screenplay by Chris Terrio Joss Whedon Story by Chris Terrio Zack Snyder Based on Characters from DC Starring Ben Affleck Henry Cavill Amy Adams Gal Gadot Ezra Miller Jason Momoa Ray Fisher Jeremy Irons Diane Lane Connie Nielsen J.K. Simmons Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Fabian Wagner Edited by David Brenner Richard Pearson Martin Walsh Production companies DC Entertainment RatPac Entertainment Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) ( Beijing ) November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $300 million Box office $657.9 million Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the follow - up to 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Zack Snyder , written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon , and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , Gal Gadot , Ezra Miller , Jason Momoa , and Ray Fisher as the title team , with Amy Adams , Jeremy Irons , Diane Lane , Connie Nielsen , and J.K. Simmons in supporting roles . In the film , Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash , Aquaman , and Cyborg after Superman 's death to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons . The film was announced in October 2014 , with Snyder on board to direct and Terrio attached to write the script . Initially titled Justice League Part One , with a second part to follow in 2019 , the second film was indefinitely delayed to accommodate a standalone Batman film with Affleck . Principal photography commenced in April 2016 and ended in October 2016 . After Snyder stepped down to deal with the death of his daughter , Joss Whedon was hired to oversee the remainder of post-production , including directing additional scenes written by himself ; Snyder retained sole directorial credit , while Whedon received a screenwriting credit . Justice League premiered in Beijing on October 26 , 2017 , and was released in the United States in 2D , Real D 3D , and IMAX on November 17 , 2017 . With an estimated production budget of $300 million , Justice League is one of the most expensive films ever made . The film grossed $657 million worldwide against a break - even point of $750 million , becoming a box office bomb and losing the studio approximately $60 million , while also making it the lowest overall gross of the DCEU . The film received mixed reviews from critics ; the action sequences and performances ( particularly Gadot and Miller ) were praised , while the plot , writing , pacing , villain , and overuse of CGI were criticized . The film 's tone was met with a polarized reception , with some appreciating the lighter tone compared to the previous DCEU films , and others finding it inconsistent . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Filming 3.3 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot Thousands of years ago , Steppenwolf and his legions of Parademons attempted to take over Earth with the combined energies of three Mother Boxes . They were foiled by a unified army that includes the Olympian Gods , Amazons , Atlanteans , mankind , and a Green Lantern . After repelling Steppenwolf 's army , the Mother Boxes were separated and hidden in locations on the planet . In the present , mankind is in mourning over Superman , whose death triggers the Mother Boxes to reactivate and Steppenwolf 's return to Earth . In an effort to regain favor with his master , Darkseid , Steppenwolf aims to gather the boxes to form `` The Unity '' , which will destroy Earth 's ecology and terraform it in the image of Steppenwolf 's homeworld . Steppenwolf retrieves the Mother Box from Themyscira , prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana of Steppenwolf 's return . Diana joins Bruce Wayne in his attempt to unite other metahumans to their cause , with Wayne going after Arthur Curry and Barry Allen , while Diana tries to locate Victor Stone . Wayne fails to persuade Curry , but manages to recruit an enthusiastic Allen onto the team . Although Diana fails to convince Stone to join , he agrees to help them locate the threat if he discovers their location . Stone later joins the team after his father Silas and several other S.T.A.R. Labs employees are kidnapped by Steppenwolf seeking to acquire the Mother Box from mankind . Steppenwolf attacks Atlantis to retrieve the next Mother Box , forcing Curry into action . The team receives intel from Commissioner James Gordon leading them to Steppenwolf 's army , based in an abandoned facility under Gotham Harbor . Although the group manages to rescue the kidnapped employees , the facility is flooded during combat , which traps the team until Curry helps delay the flood so they can escape . Stone retrieves the last Mother Box , which he had hidden , for the group to analyze . Stone reveals that his father used the Mother Box to rebuild Stone 's body after an accident almost cost him his life . Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman , not only to help them fight off Steppenwolf 's invasion , but also to restore hope to mankind . Diana and Curry are hesitant about the idea , but Wayne forms a secret contingency plan in case Superman returns as hostile . Clark Kent 's body is exhumed and placed in the amniotic fluid of the genesis chamber of the Kryptonian ship alongside the Mother Box , which in turn activates and successfully resurrects Superman . However , Superman 's memories have not returned , and he attacks the group after Stone accidentally launches a projectile at him . On the verge of being killed by Superman , Batman enacts his contingency plan : Lois Lane . Superman calms down and leaves with Lane to his family home in Smallville , where he reflects and his memories slowly come back . In the turmoil , the last Mother Box is left unguarded and Steppenwolf retrieves it with ease . Without Superman to aid them , the five heroes travel to a village in Russia where Steppenwolf aims to unite the Mother Boxes once again to remake Earth . The team fights their way through the Parademons to reach Steppenwolf , although they are unable to distract him enough for Stone to separate the Mother boxes . Superman arrives and assists Allen in evacuating the city , as well as Stone in separating the Mother Boxes . The team defeats Steppenwolf , who , overcome with fear , is attacked by his own Parademons before they all teleport away . After the battle , Bruce and Diana agree to set up a base of operations for the team , with room for more members . Diana steps back into the public spotlight as a hero ; Barry acquires a job in Central City 's police department , impressing his father ; Victor continues to explore and enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs ; Arthur embraces his Atlantean heritage ; and Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent . In a post-credits scene , Lex Luthor has escaped from Arkham Asylum and then recruits Slade Wilson to form their own league . Cast Ben Affleck , Ezra Miller , Gal Gadot , Ray Fisher and Jason Momoa at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con . Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A wealthy socialite , and the owner of Wayne Enterprises . He dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained , masked vigilante equipped with various tools and weapons . Affleck noted on how the film gave him an opportunity to reinvent Batman and portray a more classic take on the character . He described that in the film , audiences will see Batman as more heroic , and more of a leader . `` Batman is by nature , ( while ) not necessarily anti-social , pretty private , pretty a loner , '' Affleck says . `` And then in this movie he 's thrust into the role of having to not only work with people , but bring them together and convince them to come in and try to ... somehow with Wonder Woman hold all that community effort together . That was a really interesting thing to play for me , and it also does take us to a more traditional role for Batman in the Justice League comics , and his role with the Justice League versus the sort of less typical version we saw in Batman v Superman , where he was blinded by rage and wanted to take on Superman . '' Henry Cavill as Kal - El / Clark Kent / Superman : A member of , and inspiration for , the Justice League . He is a Kryptonian survivor , and a journalist for the Daily Planet based in Metropolis . In Justice League , Superman was portrayed as more optimistic and hopeful . The character was intentionally excluded from all Justice League marketing materials to emphasize his death as depicted on Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Amy Adams as Lois Lane : An undaunted and compassionate award - winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the love interest for Kent . Adams confirmed that she would reprise her role as Lois Lane in Justice League and its untitled sequel . Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman : An antiquities dealer , acquaintance of Wayne , and an immortal Amazonian warrior , who is the crown princess of Themyscira and daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus . She is endowed with metahuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents . Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash : A Central City University student , who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force . Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman : The heir to the throne of the undersea nation of Atlantis . His metahuman aquatic abilities and physical attributes originate from his Atlantean physiology . Momoa was cast as Aquaman in October 2014 , and made a cameo role in Batman v. Superman : Dawn of Justice . Momoa stated that the Justice League film would be released first , before the release of the solo Aquaman film , which may be about the hero 's origin story . Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg : A former college athlete who , after being cybernetically reconstructed after a nearly fatal car accident , is turned into a techno - organic being enhanced by reactive , adaptive biomimetic alien technology . His enhancements include the abilities of flight , variable weaponry and technopathy . Fisher portrays the character through the use of motion capture for the cybernetic portion of his body . Fisher was cast as Cyborg in April 2014 , and made a cameo in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne 's butler , chief of security , and trusted confidant . Diane Lane as Martha Kent : Kent 's adoptive mother . Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta : Diana 's mother and Queen of the Amazons . J.K. Simmons as James Gordon : The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department , and close ally of Batman . Ciarán Hinds as Steppenwolf : An alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons and is searching for the three Mother Boxes held on Earth . The character is described as `` old , tired '' and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid . Hinds portrayed the villain through use of motion capture and received some advice in the process from Liam Neeson , who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls . After the release of the film , Hinds was reportedly unhappy with the final cut of the film , which trimmed down the backstory and characterization of Steppenwolf . The Olympian Old Gods Zeus , Ares and Artemis are portrayed by fitness model Sergi Constance , stuntman Nick McKinless , and MMA fighter Aurore Lauzeral , respectively . All three were required to reach a specific degree of physicality , with Snyder instructing McKinless to sport `` veins like worms and paper thin skin '' . In the finished film , McKinless ' face was replaced with David Thewlis ' face , and Thewlis received the credit as Ares . Robin Wright reprises her role as Antiope during a flashback sequence . Amber Heard portrays the Atlantean Mera . Two ancient kings of Earth appear during a scene depicting Steppenwolf 's first invasion , including King Atlan of Atlantis and Arthur Pendragon of ancient England ; portrayed by Julian Lewis Jones and Francis Magee , respectively . Joe Morton reprises his role as Silas Stone , Victor Stone 's father and S.T.A.R. Labs ' head while Billy Crudup appears , uncredited , as Henry Allen , Barry Allen 's father . Joe Manganiello and Jesse Eisenberg appear uncredited in a post-credits scene as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke and Lex Luthor , respectively . Michael McElhatton appears as the leader of a group of terrorists who clash with Wonder Woman early in the film , while Holt McCallany makes an uncredited appearance as a burglar . Marc McClure , who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the Christopher Reeve Superman film series , has a cameo as a police officer . An unidentified Green Lantern appears at the beginning of the film , created by use of CGI and embodied by an uncredited actor . Willem Dafoe and Kiersey Clemons filmed scenes as Nuidis Vulko and Iris West , although their roles were cut from the final film . Both actors are signed for multiple films and set to appear in the future installments of the franchise . Dafoe is set to appear in Aquaman and it was reported in November 2017 that the studio wanted to recast Clemons in a different role . Laurence Fishburne , who portrays Perry White in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) , said he declined to reprise his role in the film due to scheduling conflicts . Early in production , a scene depicting Green Lanterns Kilowog and Tomar - Re visiting Batman was filmed as another post-credits scene , further teasing the upcoming Green Lantern Corps , but the scene was later scrapped . In March 2016 , producer Charles Roven said that Green Lantern would not appear in any film before Justice League Part Two , and stated that they `` could put Green Lantern in some introduction in Justice League 2 , or barring that , a movie after . '' Later , Snyder revealed that Orion Lee was cast to portray Ryan Choi in the film , setting up the character 's future as The Atom . These scenes were cut from the theatrical film . Production Background `` We 're going to make a Justice League movie , whether it 's now or 10 years from now . But we 're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it 's right . '' -- Producer Gregory Noveck , on whether Warner Bros. is going to do a Justice League film , 2008 . In February 2007 , it was announced that Warner Bros. had hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film . The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon 's long - developed Wonder Woman film was cancelled , as well as The Flash , written and directed by David S. Goyer . Reportedly titled Justice League : Mortal , the script by Michele and Kiernan Mulroney was submitted to Warner Bros. in June 2007 , receiving positive feedback , which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hope of beginning filming before the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike . Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development of a sequel to Superman Returns , having been disappointed with its box office . Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League : Mortal , nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins . Warner Bros. intended for Justice League : Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise , and to branch out into separate sequels and spin - offs . Shortly after filming The Dark Knight , Bale stated in an interview that `` It 'd be better if it does n't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing , '' and felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises . Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League , but he turned it down , as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films . George Miller signed to direct in September 2007 , with Barrie Osbourne producing on a projected $220 million budget . The following month , roughly 40 actors and actresses auditioned for the ensemble superhero roles , among them Joseph Cross , Michael Angarano , Max Thieriot , Minka Kelly , Adrianne Palicki and Scott Porter . Miller had intended to cast younger actors , as he wanted them to `` grow '' into their roles over the course of several films . D.J. Cotrona was cast as Superman , along with Armie Hammer as Batman . Jessica Biel reportedly declined to play Wonder Woman role after negotiations . The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon , along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead , who confirmed that she had auditioned . Ultimately , Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman , while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul , whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent . The script for Justice League : Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern , a role originally offered to Columbus Short . Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast , with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash , and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain , Maxwell Lord . Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays - Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role , rumored to be Martian Manhunter . Santiago Cabrera was eventually revealed to be Aquaman after the film was cancelled . Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007 , and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop . However , the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold . Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast , but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended . Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately , but production was pushed back three months . Originally , the majority of Justice League : Mortal was to be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney , with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges , and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor . The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices , giving way for George Miller to cast Gale , Palmer and Keays - Bryne , all Australian natives . The production crew was composed entirely of Australians , but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors . Miller was frustrated , stating that `` A once - in - a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking . They 're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and , much more significantly , highly skilled creative jobs . '' Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada . Filming was pushed back to July 2008 , while Warner Bros was still confident they could produce the film for a summer 2009 release . Zack Snyder , the director of Man of Steel , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and Justice League . With production delays continuing , and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008 , Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes , allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 . Warner Bros. relaunched development for a solo Green Lantern film , released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment . Meanwhile , film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development , while filming for a Superman reboot commenced in 2011 with Man of Steel , produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer . In October 2012 , following its legal victory over Joe Shuster 's estate for the rights to Superman , Warner Bros. announced that it planned to move ahead with the Justice League film . Shortly after filming on Man of Steel was complete , Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film . Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be `` setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward . In that , it 's definitely a first step . '' The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe , and set the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film . Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment , it would be a rebooted version of the character , unconnected to the 2011 film . With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013 , Goyer was hired to write a sequel , as well as a new Justice League , with the Beall draft being scrapped . The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , a team - up film featuring Henry Cavill as Superman , Ben Affleck as Batman , Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman , Ezra Miller as The Flash , Jason Momoa as Aquaman , and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg , the latter three in minor roles that became more significant in the Justice League film . The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer 's work on The Dark Knight trilogy , although Nolan was still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman . In April 2014 , it was announced that Zack Snyder would also direct Goyer 's Justice League script . Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July , after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . On October 15 , 2014 , Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts , with Part One on November 17 , 2017 , and Part Two on June 14 , 2019 . Snyder was set to direct both films . In early July 2015 , EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio . Zack Snyder stated that the film would be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby . Although Justice League was initially announced as a two - part film , with the second part set for release two years after the first , Snyder stated in June 2016 that they would be two distinct , separate films and not one film split into two parts , both being stand - alone stories . Filming Principal photography commenced on April 11 , 2016 , with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , as well as various locations around London and Scotland . Additional filming took place in Chicago , Illinois , Los Angeles , and Djúpavík , in the Westfjords of Iceland . Snyder 's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts . Ben Affleck served as executive producer . In May 2016 , it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg would produce the Justice League films , and would also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe , after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The same month , Irons stated that the Justice League storyline would be more linear and simple , compared to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Johns confirmed on June 3 , 2016 that the title of the film is Justice League , and later stated that the film would be `` hopeful and optimistic '' in comparison to previous DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) films . Justice League had a troubled production . During filming , it was reported that the rewrites by Geoff Johns caused issues with Chris Terrio and Warner Bros. executives . Warner Bros. was unsatisfied with how the film was shaping up under Snyder , because of the negative feedback that Batman v Superman received . It was reported that Warner Bros. held a footage summit for writers that include Joss Whedon , Wonder Woman writer Allan Heinberg , Seth Grahame - Smith , and Andrea Berloff . This caused numerous rewrites as Justice League was filming . Whedon was eventually hired by Warner Bros. after Snyder stepped down for directorial duties during the post-production . Filming wrapped in October 2016 . Post-production Joss Whedon took over the post-production of Justice League after Snyder stepped down . In May 2017 , Snyder stepped down from directorial duties during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter , Autumn Snyder . Joss Whedon , whom Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes , took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder 's place . In July 2017 , it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles , with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them , more than the typical $6 -- 10 million additional filming costs , which brought the budget of the film up to $300 million . The reshoots coincided with Cavill 's schedule for Mission : Impossible -- Fallout , for which he had grown a moustache which he was contracted to keep while filming . While Fallout director Christopher McQuarrie initially gave the producers of Justice League permission to have Cavill shave the mustache in exchange for the $3 million it would cost to shut down production on Fallout and then digitally fill the mustache in , executives from Paramount Pictures rejected the idea . Justice League 's VFX team was then forced to used special effects to digitally remove the mustache in post-production . In an interview , producer Charles Roven said : `` Let 's just say 80 , 85 percent of the movie is what was originally shot . There 's only so much you can do with other 15 , 20 percent of the movie '' . Whedon received a screenwriting credit on the film alongside Chris Terrio , while Snyder received sole director 's credit . Warner Bros. CEO Kevin Tsujihara mandated the film to be under two hours . The company also did not opt to delay of the film 's release despite the fact that there had been numerous problems in post-production , so that the executives will receive their cash bonuses before the company 's merger with AT&T . In February 2018 , it was reported that Snyder was fired from directorial duties from Justice League , after his cut was deemed `` unwatchable '' according to Collider 's Matt Goldberg . `` I 'd heard similar things from separate sources over the last year as well , I also heard that Snyder 's rough - cut of the movie was ' unwatchable ' ( a word that jumped out at me because it 's rare you hear two separate sources use exactly the same adjective ) . Of course , even if that 's true , there 's obviously more to the story since rough cuts can be fixed up with reshoots , rewrites , etc . '' , Goldberg wrote . According to DC Comics publisher , comic book artist Jim Lee , Snyder was not fired . Speaking at the Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo , Lee stated `` that he ( Snyder ) was not fired at all and that he stepped down from the production due to a family matter , as far as he knew . '' Music Main article : Justice League ( soundtrack ) In March 2016 , Hans Zimmer , who co-composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , stated that he had officially retired from the `` superhero business '' . Junkie XL , who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice with Zimmer , was originally scoring the film . In June 2017 , Danny Elfman was announced to have controversially replaced Junkie XL . Elfman had previously composed the films Batman and Batman Returns , and the theme music for Batman : The Animated Series . Elfman used the Batman theme music from the 1989 film Batman . The John Williams ' Superman theme was used during `` a dark , twisted moment '' in the film , the time when a resurrected Superman fights the Justice League . The film features a cover of Leonard Cohen 's `` Everybody Knows '' performed by Sigrid , `` Icky Thump '' performed by the White Stripes , and a cover of the Beatles ' `` Come Together '' performed by Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL . WaterTower Music released the soundtrack album digitally on November 10 , 2017 , with a release of the physical format on December 8 . Release The film held its world premiere in Beijing on October 26 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in North America and elsewhere around the world in standard , RealD 3D and IMAX on November 17 , 2017 . Its Japan premiere took place on November 20 , 2017 in Tokyo , with only Ezra Miller and Ray Fisher from the main cast attending . In the United States , the film opened to 4,051 theaters in its widest release . Justice League was shown in cinemas for 119 days ( 17 weeks ) . Marketing Superman was intentionally left out on all early Justice League marketing materials , including trailers , clips and posters , which actor Cavill commented as `` ridiculous '' . Despite his character being hidden from promotional materials , Cavill still joined the rest of the cast on the film 's press tour . Clark Kent was revealed in a final trailer before the release of the film , but edited in a way that writers felt Lois Lane was dreaming about Clark . Sponsorship and marketing partners of the film included AT&T , Gillette , Mercedes - Benz , and TCL . Home media Justice League was released on digital download on February 13 , 2018 , and was released on Blu - ray Disc , Blu - ray 3D , 4K Ultra-HD Blu - ray and DVD on March 13 , 2018 in various international markets . The Blu - ray features two deleted scenes titled Return of Superman . As of October 4 , 2018 , it has made $12.1 million in DVD sales and $36.9 million in Blu - ray sales , totaling an estimated of $49.1 million . Reception Box Office Justice League grossed $229 million in the United States and Canada , and $428.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $657.9 million , against a production budget of $300 million . It had a worldwide opening of $278.8 million , the 24th biggest of all - time . Up against an estimated break - even point of as much as $750 million , Deadline Hollywood reported that the film lost the studio around $60 million . Due to the film losing the studio money , the movie was deemed a `` box office bomb '' or `` flop '' . In the United States and Canada , industry tracking initially forecast the film debuting to $110 -- 120 million from 4,051 theaters ( including 400 IMAX screens ) . It made $13 million from Thursday night previews , up from the $11 million made by Wonder Woman the previous June . However , after making $38.8 million on its first day ( including Thursday previews ) , weekend projections were lowered to $95 million . It ended up debuting to $93.8 million , down 45 % from Batman v Superman 's opening of $166 million , and being the first film of the DCEU to open under $100 million . Deadline attributed the low figure to lukewarm audience reaction to the film and most of its predecessors , as well as poor critical reception , and film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes not posting their aggregated score until the day before release , causing speculation and doubt from filmgoers . In its second weekend , the film dropped 56 % to $41.1 million , finishing second at the box office , behind newcomer Coco . It was the second - best second weekend hold of the DCEU , behind Wonder Woman 's 43 % , but the lowest overall gross . In its third week it again finished second behind Coco , grossing $16.7 million . It made $9.7 million in its fourth week and $4.3 million in its fifth , finishing a respective second and fifth at the box office . Internationally , the film was projected to debut to $215 -- 235 million for a worldwide opening of $325 -- 355 million . It made $8.5 million on its first day from nine countries , including South Korea , France and Brazil . It ended up having a $185 million international debut from 65 countries , including $57.1 million from China , $9.8 million from the United Kingdom , $9.6 million from Mexico and $8.8 million from South Korea . The film broke a record in the Philippines with a debut of $1.12 M ( PHP 57.3 M ) , making it the biggest industry opening day for a film there in 2017 . In Brazil , the film opened to $14.2 million , the biggest opening in the country 's history . Outside North America , the films largest markets were China ( $106 million ) , Brazil ( $41 million ) , Mexico ( $24.8 million ) , and United Kingdom ( $24 million ) . Critical response The performances of Gal Gadot ( left ) and Ezra Miller were widely praised by critics . Justice League received mixed reviews . It was praised for its action sequences and acting ( primarily by Gadot and Miller ) but criticized for the screenplay , pacing and CGI , as well as its thin plot , and the underdeveloped villain . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 40 % , based on 326 reviews , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Justice League leaps over a number of DC movies , but its single bound is n't enough to shed the murky aesthetic , thin characters , and chaotic action that continue to dog the franchise . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 45 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 85 % overall positive score ( average 4 out of 5 stars ) and a 69 % `` definite recommend '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , praising the cast , especially Gadot , and saying `` It 's a putting - the - band - together origins movie , executed with great fun and energy . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review and wrote , `` Justice League ... has been conceived , in each and every frame , to correct the sins of Batman v Superman . It 's not just a sequel -- it 's an act of franchise penance . The movie ... is never messy or bombastic . It 's light and clean and simple ( at times almost too simple ) , with razory repartee and combat duels that make a point of not going on for too long . '' Bilge Ebiri of the Village Voice similarly gave it a positive review : `` ... action scenes start and stop and then start again , then go in different directions , and it was a few moments into the Big Climactic Face - Off before I realized we 'd arrived at the Big Climactic Face - Off . But these off - kilter rhythms actually lend the film a pleasant unpredictability . As does the humor , which often sits uneasily next to the moodiness , but is somehow fast and witty enough to work . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars , praising the cast but criticizing the action sequences and writing , saying : `` The scenes of the League members together , bickering and bonding , spike the film with humor and genuine feeling , creating a rooting interest in the audience . Without it , the film would crumble . '' Conversely , Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter , while praising Gadot and Miller , called the film visually ugly and boring , saying , `` Fatigue , repetition and a laborious approach to exposition are the keynotes of this affair , which is also notable for how Ben Affleck , donning the bat suit for the second time , looks like he 'd rather be almost anywhere else but here . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars : `` Justice League is a pointless flail of expensive ( yet somehow cheap - looking ) CGI that no amount of tacked - on quips , or even Gadot 's luminescent star power , can rescue . Like Cyborg ( Ray Fisher ) , one of its ostensible heroes , Justice League is patched together from disparate elements . Original director Zack Snyder left partway through due to a death in the family , leaving Joss Whedon to finish up . The result ? All the plodding , gray , generic action of a Snyder film with stabs of Whedonian humor that almost never feel organic . There 's no sense of purpose here , not even a sense of place . '' Writing for The Washington Post , Alyssa Rosenberg also returned with a negative review : `` ... if Justice League is a symbol of just how entrenched superhero movies have become in the Hollywood ecosystem , it 's also a potent illustration that success has n't necessarily artistically elevated the genre . It 's not just that , beat by beat , Justice League feels nearly identical to so many of the superhero movies that have come before , or that it features some of the ugliest , most pointless special effects I 've seen at the movies in a long time . It 's that the darn thing feels depressingly haphazard and thoughtless , and that it 's guaranteed to make a ton of money anyway . Superhero fans are a ridiculously powerful market ; they deserve better than this . '' James Berardinelli gave it 2 out of 4 stars : `` When Marvel mapped out the trajectory for their Cinematic Universe , they were sometimes criticized for overthinking and overplanning . Nearly every major hero -- Iron Man , Hulk , Captain America , Thor -- had his own movie . Many of the secondary characters ( including the villain ) boasted significant screen time in one or more of the first five films . Only once all these things had been accomplished were the characters brought together for The Avengers . The formula worked . The Avengers was popcorn bliss , a superhero nirvana . DC , however , came late to the party . Riding the critical and popular success of Christopher Nolan 's Batman trilogy and smarting from the disappointing performance of Bryan Singer 's Superman Returns , they dithered and dallied and did n't begin planning out the post-Dark Knight campaign until the MCU movie count was past the half - dozen mark and rising . The late start resulted in a rushed and ununified approach . Justice League arrives with three major characters who have n't previously been introduced . As a result , this film has a lot of heavy background lifting to do - too much , in fact , for it to be able to tell a worthwhile story . 70 % of the movie is set - up for future tales . The rest is an overlong smack - down between our heroes and possibly the worst villain ever to appear in a comic book picture . '' Writing for the Film Ireland Magazine , Ellen Murray found the characters interesting , but their setting unworthy : `` ... there is something undeniably thrilling in seeing these iconic characters work together on the big screen . It 's just a shame that their current incarnation , moulded in Zack Snyder 's vision , lacks a strong framework to allow them to better shine . The characters save the film from being a complete and utter disaster , but they alone ca n't save it from being a mild disaster . While undoubtedly Snyder is genuinely passionate about these characters , he seems to suffer from a fundamental misunderstanding of what they represent and , most importantly , what cinema - goers expect from a story involving them . Justice League understands that a character like Superman means something to people ; it just ca n't show us convincingly why '' . Accolades Justice League was short - listed as a potential candidate for the 90th Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , along with another DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) film , Wonder Woman . However , neither film made it to the final list of nominations . Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Breakthrough Artist Gal Gadot Nominated Golden Schmoes Awards Biggest Disappointment of the Year Justice League Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Action Poster Warner Bros. , Works ADV Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Comedic Performance Ezra Miller Nominated 2018 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI Film Music Award Danny Elfman Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Wildposts ( Teaser Campaign ) Warner Bros. , The Refinery Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Affleck Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Gal Gadot Nominated MovieGuide Awards Best Film for Mature Audiences Justice League Nominated Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards Most Disappointing Film Justice League 2nd place Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Movie Justice League Nominated Choice Action Movie Actor Henry Cavill Nominated Choice Action Movie Actress Amy Adams Nominated Gal Gadot Nominated Future A sequel was scheduled to be released in June 2019 but has since been delayed to accommodate the release for a standalone Batman film . By March 2017 , producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would return as director . In October 2017 , J.K. Simmons stated that the studio is working on the script of the sequel , alongside The Batman . Shortly after the release of Justice League , Henry Cavill stated that he is under contract with Warner Bros. to play Superman for one more film . In December 2017 , it was reported that there were `` no immediate plans '' for Zack Snyder to direct a Justice League sequel , or any other DC films , with Snyder instead being relegated to an executive producer position . This comes after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Bros. due to the film 's mixed critical reception and disappointing financial performance . Notes Jump up ^ In home release , RatPac - Dune Entertainment was replaced with Access Entertainment ( RatPac 's current owner ) , following the rape and sexual harassment allegations against RatPac - Dune 's CEO , Brett Ratner . 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Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Social Network 's Armie Hammer Talks Special Effects , Misogyny , and the Downside of Being Tall and Handsome '' . New York . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maddox , Garry ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Mega movie refused rebate '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Diane ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Warner Bros. to serve ' Justice ' in ' 09 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ; McClintock , Pamela ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` Film greenlights in limbo '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seijas , Casey ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` Justice League ' Movie Still A Possibility , Says Director ... Just Not Anytime Soon '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Justice League ' aims for summer 2015 after Superman victory '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Beall writing ' Justice League ' for Warner Bros '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Man of Steel ' will open door for more DC Comics superhero movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' director Zack Snyder promises references to DC Universe '' . BatmanNews.com. April 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Man of Steel ' Will Launch DC Shared Universe '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` David Goyer Tells Me How Man Of Steel Will `` Cause '' The Justice League Movie `` . BleedingCool.com . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Man Of Steel ' Sequel Underway With Zack Snyder And David S. Goyer '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lyus , Jon ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` David Goyer talks about a Blank Slate and a New Batman for the Justice League Movie '' . HeyUGuys.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Zack Snyder to Direct ' Justice League ' Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Scribe Chris Terrio For ' Justice League ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Scenes Described , Justice League Script Complete '' . ComingSoon.net . July 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Justice League ' Villains and Mother Boxes Teased by Zack Snyder '' . Collider.com . June 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League Will Not Be a Two - Part Movie After All '' . IGN . June 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snyder Calls `` Justice League '' A `` Complete Movie , '' Sequel Still On Track `` . CBR.com . June 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Shooting of the Justice League in Djúpavík '' . Iceland : Visit Westfjords ( official tourism organization ) . 2016 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Justice League begins shooting April 11 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Begley , Chris ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Fabian Wagner is the cinematographer for ' Justice League ' '' . BatmanNews.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck Elevated to ' Justice League ' Executive Producer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Batman v. Superman ' Fallout : Warner Bros. Shakes Up Executive Roles ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Irons knocks ' muddled ' Batman v Superman , promises ' simpler ' Justice League : Part One '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Clearing up any misconceptions -- the Justice League movie is called `` Justice League . '' `` . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. 's New Strategy on DC : Lighten Up , Superheroes '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Chris ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` RUMOR : Justice League Drama Began With Geoff Johns Rewrites '' . Batman News . 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Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` That 's a wrap '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Zack Snyder Steps Down From ' Justice League ' to Deal With Family Tragedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ; Lang , Brent ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Extensive Reshoots Causing Headaches for Star Schedules '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adams ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' : Warner Bros. CEO Reportedly Mandated a Runtime Under 2 Hours '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How much work it will take to digitally remove Henry Cavill 's mustache for ' Justice League , ' according to visual effects artists '' . Business Insider . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ben Travis ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` Mission Impossible Fallout Director Originally Agreed For Henry Cavill To Shave Moustache For Justice League '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . / Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` In ' Justice League , ' DC looks beyond Batman and Superman '' . The Washington Times . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon officially gets ' Justice League ' writer credit '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Joss Whedon brought ' own flavor ' to ' Justice League ' after Zack Snyder left '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Two - Hour ' Justice League ' Runtime May Be Good News '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` '' Justice League '' Two - Hour Runtime Was Mandated `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk . `` Why Warner Bros May Not Have Delayed Justice League Despite Reshoots And Other Issues '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Why Warner Bros. Reportedly Did n't Delay Justice League Release Date '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Zack Snyder was fired from Justice League ( update ) '' . Polygon . February 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clark , Campbell ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Zack Snyder Fired After Showing ' Unwatchable ' Cut Of Justice League '' . LRM Online . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rivera , D.J. ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jim Lee : Zack Snyder Was n't Fired From ' Justice League ' '' . Heroic Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Composer Hans Zimmer retires from ' superhero business ' '' . BBC . March 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League : Junkie XL Will Score Zack Snyder 's Epic '' . Collider.com . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' Justice League ' : Danny Elfman to Compose Score ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adlakha , Siddhant . `` JUSTICE LEAGUE Will Feature Danny Elfman 's BATMAN ( 1989 ) Theme '' . BIRTH. MOVIES. DEATH . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam . `` ' Justice League ' : Danny Elfman Says He Puts a Dark Twist on John Williams ' Superman Theme '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` First listen : Hear a track from Danny Elfman 's Justice League score '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WaterTower Music to Release Danny Elfman 's ' Justice League ' Soundtrack '' . Film Music Reporter . October 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonagh , Ross ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` A league of their own ! Ben Affleck and Gal Gadot scrub up with their co-stars at the Beijing premiere of Justice League '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Henry Cavill : ' Justice League ' Marketing Was ' Faintly Ridiculous ' In How It Handled Superman '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Henry Cavill Calls ' Justice League ' Marketing `` Ridiculous '' for Hiding Superman `` . comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` DC 's heroes unite in the new Justice League trailer '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2018 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Justice League ' Trailer Unites the DC Heroes '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2018 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures ' `` Justice League '' Teams Up with AT&T to Take over Times Square `` . Yahoo ! Finance . October 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ADDING MULTIMEDIA Gillette Teams Up With `` Justice League '' for Its Next Mission : `` The Best Razor a Super Hero Can Get '' `` . Yahoo ! Finance . October 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz Launches Campaign to Support Warner Bros. Pictures ' Upcoming Epic Action Adventure JUSTICE LEAGUE '' . Yahoo ! Finance . October 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TCL Joins Forces with Warner Bros. Pictures ' Highly Anticipated Justice League Movie in Official International TV Partnership '' . Yahoo ! Finance . October 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League ( 2017 ) Blu - ray release date '' . DVDs ReleaseDates . January 16 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner . `` The Deleted Scenes That Are Actually On The Justice League Home Release '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2018 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Lassos $185.5 M Overseas , $281.5 M WW ; ' Thor ' Rocks To $738 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Can Warner Bros . ' Expensive , Long - Awaited ' Justice League ' Deliver the Hit That DC Needs ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Warner Bros. Faces A Possible $500 M To $1000 M Loss On ' Justice League ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zack Sharf ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Box Office Bomb : Warner Bros. Could Lose Up to $100 Million on Superhero Tentpole '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . The film would have to make at least $750 million just to break even ... Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Zaps $12 M+ Opening Day ; $52 M+ Four - Day Weekend -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' : When a $94 Million Opening Weekend Is a Flop '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Justice League ' Is A Historic Box Office Bomb For Warner Bros '' . UPROXX . November 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Justice League Became a Box Office Disaster '' . ScreenRant . November 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` ' Justice League ' Is The Highest - Grossing Box Office ' Bomb ' Ever '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham . `` Warner Bros. Reportedly Shaking Up Its Superheroes Post -- Justice League '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 4 reasons ' Justice League ' has flopped at the box office '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Hits Tracking With Super $110 M - $120 M Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Powers To $13 M Thursday Night ; Beats ' Wonder Woman ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $93 M+ Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened -- Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : ' Coco ' displaces ' Justice League ' '' . Associated Press . November 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Looking At Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2018 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Topping Another Sleepy Weekend Of Holdovers & Awards Season Breakouts Before ' Last Jedi ' Takes Over B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opening To $219 M : How Disney Continues To Win With The ' Star Wars ' Franchise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' To Prevail Around The World With $325 M+ Start -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Rises To $70.7 M Through Friday At International Box Office '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League ( 2017 ) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Melrose ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Justice League : What Critics Are Saying '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom DiChristopher ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' faces a steep climb to $1 billion as middling reviews dash $100 M - plus opening hopes '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Fun ' Justice League ' cleverly assembles a superhuman fight club '' . Chicago Sun Times . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Justice League ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebiri , Bilge ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler : ' Justice League ' Is Fleet and Fun , Even With the Emo Gloom '' . Village Voice . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Review : DC Superhero Team - Up Keeps It Light , For Better or Worse '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Justice League : ' Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sara ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' is a stupid , plodding CGI spectacle '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Everyone involved in ' Justice League , ' and everyone who watches it , deserves better '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' ( 2017 ) '' . reelviews.net . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray , Ellen ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Justice League '' . filmireland.net . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rawlings , Trace ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' & ' Thor ' Advance In Oscar Visual Effects Race '' . HeroicHollywood.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' , ' Thor : Ragnarok ' , And More In Contention For An Oscar Nomination '' . comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justice League -- Awards '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Nominations '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Schmoes Winners and Nominees ( 2017 ) '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . SDFCS.org . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Unveils Kids ' Choice Awards Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon announces 2018 Kid 's Choice Awards nominations '' . Inquirer.net . February 28 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Movieguide Awards Nominations '' . Movieguide Awards . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Get Out ' Dominates the Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards '' . Collider Movie News . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Justice League : Part Two ' Delayed to Accommodate Ben Affleck 's Standalone ' Batman ' Film '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man of Steel Was Always Setting Up the Future DC Films Universe '' . Comicbook.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitch , Adam ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Justice League 2 Script Is Currently Being Written '' . CBR.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zemler , Emily . `` Henry Cavill on the secrets of Superman 's return in ' Justice League ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason . `` ' Justice League ' is reportedly the last DC Comics movie Zack Snyder will direct '' . Business Insider . Business Insider . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2018 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the superheroes in justice league movie	[ "Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the follow-up to 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU).[5][6][7] The film is directed by Zack Snyder, written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, and Ray Fisher as the title team, with Amy Adams, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons in supporting roles. In the film, Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg after Superman's death to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons.\n", "Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the follow-up to 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU).[5][6][7] The film is directed by Zack Snyder, written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, and Ray Fisher as the title team, with Amy Adams, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons in supporting roles. In the film, Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg after Superman's death to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons.\n", "Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the follow-up to 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU).[5][6][7] The film is directed by Zack Snyder, written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, and Ray Fisher as the title team, with Amy Adams, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons in supporting roles. In the film, Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg after Superman's death to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons.\n", "Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the follow-up to 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU).[5][6][7] The film is directed by Zack Snyder, written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, and Ray Fisher as the title team, with Amy Adams, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons in supporting roles. In the film, Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg after Superman's death to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons.\n", "Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the follow-up to 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU).[5][6][7] The film is directed by Zack Snyder, written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, and Ray Fisher as the title team, with Amy Adams, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons in supporting roles. In the film, Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg after Superman's death to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons.\n", "Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the follow-up to 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU).[5][6][7] The film is directed by Zack Snyder, written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Gal Gadot, Ezra Miller, Jason Momoa, and Ray Fisher as the title team, with Amy Adams, Jeremy Irons, Diane Lane, Connie Nielsen, and J. K. Simmons in supporting roles. In the film, Batman and Wonder Woman recruit The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg after Superman's death to save the world from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons.\n" ]	[ "Batman", "Wonder Woman", "The Flash", "Aquaman", "Cyborg", "Superman" ]
7301179315754119834	The Firm (1993 film)	The firm ( 1993 film ) - wikipedia The firm ( 1993 film ) Not to be confused with The Firm ( 1989 film ) or The Firm ( 2009 film ) . The Firm Theatrical release poster Directed by Sydney Pollack Produced by John Davis Sydney Pollack Scott Rudin Screenplay by David Rabe Robert Towne David Rayfiel Based on The Firm by John Grisham Starring Tom Cruise Jeanne Tripplehorn Gene Hackman Ed Harris Holly Hunter Hal Holbrook David Strathairn Music by Dave Grusin Cinematography John Seale Edited by William Steinkamp Fredric Steinkamp Production company Davis Entertainment Mirage Enterprises Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 30 ) Running time 154 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $42 million Box office $270.2 million The Firm is a 1993 American legal thriller film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Tom Cruise , Jeanne Tripplehorn , Gene Hackman , Ed Harris , Holly Hunter , Hal Holbrook and David Strathairn . The film is based on the 1991 novel The Firm by author John Grisham . The Firm was one of two films released in 1993 that were adapted from a Grisham novel , the other being The Pelican Brief . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Differences from the novel 5 Filming locations 6 Release 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Box office 6.3 Awards 7 Home media 8 In other media 8.1 TV sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) Mitch McDeere ( Tom Cruise ) is a young man from an impoverished background , but with a promising future as a lawyer . About to graduate from Harvard Law School near the top of his class , he receives a generous job offer from Bendini , Lambert & Locke , a small boutique firm in Memphis specializing in accounting and tax law . He and his wife , Abby ( Jeanne Tripplehorn ) , move to Memphis and Mitch sets to work studying to pass the Tennessee bar exam . Avery Tolar ( Gene Hackman ) , one of the firm 's senior partners , becomes his mentor and begins introducing Mitch to BL&L 's professional culture , which demands complete loyalty , strict confidentiality , and a willingness to charge exceptional fees for their services . Seduced by the money and perks showered on him , including a house and car , he is at first totally oblivious to the more sinister side of his new employer , although Abby has her suspicions due to the Firm 's desire for stability in the family . Mitch passes the bar exam and begins working long hours that put a strain on his marriage . Working closely with Avery , Mitch learns that most of the firm 's work involves helping wealthy clients hide large amounts of money in off - shore shell corporations and other dubious tax - avoidance schemes . While on a trip to the Cayman Islands Mitch listens to Avery talk to client Sonny Caps about taxes and hears Capps state how the firm 's clients in Chicago break people 's legs . Later on , Mitch is seduced by a local woman and cheats on Abby . Unbeknownst to Mitch , this encounter has been arranged by the firm 's sinister security chief , Bill DeVasher ( Wilford Brimley ) , who later uses photos of Mitch 's beach tryst with the woman as blackmail to keep him quiet about the firm 's questionable , even illegal , activities . Mitch realizes he is now trapped , but after two associates of the firm die under mysterious circumstances , he is approached by FBI agents who inform him that while some of BL&L 's business is legitimate , their biggest client is the Morolto Mafia family from Chicago . The firm 's partners , as well as most of the associates , are all complicit in a massive tax fraud and money - laundering scheme . The two associates who died had learned about the firm 's dark side and were killed to keep them from talking . The FBI agents warn Mitch that his house , car , and office have probably all been bugged . The FBI pressures Mitch to provide the Bureau with evidence they can use to go after the Moroltos and bring down BL&L . Mitch knows he faces a stark choice . If he works with the FBI , he believes that even if he stays alive , he will have to disclose information about the firm 's legitimate clients -- thus breaking the attorney -- client privilege and risking disbarment . However , the FBI warns him that if he stays with the firm , he will almost certainly go to jail when the FBI takes down both the firm and the Moroltos . Either way , his life as he knows it is over , and he agrees to cooperate with the FBI in return for $1.5 million and the release of his imprisoned brother Ray in Arkansas . The FBI release Ray but plan to return him to the slammer once Mitch hands the Feds the files . They also give him half the money before they receive the files . Desperate to find a way out , Mitch inadvertently stumbles on a solution when one of his clients complains that he was billed for extra several hours of fees , as part of the firm 's money - laundering services for the Moroltos . Mailing these padded bills to the firm 's clients is considered to be mail fraud , which would expose the firm to RICO charges . Mitch begins secretly copying the firm 's billing records with help from Lomax 's secretary Tammy , but he is unmasked when a prison guard on the Moroltos ' payroll alerts DeVasher after Mitch 's brother Ray is transferred to FBI custody without the usual formalities being followed . Tolar is killed by the Morolto hitmen after Abby and Tammy steal client files from his Cayman house and he allows Abby to go . Evading DeVasher and his thugs , Mitch meets with the Morolto brothers and , presenting himself as a loyal attorney looking out for his clients ' best interests , tells them that his contact with the FBI and his copying of the firm 's files were merely an attempt to expose the firm 's illegal overbilling . Mitch asks the Moroltos for permission to turn over their billing invoices in order to help the FBI make their case against the firm . He reveals that he has made his own copies of the files , but assures them that as long as he is alive , any other information he knows about their legal affairs is covered under attorney - client privilege and will never be revealed . Convinced thus , the Moroltos agree to guarantee Mitch 's safety and let him give the FBI all the evidence it needs to prosecute the firm . Since the attorney - client privilege does n't apply when a lawyer knows about ongoing criminal activity , Mitch is able to keep his status as a lawyer . The film ends as the McDeeres leave their house in Memphis and return to Boston , driving the same well - used car in which they arrived in Memphis . Cast ( edit ) Tom Cruise as Mitch McDeere , a promising recent Harvard Law graduate . Jeanne Tripplehorn as Abigail `` Abby '' McDeere , Mitch 's wife . Gene Hackman as Avery Tolar , Mitch 's mentor at the Firm . Holly Hunter as Tamara `` Tammy '' Hemphill , Eddie 's chain - smoking secretary and lover who aids Mitch in copying and stealing the files in Memphis and the Cayman Islands . Ed Harris as Agent Wayne Tarrance , the agent in charge of the investigation into the Firm ; Mitch 's primary contact with the FBI . Hal Holbrook as Oliver Lambert , senior partner at the Firm . Jerry Hardin as Royce McKnight , managing partner at the Firm . David Strathairn as Ray McDeere , Mitch 's brother who was in jail for a manslaughter conviction Terry Kinney as Lamar Quinn , Mitch 's friend who works at the Firm . Wilford Brimley as Bill DeVasher , officially the head of security at the Firm -- unofficially the Firm 's main hitman . Sullivan Walker as Thomas Abanks , the owner of a scuba diving business . Gary Busey as Eddie Lomax , a private investigator and former cell - mate of Ray McDeere . Steven Hill as F. Denton Voyles , FBI director Margo Martindale as Nina Huff , Mitch 's secretary Paul Sorvino as mob boss Tommy Morolto Joe Viterelli as mob boss Joey Morolto Jerry Weintraub as businessman Sonny Capps Tobin Bell as the Nordic Man , Morolto hitman Dean Norris as the Squat Man , Morolto hitman Karina Lombard as a girl who seduces McDeere Production ( edit ) Gene Hackman 's name did not appear on the film 's release poster . Hackman joined the film late , when it was already well into production , because the producers had originally wanted to change the gender of the character and cast Meryl Streep , until author John Grisham objected and Hackman was eventually cast . Tom Cruise 's deal with Paramount already stated that only his name could appear above the title . Hackman also wanted his name to appear above the credits , but when this was refused he asked for his name to be removed completely from the poster . Hackman 's name does appear in the end credits . This is also the final film for Steven Hill and John Beal . Principal photography began on November 9 , 1992 and ended on March 20 , 1993 . The soundtrack is almost exclusively solo piano by Dave Grusin . Differences from the novel ( edit ) The film accords with the book in most respects , but the ending is significantly different . Mitch does not end up in the Caribbean , as in the book ; he and Abby simply get into their car and drive back to Boston , as the ending narration , `` Do you think ( the car ) will make it ? ... to Boston ? ... '' A more fundamental difference from the book is the motives and manner in which Mitch solves his predicament . In the book , Mitch acknowledges to himself that he is breaking the attorney - client privilege by copying information and giving it to the FBI . In most US states this privilege only applies to crimes that have already been committed . The privilege does not apply if a lawyer knows that his client either is committing or will commit a crime . However , Mitch must disclose information about his legitimate clients as well . Accepting that he will likely not be allowed to practice law anywhere again , he swindles $10 million from the Firm , along with receiving $1 million of a promised $2 million from the FBI for his cooperation . After an extended manhunt involving the police , the firm 's lawyers , and hired thugs from the Morolto family , Mitch escapes with Abby ( and his brother Ray ) to the Caymans . Before fleeing , he leaves behind detailed records of the firm 's illegal activities , as well as a recorded deposition . Mitch 's information gives federal prosecutors enough evidence to indict half of the Firm 's active lawyers right away , as well as several retired partners . The documents also provide the FBI with circumstantial evidence of the Firm 's involvement in money laundering and tax fraud , and thus probable cause for a search warrant for the firm 's building and files . This additional evidence is enough to smash both the firm and the Morolto family with a massive RICO indictment . In the film , apparently in order to preserve the protagonist 's personal integrity , Mitch exposes a systematic overbilling scheme by the firm , thus driving a wedge between the Moroltos ( who in essence become complicit with Mitch ) and their law firm ( in the book , overbilling only received a brief mention ) . He receives a smaller amount of money from the FBI , which he gives to Ray , allowing him to disappear . Rather than capitalizing on his circumstances by stealing money from the Firm , as in the book , the movie 's McDeere ends up battered and bruised , but with his integrity and professional ethics intact . Mitch also makes the FBI have to work in order to bring down the firm by having to argue that each instance of excessive billing is a federal offense ( by virtue of the excessive bills being sent through the mail ) . The volume and frequency meets the criteria for RICO , thereby enabling the FBI to effectively put the Firm out of business by seizing its property and equipment and freezing its bank accounts . From here the Moroltos would then need to find another law firm willing to take them on as clients , and if they could n't , charges for non-lodgment of tax returns could be brought . Since Mitch is exposing only illegal activity , he is able to retain his law license . Instead of a BMW , Mitch gets a Mercedes - Benz for joining the firm . Avery Tolar was originally Avery Tolleson ; the latest version of the novel uses the film 's surname . Tolar is portrayed as a sort of reluctant villain in the film , while in the novel he has no such moral conflicts . The surname of the second man killed on Grand Cayman is Joe Hodges , instead of Hodge as in the novel . Mitch 's confession to Abby about his sexual infidelity was also unique to the film . In the novel , McDeere never tells Abby about his infidelity . In the book , Abby 's not knowing about Mitch 's infidelity is a major `` suspense '' piece . Mitch comes home one evening and finds an envelope addressed to Abby , that has `` Photos -- Do Not Bend '' written on it . The photos were surreptitiously given to DeVasher by Art Germain . Mitch thinks it is the pictures he was shown of his infidelity overseas . Abby is in the bedroom when he sees the open package . He enters the bedroom and learns that Abby opened the package , but it was empty . Mitch realizes DeVasher is toying with him , and this incident in the book causes Mitch to cooperate with the FBI . In the film , Mitch 's confession prompts Abby to seriously consider leaving him , but she ultimately helps him bring down the firm . Also , in the book , Eddie 's old secretary , Tammy , seduces and drugs Avery . In the movie , however , it is Abby who seduces Avery . This also changes the character development because in the movie Abby is portrayed as risking herself for Mitch . In the book , Abby is simply an accomplice to Tammy . Filming locations ( edit ) Memphis , Tennessee Elmwood Cemetery -- funeral scene Owen Brennan 's -- Lunch scene in cocktail / bar area . Owen Brennan 's commemorated the filming by placing plaques on the two cocktail chairs where Tom Cruise and Gene Hackman sat . Peabody Hotel -- BBQ roof scene overlooking Mississippi River Bridge and downtown Memphis . Beale Street -- Scene where Mitch and Abby see young tumblers as street performers Lausanne Collegiate School -- Playground scene and others . Front Street Deli -- Meeting at diner . Mud Island Memphis Suspension Railway Blues City Cafe -- FBI first meeting with Mitch . Scates Hall , University of Memphis -- legal deliberations Grand Cayman , Cayman Islands Marion , Arkansas The Marion Hotel -- Apartment room on top floor for a scene . Release ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Critical reaction to The Firm has been mostly positive , with the film earning a 75 % rating at Rotten Tomatoes . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert gave The Firm three stars out of four , remarking : `` The movie is virtually an anthology of good small character performances . ( ... ) The large gallery of characters makes The Firm into a convincing canvas ( ... but ) with a screenplay that developed the story more clearly , this might have been a superior movie , instead of just a good one with some fine performances . '' The film earned some negative reviews as well , notably from James Berardinelli , who said that `` ( v ) ery little of what made the written version so enjoyable has been successfully translated to the screen , and what we 're left with instead is an overly - long ( and ) pedantic thriller . '' Grisham enjoyed the film , remarking : `` I thought ( Tom Cruise ) did a good job . He played the innocent young associate very well . '' Box office ( edit ) The film was released while Grisham was at the height of his popularity . That week , Grisham and Michael Crichton evenly divided the top six paperback spots on The New York Times Best Seller list . It opened on June 30 , 1993 in 2,393 theatres , and landed at # 1 at the box office , grossing $25.4 million over the 4th of July weekend . It remained in the # 1 spot at the box office for 3 weeks . After 12 weeks in theatres , the film was a huge success , making over $158 million domestically and $111 million internationally ( $270 million worldwide ) . Additionally , it was the largest grossing R - rated movie of 1993 and of any film based on a Grisham novel . Awards ( edit ) The film earned two Academy Award nominations including Best Supporting Actress for Holly Hunter ( losing to Anna Paquin for The Piano , though she did win an Oscar at that year 's ceremony for Best Actress in the same film as Paquin ) and Best Original Score for Dave Grusin ( losing to John Williams for Schindler 's List ) . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on VHS in December 1993 , the cassettes were specially made of blue plastic . The DVD was released on May 23 , 2000 . The special features include only the teaser and theatrical trailers . The Blu - ray was released on September 11 , 2012 . In other media ( edit ) Tv sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Firm ( 2012 TV series ) In April 2011 Entertainment One announced that a sequel to The Firm was being produced with Sony Pictures Television and Paramount Pictures . The series picked up the story of Mitch and his family ten years after the events of the novel and film . The first season was 22 episodes long and began production in Canada in July 2011 . In May 2011 , NBC confirmed that they had acquired the U.S. broadcast rights to the show and that they planned to début it in January 2012 . The show was cancelled after its first season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Firm at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ GALBRAITH , JANE ( 27 June 1993 ) . `` A look at Hollywood and the movies : ' FIRM ' BILLING : Trust Us -- Gene Hackman 's in It '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` The Firm '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ The Firm review by Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times , June 30 , 1993 Jump up ^ The Firm review by James Berardinelli , ReelViews.net , 1993 Jump up ^ `` Grisham v. Grisham : John Grisham issues judgment on ALL his novels '' Tina Jordan , Entertainment Weekly , February 13 , 2004 Jump up ^ Brown , Joe ( 1993 - 07 - 02 ) . `` ' The Firm ' ( R ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( July 6 , 1993 ) . `` Movies : ' The Firm , ' with $31.5 million for the weekend , leads the way . Total movie receipts for the four - day holiday are an estimated $120 million '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( July 20 , 1993 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : So Far , This Is Summer to Beat '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Firm at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ NBC Unveils Fall Primetime Schedule for 2011 -- 12 Season NBC press release at TheFutonCritic , May 15 , 2011 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Firm ( 1993 film ) The Firm on IMDb The Firm at AllMovie The Firm at the TCM Movie Database The Firm at the American Film Institute Catalog The Firm at Box Office Mojo The Firm at Rotten Tomatoes `` The Firm : Blu - ray Review '' at HD - Report Works by John Grisham Novels A Time to Kill ( 1988 ) The Firm ( 1991 ) The Pelican Brief ( 1992 ) The Client ( 1993 ) The Chamber ( 1994 ) The Rainmaker ( 1995 ) The Runaway Jury ( 1996 ) The Partner ( 1997 ) The Street Lawyer ( 1998 ) The Testament ( 1999 ) The Brethren ( 2000 ) A Painted House ( 2001 ) Skipping Christmas ( 2001 ) The Summons ( 2002 ) The King of Torts ( 2003 ) Bleachers ( 2003 ) The Last Juror ( 2004 ) The Broker ( 2005 ) Playing for Pizza ( 2007 ) The Appeal ( 2008 ) The Associate ( 2009 ) The Confession ( 2010 ) The Litigators ( 2011 ) Calico Joe ( 2012 ) The Racketeer ( 2012 ) Sycamore Row ( 2013 ) Gray Mountain ( 2014 ) Rogue Lawyer ( 2015 ) The Whistler ( 2016 ) Camino Island ( 2017 ) The Rooster Bar ( 2017 ) Short story collections Ford County ( 2009 ) Short stories The Tumor ( 2015 ) Non-fiction The Innocent Man : Murder and Injustice in a Small Town ( 2006 ) Theodore Boone series Theodore Boone : Kid Lawyer ( 2010 ) Theodore Boone : The Abduction ( 2011 ) Theodore Boone : The Accused ( 2012 ) Theodore Boone : The Activist ( 2013 ) Theodore Boone : The Fugitive ( 2015 ) Theodore Boone : The Scandal ( 2016 ) Screenplays The Gingerbread Man ( 1998 ) Mickey ( 2004 ) Film adaptations The Firm ( 1993 ) The Pelican Brief ( 1993 ) The Client ( 1994 ) A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) The Gingerbread Man ( 1998 ) A Painted House ( 2003 ) Runaway Jury ( 2003 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Television adaptations The Client ( 1995 ) The Firm ( 2012 ) Films directed by Sydney Pollack The Slender Thread ( 1965 ) This Property Is Condemned ( 1966 ) The Scalphunters ( 1968 ) Castle Keep ( 1969 ) They Shoot Horses , Do n't They ? ( 1969 ) Jeremiah Johnson ( 1972 ) The Way We Were ( 1973 ) The Yakuza ( 1974 ) Three Days of the Condor ( 1975 ) Bobby Deerfield ( 1977 ) The Electric Horseman ( 1979 ) Absence of Malice ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Havana ( 1990 ) The Firm ( 1993 ) Sabrina ( 1995 ) Random Hearts ( 1999 ) The Interpreter ( 2005 ) Sketches of Frank Gehry ( 2006 ) Films produced by Scott Rudin Revenge of the Stepford Wives I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can Reckless Mrs. Soffel Pacific Heights Regarding Henry Little Man Tate The Addams Family White Sands Life with Mikey The Firm Searching for Bobby Fischer Addams Family Values Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Nobody 's Fool Clueless Sabrina Mother The First Wives Club Ransom Marvin 's Room In & Out Twilight The Truman Show A Civil Action Bringing Out the Dead Sleepy Hollow Angela 's Ashes Wonder Boys Rules of Engagement Shaft Zoolander The Royal Tenenbaums Iris Orange County Changing Lanes The Hours Marci X School of Rock The Stepford Wives The Manchurian Candidate The Village I Heart Huckabees Team America : World Police The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Freedomland Failure to Launch Notes on a Scandal No Country for Old Men The Darjeeling Limited Margot at the Wedding Stop - Loss Doubt Revolutionary Road Fantastic Mr. Fox It 's Complicated Greenberg The Social Network True Grit Margaret The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Moonrise Kingdom The Dictator Frances Ha Captain Phillips Inside Llewyn Davis The Grand Budapest Hotel Rosewater Top Five While We 're Young Aloha Steve Jobs Zoolander 2 Fences The Meyerowitz Stories Lady Bird Eighth Grade Annihilation Isle of Dogs The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Game Over , Man ! 22 July Mid90s The Girl in the Spider 's Web Late Night Untitled Pippa Bianco project The Woman in the Window John Grisham 's The Firm ( 1991 ) Renditions in various media The Firm ( 1993 film ) The Firm ( 2012 TV series ) Characters Mitch McDeere Abby McDeere Other `` Pilot / Chapter Two '' BNF : cb169029266 ( data ) GND : 4369166 - 3 VIAF : 316754535 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Firm_(1993_film)&oldid=853733941 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1990s crime thriller films American films American crime thriller films American legal films Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Films scored by Dave Grusin Films about lawyers Films adapted into television programs Films based on works by John Grisham Films directed by Sydney Pollack Films set in Memphis , Tennessee Films set in Tennessee Films shot in Arkansas Films shot in Massachusetts Films shot in Tennessee Films shot in the Cayman Islands Films produced by Scott Rudin Legal thriller films Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Robert Towne Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played tom cruises wife in the firm	[ "Mitch McDeere (Tom Cruise) is a young man from an impoverished background, but with a promising future as a lawyer. About to graduate from Harvard Law School near the top of his class, he receives a generous job offer from Bendini, Lambert & Locke, a small boutique firm in Memphis specializing in accounting and tax law. He and his wife, Abby (Jeanne Tripplehorn), move to Memphis and Mitch sets to work studying to pass the Tennessee bar exam. Avery Tolar (Gene Hackman), one of the firm's senior partners, becomes his mentor and begins introducing Mitch to BL&L's professional culture, which demands complete loyalty, strict confidentiality, and a willingness to charge exceptional fees for their services. Seduced by the money and perks showered on him, including a house and car, he is at first totally oblivious to the more sinister side of his new employer, although Abby has her suspicions due to the Firm's desire for stability in the family.\n" ]	[ "Jeanne Tripplehorn" ]
1949443748541553173	Wreck of the RMS Titanic	Wreck of the RMS Titanic - wikipedia Wreck of the RMS Titanic This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 July 2018 . Wreck of the RMS Titanic Bow of the RMS Titanic , photographed in 2004 Event Shipwreck of RMS Titanic Cause Struck an iceberg while on maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City Location 370 miles ( 600 km ) south - southeast of Newfoundland , North Atlantic Ocean Operator White Star Line ( now merged with Cunard Line ) The wreck of the RMS Titanic lies at a depth of about 12,500 feet ( 3.8 km ; 2.37 mi ) , about 370 miles ( 600 km ) south - southeast off the coast of Newfoundland . It lies in two main pieces about a third of a mile ( 600 m ) apart . The bow is still largely recognizable with many preserved interiors , despite its deterioration and the damage it sustained hitting the sea floor . In contrast , the stern is completely ruined . A debris field around the wreck contains hundreds of thousands of items spilled from the ship as she sank . The bodies of the passengers and crew would have also been distributed across the sea bed , but have been consumed by other organisms . Titanic sank in 1912 , when she collided with an iceberg during her maiden voyage . The wreck could not be located at the time and was not discovered until 1985 . Numerous expeditions tried using sonar to map the sea bed in the hope of spotting it , but were unsuccessful . The wreck was finally located by a joint French -- American expedition led by Jean - Louis Michel of IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . The wreck has been the focus of intense interest since its discovery and has been visited by numerous expeditions , including salvage operations which have controversially recovered thousands of items which have been conserved and put on public display . Over the years after her sinking , many impractical , expensive and often physically impossible schemes have been put forward to raise Titanic from her resting place . They have included ideas such as filling the wreck with ping - pong balls , injecting it with 180,000 tons of Vaseline , or using half a million tons of liquid nitrogen to encase it inside a giant iceberg that would float back to the surface . However , the wreck is far too fragile to be raised and is now protected by a UNESCO convention . Contents 1 Salvaging Titanic 1.1 Salvage proposals in the 1960s and 1970s 1.2 Jack Grimm 's expeditions , 1980 -- 1983 2 Discovery 2.1 Subsequent expeditions 2.1. 1 1986 -- 1998 2.1. 2 2000 -- present 3 Description of the wreck 3.1 Bow section 3.2 Interiors 3.3 Stern section 3.4 Debris fields 4 Condition and deterioration of the wreck 5 Ownership 5.1 Litigation and controversy 5.2 Conservation issues 6 Exhibitions of Titanic artifacts 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Salvaging Titanic Location of the wreck of Titanic in the North Atlantic . Almost immediately after Titanic sank on 15 April 1912 , proposals were advanced to salvage her from her resting place in the North Atlantic Ocean , despite her exact location and condition being unknown . The families of several wealthy victims of the disaster -- the Guggenheims , Astors , and Wideners -- formed a consortium and contracted the Merritt and Chapman Derrick and Wrecking Company to raise Titanic . The project was soon abandoned as impractical as the divers could not even reach a significant fraction of the necessary depth , where the pressure is over 6,000 pounds per square inch ( 410 bar ) . The lack of submarine technology at the time as well as the outbreak of World War I also put off such a project . The company considered dropping dynamite on the wreck to dislodge bodies which would float to the surface , but finally gave up after oceanographers suggested that the extreme pressure would have compressed the bodies into gelatinous lumps . ( In fact , this was incorrect . Whale falls , a phenomenon not discovered until 1987 -- coincidentally , by the same submersible used for the first manned expedition to Titanic the year before -- demonstrate that water - filled corpses , in this case cetaceans , can sink to the bottom essentially intact . The high pressure and cold temperature of the water would have prevented significant quantities of gas forming during decomposition , preventing the bodies of Titanic victims from rising back to the surface . ) In later years , numerous proposals were put forward to salvage Titanic . However , all fell afoul of practical and technological difficulties , a lack of funding and , in many cases , a lack of understanding of the physical conditions at the wreck site . Charles Smith , an architect from Denver , proposed in March 1914 to attach electromagnets to a submarine which would be irresistibly drawn to the wreck 's steel hull . Having found its exact position , more electromagnets would be sent down from a fleet of barges which would winch Titanic to the surface . An estimated cost of $1.5 million ( $35.5 million today ) and its impracticality meant that the idea was not put into practice . Another proposal involved raising Titanic by means of attaching balloons to her hull using electromagnets . Once enough balloons had been attached , the ship would float gently to the surface . Again , the idea got no further than the drawing board . Salvage proposals in the 1960s and 1970s Titanic surfacing on a poster publicizing the film Raise the Titanic . In the mid-1960s , a hosiery worker from Baldock named Douglas Woolley devised a plan to find Titanic using a bathyscaphe ( like Trieste , used to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench in 1960 ) and raise the wreck by inflating nylon balloons that would be attached to her hull . The declared objective was to `` bring the wreck into Liverpool and convert it to a floating museum '' . The Titanic Salvage Company was established to manage the scheme and a group of businessmen from West Berlin set up an entity called Titanic - Tresor to support it financially . It fell apart when its proponents found they could not overcome the problem of how the balloons would be inflated in the first place . Calculations showed that it could take ten years to generate enough gas to overcome the water pressure . A variety of audacious but equally impractical schemes were put forward during the 1970s . One proposal called for 180,000 tons of molten wax ( or alternatively , Vaseline ) to be pumped into Titanic , lifting her to the surface . Another proposal involved filling Titanic with ping - pong balls , but overlooked the fact that the balls would be crushed by the pressure long before reaching the depth of the wreck . A similar idea involving the use of Benthos glass spheres , which could survive the pressure , was scuppered when the cost of the number of spheres required was put at over $238 million . An unemployed haulage contractor from Walsall named Arthur Hickey proposed to turn Titanic into an iceberg , freezing the water around the wreck to encase it in a buoyant jacket of ice . This , being lighter than liquid water , would float to the surface and could be towed to shore . The BOC Group calculated that this would require half a million tons of liquid nitrogen to be pumped down to the sea bed . In his 1976 thriller Raise the Titanic ! , author Clive Cussler 's hero Dirk Pitt repairs the holes in Titanic 's hull , pumps it full of compressed air and succeeds in making it `` leap out of the waves like a modern submarine blowing its ballast tanks '' , a scene depicted on the posters of the subsequent film of the book . Although this was an `` artistically stimulating '' highlight of the film , made using a 55 ft ( 17 m ) model of Titanic , it would not have been physically possible . At the time of the book 's writing , it was still believed that she sank in one piece . Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution had long been interested in finding Titanic . Despite early negotiations with possible backers being abandoned when it emerged that they wanted to turn the wreck into souvenir paperweights , more sympathetic backers joined Ballard to form a company named Seasonics International Ltd. as a vehicle for rediscovering and exploring Titanic . In October 1977 he made his first attempt to find the ship with the aid of the Alcoa Corporation 's deep sea salvage vessel Seaprobe . This was essentially a drillship with sonar equipment and cameras attached to the end of the drilling pipe . It could lift objects from the seabed using a remote - controlled mechanical claw . The expedition ended in failure when the drilling pipe broke , sending 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) of pipe and $600,000 worth of electronics plunging to the sea bed . In 1978 , The Walt Disney Company and National Geographic magazine considered mounting a joint expedition to find Titanic , using the aluminium submersible Aluminaut . Titanic would have been well within the submersible 's depth limits , but the plans were abandoned for financial reasons . The following year , the British billionaire financier and tycoon Sir James Goldsmith set up Seawise & Titanic Salvage Ltd. with the involvement of underwater diving and photographic experts . His aim was to use the publicity of finding Titanic to promote his newly established magazine , NOW ! . An expedition to the North Atlantic was scheduled for 1980 but was cancelled due to financial difficulties . A year later , NOW ! folded after 84 issues with Goldsmith incurring huge financial losses . Fred Koehler , an electronics repairman from Coral Gables , Florida , sold his electronics shop to finance the completion of a two - man deep - sea submersible called Seacopter . He planned to dive to Titanic , enter the hull and retrieve a fabulous collection of diamonds rumored to be contained in the purser 's safe . However , he was unable to obtain financial backing for his planned expedition . Another proposal involved using a semi-submersible platform mounted with cranes , resting on two watertight supertankers , that would winch the wreck off the seabed and carry it to shore . A proponent was quoted as saying , `` It 's like the Great Wall of China -- given enough time and money and people , you can do anything . '' Time , money and people were not forthcoming and the proposal got no further than any of its predecessors . Jack Grimm 's expeditions , 1980 -- 1983 On 17 July 1980 , an expedition sponsored by Texan oilman Jack Grimm set off from Port Everglades , Florida , in the research vessel H.J.W. Fay. Grimm had previously sponsored expeditions to find Noah 's Ark , the Loch Ness Monster , Bigfoot , and the giant hole in the North Pole predicted by the pseudoscientific Hollow Earth hypothesis . To raise funds for his Titanic expedition , he obtained sponsorship from friends with whom he played poker , sold media rights through the William Morris Agency , commissioned a book , and obtained the services of Orson Welles to narrate a documentary . He acquired scientific support from Columbia University by donating $330,000 to the Lamont -- Doherty Geological Observatory for the purchase of a wide - sweep sonar , in exchange for five years ' use of the equipment and the services of technicians to support it . Drs . William B. Ryan of Columbia University and Fred Spiess of Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California joined the expedition as consultants . They nearly stayed ashore when Grimm introduced them to a new consultant -- a monkey called Titan , which was trained to point at a spot on the map to supposedly indicate where Titanic was . The scientists issued an ultimatum : `` It 's either us or the monkey . '' Grimm preferred the monkey , but was prevailed upon to leave it behind and take the scientists instead . The results were inconclusive , as three weeks of surveying in almost continuous bad weather during July and August 1980 failed to find Titanic . The problem was exacerbated by technological limitations ; the Sea MARC sonar used by the expedition had a relatively low resolution and was a new and untested piece of equipment . It was nearly lost only 36 hours after it was first deployed when the tail was ripped off during a sharp turn , destroying the magnetometer , which would have been vital for detecting Titanic 's hull . Nonetheless it managed to survey an area of some 500 square nautical miles and identified 14 possible targets . Grimm mounted a second expedition in June 1981 aboard the research vessel Gyre , with Spiess and Ryan again joining the expedition . To increase their chances of finding the wreck , the team employed a much more capable sonar device , the Scripps Deep Tow . The weather was again very poor , but all 14 of the targets were successfully covered and found to be natural features . On the last day of the expedition , an object that looked like a propeller was found . Grimm announced on his return to Boston that Titanic had been found , but the scientists declined to endorse his identification . In July 1983 , Grimm went back a third time with Ryan aboard the research vessel Robert D. Conrad to have another look at the `` propeller '' . This time nothing was found and very bad weather brought an early end to the expedition . It later turned out that Sea MARC had actually passed over Titanic but had failed to detect it , while Deep Tow passed within 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) of the wreck . Discovery D. Michael Harris and Jack Grimm had failed to find Titanic but their expeditions did succeed in producing fairly detailed mapping of the area in which the ship had sunk . It was clear that the position given in Titanic 's distress signals was inaccurate , which was a major expedition difficulty because it increased the search area 's already - expansive size . Despite the failure of his 1977 expedition , Robert Ballard had not given up hope and devised new technologies and a new search strategy to tackle the problem . The new technology was a system called Argo / Jason . This consisted of a remotely controlled deep - sea vehicle called Argo , equipped with sonar and cameras and towed behind a ship , with a robot called Jason tethered to it that could roam the sea floor , take close - up images and gather specimens . The images from the system would be transmitted back to a control room on the towing vessel where they could be assessed immediately . Although it was designed for scientific purposes , it also had important military applications and the United States Navy agreed to sponsor the system 's development , on condition that it was to be used to carry out a number of programmes -- many still classified -- for the Navy . The Navy commissioned Ballard and his team to carry out a month - long expedition every year for four years , to keep Argo / Jason in good working condition . It agreed to Ballard 's proposal to use some of the time to search for Titanic once the Navy 's objectives had been met ; the search would provide an ideal opportunity to test Argo / Jason . In 1984 the Navy sent Ballard and Argo to map the wrecks of the sunken nuclear submarines USS Thresher and USS Scorpion , lost in the North Atlantic at depths of up to 9,800 feet ( 3,000 m ) . The expedition found the submarines and made an important discovery . As Thresher and Scorpion sank , debris spilled out from them across a wide area of the seabed and was sorted by the currents , so that light debris drifted furthest away from the site of the sinking . This `` debris field '' was far larger than the wrecks themselves . By following the comet - like trail of debris , the main pieces of wreckage could be found . A second expedition to map the wreck of Scorpion was mounted in 1985 . Only twelve days of search time would be left at the end of the expedition to look for Titanic . As Harris / Grimm 's unsuccessful efforts had taken more than forty days , Ballard decided that extra help would be needed . He approached the French national oceanographic agency , IFREMER , with which Woods Hole had previously collaborated . The agency had recently developed a high - resolution side - scan sonar called SAR and agreed to send a research vessel , Le Suroît , to survey the sea bed in the area where Titanic was believed to lie . The idea was for the French to use the sonar to find likely targets , and then for the Americans to use Argo to check out the targets and hopefully confirm whether they were in fact the wreck . The French team spent five weeks , from 5 July to 12 August 1985 , `` mowing the lawn '' -- sailing back and forth across the 150 - square - mile ( 390 km ) target area to scan the sea bed in a series of stripes . However , they found nothing , though it turned out that they had passed within a few hundred yards of Titanic in their first run . Ballard realized that looking for the wreck itself using sonar was unlikely to be successful and adopted a different tactic , drawing on the experience of the surveys of Thresher and Scorpion ; he would look for the debris field instead , using Argo 's cameras rather than sonar . Whereas sonar could not distinguish man - made debris on the sea bed from natural objects , cameras could . The debris field would also be a far bigger target , stretching a mile ( 1.6 km ) or longer , whereas Titanic itself was only 90 feet ( 27 m ) wide . The search required round - the - clock towing of Argo back and forth above the sea bed , with shifts of watchers aboard the research vessel Knorr looking at the camera pictures for any sign of debris . After a week of fruitless searching , at 12.48 am on Sunday 1 September 1985 pieces of debris began to appear on Knorr 's screens . One of them was identified as a boiler , identical to those shown in pictures from 1911 . The following day , the main part of the wreck was found and Argo sent back the first pictures of Titanic since her sinking 73 years before . The discovery made headlines around the world . Subsequent expeditions 1986 -- 1998 DSV Alvin , used in 1986 to mount the first manned expedition to the wreck of Titanic Following his discovery of the wreck site , Ballard returned to Titanic in July 1986 aboard the research vessel RV Atlantis II . Now the deep - diving submersible DSV Alvin could take people back to Titanic for the first time since her sinking , and the remotely operated vehicle ( ROV ) Jason Jr. would allow the explorers to investigate the interior of the wreck . Another system , ANGUS , was used to carry out photo surveys of the debris field . Jason Jr. descended the ruined Grand Staircase as far as B Deck , and photographed remarkably well preserved interiors , including some chandeliers still hanging from the ceilings . Between 25 July and 10 September 1987 , an expedition mounted by IFREMER and a consortium of American investors which included George Tulloch , G. Michael Harris , D. Michael Harris and Ralph White made 32 dives to Titanic using the submersible Nautile . Controversially , they salvaged and brought ashore more than 1,800 objects . A joint Russian - Canadian - American expedition took place in 1991 using the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh and its two MIR submersibles . Sponsored by Stephen Low and IMAX , CBS , National Geographic and others , the expedition carried out extensive scientific research with a crew of 130 scientists and engineers . The MIRs carried out 17 dives , spending over 140 hours at the bottom , shooting 40,000 feet ( 12,000 m ) of IMAX film . This was used to create the 1995 documentary film Titanica , which was later released in the US on DVD in a re-edited version narrated by Leonard Nimoy . IFREMER and RMS Titanic Inc. , the successors to the sponsors of the 1987 expedition , returned to the wreck with Nautile and the ROV Robin in June 1993 . Over the course of fifteen days , Nautile made fifteen dives lasting between eight and twelve hours . Another 800 artefacts were recovered during the expedition including a two - tonne piece of a reciprocating engine , a lifeboat davit and the steam whistle from the ship 's forward funnel . In 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 and 2000 , RMS Titanic Inc. carried out an intensive series of dives that led to the recovery of over 4,000 items in the first two expeditions alone . The 1996 expedition controversially attempted to raise a section of Titanic itself , a section of the outer hull that originally comprised part of the wall of two First Class cabins on C Deck , extending down to D Deck . It weighed 20 tons , measured 15 by 25 feet ( 4.6 m × 7.6 m ) and had four portholes in it , three of which still had glass in them . The section had come loose either during the sinking or as a result of the impact with the sea bed . Its recovery using diesel - filled floatation bags was turned into something of an entertainment event with two cruise ships accompanying the expedition to the wreck site . Passengers were offered the chance , at $5,000 per person , to watch the recovery on television screens in their cabins while enjoying luxury accommodation , Las Vegas - style shows and casino gambling aboard the ships . Various celebrities were recruited to enliven the proceedings , including Burt Reynolds , Debbie Reynolds and Buzz Aldrin , and `` Grand Receptions '' for VIPs were scheduled on - shore where the hull section would be displayed . However , the lift ended disastrously when rough weather caused the ropes supporting the bags to snap . At the moment the ropes broke , the hull section had been lifted to within only 200 feet ( 61 m ) of the surface . It hurtled 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) back down , embedding itself upright on the sea floor . Although the attempt was strongly criticised by marine archaeologists , scientists and historians as a money - making publicity stunt , a second , successful attempt to lift the fragment was carried out in 1998 . The so - called `` Big Piece '' was conserved in a laboratory in Santa Fe for two years before being put on display at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino . In 1995 , Canadian director James Cameron chartered the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh and the MIRs to make 12 dives to Titanic . He used the resulting footage to considerable effect in his blockbuster 1997 film Titanic . The discovery of the wreck in 1985 and a National Geographic documentary of Ballard 's 1986 expedition had inspired Cameron to write a synopsis in 1987 of what eventually became the film Titanic : `` Do story with bookends of present day scene of wreck using submersibles intercut with memories of a survivor and re-created scenes of the night of the sinking . A crucible of human values under stress . '' Cameron 's expedition did not salvage anything from the ship . 2000 -- present The partly collapsed bathroom of Captain Edward Smith , with the bathtub now filled with rusticles The 2000 expedition by RMS Titanic Inc. carried out 28 dives during which over 800 artefacts were recovered , including the ship 's engine telegraphs , perfume vials and watertight door gears . In 2001 , an American couple -- David Leibowitz and Kimberly Miller -- caused controversy when they were married aboard a submersible that had set down on the bow of Titanic , in a deliberate echo of a famous scene from James Cameron 's 1997 film . The wedding was essentially a publicity stunt , sponsored by a British company called SubSea Explorer which had offered a free dive to Titanic that Leibowitz had won . He asked whether his fiancée could come too and was told that she could -- but only if she agreed to get married during the trip . The same company also brought along Philip Littlejohn , the grandson of one of Titanic 's surviving crew members , who became the first relative of a Titanic passenger or crew member to visit the wreck . Cameron himself also returned to Titanic in 2001 to carry out filming for Walt Disney Pictures ' Ghosts of the Abyss , filmed in 3D . In 2003 and 2004 , the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration carried out two expeditions to Titanic . The first , carried out between 22 June and 2 July 2003 , performed four dives in two days . Its key aims were to assess the current condition of the wreck site and carry out scientific observations to support ongoing research . The stern section , which had previously received relatively little attention from explorers , was specifically targeted for analysis . The microbial colonies aboard Titanic were also a key focus of investigation . The second expedition , from 27 May -- 12 June 2004 , saw the return of Robert Ballard to Titanic nearly 20 years after he discovered it . The expedition spent 11 days on the wreck , carrying out high - resolution mapping using video and stereoscopic still images . 2005 saw two expeditions to the Titanic . James Cameron returned for the third and last time to film Last Mysteries of the Titanic . Another expedition searched for previously unseen pieces of wreckage , and led to the documentary Titanic 's Final Moments : Missing Pieces . RMS Titanic Inc. mounted further expeditions to Titanic in 2004 and 2010 , when the first comprehensive map of the entire debris field was produced . Two autonomous underwater vehicles -- torpedo - shaped robots -- repeatedly ran backwards and forwards across the 3 by 5 miles ( 4.8 km × 8.0 km ) debris field , taking sonar scans and over 130,000 high - resolution images . This enabled a detailed photomosaic of the debris field to be created for the first time , giving scientists a much clearer view of the dynamics of the ship 's sinking . The expedition encountered difficulties : several hurricanes passed over the wreck site , and the Remora ROV was caught in a piece of wreckage . This same year saw the discovery of the new bacteria living in the rusticles on the Titanic , Halomonas titanicae . Tourist and scientific visits to Titanic are still continuing ; by April 2012 , 100 years since the disaster and nearly 25 since the discovery of the wreck , around 140 people had visited . On 14 April 2012 ( the 100th anniversary of the ship 's sinking ) , the wreck of the Titanic became eligible for protection under the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage . In the same month , Robert Ballard , the wreck 's discoverer , announced a plan to preserve the wreck of the Titanic by using deep - sea robots to paint the wreck with anti-fouling paint , to help keep the wreck in its current state for all time . The proposed plan that Ballard announced has been outlined in a documentary made to time with the Titanic 's 100th sinking anniversary called Save the Titanic With Bob Ballard where Ballard himself talks about how this proposed paint job on the wreck will work . Ballard says that he proposed to robotically clean and repaint the Titanic with a colour scheme mimicking rusticles because he saw `` original anti-fouling paint on the ship 's hull , which was still working even after 74 years on the seabed '' when he visited the Titanic in 1986 . Description of the wreck The location of the wreck is a considerable distance from the location transmitted by the ship 's wireless operators before she went down . The initial location was given as 41 ° 44 ′ N 50 ° 24 ′ W / 41.733 ° N 50.400 ° W / 41.733 ; - 50.400 ( RMS Titanic 's initial reported position ) , 20.8 miles ( 33.5 km ) from the wreck . A corrected location was later transmitted as 41 ° 46 ′ N 50 ° 14 ′ W / 41.767 ° N 50.233 ° W / 41.767 ; - 50.233 ( RMS Titanic 's corrected reported position ) , but this too was inaccurate , by 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) . Titanic is in two main pieces 370 miles ( 600 km ) south - east of Mistaken Point , Newfoundland . The bow is located at 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 ( Position of RMS Titanic 's bow section ) Coordinates : 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 ( Position of RMS Titanic 's bow section ) and the stern is about 1,970 feet ( 600 m ) to the south at 41 ° 43 ′ 35 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 54 '' W / 41.72639 ° N 49.94833 ° W / 41.72639 ; - 49.94833 ( Position of RMS Titanic 's stern section ) . The boilers found by Argo , which mark the point at which the ship went down , are about 600 feet ( 180 m ) east of the stern at 41 ° 43 ′ 32 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W / 41.72556 ° N 49.94694 ° W / 41.72556 ; - 49.94694 ( Position of RMS Titanic boilers located by Argo ) . The two main parts of the wreck of Titanic present a striking contrast . Although fourteen survivors testified that the ship had broken apart as she sank , this testimony was discounted by the official inquiries , and it was supposed that the ship had sunk intact . It is now clear that the stresses on Titanic caused the ship to split apart between the second and third funnels at or just below the surface . Bow section The bow section , which measures about 470 feet ( 140 m ) long , is thought to have descended at an angle of about 45 ° . Its distance from the stern was caused by its planing forward horizontally by about 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) for every 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of its descent . During the descent to the sea bed , the funnels were swept away , taking with them the rigging and large lengths of cables . These dragged along the boat deck , tearing away many of the davits and much of the other deck equipment . The foremast was also torn down , falling onto the port bridge area . The ship 's wheelhouse was swept away , possibly after being hit by the falling foremast . The bow hit the bottom at a speed of about 20 knots ( 23 mph ; 37 km / h ) , digging about 60 feet ( 18 m ) deep into the mud , up to the base of the anchors . The impact bent the hull in two places and caused it to buckle downwards by about 10 ° under the forward well deck cranes and by about 4 ° under the forward expansion joint . When the bow section hit the sea bed , the weakened decks at the rear , where the ship had broken apart , collapsed on top of each other . The forward hatch cover was also blown off and landed a couple of hundred feet in front of the bow , possibly due to the force of water being pushed out as the bow impacted the bottom . The area around the bridge is particularly badly damaged ; as Robert Ballard has put it , it looks `` as if it had been squashed by a giant 's fist '' . The roof of the officers ' quarters and the sides of the gymnasium appear pushed in , railings were bent outwards and vertical steel columns supporting the decks were bent into a C - shape . Charles R. Pellegrino has proposed that this was the result of a `` down - blast '' of water , caused by a slipstream that had followed the bow section as it fell towards the sea bed . According to Pellegrino 's hypothesis , when the bow came to an abrupt halt the inertia of the slipstream caused a rapidly moving column of water weighing thousands of tons to strike the top of the wreck , striking it near the bridge . This , argues Pellegrino , caused large parts of the bow 's interior to be demolished by surges of water and violent eddies kicked up by the wreck 's sudden halt . The damage caused by the collision with the iceberg is not visible at the bow as it is buried under mud . Interiors See also : First class facilities of the RMS Titanic Despite the exterior devastation caused by the bow 's descent and collision with the ocean floor , there are parts of the interior in reasonably good condition . The bow 's slow flooding and its relatively smooth descent to the sea floor mitigated interior damage . The stairwell of the First - Class Grand Staircase between the Boat Deck and E Deck is an empty chasm within the wreck , providing a convenient point of access for ROVs . Dense rusticles hanging from the steel decking combined with the deep layers of silt that have accumulated in the interior make navigating the wreck disorienting . Passenger staterooms have largely deteriorated because they were framed in perishable softwoods such as pine , leaving a warren of hanging electrical wire , light fixtures and debris interspersed with more durable items like brass bed frames , light fixtures , and marble - topped washstands . Woodwork with attachments like doorknobs , drawer - pulls or push - plates survive in better condition because of the small electric charge emitted by metal which repels fish and other harmful organisms . On the whole hardwoods like teak and mahogany , the material for most stateroom furnishings , are more resistant to decay . Lavatories and bathrooms within the passenger quarters survive because they were framed in steel . The only intact public rooms remaining in either the stern or bow sections are the First - Class Reception Room and Dining Saloon , both on D - Deck . Most of the Dining Saloon has collapsed because of its proximity to the break - up point midships , but the very forward part is accessible and the rectangular leaded glass windows , table bases , and ceiling lamps are noticeably preserved . The Reception Room with its leaded glass windows and mahogany paneling remains remarkably intact , although the ceiling is sagging and there is a deep layer of silt obstructing the floor . The Turkish Baths on F - Deck were found to be in excellent condition during their rediscovery in 2005 , preserving the blue - green tiles , carved teak woodwork , bronze lamps , and inlaid furniture . The Grand Staircase was very likely destroyed during the sinking , but the surrounding First - Class foyers and elevator entrances preserve many of the ormolu and crystal lamps , oak timbers , and oak - framed stanchions . In addition to the passenger areas , crew areas like the Firemen 's Mess , dormitories , parts of `` Scotland Road '' on E-Deck and the cargo holds on the Orlop Deck have also been explored . The Ghosts of the Abyss expedition in 2001 attempted to locate the famed Renault automobile belonging to William Carter , but the cargo was indistinguishable beneath the silt and rusticles . Stern section The stern section , which measures about 350 feet ( 110 m ) long , was catastrophically damaged during the descent and in landing on the sea bed . It had not fully filled with water when it sank and the increasing water pressure caused trapped air pockets to implode , tearing apart the hull . It was loud enough that multiple survivors reported hearing explosions about ten seconds after the stern had sunk beneath the waves . Data from a sonar map made during a 2010 expedition showed that the stern section rotated like a helicopter blade as it sank . The rudder appears to have swung over to an angle of about 30 -- 45 ° during the stern 's descent , causing the section to follow a tight spiral to the bottom . It probably struck rudder - first , burying most of the rudder in the mud up to a depth of 50 feet ( 15 m ) . The decks pancaked on top of each other and the hull plating splayed out to the sides of the shattered section . The pancaking is so severe that the combined height of the decks , which are piled up on top of the reciprocating engines , is now generally not more than about 12 to 15 feet ( 3.7 to 4.6 m ) high . No individual deck is more than about 1 foot ( 30 cm ) high . Large sections of the hull plating seem to have fallen off well before the wreck hit the bottom . One such section , thought to have been from the galleys , separated from the stern in one piece and landed nearby . The force of the water tore up the poop deck and folded it back on itself . The center propeller is totally buried , while the force of the impact caused the two wing propellers and shafts to be bent upwards by an angle of about 20 ° . A large V - shaped section of the ship just aft of midships , running from the keel upwards through Number 1 Boiler Room and upwards to cover the area under the third and fourth funnels , was believed to have disintegrated entirely when the ship broke up . This was one of the weakest parts of the ship as a result of the presence of two large open spaces -- the forward end of the engine room and the aft First Class passenger staircase . The rest of this part of the ship are scattered across the seabed at distances of 130 to 260 feet ( 40 to 79 m ) from the main part of the stern . During the 2010 expedition to map the wreck site , a major chunk of the deck house ( the base of the third funnel ) along with pieces of the third funnel was found . This showed that instead of simply disintegrating into a mass of debris , large sections of the ship broke off in chunks and that the ship broke in half between the second and third funnels , not the third and fourth funnels . Five of the boilers from Number 1 Boiler Room came loose during its disintegration and landed in the debris field around the stern . Experts believe that this tight cluster of the boilers marks the hypocenter of where the ship broke up 12,000 feet above . The rest of the boilers are still presumably located in the bow section . Debris fields As Titanic broke apart , many objects and pieces of hull were scattered across the sea bed . There are two debris fields in the vicinity of the wreck , each between 2,000 -- 2,600 ft ( 610 -- 790 m ) long , trailing in a south - westerly direction from the bow and stern . They cover an area of about 2 square miles ( 5.2 km ) . Most of the debris is concentrated near the stern section of Titanic . It consists of thousands of objects from the interior of the ship , ranging from tons of coal spilled from ruptured bunkers to suitcases , clothes , corked wine bottles ( many still intact despite the pressure ) , bathtubs , windows , washbasins , jugs , bowls , hand mirrors and numerous other personal effects . The debris field also includes numerous pieces of the ship itself , with the largest pieces of debris in the vicinity of the partially disintegrated stern section . Condition and deterioration of the wreck A rattail or grenadier fish , typical of the deep - sea fauna around Titanic Prior to the discovery of Titanic 's wreck , in addition to the common assumption that she had sunk in one piece , it had been widely believed that conditions at 12,000 feet ( 4 kilometres ) down would preserve the ship virtually intact . The water is bitterly cold at only about 1 -- 2 ° C ( 34 -- 36 ° F ) , there is no light and the high pressure was thought to be likely to lower oxygen and salinity levels to the point that organisms would not be able to gain a foothold on the wreck . Titanic would effectively be in a deep freeze . The reality has turned out to be very different , and the ship has increasingly deteriorated since she sank in April 1912 . Her gradual decay is due to a number of different processes -- physical , chemical and biological . She is situated on an undulating , gently sloping area of seabed in Titanic Canyon which is swept by the Western Boundary Current . Eddies from the current flow constantly across the wreck , scouring the sea bed and keeping sediment from building up over the hull . The current is strong and often changeable , gradually opening up holes in the ship 's hull . Salt corrosion eats away at the hull and it is also affected by galvanic corrosion . The most dramatic deterioration has been caused by biological factors . It used to be thought that the depths of the ocean were a lifeless desert , but research carried out since the mid-1980s has found that the ocean floor is teeming with life and may rival the tropical rainforests for biodiversity . During the 1991 IMAX expedition , scientists were surprised by the variety of organisms that they found in and around Titanic . A total of 28 species were observed , including sea anemones , crabs , shrimp , starfish , and rattail fish up to a yard ( 1 m ) long . Much larger creatures have been glimpsed by explorers . Some of Titanic 's fauna has never been seen anywhere else ; James Cameron 's 2001 expedition discovered a previously unknown type of sea cucumber , lavender with a glowing row of phosphorescent `` portholes '' along its side . A newly discovered species of rust - eating bacterium found on the ship has been named Halomonas titanicae , which has been found to cause rapid decay of the wreck . Henrietta Mann , who discovered the bacteria , has estimated that the Titanic will completely collapse possibly as soon as 2025 . The Canadian geophysicist Steve Blasco has commented that the wreck `` has become an oasis , a thriving ecosystem sitting in a vast desert '' . In mid 2016 , the facilities of the Institut Laue - Langevin used neutron imaging to demonstrate that a molecule called ectoine is used by Halomonas titanicae to regulate fluid balance and cell volume to survive at such pressures and salinities . Analysis by Henrietta Mann and Bhavleen Kaur , both of Dalhousie University in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in conjunction with other scientists and researchers of the University of Seville in Spain , has determined that the wreck of Titanic will not exist by 2037 and that preservation of Titanic is impossible . `` Unfortunately , because Titanic is 2.3 miles down , it is very difficult or impossible to preserve . It is film which will preserve it for history now , '' says Mann . `` It has already lasted for 100 years , but eventually there will be nothing left but a rust stain on the bottom of the Atlantic ... I think Titanic has maybe 15 or 20 years left . I do n't think it will have too much longer than that . '' Other scientists have estimated that Titanic will last no longer than 14 years , as of 2017 . The soft organic material aboard and dispersed onto the seabed around the hull would have been the first to disappear , rapidly devoured by fish and crustaceans . Wood - boring molluscs such as Teredo colonized the ship 's decks and interior in huge numbers , eating away the wooden decking and other wooden objects such as furniture , paneling , doors and staircase banisters . When their food ran out they died , leaving behind calcareous tubes . The question of the victims ' bodies is one that has often troubled explorers of the wreck site . When the debris field was surveyed in Robert Ballard 's 1986 expedition , pairs of shoes were observed lying next to each other on the sea bed . The flesh , bones , and clothes had long since been consumed but the tannin in the shoes ' leather had apparently resisted the bacteria , leaving the shoes as the only markers of where a body had once lain . Ballard has suggested that skeletons may remain deep within Titanic 's hull , such as in the engine rooms or third - class cabins . This has been disputed by scientists , who have estimated that the bodies would have completely disappeared by the early 1940s at the latest . In any event , the molluscs and scavengers did not consume everything organic . Some of the wooden objects on the ship and in the debris field have not been consumed , particularly those made of teak , a dense wood that seems to have resisted the borers . The First Class reception area off the ship 's Grand Staircase is still remarkably intact and furniture is still visible among the debris on the floor . Although most of the corridors have lost their walls , furniture is still in place in many cabins ; in one , a mattress is still on the bed , with an intact and undamaged dresser behind it . Robert Ballard has suggested that areas within the ship or buried under debris , where scavengers may not have been able to reach , may still contain human remains . According to Charles Pellegrino , who dived on Titanic in 2001 , a finger bone encircled by the partial remains of a wedding ring was found concreted to the bottom of a soup tureen that was retrieved from the debris field . It was returned to the sea bed on the next dive . Part of the Titanic wreck in 2003 with rusticles hanging from the hull The longest - lasting inhabitants of Titanic are likely to be bacteria and archaea which have colonized the metal hull of the ship . They have produced `` reddish - brown stalactites of rust ( hanging ) down as much as several feet , looking like long needle - like icicles '' , as Robert Ballard has put it . The formations , which Ballard dubbed `` rusticles '' , are extremely fragile and disintegrate in a cloud of particles if touched . The bacteria consume the iron in the hull , oxidizing it and leaving rust particles behind as a waste product . To protect themselves from the seawater , they secrete an acidic viscous slime that flows where gravity takes it , carrying ferric oxides and hydroxides . These form the rusticles . When scientists were able to retrieve a rusticle , it was discovered that it was far more complex than had been imagined , with complex systems of roots infiltrating the metal , interior channels , bundles of fibers , pores and other structures . Charles Pellegrino comments that they seem more akin to `` levels of tissue organization found in sponges or mosses and other members of the animal or plant kingdoms . '' The bacteria are estimated to be consuming Titanic 's hull at the rate of 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) per day , which is about 17 pounds ( 7.7 kg ) per hour or 4.4 ounces ( 120 grams ) per minute . Roy Collimore , a microbiologist , estimates that the bow alone now supports some 650 tons of rusticles and that they will have devoured fifty per cent of the hull within 200 years . Since Titanic 's wreck was discovered in 1985 , radical changes have been observed in the marine ecosystem around the ship . The 1996 expedition recorded 75 per cent more brittle stars and sea cucumbers than Ballard 's 1985 expedition , while crinoids and sea squirts had taken root all over the sea bed . Red krill had appeared and an unknown organism had built numerous nests across the seabed from black pebbles . The amount of rusticles on the ship had increased greatly . Curiously , the same thing had happened over about the same timescale to the wreck of the German battleship Bismarck , sunk at a depth of 4,791 metres ( 15,719 ft ) on the other side of the Atlantic . The mud around the ship was found to contain hundreds of different species of animals . The sudden explosion of life around Titanic may be a result of an increased amount of nutrients falling from the surface , possibly a result of human overfishing eliminating fish that would otherwise have consumed the nutrients . Many scientists , including Robert Ballard , are concerned that visits by tourists in submersibles and the recovery of artifacts are causing the wreck to decay faster . Underwater bacteria have been eating away at Titanic 's steel and transformed it into rust since the ship sank , but because of the extra damage caused by visitors , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimates that `` the hull and structure of the ship may collapse to the ocean floor within the next 50 years . '' The promenade deck has deteriorated significantly in recent years , partly because of damage caused by submersibles landing on the ship . The mast has almost completely deteriorated and has been stripped of its bell and brass light . Other damage includes a gash on the bow section where block letters once spelled Titanic , part of the brass telemotor which once held the ship 's wooden wheel is now twisted and the crow 's nest has completely deteriorated . The Canadian director James Cameron is responsible for some of the more significant damage during his expedition to the ship in 1995 to acquire footage for his film Titanic two years later . One of the MIR submersibles used on the expedition collided with the hull , damaging both and leaving fragments of the submersible 's propeller shroud scattered around the superstructure . Captain Smith 's quarters were heavily damaged by the collapse of the external bulkhead , which exposed the cabin 's interior . Ownership Titanic 's discovery in 1985 sparked a debate over the ownership of the wreck and the valuable items inside and on the sea bed around it . Ballard and his crew did not bring up any artifacts from the wreck , considering such an act to be tantamount to grave robbing . Ballard has since argued strongly `` that it be left unmolested by treasure seekers '' . As Ballard has put it , the development of deep - sea submersibles has made `` the great pyramids of the deep ... accessible to man . He can either plunder them like the grave robbers of Egypt or protect them for the countless generations which will follow ours . '' However , within only two weeks of the discovery , a British insurance company claimed that it owned the wreck , and several more schemes to raise it were announced . A Belgian entrepreneur offered trips to Titanic for $25,000 a head . Spurred by Ballard 's appeals for the wreck to be left alone , North Carolina Congressman Walter B. Jones , Sr. introduced the RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act in the United States House of Representatives in 1986 . It called for strict scientific guidelines to be introduced to govern the exploration and salvage of Titanic and urged the United States Secretary of State to lobby Canada , the United Kingdom and France to pass similar legislation . It passed the House and Senate by an overwhelming majority and was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on 21 October 1986 . However , the law has been ineffective as the wreck lies outside United States waters , and the Act was set aside by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia , Norfolk Division , in 1998 . Although negotiations among the four countries were carried out between 1997 and 2000 , the resulting `` Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel R.M.S. Titanic '' has been ratified by only the US and the UK . Litigation and controversy Telly Savalas presenting the much - criticized Return to Titanic Live show on 28 October 1987 Only a few days after Ballard 's discovery of the wreck , Jack Grimm -- the author of the unsuccessful early 1980s attempts to find Titanic -- claimed ownership of it on the grounds that he had allegedly been the first to find it . He announced that he intended to begin salvaging the wreck . He said that he `` ( could n't ) see them just lie there and be absorbed by the ocean floor . What possible harm can ( salvage ) do to this mass of twisted steel ? '' Titanic Ventures Inc. , a Connecticut - based consortium , co-sponsored a survey and salvage operation in 1987 with the French oceanographic agency IFREMER . The expedition produced an outcry , not least because of the damage that it caused to the wreck . When the crow 's nest bell was pulled from the mast , the crow 's nest itself , where the lookouts first saw the iceberg , collapsed . A Titanic survivor , Eva Hart , was outspoken in her condemnation of what many saw as the looting of a mass grave : `` To bring up those things from a mass sea grave just to make a few thousand pounds shows a dreadful insensitivity and greed . The grave should be left alone . They 're simply going to do it as fortune hunters , vultures , pirates ! '' Public misgivings were increased when , on 28 October 1987 , a glitzy television program titled Return to the Titanic Live was broadcast from the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie in Paris with Telly Savalas hosting . In front of a live TV audience , a valise recovered from the sea bed was opened , revealing a number of personal items apparently belonging to Richard L. Beckwith of New York , who survived the sinking . A safe was also opened , revealing a few items of memorabilia and some soggy banknotes . The tone of the event has been described by one commentator as `` unsympathetic , lack ( ing ) dignity and finesse , and ( with ) all the superficial qualities of a ' media event ' . '' The TV critic of The New York Times , John Corry , called the event `` a combination of the sacred and profane and sometimes the downright silly . '' Paul Heyer comments that it was `` presented as a kind of deep sea striptease '' and that Savalas `` seemed haggard , missed several cues and at one point almost tripped over a chair '' . Controversy persisted after the broadcast when claims were made that the safe had been opened beforehand and that the show had effectively been a fraud . In the meantime , Marex - Titanic Inc. was formed in 1992 to launch an expedition to the Titanic . Marex - Titanic 's CEO was James Kollar . The company was a subsidiary of Marex International , an international marine salvage firm located in Memphis , Tennessee . In 1992 Marex made a bid to seize control of the artefacts and the wreck itself by suing Titanic Ventures , arguing that the latter had abandoned its claim by not returning to the wreck since the 1987 expedition . It claimed a superior right of salvage based on a `` pill bottle '' and hull fragment that were said to have been retrieved by Marex . Marex simultaneously sent a vessel , the Sea Mussel , to carry out its own salvage operation . However , the Marex artefacts were alleged to have been illegally retrieved by the 1991 Russian - American - Canadian expedition and Marex was issued with a temporary injunction preventing it from carrying out its plans . In October 1992 the injunction was made permanent and the salvage claims of Titanic Ventures were upheld . The decision was later reversed by an appeals court but Marex 's claims were not renewed . Even so , Titanic Ventures ' control of the artefacts recovered in 1987 remained in question until 1993 when a French administrator in the Office of Maritime Affairs of the Ministry of Equipment , Transportation , and Tourism awarded the company title to the artefacts . In May 1993 Titanic Ventures sold its interests in the salvage operations and artefacts to RMS Titanic Inc. , a subsidiary of Premier Exhibitions Inc. headed by George Tulloch and Arnie Geller . It had to go through a laborious legal process of having itself legally recognised as the sole and exclusive salvager of the wreck . Its claim was opposed for a while by the Liverpool and London Steamship Protection and Indemnity Association , Titanic 's former insurer , but was eventually settled . It was awarded ownership and salvaging rights by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia on 7 June 1994 in a ruling that declared the company to be the `` salvor in possession '' of the wreck . Litigation has continued over the artefacts in recent years . In a motion filed on 12 February 2004 , RMS Titanic Inc. requested that the United States district court enter an order awarding it `` title to all the artifacts ( including portions of the hull ) which are the subject of this action pursuant to the Law of Finds '' or , in the alternative , a salvage award in the amount of $225 million . RMS Titanic Inc. excluded from its motion any claim for an award of title to the objects recovered in 1987 , but it did request that the district court declare that , based on the French administrative action , `` the artifacts raised during the 1987 expedition are independently owned by RMST . '' Following a hearing , the district court entered an order dated 2 July 2004 , in which it refused to grant comity or recognise the 1993 decision of the French administrator , and rejected RMS Titanic Inc. 's claim that it should be awarded title to the items recovered since 1993 under the Maritime Law of Finds . RMS Titanic Inc. appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit . In its decision of 31 January 2006 the court recognised `` explicitly the appropriateness of applying maritime salvage law to historic wrecks such as that of Titanic '' and denied the application of the Maritime Law of Finds . The court also ruled that the district court lacked jurisdiction over the `` 1987 artifacts '' , and therefore vacated that part of the court 's 2 July 2004 order . In other words , according to this decision , RMS Titanic Inc. has ownership title to the objects awarded in the French decision ( valued $16.5 million earlier ) and continues to be salvor - in - possession of the Titanic wreck . The Court of Appeals remanded the case to the District Court to determine the salvage award ( $225 million requested by RMS Titanic Inc . ) . On 24 March 2009 , it was revealed that the fate of 5,900 artefacts retrieved from the wreck would rest with a U.S. District Judge 's decision . The ruling was later issued in two decisions on 12 August 2010 and 15 August 2011 . As announced in 2009 , the judge ruled that RMS Titanic Inc. owned the artefacts and her decision dealt with the status of the wreck as well as establishing a monitoring system to check future activity upon the wreck site . On 12 August 2010 , Judge Rebecca Beach Smith granted RMS Titanic , Inc. fair market value for the artefacts but deferred ruling on their ownership and the conditions for their preservation , possible disposition and exhibition until a further decision could be reached . On 15 August 2011 , Judge Smith granted title to thousands of artefacts from the Titanic , that RMS Titanic Inc. did not already own under a French court decision concerning the first group of salvaged artefacts , to RMS Titanic Inc. subject to a detailed list of conditions concerning preservation and disposition of the items . The artefacts can be sold only to a company that would abide by the lengthy list of conditions and restrictions . RMS Titanic Inc. can profit from the artefacts through exhibiting them . RMS Titanic Inc. has also attempted to secure exclusive physical access to the wreck site . In 1996 , it obtained a court order finding that it had `` the exclusive right to take any and all types of photographic images of the Titanic wreck and wreck site . '' It obtained another order in 1998 against Deep Ocean Expeditions and Chris Haver , a British Virgin Islands corporation that aimed to run tourist trips to Titanic at a cost of $32,000 per person ( it now charges $60,000 ) . This was overturned in March 1999 by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , which ruled that the law of salvage did not extend to obtaining exclusive rights to view , visit and photograph a wreck . The court pointed out that Titanic is `` located in a public place '' in international waters , rather than in a private or controllable location to which access could be restricted by the owner . Granting such a right would also create a perverse incentive ; since the aim of salvage is to carry out a salvage operation , leaving property in place so that it could be photographed would run counter to this objective . Conservation issues One of the pieces of coal retrieved from Titanic and controversially sold by RMS Titanic Inc . RMS Titanic Inc. has attracted considerable controversy for its approach to Titanic . Two rival camps have formed following the wreck 's discovery : the `` conservationists '' , championed by RMS Titanic Inc. 's George Tulloch ( who died in 2004 ) , and the `` protectionists '' , whose most prominent advocate is Robert Ballard . The first camp has argued that artefacts from around the wreck should be recovered and conserved , while the latter camp argues that the entire wreck site should have been left undisturbed as a mass grave . Both camps agree that the wreck itself should not be salvaged -- though RMS Titanic Inc. did not stick to its proclaimed `` hands - off '' policy when it managed to demolish Titanic 's crow 's nest in the course of retrieving the bell . Its predecessor Titanic Ventures agreed with IFREMER that it would not sell any of the artefacts but would put them on public display , for which it could charge an entry fee . Tulloch 's approach has undoubtedly resulted in outcomes that would not have been possible otherwise . In 1991 , he presented Edith Brown Haisman , a 96 - year - old survivor of the disaster , with her father 's pocket watch which had been retrieved from the sea bed . She had last seen it on 15 April 1912 when he waved goodbye to his wife and daughter as they left aboard lifeboat 14 . They never saw him again and he presumably went down with the ship . The watch was loaned to Haisman `` for life '' ; when she died four years later it was reclaimed by RMS Titanic Inc . On another occasion , a steamer trunk spotted in the debris field was found to contain three musical instruments , a deck of playing cards , a diary belonging to one Howard Irwin , and a bundle of letters from his girlfriend Pearl Shuttle . It was first thought that Irwin , a musician and professional gambler , had boarded the ship under a false identity . There was no record of him being among the passengers , even though a ticket had been purchased for him . It turned out that he had stayed ashore but his trunk had been brought aboard the ship by his friend Henry Sutehall , who was among the victims of the disaster . The fragile contents of the trunk were preserved due to the interior being starved of oxygen , which prevented bacteria from consuming the paper . Very few other shipwrecks have yielded readable paper . On the other hand , the heavily commercialised approach of RMS Titanic Inc. has caused repeated controversy and many have argued that salvaging Titanic is an inherently disrespectful act . The wreck site has been called a `` tomb and a reliquary '' , a `` gravestone for the 1,500 people who died '' and `` hallowed ground '' . Titanic historians John Eaton and Charles Haas argue that the salvagers are little more than `` plunderers and armchair salvage experts '' and others have characterised them as `` grave robbers '' . The Return to Titanic ... Live ! television show in 1987 was widely condemned as a `` circus '' , though the 1987 expedition 's scientific and financial leaders had no control over the show . In a particularly controversial episode , RMS Titanic Inc. sold some 80,000 lumps of coal retrieved from the debris field in order to fund the rumoured $17 million cost of lifting the `` Big Piece '' of the ship 's hull . It attempted to get around the no - sale agreement with IFREMER by charging the new owners a $25 `` fee '' to act as `` conservators '' , in order to claim that the coal lumps had not actually been sold . This attracted strong criticism from all sides . Nonetheless , in 1999 Tulloch was ousted by the company 's shareholders and was replaced by Arnie Geller , who promised a more aggressive approach to making a profit . The company declared that it had an `` absolute right '' to sell recovered gold , coins and currency . It was prevented from doing this by a court order in the United States and IFREMER withdrew its cooperation and its submersibles , threatening a lawsuit . Exhibitions of Titanic artifacts Pocket watch retrieved from an unknown victim of the disaster . It had stopped at 02 : 28 , a few minutes after its owner went into the water . Objects from Titanic have been exhibited for many years , though only a few were retrieved before the discovery of the wreck in 1985 . The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax , Nova Scotia has a collection of wooden fragments and an intact deckchair plucked from the sea by the Canadian search vessels that recovered the victims ' bodies . Various other museums , including the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich and the SeaCity Museum in Southampton , have objects donated by survivors and relatives of victims , including some items that were retrieved from the bodies of victims . More donated Titanic artifacts are to be found in the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool and the Titanic Historical Society 's museum in Indian Orchard , Springfield , Massachusetts . The latter 's collection includes items such as the life jacket of Madeleine Astor , the wife of millionaire Titanic victim John Jacob Astor IV , a rivet which was removed from the hull before Titanic went to sea , an ice warning which never reached the bridge , a restaurant menu and a sample square of carpet from a First Class stateroom . RMS Titanic Inc. organizes large - scale exhibitions around the world of artifacts retrieved from the wreck site . After minor exhibitions were held in Paris and Scandinavia , the first major exhibition of recovered artifacts was held at the National Maritime Museum in 1994 -- 95 . It was hugely popular , drawing an average of 21,000 visitors a week during the year - long exhibition . Since then , RMS Titanic Inc. has established a large - scale permanent exhibition of Titanic artifacts at the Luxor hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . The 25,000 square feet ( 2,300 m ) exhibit is the home of the `` Big Piece '' of the hull retrieved in 1998 and features conserved items including luggage , Titanic 's whistles , floor tiles and an unopened bottle of champagne . The exhibit includes a full - scale replica of the ship 's Grand Staircase and part of the Promenade Deck , and even a mock - up of the iceberg . It also runs a traveling exhibition called Titanic : The Artifact Exhibition which has opened in various cities around the world and has been seen by over 20 million people . The exhibition typically runs for six to nine months featuring a combination of artifacts , reconstructions and displays of the ship , her passengers and crew and the disaster itself . In a similar fashion to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , D.C. , visitors are given a `` boarding pass '' in the name of an individual passenger at the start of the exhibition . They do not discover the fate of their assigned passenger until the end . See also Nautical portal United Kingdom portal International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea List of films about the RMS Titanic List of archaeological sites beyond national boundaries Notes Jump up ^ Made by Teledyne Benthos , they are used as flotation devices and for instrument housing in deep - sea environments . See `` Glass Spheres '' for more information . Footnotes Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Willmott 2003 , p. 307 Jump up ^ Wade 1992 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Little 2010 . Jump up ^ Estes 2006 , p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , pp. 230 -- 231 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1987 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Serway & Jewett 2006 , p. 494 . Jump up ^ New Scientist & 6 October 1977 . Jump up ^ Suid 1996 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Hicks & Kropf 2002 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Time , 11 May 1981 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , pp. 232 -- 233 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ballard 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 2008 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Ballard 2008 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ballard 2008 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Ballard & Hively 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , pp. 314 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 324 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ MacInnis & Cameron 2005 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Parisi 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Timeline for 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic couple take the plunge '' . BBC News . 28 July 2001 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Timeline for 2001 . Jump up ^ R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2003 . Jump up ^ R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2004 . Jump up ^ Timeline for 2004 . Jump up ^ Canfield & 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Symonds & April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The wreck of the Titanic now protected by UNESCO '' . UNESCO . 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sides , Hampton ( April 2012 ) . `` Unseen Titanic '' . National Geographic . 221 ( 4 ) : 95 . Jump up ^ Gibson 2012 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 204 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1992 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Unseen Titanic -- Interactive : The Crash Scene '' . National Geographic . 17 October 2002 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , pp. 100 -- 101 . ^ Jump up to : Gannon & February 1995 . Jump up ^ ( Lynch & Marschall 2003 , p. 58 ) Jump up ^ ( Marschall 2001 , p. 3 ) Jump up ^ ( Parks Stephenson 2005 ) Jump up ^ ( Ballard 1988 , p. 47 ) Jump up ^ ( Lynch & Marschall 2005 , pp. 119 -- 120 ) Jump up ^ `` Full Titanic site mapped for first time '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Associated Press . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Pellegrino 2012 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen & 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Sydney ( 1987 ) . `` Treasures of the Titanic '' . Popular Mechanics . New York : Hearst Magazines . 164 ( 12 ) : 65 -- 69 . ISSN 0032 - 4558 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Mone & July 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Handwerk & 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Broad & 17 October 1995 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ BBC News & 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ laboratoryequipment.com , September 6 , 2016 , Extremophile Bacteria ' Will Eat Away Wreck of the Titanic by 2030 . Jump up ^ Fox - Skelly , Jasmin . `` The wreck of the Titanic is being eaten and may soon vanish '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Crosbie & Mortimer 2006 , p. last page ( no page number specified ) . Jump up ^ Ballard & December 2004 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1999 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ For an overall discussion of the history of the salvage legal proceedings , see R.M.S. Titanic , Inc. v. Haver , 171 F. 3d 943 ( 4th Cir . Va . 1999 ) , and related opinions . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ RMS Titanic International Agreement 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 4 September 1985 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1992 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1999 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Heyer 1995 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 313 . Jump up ^ Associated Press 30 September 1992 . Jump up ^ Taylor & 2 October 1992 . Jump up ^ `` RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial of Preservation Act of 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ `` Salvage Law Update Fall 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit , R.M.S. Titanic , Incorporated vs. The Wrecked and Abandoned Vessel -- 31 January 2006 '' ( PDF ) . ( 127 KiB ) Jump up ^ White , Marcia ( 24 March 2009 ) . `` Battle continues on fate of relics from doomed ship Titanic '' . The Express - Times . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal judge to rule on fate of Titanic artifacts '' . USA Today . 24 March 2009 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Tim ( 14 August 2010 ) . `` Norfolk judge grants salvage award for Titanic artifacts '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McGlone , Tim ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` Norfolk judge awards rights to Titanic artifacts '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Scovazzi 2003 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Riding & 16 December 1992 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Pellegrino 2012 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Jorgensen - Earp 2006 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , pp. 248 , 251 . Jump up ^ Kelly 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Portman 12 November 1994 . Jump up ^ Stearns 17 May 1995 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , pp. 252 -- 253 . References Ballard , Robert D. ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51385 - 2 . Ballard , Robert ( 1988 ) . Exploring the Titanic . New York : Scholastic . ISBN 0590419528 . Ballard , Robert D. ; Hively , Will ( 2002 ) . The Eternal Darkness : A Personal History of Deep - Sea Exploration . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09554 - 7 . Ballard , Robert D. ( 2008 ) . Archaeological Oceanography . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12940 - 2 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : The Full Story of RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Crosbie , Duncan ; Mortimer , Sheila ( 2006 ) . Titanic : The Ship of Dreams . New York , NY : Orchard Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 89995 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1987 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster : The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85059 - 868 - 1 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford , Somerset : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 575 - 9 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Estes , James A. ( 2006 ) . Whales , Whaling , and Ocean Ecosystems . Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24884 - 7 . Gibson , Allen ( 2012 ) . The Unsinkable Titanic : The Triumph Behind A Disaster . Stroud , Glos. : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5625 - 6 . Halpern , Samuel ; Weeks , Charles ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the Damage to the Ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Heyer , Paul ( 1995 ) . Titanic Legacy : Disaster as Myth and Event . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 95352 - 2 . Hicks , Brian ; Kropf , Schuyler ( 2002 ) . Raising the Hunley : the remarkable history and recovery of the lost Confederate submarine . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 44771 - 5 . Jorgensen - Earp , Cheryl R. ( 2006 ) . `` Satisfaction of Metaphorical Expressions through Visual Display '' . In Prelli , Lawrence J. Rhetorics of display . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 619 - 4 . Lord , Walter ( 1987 ) . The Night Lives On . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 81452 - 7 . Lynch , Don ( 1992 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56282 - 918 - 6 . Lynch , Don ; Marschall , Ken ( 2003 ) . Ghosts of the Abyss . New York : Madison Press Books . ISBN 0306812231 . MacInnis , Joseph B. ; Cameron , James ( 2005 ) . James Cameron 's Aliens of the Deep . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7922 - 9343 - 9 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 364 - 1 . Pellegrino , Charles ( 2012 ) . Farewell , Titanic : Her Final Legacy . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 87387 - 8 . Scovazzi , Tullio ( 2003 ) . `` The Application of `` Salvage Law and Other Rules of Admiralty '' `` . In Garabello , Roberta ; Scovazzi , Tullio . The protection of the underwater cultural heritage : before and after the 2001 UNESCO Convention . Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 2203 - 2 . Serway , Raymond A. ; Jewett , John W. ( 2006 ) . Principles of Physics : A Calculus - Based Text , Volume 1 . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 49143 - 7 . Spignesi , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Titanic For Dummies . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 20651 - 5 . Suid , Lawrence H. ( 1996 ) . Sailing on the Silver Screen : Hollywood and the U.S. Navy . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781557507877 . Wade , Wyn Craig ( 1992 ) . The Titanic : End of a Dream . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 016691 - 0 . Ward , Greg ( 2012 ) . The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London : Rough Guides Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8699 - 9 . Journal and news articles Broad , William A. ( 17 October 1995 ) . `` The World 's Deep , Cold Sea Floors Harbor a Riotous Diversity of Life '' . The New York Times . Canfield , Clarke ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Cohen , Jennie ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` First Map of Entire Titanic Wreck Site Sheds New Light on Disaster '' . History.com . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Ferguson , Jonathan ( 4 September 1985 ) . `` Texas oilman says he found Titanic first -- ' it 's my wreck ' '' . The Toronto Star . Gannon , Robert ( February 1995 ) . `` What Really Sank the Titanic '' . Popular Science : 54 . Kelly , Ray ( 27 October 2009 ) . `` Titanic salvage raises concerns '' . The Republican . Springfield , MA . Little , Crispin T.S. ( February 2010 ) . `` The Prolific Afterlife of Whales '' . Scientific American . 302 ( 2 ) : 78 -- 84 . Bibcode : 2010SciAm. 302b ... 78L . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0210 - 78 . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . Mone , Gregory ( July 2004 ) . `` What 's Eating the Titanic ? '' . Popular Science : 42 . Portman , Jamie ( 12 November 1994 ) . `` U.K. Titanic exhibit an off - season draw '' . The Toronto Star . Riding , Alan ( 16 December 1992 ) . `` 1,800 Objects From the Titanic : Any Claims ? '' . The New York Times . Stearns , David Patrick ( 17 May 1995 ) . `` Relics display shows interest in Titanic has n't sunk '' . USA Today . Stephenson , Parks ( 20 September 2005 ) . Titanic Wreck Observations 2005 ( Report ) . Marine Forensic Panel . Taylor , Joe ( 2 October 1992 ) . `` Texas Oilman Seeking Titanic Artifacts Loses Case '' . The Associated Press . Information , Reed Business ( 6 October 1977 ) . `` Ariadne '' . New Scientist : 78 -- 84 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . `` Press : Suddenly , Now ! Is Never '' . Time . 11 May 1981 . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . `` Memphian Seeks Titanic Salvage '' . The Associated Press . 30 September 1992 . `` New species of bacteria found in Titanic ' rusticles ' '' . BBC News . 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Symonds , Matthew ( April 2012 ) . `` Titanic : The archaeology of an emigrant ship '' . Current Archaeology ( 265 ) : 14 . Online publications Ballard , Robert D. ( December 2004 ) . `` Why is Titanic Vanishing ? '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Handwerk , Brian ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` Titanic Is Falling Apart '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Marschall , Ken ( December 2001 ) . `` James Cameron 's Titanic Expedition 2001 : What We Saw On and Inside the Wreck '' . marconigraph.com . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . `` RMS Titanic International Agreement '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2003 '' . NOAA. 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2004 '' . NOAA. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` The Titanic Story : Timeline For 2000 '' . Titanic Heritage Trust . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` The Titanic Story : Timeline For 2001 '' . Titanic Heritage Trust . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . `` The Titanic Story : Timeline For 2004 '' . Titanic Heritage Trust . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Further reading Ballard , Robert D. ( December 1985 ) . `` How We Found Titanic '' . National Geographic . Vol. 168 no . 6 . pp. 696 -- 719 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Ballard , Robert D. ( December 1986 ) . `` A Long Last Look at Titanic '' . National Geographic . Vol. 170 no . 6 . pp. 698 -- 727 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Ballard , Robert D. ( October 1987 ) . `` Epilogue for Titanic '' . National Geographic . Vol. 172 no . 4 . pp. 454 -- 463 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX Media related to Titanic wreck at Wikimedia Commons RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Joseph Bell ( Machine Room Manager ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Allison family Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Roderick Chisholm Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors ( last living ) Rhoda Abbott Trevor Allison Lillian Asplund Madeleine Astor Ruth Becker Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Alden Caldwell Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Millvina Dean Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Edith Haisman Henry S. Harper Eva Hart Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Margaret Mannion Michel Marcel Navratil Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Beatrice Sandström Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer Barbara West Ella Holmes White R. Norris Williams Marie Grice Young Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books The Wreck of the Titan : Or , Futility ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( TBA ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Ships RMS Olympic RMS Carpathia HMHS Britannic CS Mackay - Bennett SS Californian Replica Titanic Titanic II Others White Star Line David Blair Arthur Rostron Stanley Lord Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS CQD Robert Ballard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wreck_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=848924226 '' Categories : RMS Titanic 1911 ships 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States History of Halifax , Nova Scotia Ships sunk in collisions Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Good articles Use dmy dates from April 2012 Use British English from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español Français മലയാളം Norsk Português தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 08 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the resting place of the titanic discovered	[ "Ballard realized that looking for the wreck itself using sonar was unlikely to be successful and adopted a different tactic, drawing on the experience of the surveys of Thresher and Scorpion; he would look for the debris field instead,[33] using Argo's cameras rather than sonar. Whereas sonar could not distinguish man-made debris on the sea bed from natural objects, cameras could. The debris field would also be a far bigger target, stretching a mile (1.6 km) or longer, whereas Titanic itself was only 90 feet (27 m) wide.[34] The search required round-the-clock towing of Argo back and forth above the sea bed, with shifts of watchers aboard the research vessel Knorr looking at the camera pictures for any sign of debris.[35] After a week of fruitless searching, at 12.48 am on Sunday 1 September 1985 pieces of debris began to appear on Knorr's screens. One of them was identified as a boiler, identical to those shown in pictures from 1911.[36] The following day, the main part of the wreck was found and Argo sent back the first pictures of Titanic since her sinking 73 years before.[37] The discovery made headlines around the world.[38]\n" ]	[ "1 September 1985" ]
-5624706226123107742	Wilhelmina of the Netherlands	Wilhelmina of the Netherlands - wikipedia Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wilhelmina Queen Wilhelmina in 1948 Queen of the Netherlands Reign 23 November 1890 -- 4 September 1948 Inauguration 6 September 1898 Predecessor William III Successor Juliana Regents Emma ( 1890 -- 1898 ) Juliana ( 1947 -- 1948 ) ( 1880 - 08 - 31 ) 31 August 1880 Noordeinde Palace , The Hague , Netherlands 28 November 1962 ( 1962 - 11 - 28 ) ( aged 82 ) Het Loo Palace , Apeldoorn , Netherlands Burial 8 December 1962 Nieuwe Kerk , Delft , Netherlands Spouse Henry of Mecklenburg - Schwerin ( m . 1901 ; d . 1934 ) Issue Queen Juliana Full name Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria House Orange - Nassau Father William III of the Netherlands Mother Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont Religion Dutch Reformed Church Wilhelmina ( Dutch pronunciation : ( ʋɪlɦɛlˈminaː ) ( listen ) ; Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria ; 31 August 1880 -- 28 November 1962 ) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 until her abdication in 1948 . Wilhelmina was the only child of King William III and his second wife Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont . She became heir presumptive to the Dutch throne , after her half brother and great uncle had died , when she was 4 years old . She became queen when her father died , when she was 10 years old . As she was still a minor , her mother served as regent until Wilhelmina became 18 years old . In 1901 , she married Duke Henry of Mecklenburg - Schwerin with whom she had a daughter Juliana . She reigned for nearly 58 years , longer than any other Dutch monarch . Her reign saw the First and the Second World War , the economic crisis of 1933 , and the decline of the Netherlands as a major colonial power . Outside the Netherlands she is primarily remembered for her role in World War II , in which she proved to be a great inspiration to the Dutch resistance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Inauguration and marriage 2 Reign 3 World War I 4 Between the wars 5 World War II 6 Later years 7 Titles , styles , and honours 7.1 Titles 7.2 Honours 7.2. 1 National honours 7.2. 2 Foreign honours 8 Wilhelmina Mints 9 Ancestry 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Early life ( edit ) Queen Wilhelmina in the 1890s Princess Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria of the Netherlands , Princess of Orange - Nassau , was born on 31 August 1880 at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague , Netherlands . She was the only child of King William III and his second wife , Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont . Her childhood was characterised by a close relationship with her parents , especially with her father , who was 63 years of age when she was born . King William III had three sons with his first wife , Sophie of Württemberg . However , when Wilhelmina was born , William had already outlived two of them and only the childless Prince Alexander and the King 's uncle Prince Frederick of the Netherlands were alive , so under the Semi-Salic system of inheritance that was in place in the Netherlands until 1887 , she was third in line to the throne from birth . When Prince Frederick died a year later in 1881 , she became second in line . When Wilhelmina was four , Alexander died and the young girl became heir presumptive . King William III died on 23 November 1890 . Although 10 - year - old Wilhelmina became queen of the Netherlands instantly , her mother , Emma , was named regent . In 1895 , Queen Wilhelmina visited Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom , who penned an evaluation in her diary : The young Queen ... still has her hair hanging loose . She is slender and graceful , and makes an impression as a very intelligent and very cute girl . She speaks good English and knows how to behave with charming manners . Inauguration and marriage ( edit ) Wilhelmina of the Netherlands wearing her ceremonial robe worn at her inauguration in 1898 ; painting by Thérèse Schwartze Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Henry at their wedding Wilhelmina was sworn - in and inaugurated at the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam on 6 September 1898 . On 7 February 1901 in The Hague , she married Duke Henry of Mecklenburg - Schwerin . Nine months later , on 9 November , Wilhelmina suffered a miscarriage , and on 4 May 1902 she gave birth to a premature stillborn son . Her next pregnancy ended in another miscarriage on 23 July 1906 . During this time period , Wilhelmina 's heir presumptive was her first cousin once removed William Ernest , Grand Duke of Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach , and next in line was his aunt ( and Wilhelmina 's cousin ) Princess Marie Alexandrine of Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach . As it was assumed that the former would renounce his claim to the Dutch throne , and that the latter was too elderly and sickly to become Queen , Marie Alexandrine 's eldest son Prince Heinrich XXXII Reuss of Köstritz stood in line to succeed Wilhelmina , assuming she had no surviving children . Heinrich was a German prince with close associations with the Imperial family and the military ; and there were fears that were the Queen to remain childless , the Dutch Crown `` was bound to pass into the possession of a German prince , whose birth , training , and affiliations would naturally have led him to bring Holland ( sic ) within the sphere of the German Empire , at the expense of her independence , both national and economic '' , according to one contemporary publication . The birth of Juliana , on 30 April 1909 , was met with great relief after eight years of childless marriage . Wilhelmina suffered two further miscarriages on 23 January and 20 October 1912 . Reign ( edit ) Wilhelmina was well aware what was expected of her by the Dutch people and their elected representatives . At the same time , she was a strong - willed and forceful personality who spoke and acted her mind . These qualities showed up early in her reign when , at the age of 20 , Queen Wilhelmina ordered a Dutch warship , HNLMS Gelderland , to South Africa to evacuate Paul Kruger , the embattled President of the Transvaal . Wilhelmina had a stern dislike of the United Kingdom partly as a result of the annexation of the republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State in the Boer War . The Boers were descendants of early Dutch colonists , to whom Wilhelmina and the people of the Netherlands felt very closely linked . In conversation with her former governess Elisabeth Saxton Winter , she once teasingly referred to the Boer soldiers as `` excellent shots '' . She was not amused to hear that a Dutch medical relief team was planning to accommodate the needs of both Boer and British wounded soldiers . Nevertheless , in 1940 , King George VI sent the warship HMS Hereward , to rescue Wilhelmina , her family and her Government and bring them to safety to the United Kingdom , which offered the Netherlands facilities including broadcasting time on the BBC . Queen Wilhelmina also had a keen understanding of business matters and her investments made her the world 's richest woman , as well as the world 's first female billionaire ( in United States dollars ) . Before the First World War started , the young Wilhelmina visited the powerful German Emperor Wilhelm II . The Emperor thought he could impress the queen of a relatively small country by telling her , `` My guards are seven feet tall and yours are only shoulder - high to them . '' Wilhelmina smiled politely and replied , `` Quite true , Your Majesty , your guards are seven feet tall . But when we open our dikes , the water is ten feet deep ! '' World war I ( edit ) Queen Wilhelmina and her daughter Juliana , circa 1914 The Netherlands remained neutral during World War I . However , the Allies included the Netherlands in their blockade of Germany , intercepting all Dutch ships and severely restricting Dutch imports to ensure goods could not be passed on to Germany . Wilhelmina was a `` soldier 's queen '' ; being a woman , she could not be Supreme Commander , but she nevertheless used every opportunity she had to inspect her forces . On many occasions she appeared without prior notice , wishing to see the reality , not a prepared show . She loved her soldiers , and was very unhappy with most of her governments , which were always eager to cut the military budget . Wilhelmina wanted a small but well trained and equipped army . In the war , she felt she was a `` Queen - On - Guard '' . She was always wary of a German attack , especially in the beginning . However , the chief violation of Dutch sovereignty was the Allied blockade . In June 1917 , as she returned from a two - day visit to Zaltbommel , she was on the train that derailed at Houten . Wilhelmina was unharmed and helped take care of the injured . Civil unrest gripped the Netherlands after the war , spurred by the 1917 Bolshevik revolution in Russia . Socialist leader Pieter Jelles Troelstra wanted to abolish the existing government and the monarchy . Instead of a violent revolution , he hoped to do this by winning control of Parliament in an election , supported by the working class . However , the popularity of the young Queen helped restore confidence in the government . Wilhelmina brought about a mass show of support by riding with her daughter through the crowds in an open carriage . Furthermore the Russian revolution cost her almost 20 % of her financial assets , forcing her to entertain at a quite different level than before the war . At the end of World War I , Kaiser Wilhelm fled to the Netherlands , where he was granted political asylum , partly owing to his familial links with Queen Wilhelmina . In response to Allied efforts to get their hands on the deposed Kaiser , Wilhelmina called the Allies ' ambassadors to her presence and lectured them on the rights of asylum . Between the wars ( edit ) Queen Wilhelmina 's image on a stamp which was used between 1899 and 1926 During the 1920s and 1930s , the Netherlands began to emerge as an industrial power . Engineers reclaimed vast amounts of land that had been under water by building the Zuiderzee Works . In 1934 , both Wilhelmina 's mother Queen Emma and her husband , Prince Hendrik , died . Most of the 1930s were also occupied by the need to find a suitable husband for Juliana . This was a difficult task since Wilhelmina was very religious , and insisted that her daughter 's hand be given to a Protestant of royal birth . Several prospects from the United Kingdom and Sweden either declined or were turned down by Juliana . Finally , Wilhelmina found a suitable match for her daughter in Prince Bernhard of Lippe - Biesterfeld , a German aristocrat . The marriage initially drew some controversy due to rumours that Bernhard was pro-Nazi . It was subsequently confirmed that he had indeed been a member of the Nazi Party and of the so - called Reiter - SS ( SS Cavalry Corps ) , as was proved by the Dutch national institute for war documentation , NIOD . In 1939 , the government proposed a refugee camp near the city of Apeldoorn for German Jews fleeing the Nazi regime . Wilhelmina intervened , as she felt the planned location was `` too close '' to her summer residence . If indeed spies were to be among the fugitives , they would be within walking distance of Het Loo Palace . The camp was finally erected about 10 km from the village of Westerbork . World war II ( edit ) Queen Wilhelmina reading a speech for Radio Oranje in 1940 Queen Wilhelmina in 1942 On 10 May 1940 , Germany invaded the Netherlands . There is an ongoing debate about the departure of the Queen and the royal family . Some say that an evacuation to the United Kingdom of the royal family had been planned some time in advance , since at least the end of 1939 . Wilhelmina and her family fled The Hague , and she boarded HMS Hereward , a British destroyer which was to take her across the North Sea . Others say she boarded the destroyer with the intent of going to the Dutch province of Zeeland , which had not yet been conquered . However , along the journey , it became clear that due to advancing German forces , Zeeland was not safe either , forcing the destroyer to sail for the United Kingdom . In any case , she arrived in the United Kingdom on May 13 , planning to return to the Netherlands as soon as possible . The Queen speaking to the US Congress , 1942 . Wilhelmina Bay , Antarctica , is named for Queen Wilhelmina The Dutch armed forces in the Netherlands , apart from those in Zeeland , surrendered on 15 May . In Britain , Queen Wilhelmina took charge of the Dutch government in exile , setting up a chain of command and immediately communicating a message to her people . Relations between the Dutch government and the Queen were tense , with mutual dislike growing as the war progressed . Wilhelmina went on to be the most prominent figure , owing to her experience and knowledge . She was also very popular and respected among the leaders of the world . The government did not have a parliament to back them and had few employees to assist them . The Dutch prime minister , Dirk Jan de Geer , believed the Allies would not win and intended to open negotiations with Germany for a separate peace . Therefore Wilhelmina sought to remove De Geer from power . With the aid of a minister , Pieter Gerbrandy , she succeeded . During the war her photograph was a sign of resistance against the Germans . Like Winston Churchill , Queen Wilhelmina broadcast messages to the Dutch people over Radio Oranje . The Queen called Adolf Hitler `` the arch - enemy of mankind '' . Her late - night broadcasts were eagerly awaited by her people , who had to hide in order to listen to them illegally . An anecdote published in her New York Times obituary illustrates how she was valued by her subjects during this period : Although celebration of the Queen 's birthday was forbidden by the Germans , it was commemorated nevertheless . When churchgoers in the small fishing town of Huizen rose and sang one verse of the Dutch national anthem , Wilhelmus van Nassauwe , on the Queen 's birthday , the town paid a fine of 60,000 guilders . Queen Wilhelmina visited the United States from 24 June to 11 August 1942 as guest of the U.S. government . She vacationed in Lee , Massachusetts , and visited New York City , Boston , and Albany , New York . In the latter city she attended the 300th anniversary celebration of the First Church in Albany , the city 's oldest , established by Dutch settlers in the 17th century . She addressed the U.S. Congress on 5 August 1942 , and was the first queen to do so . Queen Wilhelmina went to Canada in 1943 to attend the christening of her grandchild Princess Margriet on 29 June 1943 in Ottawa and stayed awhile with her family before returning to the United Kingdom . During the war , the Queen was almost killed by a bomb that took the lives of several of her guards and severely damaged her country home near South Mimms in England ( during Operation Steinbock ) . In 1944 , Queen Wilhelmina became the first woman since the 15th century , other than Queens of the United Kingdom , to be inducted into the Order of the Garter . Churchill described her as the only real man among the governments - in - exile in London . In England , she developed ideas about a new political and social life for the Dutch after the liberation . She wanted a strong cabinet formed by people active in the resistance . She dismissed De Geer during the war and installed a prime minister with the approval of other Dutch politicians . The Queen `` hated '' politicians , instead stating a love for the people . When the Netherlands was liberated in 1945 she was disappointed to see the same political factions taking power as before the war . In mid-March 1945 she travelled to the liberated areas of the southern Netherlands , visiting the region of Walcheren and the city of Eindhoven where she received a rapturous welcome from the local population . On 2 May 1945 she returned to the Netherlands , coming to live in a small country estate called Anneville located just south of Breda . She arrived in the company of Princess Julia and adjuncts Peter Tazelaar , Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema and fellow Engelandvaarder Rie Stokvis . Anneville was the scene of a number of processions where the residents of Breda and the surrounding communities came to greet their queen . She remained there for a little over 6 weeks . Shortly after the war , Queen Wilhelmina wanted to give an award the Polish Parachute Brigade for their actions during Operation Market Garden and wrote the government a request . The Minister of Foreign Affairs , Eelco van Kleffens , opposed the idea , as he thought an award for the Poles would upset the relations with the ' Big Three ' and harm national interests . The Polish Parachute Brigade was awarded the Military Order of William on 31 May 2006 after 61 years . Following the end of World War II , Queen Wilhelmina made the decision not to return to her palace but to move into a mansion in The Hague , where she lived for eight months . She travelled through the countryside to motivate people , sometimes using a bicycle instead of a car . However , in 1947 , while the country was still recovering from World War II , the revolt in the oil - rich Dutch East Indies saw sharp criticism of the Queen by the Dutch economic elite . Around the same time , Wilhelmina 's health started failing her , forcing her to cede her monarchial duties to Juliana temporarily towards the end of 1947 ( 14 October through 1 December ) . She considered abdication , but Juliana pressed her to stay on for the stability of the nation , urging her to stay on the throne until 1950 so she could celebrate her diamond jubilee . Wilhelmina had every intention of doing so , but exhaustion forced her to relinquish monarchial duties to Juliana again on 12 May 1948 . The timing was unfortunate , as it left Juliana to deal with the early elections caused by the ceding of the Indonesian colonies . Dismayed by the return to pre-war politics and the pending loss of Indonesia , Wilhelmina abdicated on 4 September 1948 . Later years ( edit ) Statue of Queen Wilhelmina in Noordwijk Play media Collecting signatures for the queen , 1948 By 1948 , Wilhelmina was the only survivor of the 16 European kings and one queen who were sitting on their thrones at the time of her coronation in 1898 . The Dutch Royal Family was also one of seven European royal houses remaining in existence . On 4 September 1948 , after a reign of 57 years and 286 days , Wilhelmina abdicated in favour of her daughter Juliana , because of advancing age and illness which had already caused two regencies , and the strain of the war years . She was thenceforward styled `` Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands '' . After her reign , the influence of the Dutch monarchy began to decline but the country 's love for its royal family continued . No longer queen , Wilhelmina retreated to Het Loo Palace , making few public appearances until the country was devastated by the North Sea flood of 1953 . Once again she travelled around the country to encourage and motivate the Dutch people . During her last years she wrote her autobiography entitled Eenzaam , maar niet alleen ( Lonely but Not Alone ) , in which she gave account of the events in her life , and revealed her strong religious feelings and motivations . Wilhelmina died in Het Loo Palace at the age of 82 on 28 November 1962 , and was buried in the Dutch Royal Family crypt in the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft , on 8 December . The funeral was , at her request and contrary to protocol , completely in white to give expression to her belief that earthly death was the beginning of eternal life . She was the last surviving grandchild of William II of the Netherlands . According to German Salic law , the House of Orange - Nassau - Dietz became extinct upon her death , but this rule is not recognised by royal Dutch succession laws . Titles , styles , and honours ( edit ) Royal Monogram Titles ( edit ) 1880 -- 1884 : Her Royal Highness Princess Pauline of Orange - Nassau 1884 -- 1890 : Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 1890 -- 1948 : Her Majesty The Queen of the Netherlands 1948 -- 1962 : Her Royal Highness Princess Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Wilhelmina 's full regnal title from her accession to her marriage was : `` Wilhelmina , by the Grace of God , Queen of the Netherlands , Princess of Orange - Nassau , Duchess of Limburg , etc . '' She adopted her husband 's ducal title upon marriage as customary , becoming also a Duchess of Mecklenburg . Honours ( edit ) National honours ( edit ) Netherlands : Knight Grand Cross and Grand Master of the Military William Order Netherlands : Knight Grand Cross and Grand Master of the Order of the Netherlands Lion Netherlands : Grand Master of the Order of Orange - Nassau Netherlands : Co-Grand Master of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau Netherlands : Grand Master of the Order of the House of Orange Foreign honours ( edit ) Belgium : Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold Recipient of the Croix de Guerre Medal Brazil : Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross Czech Republic : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Lion Denmark : Knight of the Order of the Elephant Ethiopia : Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Solomon Finland : Collar with Star of the Order of the White Rose of Finland France : Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour Guatemala : Grand Cross of the Order of the Quetzal Luxembourg : Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown Norway : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav Peru : Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru Poland : Knight of the Order of the White Eagle Romanian Royal Family : Grand Collar of the Order of Carol I Spanish Royal Family : Dame of the Collar of the Order of Charles III Dame of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic 897th Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa Sweden : Member of the Order of the Seraphim United Kingdom : Stranger Lady of the Order of the Garter Member First Class of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert Wilhelmina mints ( edit ) In 1892 the company Fortuin celebrated its 50th anniversary by producing mints with the image of the 12 - year - old Princess Wilhelmina , which have continued in production since then . Among Dutch sweets , these mints have become the `` most Dutch of all '' . Ancestry ( edit ) See also : Dutch monarchs family tree ( show ) Ancestors of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 16 . William V , Prince of Orange 8 . William I of the Netherlands 17 . Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia 4 . William II of the Netherlands 18 . Frederick William II of Prussia 9 . Princess Wilhelmine of Prussia 19 . Landgravine Frederika Louisa of Hesse - Darmstadt 2 . William III of the Netherlands 20 . Peter III of Russia 10 . Paul I of Russia 21 . Princess Sophie Friederike of Anhalt - Zerbst Catherine II of Russia 5 . Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia 22 . Frederick II Eugene , Duke of Württemberg 11 . Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg 23 . Margravine Friederike Dorothea of Brandenburg - Schwedt 1 . Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 24 . George I , Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont 12 . George II , Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont 25 . Princess Auguste Albertine of Schwarzburg - Sondershausen 6 . George Victor , Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont 26 . Victor II , Prince of Anhalt - Bernburg - Schaumburg - Hoym 13 . Princess Emma of Anhalt - Bernburg - Schaumburg - Hoym 27 . Princess Amelia Charlotte of Nassau - Weilburg 3 . Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont 28 . Frederick William , Prince of Nassau - Weilburg 14 . William , Duke of Nassau 29 . Burgravine Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg 7 . Princess Helena of Nassau 30 . Prince Paul of Württemberg 15 . Princess Pauline of Württemberg 31 . Princess Charlotte Georgina of Saxe - Hildburghausen After Wilhelmina had taken office in 1890 , rumours were spread by Socialist satirical magazine De Roode Duivel ( `` The Red Devil '' ) that William III was not her real father , but Emma 's confidant S.M.S. de Ranitz . This would undermine the legitimacy of Wilhelmina 's reign . Although no hard evidence exists for the allegations , and the consensus amongst historians is that they are false , the rumours were stubborn , and still feature in conspiracy theories circulating in republican circles . The author of the rumour , the later parliamentarian and senator Louis Maximiliaan Hermans , was sentenced to six months imprisonment for lèse - majesté in 1895 for a different article and cartoon in De Roode Duivel , mocking the two queens . See also ( edit ) Netherlands portal Continental , Arizona References ( edit ) General Hubbard , Robert H. ( 1977 ) . Rideau Hall : An Illustrated History of Government House , Ottawa , from Victorian Times to the Present Day . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0310 - 6 Wilhelmina. ( 1959 ) . Eenzaam maar niet alleen . Amsterdam : Ten Have Uitgevers Kok . ISBN 978 - 90 - 259 - 5146 - 7 . Full text ( pdf , 8 MB ) online . 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Jump up ^ Ruud Verdonck ( 14 November 1998 ) . `` Zelfgebreide republikeinen '' . Trouw . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Laurens Dragstra ( 26 August 2014 ) . `` Het kind van de koning '' . KloptDatWel.nl . Stichting Skepsis . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ J. van Bree ( 2013 ) . `` Koningskind . Royal Detective '' . Bol.com . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jaap Pleij ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Arjen Lubach schrijft adembenemende koninklijke thriller '' . Roosendaal24 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rechtzaken Majesteitschennis '' . De Tijd. 12 December 1895 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zaak - Hermans '' . De Tijd. 18 December 1895 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Notes Jump up ^ The royal detective Koningskind ( 2011 ) by Rob van Hoorn and the thriller IV ( 2013 ) by Arjen Lubach both revolve around a fictional investigative journalist who tries finding out whether someone other than William III ( perhaps De Ranitz ) was the actual father of Wilhelmina , which might result in a constitutional crisis . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wilhelmina of the Netherlands . Works by or about Wilhelmina of the Netherlands at Internet Archive Queen Wilhelmina Of The Netherlands Broadcasts In Britain ( 1940 ) , royal broadcast in English , on the British Pathé YouTube Channel Tribute To Queen Wilhelmina ( 1962 ) , Dutch newsreel on British Pathé YouTube Channel Post-war rehabilitation of the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade Queen Wilhelmina State Park near Mena , Arkansas Wilhelmina of the Netherlands House of Orange - Nassau Cadet branch of the House of Nassau Born : 31 August 1880 Died : 28 November 1962 Regnal titles Preceded by William III Queen of the Netherlands 1890 -- 1948 Succeeded by Juliana Monarchs of the Netherlands Kingdom of Holland ( 1806 -- 1810 ) Louis I Louis II Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1815 -- present ) William I William II William III Wilhelmina Juliana Beatrix Willem - Alexander 1 . See also the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands ( 1813 - 1815 ) and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 1815 -- 1839 ) . Dutch princesses Generations are numbered by descent from William I , the first king of the Netherlands . 1st generation Marianne , Princess Albert of Prussia 2nd generation Sophie , Grand Duchess of Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach Louise , Queen of Sweden Marie , Princess of Wied 3rd generation Queen Wilhelmina 4th generation Queen Juliana 5th generation Queen Beatrix Princess Irene , Duchess of Parma Princess Margriet , Mrs. van Vollenhoven Princess Christina , Mrs. Guillermo 6th generation None 7th generation Catharina - Amalia , Princess of Orange Princess Alexia Princess Ariane VIAF : 261774037 LCCN : n80086431 ISNI : 0000 0003 8168 1487 GND : 118771892 SUDOC : 050439685 BNF : cb13513502f ( data ) BPN : 03502739 NLA : 35870111 RKD : 84533 IATH : w6bw0mqr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands&oldid=807652232 '' Categories : 1880 births 1962 deaths 19th - century monarchs in Europe Burials in the Royal Crypt at Nieuwe Kerk , Delft Dutch monarchs Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church Extra Ladies of the Order of the Garter Heirs presumptive to the Dutch throne House of Orange - Nassau Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert Members of the Council of State ( Netherlands ) Modern child rulers Monarchs who abdicated People from The Hague Protestant monarchs Princesses of Orange - Nassau Queens regnant Recipients of the House Order of the Wendish Crown World War II political leaders Grand Crosses of the Order of Carol I Dames of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa 19th - century female rulers 20th - century women Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Internet Archive links Use dmy dates from February 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 09 : 11 . About Wikipedia	where did the dutch royal family go during ww2	[ "On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands. There is an ongoing debate about the departure of the Queen and the royal family. Some say that an evacuation to the United Kingdom of the royal family had been planned some time in advance, since at least the end of 1939.[10] Wilhelmina and her family fled The Hague, and she boarded HMS Hereward, a British destroyer which was to take her across the North Sea. Others say she boarded the destroyer with the intent of going to the Dutch province of Zeeland, which had not yet been conquered. However, along the journey, it became clear that due to advancing German forces, Zeeland was not safe either, forcing the destroyer to sail for the United Kingdom. In any case, she arrived in the United Kingdom on May 13, planning to return to the Netherlands as soon as possible.[11]" ]	[ "the United Kingdom" ]
-3927667400400271068	Great Wall of China	Great Wall of China - wikipedia Great Wall of China Jump to : navigation , search `` Great Wall '' redirects here . For other uses , see Great Wall ( disambiguation ) . Great Wall of China 萬里長城 The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling Map of all the wall constructions General information Type Fortification Country China Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E / 40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E / 40.68 ; 117.23 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E / 40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E / 40.68 ; 117.23 Technical details Size 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( ii ) , ( iii ) , ( iv ) , ( vi ) Reference 438 Inscription 1987 ( 11th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Great Wall of China Simplified Chinese 长城 Traditional Chinese 長城 Literal meaning `` The Long Wall '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chángchéng Wade -- Giles Ch'ang - ch'eng IPA ( ʈʂhǎŋ. ʈʂhə̌ŋ ) Wu Romanization Saon sen Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Cheung sing IPA ( tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Coeng sing Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tn̂g - siân Tâi - lô Tn̂g - siânn Alternative Chinese name Simplified Chinese 万里长城 Traditional Chinese 萬里長城 Literal meaning `` The 10,000 - Mile Long Wall '' ( show ) Transcriptions Wu Romanization Vae - li saon - sen Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Maan lei Cheung sing IPA ( màːn. le̬i tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Maan - lei coeng - sing Southern Min Tâi - lô Bān - lí tn̂g - siânn The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone , brick , tamped earth , wood , and other materials , generally built along an east - to - west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe . Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC ; these , later joined together and made bigger and stronger , are collectively referred to as the Great Wall . Especially famous is the wall built 220 -- 206 BC by Qin Shi Huang , the first Emperor of China . Little of that wall remains . The Great Wall has been rebuilt , maintained , and enhanced ; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) . Other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls , allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road , regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration . Furthermore , the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers , troop barracks , garrison stations , signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire , and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor . The Great Wall stretches from Dandong in the east to Lop Lake in the west , along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia . A comprehensive archaeological survey , using advanced technologies , has concluded that the Ming walls measure 8,850 km ( 5,500 mi ) . This is made up of 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) sections of actual wall , 359 km ( 223 mi ) of trenches and 2,232 km ( 1,387 mi ) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers . Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measure out to be 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) . Today , the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Early walls 2.2 Ming era 2.3 Foreign accounts 3 Course 4 Characteristics 5 Condition 6 Visibility from space 6.1 From the Moon 6.2 From low Earth orbit 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Names The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English . In Chinese histories , the term `` Long Wall ( s ) '' ( 長城 , changcheng ) appears in Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian , where it referred to both the separate great walls built between and north of the Warring States and to the more unified construction of the First Emperor . The Chinese character 城 is a phono - semantic compound of the `` place '' or `` earth '' radical 土 and 成 , whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as * deŋ . It originally referred to the rampart which surrounded traditional Chinese cities and was used by extension for these walls around their respective states ; today , however , it is much more often the Chinese word for `` city '' . The longer Chinese name `` Ten - Thousand Mile Long Wall '' ( 萬里長城 , Wanli Changcheng ) came from Sima Qian 's description of it in the Records , though he did not name the walls as such . The AD 493 Book of Song quotes the frontier general Tan Daoji referring to `` the long wall of 10,000 miles '' , closer to the modern name , but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise . The traditional Chinese mile ( 里 , lǐ ) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually standardized at distances around a third of an English mile ( 540 m ) . Since China 's metrication in 1930 , it has been exactly equivalent to 500 metres or 1,600 feet , which would make the wall 's name describe a distance of 5,000 km ( 3,100 mi ) . However , this use of `` ten - thousand '' ( wàn ) is figurative in a similar manner to the Greek and English myriad and simply means `` innumerable '' or `` immeasurable '' . Because of the wall 's association with the First Emperor 's supposed tyranny , the Chinese dynasties after Qin usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name `` Long Wall '' . Instead , various terms were used in medieval records , including `` frontier ( s ) '' ( 塞 , sāi ) , `` rampart ( s ) '' ( 垣 , yuán ) , `` barrier ( s ) '' ( 障 , zhàng ) , `` the outer fortresses '' ( 外堡 , wàibǎo ) , and `` the border wall ( s ) '' ( t 邊牆 , s 边墙 , biānqiáng ) . Poetic and informal names for the wall included `` the Purple Frontier '' ( 紫塞 , Zǐsāi ) and `` the Earth Dragon '' ( t 土龍 , s 土龙 , Tǔlóng ) . Only during the Qing period did `` Long Wall '' become the catch - all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin , equivalent to the English `` Great Wall '' . The current English name evolved from accounts of `` the Chinese wall '' from early modern European travelers . By the 19th century , `` The Great Wall of China '' had become standard in English , French , and German , although other European languages continued to refer to it as `` the Chinese wall '' . History Main article : History of the Great Wall of China Early walls The Great Wall of the Qin The Great Wall of the Han The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall - building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC . During this time and the subsequent Warring States period , the states of Qin , Wei , Zhao , Qi , Yan , and Zhongshan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders . Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears , these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames . King Zheng of Qin conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty ( `` Qin Shi Huang '' ) in 221 BC . Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords , he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states . To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north , however , he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire 's northern frontier . Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult , so builders always tried to use local resources . Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges , while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains . There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls . Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries , and very few sections remain today . The human cost of the construction is unknown , but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands , if not up to a million , workers died building the Qin wall . Later , the Han , the Sui , and the Northern dynasties all repaired , rebuilt , or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders . The Tang and Song dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region . The Liao , Jin , and Yuan dynasties , who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th -- 13th centuries , constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it , within China 's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself . Ming era The extent of the Ming Empire and its walls Main article : Ming Great Wall The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century , and following the Ming army 's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu . The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongolian tribes after successive battles , and the long - drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire . The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China . Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert , the wall followed the desert 's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River . Unlike the earlier fortifications , the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth . Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall . As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years , the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls . Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong . Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall , faced sections of the ram - earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders . During the 1440s -- 1460s , the Ming also built a so - called `` Liaodong Wall '' . Similar in function to the Great Wall ( whose extension , in a sense , it was ) , but more basic in construction , the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province , protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north . While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall , most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides . Towards the end of the Ming , the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600 . Even after the loss of all of Liaodong , the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhai Pass , preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland . The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644 , after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng 's rebels . Before this time , the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid , but this time it was for conquest . The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general , Wu Sangui , who formed an alliance with the Manchus , hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing . The Manchus quickly seized Beijing , and eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing the Qing dynasty rule over all of China . Under Qing rule , China 's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire , so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued . On the other hand , the so - called Willow Palisade , following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall , was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria . Its purpose , however , was not defense but rather migration control . Foreign accounts Part of the Great Wall of China ( April 1853 , X , p. 41 ) The Great Wall in 1907 None of the Europeans who visited Yuan China or Mongolia , such as Marco Polo , Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , William of Rubruck , Giovanni de ' Marignolli and Odoric of Pordenone , mentioned the Great Wall . The North African traveler Ibn Battuta , who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty ca . 1346 , had heard about China 's Great Wall , possibly before he had arrived in China . He wrote that the wall is `` sixty days ' travel '' from Zeitun ( modern Quanzhou ) in his travelogue Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling . He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an , which Dhul - Qarnayn ( commonly associated with Alexander the Great ) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog . However , Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it , suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time , they were n't significant . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European was to see it for another century . Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the `` Tartars '' ( i.e. Mongols ) , may be the one contained in João de Barros 's 1563 Asia . Other early accounts in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz , Bento de Goes , Matteo Ricci , and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza . In 1559 , in his work `` A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions , '' Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall , although later they slid into hyperbole , including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC . When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the First and Second Opium Wars , the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists . The travelogues of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall , such that in the 20th century , a persistent misconception exists about the Great Wall of China being visible from the Moon or even Mars . Course The main sections of the Great Wall that are still standing today An area of the sections of the Great Wall at Jinshanling Although a formal definition of what constitutes a `` Great Wall '' has not been agreed upon , making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety , the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted . The Jiayu Pass , located in Gansu province , is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall . Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west , the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace . From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia , where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan . Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop . There at Piantou Pass ( t 偏頭關 , s 偏头关 , Piāntóuguān ) in Xinzhou , Shanxi province , the Great Wall splits in two with the `` Outer Great Wall '' ( t 外長城 , s 外长城 , Wài Chǎngchéng ) extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province , and the `` inner Great Wall '' ( t 內長城 , s 內长城 , Nèi Chǎngchéng ) running southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 km ( 250 mi ) , passing through important passes like the Pingxing Pass and Yanmen Pass before joining the Outer Great Wall at Sihaiye ( 四海冶 , Sìhǎiyě ) , in Beijing 's Yanqing County . The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous : they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today . The Badaling Great Wall near Zhangjiakou is the most famous stretch of the Wall , for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People 's Republic of China , as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries . South of Badaling is the Juyong Pass ; when used by the Chinese to protect their land , this section of the wall had many guards to defend China 's capital Beijing . Made of stone and bricks from the hills , this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m ( 25 ft 7 in ) high and 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) wide . One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in Jinshanling . There it runs 11 km ( 7 mi ) long , ranges from 5 to 8 m ( 16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in ) in height , and 6 m ( 19 ft 8 in ) across the bottom , narrowing up to 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) across the top . Wangjinglou ( t 望京樓 , s 望京楼 , Wàngjīng Lóu ) is one of Jinshanling 's 67 watchtowers , 980 m ( 3,220 ft ) above sea level . Southeast of Jinshanling is the Mutianyu Great Wall which winds along lofty , cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km ( 1.40 mi ) . It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east . This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution . At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass , considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the `` First Pass Under Heaven '' . The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the `` Old Dragon Head '' . 3 km ( 2 mi ) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall ( 焦山長城 ) , the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall . 15 km ( 9 mi ) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou ( t 九門口 , s 九门口 , Jiǔménkǒu ) , which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge . Beyond Jiumenkou , an offshoot known as the Liaodong Wall continues through Liaoning province and terminates at the Hushan Great Wall , in the city of Dandong near the North Korean border . In 2009 , 180 km of previously unknown sections of the wall concealed by hills , trenches and rivers were discovered with the help of infrared range finders and GPS devices . In March and April 2015 nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km ( 6 mi ) , believed to be part of the Great Wall , were discovered along the border of Ningxia autonomous region and Gansu province . Characteristics The Great Wall at Mutianyu , near Beijing Great Wall of China in tourist season Before the use of bricks , the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth , stones , and wood . During the Ming , however , bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall , as were materials such as tiles , lime , and stone . The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone , so construction quickened . Additionally , bricks could bear more weight and endure better than rammed earth . Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick , but is more difficult to use . Consequently , stones cut in rectangular shapes were used for the foundation , inner and outer brims , and gateways of the wall . Battlements line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall , with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm ( 12 in ) tall , and about 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) wide . From the parapets , guards could survey the surrounding land . Communication between the army units along the length of the Great Wall , including the ability to call reinforcements and warn garrisons of enemy movements , was of high importance . Signal towers were built upon hill tops or other high points along the wall for their visibility . Wooden gates could be used as a trap against those going through . Barracks , stables , and armories were built near the wall 's inner surface . Condition A more rural portion of the Great Wall that stretches throughout the mountains , here seen in slight disrepair A view of the Great Wall ranging across a mountain , from another part of the Great Wall , near Beijing . While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated , in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair . Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads . Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism , while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the market for up to 50 renminbi . Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction . A 2012 report by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage states that 22 % of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared , while 1,961 km ( 1,219 mi ) of wall have vanished . More than 60 km ( 37 mi ) of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years , due to erosion from sandstorms . In some places , the height of the wall has been reduced from more than 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) to less than 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) . Various square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared . Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud , rather than brick and stone , and thus are more susceptible to erosion . In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete . The work has been much criticized . Visibility from space From the Moon One of the earliest known references to the myth that the Great Wall can be seen from the moon appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary William Stukeley . Stukeley wrote that , `` This mighty wall of four score miles ( 130 km ) in length is only exceeded by the Chinese Wall , which makes a considerable figure upon the terrestrial globe , and may be discerned at the Moon . '' The claim was also mentioned by Henry Norman in 1895 where he states `` besides its age it enjoys the reputation of being the only work of human hands on the globe visible from the Moon . '' The issue of `` canals '' on Mars was prominent in the late 19th century and may have led to the belief that long , thin objects were visible from space . The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon also appears in 1932 's Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! strip and in Richard Halliburton 's 1938 book Second Book of Marvels . The claim the Great Wall is visible from the moon has been debunked many times , but is still ingrained in popular culture . The wall is a maximum 9.1 m ( 29 ft 10 in ) wide , and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it . Based on the optics of resolving power ( distance versus the width of the iris : a few millimeters for the human eye , meters for large telescopes ) only an object of reasonable contrast to its surroundings which is 110 km ( 70 mi ) or more in diameter ( 1 arc - minute ) would be visible to the unaided eye from the Moon , whose average distance from Earth is 384,393 km ( 238,851 mi ) . The apparent width of the Great Wall from the Moon is the same as that of a human hair viewed from 3 km ( 2 mi ) away . To see the wall from the Moon would require spatial resolution 17,000 times better than normal ( 20 / 20 ) vision . Unsurprisingly , no lunar astronaut has ever claimed to have seen the Great Wall from the Moon . From low earth orbit A satellite image of a section of the Great Wall in northern Shanxi , running diagonally from lower left to upper right and not to be confused with the more prominent river running from upper left to lower right . The region pictured is 12 km × 12 km ( 7 mi × 7 mi ) . A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit ( an altitude of as little as 160 km ( 100 mi ) ) . NASA claims that it is barely visible , and only under nearly perfect conditions ; it is no more conspicuous than many other man - made objects . Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina , it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye , even from low orbit , and would require visual acuity of 20 / 3 ( 7.7 times better than normal ) . Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing . He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars , but said that `` it was n't visible to the unaided eye . '' U.S. Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s , but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts . Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated : `` At Earth orbit of 100 to 200 miles ( 160 to 320 km ) high , the Great Wall of China is , indeed , visible to the naked eye . '' Ed Lu , Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station , adds that , `` it 's less visible than a lot of other objects . And you have to know where to look . '' In 2001 , Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11 : `` I do not believe that , at least with my eyes , there would be any man - made object that I could see . I have not yet found somebody who has told me they 've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit ... I 've asked various people , particularly Shuttle guys , that have been many orbits around China in the daytime , and the ones I 've talked to did n't see it . '' In October 2003 , Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China . In response , the European Space Agency ( ESA ) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between 160 and 320 km ( 100 and 200 mi ) , the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye , even though the ISS is in low Earth orbit , not space . In an attempt to further clarify things , the ESA published a picture of a part of the `` Great Wall '' photographed from low orbit . However , in a press release a week later , they acknowledged that the `` Great Wall '' in the picture was actually a river . Leroy Chiao , a Chinese - American astronaut , took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall . It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it . Based on the photograph , the China Daily later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from ' space ' with the naked eye , under favorable viewing conditions , if one knows exactly where to look . However , the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system , and the optics much better , rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye . Gallery `` The First Mound '' -- at Jiayuguan , the western terminus The Great Wall of China at Badaling A portion of the Great Wall of China at Simatai , overlooking the gorge Mutianyu Great Wall , China . This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored The Old Dragon Head , the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhaiguan Great Wall at Dandong See also Defense of the Great Wall Gates of Alexander Great Wall Marathon Great Wall of China hoax Great Wall of Qi Huangya Pass Jiankou List of World Heritage Sites in China Notes Jump up ^ `` China 's Great Wall Found To Measure More Than 20,000 Kilometers '' . Bloomberg . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The New York Times with introduction by Sam Tanenhaus ( 2011 ) . The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge : A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind . St. Martin 's Press of Macmillan Publishers . p. 1131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 64302 - 7 . Beginning as separate sections of fortification around the 7th century B.C.E and unified during the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century B.C.E , this wall , built of earth and rubble with a facing of brick or stone , runs from east to west across China for over 4,000 miles . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Large parts of the fortification system date from the 7th through the 4th century BC . In the 3rd century BC Shihuangdi ( Qin Shi Huang ) , the first emperor of a united China ( under the Qin dynasty ) , connected a number of existing defensive walls into a single system . Traditionally , the eastern terminus of the wall was considered to be Shanhai Pass ( Shanhaiguan ) in eastern Hebei province along the coast of the Bo Hai ( Gulf of Chihli ) , and the wall 's length -- without its branches and other secondary sections -- was thought to extend for some 6,690 km ( 4,160 mi ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Wall of China ' even longer ' '' . BBC . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . History . April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 650 . Jump up ^ Baxter , William H. & al. ( 20 September 2014 ) . `` Baxter -- Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction , Version 1.1 '' ( PDF ) . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ See Lovell 2006 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 202 . Tan Daoji 's exact quote : `` So you would destroy your Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li ! '' ( 乃復壞汝萬里之長城 ) Note the use of the particle 之 zhi that differentiates the quote from the modern name . Jump up ^ Byron R. Winborn ( 1994 ) . Wen Bon : a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China . University of North Texas Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929398 - 77 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Weights and Measures Act ( 1929 ) '' . The Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Lindesay , William ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head . Beijing : Wuzhou Publishing . p. 21 . ISBN 7 - 5085 - 1032 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 651 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1988 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler 2007 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ 歷代王朝修長城 ( in Chinese ) . Chiculture.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 古代长城 -- 战争与和平的纽带 ( in Chinese ) . Newsmth.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 万里长城 ( in Chinese ) . Newsmth.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Slavicek , Mitchell & Matray 2005 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Evans 2006 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defense and Cost of The Great Wall -- page 3 '' . Paul and Bernice Noll 's Window on the World . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` British researcher discovers piece of Great Wall ' marooned outside China ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 654 ; Haw 2006 , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Karnow 2008 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Szabó , Dávid & Loczy 2010 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Evans 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall at Mutianyu '' . Great Wall of China . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Part of the Great Wall of China '' . The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering : A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons . Wesleyan Missionary Society . X : 41 . April 1853 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruysbroek , Willem van ( 1900 ) ( 1255 ) . The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World , 1253 -- 55 , as Narrated by Himself , with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine . Translated from the Latin by William Woodville Rockhill . London : The Hakluyt Society . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Qur'an , XVIII : `` The Cave '' . English translations hosted at Wikisource include Maulana Muhammad Ali 's , E.H. Palmer 's , and the Progressive Muslims Organization 's . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Barros , João de ( 1777 ) ( 1563 ) . Ásia de João de Barros : Dos feitos que os portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente . V. Lisbon . 3a Década , pp. 186 -- 204 ( originally Vol. II , Ch . vii ) . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579This section is the report of Góis 's travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 ) , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lindesay 2008 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` Jiaoshan Great Wall '' . TravelChinaGuide.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jiaoshan Great Wall is located about 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Shanhaiguan ancient city . It is named after Jiaoshan Mountain , which is the highest peak to the north of Shanhai Pass and also the first mountain the Great Wall climbs up after Shanhai Pass . Therefore Jiaoshan Mountain is noted as `` The first mountain of the Great Wall '' . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall : Liaoning Province '' . Global Times . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China longer than believed as 180 missing miles found '' . The Guardian . 20 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newly - discovered remains redraw path of Great Wall '' . China Daily . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turnbull 2007 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Ford , Peter ( November 30 , 2006 ) . New law to keep China 's Wall looking great . Christian Science Monitor , Asia Pacific section . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Edward ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` China Fears Loss of Great Wall , Brick by Brick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Doar : The Great Wall of China : Tangible , Intangible and Destructible . China Heritage Newsletter , China Heritage Project , Australian National University Jump up ^ `` China 's Wall becoming less and less Great '' . Reuters . August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CNN , Ben Westcott and Serenitie Wang . `` China 's Great Wall covered in cement '' . Jump up ^ The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley ( 1887 ) Vol. 3 , p. 142 . ( 1754 ) . Jump up ^ Norman , Henry , The Peoples and Politics of the Far East , p. 215 . ( 1895 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall of China , Ripley 's Believe It or Not , 1932 . Jump up ^ Urban Legends.com website . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . `` Can you see the Great Wall of China from the moon or outer space ? '' , Answers.com . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . Cecil Adams , `` Is the Great wall of China the only manmade object byou can see from space ? '' , The Straight Dope . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . Snopes , `` Great wall from space '' , last updated July 21 , 2007 . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? '' , Scientific American , February 21 , 2008 . `` ... the wall is only visible from low orbit under a specific set of weather and lighting conditions . And many other structures that are less spectacular from an earthly vantage point -- desert roads , for example -- appear more prominent from an orbital perspective . '' Jump up ^ `` Metro Tescos '' , The Times ( London ) , April 26 , 2010 . Found at The Times website . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : López - Gil 2008 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Great Wall of China '' . Nasa.gov . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. Stephen E. Ambrose ; Dr. Douglas Brinkley ( September 19 , 2001 ) . `` Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Oral History Transcript -- Neil Armstrong '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markus , Francis . ( 2005 , April 19 ) . Great Wall visible in space photo . BBC News , Asia - Pacific section . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . References Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Evans , Thammy ( 2006 ) . Great Wall of China : Beijing & Northern China . Bradt Travel Guide . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 84162 - 158 - 7 . Haw , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . Marco Polo 's China : a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan . Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34850 - 1 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Karnow , Mooney , Paul and Catherine ( 2008 ) . National Geographic Traveler : Beijing . National Geographic Books . p. 192 . ISBN 1 - 4262 - 0231 - 8 . Lindesay , William ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03149 - 4 . López - Gil , Norberto ( 2008 ) . `` Is it Really Possible to See the Great Wall of China from Space with a Naked Eye ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Optometry. 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.3921 / joptom. 2008.3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 09 - 10 . Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- AD 2000 . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Mass : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Slavicek , Louise Chipley ; Mitchell , George J. ; Matray , James I. ( 2005 ) . The Great Wall of China . Infobase Publishing . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 8019 - 6 . Szabó , József ; Dávid , Lóránt ; Loczy , Denes , eds. ( 2010 ) . Anthropogenic Geomorphology : A Guide to Man - made Landforms . Springer . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3057 - 3 . Turnbull , Stephen R ( January 2007 ) . The Great Wall of China 221 BC -- AD 1644 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 004 - 8 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 63 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1988 ) . `` The Great Wall Myth : Its Origins and Role in Modern China '' . The Yale Journal of Criticism . Johns Hopkins University Press . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 104 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China . Issues 36 -- 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society . Printed for the Hakluyt society . Further reading Arnold , H.J.P , `` The Great Wall : Is It or Is n't It ? '' Astronomy Now , 1995 . Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) : Empires of the Silk Road : A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13589 - 2 . Luo , Zewen , et al. and Baker , David , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Great Wall . Maidenhead : McGraw - Hill Book Company ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 07 - 070745 - 6 Man , John . ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall . London : Bantam Press . 335 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Michaud , Roland and Sabrina ( photographers ) , & Michel Jan , The Great Wall of China . Abbeville Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0736 - 2 Schafer , Edward H. ( 1985 ) The Golden Peaches of Samarkand . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05462 - 2 . Yamashita , Michael ; Lindesay , William ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall -- From Beginning to End . New York : Sterling . 160 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 3160 - 0 . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the great wall of chins built	[ "The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC;[2] these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are collectively referred to as the Great Wall.[3] Especially famous is the wall built 220–206 BC by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. The Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)." ]	[ "220–206 BC" ]
506711307130331276	List of The Drew Carey Show characters	List of the Drew Carey show characters - wikipedia List of the Drew Carey show characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of characters who have appeared on The Drew Carey Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Drew 's marriages 3 Other characters 4 Notable guest stars / actor cameos 5 Musical artist cameos 5.1 Sports personality cameos 6 See also 7 References Main characters ( edit ) Drew Allison Carey ( Drew Carey ) - Drew Carey is the main protagonist of the series . A perpetual `` nice guy '' , for most of the series , he works in the human resources department of Winfred - Louder , a multinational department store chain . Drew is the founder and co-owner of Buzz Beer , a coffee - flavored caffeinated beer ( at the time , such drinks were legal but uncommon in the United States ) . He has a long - standing feud with co-worker Mimi Bobeck ; both play endless , occasionally complicated , seriously mean - spirited pranks on each other until she becomes his sister - in - law , after which they still dislike each other . Mimi Bobeck ( Kathy Kinney ) - Mimi Bobeck is Mr. Wick 's assistant / secretary and the main antagonist of the series . Much like Fonzie from Happy Days and Steve Urkel from Family Matters , the Mimi character was originally a one - time character , only appearing in the pilot episode . She is an overweight woman who wears a lot of makeup , yet has a very high but unstable self - esteem . ( As an in - joke , Mimi 's mother was played by known makeup addict and connoisseur Tammy Faye Bakker . ) Mimi is Drew 's nemesis ; she vowed to make Drew 's life a living hell after Drew denied her a job based on her makeup . Mimi 's pranks included gluing Drew 's hand to a pornographic magazine , covering Drew 's desk with garbage , and eventually sending Drew to China while he is unconscious . She is also known for calling him `` Pig '' and `` Doughboy . '' Mimi 's past has a lot of connections to the world of music ; she often talks about being a roadie for Foghat and was married to Eddie Money for two weeks after appearing at his first concert . Additionally , she claims to have slept with both Joe Walsh and Peter Frampton . Later on , Mimi becomes more of a friend to Drew ( they agree to put their feud on hold while Mimi dates and later marries his brother , Steve ) and a loving , if unconventional , mother to Gus . Early in the series , it was revealed that Mimi was Catholic and of Polish ancestry , and inherited the title of Duchess of Kraków after her aunt died . ( Starting in 2009 , Mimi / Kinney resurfaced as a guest on The Price is Right , hosted by Drew Carey since October 15 , 2007 , during the show 's April Fool 's episode , first in 2009 as a model and then ransacking Mike Richards ' position as executive producer on the show , in 2010 . Carey usually promotes Kinney 's next project during the closing of that episode . ) Lewis Kiniski ( Ryan Stiles ) - Forms a double - act with Oswald . Lewis , who is tall , gangly , and perpetually bemused . Ryan Stiles once described Lewis as `` Not even a character at first , just a creep really . '' He possesses an IQ of 162 , but works as a janitor for a company called DrugCo , which conducts bizarre experiments . Due to accidentally releasing a strain of bacteria into the population , he was busted down to janitor from a position that required him to wear a lab coat . At one point , he posed as Drew to take his physical exam for him , unexpectedly taking a psychiatric exam as well . He tried to give answers which he thought suited Drew 's life and situation , and the results showed him to be mentally unstable and possibly criminally insane . He mentioned in one episode he was adopted . Oswald Lee Harvey ( Diedrich Bader ) - Lewis 's slightly shorter , dark - haired friend is the dumb one of the double - act , which tends to be his most distinguishing characteristic . Lewis described him once as a `` man - child stuck in a sort of prolonged adolescence . '' Oswald was a deejay at the beginning of the first season but later on became a delivery driver for Global Parcel ( a fictional package - delivery service whose uniforms are modeled after those of UPS ) . He later attempted to become a nurse , but he failed the required tests . Drew later got him a job as a delivery man for Never Ending Store , but Oswald was injured on store property . After receiving damages , he bought the Warsaw . In the episode Bus - ted , it is revealed that Oswald joined the group of friends to replace Adam , a childhood friend who fell through the ice on a lake . Kate O'Brien ( Christa Miller ) - Friends with Drew , Lewis , and Oswald since they were kids . Kate is a bit of a tomboy and a hothead and good with her fists . She and Oswald almost got married at one point , but she called it off just after Oswald threw her a surprise wedding ( essentially leaving Oswald at the altar ) . She later found out about Drew 's long - standing crush on her at their high school reunion , and she realized that she had feelings for him too . They dated for a season ( even becoming engaged ) but broke up when they disagreed about having kids . Drew and Kate were married for a short time in a later season , although this was illegal , as Drew had just become married to his old girlfriend , Nicki . Eventually , Drew 's sham was discovered and Kate felt betrayed . Drew eventually regained Kate 's trust and they became friends again . Kate left at the beginning of the eighth season , marrying a Naval aviator and moving from Cleveland to Guam . Nigel Algernon Wick ( Craig Ferguson ) - Drew 's boss after the first season , replacing Mr. Bell ( Kevin Pollak ) . English , crude , boisterous and offensive , he was also a cocaine addict before he was forced to go into rehab . For some time , he and Drew were in a same - sex marriage ( technically a civil union ) in order for Mr. Wick to get his green card and Drew to get his job back . When he first appeared on stage in guest episodes in the last two seasons he was greeted with thunderous applause . Wick always had unusual methods of firing employees ( usually men surnamed Johnson ) , which he does in most episodes . He is almost always referred to as `` Mr. Wick '' , and his first name , Nigel , is rarely used . In the show 's first April Fool 's Day episode , Wick was shot in the crotch with a crossbow by an employee ( named Johnson ) whom he had just fired . Wick had to have one of his testicles removed . Wick also lost a toe and a nipple in a fox hunt that went terribly wrong . Craig Ferguson initially auditioned at Warner Bros. for a role as a Hispanic photographer on Suddenly Susan , and after he failed his audition , the casting director referred him to The Drew Carey Show which was auditioning across the studio . Ferguson , who is Scottish , played the role with an over-the - top posh English accent `` to make up for generations of English actors doing crap Scottish accents . '' At the end of one episode , Ferguson broke the fourth wall and begin talking to the audience at home in his regular Scottish accent . Steve Carey ( John Carroll Lynch ) - Drew 's straight but cross-dressing brother . He came to Cleveland and got a job in the cosmetics department at Winfred - Louder . He fell in love with Mimi and after one season of dating they married in a ceremony in Drew 's backyard , with Drew officiating along with an online minister from an Internet website . In later seasons the concept of Steve being a cross-dresser is abandoned entirely with little explanation ( though it is hinted that he gave it up to make Mimi happy ) . He left , along with Kate and Wick , early in the eighth season . Kellie Newmark ( Cynthia Watros ) - Drew 's childhood friend . She has had a crush on Drew since high school but never told him . She was married but her husband cheated on her with her sister . Her mother is an alcoholic and leaves her father , eventually hooking up with Lewis . After Kate leaves , Drew realizes that he loves Kellie . Drew is afraid to tell Kellie because it may ruin their friendship like it did with Kate . After Lily leaves Drew , they confess their feelings for each other . When Kellie comes out while Drew is talking to his dad and asks Drew what they are going to do about their feelings for each other , Drew 's dad falls off the roof and dies . Eventually during the beginning stage of their relationship Kellie finds out she is pregnant with Drew Jr. but wo n't marry Drew because she does n't think he is ready for marriage . During the finale she decides Drew is ready . But her water breaks and she and Drew get married right when the baby is born . Drew 's marriages ( edit ) Much of the show 's humor revolved around Drew 's single life ( in real life , Drew was engaged for the first time in 2007 , shortly after becoming a game show host ) . However , Drew was married a number of times during the show 's run . His spouses during the series were : Diane ( Nicole Sullivan ) - A cocktail waitress Drew met on a business trip to Las Vegas . She tricked Drew into marrying her because she believed having a husband would give her an edge in winning custody of her children . Drew agreed to help her with the social workers , and they divorced a week later . Nicki Fifer ( Kate Walsh ) - A real estate agent whom Drew dated and became engaged to ; she dumped him after gaining a large amount of weight while they were dating ( and , in her own words , `` could n't be with a man who loved to eat '' ) . She lost the weight , got married and came back to Drew after her divorce ( when Drew had just left a mental institution ) . Drew asked her to marry him on an impulse , and she agreed . Unfortunately , Drew married Kate soon after ( thus becoming a bigamist ) and she left him . Nicki returned later , having regained all her previous weight , and attempted to kill Drew because she blamed him for all the recent problems in her life . Drew let Nicki stay at his house until she could get back on her feet , after which she was rarely seen again . Kate - The love of Drew 's life and his best friend since childhood , Drew and Kate first broke off their engagement after a disagreement about having kids . After Drew 's stint in the mental hospital , Kate realized that she still loved Drew and asked him to marry her . Drew agreed ( despite having recently married Nicki and still being married to Mr. Wick ) and kept both his marriages a secret for a time . Both wives discovered the situation , and Kate , furious , dumped Drew and told the newspapers about the situation ; Drew became known as `` The Impotent Bisexual Bigamist . '' Lily ( Tammy Lauren ) - A Southern belle who met Drew after Oswald and Lewis started a campaign to find him a wife . Drew brought Lily to Cleveland and attempted to establish a relationship with her , but found it difficult to deal with Lily 's night terrors . Drew ended up proposing to Lily on three different occasions : once in his house , another in a movie theater , and finally , back at his home again . After Drew tore up all of his pre-determined wedding plan receipts , Lily agreed to marry him . Lily left Drew after the wedding , driving off without him after giving Drew his ring back . At the reception , Drew and Kellie expressed their hidden love for each other and began their relationship , which would also lead to Drew 's final marriage . Kellie Newmark ( Cynthia Watros ) - Drew 's childhood friend who was introduced in the eighth season . Drew went to a strip club and discovered that Kellie was working as a stripper to support herself after her divorce from her husband . Drew takes her into his home and their friendship blossoms . They were both reluctant to confess their feelings for each other , but they became a couple after Drew and Lily 's wedding . Kellie soon becomes pregnant , but refuses to marry Drew for another eight months . On their wedding day and the series finale , Kellie gave birth to Drew Jr . Other characters ( edit ) Larry Almada ( Ian Gomez ) -- One of Drew 's co-workers , Larry is a bumbling and somewhat unprofessional employee who is often willing to resort to less than savory methods to gain the upper hand . During a competition to determine the new employee representative on the Winfred - Louder board of directors , he managed to obtain the position by having sex with Mrs. Louder , a practice he repeats several times after being dumped by his wife . He loses his job on the board shortly after receiving the promotion , but continues his secret relationship with Mrs. Louder . He also ends up in jail for selling drugs , but is released and continues his job at the department store . After leaving Winfred - Louder , he set up a reasonably successful dating service which later expanded into a television chat show . Gerald Hawthorne Bell ( Kevin Pollak ) -- Drew 's boss for the show 's first season . Mr. Bell only appeared in person for his last appearance . He gets caught having relations with a woman in his office , and he and Mrs. Louder have to talk it out . When he appears , he is wearing a Santa costume . We only heard his voice on Drew 's speakerphone , despite the fact that Drew had his desk very close to Bell 's office . Little was known about him , but he behaved in a sexist and unprofessional manner , including liaisons with at least one female staffer . In the last episode of the first season , Mr. Bell finally appeared on camera as he was seen leaving his office after getting fired from the store . The running joke of his never being officially seen until this moment is referenced in dialogue when he says ; `` What 's the matter , Carey ? You act like you 've never seen me before ! '' Fran Louder ( Nan Martin ) -- Mrs. Louder is one of the executives ' `` cougars '' and partial namesake of the Winfred - Louder corporation who originally inherited the store from her dead husband . She is the CEO of the company that owns the department store , and retains her position even after the corporation is bought out by a larger company located in Amsterdam . As the head of the store , she thinks very little of Drew , and openly expresses surprise at the assertion that he still has dreams of becoming more successful , Mrs. Louder occasionally gives him minor promotions throughout the series , but his personality clashes with her ruthless and businesslike nature . She is somewhat sex - obsessed and conducts a long affair with the boorish , lazy , and obnoxious Larry Almada , played by Ian Gomez . ( In another episode we learn Almada is superendowed sexually . ) Mrs. Louder is last seen accompanying Mimi and Steve on their honeymoon ( she advises them that she is a voyeur but they are forced to take her with them , anyway ) . She is removed from power shortly after when a member of the board improvises a speech slurring ethnic groups and gays . The insulted employees begin to riot , gaining the attention of the bosses in Amsterdam , who replace the entire board of directors except , for some reason , for Mr. Wick . Robert Soulard ( Mark Curry ) -- One of Drew 's bosses at Winfred - Louder , Mr. Soulard was appointed by the Dutch as Mrs. Louder 's replacement after the latter was fired along with the original board of directors . Slightly more open - minded than his predecessor , Mr. Soulard agrees to listen to the employees after he is made the new boss , and quickly appoints Drew to be the new Store Manager when Mr. Wick 's incompetence gets him sent to Toledo for retraining . Beulah Carey ( Marion Ross ) -- Drew 's and Steve 's mother , married to George Carey ( Stanley Anderson ) . George Anderson dies towards the end of the series ' run , although not due to the death of the actor . Kim Harvey ( Adrienne Barbeau ) - Oswald 's mother , who wears tight clothes and sweaters with plunging necklines . Her sexiness caused the young Drew in his childhood to commit some embarrassing fauxes pas . King Augustus Antonio Carey ( Dakota and Ryan Williams ) - Gus is Steve and Mimi 's son as well as Drew 's nephew , who saved Mimi from being fired by Drew in the episode `` Drew Pops Something On Kate '' . Just as Drew is about to fire Mimi , he kicks while in the womb for the first time , causing him to feel compassion for Mimi and preventing him from firing her . Gus was born while Drew was in a coma , and his spirit ( voiced by Jon Polito ) met Drew up in Heaven before being born . After hearing Drew make jokes about how horrible Mimi was , Gus was afraid to be born . Drew convinced him that Mimi would be a good mother by going back down to Earth and spending time in the baby 's body . Drew told this story to the others after coming out of his coma , but nobody believed him . Gus was an infant for most of his time on the show , but received an age boost ( putting him somewhere between 5 and 6 years old ) for the final season . He burns down his house , initially thought to be with a wood - burning kit that Drew gives him as a gift . Since Mimi and Gus had nowhere to live , Drew offers his home to them , and they stay there almost until the end of the show . It was later discovered that Gus was a pyromaniac and intentionally started a fire in the house . Lisa Robbins ( Katy Selverstone ) -- Drew 's girlfriend from season one , she is prevented from dating him as the rules at Winfred - Louder do not allow management to participate in romantic relationships with their employees . Although this initially forces them to hide their relationship in public , they eventually find a way to overcome this obstacle . She vies for a job as the head of the personal shopper department to become a member of the store 's management , prompting a competition with fellow applicants Kate and Mimi . Lisa begins dating Drew after she gets the job , but after a failed attempt to live together they agree to break up . She leaves her dog , Speedy , behind to stay with him and departs for good after her marriage in the second season . Lord Mercer ( Jim Piddock ) -- An extremely wealthy Englishman , who bought Winfred - Louder and became the new owner after the Dutch divested themselves of the company / store ( s ) . He also brings back Mr. Wick , saying only Englishmen know how to run a business . Christine Watson ( Wanda Sykes ) -- Hired to replace Nigel Wick as manager , falls in love with Drew . Jay Clemens ( Robert Torti ) -- Kate 's handsome boyfriend from season one . Evan ( Kyle Howard ) -- Co-owner of Never Ending Store with his brother , Scott ( of the two bosses , he is regarded as the ' nice ' one ) . He is a Zen - seeking Buddhist who promotes peace and support , although he himself has a life coach , sees a family therapist with his brother , and takes anti-anxiety pills . He has a tenuous relationship with Scott because they spend so much time together . Scott ( Jonathan Mangum ) -- Co-owner of Never Ending Store with his brother , Evan . He is more business - minded than Evan , and can get very irritated by Evan 's peace - seeking way of life . He teaches computer classes during the summer . Mrs. Wick ( Richard Chamberlain ) -- Nigel Wick 's `` Mum '' Maggie , played by Chamberlain in drag . The character is clearly promiscuous , young Nigel having grown up with a series of `` uncles '' in and out of his life . Chuck ( Kelly Perine ) - Security Guard / Head of Security at Winfred - Louder . Chuck is a fellow employee at Winfred - Louder who seems to have a friendly relationship with Drew , as he , in his first appearance in the episode `` No Two Things Are Exactly Alike '' in Season 1 , he tips Drew to the person who complained about a fellow employee who became offended at a sexually offensive cartoon which he put on a memo in the hopes of boosting company morale . In Chuck 's final appearance in the Season 5 episode `` Drew and the Racial Tension Play '' , Chuck is among the many minority employees who become offended at the socially insensitive comments of senior company board member Arthur Crawford ( Hansford Rowe ) who try to solicit Drew to get Crawford to apologize for his comments or resign . Notable guest stars / actor cameos ( edit ) Tim Allen - Himself David Lander - Himself Jamie Lee Curtis - Sioux David Cross - Earl Tom Bosley - Mimi 's Father Tammy Faye - Mimi 's Mother Brian Haley - Drew Look - Alike Martin Mull - Himself Michael R. White - Himself Dan Castellaneta - Stan Rachel Hunter - Herself Donald Trump - Himself Carol Channing - Herself Rush Limbaugh - Himself Eugene Levy - Dr. Rider Joe Alaskey - Daffy Duck Dick Clark - Himself Paul `` Triple H '' Levesque - The Disciplinarian Bo Derek - Herself Wayne Brady - Himself Greg Proops - Himself Brad Sherwood - Himself Laura Hall - Herself Arturo Brachetti - Himself J.P. Manoux - Malcolm Cameron Mathison - Kirk Norm Macdonald - Simon Tate Heather Locklear - Herself Dave Mustaine - Himself Chip Esten - Himself Kathy Greenwood - Herself Carmen Electra - Lewis 's Boss Jay Leno - Lewis 's Boss Charles Nelson Reilly - Lewis 's Boss Ben Stein - Heavenly Guide Gary Coleman - Drew 's Double Jimmie Walker - Lewis 's African - American Double Meshach Taylor - Oswald 's African - American Double Kim Fields - Kate 's African - American Double Thea Vidale - Mimi 's African - American Double Jenny McCarthy - Sketch Player / Marlo Kelly Amanda Bynes - Sketch Player Henry Winkler - Mr. Newsome John Ratzenberger - Himself Leslie Sykes - Herself Lacey Chabert - Grace Roselyn Sanchez - Maria Kathryn Joosten - Natalie French Stewart - Buddy Lorenzo Music - Store Announcer Jeff Davis - Himself / D'Artagnan Jessica Cauffiel - Milan Illeana Douglas - Rachel Murray Tom Poston - Oswald 's conniving former jailbird father Colin Mochrie - Eugene Anderson Wayne Knight - Insurance examiner Musical artist cameos ( edit ) Little Richard Joe Walsh ( initially as himself , then as Ed , lead guitarist of Drew 's band The Horn Dogs ) Dionne Warwick Roy Clark Dusty Hill Jonny Lang Lisa Loeb Dave Mustaine Rick Nielsen Joey Ramone Slash Michael Stanley Henry Rollins Matthew Sweet `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Eddie Money Charlotte Caffey Belinda Carlisle Gina Schock Kathy Valentine Jane Wiedlin SHeDAISY Smash Mouth John Regan Peter Frampton Bob Mayo Uncle Kracker Sugar Ray Motörhead Blue Man Group Dee Snider Goo Goo Dolls The Reverend Horton Heat The Go - Go 's Sports personality cameos ( edit ) Rosey Brown Dave Winfield Bernie Kosar Bob Costas Kenny Mayne Lynn Swann Chris Palmer Bobby Bonds Jeff Gordon Triple H See also ( edit ) The Drew Carey Show List of Drew Carey Show episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` ' Drew Carey Show ' bowing out quietly '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/the-drew-carey-show-reunion/ This television - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . ( hide ) The Drew Carey Show Created by : Drew Carey & Bruce Helford Episodes `` Pilot '' `` New York and Queens '' `` The Dog and Pony Show '' `` In Ramada Da Vida '' `` The High Road to China '' `` Drew Live '' `` Drew Cam '' `` Drew Live II '' `` Drew 's in a Coma '' `` Drew Carey 's Back - to - School Rock ' n ' Roll Comedy Hour '' Related articles Characters Cleveland Rocks ! Music from The Drew Carey Show Mohawk Productions Warner Bros. Television Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Drew_Carey_Show_characters&oldid=824208237 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Incomplete television lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 23 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played mrs. wick on the drew carey show	[ "Mrs. Wick (Richard Chamberlain) – Nigel Wick's \"Mum\" Maggie, played by Chamberlain in drag. The character is clearly promiscuous, young Nigel having grown up with a series of \"uncles\" in and out of his life." ]	[ "Richard Chamberlain" ]
-2916262218690511803	The Notebook	The Notebook - wikipedia The Notebook Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Notebook ( disambiguation ) . The Notebook Theatrical release poster Directed by Nick Cassavetes Produced by Lynn Harris Mark Johnson Screenplay by Jeremy Leven Story by Jan Sardi ( adaptation ) Based on The Notebook by Nicholas Sparks Starring Ryan Gosling Rachel McAdams James Garner Gena Rowlands Joan Allen James Marsden Narrated by James Garner Music by Aaron Zigman Cinematography Robert Fraisse Edited by Alan Heim Production company Avery Pix Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date May 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 20 ) ( SIFF ) June 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $29 million Box office $115.6 million The Notebook is a 2004 American romantic drama film directed by Nick Cassavetes and based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Nicholas Sparks . The film stars Ryan Gosling and Rachel McAdams as a young couple who fall in love in the 1940s . Their story is narrated from the present day by an elderly man ( portrayed by James Garner ) telling the tale to a fellow nursing home resident ( played by Gena Rowlands , who is Cassavetes 's mother ) . The Notebook received mixed reviews but performed well at the box office and received several award nominations , winning eight Teen Choice Awards , a Satellite Award and an MTV Movie Award . The film became a sleeper hit and has gained a cult following . On November 11 , 2012 , ABC Family premiered an extended version with deleted scenes added back into the original storyline . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 5 Accolades 6 Home media 7 Music 8 Television series 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) At a modern - day nursing home , an elderly man , Duke , reads a romantic story from his notebook to a fellow patient . In 1940 , Seabrook Island , South Carolina , Noah Calhoun is smitten with 17 year old heiress Allison `` Allie '' Hamilton after seeing her at a carnival , and they have a summer love affair . Noah takes Allie to an abandoned house that he intends to buy for them . They try to make love , but are interrupted by Noah 's friend Fin with the news that Allie 's parents have the police looking for her . When Allie and Noah return to her parents ' mansion , Allie 's mother Anne calls Noah trash and they ban her from seeing Noah . Noah walks out and Allie chases after him . The ensuing argument between the two ends in a break up and the next morning , Anne announces that the family is returning home to Charleston . Allie attempts to contact Noah , but is unable to find him , so she asks Fin to tell Noah that she loves him . When Noah gets the message he rushes to Allie 's home , only to find the house empty . Noah writes to Allie every day for a year but Anne intercepts the letters and they never reach Allie . Noah enlists with Fin to fight in World War II , where Fin is killed in battle . Allie volunteers in a hospital for wounded soldiers , where she meets officer Lon Hammond Jr. , a young lawyer who comes from old Southern money . The two become engaged , to the delight of Allie 's parents . When Noah returns from the war , his father has sold their home so that Noah can buy the abandoned house . While visiting Charleston , Noah witnesses Allie and Lon kissing at a restaurant ; he convinces himself that if he restores the house , Allie will come back to him . Allie is startled to read in the newspaper that Noah has completed the house to the specifications she made years before . Allie returns to Seabrook to find Noah living in the restored house . The two renew their relationship and make love . In the morning , Anne appears on Noah 's doorstep , warning Allie that Lon has followed her to Seabrook . Anne reveals that in her youth she had been in love with a lower - class young man and still thinks of him . He admits that he has often thought of her as well . She then gives Allie the letters that Noah wrote to her , admitting that she hid them from Allie . Allie confesses to Lon that she has been spending time with Noah , and tells him she knows she should be with him , but she remains indecisive . Ultimately , she goes back to her relationship with Noah . In the present , it is revealed that the elderly woman is Allie , who is suffering from dementia . Duke is actually Noah , and was told by Allie during the onset of her illness to reread their journals to help her remember . She briefly remembers who he is and they reconcile , but soon forgets and panics , forcing medical personnel to sedate her . Noah has a heart attack and is sent to the hospital while Allie is sent to a dementia ward in the hospital . He visits her room in the middle of the night , and she remembers him again , expressing that she may forget again . Noah reassures her that they can do anything with the love they share , and fall asleep together in Allie 's bed , dying in their sleep with a nurse discovering them in the morning . Cast ( edit ) Rachel McAdams as Allison `` Allie '' Hamilton Ryan Gosling as Noah Calhoun James Garner as Old Noah Calhoun / `` Duke '' Gena Rowlands as Old Allie Calhoun ( née Hamilton ) Joan Allen as Anne Hamilton James Marsden as Lon Hammond , Jr . Jamie Brown as Martha Shaw Sam Shepard as Frank Calhoun David Thornton as John Hamilton Kevin Connolly as Fin Heather Wahlquist as Sara Tuffington Ed Grady as Harry Obba Babatunde as Bandleader Mark Johnson as Photographer Starletta DuPois as Nurse Esther William Sattelberg as Ryan Gosling 's stunt double Production ( edit ) The film rights to Nicholas Sparks 's novel were acquired by New Line Cinema in 1996 , represented by producer Mark Johnson . Jeremy Leven was hired to write the script , which caught the attention of director Steven Spielberg in 1998 , who wished to film it with Tom Cruise as Noah Calhoun . Spielberg 's commitment to other projects led to Jim Sheridan becoming attached to direct the following year . Filming was to start in 1999 but pushed back over rewrites . Sheridan eventually backed out by October 2000 to work on In America . Martin Campbell entered negotiations to direct in March 2001 , before he was replaced by Nick Cassavetes a year later . Casting ( edit ) Cassavetes wanted someone unknown and `` not handsome '' to portray Noah ; he therefore cast Ryan Gosling in the role . Gosling was initially surprised by this : `` I read ( the script ) and I thought , ' He 's crazy . I could n't be more wrong for this movie . ' '' `` It gave me an opportunity to play a character over a period of time - from 1940 to 1946 - that was quite profound and formative . '' To prepare for the part , Gosling temporarily moved to Charleston , South Carolina prior to filming . During two months , he rowed the Ashley River and made furniture . A nationwide search was conducted to find the right actress to play Allie . Actresses who auditioned for the role included Jessica Biel , Britney Spears , Ashley Judd , and Reese Witherspoon , and Rachel McAdams was ultimately cast . On casting her , Cassavetes said : `` When Rachel McAdams came in and read , it was apparent that she was the one . She and Ryan had great chemistry between them . '' She commented : `` I thought it would be a dream to be able to do it . I read the script and went into the audition just two days later . It was a good way to do it , because I was very full of the story . '' Gosling commented that , `` I think that it 's pretty fair to say that we probably would n't have made the film if we had n't found Rachel ... Really , Allie drives the movie . It 's her movie and we 're in it . It all kind of depended on an actress . '' In comparison to the book , the role was extended . McAdams spent time in Charleston before filming to familiarize herself with the surroundings , and took ballet and etiquette classes . She had a dialect coach to learn the southern accent . Filming ( edit ) The Notebook was filmed mostly on location in South Carolina , in late 2002 and early 2003 , as well as the wintery battlefield just outside Montreal , Quebec . Production offices for the film were set up at the old Charleston Naval Base in North Charleston . Much of the film 's plot takes place in and around Seabrook Island , an actual town which is one of the South Carolina `` sea islands . '' It is located 20 miles southwest of Charleston , South Carolina . However , none of the filming took place in the Seabrook area . The house that Noah is seen fixing up is a private residence at Wadmalaw Island , South Carolina , which is another `` sea island '' locality situated 10 miles closer to Charleston . The house was not actually in a dilapidated state at any time , but it was made to look that way by special effects in the first half of the film . Contrary to the suggestion in the film 's dialogue , neither the house nor the Seabrook area was home to South Carolina Revolutionary hero Francis Marion , whose plantation was actually located some distance northwest of Charleston . The Boone Hall Plantation served as Allie 's summer house . Many of the scenes set in Seabrook were filmed in the town of Mt . Pleasant , ( a suburb of Charleston ) . Others were filmed in Charleston and in Edisto Island . The lake scenes were filmed at Cypress Gardens ( in Moncks Corner , South Carolina ) with trained birds that were brought in from elsewhere . The nursing home scenes were filmed at Rice Hope Plantation , located in Georgetown County , South Carolina . The college depicted briefly in the film is identified in the film as Sarah Lawrence College , but the campus that is seen is actually the College of Charleston . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film premiered June 25 , 2004 , in the United States and Canada and grossed $13,464,745 in 2,303 theaters its opening weekend , ranking number 4 at the box office . The film grossed a total of $115,603,229 worldwide , $81,001,787 in Canada and the United States and $34,601,442 in other countries . It is the 15th highest - grossing romantic drama film of all time . Critical reception ( edit ) The performances of Ryan Gosling and Rachel McAdams , as well as their on - screen chemistry , were particularly praised by most film critics The Notebook received a mixed reaction from film critics . Based on 155 reviews on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , 52 % of critics gave the film a positive review , with an average rating of 5.7 / 10 and the website 's consensus stating `` It 's hard not to admire its unabashed sentimentality , but The Notebook is too clumsily manipulative to rise above its melodramatic clichés . '' At Metacritic , which assigns an average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film currently holds an average score of 53 , based on 34 reviews , which indicates `` mixed or average reviews . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times praised the film , awarding it three - and - a-half stars out of four , calling the photography `` striking in its rich , saturated effects '' and stating that the `` actors are blessed by good material . '' Peter Lowry of Film Threat gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of five ; praising the performances of both Gosling and McAdams , he wrote : `` Gosling and especially McAdams give all - star performances , doing just enough to hand the reins over to the pros , who take what 's left of the film and finish the audience off with some touching scenes that do n't leave a dry eye in the house . '' About the film itself he added : `` Overall , The Notebook is a surprisingly good film that manages to succeed where many other `` chick flick '' like romances fail . '' Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , stating that `` the scenes between the young lovers confronting adult authority have the same seething tension and lurking hysteria that the young Warren Beatty and Natalie Wood brought more than 40 years ago to their roles in Splendor in the Grass . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post also gave the film a positive review , she also praised the performances of Gosling and McAdams , stating : `` Never mind that McAdams and Gosling do n't for a minute call to mind 1940s America ; they 're both suitably attractive and appealing . Gosling , who delivered a searing and largely unseen screen debut performance in the 2001 drama The Believer , is particularly convincing as a young man who charms his way past a girl 's strongest defenses . '' About the film , she added : `` Audiences craving big , gooey over-the - top romance have their must - see summer movie in The Notebook . '' William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer praised the performance of McAdams but criticized the performance of Gosling , stating that he `` just does n't have the kind of star power or chemistry with McAdams to anchor this kind of minor - league Gone with the Wind . '' He also added about the film that it `` does n't completely work on its own terms , mainly because its romantic casting just does n't spark : It does n't make us fall in love with its lovers . '' Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe gave the film two - and - a-half stars , praising the performances of its cast members , writing about McAdams that `` she 's soulfully committed to the suds in the story and fiercely attentive to the other actors '' . He added about Gosling : `` Gosling is adept at playing sociopaths and intense brooders , and there 's reason to think , early on , that Noah might be similarly off , as when he threatens to drop from a Ferris wheel unless Allie agrees to go on a date with him . '' About the film , he wrote : `` Considering the sunny , relatively pleasurable romantic business that precedes it , the elderly stuff seems dark , morbid , and forced upon us . '' Jessica Winter of The Village Voice gave the film a mixed review , stating : `` Amid the sticky - sweet swamp of Jeremy Leven 's script , Rowlands and Garner emerge spotless and beatific , lending a magnanimous credibility to their scenes together . These two old pros slice cleanly through the thicket of sap - weeping dialogue and contrivance , locating the terror and desolation wrought by the cruel betrayals of a failing mind . '' Robert Koehler of Variety magazine also gave the film a mixed review , he however , praised the performances , writing that `` already one of the most intriguing young thesps , Gosling extends his range to pure romance without sacrificing a bit of his naturally subversive qualities , and even seems comfortable looking beautiful in a manly American way . The head - turner is McAdams , doing such a different perf from her top bitch in Mean Girls that it 's hard to tell it 's the same actor . She skillfully carries much of the film 's emotional weight with a free and easy manner . '' In June 2010 , Entertainment Weekly included Allie and Noah in its list of the `` 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years . '' The periodical listed The Notebook in their 25 Sexiest Movies Ever . Us Weekly included the film in their list of the 30 Most Romantic Movies of All Time . Boston.com ranked the film the third Top Romantic Movie . The Notebook appeared on Moviefone 's list of the 25 Best Romance Movies of All Time . Marie Claire also put the film on its list of the 12 Most Romantic Movie Scenes of All Time . In 2011 , The Notebook was named the best chick - flick during ABC News and People 's television special Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time . The scene where Noah climbs the Ferris Wheel because he wants a date with Allie made the list of Total Film 's 50 Most Romantic Movie Moments of All Time . The kiss in the rain was ranked no . 4 in Total Film 's 50 Best Movie Kisses list. 154 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Golden Trailer Awards Best Romance Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie of the Summer Nominated Choice Breakout Movie Star Rachel McAdams Nominated 2005 Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Feature Film , Drama Matthew Barry and Nancy Green - Keyes Nominated Golden Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Gena Rowlands Won MTV Movie Awards Best Female Performance Rachel McAdams Nominated Best Kiss Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role James Garner Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Drama Won Choice Date Movie Won Choice Movie Actor -- Drama Ryan Gosling Won Choice Movie Actress -- Drama Rachel McAdams Won Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Male Ryan Gosling Won Choice Movie Chemistry Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling Won Choice Movie Liplock Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling Won Choice Movie Love Scene Rachel McAdams and Ryan Gosling Won Home media ( edit ) The Notebook was released on DVD on February 8 , 2005 and Blu - ray on May 4 , 2010 . By February 2010 , the film had sold over 11 million copies on DVD . Music ( edit ) The soundtrack to The Notebook was released on June 8 , 2004 . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Main Title '' Aaron Zigman 2 : 49 2 . `` Overture '' Aaron Zigman 6 : 16 3 . `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' Billie Holiday 3 : 33 4 . `` Alabamy Home '' Duke Ellington 3 : 02 5 . `` Allie Returns '' Aaron Zigman 5 : 07 6 . `` House Blues / The Porch Dance / The Proposal / The Carnival '' Aaron Zigman 8 : 04 7 . `` Noah 's Journey '' Aaron Zigman 6 : 03 8 . `` Always And Always '' Benny Goodman & His Orchestra 3 : 17 9 . `` A String of Pearls '' Glenn Miller & His Orchestra 3 : 16 10 . `` On The Lake '' Aaron Zigman 5 : 39 11 . `` Diga Diga Doo '' Rex Stewart And The Ellingtonians 4 : 16 12 . `` One O'Clock Jump '' Benny Goodman & His Orchestra 3 : 15 13 . `` I 'll Be Seeing You '' Jimmy Durante 3 : 13 14 . `` Noah 's Last Letter '' Aaron Zigman 4 : 32 15 . `` Our Love Can Do Miracles '' Aaron Zigman 4 : 31 Total length : 66 : 53 Television series ( edit ) On August 11 , 2015 , it was reported that a television series is in development by The CW . The series will follow Noah and Allie 's courtship following the events of the film , and in a post-WWII world . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE NOTEBOOK ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2004 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Notebook ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Sparks adaptation is ' Dear ' to Tatum '' . Variety . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lyttelton , Oliver ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` 4 Ways ' The Notebook ' Rewrote the Weepie and Changed Hollywood '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greve , Joan E. ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` 9 Best Quotes from The Notebook '' . Time . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Notebook ' director claims Ryan Gosling tried to have Rachel McAdams removed from film '' . NME . July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook Special Edition on ABC Family This Sunday '' . Nicholas Sparks : The Official Website . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 13 , 1997 ) . `` Jacobson goes to London by the book '' . Variety . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` Spielberg scans ' Notebook ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( March 22 , 2001 ) . `` ' Zorro ' marks sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 10 , 1999 ) . `` Sheridan may open Sparks ' ' Notebook ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( May 19 , 2000 ) . `` Inside Moves '' . Variety . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dana Harris ( March 6 , 2002 ) . `` Cassavetes opens ' Notebook ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ravitz , Justin ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan Gosling : Notebook Director Told Me I Was n't `` Handsome '' or `` Cool '' `` . Us Weekly . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pickle , Betsy ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` ' NOTEBOOK ' LOVE SCENES WERE ' EMBARRASSING , ' SAYS ACTOR '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Notebook Production Notes '' . Movies Central . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook Trivia '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . August 26 , 2004 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Biel : ' The Notebook ' Is The Film That Got Away '' . The Huffington Post . November 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Valentine 's Flashback : ' The Notebook ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ten things you never knew about The Notebook '' . News.com.au . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( June 24 , 2004 ) . `` Hot off ' The Notebook ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca ( 2004 ) . `` Ryan Gosling Talks about `` The Notebook '' `` . About.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Bill ( February 19 , 2003 ) . `` ' Notebook ' pivotal for McAdams '' . The Post and Courier . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The gossip 's now over Rachel '' . Thefreelibrary.com . June 18 , 2004 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deziel , Shanda ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Rachel 's all the rage '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IGN INTERVIEWS RACHEL MCADAMS '' . IGN . June 23 , 2004 . p. 3 . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook film locations '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Jump up ^ `` Movies Filmed in South Carolina -- The Notebook '' . South Carolina 's Information HighWAY . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McGuire , Judy ( February 28 , 2009 ) . `` Romance , Movie Style - Love on Location - The Notebook '' . Time . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Francis Marion Foils the British '' . historynet.com . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Exton , Emily . `` Ryan Gosling Wanted To Kick Rachel McAdams Off The Notebook Set And More You Did n't Know About The Film '' . vh1.com . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rice Hope Plantation -- Oatland -- Georgetown County '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook ( 2004 ) -- Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Romantic Drama Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` The Notebook '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Peter ( June 28 , 2004 ) . `` The Notebook '' . Film Threat . Hamster Stampede LLC . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` When Love Is Madness and Life a Straitjacket '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` A Tear - Stained ' Notebook ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( June 24 , 2004 ) . `` Touching ' Notebook ' overcomes flaws to satisfy romance fans in need of a good cry '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morris , Wesley ( June 25 , 2004 ) . `` Love shows its age in ' Notebook ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter , Jessica ( June 15 , 2004 ) . `` Old Pros Lend Credibility to Young Lovebirds ' Magical Hysteria Tour '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Koehler , Robert ( May 20 , 2004 ) . `` The Notebook '' . Variety . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adam B. Vary ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years : Here 's our full list ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Sexiest Movies Ever ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Most Romantic Movies of All Time - The Notebook '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 romantic movies '' . Boston.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Romance Movies of All Time '' . Moviefone . February 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 12 Most Romantic Movie Scenes of All Time Read more : The Most Romantic Scene from The Notebook - Marie Claire '' . Marie Claire . Hearst Corporation . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cox , Carmen ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time '' . ABC News Radio . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinnear , Simon ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` 50 Most Romantic Movie Moments Of All Time '' . Jump up ^ Kinnear , Simon ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` 50 Best Movie Kisses '' . Total Film . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual Golden Trailer Award Winner and Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com. 2004 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` CA The Notebook. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Horizon High School Drama . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Artis Award Winners -- 2005 '' . Casting Society of America . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 11th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . SAGAwards.org . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Notebook ' Wins Eight Teen Choice Awards '' . Fox News . Associated Press . August 15 , 2005 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebook - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Nicholas Sparks is a master of romance '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Notebook Soundtrack TheOST . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Notebook TV Series In Works At The CW '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Notebook ( film ) Official website The Notebook on IMDb The Notebook at Box Office Mojo The Notebook at Rotten Tomatoes The Notebook at Metacritic Films directed by Nick Cassavetes Unhook the Stars ( 1996 ) She 's So Lovely ( 1997 ) John Q. ( 2002 ) The Notebook ( 2004 ) Alpha Dog ( 2006 ) My Sister 's Keeper ( 2009 ) Yellow ( 2012 ) The Other Woman ( 2014 ) Nicholas Sparks Novels The Notebook ( 1996 ) Message in a Bottle ( 1998 ) A Walk to Remember ( 1999 ) The Rescue ( 2000 ) A Bend in the Road ( 2001 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2002 ) The Guardian ( 2003 ) The Wedding ( 2003 ) True Believer ( 2005 ) At First Sight ( 2006 ) Dear John ( 2006 ) The Choice ( 2007 ) The Lucky One ( 2008 ) The Last Song ( 2009 ) Safe Haven ( 2010 ) The Best of Me ( 2011 ) The Longest Ride ( 2013 ) See Me ( 2015 ) Two by Two ( 2016 ) Non-fiction Wokini : A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self - Understanding ( 1990 ) Three Weeks with My Brother ( 2004 ) Film adaptations Message in a Bottle ( 1999 ) A Walk to Remember ( 2002 ) The Notebook ( 2004 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2008 ) Dear John ( 2010 ) The Last Song ( 2010 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) Safe Haven ( 2013 ) The Best of Me ( 2014 ) The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) The Choice ( 2016 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Drama Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) The Sixth Sense ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) None ( 2003 ) None ( 2004 ) The Notebook ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Blind Side ( 2010 ) Black Swan ( 2011 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 ) If I Stay ( 2015 ) Miracles from Heaven ( 2016 ) Everything , Everything ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Romance The Notebook ( 2005 ) Just like Heaven ( 2006 ) The Holiday ( 2007 ) 27 Dresses and What Happens in Vegas ( 2008 ) Marley & Me and Twilight ( 2009 ) Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) Easy A ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2013 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky & Macaulay Culkin in My Girl ( 1992 ) Christian Slater & Marisa Tomei in Untamed Heart ( 1993 ) Demi Moore & Woody Harrelson in Indecent Proposal ( 1994 ) Jim Carrey & Lauren Holly in Dumb and Dumber ( 1995 ) Natasha Henstridge & Anthony Guidera in Species ( 1996 ) Will Smith & Vivica A. Fox in Independence Day ( 1997 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore in The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) Gwyneth Paltrow & Joseph Fiennes in Shakespeare in Love ( 1999 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar & Selma Blair in Cruel Intentions ( 2000 ) Julia Stiles & Sean Patrick Thomas in Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Jason Biggs & Seann William Scott in American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Tobey Maguire & Kirsten Dunst in Spider - Man ( 2003 ) Owen Wilson , Carmen Electra & Amy Smart in Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Ryan Gosling & Rachel McAdams in The Notebook ( 2005 ) Heath Ledger & Jake Gyllenhaal in Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Will Ferrell & Sacha Baron Cohen in Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2007 ) Briana Evigan & Robert Hoffman in Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in Twilight ( 2009 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence & Bradley Cooper in Silver Linings Playbook ( 2013 ) Emma Roberts , Jennifer Aniston & Will Poulter in We 're the Millers ( 2014 ) Ansel Elgort & Shailene Woodley in The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Rebel Wilson & Adam DeVine in Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2016 ) Ashton Sanders & Jharrel Jerome in Moonlight ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Notebook&oldid=808556614 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s coming - of - age films 2000s romantic drama films American coming - of - age films American films American romantic drama films Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films based on romance novels Films based on works by Nicholas Sparks Films directed by Nick Cassavetes Films set in Charleston , South Carolina Films set in South Carolina Films set in the 1940s Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Montreal Films shot in South Carolina Historical romance films New Line Cinema films Hidden categories : Track listings with input errors Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 16 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the movie the notebook come out	[ "The film premiered June 25, 2004, in the United States and Canada and grossed $13,464,745 in 2,303 theaters its opening weekend, ranking number 4 at the box office.[33] The film grossed a total of $115,603,229 worldwide, $81,001,787 in Canada and the United States and $34,601,442 in other countries.[2] It is the 15th highest-grossing romantic drama film of all time.[34]" ]	[ "June 25, 2004" ]
-7794042820403636396	Virginia gubernatorial election, 2017	Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 - wikipedia Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 ← 2013 November 7 , 2017 2021 → Turnout 47 % ( voting eligible ) Nominee Ralph Northam Ed Gillespie Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,409,175 1,175,731 Percentage 53.9 % 45.0 % Virginia gubernatorial election results map . Blue denotes counties / independent cities won by Northam . Red denotes those won by Gillespie . Northam 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Gillespie 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Governor before election Terry McAuliffe Democratic Elected Governor Ralph Northam Democratic Elections in Virginia Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 U.S. Senate elections 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1958 1960 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 U.S. House elections 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections U.S. Senate , 1920 U.S. Senate , 1933 U.S. Senate , 1946 U.S. Senate , 1966 1st congressional district , 2007 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1851 1855 1859 1863 ( Confederate ) 1863 ( Union ) 1869 1873 1877 1881 1885 1889 1893 1897 1901 1905 1909 1913 1917 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 2005 2009 2013 2017 Lieutenant Governor elections 2013 2017 Attorney General elections 2005 2013 2017 House of Delegates elections 2009 2017 Other elections 1989 1999 2003 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Ballot measures ( show ) 1970 1972 1976 1977 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2012 2014 2016 2016 Fairfax County Meals Tax Referendum Richmond ( show ) Mayoral elections 2016 City Council elections 2016 The Virginia gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7 , 2017 . The incumbent governor , Democrat Terry McAuliffe , was not eligible to run for re-election due to term limits established by the Virginia Constitution . Virginia is the only state that prohibits its governor from serving consecutive terms . Primary elections took place on June 13 , 2017 . Virginia utilizes an open primary , in which registered voters are allowed to vote in either party 's primary election . The Democratic Party nominated Ralph Northam and the Republican Party nominated Ed Gillespie . The Libertarian Party nominated Clifford Hyra by convention on May 6 , 2017 . In the general election on November 7 , 2017 , Democratic nominee Ralph Northam defeated Republican nominee Ed Gillespie , winning by the largest margin for a Democrat since 1985 . Northam will become the 73rd governor of Virginia , and take office on January 13 , 2018 . The election had the highest voter turnout percentage in a Virginia gubernatorial election in twenty years with 47 % of the state 's constituency casting their ballot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Democratic primary 1.1 Declared 1.2 Declined 1.3 Endorsements 1.4 Polling 1.5 Results 2 Republican primary 2.1 Declared 2.2 Failed to qualify 2.3 Withdrawn 2.4 Declined 2.5 Endorsements 2.6 Polling 2.7 Results 3 Libertarian convention 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Nominee 3.1. 2 Withdrew 4 General election 4.1 Debates 4.2 Endorsements 4.3 Polling 4.3. 1 Polls 4.4 Fundraising 4.5 Results 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Democratic primary ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Ralph Northam , Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Tom Perriello , former U.S. Representative Declined ( edit ) Gerry Connolly , U.S. Representative Mark Herring , Attorney General of Virginia ( running for re-election ) Brian Moran , Virginia Secretary of Public Safety , former State Delegate and candidate for governor in 2009 Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Tom Perriello Federal elected officials Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont Elizabeth Warren , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts Rosa DeLauro , U.S. Representative from Connecticut Local elected officials Ryan Sawyers , Chairman of the Prince William County School Board , Candidate for Virginia 's 1st congressional district in 2018 Individuals Khizr and Ghazala Khan , gold star family John Podesta , Columnist and former chairman of 2016 Hillary Clinton presidential campaign Neera Tanden , American domestic policy adviser and the president of the Center for American Progress Daniel Pfeiffer , former Senior Advisor to U.S. President Barack Obama for Strategy and Communications and co-host of progressive political podcast Pod Save America . David Plouffe , President Barack Obama 's 2008 campaign manager . Nancy - Ann DeParle , former White House Deputy Chief of Staff to U.S. President Barack Obama Jennifer Palmieri , former White House Director of Communications to U.S. President Barack Obama . Julianna Smoot , former White House Social Secretary to U.S. President Barack Obama . Cecilia Muñoz , former White House Director of the Domestic Policy Council to U.S. President Barack Obama . Patrick Gaspard , former United States Ambassador to South Africa and former White House Director of Political Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . Tina Tchen , former Chief of Staff to First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama . Amy Rosenbaum , former White House Director of Legislative Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . Jon Carson , former White House Director of the Office of Public Engagement to U.S. President Barack Obama . Christina Reynolds , former White House Director of Media Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . Teddy Goff , former Obama campaign Digital Director . Larry Grisolano , former Obama campaign Director of Paid Media . Valerie Jarrett , former Senior Advisor to the President and former Director of White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs to U.S. President Barack Obama . LuAnn Bennett , Democratic candidate for Virginia 's 10th congressional district in the 2016 election . Jon Lovett , Former speechwriter for Hillary Clinton and President Barack Obama and co-host of progressive political podcast Pod Save America Bill McKibben , environmental activist and founder of 350.org Mark Ruffalo , actor Dave Matthews , Musician John W. Boyd Jr. , President of the National Black Farmers Association Hannah Hart , internet personality Organizations Our Revolution , a progressive political action group spun off of the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign , 2016 People 's Action , a progressive group that advocates for the representation of everybody Progressive Change Campaign Committee , a PAC which focuses on building progressive power through advocacy campaigns for ' big ideas ' and campaigning for ' bold progressive ' candidates for office Climate Hawks Vote , a super-PAC that supports candidates who set climate change as a top priority on their agenda Friends of the Earth , an international network of environmental organizations in 74 countries . Newspapers Bristol Herald Courier The Roanoke Times Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam Tom Perriello Other Undecided CSP Polling June 8 -- 11 , 2017 1642 ± 2.1 % 41 % 46 % -- 13 % Change Research June 8 -- 10 , 2017 919 ± 3.1 % 46 % 54 % -- -- Hampton University June 1 -- 6 , 2017 750 ± 4.2 % 21 % 29 % -- 50 % HaystaqDNA ( Internal Perriello Poll ) June 1 -- 6 , 2017 455 -- 36 % 37 % -- 29 % Garin - Hart - Yang ( Internal Northam Poll ) May 15 -- 17 , 2017 601 ± 4.0 % 50 % 33 % -- 17 % Washington Post-Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 351 ± 6.0 % 38 % 40 % -- 18 % Virginia Education Association / Public Policy Polling May 9 -- 10 , 2017 745 ± 3.6 % 45 % 35 % -- 21 % Virginia Education Association / Public Policy Polling April 13 -- 14 , 2017 586 ± 4.1 % 42 % 28 % -- 30 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 483 ± 4.5 % 20 % 25 % 1 % 51 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 391 ± 5.4 % 26 % 26 % 3 % 45 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 462 ± 4.6 % 19 % 19 % 3 % 61 % Christopher Newport University January 15 -- 28 , 2017 464 ± 4.8 % 15 % 26 % 1 % 58 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring Ralph Northam Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 409 ± 4.9 % 33 % 9 % -- 58 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Ralph Northam Tom Perriello Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ralph Northam 303,846 55.92 % Democratic Tom Perriello 239,505 44.08 % Total votes 543,351 100.00 % Republican primary ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Ed Gillespie , former chairman of the Republican National Committee and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Corey Stewart , chairman of the Prince William Board of County Supervisors and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2013 Frank Wagner , State Senator Failed to qualify ( edit ) Emmanuel Peter , bishop Withdrawn ( edit ) Denver Riggleman , businessman Rob Wittman , U.S. Representative Declined ( edit ) Bill Bolling , former Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Eric Cantor , former Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Ken Cuccinelli , former Attorney General of Virginia and nominee for governor in 2013 Randy Forbes , former U.S. Representative Tom Garrett Jr. , U.S. Representative Shak Hill , financial consultant and candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014 Jeff McWaters , former State Senator Mark Obenshain , State Senator and nominee for attorney general in 2013 Pete Snyder , technology executive and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2013 Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Corey Stewart National Figures Bay Buchanan , former United States Treasurer Military Figures LTC Louis E Dorfman , III , Purple Heart Recipient State Figures Cynthia Dunbar , Committeewoman of the Republican National Committee for Virginia Organization Virginia Citizens Defense League , pro-gun organization Tea Party Nation , conservative group ( show ) Frank Wagner Newspapers The Washington Post Notable People John Watkins , former State Senator Elwood Sanders , attorney , contributor to Virginia Right ! Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ed Gillespie Corey Stewart Frank Wagner Rob Wittman Other Undecided Change Research June 8 -- 10 , 2017 919 ± 3.1 % 41 % 42 % 16 % -- -- -- Washington Post-Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 264 ± 7.0 % 38 % 18 % 15 % -- -- 24 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 435 ± 4.7 % 28 % 12 % 7 % -- 2 % 51 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 349 ± 5.7 % 38 % 11 % 10 % -- 3 % 38 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 419 ± 4.8 % 24 % 7 % 2 % -- 6 % 59 % Christopher Newport University January 15 -- 28 , 2017 418 ± 5.0 % 33 % 7 % 9 % -- 3 % 48 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 451 ± 4.6 % 24 % 4 % 4 % 10 % -- 57 % Public Opinion Strategies September 18 -- 21 , 2016 800 ± 3.5 % 38 % 5 % 4 % 12 % -- 40 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 29 % 13 % -- 16 % -- 41 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Bill Bolling Eric Cantor Ken Cuccinelli Ed Gillespie Mark Obenshain Pete Snyder Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 502 4.4 % 8 % 16 % 37 % 8 % 7 % 1 % 23 % Results ( edit ) Results by county : Ed Gillespie Corey Stewart Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ed Gillespie 160,100 43.7 % Republican Corey Stewart 155,780 42.5 % Republican Frank Wagner 50,394 13.8 % Total votes 366,274 100.0 % Libertarian convention ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Nominee ( edit ) Cliff Hyra , the Libertarian nominee Cliff Hyra , attorney Withdrew ( edit ) Jason Carrier General election ( edit ) The race had been closely watched by national observers . For Republicans , National Review wrote that Gillespie 's campaign was an important example of whether and how mainstream Republican politics can produce victories in a purple state in the `` era of Trumpism '' , and said that the outcome would affect Republican strategies in future races . Democrats have stated a view that the election is a test of whether the party can find its way after losing the 2016 presidential election and several subsequent special elections . NBC News reported that Northam was the `` hand - picked '' choice of outgoing Governor Terry McAuliffe , and that McAuliffe 's legacy and potential 2020 presidential aspirations depended on Northam winning the election . Debates ( edit ) After the primaries , Gillespie challenged Northam to ten debates , but only three were held . The first debate was hosted by the Virginia Bar Association on July 22 in Hot Springs , Virginia . The second was held on September 19 , hosted by the Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce in Tysons Corner , Virginia , and televised statewide by NBC - affiliated TV stations . The third and final debate was held on October 9 at University of Virginia 's College at Wise in Wise , Virginia . Complete video of second debate , September 19 , 2017 . Complete video of third debate , October 9 , 2017 . Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Ed Gillespie Presidents of the United States George W. Bush , 43rd President of The United States Donald Trump , 45th President of The United States Vice Presidents of the United States Mike Pence , 48th Vice President of the United States U.S. Cabinet and U.S. Cabinet - level Officials Steve Bannon , former White House Chief Strategist Nikki Haley , 29th U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and former Governor of South Carolina Condoleezza Rice , 66th United States Secretary of State and former National Security Advisor U.S. Senators George Allen , former Governor of Virginia and former U.S. Senator ( R - VA ) Tom Cotton , U.S. Senator ( R - AR ) Ted Cruz , U.S. Senator ( R - TX ) Rob Portman , U.S. Senator ( R - OH ) Marco Rubio , U.S. Senator ( R - FL ) Tim Scott , U.S. Senator ( R - SC ) John Warner , former U.S. Senator ( R - VA ) U.S. Representatives Barbara Comstock , U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Bob Goodlatte , U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Morgan Griffith , U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Randy Forbes , former U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Robert Hurt , former U.S. Representative Frank Wolf , former U.S. Representative ( R - VA ) Newt Gingrich ( R - GA ) , former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives U.S. Governors Matt Bevin , Governor of Kentucky Doug Ducey , Governor of Arizona Jim Gilmore , former Governor of Virginia Eric Greitens , Governor of Missouri Larry Hogan , Governor of Maryland Susana Martinez , Governor of New Mexico Bob McDonnell , former Governor of Virginia Mitt Romney , former Governor of Massachusetts and Republican nominee for President of the United States in 2012 Chris Sununu , Governor of New Hampshire Scott Walker , Governor of Wisconsin Statewide politicians John H. Hager , former Lieutenant Governor of Virginia Jerry Kilgore , former Attorney General and nominee for governor in 2005 Virginia State Senators Dick Black , State Senator Bill Carrico , State Senator Ben Chafin , State Senator Amanda Chase , State Senator John Cosgrove , State Senator Bill DeSteph , State Senator Siobhan Dunnavant , State Senator Emmett Hanger , State Senator Ryan McDougle , State Senator Jeff McWaters , State Senator Stephen Newman , State Senator Tommy Norment , Majority Leader of the Virginia Senate Mark Obenshain , State Senator and nominee for Attorney General in 2013 Mark Peake , State Senator Bryce Reeves , State Senator Frank Ruff , State Senator Ralph Smith , former State Senator Bill Stanley , State Senator Richard Stuart , State Senator Glen Sturtevant , State Senator David Suetterlein , State Senator Jill Vogel , State Senator , and 2017 Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor Frank Wagner , State Senator Virginia State Delegates Les Adams , State Delegate Dave Albo , State Delegate Rich Anderson , State Delegate Terry Austin , State Delegate Richard Bell , State Delegate Kathy Byron , State Delegate Jeff Campbell , State Delegate Ben Cline , State Delegate Mark Cole , State Delegate Chris Collins , State Delegate Kirk Cox , Majority Leader of the Virginia House of Delegates Glenn Davis , State Delegate Mark Dudenhefer , State Delegate James Edmunds , State Delegate Matt Fariss , State Delegate Peter Farrell , State Delegate Buddy Fowler , State Delegate Scott Garrett , State Delegate Todd Gilbert , State Delegate Tag Greason , State Delegate Chris Head , State Delegate Gordon Helsel , State Delegate Keith Hodges , State Delegate William Howell , Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates Tim Hugo , State Delegate Riley Ingram , State Delegate Chris Jones , State Delegate Terry Kilgore , State Delegate Barry Knight , State Delegate Steve Landes , State Delegate Dave LaRock , State Delegate James LeMunyon , State Delegate Jay Leftwich , State Delegate Scott Lingamfelter , State Delegate and candidate for lieutenant governor in 2013 Manoli Loupassi , State Delegate Danny Marshall , State Delegate Jimmie Massie , State Delegate Jackson Miller , State Delegate Randy Minchew , State Delegate Jason Miyares , State Delegate Will Morefield , State Delegate John O'Bannon , State Delegate Israel O'Quinn , State Delegate Bobby Orrock , State Delegate Todd Pillion , State Delegate Brenda Pogge , State Delegate Charles Poindexter , State Delegate David Ramadan , former State Delegate Margaret Ransone , State Delegate Roxann Robinson , State Delegate Chris Stolle , State Delegate Ron Villanueva , State Delegate Lee Ware , State Delegate Michael Webert , State Delegate Tony Wilt , State Delegate Joseph Yost , State Delegate Local officeholders Jessica Abbott , Virginia Beach Councilwoman Preston Banks , Manassas Park City Councilmember Sheryl Bass , Manassas City Councilmember Sam Boone , Chesapeake School Board Member Tony Buffington , Loudoun County Supervisor David Bushey , Middlesex County Sheriff Scott Cameron , Director of the Northern Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Board Thomas Cannella , Poquoson Councilman Mike Chapman , Loudoun County Sheriff Bill Cleveland , former Alexandria City Mayor John Cook , Fairfax County Supervisor Trevor Craddock , Craig County Sheriff Christie Craig , Chesapeake School Board Member Lonnie Craig , Chesapeake Councilman David Decatur , Stafford County Sheriff Robert Deeds , Sheriff of Williamsburg & James City County Willie Deutsch , Prince William County School Board Member Danny Diggs , Sheriff of Poquoson & York County Bobby Dyer , Virginia Beach Councilman Frank Fannon , former Alexandria City Councilmember Jim Fisher , Fauquier County Commonwealth 's Attorney Dave Foster , former Arlington County School Board Member John Frey , Fairfax County Clerk of Court Michael Frey , former Fairfax County Supervisor Chip Harding , Albemarle County Sheriff Roger 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Douglass , retired Air Force Brigadier General , former Assistant Secretary of the Navy and nominee for VA - 05 in 2012 Joe Fitzgerald , former chair of the Virginia 6th Congressional District Democratic Committee Lori Haas , Virginia State Director of the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence Mike Hamlar , political activist and 2015 State Senate candidate Dak Hardwick , former chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Lisa Hystad , chairwoman of the Virginia 5th Congressional District Democratic Committee Susan Kellom , former Chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Derek Kitts , nominee for VA - 09 in 2016 Clark Mercer , former Chair of the Alexandria Democratic Committee Pat Mulloy , Democratic Party of Virginia Central Committee member Bill Ney , Chair of the Virginia 6th Congressional District Democratic Committee Charles Price , Executive Director of the Harrison Museum of African American History Adam Parkhomenko , political strategist Isaac Sarver , Chair of the Virginia 9th Congressional District Democratic Committee Jaime Harrison , Chair of the South Carolina Democratic Party Organizations American Federation of Teachers Americans for Responsible Solutions American Muslim Women PAC Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence CASA in Action Coalition to Stop Gun Violence Clean Water Action Equality Virginia EmgagePAC Human Rights Campaign Humane Dominion Laborers ' International Union of North America LGBT Democrats of Virginia NARAL Pro-Choice America NARAL Pro-Choice Virginia National Black Farmers Association NPE Action Newton Action Alliance VoteVets.org Planned Parenthood Advocates of Virginia Pride Fund to End Gun Violence Virginia AFL - CIO Virginia Credit Union League Virginia House Democratic Caucus Virginia Education Association Virginia League of Conservation Voters Virginia National Organization for Women Virginia Professional Fire Fighters Virginia Senate Democratic Caucus Virginia Sierra Club Virginia Transportation Construction Alliance Newspapers Daily Press Falls Church News - Press Richmond Free Press The Virginian - Pilot The Washington Post ( show ) Declined to endorse Elected officials Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont Douglas Wilder , former Governor of Virginia Organizations Our Revolution Newspapers Bristol Herald Courier Polling ( edit ) Polls for the general election have varied significantly , ranging from a 17 - point lead for Ralph Northam on one end to an 8 - point lead for Ed Gillespie on the other end , with most polls showing the race within or close to the margin of error . Politico reported that the wide variation in polling numbers was likely due to differences in methodology among the polls . Polls tightened significantly in the last two weeks of the campaign , with several showing the race tied or within the margin of error . Polls ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) Cliff Hyra ( L ) Other Undecided FOX News November 2 -- 5 , 2017 1,239 LV ± 2.5 % 48 % 43 % 3 % 1 % 7 % 1,450 RV 45 % 41 % 3 % 1 % 9 % The Polling Company ( R ) November 2 -- 5 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 45 % 44 % 3 % -- 4 % 47 % 46 % -- -- 4 % Monmouth University November 2 -- 5 , 2017 713 ± 3.7 % 47 % 45 % 3 % 1 % 5 % IMGE Insights ( R ) November 1 -- 5 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 48 % 47 % -- -- -- Change Research November 1 -- 5 , 2017 3,648 ± 2.8 % 52 % 46 % 2 % -- 0 % Quinnipiac University October 30 -- November 5 , 2017 1,056 ± 3.9 % 51 % 42 % 3 % -- 4 % Emerson College November 2 -- 4 , 2017 810 ± 3.4 % 49 % 46 % 1 % -- 4 % Christopher Newport University October 29 -- November 4 , 2017 839 ± 3.5 % 51 % 45 % 2 % -- 2 % Rasmussen Reports October 31 -- November 3 , 2017 875 ± 3.5 % 45 % 45 % 2 % 2 % 6 % Gravis Marketing October 30 -- November 3 , 2017 1,143 ± 2.9 % 48 % 43 % 3 % -- 6 % 0ptimus ( R ) November 1 -- 2 , 2017 1,600 ± 2.4 % 37 % 40 % -- -- 23 % Trafalgar Group ( R ) October 31 -- November 2 , 2017 1,200 ± 3.3 % 49 % 48 % 1 % -- 2 % The Polling Company ( R ) October 30 -- November 2 , 2017 800 ± 3.5 % 43 % 45 % 2 % -- 7 % 43 % 46 % -- -- 7 % Upshot / Siena College October 29 -- November 2 , 2017 985 ± 3.0 % 43 % 40 % 2 % -- 14 % Roanoke College October 29 -- November 2 , 2017 781 ± 3.5 % 47 % 47 % 3 % -- 3 % Suffolk University October 30 -- November 1 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 47 % 43 % 2 % -- 6 % Washington Post / Schar School October 26 -- 29 , 2017 921 LV ± 4.0 % 49 % 44 % 4 % -- 3 % 1,000 RV ± 3.5 % 46 % 39 % 5 % -- 5 % Quinnipiac University October 25 -- 29 , 2017 916 ± 4.2 % 53 % 36 % 3 % -- 7 % The Polling Company ( R ) October 24 -- 26 , 2017 600 LV ± 4.0 % 44 % 44 % 3 % -- 7 % October 23 -- 26 , 2017 800 LV ± 3.5 % 43 % 45 % -- -- 9 % Christopher Newport University October 20 -- 25 , 2017 812 ± 3.8 % 50 % 43 % 3 % -- 4 % Plural Vote October 15 -- 25 , 2017 397 ± 4.9 % 49 % 46 % 5 % -- -- Hampton University October 18 -- 22 , 2017 750 ± 4.2 % 33 % 41 % -- -- 27 % FOX News October 15 -- 17 , 2017 697 LV ± 3.5 % 49 % 42 % 1 % 2 % 5 % 815 RV ± 3.0 % 45 % 42 % 2 % 2 % 6 % Quinnipiac University October 12 -- 17 , 2017 1,088 ± 3.7 % 53 % 39 % 2 % -- 5 % Monmouth University October 12 -- 16 , 2017 408 ± 4.9 % 47 % 48 % 3 % -- 3 % Christopher Newport University October 9 -- 13 , 2017 642 ± 4.2 % 48 % 44 % 3 % -- 5 % Roanoke College October 8 -- 13 , 2017 607 ± 4.0 % 50 % 44 % 2 % -- 4 % Emerson College October 5 -- 7 , 2017 318 ± 5.5 % 49 % 44 % 2 % -- 5 % Christopher Newport University October 2 -- 6 , 2017 928 ± 4.3 % 49 % 42 % 3 % -- 6 % Washington Post / Schar School September 28 -- October 2 , 2017 720 LV ± 4.5 % 53 % 40 % 4 % -- 2 % 1,000 RV ± 3.5 % 48 % 38 % 5 % -- 5 % Victoria Research ( D ) September 24 -- 28 , 2017 631 ± 4.2 % 46 % 44 % 3 % -- -- Monmouth University September 21 -- 25 , 2017 499 ± 4.4 % 49 % 44 % 2 % < 1 % 4 % Public Policy Polling September 21 -- 23 , 2017 849 ± 3.8 % 43 % 40 % 4 % -- 13 % Roanoke College September 16 -- 23 , 2017 596 ± 4.0 % 47 % 43 % 5 % -- 5 % Christopher Newport University September 12 -- 22 , 2017 776 ± 3.7 % 47 % 41 % 4 % -- 8 % FOX News September 17 -- 18 , 2017 500 LV ± 4.5 % 42 % 41 % 2 % 2 % 12 % 507 RV ± 4.0 % 42 % 38 % 2 % 2 % 13 % Quinnipiac University September 14 -- 18 , 2017 850 ± 4.2 % 51 % 41 % 3 % -- 5 % IMGE Insights ( R ) September 12 -- 18 , 2017 1,000 ± 3.8 % 45 % 41 % 4 % -- 10 % Suffolk University September 13 -- 17 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 42 % 42 % 3 % -- 12 % Mason - Dixon September 10 -- 15 , 2017 625 ± 4 % 44 % 43 % 2 % -- 11 % University of Mary Washington September 5 -- 12 , 2017 562 LV ± 5.2 % 44 % 39 % 3 % 1 % 11 % 867 RV ± 4.1 % 40 % 35 % 5 % -- 16 % Roanoke College August 12 -- 19 , 2017 599 ± 4.0 % 43 % 36 % 4 % -- 17 % Quinnipiac University August 3 -- 8 , 2017 1,082 ± 3.8 % 44 % 38 % 4 % 1 % 11 % Virginia Commonwealth University July 17 -- 25 , 2017 538 LV ± 5.1 % 42 % 37 % 6 % -- 13 % 707 RV ± 4.5 % 39 % 33 % 8 % -- 16 % Monmouth University July 20 -- 23 , 2017 502 ± 4.4 % 44 % 44 % 3 % < 1 % 9 % Quinnipiac University June 15 -- 20 , 2017 1,145 ± 3.8 % 47 % 39 % -- 2 % 9 % Harper Polling June 14 -- 16 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 46 % 46 % -- -- 8 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) June 6 -- 8 , 2017 600 ± 4.0 % 45 % 46 % -- -- 9 % Washington Post / Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 1,602 ± 3.0 % 49 % 38 % -- -- 9 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 44 % 33 % -- 1 % 19 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 39 % 40 % -- 2 % 19 % Gravis Marketing March 14 -- 19 , 2017 3,097 ± 1.6 % 40 % 42 % -- -- 18 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 41 % 35 % -- 3 % 22 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 41 % 44 % -- -- 15 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) December 11 -- 13 , 2016 500 ± 4.4 % 43 % 38 % -- -- 17 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 38 % 34 % -- 1 % 26 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 36 % 43 % -- 1 % 16 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 36 % 41 % -- 1 % 18 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 37 % 37 % -- -- 26 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 36 % 37 % -- -- 28 % Gravis Marketing May 24 , 2016 1,728 ± 2.0 % 38 % 40 % -- -- 22 % University of Mary Washington November 4 -- 9 , 2015 656 LV ± 4.3 % 32 % 44 % -- 1 % 16 % 814 RV ± 3.9 % 33 % 40 % -- 1 % 18 % Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 30 % 40 % -- -- 32 % Hypothetical polling Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) Other Undecided Washington Post / Schar School May 9 -- 14 , 2017 1,602 ± 3.0 % 50 % 37 % -- 9 % Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 46 % 33 % 1 % 18 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 39 % 39 % 2 % 20 % Gravis Marketing March 14 -- 19 , 2017 3,097 ± 1.6 % 42 % 41 % -- 18 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 43 % 36 % 1 % 20 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 36 % 45 % -- 19 % with Corey Stewart Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Corey Stewart ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 43 % 30 % 1 % 23 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 41 % 33 % 2 % 24 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 42 % 31 % 2 % 24 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 45 % 37 % -- 18 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) December 11 -- 13 , 2016 500 ± 4.4 % 42 % 35 % -- 22 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 38 % 29 % 1 % 30 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 39 % 39 % 1 % 18 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 39 % 37 % 1 % 19 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 39 % 31 % -- 30 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 34 % 32 % -- 34 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Corey Stewart ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 45 % 31 % 1 % 20 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 40 % 34 % 2 % 25 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 44 % 31 % 3 % 22 % Mason - Dixon January 5 -- 10 , 2017 625 ± 4.0 % 40 % 38 % -- 22 % with Frank Wagner Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Frank Wagner ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 43 % 30 % 1 % 24 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 40 % 34 % 2 % 25 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 41 % 33 % 3 % 24 % Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) December 11 -- 13 , 2016 500 ± 4.4 % 43 % 37 % -- 19 % Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 39 % 30 % 1 % 28 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 39 % 40 % 1 % 17 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 39 % 39 % 1 % 18 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 37 % 32 % -- 32 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Frank Wagner ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University April 6 -- 10 , 2017 1,115 ± 2.9 % 43 % 32 % 1 % 21 % Christopher Newport University March 16 -- 26 , 2017 831 ± 3.7 % 38 % 35 % 2 % 25 % Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 43 % 32 % 2 % 23 % with Denver Riggleman Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Denver Riggleman ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 42 % 31 % 2 % 25 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Tom Perriello ( D ) Denver Riggleman ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University February 10 -- 15 , 2017 989 ± 3.1 % 43 % 30 % 2 % 24 % with Rob Wittman Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Rob Wittman ( R ) Other Undecided Quinnipiac University December 6 -- 11 , 2016 1,098 ± 3.0 % 39 % 30 % 1 % 29 % University of Mary Washington September 6 -- 12 , 2016 685 LV ± 4.4 % 38 % 38 % 1 % 18 % 852 RV ± 3.9 % 39 % 37 % 1 % 19 % Public Policy Polling September 9 -- 11 , 2016 878 ± 3.3 % 38 % 33 % -- 29 % Public Policy Polling June 13 -- 15 , 2016 1,032 ± 3.1 % 34 % 34 % -- 32 % with Ken Cuccinelli Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 35 % 37 % -- 28 % with Eric Cantor Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Eric Cantor ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 33 % 35 % -- 32 % with Mark Herring Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Eric Cantor ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 36 % 33 % -- 31 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Ken Cuccinelli ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 38 % 38 % -- 24 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 34 % 38 % -- 28 % Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Mark Herring ( D ) Mark Obenshain ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 34 % 34 % -- 31 % with Ralph Northam Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Ralph Northam ( D ) Mark Obenshain ( R ) Other Undecided Public Policy Polling July 13 -- 15 , 2015 1,170 ± 2.9 % 32 % 36 % -- 32 % Fundraising ( edit ) Campaign finance reports as of November 30 , 2017 Candidate Amount raised Ralph Northam $36,708,929 Ed Gillespie $29,344,226 Cliff Hyra $77,370 Source : Virginia Public Access Project Virginia election laws allow for unlimited campaign contributions in state and local elections . According to the Virginia Public Access Project , Northam 's top five donors are the Democratic Governors Association 's super PAC DGA Action ; Michael Bloomberg 's Everytown for Gun Safety group ; the Virginia League of Conservation Voters ; Michael D. Bills ; and the Laborers ' International Union of North America . Gillespie 's top five donors are the Republican Governors Association ; A Stronger Virginia ; Let 's Grow Virginia ; Marlene Ricketts ; and Dwight Schar . Hyra 's top five donors are Michael Chastain ; Hyra himself ; the Libertarian Party of Virginia ; Paradise Indian Restaurant ; and nine donors who have given the same amount . Results ( edit ) Even though polls in the weeks before the election showed a nail - biter of a race , some even showing Gillespie ahead , Northam won by a larger margin than expected , about nine percent , and more than 200,000 votes . Gillespie was unable to come back from the large margins in the suburbs of Washington , D.C. and Virginia Beach , and he conceded to Northam at 8 : 56 PM EST . Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Ralph Northam 1,409,175 53.90 % + 6.15 % Republican Ed Gillespie 1,175,731 44.97 % − 0.26 % Libertarian Cliff Hyra 27,987 1.07 % − 5.45 % Write - ins 1,389 0.05 % − 0.44 % Majority 233,444 8.93 % + 6.41 % Turnout 2,614,282 Democratic hold Swing See also ( edit ) United States gubernatorial elections , 2017 Governors of Virginia Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2017 Virginia Attorney General election , 2017 Virginia House of Delegates elections , 2017 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Houp , Will . `` Northam - Gillespie race had the highest turnout in 2 decades for Virginia governor election '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Va . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia gubernatorial election , 2017 '' . Ballotpedia.org . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LP nominates Cliff Hyra for Virginia governor - Libertarian Party '' . LP.org . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bloch , Matthew ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Live Election Results and Estimates : Virginia Governor Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ralph Northam confirms he 's running to become next Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Jonathan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Gillespie and Ralph Northam Beat Upstarts in Virginia Governor Primaries '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hellmann , Jessie ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Former Democratic rep to run for Virginia governor : report '' . The Hill . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Virginia 's lieutenant governor makes it official : He 's seeking state 's top job '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ; Vozzella , Laura ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Va. attorney general to seek reelection , wo n't run for governor in 2017 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Markus ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` AG Mark Herring to run for re-election instead of governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoeft , J.R. ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Moran Back at Wakefield '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Bernie . `` Now more than ever we need people in elected office who will fight for working families . That 's why I 'm pleased to endorse @ tomperriello '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Warren endorses populist underdog in Virginia governor 's race '' . The Boston Globe . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro Endorses Tom Perriello - Tom For Virginia '' . Tomforvirginia.com . May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feld , Lowell ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Perriello 's First Endorsement From a Virginia Elected Official ? '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Gold Star Khan family endorses Tom Perriello to be Virginia 's governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Podesta , John ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` The governor 's race that could define the Democratic Party 's future ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Gregory ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Virginia 's June primary poses the first major test for Democrats in Trump era '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Debenedetti , Gabriel ; Robillard , Kevin ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Obama team lines up behind Perriello '' . Politico . Arlington County , Virginia . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Ryan ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Back in Loudoun , Bennett Looks to Help Next Wave of Democrats '' . Loudoun Tribune . Loudoun County , Virginia . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jon . `` Great time at canvass launch with @ tomperriello ( seen here jumping into frame ) and I hope people come out to support him on June 13 '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 350.org Founder and Environmentalist Bill McKibben Endorses Tom Perriello for Virginia Governor - Tom For Virginia '' . Tomforvirginia.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruffalo , Mark . `` I 'm backing Tom Perriello in the Virginia gubernatorial race '' . Twitter . ( TheHill link : 337331 ) . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave 's Wheelhouse -- I support Tom 's progressive stance on workers ... '' Dave 's Wheelhouse . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monday News : Macron 's Party Wins Landslide ; Trump Gives Priebus Until July 4 ; Tom Perriello 's Last Facebook Live Town Hall of Primary - Blue Virginia '' . Bluevirginia.us . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hannah . ``. @ tomperriello will stand against Trump & fight for progress . @ susanplattva is still in race even after death threats , show them some love ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Action Endorses Tom Perriello in Virginia Governor 's Race '' . Peoplesaction.org . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Progressive group endorses Sanders - backed candidate in Va. governors race '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAMPAIGN 2017 : Climate Hawks Vote endorses Perriello for Va. governor '' . Eenews.net . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Friends of the Earth Action Endorses Tom Perriello for Virginia Governor '' . Friends of the Earth Action . June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A quick - and - dirty cheat sheet for the Va . primaries '' . Bristol Herald Courier . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donley : Perriello is bolder than Northam '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia Primary Results : Northam Will Face Gillespie in Governor 's Race '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Gillespie confirms he is running for Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , Michelle ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stewart Launches Bid '' . Prince William Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Frank Wagner from Virginia Beach announces run for GOP nomination for governor of Virginia '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Va . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmanuel Peter joins GOP 'S race for Virginia 's Governor '' . International Guardian News . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenna Portnoy ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` A fourth Republican enters the race for Virginia governor '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Moomaw , Graham ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Denver Riggleman suspends campaign for Virginia governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` GOP Congressman Rob Wittman readies to jump into Va. governor 's race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fain , Travis ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Wittman leaves governor 's race '' . Daily Press . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Andrew ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Gillespie says he 's not interested in running for governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Cantor 's next act : GOP power broker ? '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , David ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Was Strange Cantor Event Prelude to ' Cantor for Virginia Governor 2017 ′ ? '' . PJ Media . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Peter ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Cantor heads to Harvard '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Portnoy , Jenna ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ken Cuccinelli will not run for Virginia governor in 2017 , he says '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fredericks , John ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Forbes Eyes 2017 Gov. Bid '' . The John Fredericks Show . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pershing , Ben ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` What Is Ed Gillespie 's Backup Plan ? '' . National Journal . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Ryan ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Gillespie Touts Comstock Endorsement , New Polling '' . The Loudoun Tribune . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohr , Alex ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Despite owning website name , Garrett rules out run for governor '' . The News & Advance . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Vozzella , Laura ; Portnoy , Jenna ( October 3 , 2015 ) . `` In a year of outsider politics , Gillespie faces GOP skeptics '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Virginia Beach Sen. Jeff McWaters wo n't seek re-election '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Va . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Jeff McWaters considers political future after Virginia Senate '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Va . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Obenshain will not run for Virginia governor ; Gillespie will enter race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jeanine ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Morning Line Odds on Virginia State Wide Races -- 2017 by Guest Poster John Fredericks '' . The Bull Elephant . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vozzella , Laura ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Republican Pete Snyder will not run in 2017 , endorses Gillespie for Va. governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Buchanan Endorses Corey Stewart for Governor in Virginia '' . Corey Stewart for Governor . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Purple Heart Recipient Endorses Corey Stewart For Governor '' . Stewart for Governor . Jump up ^ `` Dunbar Endorses Corey Stewart for Governor '' . Fairfax Free Citizen . January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VCDL - PAC Endorses Corey Stewart for Governor in the Republican Primary '' . AmmoLand.com . March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Stewart for Virginia '' . Tea Party Nation. April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Post 's endorsements in Virginia 's gubernatorial primaries '' . The Washington Post . June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Just tuning in to Virginia governor 's race ? We 'll help you do your homework '' . The Washington Post . June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy 's Endorsement for Governor : Senator Frank Wagner '' . Virginia Right ! . June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Libertarian Party Nominates Cliff Hyra for Virginia Governor `` '' . Jump up ^ Geraghty , Jim ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Normal One '' . National Review . Jump up ^ DNC Desperately Needs a Win in Virginia Governor Race ( NBC ) Jump up ^ Gillespie calls for 10 debates with Northam in Virginia governor 's race ( Richmond Times - Dispatch ) Jump up ^ In first debate , Gillespie and Northam tangle over Trump and other issues The Washington Post Jump up ^ Five key moments from Virginia 's first televised gubernatorial debate The Washington Post Jump up ^ Virginia governor candidates trade blows in final debate ( Politico ) Jump up ^ Delk , Josh ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Bush to fundraise for Virginia GOP gubernatorial canddidate '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` George W. Bush coming to Virginia to raise money for Ed Gillespie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlij , Terence . `` George W. Bush to raise money for Ed Gillespie in Virginia '' . CNN . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. `` Ralph Northam , who is running for Governor of Virginia , is fighting for the violent MS - 13 killer gangs & sanctuary cities . Vote Ed Gillespie ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. `` The Democrats in the Southwest part of Virginia have been abandoned by their Party . Republican Ed Gillespie will never let you down ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump says Virginia Democrat is ' fighting for ' violent gangs '' . Politico . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Trump backs Republican for Va. governor , accuses the Democrat of enabling ' violent MS - 13 killer gangs ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Gillespie will turn the really bad Virginia economy # 's around , and fast . Strong on crime , he might even save our great statues / heritage ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Gillespie will be a great Governor of Virginia . His opponent does n't even show up to meetings / work , and will be VERY weak on crime ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pence to campaign for Gillespie in Virginia '' . Politico . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beavers , Olivia ( October 8 , 2017 ) . `` Pence to stump for Gillespie in Virginia '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Olivia Bailey , Jessica ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Pence to visit Abingdon for Gillespie campaign '' . WCYB . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Pence to appear with Ed Gillespie in Abingdon '' . Bristol Herald Courier . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Condoleezza Rice headlines fundraiser for Va . gov candidate Gillespie '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements '' . Ed Gillespie for Governor . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rob , Portman . `` Great piece . Proud to support my friend @ EdWGillespie for VA Governor '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Ed ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you to our special guest South Carolina Senator @ votetimscott for joining me on the campaign trail this afternoon in Richmond ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Moomaw , Graham ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Former U.S. Sen. John Warner endorses Gillespie after backing Democrats in recent contests '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Jump up ^ Forman , Carmen ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Blue Ridge Caucus : Morgan Griffith endorses Gillespie for governor '' . Martinsville Bulletin . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baratko , Trevor ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Black , Frank Wolf endorse Gillespie 's gubernatorial bid '' . Loudoun Times - Mirror . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vozzella , Laura ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gingrich urges GOP to thwart newly engaged Democrats by backing Gillespie in Va '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bevin to Campaign With Gillespie '' . Fairfax Free Citizen . February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsements -- Ed Gillespie '' . EdForVirginia.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri 's Greitens campaigns for fellow Republicans '' . The Seattle Times . October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hogan , calling Gillespie a ' great leader ' will headline a rally in Va. on Saturday '' . The Washington Post . November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Marco Rubio , Susana Martinez to rally for Ed Gillespie in northern Virginia '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romney , Mitt . `` Congratulations to my friend @ EdWGillespie on his # VAgov primary win . Here 's to electing strong , conservative leaders in November '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Sununu . `` Having lived in the Commonwealth for 4 years , I know Virginia will be well served with @ EdWGillespie as their Governor ! # VAGov '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Kenney , Shaun ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Gillespie Rolls Out Massive Endorsement List '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Governor Bob McDonnell and 35 Hampton Roads Leaders Endorse Ed Gillespie for Governor '' . Ed Gillespie for Governor . March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DELEGATE BEN CLINE ENDORSES ED GILLESPIE '' . Ed Gillespie for Governor . April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Majority of Virginia Sheriffs Endorse Ed Gillespie '' . Ed Gillespie for Virginia Governor 2017 . September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesex County Sheriff Bushey Pulls Support From Northam , Endorses Gillespie for Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . EdForVirginia.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gillespie Endorsed by over 60 Northern Virginia Republican Leaders '' . Ed Gillespie for Virginia Governor 2017 . April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IN THE NEWS : Sheriff Craddock endorses Gillespie -- Ed Gillespie '' . EdForVirginia.com . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Beach Mayor Sessoms endorses gubernatorial hopeful Ed Gillespie '' . Southside Daily . October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conservation Activist , Daytona 500 Winner Ward Burton Endorses Ed Gillespie for Governor '' . Edforvirginia.com . October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOP buzzing about Fiorina as RNC head '' . Politico . August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Hugh . `` Just cast first vote as a Virginian since 1988 : for @ EdForVirginia Ed Gillespie will be a great , common sense governor for the Commonwealth '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Avery Pereira '' . Averypereira.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spicer , Sean . `` Just voted early for @ EdWGillespie for Virginia Governor @ JillHVogel for LG and @ JohnAdamsforVApic.twitter.com/auMnNVGQfa '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bikers for Trump and Corey Stewart Rally for Republicans on Sunday '' . Thebullelephant.com . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gillespie picks up new endorsement during Chesapeake visit '' . 13newsnow.com . August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CRES Endorses Gillespie , Vogel in Virginia '' . CRES . October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GOP , Michigan . `` We are cheering for you @ EdWGillespie ! Good luck tomorrow ! https://twitter.com/GOPChairwoman/status/927602423367168002 ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFIB Endorses Ed Gillespie for Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Right to Life Endorses Ed Gillespie for Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Gillespie Wins Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce Endorsement '' . The Republican Standard . September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Dye . `` LETTER : Gillespie 's history , plan and endorsements show his worth '' . Bristol Herald Courier . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Farm Bureau Federation AgPAC Endorses Ed Gillespie For Governor -- Ed Gillespie '' . Edforvirginia.com . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIRGINIA FRATERNAL ORDER OF POLICE ENDORSES GILLESPIE FOR GOVERNOR '' . edforvirginia.com . October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Retailers and Merchants Association Endorses Gillespie for Governor '' . Ed Gillespie for Governor . October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Endorsement : Republican Ed Gillespie , governor of Virginia '' . Bluefield Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Opinion / Editorial : Gillespie has admirable plan for economy '' . The Daily Progress . Jump up ^ `` EDITORIAL : Ed Gillespie for governor '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Jump up ^ `` Gillespie for Governor '' . National Review . October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : The Richmond Times - Dispatch endorses Ed Gillespie for governor '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Gazette endorsement : Gillespie will get Va. moving again '' . Insidenova.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Views : For all Virginians '' . The Winchester Star . October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Party of Virginia Endorses Hyra & Adams '' . Virginiaconservative.net . July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Say thanks to Cliff Hyra for governor ! - Libertarian Party '' . LP.org . September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pope , Michael . `` Meet Your Libertarian Candidate for Governor , Cliff Hyra '' . WVTF.org . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . KWTeaParty.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Obama returning to campaign trail to stump for Northam in Virginia governor 's race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Lisa ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Obama plans to campaign for Va . Dem gov nominee '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama to campaign for Northam '' . Politico . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Joe Biden to campaign for Northam in northern Virginia '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moomaw , Graham . `` Former VP Joe Biden to campaign with Ralph Northam in Northern Virginia '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden to Campaign for Ralph Northam in Virginia '' . NBCWashington.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton returns to campaign trail , for Virginia gov candidate '' . Fox News . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Gregory S. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Hillary Clinton to raise money for Northam in Va. governor 's race '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton to raise money for Northam in Va. governor race '' . Politico . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` McAuliffe and statewide Democrats endorse Northam for governor '' . The Washington Post . June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nirappil , Fenit ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Cory Booker , Keith Ellison come to northern Virginia to campaign for Democratic ticket '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Schneider , Gregory ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Northam widens lead over Gillespie in new CNU tracking poll '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` VA - Gov : Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto ( D. NV ) Goes All In To Defeat The Trump - Gillespie ( R ) Agenda '' . Dailykos . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Portnoy , Jenna ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Northern Virginia Rep. Gerald E. Connolly withholds endorsement for governor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Gabrielle Giffords to campaign for Ralph Northam in Virginia governor 's race '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feld , Lowell ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Video : Tom Perriello Releases Kickoff Video , Goes Up with 2017 Website for Gov. of Virginia '' . Blue Virginia . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northam rolls out endorsements from Charlottesville - area figures '' . The Daily Progress . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McAffrey , Scott ; Trompeter , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : Arlington legislative delegation likely to stick with Northam '' . Inside NoVA . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trompeter , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Local legislators remain lined up in Northam camp '' . Inside NoVA . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roanoke Leaders Endorse Ralph Northam for Governor '' . Ralph Northam for Governor . January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alexandria Leaders Endorse Ralph Northam for Governor '' . Ralph Northam for Governor . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Northam , Pam . ``. @ wendydavis reminds us @ RalphNortham will be a brick wall against attacks on women 's health , but he needs strong Delegates backing him up ! pic.twitter.com/cCuVX5BB6h '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Andria ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` One of the good guys '' . Medium . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Northam , Ralph . `` Thanks , @ LevarStoney , for joining us on the trail in # RVA ! Polls are open for 5 more hours -- go vote ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gillum , Andrew . `` Bring it home @ RalphNortham & @ FairfaxJustin ! Be an inspiration & example for the country today '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oswalt , Patton . `` Come on , Virginia ! Get out and DO THIS tomorrow ! I know you can ! https://twitter.com/thehill/status/927517437234417666 ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haas , Lori ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Northam stands for safety '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parkhomenko , Adam . `` 22 / We need a new path and vision for all our state can be and a governor who can make it happen . Phil Murphy will have New Jersey 's back '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ralph Northam 's Ratings and Endorsements '' . Vote Smart . ^ Jump up to : `` Category Endorsements '' . ralphnortham.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Northam is Right Choice for Governor '' . CSGV . May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Water Action Endorses Ralph Northam for Virginia Governor '' . October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Campaign Endorses Ralph Northam for Governor of Virginia '' . Human Rights Campaign . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Dominion endorses Ralph Northam for governor '' . October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nirappil , Fenit ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Abortion rights group NARAL endorses Northam in Virginia Democratic primary '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NPE Action endorses Lt. Gov. Ralph Northam for Governor of Virginia : Ravitch calls Northam `` the real deal . '' `` . June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VoteVets Endorses Northam for Governor '' . VoteVets.org . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Va. arm of Planned Parenthood to spend $3 million backing Northam for governor '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Balancing act for Virginia '' . October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Nov. 7 Election Endorsements '' . November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the ticket '' . November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Northam for Governor '' . October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Post 's endorsements in Virginia '' . October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Blow To Dem Unity , Bernie Sanders Refuses To Back Virginia Dem Gov Nominee Ralph Northam '' . Rga.org . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VInside a Bellwether : Virginia Governor 's Race Tightens '' . NBC News . November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barns , Gary ( October 24 , 2017 ) . Morning Joe : Bernie Sanders Group Will Not Endorse Ralph Northam For Virginia Governor . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` No one 's got our vote in Virginia '' . Bristol Herald Courier . October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polling techniques may account for erratic predictions in Virginia ( Politico ) Jump up ^ A week before Election Day , new poll finds tightening race for Va. governor The Washington Post ' Jump up ^ The Takeaway : N.J. , Va . Races Near the Finish Line ( RealClearPolitics ) Jump up ^ Poll shows Virginia governor 's race tied ( The Hill ) Jump up ^ `` Governor '' . VPAP . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Top Donors to Hyra , Cliff '' . VPAP . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/card/sources-ed-gillespie-has-called-ralph-northam-concede-n818781 Jump up ^ `` 2017 November General '' . Results.elections.virginia.gov . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ed Gillespie ( R ) for Governor Cliff Hyra ( L ) for Governor Ralph Northam ( D ) for Governor ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana 's at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Hoboken , NJ Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Louis , MO St. Paul , MN St. Petersburg , FL San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State New Jersey Virginia Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_gubernatorial_election,_2017&oldid=815960829 '' Categories : United States gubernatorial elections , 2017 Virginia elections , 2017 Virginia gubernatorial elections November 2017 events in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Use mdy dates from October 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 09 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the election for governor of virginia	[ "The Virginia gubernatorial election of 2017 was held on November 7, 2017. The incumbent governor, Democrat Terry McAuliffe, was not eligible to run for re-election due to term limits established by the Virginia Constitution. Virginia is the only state that prohibits its governor from serving consecutive terms." ]	[ "November 7, 2017" ]
-3744791235432276329	The World's Billionaires	The world 's billionaires - Wikipedia The world 's billionaires The World 's Billionaires List of the world 's billionaires , ranked in order of net worth The net worth of the world 's billionaires increased from less than $1 trillion in 2000 to over $7 trillion in 2015 . Publication details Publisher Whale Media Investments Forbes family Publication Forbes First published March 1987 Latest publication March 6 , 2018 Current list details ( 2018 ) Wealthiest Jeff Bezos Net worth ( 1st ) US $ 112 billion Number of billionaires 2,208 Total list net worth value US $9.1 trillion Average net worth US $4.1 billion Number of women 256 Number of people aged 40 years or less 63 New members to the list 259 Forbes : The World 's Billionaires website The World 's Billionaires is an annual ranking by documented net worth of the world 's wealthiest billionaires compiled and published in March annually by the American business magazine Forbes . The list was first published in March 1987 . The total net worth of each individual on the list is estimated and is cited in United States dollars , based on their documented assets and accounting for debt . Royalty and dictators whose wealth comes from their positions are excluded from these lists . This ranking is an index of the wealthiest documented individuals , excluding and ranking against those with wealth that is not able to be completely ascertained . In 2018 , there was a record of 2,208 people on the list , that included 259 newcomers mostly from China and the U.S. ; there were 63 people under 40 and it had a record number of 256 women . The average net worth of the list came in at US $ 4.1 billion , up US $350 million from 2017 . Added together , the total net worth for 2018 's billionaires was US $9.1 trillion , up from US $7.67 trillion in 2017 . As of 2018 , Microsoft founder Bill Gates has topped the list 18 of the past 24 years , while Amazon founder Jeff Bezos is ranked at the top for the first time and he became the first centibillionaire included in the ranking . In 2017 , 500 of the richest people in the world became richer by $1 trillion , according to a report by Bloomberg News . According to a 2017 Oxfam report , the top eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as `` the poorest half of the human race '' . Contents 1 Methodology 2 Annual rankings 2.1 2018 2.2 2017 2.3 2016 2.4 2015 2.5 2014 2.6 2013 2.7 2012 2.8 2011 2.9 2010 2.10 2009 2.11 2008 2.12 2007 2.13 2006 2.14 2005 2.15 2004 2.16 2003 2.17 2002 2.18 2001 2.19 2000 2.20 Legend 3 Statistics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Methodology Each year , Forbes employs a team of more than 50 reporters from a variety of countries to track the activity of the world 's wealthiest individuals . Preliminary surveys are sent to those who may qualify for the list . According to Forbes , they received three types of responses -- some people try to inflate their wealth , others cooperate but leave out details , and some refuse to answer any questions . Business deals are then scrutinized and estimates of valuable assets -- land , homes , vehicles , artwork , etc. -- are made . Interviews are conducted to vet the figures and improve the estimate of an individual 's holdings . Finally , positions in a publicly traded stock are priced to market on a date roughly a month before publication . Privately held companies are priced by the prevailing price - to - sales or price - to - earnings ratios . Known debt is subtracted from assets to get a final estimate of an individual 's estimated worth in United States dollars . Since stock prices fluctuate rapidly , an individual 's true wealth and ranking at the time of publication may vary from their situation when the list was compiled . Family fortunes dispersed over a large number of relatives are included only if those individuals ' holdings are worth more than a billion dollars . However , when a living individual has dispersed his or her wealth to immediate family members , it is included under a single listing provided that individual is still living . Royal families and dictators that have their wealth contingent on a position are always excluded from these lists . Annual rankings The rankings are published annually in March , so the net worth listed are snapshots taken at that time . These lists only show the top 10 wealthiest billionaires for each year . 2018 In the 32nd annual Forbes list of the world 's billionaires , the gap between the top one percent and the rest of the billionaires continued to widen with the 20 richest people on the planet worth $1.2 trillion that amounts to 13 percent of all billionaires ' fortunes combined . A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth was $9.1 trillion , up 18 % since 2017 . For the first time , Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon 's rising stock price that resulted in one person 's biggest one year gain in wealth ( $35 billion ) since Forbes started tracking in 1987 . The U.S. continued to have the most billionaires in the world , with a record of 585 , while China is catching up with 476 ( when including Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan ) . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) ( March 2018 ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jeff Bezos $112 billion 54 United States Amazon 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bill Gates $90 billion 62 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Warren Buffett $84 billion 87 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Bernard Arnault $72 billion 69 France LVMH 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mark Zuckerberg $71 billion 33 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Amancio Ortega $70 billion 81 Spain Inditex , Zara 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Carlos Slim $67.1 billion 78 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Charles Koch $60 billion 82 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 David Koch $60 billion 77 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Larry Ellison $58.5 billion 73 United States Oracle Corporation 2017 On the 30th anniversary of the Forbes ' list of the world 's billionaires , for the fourth year in a row , Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world . In 2017 , there was a record of 2,043 people on the list , which is the first time over 2,000 people were listed , that included 195 newcomers that included 76 from China and 25 from the U.S. ; there were 56 people under 40 and it had a record of 227 women . The number of billionaires increased 13 % to 2,043 from 1,810 in 2016 ; this is the biggest change in over 30 years of tracking billionaires globally . Added together , the total net worth for 2017 's billionaires was US $7.67 trillion , up from US $7.1 trillion in 2015 . This is the first time after 12 years that Carlos Slim was not within the top five . The U.S. had the most billionaires in the world , with a record of 565 . China had 319 ( not including Hong Kong or Macau ) , Germany had 114 , and India had the fourth most with 101 ; India had reached over 100 billionaires for its first time . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $86.0 billion 61 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Warren Buffett $75.6 billion 86 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Jeff Bezos $72.8 billion 53 United States Amazon 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Amancio Ortega $71.3 billion 80 Spain Inditex , Zara 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mark Zuckerberg $56.0 billion 32 United States Facebook 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Carlos Slim $54.5 billion 77 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Larry Ellison $52.2 billion 72 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Charles Koch $48.3 billion 81 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 David Koch $48.3 billion 76 United States Koch Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Michael Bloomberg $47.5 billion 75 United States Bloomberg L.P. 2016 For the third year in a row , Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's 2016 list of the world 's billionaires . This is the 17th time that the founder of Microsoft has claimed the top spot . Amancio Ortega rose from last year 's position of number four to second . Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway came in third for the second consecutive time , while Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim slipped down from last year 's second position to fourth . Jeff Bezos of Amazon , Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook and Michael Bloomberg of Bloomberg L.P. , appear for the first time on the Forbes top 10 billionaires list , coming at fifth , sixth and eighth position , respectively . Zuckerberg became the youngest top 10 billionaire this year at the age of 31 . Larry Ellison , Charles Koch and David Koch also slipped down from their last year 's positions , with Ellison dropping to seventh from fifth and the Kochs falling to ninth position from sixth , respectively . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $75.0 billion 60 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Amancio Ortega $67.0 billion 79 Spain Inditex 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Warren Buffett $60.8 billion 85 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Carlos Slim $50.0 billion 76 Mexico América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Jeff Bezos $45.2 billion 52 United States Amazon 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Mark Zuckerberg $44.6 billion 31 United States Facebook 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Larry Ellison $43.6 billion 71 United States Oracle Corporation 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Michael Bloomberg $40.0 billion 74 United States Bloomberg L.P. 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Charles Koch $39.6 billion 80 United States Koch Industries 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 David Koch $39.6 billion 75 United States Koch Industries 2015 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2015 In the 29th annual Forbes list of global billionaires , a record 1,826 billionaires were named with an aggregated net worth of $7.1 trillion compared to $6.4 trillion last year . 46 of the billionaires in this list are under the age of 40 . A record number of 290 people joined the list for the first time , of whom 25 percent hail from China , which produced a world - leading 71 newcomers . The United States came in second , with 57 , followed by India , with 28 , and Germany , with 23 . The United States has the largest number of billionaires with 526 . Russia went down to 88 from 111 in 2014 . Russia was placed behind China , Germany and India by the number of billionaires . Self - made billionaires made up the largest number of people on the list with 1,191 positions ( over 65 percent ) while just 230 ( under 13 percent ) have wealth through inheritance . The number of billionaires who inherited a portion but are still working to increase their fortunes is 405 . Bill Gates was named the richest man in the world by Forbes 's annual list of the world 's billionaires . This was the 16th time that the founder of Microsoft claimed the top spot . Carlos Slim came in second for the second consecutive time . Warren Buffett of Berkshire Hathaway was placed third , while Amancio Ortega of Spain , slipped down a position from last year to number four . Larry Ellison , the founder of Oracle rounded off the top five . Christy Walton was the highest - ranking female at number eight . America 's Evan Spiegel , co-founder of photo messaging app Snapchat became the youngest billionaire this year at the age of 24 . At age 99 , David Rockefeller maintained his position as the oldest billionaire to be included in the list . Mark Zuckerberg , the founder of Facebook , rose to number 16 with $33.4 billion . Iceland had a billionaire , Thor Bjorgolfsson , in the list after a gap of five years . Guatemala had a billionaire , Mario Lopez Estrada , for the first time in its history . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $79.2 billion 59 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Carlos Slim $77.1 billion 75 Mexico América Móvil , Telmex , Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Warren Buffett $72.7 billion 84 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Amancio Ortega $64.5 billion 78 Spain Inditex 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Larry Ellison $54.3 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Charles Koch $42.9 billion 79 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 David Koch $42.9 billion 74 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Christy Walton $41.7 billion 66 United States Walmart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Jim Walton $40.6 billion 66 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Liliane Bettencourt $40.1 billion 92 France L'Oreal 2014 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2014 Gates added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the Forbes 2014 billionaire list . He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years , but his previous number one ranking was in 2009 . Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years . Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year . American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year , placing fourth . America 's Christy Walton was the highest ranking woman , placing ninth overall . Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25 , with an estimated net worth of $25 billion . A total of 1,645 people made the 2014 billionaire list , representing combined wealth of $6.4 trillion . Of those , a record 268 were newcomers , surpassing 2008 's 226 newcomers . One hundred people listed in 2013 failed to make the list . The number of women on the list rose to a record 172 in 2014 . Approximately 66 percent of the list was self - made , 13 percent achieved their wealth through inheritance alone , and 21 percent through a mixture of the two . The United States had 492 billionaires on the list , the most of any country . The country also had the most newcomers with 50 , and women with 54 . China had the second most billionaires with 152 , while Russia was third with 111 . Algeria , Lithuania , Tanzania , and Uganda were all represented on the list for the first time . Turkey saw the most people drop off the list , 19 , due to a period of high inflation in the country . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $76.0 billion 58 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Carlos Slim & family $72.0 billion 74 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Amancio Ortega $64.0 billion 77 Spain Inditex 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Warren Buffett $58.2 billion 83 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Larry Ellison $48.0 billion 70 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Charles Koch $40.0 billion 78 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 David Koch $40.0 billion 73 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Sheldon Adelson $38.0 billion 80 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Christy Walton & family $36.7 billion 65 United States Walmart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Jim Walton $34.7 billion 65 United States Walmart 2013 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2013 Carlos Slim topped the 2013 billionaire list , marking his fourth consecutive year at the top . Gates remained in second , while Amancio Ortega moved up to third . Ortega 's gain of $19.5 billion was the largest of anyone on the list . Warren Buffett failed to make the top three for the first time since 2000 , placing fourth . Diesel founder Renzo Rosso was among the top newcomers , debuting with an estimate net worth of $3 billion . A global rise in asset prices , led Forbes editor Randall Lane to declare `` It ( was ) a very good year to be a billionaire '' . However , it was not a good year to be Eike Batista who fell from seventh to 100th , suffering the largest net loss of anyone on the list . Overall , net gainers outnumbered net losers by 4 : 1 . A record total of 1,426 people made the 2013 list , representing $5.4 trillion of assets . Of those , 442 billionaires hailed from the United States . The Asian - Pacific region had 386 billionaires and Europe 366 . The list also featured a record number of newcomers , 210 , representing 42 countries . Sixty people from the 2012 list fell below a billion dollar of assets in 2013 and eight others from the 2012 list died . The Asia - Pacific region had the most drop - offs , with 29 , followed by the United States with 16 . The 2013 list featured 138 women , of which 50 came from the United States . A majority of the list ( 961 individuals , 67 percent ) was entirely self - made ; 184 ( 13 percent ) inherited their wealth , and 281 ( 20 percent ) achieved their fortune through a combination of inheritance and business acumen . Vietnam 's Phạm Nhật Vượng was the first person from that country to be included in this list . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Carlos Slim & family $73.0 billion 73 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bill Gates $67.0 billion 57 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Amancio Ortega $57.0 billion 76 Spain Inditex Group 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Warren Buffett $53.5 billion 82 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Larry Ellison $43.0 billion 68 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Charles Koch $34.0 billion 77 United States Koch Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 David Koch $34.0 billion 72 United States Koch Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Li Ka - shing $31.0 billion 84 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Liliane Bettencourt & family $30.0 billion 90 France L'Oréal 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Bernard Arnault $29.0 billion 63 France LVMH 2012 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2012 Carlos Slim topped the 2012 list , marking this third consecutive year at the top . Gates placed second , but narrowed the gap from 2011 as Slim 's fortune fell $5 billion while Gates ' rose $5 billion . Warren Buffett remained in third place . Bernard Arnault of France was the top - ranking European on the list , placing fourth . Ricardo Salinas Pliego was the greatest gainer in terms of dollars , adding $9.2 billion to his fortune and moving up to number 37 overall . Making her debut on the list at age 27 , Spanx founder Sara Blakely became the youngest self - made female billionaire ever . Colombia 's Alejandro Santo Domingo was the highest - ranked newcomer , inheriting a $9.5 billion stake in Santo Domingo Group from his father . India 's Lakshmi Mittal was the largest loser as his fortune dropped from $31.1 billion to $20.7 billion as the price of steel maker ArcelorMittal fell sharply . As a result , he failed to make the top 10 for the first time since 2004 and lost his title of richest Asian to Hong Kong 's Li Ka - shing . A record total of 1,226 people made the 2012 list , representing 58 countries . Of those , 126 were newcomers to the list and 104 were women . The United States had the greatest number of billionaires with 425 . Russia had 96 people on the list , while China had 95 . Georgia , Morocco , and Peru were newly represented on the list . Falling stock prices in Asia contributed to 117 former billionaires falling from the list worldwide . Twelve others listed in 2011 died . Overall , net gainers ( 460 ) barely outnumbered net losers ( 441 ) . To coincide with the release of the 2012 list , Forbes announced a new `` Billionaire Real - Time Ticker '' updating the wealth of the world 's top fifty billionaires in real time . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Carlos Slim & family $69.0 billion 72 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bill Gates $61.0 billion 56 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 81 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 63 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Amancio Ortega $37.5 billion 75 Spain Inditex Group 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Larry Ellison $36.0 billion 67 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Eike Batista $30.0 billion 55 Brazil EBX Group 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Stefan Persson $26.0 billion 64 Sweden H&M 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Li Ka - shing $25.5 billion 83 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Karl Albrecht $25.4 billion 92 Germany Aldi 2011 Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2011 In the 25th annual Forbes list of global billionaires , Slim added $20.5 billion to his fortune , the most of anyone , and retained his number one ranking with a total fortune of $74 billion . Gates remained in second place with $56 billion , while Warren Buffett was third with $50 billion . The top 10 had a combined wealth of $406 billion , up from $342 billion in 2010 . According to Forbes editor Kerry Dolan , `` media and technology billionaires definitely benefited from a stronger stock market and a growing enthusiasm for all things social '' since the 2010 list . However , Nigerian commodity mogul Aliko Dangote was the greatest gainer on a percentage basis as his fortune increased 557 percent to $13.5 billion . Mark Zuckerberg was one of seven Facebook - related billionaires on the list , as he $9.5 billion to his fortune to move up to 52nd . Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz was the youngest person on the list . Aged 26 , eight days younger than Zuckerberg , he debuted at number 420 with an estimated fortune of $2.7 billion . IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad was the largest loser as he saw his fortune plummet from $23 billion to $6 billion , dropping him from 11th to 162nd overall . A record 1,210 billionaires made the 2011 list , representing a combined wealth of $4.5 trillion , up from $3.6 trillion the previous year . One third of the world 's billionaires , 413 , came from the United States . China had the second most billionaires with 115 , while Russia was third with 101 . Asia moved up to 332 billionaires , passing Europe as a region for the first time since the 1990s . The 2011 list included 214 newcomers and the average net worth of those on it increased to $3.7 billion . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Carlos Slim & family $74.0 billion 71 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bill Gates $56.0 billion 55 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Warren Buffett $50.0 billion 80 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Bernard Arnault $41.0 billion 62 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Larry Ellison $39.5 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Lakshmi Mittal $31.1 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Amancio Ortega $31.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Eike Batista $30.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Mukesh Ambani $27.0 billion 54 India Reliance Industries 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Christy Walton & family $26.5 billion 62 United States Walmart Main article : The World 's Billionaires 2010 Slim narrowly eclipsed Gates to top the billionaire list for the first time . Slim saw his estimated worth surge $18.5 billion to $53.5 billion as shares of America Movil rose 35 percent . Gates ' estimated wealth rose $13 billion to $53 billion , placing him second . Warren Buffett was third with $47 billion . Christy Walton was the highest - ranking woman , placing 12th overall , with an inherited fortune of $22.5 billion . At age 25 , Mark Zuckerberg continued to be the world 's youngest self - made billionaire . American Isaac Perlmutter was among the newcomers with an estimated fortune of $4 billion largely acquired in his sale of Marvel Entertainment to Disney . A total of 1,011 people made the 2010 list . The United States accounted for 403 billionaires , followed by China with 89 and Russia with 62 . It was the first time China , while including Hong Kong , placed second . A total of 55 countries were represented on the 2010 list , including Finland and Pakistan which claimed their first billionaires . Eighty - nine women made the list , but only 14 of them were self - made . The combined net worth of the list was $3.6 trillion , up 50 percent from 2009 's $2.4 trillion , while the average net worth was $3.5 billion . The 2010 list featured 164 re-entries and 97 true newcomers . Asia accounted for more than 100 of the new entrants . Overall , just 12 percent of the list lost wealth since 2009 , and 30 people fell off the list . Thirteen others died . Of the 89 women , 12 were newcomers in 2010 . Steve Forbes said the growing number of billionaires was clear sign that the world 's economy was recovering from 2009 's global financial crisis . In June 2010 , Gates and Buffett announce the Giving Pledge that is a promise to give the majority of their wealth to philanthropy . As of 2017 , the pledge has 158 signatories , but some of the signatories have since died . Most of the signers of the pledge are billionaires , and their pledges total to over $365 billion . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Carlos Slim & family $53.5 billion 70 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bill Gates $53.0 billion 54 United States Microsoft 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Warren Buffett $47.0 billion 79 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Mukesh Ambani $29.0 billion 53 India Reliance Industries 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Lakshmi Mittal $28.7 billion 60 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Larry Ellison $28.0 billion 66 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Bernard Arnault $27.5 billion 61 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Eike Batista $27.0 billion 53 Brazil EBX Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Amancio Ortega $25.0 billion 74 Spain Inditex Group 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Karl Albrecht $23.5 billion 90 Germany Aldi Süd 2009 In the wake of the Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 , the world 's billionaires lose $2 trillion in net worth and the list becomes 30 % smaller than the previous year 's list . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $40.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Warren Buffett $37.0 billion 78 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Carlos Slim $35.0 billion 69 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Larry Ellison $22.5 billion 64 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Ingvar Kamprad $22.0 billion 83 Sweden IKEA 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Karl Albrecht $21.5 billion 89 Germany Aldi Süd 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Mukesh Ambani $19.5 billion 52 India Reliance Industries 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Lakshmi Mittal $19.3 billion 58 India Arcelor Mittal 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Theo Albrecht $18.8 billion 87 Germany Aldi Nord , Trader Joe 's 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Amancio Ortega $18.3 billion 73 Spain Inditex Group 2008 Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg , four years after starting the company , joins the list at 23 to become the youngest self - made billionaire . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Warren Buffett $62.0 billion 77 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Carlos Slim $60.0 billion 68 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Bill Gates $58.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Lakshmi Mittal $45.0 billion 57 India Arcelor Mittal 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Mukesh Ambani $43.0 billion 51 India Reliance Industries 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Anil Ambani $42.0 billion 48 India Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ingvar Kamprad $31.0 billion 81 Sweden IKEA 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Kushal Pal Singh $30.0 billion 76 India DLF Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Oleg Deripaska $28.0 billion 40 Russia Rusal 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Karl Albrecht $27.0 billion 88 Germany Aldi Süd 2007 No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $56.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Warren Buffett $52.0 billion 76 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Carlos Slim $49.0 billion 67 Mexico Telmex , América Móvil , Grupo Carso 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ingvar Kamprad $33.0 billion 80 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Lakshmi Mittal $32.0 billion 56 India Arcelor Mittal 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Sheldon Adelson $26.5 billion 73 United States Las Vegas Sands 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Bernard Arnault $26.0 billion 58 France LVMH 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Amancio Ortega $24.0 billion 71 Spain Inditex Group 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Li Ka - shing $23.0 billion 78 Hong Kong Cheung Kong Holdings , Hutchison Whampoa 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 David Thomson $22.0 billion 49 Canada Thomson Corporation 2006 Free cash used by consumers from home equity extraction , known as the real estate bubble created a total of nearly $5 trillion in 2005 , contributing to economic growth worldwide . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $52.0 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Warren Buffett $42.0 billion 75 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Carlos Slim $30.0 billion 66 Mexico Telmex 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Ingvar Kamprad $28.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Lakshmi Mittal $23.5 billion 55 India Mittal Steel Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Paul Allen $22.0 billion 53 United States Microsoft 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Bernard Arnault $21.5 billion 57 France LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Kenneth Thomson $19.6 billion 82 Canada The Thomson Corporation 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Li Ka Shing $18.8 billion 77 Hong Kong Canada Cheung Kong Group , Hutchison Whampoa 2005 No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $46.5 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Warren Buffett $44.0 billion 74 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Lakshmi Mittal $25.0 billion 54 India Mittal Steel Company 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Carlos Slim $23.8 billion 65 Mexico Telmex 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Prince Al - Waleed $23.7 billion 49 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Ingvar Kamprad $23.0 billion 79 Sweden IKEA 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Paul Allen $21.0 billion 52 United States Microsoft 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Karl Albrecht $18.5 billion 85 Germany Aldi Süd 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Larry Ellison $18.4 billion 60 United States Oracle Corporation 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 S. Robson Walton $18.3 billion 61 United States Walmart The founders of Google , Sergey Brin and Larry Page , become billionaires at age 30 . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $46.6 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Warren Buffett $42.9 billion 73 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl Albrecht $23.0 billion 84 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Prince Al - Waleed $21.5 billion 47 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Paul Allen $21.0 billion 51 United States Microsoft 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Alice Walton * $20.0 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Helen Walton * $20.0 billion 84 United States Wal - Mart 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Jim Walton * $20.0 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 John Walton * $20.0 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 S. Robson Walton * $20.0 billion 60 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Walmart . 2003 Oprah Winfrey becomes the first female African - American billionaire . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $40.7 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Warren Buffett $30.5 billion 72 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.6 billion 83 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Paul Allen $20.1 billion 50 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Prince Al - Waleed $17.7 billion 46 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Larry Ellison $16.6 billion 58 United States Oracle Corporation 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Alice Walton * $16.5 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Helen Walton * $16.5 billion 83 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Jim Walton * $16.5 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 John Walton * $16.5 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 S. Robson Walton * $16.5 billion 59 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Walmart . 2002 As a result of the market crash caused by the Dot - com bubble , 83 billionaires drop off the list from the previous year . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $52.8 billion 46 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Warren Buffett $35.0 billion 71 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Karl and Theo Albrecht $26.8 billion 82 Germany Aldi Süd 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Paul Allen $25.2 billion 49 United States Microsoft 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Larry Ellison $23.5 billion 57 United States Oracle Corporation 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Jim Walton * $20.8 billion 54 United States Wal - Mart 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 John Walton * $20.7 billion 56 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Alice Walton * $20.5 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 S. Robson Walton * $20.5 billion 58 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Helen Walton * $20.5 billion 82 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Walmart . 2001 In 2001 , BET founder Robert L. Johnson became the first ever African - American billionaire . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $58.7 billion 45 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Warren Buffett $32.3 billion 70 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Paul Allen $30.4 billion 48 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Larry Ellison $26.0 billion 56 United States Oracle Corporation 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $25.0 billion 81 Germany Aldi 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 44 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Jim Walton * $18.8 billion 53 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 John Walton * $18.7 billion 55 United States Wal - Mart 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 S. Robson Walton * $18.6 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Alice Walton * $18.5 billion 52 United States Wal - Mart 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Helen Walton * $18.5 billion 81 United States Wal - Mart Each hold an essentially equal share in Wal - Mart . Had he been alive in 2001 , Sam Walton would have been the world 's wealthiest person . 2000 Gates became the first American to take the top spot of the World 's Billionaires in 1995 with a net worth of $12.5 billion and he remained there during the Dot - com bubble 's height in 1999 when Gates ' fortune peaked at $90 billion . After the dot - com bubble started to collapse in 2000 , his wealth dropped to $60 billion although he remained at the top of the list . No . Name Net worth ( USD ) Age Nationality Source ( s ) of wealth 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Bill Gates $60.0 billion 44 United States Microsoft 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Larry Ellison $47.0 billion 55 United States Oracle Corporation 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Paul Allen $28.0 billion 47 United States Microsoft 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Warren Buffett $25.6 billion 69 United States Berkshire Hathaway 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Karl and Theo Albrecht $20.0 billion 80 Germany Aldi Süd 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Prince Al - Waleed $20.0 billion 43 Saudi Arabia Kingdom Holding Company 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 S. Robson Walton $20.0 billion 57 United States Wal - Mart 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Masayoshi Son $19.4 billion 43 Japan Softbank Capital , SoftBank Mobile 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Michael Dell $19.1 billion 35 United States Dell 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Kenneth Thomson $16.1 billion 77 Canada The Thomson Corporation Legend Icon Description Has not changed from the previous ranking . Has increased from the previous ranking . Has decreased from the previous ranking . Statistics The dot - com bubble created the most paper wealth for some billionaires . However , once the dotcom bubble burst the new rich saw their fortunes disappear . Billionaires ' fortunes were hit even harder by the global financial crisis ; 2009 was the first time in five years that the world had a net loss in the number of billionaires . The strong performance of the financial markets and global economic recovery have erased financial assets losses . Most of the richest people in the world have seen their fortunes soar in the early 2010s . Number and combined net worth of billionaires by year Year Number of billionaires Group 's combined net worth 2018 2,208 $9.1 trillion 2017 2,043 $7.7 trillion 2016 1,810 $6.5 trillion 2015 1,826 $7.1 trillion 2014 1,645 $6.4 trillion 2013 1,426 $5.4 trillion 2012 1,226 $4.6 trillion 2011 1,210 $4.5 trillion 1,011 $3.6 trillion 2009 793 $2.4 trillion 2008 1,125 $4.4 trillion 2007 946 $3.5 trillion 2006 793 $2.6 trillion 2005 691 $2.2 trillion 587 $1.9 trillion 2003 476 $1.4 trillion 2002 497 $1.5 trillion 2001 538 $1.8 trillion 2000 470 $898 billion Source : Forbes . See also Bloomberg Billionaires Index List of cities by the number of billionaires List of countries by the number of US dollar billionaires List of wealthiest animals List of wealthiest families List of wealthiest historical figures List of wealthiest organizations References Specific ^ Jump up to : Kollmeyer , Barbara ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Bill Gates back on top , WhatsApp founders and more women in Forbes ' billionaire rankings '' . Market Watch , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Luisa ( 6 March 2018 ) . `` Forbes Billionaires 2018 : Meet The Richest People On The Planet '' . Forbes . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gore , Leada ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Youngest , oldest and one who can body slam you : More on Forbes list of the ultra-rich '' . AL.com . Alabama Media Group . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why Putin Is n't on ' Forbes ' Billionaires List '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Luisa . `` Forbes 2017 billionaires list : Meet the richest people on the planet '' . Forbes . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Kerry A. ; Kroll , Luisa ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` Inside The 2015 Forbes Billionaires List : Facts And Figures '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Tom ; Witzig , Jack ( 27 December 2017 ) . `` World 's Wealthiest Became $1 Trillion Richer in 2017 '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Amanda ( 27 December 2017 ) . `` The world 's 500 wealthiest people got $1 trillion richer in 2017 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff , Anna ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` Just 8 men own same wealth as half the world '' . Oxfam . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mullany , Gerry ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` World 's 8 Richest Have as Much Wealth as Bottom Half of Global Population '' . New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Kerry A. ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` Methodology : How We Crunch The Numbers '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krastev , Nikola ( 11 March 2010 ) . `` Forbes ' Rich List : Number Of New Billionaires Reflects Global Recovery '' . Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Fortunes Of Kings , Queens And Dictators Forbes , 5 May 2006 Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires '' . Forbes . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires List '' . Forbes . 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # 1 Bill Gates '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amancio Ortega '' . Forbes . 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires : Warren Buffett '' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Bezos '' . Forbes . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' The World 's Billionaires - Mark Zuckerberg `` '' . Forbes . 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The World 's Billionaires - Michael Bloomberg `` '' . Forbes . 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Dan ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` Record 290 Newcomers Join Forbes Billionaires List , Including Michael Jordan '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Dolan , Kerry A . `` The World 's Billionaires '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires '' . Forbes . 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Lopez Estrada '' . Forbes : The World 's Billionaires . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Kerry A. ; Kroll , Luisa ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List : Facts And Figures '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Elizabeth ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Forbes ' richest people : number of billionaires up significantly '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hickman , Martin ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` 2013 Forbes Billionaires list : Record number of new entries appear on rich list , but Carlos Slim and Bill Gates still top the charts '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kollmeyer , Barbara ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Forbes billionaire list 2013 : Mr. Slim wins it again '' . Market Watch , Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reaney , Patricia ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Factbox : Record number of billionaires make Forbes 2013 list '' . Reuters . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forbes rich list 2012 : Carlos Slim tops rich list for third year '' . The Telegraph . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanx creator Sara Blakely becomes youngest woman on Forbes Billionaires List '' . Fox News Channel . 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Luisa ( 7 March 2014 ) . `` Forbes World 's Billionaires 2012 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bates , Daniel ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Facebook 's fortunes skyrocket on Forbes billionaires list ... but no one can beat Carlos Slim '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Georg Szalai ( 9 March 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Oprah Winfrey Drop in Forbes Billionaire Ranking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Geoff ( 10 March 2011 ) . `` Forbes ' 2011 list of ' World 's Billionaires ' is biggest ever '' . Syracuse Post-Standard . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Matthew ; Kroll , Luisa ( 10 March 2010 ) . `` Bill Gates No Longer World 's Richest Man '' . Forbes . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` China ranks No 2 on Forbes billionaires list '' . China Daily . 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Giving Pledge List Reaches $365 Billion '' . Insatiable Fox . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Confer Thomas Philippon . `` '' The future of the financial industry `` '' . Finance Department of the New York University Stern School of Business . Jump up ^ `` Greenspan Kennedy Report -- Table 2 -- Sources and Uses of Equity Extracted from Homes '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( 6 May 2009 ) . `` The Wealthiest Black Americans '' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report on The New Rich '' . The Economist. 14 June 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report on The Rich '' . The Economist. 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . The Boston Consulting Group . 31 May 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Wealth Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Capgemini and Merrill Lynch . 22 June 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billionaires 25th Anniversary Timeline -- Forbes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan , Kerry A. ; Kroll , Luisa ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Inside The 2014 Forbes Billionaires List : Facts And Figures '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Luisa ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Inside The 2013 Billionaires List : Facts and Figures '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . General 2000 -- 2010 Top 10s : Rogers , Simon ( 11 March 2010 ) . `` Forbes rich list : ten years of top tens '' . The Guardian . 2011 Top 10 : `` The World 's Billionaires 2011 '' . Forbes . 2012 Top 10 : `` Forbes rich list 2012 : top 50 '' . The Telegraph . 8 March 2012 . 2013 Top 10 : Durgy , Edwin ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` The World 's Richest Billionaires : Full List Of The Top 500 '' . Forbes . 2014 Top 10 : `` Forbes Releases 28th Annual World 's Billionaires Issue '' . Forbes . 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . 2015 Top 10 : `` Forbes ' 29th Annual World 's Billionaires Issue '' . Forbes . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . External links Forbes : The World 's Billionaires Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Major League Soccer 's most valuable teams Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Lists of people by net worth By citizenship Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China ( PRC ) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mexico Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan ( ROC ) Thailand Turkey Uganda Ukraine UAE United Kingdom United States Venezuela Vietnam By region Arab League South Asia South East Asia Africa World Forbes lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Forbes 400 In history List of wealthiest historical figures List of richest Americans in history In US politics List of Presidents of the United States by net worth List of richest American politicians Other Bloomberg Billionaires Index Forbes Fictional 15 Financial Review Rich List ( Australia ) Hurun Muslims Royals Sunday Times Rich List ( UK ) Women Wealthiest Americans ( 1957 ) By alumni List of wealthiest families Extreme Wealth Concepts Billionaires Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI Millionaires National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Lists of people Female billionaires ‎ Wealthiest Americans Richest royals Wealthiest families Wealthiest historical figures Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization Wealthiest organizations Other lists Cities by number of billionaires Countries by number of billionaires Most expensive things Wealthiest animals See also Business magnate Business oligarch Philanthropy The Giving Pledge The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche Religion and poverty The World 's Billionaires -- Top ten richest people in the world as of 10 March 2018 Jeff Bezos ( $112 B , United States ) Bill Gates ( $90 B , United States ) Warren Buffett ( $84 B , United States ) Bernard Arnault ( $72 B , France ) Mark Zuckerberg ( $71 B , United States ) Amancio Ortega ( $70 B , Spain ) Carlos Slim ( $67.1 B , Mexico ) Charles Koch ( $60 B , United States ) David Koch ( $60 B , United States ) Larry Ellison ( $58.5 B , United States ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World%27s_Billionaires&oldid=854466872 '' Categories : Lists of people by wealth Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Billionaires Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2018 Use American English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Malagasy مازِرونی Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is number one on the forbes list	[ "In the 32nd annual Forbes list of the world's billionaires, the gap between the top one percent and the rest of the billionaires continued to widen with the 20 richest people on the planet worth $1.2 trillion that amounts to 13 percent of all billionaires' fortunes combined.[2] A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth was $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth ($35 billion) since Forbes started tracking in 1987.[2] The U.S. continued to have the most billionaires in the world, with a record of 585, while China is catching up with 476 (when including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan).[2]\n" ]	[ "Jeff Bezos" ]
2617133304594466705	List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha	List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha - wikipedia List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha For other uses , see Member of Parliament ( India ) . As per the Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) of the Constitution of India , 12 members are nominated by the President of India for six - years term for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . Current nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . No . Name Field Affiliation Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Raghunath Mohapatra Art Bharatiya Janata Party 14 - Jul - 2018 13 - Jul - 2024 Sonal Mansingh Art Bharatiya Janata Party 14 - Jul - 2018 13 - Jul - 2024 Ram Shakal Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 14 - Jul - 2018 13 - Jul - 2024 Rakesh Sinha Literature Bharatiya Janata Party 14 - Jul - 2018 13 - Jul - 2024 5 Roopa Ganguly Art Bharatiya Janata Party 04 - Oct - 2016 03 - Oct - 2022 6 Sambhaji Raje Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 07 - Jun - 2016 03 - May - 2022 7 Suresh Gopi Art Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 8 Subramanian Swamy Economics Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 9 Narendra Jadhav Economics Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 10 Mary Kom Sport Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 11 Swapan Dasgupta Journalism Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 12 K.T.S. Tulsi Law Nominated 25 - Feb - 2014 24 - Feb - 2020 Complete list of nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . Sr. No . Image Name Tenure -- Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer 1952 -- 1953 Satyendranath Bose 1952 -- 1960 Prithviraj Kapoor 1952 -- 1960 -- Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa 1952 -- 1954 5 -- Kalidas Nag 1952 -- 1954 6 Rukmini Devi Arundale 1952 -- 1962 7 -- N.R. Malkani 1952 -- 1962 8 -- Sahib Singh Sokhey 1952 -- 1956 9 -- Zakir Hussain 1952 -- 1962 10 -- Maithili Sharan Gupt 1952 -- 1964 11 -- Kakasaheb Kalelkar 1952 -- 1964 12 -- Radha Kumud Mukherjee 1952 -- 1958 13 Pandurang Vaman Kane 1953 -- 1964 14 -- Moturi Satyanarayana 1954 -- 1966 15 -- Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia 1954 -- 1966 16 -- Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar 1956 -- 1968 17 -- Tara Chand 1956 -- 1968 18 -- Ajudhia Nath Khosla 1958 -- 1964 19 -- K.M. Panikkar 1959 -- 1966 20 -- Jairamdas Daulatram 1959 -- 1976 21 -- Mohanlal Saksena 1959 -- 1964 22 -- Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay 1960 -- 1966 23 -- V.T. Krishnamachari 1961 -- 1967 24 -- R.R. Diwakar 1962 -- 1968 25 -- Gopal Singh 1962 -- 1968 26 -- M. Ajmal Khan 1964 -- 1972 27 -- Satyavrata Siddhantalankar 1964 -- 1968 28 Shakuntala Paranjpye 1964 -- 1970 29 -- Badri Nath Prasad 1964 -- 1970 30 -- G. Ramachandran 1964 -- 1970 31 -- M.N. Kaul 1964 -- 1972 32 -- Harivanshrai Bachchan 1966 -- 1972 33 -- Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil 1966 -- 1972 34 -- M.C. Setalvad 1966 -- 1972 35 G. Sankara Kurup 1968 -- 1972 36 Joachim Alva 1968 -- 1974 37 S. Nurul Hasan 1968 -- 1974 38 -- K. Ramiah 1968 -- 1974 39 -- Ganga Sharan Sinha 1968 -- 1974 40 -- Maragatham Chandrasekar 1970 -- 1988 41 -- Umashankar Joshi 1970 -- 1976 42 -- Rasheeduddin Khan 1970 -- 1982 43 -- Vidya Prakash Dutt 1971 -- 1980 44 -- Abu Abraham 1972 -- 1978 45 -- Pramathanath Bishi 1972 -- 1978 46 -- C.K. Daphtary 1972 -- 1978 47 -- Habib Tanvir 1972 -- 1978 48 -- Krishna Kriplani 1974 -- 1980 49 Lokesh Chandra 1974 -- 1986 50 -- Scato Swu 1974 -- 1986 51 -- B.N. Banerjee 1976 -- 1982 52 -- Malcolm Adiseshiah 1978 -- 1984 53 -- Fathema Ismail 1978 -- 1984 54 -- Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav 1978 -- 1984 55 -- Bhagwati Charan Varma 1978 -- 1984 56 Nargis Dutt 1980 -- 1986 57 Khushwant Singh 1980 -- 1986 58 -- Asima Chatterjee 1982 -- 1990 59 Sivaji Ganesan 1982 -- 1986 60 -- Hayatullah Ansari 1982 -- 1988 61 -- Madan Bhatia 1982 -- 1994 62 -- V.N. Tiwari 1982 -- 1984 63 -- Ghulam Rasool Kar 1984 -- 1987 64 -- Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy 1984 -- 1990 65 -- H.L. Kapur 1985 -- 1988 66 Salim Ali 1985 -- 1988 67 -- Purushottam Kakodkar 1985 -- 1991 68 Ela Bhatt 1986 -- 1988 69 -- Amrita Pritam 1986 -- 1992 70 M.F. Husain 1986 -- 1992 71 -- R.K. Narayan 1986 -- 1992 72 Ravi Shankar 1986 -- 1992 73 -- Syeda Anwara Taimur 1988 -- 1990 74 -- Sat Paul Mittal 1988 -- 1994 75 -- Bishambhar Nath Pande 1988 -- 1994 76 -- Mohammad Yunus 1989 -- 1995 77 Prakash Ambedkar 1990 -- 1996 78 -- Jagmohan 1990 -- 1996 79 -- Bhupinder Singh Mann 1990 -- 1996 80 -- Russi Karanjia 1991 -- 1997 81 -- Mahendra Prasad 1993 -- 1994 82 -- M. Aram 1993 -- 1999 83 Vyjayantimala Bali 1993 -- 1999 84 -- B.B. Dutta 1993 -- 1999 85 -- Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani 1993 -- 1999 86 Nirmala Deshpande 1997 -- 1999 and 2004 -- 2010 87 Shabana Azmi 1997 -- 2003 88 -- P. Selvie Das 1997 -- 2003 89 -- Kartar Singh Duggal 1997 -- 2003 90 Kuldip Nayyar 1997 -- 2003 91 -- Raja Ramanna 1997 -- 2003 92 C. Narayana Reddy 1997 -- 2003 93 Mrinal Sen 1997 -- 2003 94 -- Harmohan Singh Yadav 1997 -- 2003 95 -- Nanaji Deshmukh 1999 -- 2005 96 Lata Mangeshkar 1999 -- 2005 97 -- Fali Nariman 1999 -- 2005 98 -- Cho Ramaswamy 1999 -- 2005 99 Hema Malini 2003 -- 2009 100 -- Bimal Jalan 2003 -- 2009 101 K. Kasturirangan 2003 -- 2009 102 -- Narayan Singh Manaklao 2003 -- 2009 103 -- Vidya Niwas Misra 2003 -- 2009 104 -- Chandan Mitra 2003 -- 2009 105 Dara Singh 2003 -- 2009 106 Kapila Vatsyayan 2006 -- 2012 107 Ram Jethmalani 2006 -- 2009 108 -- Shobhana Bhartia 2006 -- 2012 109 Shyam Benegal 2006 -- 2012 110 M.S. Swaminathan 2007 -- 2013 111 -- C. Rangarajan 2008 -- 2010 112 -- H.K. Dua 2009 -- 2015 113 -- Ashok Sekhar Ganguly 2009 -- 2015 114 -- Mani Shankar Aiyar 2010 -- 2016 115 Javed Akhtar 2010 -- 2016 116 B. Jayashree 2010 -- 2016 117 Ram Dayal Munda 2010 -- 2011 118 -- Bhalchandra Mungekar 2010 -- 2016 119 -- Mrinal Miri 2012 -- 2016 120 -- Anu Aga 2012 -- 2018 121 -- K. Parasaran 2012 -- 2018 122 Rekha 2012 -- 2018 123 Sachin Tendulkar 2012 -- 2018 124 -- K.T.S. Tulsi 2014 - 2020 125 -- Subramanian Swamy 2016 - 2022 126 MC Mary Kom 2016 - 2022 127 Narendra Jadhav 2016 - 2022 129 Suresh Gopi 2016 - 2022 130 -- Swapan Dasgupta 2016 - 2022 131 -- Sambhaji Raje 2016 - 2022 132 -- Roopa Ganguly 2016 - 2022 133 -- Ram Shakal 2018 - 2024 134 -- Rakesh Sinha 2018 - 2024 135 Raghunath Mohapatra 2018 - 2024 136 Sonal Mansingh 2018 - 2024 References ( edit ) Nominated Members since 1952 Narender Kumar Current list of Nominated Members Newly Appointed Members on July 14 , 2018 Specific Jump up ^ `` Statewise List '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise Retirement '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominated_members_of_Rajya_Sabha&oldid=854562846 '' Categories : Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 07 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who nominates the 12 members of the rajya sabha	[ "As per the Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) of the Constitution of India, 12 members are nominated by the President of India for six-years term for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services.\n" ]	[ "President of India" ]
1347026812621100429	European colonization of the Americas	European colonization of the Americas - wikipedia European colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search `` American settlers '' redirects here . For prehistoric settlers of the Americas , see Settlement of the Americas . `` Conquest of America '' redirects here . For other uses , see Conquest of America ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by various European powers . Starting in either the 10th or 11th century , when West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled on the shores of present - day Canada , according to Icelandic Sagas , violent conflicts with the indigenous population ultimately led to the Norse abandoning those settlements . Political map of the Americas in 1794 European colonization began in 1492 , when a Spanish expedition headed by the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently landed in what came to be known to Europeans as the `` New World '' . Running aground on the northern part of Hispaniola on 5 December 1492 , which the Taino people had inhabited since the 7th century , the site became the first European settlement in the Americas . European conquest , large - scale exploration and colonization soon followed . Columbus 's first two voyages ( 1492 -- 93 ) reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands , including Hispaniola , Puerto Rico and Cuba . In 1497 , sailing from Bristol on behalf of England , John Cabot landed on the North American coast , and a year later , Columbus 's third voyage reached the South American coast . As the sponsor of Christopher Columbus 's voyages , Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas , from North America and the Caribbean to the southern tip of South America . Other powers such as France also founded colonies in the Americas : in eastern North America , a number of Caribbean islands and small coastal parts of South America . Portugal colonized Brazil , tried colonizing the eastern coasts of present - day Canada and settled for extended periods northwest ( on the east bank ) of the River Plate . The Age of Exploration was the beginning of territorial expansion for several European countries . Europe had been preoccupied with internal wars and was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the Black Death ; thus the rapid rate at which it grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century . Eventually , most of the Western Hemisphere came under the control of European governments , leading to changes to its landscape , population , and plant and animal life . In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas . The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange , a dramatically widespread exchange of animals , plants , culture , human populations ( including slaves ) , ideas and communicable disease between the American and Afro - Eurasian hemispheres following Columbus 's voyages to the Americas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Norse trans - oceanic contact 2 Early conquests , claims and colonies 3 Early state - sponsored colonists 4 The search for riches 5 Religious immigration 6 Forced immigration and enslavement 6.1 Slavery 7 Disease and indigenous population loss 8 Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term development 9 List of European colonies in the Americas 10 Exhibitions and collections 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Bibliography 14 External links Norse trans - oceanic contact ( edit ) Main article : Norse colonization of the Americas Voyages of the Vikings to America . Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence . A Norse colony in Greenland was established in the late 10th century , and lasted until the mid 15th century , with court and parliament assemblies ( þing ) taking place at Brattahlíð and a bishop located at Garðar . The remains of a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland , Canada , were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 ( carbon dating estimate 990 -- 1050 CE ) . L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact . It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978 . It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of Vinland , established by Leif Erikson around the same period or , more broadly , with the West Norse colonization of the Americas . Early conquests , claims and colonies ( edit ) Territorial evolution of North America of non-native nation states from 1750 to 2008 Central America & Caribbean sovereignty 1700 -- present Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese immediately following their own final reconquest of Iberia in 1492 . In the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas , ratified by the Pope , these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world into two areas of exploration and colonization , with a north to south boundary that cut through the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern part of present - day Brazil . Based on this treaty and on early claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa , discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513 , the Spanish conquered large territories in North , Central and South America . Amerigo Vespucci awakens `` America '' in a Stradanus 's engraving ( circa 1638 ) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés took over the Aztec Kingdom and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire . As a result , by the mid-16th century , the Spanish Crown had gained control of much of western South America , Central America and southern North America , in addition to its earlier Caribbean territories . Over this same timeframe , Portugal claimed lands in North America ( Canada ) and colonized much of eastern South America , naming it Santa Cruz and Brazil . Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas . England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the 16th century , but these failed . England and France succeeded in establishing permanent colonies in the following century , along with the Dutch Republic . Some of these were on Caribbean islands , which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease , while others were in eastern North America , which had not been colonized by Spain north of Florida . Early European possessions in North America included Spanish Florida , Spanish New Mexico , the English colonies of Virginia ( with its North Atlantic offshoot , Bermuda ) and New England , the French colonies of Acadia and Canada , the Swedish colony of New Sweden , and the Dutch New Netherland . In the 18th century , Denmark -- Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland , while the Russian Empire gained a foothold in Alaska . Denmark - Norway would later make several claims in the Caribbean , starting in the 1600s . As more nations gained an interest in the colonization of the Americas , competition for territory became increasingly fierce . Colonists often faced the threat of attacks from neighboring colonies , as well as from indigenous tribes and pirates . Early state - sponsored colonists ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) Further information : Portugal in the Age of Discovery , Spanish colonization of the Americas , and First European colonization wave ( 15th century -- 19th century ) The first phase of well - financed European activity in the Americas began with the Atlantic Ocean crossings of Christopher Columbus ( 1492 -- 1504 ) , sponsored by Spain , whose original attempt was to find a new route to India and China , known as `` the Indies '' . He was followed by other explorers such as John Cabot , who was sponsored by England and reached Newfoundland . Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and claimed it for Portugal . Amerigo Vespucci , working for Portugal in voyages from 1497 to 1513 , established that Columbus had reached a new set of continents . Cartographers still use a Latinized version of his first name , America , for the two continents . Other explorers included Giovanni da Verrazzano , sponsored by France in 1524 ; the Portuguese João Vaz Corte - Real in Newfoundland ; João Fernandes Lavrador , Gaspar and Miguel Corte - Real and João Álvares Fagundes , in Newfoundland , Greenland , Labrador , and Nova Scotia ( from 1498 to 1502 , and in 1520 ) ; Jacques Cartier ( 1491 -- 1557 ) , Henry Hudson ( 1560s -- 1611 ) , and Samuel de Champlain ( 1567 -- 1635 ) , who explored the region of Canada he reestablished as New France . In 1513 , Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of the New World . In an action with enduring historical import , Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and all the lands adjoining it for the Spanish Crown . It was 1517 before another expedition , from Cuba , visited Central America , landing on the coast of Yucatán in search of slaves . Spanish Empire ( 1598 ) These explorations were followed , notably in the case of Spain , by a phase of conquest : The Spaniards , having just finished the Reconquista of Spain from Muslim rule , were the first to colonize the Americas , applying the same model of governing their European holdings to their territories of the New World . Ten years after Columbus 's discovery , the administration of Hispaniola was given to Nicolás de Ovando of the Order of Alcántara , founded during the Reconquista . As in the Iberian Peninsula , the inhabitants of Hispaniola were given new landmasters , while religious orders handled the local administration . Progressively the encomienda system , which granted tribute ( access to indigenous labor and taxation ) to European settlers , was set in place . A relatively common misconception is that a small number of conquistadores conquered vast territories , aided only by disease epidemics and their powerful caballeros . In fact , recent archaeological excavations have suggested a vast Spanish - Indian alliance numbering in the hundreds of thousands . Hernán Cortés eventually conquered Mexico with the help of Tlaxcala in 1519 -- 1521 , while the conquest of the Incas was carried out by some 40,000 Incan renegades led by Francisco Pizarro in between 1532 and 1535 . Over the 1st century and a half after Columbus 's voyages , the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80 % ( from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650 ) , mostly by outbreaks of Old World diseases . In 1532 , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor sent a vice-king to Mexico , Antonio de Mendoza , in order to prevent Cortes ' independentist drives , who definitively returned to Spain in 1540 . Two years later , Charles V signed the New Laws ( which replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 ) prohibiting slavery and the repartimientos , but also claiming as his own all the American lands and all of the indigenous people as his own subjects . Painting depicting a Castas with his mixed - race daughter and his Mulatta wife by Miguel Cabrera , 1763 When in May 1493 , the Pope Alexander VI issued the Inter caetera bull granting the new lands to the Kingdom of Spain , he requested in exchange an evangelization of the people . Thus , during Columbus 's second voyage , Benedictine friars accompanied him , along with twelve other priests . As slavery was prohibited between Christians , and could only be imposed in non-Christian prisoners of war or on men already sold as slaves , the debate on Christianization was particularly acute during the 16th century . In 1537 , the papal bull Sublimis Deus definitively recognized that Native Americans possessed souls , thus prohibiting their enslavement , without putting an end to the debate . Some claimed that a native who had rebelled and then been captured could be enslaved nonetheless . Later , the Valladolid debate between the Dominican priest Bartolomé de Las Casas and another Dominican philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda was held , with the former arguing that Native Americans were beings doted with souls , as all other human beings , while the latter argued to the contrary and justified their enslavement . The process of Christianization was at first violent : when the first Franciscans arrived in Mexico in 1524 , they burned the places dedicated to pagan cult , alienating much of the local population . In the 1530s , they began to adapt Christian practices to local customs , including the building of new churches on the sites of ancient places of worship , leading to a mix of Old World Christianity with local religions . The Spanish Roman Catholic Church , needing the natives ' labor and cooperation , evangelized in Quechua , Nahuatl , Guaraní and other Native American languages , contributing to the expansion of these indigenous languages and equipping some of them with writing systems . One of the first primitive schools for Native Americans was founded by Fray Pedro de Gante in 1523 . To reward their troops , the Conquistadores often allotted Indian towns to their troops and officers . Black African slaves were introduced to substitute for Native American labor in some locations -- including the West Indies , where the indigenous population was nearing extinction on many islands . During this time , the Portuguese gradually switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to extensive colonization of what is now Brazil . They imported millions of slaves to run their plantations . The Portuguese and Spanish royal governments expected to rule these settlements and collect at least 20 % of all treasure found ( the quinto real collected by the Casa de Contratación ) , in addition to collecting all the taxes they could . By the late 16th century American silver accounted for one - fifth of Spain 's total budget . In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports . The search for riches ( edit ) Fur traders in Canada , trading with Indians , 1777 Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs , Incas , and other large Native American populations in the 16th century , the first Englishmen to settle permanently in America hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they established their first permanent settlement in Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 . They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered Virginia Company financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of this new land . The main purpose of this colony was the hope of finding gold . It took strong leaders , like John Smith , to convince the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter and the biblical principle that `` he who will not work shall not eat '' ( see 2 Thessalonians 3 ) . The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists . To support the Colony , numerous supply missions were organized . Tobacco later became a cash crop , with the work of John Rolfe and others , for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland . From the beginning of Virginia 's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s , the main source of labor and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the overseas colonies . During the 17th century , indentured servants constituted three - quarters of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region . Most of the indentured servants were teenagers from England with poor economic prospects at home . Their fathers signed the papers that gave them free passage to America and an unpaid job until they became of age . They were given food , clothing , housing and taught farming or household skills . American landowners were in need of laborers and were willing to pay for a laborer 's passage to America if they served them for several years . By selling passage for five to seven years worth of work they could then start out on their own in America . Many of the migrants from England died in the first few years . Economic advantage also prompted the Darien Scheme , an ill - fated venture by the Kingdom of Scotland to settle the Isthmus of Panama in the late 1690s . The Darien Scheme aimed to control trade through that part of the world and thereby promote Scotland into a world trading power . However , it was doomed by poor planning , short provisions , weak leadership , lack of demand for trade goods , and devastating disease . The failure of the Darien Scheme was one of the factors that led the Kingdom of Scotland into the Act of Union 1707 with the Kingdom of England creating the united Kingdom of Great Britain and giving Scotland commercial access to English , now British , colonies . In the French colonial regions , the focus of economy was on sugar plantations in Caribbean . In Canada the fur trade with the natives was important . About 16,000 French men and women became colonizers . The great majority became subsistence farmers along the St. Lawrence River . With a favorable disease environment and plenty of land and food , their numbers grew exponentially to 65,000 by 1760 . Their colony was taken over by Britain in 1760 , but social , religious , legal , cultural and economic changes were few in a society that clung tightly to its recently formed traditions . Religious immigration ( edit ) Penn 's Treaty with the Indians Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World , as settlers in the colonies of Portugal and Spain ( and later , France ) belonged to that faith . English and Dutch colonies , on the other hand , tended to be more religiously diverse . Settlers to these colonies included Anglicans , Dutch Calvinists , English Puritans and other nonconformists , English Catholics , Scottish Presbyterians , French Huguenots , German and Swedish Lutherans , as well as Quakers , Mennonites , Amish , Moravians and Jews of various nationalities . Many groups of colonists went to the Americas searching for the right to practice their religion without persecution . The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century broke the unity of Western Christendom and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects , which often faced persecution by governmental authorities . In England , many people came to question the organization of the Church of England by the end of the 16th century . One of the primary manifestations of this was the Puritan movement , which sought to `` purify '' the existing Church of England of its many residual Catholic rites that they believed had no mention in the Bible . A strong believer in the notion of rule by divine right , Charles I , King of England and Scotland , persecuted religious dissenters . Waves of repression led to the migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New England between 1629 and 1642 , where they founded multiple colonies . Later in the century , the new Pennsylvania colony was given to William Penn in settlement of a debt the king owed his father . Its government was set up by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge for persecuted English Quakers ; but others were welcomed . Baptists , Quakers , German and Swiss Protestants and Anabaptists flocked to Pennsylvania . The lure of cheap land , religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own hand was very attractive . Forced immigration and enslavement ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic slave trade African slaves 17th - century Virginia , 1670 . Slavery was a common practice in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans , as different American Indian groups captured and held other tribes ' members as slaves . Many of these captives were forced to undergo human sacrifice in Amerindian civilizations such as the Aztecs . In response to some enslavement of natives in the Caribbean during the early years , the Spanish Crown passed a series of laws prohibiting slavery as early as 1512 . A new stricter set of laws was passed in 1542 , called the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of Indians , or simply New Laws . These were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous peoples by the encomenderos or landowners , by strictly limiting their power and dominion . This helped curb Indian slavery considerably , though not completely . Later , with the arrival of other European colonial powers in the New World , the enslavement of native populations increased , as these empires lacked legislation against slavery until decades later . The population of indigenous peoples declined ( mostly from European diseases , but also from forced exploitation and atrocities ) . Later , native workers were replaced by Africans imported through a large commercial slave trade . By the 18th century , the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that Amerindian slavery was less commonly used . Africans , who were taken aboard slave ships to the Americas , were primarily obtained from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured and sold them . Europeans traded for slaves with the slave capturers of the local native African tribes in exchange for rum , guns , gunpowder , and other manufactures . Slavery ( edit ) The total slave trade to islands in the Caribbean , Brazil , Mexico and to the United States is estimated to have involved 12 million Africans . The vast majority of these slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . At most about 600,000 African slaves were imported into the U.S. , or 5 % of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa . Life expectancy was much higher in the U.S. ( because of better food , less disease , lighter work loads , and better medical care ) so the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths , reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England . Slaves imported to the Thirteen colonies / United States by time period : 1619 -- 1700 -- 21,000 1701 -- 1760 -- 189,000 1761 -- 1770 -- 63,000 1771 -- 1790 -- 56,000 1791 -- 1800 -- 79,000 1801 -- 1810 -- 124,000 1810 -- 1865 -- 51,000 Total -- 597,000 Disease and indigenous population loss ( edit ) See also : Disease in colonial America and Native American disease and epidemics Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th - century Florentine Codex ( compiled 1540 -- 1585 ) Nahua suffering from smallpox The European lifestyle included a long history of sharing close quarters with domesticated animals such as cows , pigs , sheep , goats , horses , and various domesticated fowl , from which many diseases originally stemmed . Thus , in contrast to the indigenous people , Europeans had developed a richer endowment of antibodies . The large - scale contact with Europeans after 1492 introduced novel germs to the indigenous people of the Americas . Epidemics of smallpox ( 1518 , 1521 , 1525 , 1558 , 1589 ) , typhus ( 1546 ) , influenza ( 1558 ) , diphtheria ( 1614 ) and measles ( 1618 ) swept the Americas subsequent to European contact , killing between 10 million and 100 million people , up to 95 % of the indigenous population of the Americas . The cultural and political instability attending these losses appears to have been of substantial aid in the efforts of various colonists in New England and Massachusetts to acquire control over the great wealth in land and resources of which indigenous societies had customarily made use . Such diseases yielded human mortality of an unquestionably enormous gravity and scale -- and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision . Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary tremendously . Others have argued that significant variations in population size over pre-Columbian history are reason to view higher - end estimates with caution . Such estimates may reflect historical population maxima , while indigenous populations may have been at a level somewhat below these maxima or in a moment of decline in the period just prior to contact with Europeans . Indigenous populations hit their ultimate lows in most areas of the Americas in the early 20th century ; in a number of cases , growth has returned . Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term Development ( edit ) Geographic differences between the colonies played a large determinant in the types of political and economic systems that later developed . In their paper on institutions and long - run growth , economists Daron Acemoğlu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson argue that certain natural endowments gave rise to distinct colonial policies promoting either smallholder or coerced labor production . Densely settled populations , for example , were more easily exploitable and profitable as slave labor . In these regions , landowning elites were economically incentivized to develop forced labor arrangements such as the Peru mit'a system or Argentinian latifundias without regard for democratic norms . French and British colonial leaders , conversely , were incentivized to develop capitalist markets , property rights , and democratic institutions in response to natural environments that supported smallholder production over forced labor . James Mahoney , a professor at Northwestern University , proposes that colonial policy choices made at critical junctures regarding land ownership in coffee - rich Central America fostered enduring path dependent institutions . Coffee economies in Guatemala and El Salvador , for example , were centralized around large plantations that operated under coercive labor systems . By the 19th century , their political structures were largely authoritarian and militarized . In Colombia and Costa Rica , conversely , liberal reforms were enacted at critical junctures to expand commercial agriculture , and they ultimately raised the bargaining power of the middle class . Both nations eventually developed more democratic and egalitarian institutions than their highly concentrated landowning counterparts . List of European colonies in the Americas ( edit ) Spanish Cuba ( until 1898 ) New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Viceroyalty of Peru ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile Puerto Rico ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Rio de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) Hispaniola ( 1493 - 1865 ) ; the island currently comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic , under Spanish rule in whole or in part from 1492 - 1865 . English and ( after 1707 ) British Further information : List of Hudson 's Bay Company trading posts British America ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Thirteen Colonies ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Rupert 's Land ( 1670 -- 1870 ) British Columbia ( 1793 -- 1871 ) British North America ( 1783 -- 1907 ) British West Indies Belize Courland New Courland ( Tobago ) ( 1654 -- 1689 ) Danish Danish West Indies ( 1754 -- 1917 ) Greenland ( 1814 -- present ) Dutch New Netherland ( 1609 -- 1667 ) Essequibo ( 1616 -- 1815 ) Dutch Virgin Islands ( 1625 -- 1680 ) Berbice ( 1627 -- 1815 ) New Walcheren ( 1628 -- 1677 ) Dutch Brazil ( 1630 -- 1654 ) Pomeroon ( 1650 -- 1689 ) Cayenne ( 1658 -- 1664 ) Demerara ( 1745 -- 1815 ) Suriname ( 1667 -- 1954 ) ( After independence still within the Kingdom Of The Netherlands until 1975 ) Curaçao and Dependencies ( 1634 -- 1954 ) ( Aruba and Curaçao are still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Bonaire ; 1634 -- present ) Sint Eustatius and Dependencies ( 1636 -- 1954 ) ( Sint Maarten is still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Sint Eustatius and Saba ; 1636 -- present ) French Further information : List of French forts in North America New France ( 1604 -- 1763 ) Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Louisiana ( 1699 -- 1763 , 1800 -- 1803 ) Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) French Guiana ( 1763 -- present ) French West Indies Saint - Domingue ( 1659 -- 1804 , now Haiti ) Tobago Virgin Islands France Antarctique ( 1555 -- 1567 ) Equinoctial France ( 1612 -- 1615 ) Knights of Malta Saint Barthélemy ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Christopher ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Croix ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Martin ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Norwegian See also : List of possessions of Norway Greenland ( 986 -- 1814 ) Vinland , known as Newfoundland ( Partly in the 11th century ) Dano - Norwegian West Indies ( 1754 -- 1814 ) Sverdrup Islands ( 1898 -- 1930 ) Erik the Red 's Land ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Portuguese Colonial Brazil ( 1500 -- 1815 ) became a Kingdom , United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . Terra do Labrador ( 1499 / 1500 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Land of the Corte - Real , also known as Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus ( Land of Codfish ) -- Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) ( 1501 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Portugal Cove - St. Philip 's ( 1501 -- 1696 ) Nova Scotia ( 1519 ? -- 1520s ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Barbados ( 1536 -- 1620 ) Colonia do Sacramento ( 1680 - 1705 / 1714 - 1762 / 1763 - 1777 ( 1811 -- 1817 ) ) Cisplatina ( 1811 -- 1822 , now Uruguay ) French Guiana ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Russian Russian America ( Alaska ) ( 1799 -- 1867 ) Scottish Nova Scotia ( 1622 -- 1632 ) Darien Scheme on the Isthmus of Panama ( 1698 -- 1700 ) Stuarts Town , Carolina ( 1684 -- 1686 ) Swedish New Sweden ( 1638 -- 1655 ) Saint Barthélemy ( 1785 -- 1878 ) Guadeloupe ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Exhibitions and collections ( edit ) In 2007 , the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History and the Virginia Historical Society ( VHS ) co-organized a traveling exhibition to recount the strategic alliances and violent conflict between European empires ( English , Spanish , French ) and the Native people living in North America . The exhibition was presented in three languages and with multiple perspectives . Artifacts on display included rare surviving Native and European artifacts , maps , documents , and ceremonial objects from museums and royal collections on both sides of the Atlantic . The exhibition opened in Richmond , Virginia on March 17 , 2007 , and closed at the Smithsonian International Gallery on October 31 , 2009 . The related online exhibition explores the international origins of the societies of Canada and the United States and commemorates the 400th anniversary of three lasting settlements in Jamestown ( 1607 ) , Québec ( 1608 ) , and Santa Fe ( 1609 ) . The site is accessible in three languages . See also ( edit ) Martín de Argüelles Atlantic world Bandeirantes Chronology of the colonization of North America Colonial history of the United States Colonialism Columbian Exchange Conquistador Hernán Cortés European colonization of the Southern United States Former colonies and territories in Canada History of the west coast of North America Indigenous peoples of the Americas Influx of disease in the Caribbean Imperialism List of North American cities founded in chronological order Norse colonization of the Americas Francisco Pizarro Population history of American indigenous peoples Portuguese Empire Romanus Pontifex and Inter caetera Settler colonialism Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish Empire Thirteen Colonies , which became the United States in 1776 Timeline of the European colonization of North America Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Treaty of Alcáçovas Treaty of Tordesillas Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pálsson , Hermann ( 1965 ) . The Vinland sagas : the Norse discovery f America . Penguin Classics . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044154 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 9780142002100 . Jump up ^ David Eltis Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic slave trade Jump up ^ T. Douglas Price ( 2015 ) . Ancient Scandinavia : An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings . Oxford University Press . p. 321 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 023198 - 9 . Jump up ^ S.A. Wurm ; Peter Mühlhäusler ; Darrell T. Tyron ( 1996 ) . Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific , Asia , and the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 1048 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 013417 - 9 . Jump up ^ Linda S. Cordell ; Kent Lightfoot ; Francis McManamon ; George Milner ( 30 December 2008 ) . Archaeology in America : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 82 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 02189 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Logan Allen ( 2007 ) . North American Exploration . U of Nebraska Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1015 - 9 . Jump up ^ Axel Kristinsson ( 2010 ) . Expansions : Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age . ReykjavíkurAkademían . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 9979 - 9922 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1536 Inca Rebellion unearthed Peruvian Travel Trends '' . Ferturperu.info. 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` La catastrophe démographique '' ( The Demographic Catastrophe ) in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : `` Espagnols - Indiens : le choc des civilisations '' , in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , pp. 14 -- 21 ( interview with Christian Duverger , teacher at the EHESS ) Jump up ^ Conquest in the Americas . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America '' by James Axtell Archived March 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish Colonial System , 1550 -- 1800 . Population Development '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ John Prebble , Darien : the Scottish Dream of Empire ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brocklehurst , `` The Banker who Led Scotland to Disaster '' . Jump up ^ W.J. Eccles , The Canadian Frontier , 1534 -- 1760 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Leslie Choquette , Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ John Chester Miller ( 1966 ) . The First Frontier : Life in Colonial America . University Press of America . p. 80 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopædia Britannica 's Guide to Black History '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ García Icazbalceta , Joaquín `` Colección de documentos para la historia de México '' `` Leyes y ordenanzas '' ( Dada en la ciudad de Barcelona , a veinte días del mes de Noviembre , año del nacimiento de nuestro Salvador Jesucristo de mill e quinientos e cuarenta y dos años ) y addenda 4 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de mayo de 1544 text on Internet Cervantes Virtual Jump up ^ Ronald Segal ( 1995 ) . The Black Diaspora : Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 11396 - 3 . It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic . ( Note in original : Paul E. Lovejoy , `` The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa : A Review of the Literature , '' in Journal of African History 30 ( 1989 ) , p. 368 . ) ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward . Jump up ^ `` Quick guide : The slave trade '' . bbc.co.uk . March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stephen D. Behrendt , David Richardson , and David Eltis , W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African - American Research , Harvard University . Based on `` records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas '' . Stephen Behrendt ( 1999 ) . `` Transatlantic Slave Trade '' . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . New York : Basic Civitas Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michael Tadman , `` The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas , '' The American Historical Review Dec. 2000 105 : 5 online Archived November 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p. 678 Jump up ^ Includes 10,000 to Spanish Louisiana before 1803 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ American Indian Epidemics Archived February 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Smallpox : Eradicating the Scourge '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Knopf . pp. 106 -- 09 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of ... Smallpox '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus ( ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4006 - X ) , Charles C. Mann , Knopf , 2005 . Jump up ^ Thornton , pp. xvii , 36 . Jump up ^ Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson , `` Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth , '' Handbook of Economic Growth 1 : 385 - 472 . 2005 . Jump up ^ James Mahoney , `` Path - Dependent Explanations of Regime Change : Central America in Comparative Perspective . '' Studies in Comparative International Development , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Jamestown , Québec , Santa Fe : Three North American Beginnings '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bailyn , Bernard , ed . Atlantic History : Concept and Contours ( Harvard UP , 2005 ) Bannon , John Francis . History of the Americas ( 2 vols. 1952 ) , older textbook Bolton , Herbert E. `` The Epic of Greater America , '' American Historical Review 38 , no . 3 ( April 1933 ) : 448 -- 74 in JSTOR Davis , Harold E. The Americas in History ( 1953 ) , older textbook Egerton , Douglas R. et al . The Atlantic World : A History , 1400 -- 1888 ( 2007 ) Eltis , David . The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas ( 2000 ) . Hinderaker , Eric ; Horn , Rebecca . `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Lockhart , James , and Stuart B. Schwartz . Early Latin America : A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil ( 1983 ) . Merriman , Roger Bigelow . The Rise of The Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( 4 vol. 1934 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The northern voyages , A.D. 500 -- 1600 ( 1971 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The southern voyages , 1492 -- 1616 ( 1971 ) Parry , J.H. The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery , Exploration , and Settlement , 1450 -- 1650 ( 1982 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources Sobecki , Sebastian . `` New World Discovery '' . Oxford Handbooks Online ( 2015 ) . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935338.013. 141 Starkey , Armstrong ( 1998 ) . European - Native American Warfare , 1675 -- 1815 . University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3075 - 0 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2003 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : European colonization of the Americas `` The Political Force of Images , '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 - 1820 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first european settlers came to america	[ "The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by various European powers. Starting in either the 10th or 11th century, when West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled on the shores of present-day Canada, according to Icelandic Sagas, violent conflicts with the indigenous population ultimately led to the Norse abandoning those settlements.[1]" ]	[ "either the 10th or 11th century" ]
-1358074739731406427	Shooting an apple off one's child's head	Shooting an apple off one 's Child 's head - wikipedia Shooting an apple off one 's Child 's head William Tell 's apple - shot as depicted in Sebastian Münster 's Cosmographia ( 1554 edition ) . Shooting an apple off one 's child 's head , also known as apple - shot ( from German Apfelschuss ) is a feat of marksmanship with a bow or crossbow that occurs as a motif in a number of legends in Germanic folklore ( and has been connected with non-European folklore ) . In the Stith Thompson Motif Index it is F661. 3 , described as `` Skillful marksman shoots apple from man 's head '' or `` apple shot from man 's head '' , though it always occurs in the form of the marksman being ordered to shoot an apple ( or occasionally another smaller object ) off his own son 's head . It is best known as William Tell 's feat . Contents 1 Examples 1.1 Palnatoki 1.2 Þiðrekssaga 1.3 William Tell 1.4 Malleus Maleficarum 1.5 Henning Wulf 1.6 William of Cloudeslee 2 Related stories 2.1 Hemingr Áslákson 2.2 Eindriði Pansa 3 Scholarly study 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Examples ( edit ) Palnatoki ( edit ) The earliest known occurrence of the motif is from the 12th century , in Saxo Grammaticus ' version of the story of Palnatoki , whom he calls Toko ( Gesta Danorum Book 10 , chapter 7 ) . Toko , who had been for some time in the service of the king ( Harald Bluetooth ) , had , by the deeds in which he surpassed his fellow - soldiers , made several enemies of his virtues . One day , when he had drunk rather much , he boasted to those who were at table with him , that his skill in archery was such that he could hit , with the first shot of an arrow , ever so small an apple set on the top of a wand at a considerable distance . His detractors hearing these words , lost no time in conveying them to the ears of the king . But the wickedness of the prince speedily conveyed the confidence of the father to the peril of the son , ordering the sweetest pledge of his life to stand instead of the wand , from whom , if the utterer of the boast did not strike down the apple which was placed on him at the first shot of his arrow , he should with his own head pay the penalty of his idle boast ... When the youth was led forth , Toko carefully admonished him to receive the whiz of the coming arrow as steadily as possible , with attentive ears , and without moving his head , lest by a slight motion of his body he should frustrate the experience of his well - tried skill . He made him also , as a means of diminishing his apprehension , stand with his back to him , lest he should be terrified at the sight of the arrow . He then drew three arrows from his quiver , and the first he shot struck the proposed mark . Toko then being asked by the king why he had taken so many arrows out of his quiver , when he was to make but one trial with the bow , `` That I might avenge on thee , '' said he , `` the error of the first by the points of the others , lest my innocence might hap to be afflicted and thy injustice to go unpunished ! '' Palnatoki later kills the king . Þiðrekssaga ( edit ) In the 13th - century Þiðrekssaga , chapter 128 , Egill , brother of Völund , is commanded by King Nidung to shoot an apple off his three - year - old son 's head : Now the king wished to try whether Egill shot so well as was said or not , so he let Egill 's son , a boy of three years old , be taken , and made them put an apple on his head , and bade Egill shoot so that the shaft struck neither above the head nor to the left nor the right . Like Palnatoki , he keeps two more arrows to kill the king in case he fails , but the king does not punish him for saying so , but rather praises him : `` The king took that well from him , and all thought it was boldly spoken . '' William Tell ( edit ) The best - known version of the story is in the legend of William Tell , supposedly happening to start off the swiss revolution , written first in the 15th - century White Book of Sarnen , then in Aegidius Tschudi 's 16th - century Chronicon Helveticum , and later the basis for Friedrich Schiller 's 1804 play . Tell is arrested for failing to bow in respect to the hat that the newly appointed Austrian Vogt , Albrecht Gessler , has placed on a pole , and Gessler commands him to shoot an apple off his son 's head with a single bolt from his crossbow . After splitting the apple with the single shot ( supposedly on November 18 , 1307 ) , Tell is asked why he took more than one bolt out ; at first he responds that it was out of habit , but when assured he will not be killed for answering honestly , says the second bolt was meant for Gessler 's heart should he fail . In Schiller 's play , the demand to shoot the apple off the boy 's head motivates Gessler 's murder . Malleus Maleficarum ( edit ) In Heinrich Kramer 's 1486 Malleus Maleficarum ( Book 2 , chapter 16 ) , a related story occurs : Punker of Rohrbach ( also spelled Puncker or Puncher ) in the Upper Rhineland is said to have been ordered by `` a very eminent person '' in about 1430 to prove his extraordinary marksmanship ( regarded by Kramer as a sign of consorting with the devil ) by shooting a penny off the cap on his young son 's head without disturbing the cap . He , too , kept a second arrow in reserve to kill the prince in case he failed . Henning Wulf ( edit ) Henning Wulf , or von Wulfen , of Wewelsfleth in Holstein sided with Count Gerhard in 1472 and was banished by King Christian I of Denmark . In a folk tale , the king had him shoot an apple off his son 's head , and a window in the Wewelsfleth church depicted the boy with an apple on his head , pierced through by the arrow , while Henning 's bow was undrawn but there was another arrow between his teeth . Between archer and boy there was a wolf . William of Cloudeslee ( edit ) In the Northumbrian ballad of Adam Bell , Clym of the Clough , and Wyllyam of Cloudeslee , which was a source of Walter Scott 's Ivanhoe , William of Cloudeslee tells the king he will put an apple on his seven - year - old son 's head and shoot it off at 120 paces : I have a sonne seven years old ; Hee is to me full deere ; I will tye him to a stake -- All shall see him that bee here -- And lay an apple upon his head , And goe six ( score ) paces him froe , And I myself with a broad arrowe Shall cleave the apple in towe . Related stories ( edit ) Hemingr áslákson ( edit ) In Hemings þáttr Áslákssonar in the Orkneyinga saga ( about 1200 ) , Harald Hardrada challenges the archer Hemingr to shoot a hazelnut off his younger brother Björn 's head , which he does . There are two versions of this þáttr , one set in the Faroes , and in one Hemingr uses a spear to achieve the feat , rather than an arrow . Hemingr later takes revenge by shooting the king dead at the Battle of Stamford Bridge . There are also Norwegian and Faroese ballads on Hemingen unge . Eindriði Pansa ( edit ) One related story turns the motif on its head : after matching him in swimming and in other shooting contests , King Olaf of Norway converted Eindriði Pansa ( the Splay - Footed ) from heathenry by shooting at either a chess piece or a writing tablet on Eindriði 's son 's head . The king 's shot narrowly missed but the boy was unharmed ; Eindriði gave in to his mother 's and sister 's pleas and did not try the feat himself . Scholarly study ( edit ) The motif was studied and written about as early as 1760 by Gottlieb Emmanuel von Haller and the pastor Simeon Uriel Freudenberger in a pamphlet in French and German with the title Der Wilhelm Tell , ein dänisches Mährgen ( William Tell , a Danish Fable ) . During the 19th century , several scholars wrote about the internationalism of the motif . In 1834 Thomas Keightley noted the similarities between Palnatoki 's and Tell 's stories . There is a summary of the various versions in Jacob Grimm 's Teutonic Mythology , and another in John Fiske 's Myths and Myth - Makers . The most detailed precedes Child 's edition of the ballad of `` Adam Bell , Clim of the Clough , and William of Cloudesly . '' In an 1877 book on the historicity of the William Tell legend , Ernst Ludwig Rochholz connects the similarity of the Tell legend to the stories of Egil and Palnatoki with legends of a migration from Sweden to Switzerland during the Middle Ages . He also adduces parallels in folktales among the Finns and the Lapps ( Sami ) , and also from Norse mythology compares Ullr , called the `` bow - god '' , Heimdall , and also Óðinn , who according to the Gesta Danorum Book 1 , chapter 8.16 , is said to have assisted Haddingus by shooting ten arrows from a crossbow in one shot , killing as many foes . Further comparing Indo - European and Oriental traditions , Rochholz concludes that the legend of the master marksman shooting an apple ( or similar small target ) was known outside the Germanic sphere and the adjacent regions ( Finland and the Baltic ) in India , Arabia , Persia and the Balkans ( Serbia ) . See also ( edit ) Freischutz Death of Joan Vollmer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stith Thompson , Motif - Index of Folk - Literature : Index A-K : A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folktales , Ballads , Myths , Fables , Mediaeval Romances , Exempla , Fabliaux , Jest - Books , and Local Legends , repr . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 253 - 34089 - 6 , pp. 29 , `` apple , '' 368 , `` head '' . Jump up ^ Stith Thompson , p. 783 : `` Tell shoots apple from son 's head . '' Jump up ^ Translation from Thomas Keightley , Tales and Popular Fictions : Their Resemblance and Transmission from Country to Country , London : Whittaker , 1834 , OCLC 457836365 , pp. 293 -- 94 . For a fuller version see George Webbe Dasent , Popular Tales from the Norse , 3rd ed . Edinburgh : Douglas , 1888 , repr . BiblioBazaar 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 45357 - 0 , pp. 403 -- 04 , note 5 . Jump up ^ Called Vilkina saga by many scholars writing on the motif Jump up ^ Dasent , p. 404 , note 5 . Jump up ^ pp. 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Dasent , p. 404 , note 5 . Jump up ^ Karl Müllenhoff , Sagen , Märchen und Lieder der herzogtümer Schleswig , Holstein und Lauenburg , revised ed . Otto Mensing , Schleswig : Bergas , 1921 , OCLC 804563 , p. 58 . ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : Francis James Child , The English and Scottish Popular Ballads , Volume 3 , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1888 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Jacob Grimm , Teutonic Mythology , 4th ed. tr . James Steven Stallybrass , vol. 1 , London : Bell , 1882 , p. 381 calls him Hemming Wolf . ^ Jump up to : Grimm , p. 382 . Jump up ^ John Fiske , Myths and Myth - Makers : Old Tales and Superstitions Interpreted by Comparative Mythology , London : Trübner , 1873 ; Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1900 , repr . BiblioLife , 2009 , ISBN 1 - 110 - 87842 - 7 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Child , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Saxo Grammaticus , Danorum regum heroumque historia books x -- xvi : the text of the first edition with translation and commentary in three volumes , ed . Eric Christiansen , Oxford : B.A.R. , 1980 -- 81 , ISBN 0 - 86054 - 097 - 9 , p. 172 , note 43 . Jump up ^ Ebenezer Cobham Brewer and Marion Harland , Character Sketches of Romance , Fiction and the Drama volume 7 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Orkneyinga saga and Magnus saga , with appendices , ed . Gudbrand Vigfusson and Sir George Dasent , The Rolls Series Icelandic Sagas vol. 1 , 1887 , p. xvi : `` The Tale of Heming ... is a mixture of the legend of Tell - Egill and the traditional account of the battle of Stamford Bridge , derived from the Kings ' Lives ... The link binding the Archer story to the other is the arrow with which Heming slays the king , his foe , in revenge for his wrongs . '' The þáttr is Appendix C , pp. 347 -- 87 , in this edition . Jump up ^ Grimm , p. 381 -- writing tablet . Jump up ^ `` Editor 's Easy Chair , '' Harper 's new monthly magazine , Volume 58 , Issues 343 -- 348 , 1879 , p. 461 -- chess piece . Jump up ^ Brewer and Harland , pp. 83 -- 84 , say that this was also an apple , and that Eindriði then shot himself , successfully hitting the apple without harming the boy . Jump up ^ Jean - François Bergier , Wilhelm Tell : Realität und Mythos , Munich : List , 1990 , pp. 80 - 81 . ( in German ) Jump up ^ Keightley , p. 295 : `` In the year 1307 , among the mountains of Helvetia , an action similar to this of Toko is said to have been performed ; and it has given immortality to the name of William Tell '' ; in note 1 he adds Vilkina Saga ( Þiðrekssaga ) , which he theorizes got the story from Saxo . Jump up ^ Grimm , pp. 380 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Fiske , pp. 3 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Child , pp. 14 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Ernst Ludwig Rochholz , Tell und Gessler in Sage und Geschichte . Nach urkundlichen Quellen , Heilbronn : Henninger , 1877 , OCLC 2846953 ; reprinted BiblioBazaar , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 143 - 29279 - 8 ; online at the Internet Archive ( in German ) . Rochholz had published an article on the topic in 1869 , `` Tell als Zauberschütze '' ; see the list of publications in Joachim Meyer , Schillers Wilhelm Tell auf seine Quellen zurückgeführt und sprachlich erläutert , Nuremberg : Barbeck , 1876 , OCLC 614817741 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Saxo Grammaticus , The History of the Danes : Books I - IX , ed . Hilda Ellis Davidson , tr . Peter Fisher , Cambridge : Brewer , 1979 -- 80 , repr. 1996 , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 85991 - 502 - 6 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ As early as 1845 , Kuhn connected William Tell with Robin Hood and Óðinn : Felix Adolph Korn Nork , Andeutungen eines System der Mythologie entwickelt aus der priesterlichen Mysteriosophie und Hierologie des alten Orients , Leipzig : Dyck , 1850 , OCLC 26330879 , p. 93 ( in German ) . Jump up ^ Rochholz , pp. 35 -- 41 . Sources ( edit ) Helmut de Boor . `` Die nordischen , englischen und deutschen Darstellungen des Apfelschussmotivs . '' Quellenwerk zur Entstehung der schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft . III Chroniken III Anhang pp. 1 -- 53 . Aarau : Sauerländer , 1947 . ( in German ) Roger E. Mitchell and Joyce P. Mitchell . `` Schiller 's William Tell : A Folkloristic Perspective . '' Journal of American Folklore 83 ( 1970 ) 44 -- 52 . Alan Dundes . `` The Apple - Shot : Interpreting the Legend of William Tell . '' Western Folklore 50 ( October 1991 ) 327 -- 60 . JSTOR . Reprinted in From Game to War and Other Psychoanalytic Essays on Folklore . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2031 - 4 . pp. 46 -- 77 . Hemings þáttr Áslákssonar : An edition of texts from Flateyjarbók , Hrokkinskinna and Hauksbók . Ed . Gillian Fellows Jensen . Editiones Arnamagnæanæ series B. volume 3 . Copenhagen : Munksgaard , 1962 . OCLC 559417993 . Th . Alwin . Henning Wulf , der ditmarsische Tell . Bonn : Heidelsmann , 1904 . OCLC 250589189 . ( in German ) External links ( edit ) Adam Bell , Clim of the Clough and William of Cloudesly ballad text William Tell Characters William Tell Albrecht Gessler Literature White Book of Sarnen ( 1474 ) Tellenlied ( 1470s ) Chronicon Helveticum ( 1550 -- 70 ) Urner Tellspiel ( 1512 ) Chronicle of the Swiss Confederation ( 1505 -- 7 ) William Tell ( play , 1804 ) Opera Guillaume Tell ( 1791 ) William Tell ( 1829 ) ( William Tell Overture ) Film Adventures of William Tell ( 1898 ) William Tell ( 1923 ) William Tell ( 1934 ) William Tell ( 1949 ) The Story of William Tell ( 1953 uncompleted ) The Adventures of William Tell ( 1958 -- 59 ) William Tell ( 1960 ) Crossbow ( 1987 -- 90 ) The Legend of William Tell ( 1998 ) Other Rütlischwur Shooting an apple off one 's child 's head Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shooting_an_apple_off_one%27s_child%27s_head&oldid=841514920 '' Categories : European folklore Marksmanship William Tell History of archery Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 09 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who shot the apple off the boy's head	[ "Shooting an apple off one's child's head, also known as apple-shot (from German Apfelschuss) is a feat of marksmanship with a bow or crossbow that occurs as a motif in a number of legends in Germanic folklore (and has been connected with non-European folklore). In the Stith Thompson Motif Index it is F661.3, described as \"Skillful marksman shoots apple from man's head\" or \"apple shot from man's head\",[1] though it always occurs in the form of the marksman being ordered to shoot an apple (or occasionally another smaller object) off his own son's head. It is best known as William Tell's feat.[2]\n" ]	[ "William Tell" ]
6637576579063918507	Third Battle of Panipat	Third battle of Panipat - Wikipedia Third battle of Panipat Jump to : navigation , search Third Battle of Panipat The Third Battle of Panipat , 14 January 1761 , Hafiz Rahmat Khan , standing right of Ahmad Shah Durrani , who is shown sitting on a brown horse . Date 14 January 1761 Location Panipat ( in present - day Haryana , India ) 29 ° 23 ′ N 76 ° 58 ′ E / 29.39 ° N 76.97 ° E / 29.39 ; 76.97 Result Afghan victory Territorial changes Marathas lost suzerainty over Punjab till north of Sutlej river to the Afghans . Ahmad Shah Durrani vacates Delhi soon after the battle . Maratha expansion checked for the time being . Belligerents Durrani Empire Supported by : ( show ) Nawabs of Oudh Rohillas Maratha Empire Commanders and leaders Ahmad Shah Durrani ( Shah of Durrani Empire ) Timur Shah Durrani Wazir Wali Khan Shah Pasand Khan Jahan Khan Shuja - ud - Daula Najib - ud - Daula Hafiz Rahmat Khan Dundi Khan Banghas Khan Sadashivrao Bhau ( commander - in - chief of Maratha Army ) ( KIA ) Vishwasrao ( KIA ) Malharrao Holkar Mahadji Shinde Ibrahim Khan Gardi Jankoji Shinde Shamsher Bahadur Bhoite Rege Purandare Vinchurkar ( Infantry & Cavalry ) Sidoji Gharge Strength 42,000 cavalry 38,000 infantry 10,000 reserves 4,000 personal guards 5,000 Qizilbash 120 -- 130 pieces of cannon large numbers of irregulars totally an army of 100,000 . 20,000 cavalry 15,000 infantry ( divided to 9 battalions of Gardi rifle infantry ) 15,000 Pindaris 200 pieces of artillery . The force was accompanied by 300,000 non-combatants ( pilgrims and camp - followers ) totally an army of 50,000 - 70,000 . Casualties and losses ~ 40,000 combatants killed . Estimates between 30,000 and 40,000 combatants killed in the battle . Another 40,000 -- 70,000 non-combatants massacred following the battle . The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 at Panipat , about 60 miles ( 97 km ) north of Delhi , between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and invading forces of the King of Afghanistan , Ahmad Shah Abdali , supported by two Indian allies -- the Rohilla Najib - ud - daulah Afghans of the Doab , and Shuja - ud - Daula , the Nawab of Awadh . Militarily , the battle pitted the artillery and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry and mounted artillery ( zamburak and jezail ) of the Afghans and Rohillas led by Abdali and Najib - ud - Daulah , both ethnic Afghans . The battle is considered one of the largest and most eventful fought in the 18th century , and has perhaps the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies . The specific site of the battle itself is disputed by historians , but most consider it to have occurred somewhere near modern - day Kaalaa Aamb and Sanauli Road . The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125,000 troops . Protracted skirmishes occurred , with losses and gains on both sides . The forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious after destroying several Maratha flanks . The extent of the losses on both sides is heavily disputed by historians , but it is believed that between 60,000 -- 70,000 were killed in fighting , while the numbers of injured and prisoners taken vary considerably . According to the single best eyewitness chronicle -- the bakhar by Shuja - ud - Daulah 's Diwan Kashi Raj -- about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle . Grant Duff includes an interview of a survivor of these massacres in his History of the Marathas and generally corroborates this number . Shejwalkar , whose monograph Panipat 1761 is often regarded as the single best secondary source on the battle , says that `` not less than 100,000 Marathas ( soldiers and non-combatants ) perished during and after the battle . '' The result of the battle was the halting of further Maratha advances in the north , and a destabilisation of their territories , for roughly ten years . This period is marked by the rule of Peshwa Madhavrao , who is credited with the revival of Maratha domination following the defeat at Panipat . In 1771 , ten years after Panipat , he sent a large Maratha army into northern India in an expedition that was meant to re-establish Maratha domination in that area and punish refractory powers that had either sided with the Afghans , such as the Rohillas , or had shaken off Maratha domination after Panipat . The success of this campaign can be seen as the last chapter of the long story of Panipat . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Decline of the Mughal Empire 1.2 Rise of the Marathas 2 Prelude 2.1 Initial Skirmishes 2.2 Preliminary moves 2.3 Formations 3 Battle 3.1 Early phases 3.2 Final phase 3.3 Outflanked 4 Reasons for the outcome 5 Massacres after the battle 6 Aftermath 7 Legacy 8 In Popular Culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Decline of the Mughal Empire ( edit ) Extent of the Maratha Empire , 1795 The decline of the Mughal Empire following the 27 - year Mughal - Maratha war ( 1680 -- 1707 ) led to rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire . Under Peshwa Baji Rao , Gujarat , Malwa and Rajputana came under Maratha control . Finally , in 1737 , Baji Rao defeated the Mughals on the outskirts of Delhi and brought much of the former Mughal territories south of Delhi under Maratha control . Baji Rao 's son Balaji Baji Rao further increased the territory under Maratha control by invading Punjab in 1758 . Raghunathrao 's letter to the Peshwa , 4 May 1758 `` Lahore , Multan , Kashmir and other subahs on this side of Attock are under our rule for the most part , and places which have not come under our rule we shall soon bring under us . Ahmad Shah Durrani 's son Timur Shah Durraniand Jahan Khan have been pursued by our troops , and their troops completely looted . Both of them have now reached Peshawar with a few broken troops ... So Ahmad Shah Durrani has returned to Kandahar with some 12 - 14 thousand broken troops ... Thus all have risen against Ahmad who has lost control over the region . We have decided to extend our rule up to Kandahar . '' This brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali ( also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani ) . In 1759 he raised an army from the Pashtun and Baloch tribes and made several gains against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Punjab . He then joined with his Indian allies -- the Rohilla Afghans of the Gangetic Doab -- forming a broad coalition against the Marathas . The Marathas , under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau , responded by gathering an army of between 45,000 -- 60,000 , which was accompanied by roughly 200,000 non-combatants , a number of whom were pilgrims desirous of making pilgrimages to Hindu holy sites in northern India . The Marathas started their northward journey from Patdur on 14 March 1760 . Both sides tried to get the Nawab of Awadh , Shuja - ud - Daulah , into their camp . By late July Shuja - ud - Daulah made the decision to join the Afghan - Rohilla coalition , preferring to join what was perceived as the `` army of Islam '' . This was strategically a major loss for the Marathas , since Shuja provided much - needed finances for the long Afghan stay in North India . It is doubtful whether the Afghan - Rohilla coalition would have the means to continue their conflict with the Marathas without Shuja 's support . Rise of the Marathas ( edit ) Grant Duff , describing the Maratha army : `` The lofty and spacious tents , lined with silks and broadcloths , were surmounted by large gilded ornaments , conspicuous at a distance ... Vast numbers of elephants , flags of all descriptions , the finest horses , magnificently caparisoned ... seemed to be collected from every quarter ... it was an imitation of the more becoming and tasteful array of the Mughuls in the zenith of their glory . '' The Marathas had gained control of a considerable part of India in the intervening period ( 1707 -- 1757 ) . In 1758 they occupied Delhi , captured Lahore and drove out Timur Shah Durrani , the son and viceroy of the Afghan ruler , Ahmad Shah Abdali . This was the high - water mark of the Maratha expansion , where the boundaries of their empire extended in the north to the Indus and the Himalayas , and in the south nearly to the extremity of the peninsula . This territory was ruled through the Peshwa , who talked of placing his son Vishwasrao on the Mughal throne . However , Delhi still remained under the nominal control of Mughals , key Muslim intellectuals including Shah Waliullah and other Muslim clergy in India who were alarmed at these developments . In desperation they appealed to Ahmad Shah Abdali , the ruler of Afghanistan , to halt the threat . Sadashivrao Bhau Ahmad Shah Durrani Engraving of a Maratha soldier by James Forbes . Afghan royal soldiers of the Durrani Empire . Prelude ( edit ) Ahmad Shah Durrani ( Ahmad Shah Abdali ) , angered by the news from his son and his allies , was unwilling to allow the Marathas ' spread go unchecked . By the end of 1759 Abdali with his Afghan tribes and his Rohilla ally Najib Khan had reached Lahore as well as Delhi and defeated the smaller enemy garrisons . Ahmed Shah , at this point , withdrew his army to Anupshahr , on the frontier of the Rohilla country , where he successfully convinced the Nawab of Oudh Shuja - ud - Daula to join his alliance against the Marathas . The Marathas had earlier helped Safdarjung ( father of Shuja ) in defeating Rohillas in Farrukhabad . The Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau ( referred to as the Bhau or Bhao in sources ) responded to the news of the Afghans ' return to North India by raising an army , and they marched North . Bhau 's force was bolstered by some Maratha forces under Holkar , Scindia , Gaikwad and Govind Pant Bundele . Suraj Mal ( the Jat ruler of Bharatpur ) also had joined Bhausaheb initially . This combined army captured the Mughal capital , Delhi , from an Afghan garrison in December 1759 . Delhi had been reduced to ashes many times due to previous invasions , and in addition there being acute shortage of supplies in the Maratha camp . Bhau ordered the sacking of the already depopulated city . He is said to have planned to place his nephew and the Peshwa 's son , Vishwasrao , on the Mughal throne . The Jats did not support the Marathas . Their withdrawal from the ensuing battle was to play a crucial role in its result . Abdali drew first blood by attacking a small Maratha army led by Dattaji Shinde at Burari Ghat . Dattaji was killed in the battle . Initial skirmishes ( edit ) With both sides poised for battle , there followed much maneuvering , with skirmishes between the two armies fought at Karnal and Kunjpura . Kunjpura , on the banks of the Yamuna river 60 miles to the north of Delhi , was stormed by the Marathas and the whole Afghan garrison was killed or enslaved . Marathas achieved a rather easy victory at Kunjpura against an army of 15,000 Afghans posted there . Some of Abadali 's best generals were killed . Ahmad Shah was encamped on the left bank of the Yamuna River , which was swollen by rains , and was powerless to aid the garrison . The massacre of the Kunjpura garrison , within sight of the Durrani camp , exasperated Abdali to such an extent that he ordered crossing of the river at all costs . Ahmed Shah and his allies on 17 October 1760 , broke up from Shahdara , marching south . Taking a calculated risk , Abdali plunged into the river , followed by his bodyguards and troops . Between 23 and 25 October they were able to cross at Baghpat ( a small town about 24 miles up the river ) , unopposed by the Marathas who were still preoccupied with the sacking of Kunjpura . After the Marathas failed to prevent Abdali 's forces from crossing the Yamuna River , they set up defensive works in the ground near Panipat , thereby blocking his access back to Afghanistan , just as Abdali 's forces blocked theirs to the south . However , on the afternoon of 26th October , Ahmad Shah 's advance guard reached Sambalka , about halfway between Sonepat and Panipat , where they encountered the vanguard of the Marathas . A fierce skirmish ensued , in which the Afghans lost 1000 men but drove the Marathas back to their main body , which kept retreating slowly for several days . This led to the partial encirclement of the Maratha army . In skirmishes that followed , Govind Pant Bundele , with 10,000 light cavalry who were n't formally trained soldiers , was on a foraging mission with about 500 men . They were surprised by an Afghan force near Meerut , and in the ensuing fight , Bundele was killed . This was followed by the loss of a contingent of 2,000 Maratha soldiers who had left Delhi to deliver money and rations to Panipat . This completed the encirclement , as Ahmad Shah had cut off the Maratha army 's supply lines . With supplies and stores dwindling , tensions started rising in the Maratha camp . Initially the Marathas had moved in almost 150 pieces of modern long - range , French - made artillery . With a range of several kilometres , these guns were some of the best of the time . The Marathas ' plan was to lure the Afghan army to confront them while they had close artillery support . Preliminary moves ( edit ) During the next two months of the siege , constant skirmishes and duels took place between units from either side . In one of these Najib lost 3,000 of his Rohillas and was very nearly killed himself . Facing a potential stalemate , Abdali decided to seek terms , which Bhau was willing to consider . However , Najib Khan delayed any chance of an agreement with an appeal on religious grounds and sowed doubt about whether the Marathas would honour any agreement . After the Marathas moved from Kunjpura to Panipat , Diler Khan Marwat , with his father Alam Khan Marwat and a force of 2500 Pashtuns , attacked and took control of Kunjpura , where there was a Maratha garrison of 700 -- 800 soldiers . At that time Atai Khan Baluch , son of the Wazir of Abdali , came from Afghanistan with 10,000 cavalry and cut off the supplies to the Marathas . The Marathas at Panipat were surrounded by Abdali in the south , Pashtun Tribes ( Yousuf Zai , Afridi , Khattak ) in the east , Shuja , Atai Khan and others in the north and other Pashtun tribes ( Gandapur , Marwat , Durranis and Kakars ) in the west . Unable to continue without supplies or wait for reinforcements any longer , Bhau decided to break the siege . His plan was to pulverise the enemy formations with cannon fire and not to employ his cavalry until the Afghans were thoroughly softened up . With the Afghans broken , he would move camp in a defensive formation towards Delhi , where they were assured supplies . Formations ( edit ) With the Maratha chiefs pressurizing Sadashiv Rao Bhau , to go to battle rather than perish by starvation , on 13th January , the Marathas left their camp before dawn and marched south towards the Afghan camp in a desperate attempt to break the siege . The two armies came face - to - face around 8 : 00 a.m. The Maratha lines began a little to the north of Kala Amb . They had thus blocked the northward path of Abdali 's troops and at the same time were blocked from heading south -- in the direction of Delhi , where they could get badly needed supplies -- by those same troops . Bhau , with the Peshwa 's son and the royal guard ( Huzurat ) , was in the centre . The left wing consisted of the Gardis under Ibrahim Khan . Holkar and Sindhia were on the extreme right . The Maratha line was formed up some 12 km across , with the artillery in front , protected by infantry , pikemen , musketeers and bowmen . The cavalry was instructed to wait behind the artillery and bayonet - wielding musketeers , ready to be thrown in when control of the battlefield had been fully established . Behind this line was another ring of 30,000 young Maratha soldiers who were not battle - tested , and then the civilians . Many were ordinary men , women and children on their pilgrimage to Hindu holy places and shrines . Behind the civilians was yet another protective infantry line , of young , inexperienced soldiers . On the other side the Afghans formed a somewhat similar line , a few metres to the south of today 's Sanauli Road . Their left was being formed by Najib and their right by two brigades of troops . Their left centre was led by two Viziers , Shuja - ud - daulah with 3,000 soldiers and 50 -- 60 cannons and Ahmad Shah 's Vizier Shah Wali with a choice body of 19,000 mailed Afghan horsemen . The right centre consisted of 15,000 Rohillas under Hafiz Rahmat and other chiefs of the Rohilla Pathans . Pasand Khan covered the left wing with 5,000 cavalry , Barkurdar Khan and Amir Beg covered the right with 3,000 Rohilla cavalry . Long - range musketeers were also present during the battle . In this order the army of Ahmed Shah moved forward , leaving him at his preferred post in the centre , which was now in the rear of the line , from where he could watch and direct the battle . Battle ( edit ) Early phases ( edit ) Before dawn on 14 January 1761 , the Maratha troops broke their fast with the last remaining grain in the camp and prepared for combat . They emerged from the trenches , pushing the artillery into position on their prearranged lines , some 2 km from the Afghans . Seeing that the battle was on , Ahmad Shah positioned his 60 smooth - bore cannon and opened fire . The initial attack was led by the Maratha left flank under Ibrahim Khan , who advanced his infantry in formation against the Rohillas and Shah Pasand Khan . The first salvos from the Maratha artillery went over the Afghans ' heads and did very little damage . Nevertheless , the first Afghan attack by Najib Khan 's Rohillas broken by Maratha bowmen and pikemen , along with a unit of the famed Gardi musketeers stationed close to the artillery positions . The second and subsequent salvos were fired at point - blank range into the Afghan ranks . The resulting carnage sent the Rohillas reeling back to their lines , leaving the battlefield in the hands of Ibrahim for the next three hours , during which the 8,000 Gardi musketeers killed about 12,000 Rohillas . In the second phase , Bhau himself led the charge against the left - of - center Afghan forces , under the Afghan Vizier Shah Wali Khan . The sheer force of the attack nearly broke the Afghan lines , and the Afghan soldiers started to desert their positions in the confusion . Desperately trying to rally his forces , Shah Wali appealed to Shuja ud Daulah for assistance . However , the Nawab did not break from his position , effectively splitting the Afghan force 's center . Despite Bhau 's success , the over-enthusiasm of the charge , the attack did n't achieve complete success as many of the half - starved Maratha mounts were exhausted . Final phase ( edit ) The Marathas , under Scindia , attacked Najib . Najib successfully fought a defensive action , however , keeping Scindia 's forces at bay . By noon it looked as though Bhau would clinch victory for the Marathas once again . The Afghan left flank still held its own , but the centre was cut in two and the right was almost destroyed . Ahmad Shah had watched the fortunes of the battle from his tent , guarded by the still unbroken forces on his left . He sent his bodyguards to call up his 15,000 reserve troops from his camp and arranged them as a column in front of his cavalry of musketeers ( Qizilbash ) and 2,000 swivel - mounted shutarnaals or Ushtranaal -- cannons -- on the backs of camels . The shaturnals , because of their positioning on camels , could fire an extensive salvo over the heads of their own infantry , at the Maratha cavalry . The Maratha cavalry was unable to withstand the muskets and camel - mounted swivel cannons of the Afghans . They could be fired without the rider having to dismount and were especially effective against fast - moving cavalry . Abdali therefore , sent 500 of his own bodyguards with orders to raise all able - bodied men out of camp and send them to the front . He sent 1,500 more to punish the front - line troops who attempted to flee the battle and kill without mercy any soldier who would not return to the fight . These extra troops , along with 4,000 of his reserve troops , went to support the broken ranks of the Rohillas on the right . The remainder of the reserve , 10,000 strong , were sent to the aid of Shah Wali , still labouring unequally against the Bhau in the centre of the field . These mailed warriors were to charge with the Vizier in close order and at full gallop . Whenever they charged the enemy in front , the chief of the staff and Najib were directed to fall upon either flank . With their own men in the firing line , the Maratha artillery could not respond to the shathurnals and the cavalry charge . Some 7,000 Maratha cavalry and infantry were killed before the hand - to - hand fighting began at around 14 : 00 hrs . By 16 : 00 hrs , the tired Maratha infantry began to succumb to the onslaught of attacks from fresh Afghan reserves , protected by armoured leather jackets . Outflanked ( edit ) Sadashivrao Bhau who had not kept any reserves , seeing his forward lines dwindling , civilians behind and upon seeing Vishwasrao disappear in the midst of the fighting , felt he had no choice but to come down from his elephant and lead the battle . Taking advantage of this , some Afghan soldiers who had been captured by the Marathas earlier during the siege of Kunjpura revolted . The slaves deliberately spread rumours about the defeat of the Marathas . This brought confusion and great consternation to the Maratha soldiers , who thought that the enemy had attacked from the rear . Some Maratha troops , seeing that their general had disappeared from his elephant , panicked and began to flee . Abdali had given a part of his army the task of surrounding and killing the Gardis , who were at the leftmost part of the Maratha army . Bhausaheb had ordered Vitthal Vinchurkar ( with 1500 cavalry ) and Damaji Gaikwad ( with 2500 cavalry ) to protect the Gardis . However , after seeing the Gardis fight , they lost their patience and decided to fight the Rohillas themselves . Thus , they broke their position and went all out on the Rohillas . The Rohilla riflemen started accurately firing at the Maratha cavalry , which was equipped only with swords . This gave the Rohillas the opportunity to encircle the Gardis and outflank the Maratha centre while Shah Wali pressed on attacking the front . Thus the Gardis were left defenseless and started falling one by one . Vishwasrao had already been killed by a shot to the head . Bhau and his royal Guard fought till the end , the Maratha leader having three horses shot out from under him . At this stage , Holkar , realising the battle was lost , broke from the Maratha left flank and retreated . The Maratha front lines remained largely intact , with some of their artillery units fighting until sunset . Choosing not to launch a night attack , many Maratha troops escaped that night . Bhau 's wife Parvatibai , who was assisting in the administration of the Maratha camp , escaped to Pune with her bodyguard , Janu Bhintada . Some 15,000 soldiers managed to reach Gwalior . Reasons for the outcome ( edit ) Durrani had both numeric as well as qualitative superiority over Marathas . The combined Afghan army was much larger than that of Marathas . Though the infantry of Marathas was organized along European lines and their army had some of the best French - made guns of the time , their artillery was static and lacked mobility against the fast - moving Afghan forces . The heavy mounted artillery of Afghans proved much better in the battlefield than the light artillery of Marathas . None of the other Hindu Kings joined forces to fight Abdali . Allies of Abdali , namely , Najib , Shuja and the Rohillas knew North India very well . He was also diplomatic , striking agreements with Hindu leaders , especially the Jats and Rajputs , and former rivals like the Nawab of Awadh , appealing to him in the name of religion . Moreover , the senior Maratha chiefs constantly bickered with one another . Each had ambitions of carving out their independent states and had no interest in fighting against a common enemy . Some of them did not support the idea of a round battle and wanted to fight using guerilla tactics instead of charging the enemy head - on . The Marathas were fighting alone at a place which was 1000 miles away from their capital Pune . Peshwa 's decision to appoint Sadashivrao Bhau as the Supreme Commander instead of Malharrao Holkar or Raghunathrao proved to be an unfortunate one , as Sadashivrao was totally ignorant of the political and military situation in North India . If Holkar had remained in the battlefield , the Maratha defeat would have been delayed but not averted . Ahmad Shah 's superiority in pitched battle could have been negated if the Marathas had conducted their traditional ganimi kava , or guerrilla warfare , as advised by Malharrao Holkar , in Punjab and in north India . Abdali was in no position to maintain his field army in India indefinitely . Massacres after the battle ( edit ) The Afghan cavalry and pikemen ran wild through the streets of Panipat , killing tens of thousands of Maratha soldiers and civilians . The women and children seeking refuge in streets of Panipat were hounded back in Afghan camps as slaves . Children over 14 were beheaded before their own mothers and sisters . Afghan officers who had lost their kin in battle were permitted to carry out massacres of ' infidel ' Hindus the next day also , in Panipat and the surrounding area . They arranged victory mounds of severed heads outside their camps . According to the single best eye - witness chronicle -- the bakhar by Shuja - ud - Daula 's Diwan Kashi Raj -- about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle . According to Mr. Hamilton of Bombay Gazette about half a million Marathi people were present there in Panipat town and he gives a figure of 40,000 prisoners as executed by Afghans . Many of the fleeing Maratha women jumped into the Panipat wells rather than risk rape and dishonour . All of the prisoners were transported on bullock carts , camels and elephants in bamboo cages . Siyar - ut - Mutakhirin says : `` The unhappy prisoners were paraded in long lines , given a little parched grain and a drink of water , and beheaded ... and the women and children who survived were driven off as slaves -- twenty - two thousand , many of them of the highest rank in the land . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Mahadaji Shinde restored the Maratha domination on northern India , within a decade after the war . The bodies of Vishwasrao and Bhau were recovered by the Marathas and were cremated according to their custom . Bhau 's wife Parvatibai was saved by Holkar , per the directions of Bhau , and eventually returned to Pune . Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao , uninformed about the state of his army , was crossing the Narmada with reinforcements when he heard of the defeat . He returned to Pune and never recovered from the shock of the debacle at Panipat . Jankoji Scindia was taken prisoner and executed at the instigation of Najib . Ibrahim Khan Gardi was tortured and executed by enraged Afghan soldiers . The Marathas never fully recovered from the loss at Panipat , but they remained the predominant military power in India and managed to retake Delhi 10 years later . However , their claim over all of India ended with the three Anglo - Maratha Wars , almost 50 years after Panipat . The Jats under Suraj Mal benefited significantly from not participating in the Battle of Panipat . They provided considerable assistance to the Maratha soldiers and civilians who escaped the fighting . Suraj Mal himself was killed in battle against Najib - ud - Daula in 1763 . Suraj Mal died on 25 December 1763 fighting the Rohillas under Najib , the very people against whom he could have helped the Marathas . Ahmad Shah 's victory left him , in the short term , the undisputed master of North India . However , his alliance quickly unravelled amidst squabbles between his generals and other princes , the increasing restlessness of his soldiers over pay , the increasing Indian heat and arrival of the news that Marathas had organised another 100,000 men in the south to avenge their loss and rescue captured prisoners . Though Abdali won the battle , he also had heavy casualties on his side and sought peace with the Marathas . Abdali sent a letter to Nanasaheb Peshwa ( who was moving towards Delhi , albeit at a very slow pace to join Bhau against Abdali ) appealing to the Peshwa that he was not the one who attacked Bhau and was just defending himself . Abdali wrote in his letter to Peshwa on 10 February 1761 : `` There is no reason to have animosity amongst us . Your son Vishwasrao and your brother Sadashivrao died in battle , was unfortunate . Bhau started the battle , so I had to fight back unwillingly . Yet I feel sorry for his death . Please continue your guardianship of Delhi as before , to that I have no opposition . Only let Punjab until Sutlaj remain with us . Reinstate Shah Alam on Delhi 's throne as you did before and let there be peace and friendship between us , this is my ardent desire . Grant me that desire . '' These circumstances forced Abdali to leave India at the earliest , never to return again . Before departing , he ordered the Indian chiefs , through a Royal Firman ( order ) ( including Clive of India ) , to recognise Shah Alam II as Emperor . Ahmad Shah also appointed Najib - ud - Daula as ostensible regent to the Mughal Emperor . In addition , Najib and Munir - ud - daulah agreed to pay to Abdali , on behalf of the Mughal king , an annual tribute of four million rupees . This was to be Ahmad Shah 's final major expedition to North India , as he became increasingly preoccupied with the increasingly successful rebellions by the Sikhs . Abdali , have n't had achieved much from the battle of Panipat , died soon after on 16 October 1772 in Kandahar Province . Shah Shuja was to regret his decision to join the Afghan forces . In time his forces became embroiled in clashes between the orthodox Sunni Afghans and his own Shia followers . He is alleged to have later secretly sent letters to Bhausaheb through his spies regretting his decision to join Abdali . After the Battle of Panipat the services of the Rohillas were rewarded by grants of Shikohabad to Nawab Faiz - ullah Khan and of Jalesar and Firozabad to Nawab Sadullah Khan . Najib Khan proved to be an effective ruler . However , after his death in 1770 , the Rohillas were defeated by the British East India Company . Najib died on 30 October 1770 . Legacy ( edit ) Further information : Anglo - Maratha Wars The valour displayed by the Marathas was praised by Ahmad Shah Abdali . `` The Marathas fought with the greatest valour which was beyond the capacity of other races . These dauntless blood - shedders did n't fall short in fighting and doing glorious deeds . But ultimately we won with our superior tactics and with the grace of the Divine Lord . '' The Third Battle of Panipat saw an enormous number of deaths and injuries in a single day of battle . It was the last major battle between indigenous South Asian military powers until the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947 . To save their kingdom , the Mughals once again changed sides and welcomed the Afghans to Delhi . The Mughals remained in nominal control over small areas of India , but were never a force again . The empire officially ended in 1857 when its last emperor , Bahadur Shah II , was accused of being involved in the Sepoy Mutiny and exiled . The Marathas ' expansion was delayed due to the battle , and infighting soon broke out within the empire . They recovered their position under the next Peshwa Madhavrao I and by 1771 were back in control of the north , finally occupying Delhi . However , after the death of Madhavrao , due to infighting and increasing pressure from the British , their claims to empire only officially ended in 1818 after three wars with the British . Meanwhile , the Sikhs -- whose rebellion was the original reason Ahmad invaded -- were left largely untouched by the battle . They soon retook Lahore . When Ahmad Shah returned in March 1764 he was forced to break off his siege after only two weeks due to a rebellion in Afghanistan . He returned again in 1767 , but was unable to win any decisive battle . With his own troops complaining about not being paid , he eventually lost the region to the Sikhs , who remained in control until 1849 when it was annexed by the British Empire . The battle was referred to in Rudyard Kipling 's poem `` With Scindia to Delhi '' . `` Our hands and scarfs were saffron - dyed for signal of despair , When we went forth to Paniput to battle with the ~ Mlech ~ , Ere we came back from Paniput and left a kingdom there . '' It is , however , also remembered as a scene of valour on both sides . Santaji Wagh 's corpse was found with over 40 mortal wounds . The bravery of Vishwas Rao , the Peshwa 's son , and Sadashiv Bhau was acknowledged even by the Afghans . In popular culture ( edit ) The film Panipat , was announced by director Ashutosh Gowariker . Starring Arjun Kapoor , Sanjay Dutt and Kriti Sanon . Based on the Third Battle of Panipat . See also ( edit ) First Battle of Panipat Second Battle of Panipat Battle of Sialkot ( 1761 ) Battle of Gujranwala ( 1761 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kaushik Roy , India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil , ( Orient Longman , 2004 ) , 90 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Kaushik ( 2004 ) . India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 8 - 17824 - 109 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : James Grant Duff `` History of the Mahrattas , Vol II ( Ch. 5 ) , Printed for Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , and Green , 1826 '' ^ Jump up to : T.S. Shejwalkar , `` Panipat 1761 '' ( in Marathi and English ) Deccan College Monograph Series . I. , Pune ( 1946 ) Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 2002 ) . Warfare In The Eighteenth Century . Cassell . ISBN 0304362123 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Roy , Kaushik . India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil . p. 80 - 81 . ISBN 978 - 8178241098 . Jump up ^ Keene , H.G. The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan . VI . p. 80 - 81 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Kaushik . India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil . Permanent Black , India . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 8178241098 . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Ashvini ( 1983 ) . `` Events leading to the Battle of Panipat '' . Studies in Mughal History . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 26 . ISBN 8120823265 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Howard ; James Thomson Shotwell ( 1922 ) . `` Mogul Empire '' . The Development of the British Empire . Houghton Mifflin . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Ashvini ( 1983 ) . `` Events leading to the Battle of Panipat '' . Studies in Mughal History . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 26 . ISBN 8120823265 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Also see Syed Altaf Ali Brelvi , Life of Hafiz Rahmat Khan , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Lateef , S M. `` History of the Punjab '' , p. 235 , . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , H.G. ( 1926 ) . An Account Of The Last Battle of Panipat . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , H.G. ( 1926 ) . An Account Of The Last Battle of Panipat . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Keene , H.G. ( 1887 ) . Part I , Chapter VI : The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , H.G. ( 1926 ) . An Account Of The Last Battle of Panipat . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , H.G. ( 1926 ) . An Account Of The Last Battle of Panipat . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ War Elephants Written by Konstantin Nossov , Illustrated by Peter Dennis Format : Trade Paperback ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 268 - 4 Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ Roy , Kaushik . India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil . Permanent Black , India . pp. 80 -- 1 . ISBN 978 - 8178241098 . Jump up ^ Chandra , Satish ( 2004 ) . `` Later Mughals '' . Medieval India : From Sultanate to the Mughals Part II . Har - Anand . ISBN 81 - 241 - 1066 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shejwalkar , Trimbak . Panipat 1761 . ISBN 9788174346421 . Jump up ^ James Rapson , Edward ; Wolseley Haig ; Richard Burn ; Henry Dodwell ; Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler ( 1937 ) . The Cambridge History of India : The Mughul period , planned by W. Haig. 4 . Cambridge University Press . p. 448 . Jump up ^ `` 250 years on , Battle of Panipat revisited '' . Rediff.com. 13 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Claude Markovits , A history of modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . p. 207 . Jump up ^ Roy , Kaushik ( 2004 ) . India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil . Orient Blackswan . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 8 - 17824 - 109 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Rawlinson , H.G. Cambridge History of India . IV . p. 424 and n . ^ Jump up to : Barua , Pradeep ( 1994 ) . `` Military Developments in India , 1750 -- 1850 '' . Journal of Military History . 58 ( 4 ) : 616 . doi : 10.2307 / 2944270 . JSTOR 2944270 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Jadunath ( 1950 ) . Fall of the Mughal Empire . Longmans . p. 235 . Jump up ^ GS Sardesai 's Marathi Riyasat , volume 2. `` The reference for this letter as given by Sardesai in Riyasat -- Peshwe Daftar letters 2.103 , 146 ; 21.206 ; 1.202 , 207 , 210 , 213 ; 29 , 42 , 54 , and 39.161 . Satara Daftar -- document number 2.301 , Shejwalkar 's Panipat , page no . 99 . Moropanta 's account -- 1.1 , 6 , 7 '' . ^ Jump up to : Mohsini , Haroon . `` Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali '' . afghan-network.net . Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , John ( 2002 ) . The History of India . Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Rule of Shah Alam , 1759 -- 1806 The Imperial Gazetteer of India , 1909 , v. 2 , p. 411 . Jump up ^ `` The lost Marathas of third battle of Panipat '' . India Today . 2012 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rao , S. `` Walking the streets of Panipat '' . Indian Oil News . Archived from the original on 28 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) H.G. Rawlinson , An Account Of The Last Battle of Panipat and of the Events Leading To It , Hesperides Press ( 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 2625 - 1 Vishwas Patil , Panipat '' -- a novel based on the 3rd battle of Panipat , Venus ( 1990 ) Uday S. Kulkarni , A Non Fiction book -- ' Solstice at Panipat -- 14 January 1761 ' Mula - Mutha Publishers , Pune ( 2011 ) . ISBN 978 - 81 - 921080 - 0 - 1 An Authentic Account of the Campaign of Panipat . Third Battle of Panipat by Abhas Verma ISBN 9788180903397 Bharatiya Kala Prakashana External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBattle of Panipat ( 1761 ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Panipat War memorial Pictures District Panipat Was late mediaeval India ready for a Revolution in Military Affairs ? Part II Airavat Singh Detailed genealogy of the Durrani dynasty Historical maps of India in the 18th century Links to related articles Durrani dynasty ( 1747 -- 1862 ) Rulers Ahmad Shah Durrani Timur Shah Durrani Zaman Shah Durrani Mahmud Shah Durrani Shuja Shah Durrani Ali Shah Durrani Ayub Shah Durrani Events Maratha conquest of North - west India Third battle of Panipat Adversaries Sadashivrao Bhau Ranjit Singh Mohammad Shah Qajar ( hide ) Maratha Empire Rulers Shivaji Sambhaji Rajaram I Tarabai Shahu I Rajaram II Shahu II Pratap Singh Peshwas Moropant Trimbak Pingle Moreshvar Pingale Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bahiroji Pingale Parashuram Trimbak Kulkarni Balaji Vishwanath Baji Rao I Balaji Baji Rao Madhavrao Ballal Narayan Rao Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Baji Rao II Amrut Rao Nana Sahib Bhat family Women Ahilyabai Holkar Anandibai Gopikabai Jankibai Jijabai Kashibai Mastani Muddupalani Parvatibai Putalabai Radhikabai Ramabai Saibai Sakvarbai Soyarabai Umabai Dabhade Tulsi Bai Holkar Maratha Confederacy Bhonsle of Nagpur Gaekwad of Baroda Scindia of Gwalior Holkar of Indore ( subsidiary or feudatory states ) Battles Pratapgarh Kolhapur Pavan Khind Chakan Surat Purandar Sinhagad Kalyan Bhupalgarh Sangamner Bijapur Raigarh ( 1689 ) Jinji Satara Khelna Raigarh Torna Palkhed Mandsaur 1st Delhi Bhopal Vasai Gajendragad 1st Trichinopoly Katwa ( 1st ) 2nd Trichinopoly Katwa ( 2nd ) Invasions of Bengal Burdwan Udgir 2nd Delhi Attock Peshawar 3rd Panipat Alegaon Rakshabhuvan Panchgaon Saunshi Adoni Badami Savanur Bahadur Benda Lalsot Chaksana Patan Kharda Poona 3rd Delhi Assaye Laswari Farrukhabad Bharatpur Khadki Koregaon Mahidpur Wars Maratha - Mughal War of 27 years Maratha -- Mysore War First Anglo - Maratha War Second Anglo - Maratha War Third Anglo - Maratha War Adversaries Adilshahi Nizamshahi Berar Sultanate Bidar Sultanate Qutbshahi Mughal Empire Durrani Empire British Empire Portuguese Empire Nizam of Hyderabad Mysore Forts Fort Mangad Panhala Pratapgad Purandar Raigad Rajgad Shaniwar Wada Shivneri Sindhudurg Sinhagad Torna Coins Shivrai ( hide ) Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Battle_of_Panipat&oldid=835669042 '' Categories : Battles involving the Maratha Empire Battles involving the Mughal Empire Conflicts in 1761 Battles involving the Durrani Empire Battles involving the Indian kingdoms Panipat Rohilla Battles of the Early Modern era History of Haryana 1761 in India 1760s in the Durrani Empire Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using ISBN magic links Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी ქართული മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 01 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won third battle of panipat in 1761	[ "The specific site of the battle itself is disputed by historians, but most consider it to have occurred somewhere near modern-day Kaalaa Aamb and Sanauli Road. The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125,000 troops. Protracted skirmishes occurred, with losses and gains on both sides. The forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious after destroying several Maratha flanks. The extent of the losses on both sides is heavily disputed by historians, but it is believed that between 60,000–70,000 were killed in fighting, while the numbers of injured and prisoners taken vary considerably. According to the single best eyewitness chronicle—the bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daulah's Diwan Kashi Raj—about 40,000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle.[4] Grant Duff includes an interview of a survivor of these massacres in his History of the Marathas and generally corroborates this number. Shejwalkar, whose monograph Panipat 1761 is often regarded as the single best secondary source on the battle, says that \"not less than 100,000 Marathas (soldiers and non-combatants) perished during and after the battle.\"[3]" ]	[ "The forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani" ]
4395032459462601193	Flag of Hawaii	Flag of Hawaii - wikipedia Flag of Hawaii Jump to : navigation , search State of Hawaii Name Ka Hae Hawai ʻi Use Civil and state flag Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted December 29 , 1845 ; 172 years ago ( 1845 - 12 - 29 ) Design 8 alternating horizontal stripes of white , red , and blue , with a Union flag in the canton . The flag of the state of Hawaii ( Hawaiian : Ka Hae Hawai ʻi ) is the official flag for the U.S. state of Hawaii . The same flag had also previously been used by the kingdom , protectorate , republic , and territory of Hawaii . It is the only U.S. state flag to feature the flag of a foreign country , in this case the Union Jack of the United Kingdom , a remnant of the British Empire 's influence on Hawaiian history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Origins 3 Ka Hae Hawaii Day 4 Flag of the Governor 5 Chronology 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Design ( edit ) The flag of Hawaii flying in Haleakalā National Park The canton of the flag of Hawaii contains the Union Flag of the United Kingdom , prominent over the top quarter closest to the flag mast . The field of the flag is composed of eight horizontal stripes , symbolizing the eight major islands ( Hawai ʻi , Maui , Kaho ʻolawe , Lāna ʻi , Moloka ʻi , Oʻahu , Kaua ʻi , and Ni ʻihau ) . Other versions of the flag have only seven stripes , probably representing the islands with the exception of Kaho ʻolawe or Ni ʻihau . The color of the stripes , from the top down , follows the sequence : white , red , blue , white , red , blue , white , red . The colors were standardized in 1843 , although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used . In 2001 , a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association ( NAVA ) placed Hawaii 's flag 11th in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial , U.S. state and U.S. territorial flags ranked . Origins ( edit ) Flag of the British East India Company Flag of Hawaii , 1816 -- 1845 Flag of Hawaii in 1896 There are various accounts of the earliest history of the flag of Hawaii . One relates how King Kamehameha I flew a British flag , probably a Red Ensign , given to him by British explorer Captain George Vancouver as a token of friendship with King George III . Subsequent visitors reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor , as it was then considered an official Hawaiian flag . An adviser to Kamehameha noted that the Union Flag could draw Hawaii into international conflict , as his kingdom could be seen as an ally of the United Kingdom , and he subsequently lowered the Union Flag over his home at Kamakahonu . While disputed as historically accurate , one account stated that in order to placate U.S. interests during the War of 1812 , a flag of the U.S. was raised over Kamehameha 's home , only to be removed when British officers in the court of Kamehameha vehemently objected to it . This explains why the resulting flag of Hawaii was a deliberate hybrid of the two nations ' flags . In 1816 , Kamehameha commissioned his own flag to avoid this conflict , which has evolved into the current flag . It was probably designed by one of the commanders of the Royal Hawaiian Navy , former officers of the British Royal Navy , who advised Kamehameha , based on a form of the British naval flag . There is debate as to the actual designer : some credit Alexander Adams , others George Charles Beckley . It was very similar to the flag of the British East India Company in use about this time which had only red and white stripes . Captain Adams used this flag for the first time on a Hawaiian trade mission to China in 1817 . The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order red - white - blue , also attributed to various historical flags of the United Kingdom . The flag used at the first official flying of the flag of Hawaii erroneously placed the stripes in the order white - red - blue , although it seems explorers to the island disagree about the exact order of colors and the number of stripes up to the late 1840s . There may have been possibly different versions of the flag with different numbers of stripes and colors . The number of stripes also changed : originally , the flag was designed with either seven or nine horizontal stripes , and in 1845 it was officially changed to eight stripes . The latter arrangement was adopted and is used today . Ka Hae Hawaii Day ( edit ) In 1990 , Governor of Hawaii John Waihee proclaimed July 31 to be Ka Hae Hawaii Day , the Hawaiian Flag Day . It has been celebrated each year since then . It is the same date as Sovereignty Restoration Day , a holiday of the Kingdom of Hawai ʻi that is celebrated by proponents of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement . Flag of the Governor ( edit ) See also : Flags of the Governors of the U.S. States The flag used by the governor of Hawaii is a red and blue bi-color . In the middle of the eight white stars appears the name of the state in all capital letters . During the time Hawaii was a United States territory , the letters in the middle of the flag were `` TH '' , which stood for `` Territory of Hawaii '' . Standard of the governor before statehood in 1959 Standard of the governor of Hawaiʻi Chronology ( edit ) Date Flag Image 1793 -- 1794 British Red Ensign 1794 -- 1816 Flag of Great Britain ( probably not updated in 1801 ) 1816 -- 1843 Early version of the present flag February 1843 -- July 1843 Union Flag ( during the Paulet Affair ) July 1843 -- May 1845 Early version of the present flag May 1845 -- February 1893 The current Hawaiian flag introduced in 1845 February 1893 -- April 1893 U.S. flag ( after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii ) 1894 -- 1898 Hawaiian flag re-adopted by the Republic of Hawaii 1898 -- 1959 Hawaiian flag used by the U.S. territory of Hawaii 1959 -- present Hawaiian flag currently used by the State of Hawaii Gallery ( edit ) Personal Standard of the King Kalakaua Personal Standard of Princess Kaiulani 1868 flag chart Hawaiian quilt from Waimea , before 1918 See also ( edit ) Hawaiʻi portal United Kingdom portal United States portal List of Hawaii state symbols Seal of Hawaii References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Name and Insignia of Hawaii -- State Flag '' . Hawaii State Library . 2006 - 03 - 01 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ BBC History , Jan 2008 Jump up ^ `` 2001 State / Provincial Flag Survey - NAVA.org '' ( PDF ) . nava.org . Jump up ^ `` flag of Hawaii - United States state flag '' . ^ Jump up to : Quaife , Milo ; M.J. Weig ; R.E. Appleman ( 1961 ) . The History of the United States Flag . New York : Harper . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Henry Whalley Nicholson ( 1889 ) . From sword to share : or a fortune in five years at Hawaii . W.H. Allen & Co. pp. 83 -- 85 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hawaii : historical flags '' . Fotw.net . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Howard M. Ballou ( 1906 ) . The Reversal of the Hawaiian Flag . pp. 5 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 5088 - X . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Flag Day Proclamation '' . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Name and Insignia of Hawaii -- Governor 's Flag '' . Hawaii State Library . 2006 - 03 - 01 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Hawaii . Constitutional Provisions for the Display of Ka Hae Hawaii Hawaii at Flags of the World State of Hawaii Honolulu ( capital ) Topics Constitution Delegations Discovery and settlement Earthquakes Geography Government Hawaiianize History Islands ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi ( Hawaiian Language ) Kūʻē Petitions Music People State symbols Tourism Transportation Unification Seal of Hawaii Society Hawaiian architecture Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Energy Folklore Media Politics Sports Main islands Hawai ʻi Kaho ʻolawe Kaua ʻi Lāna ʻi Maui Moloka ʻi Ni ʻihau Oʻahu Northwestern Islands French Frigate Shoals Gardner Kure Laysan Lisianski Maro Reef Necker Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Communities Hilo Honolulu Kahului Kāneʻohe Līhu ʻe Pearl City Waipahu Counties Hawai ʻi Honolulu Kalawao Kaua ʻi Maui Sovereignty Movement Hawaiian Renaissance 2008 occupation of Iolani Palace Flags of the U.S. states , federal district , and other political divisions States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying Islands Johnson Atoll Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Historic CSA Cuba Philippines ( Commonwealth ) California Republic Panama Canal Zone Texas ( Republic ) TTPI USCA Ryukyu Islands Vermont Republic West Florida ( Republic ) Book Portal National and regional flags incorporating the Union Jack Sovereign states Australia Fiji New Zealand Tuvalu United Kingdom Dependent territories United Kingdom Anguilla Ascension Island Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Tristan da Cunha Turks and Caicos Islands New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency States , provinces and other administrative divisions Australia New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Manitoba Ontario United States Hawaii Cities Chile Coquimbo United States Baton Rouge , Louisiana Taunton , Massachusetts Miscellaneous Flags based on British ensigns Mosquito Kingdom ( 1844 -- 1860 ) List of British flags Historical flags of the British Empire George Rex Flag Flags inspired by the Union Jack Basque Country St. Pierre & Miquelon Newfoundland & Labrador Historical Canada South Africa Newfoundland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Hawaii&oldid=839669715 '' Categories : Symbols of Hawaii United States state flags 1845 establishments in Hawaii Flags with crosses Hidden categories : Articles containing Hawaiian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Tok Pisin Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why does the flag of hawaii have the union jack	[ "The flag of the state of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Ka Hae Hawaiʻi) is the official flag for the U.S. state of Hawaii. The same flag had also previously been used by the kingdom, protectorate, republic, and territory of Hawaii. It is the only U.S. state flag to feature the flag of a foreign country, in this case the Union Jack of the United Kingdom, a remnant of the British Empire's influence on Hawaiian history." ]	[ "a remnant of the British Empire's influence on Hawaiian history" ]
2169366966922738862	Battles of Tarain	Battles of Tarain - Wikipedia Battles of Tarain Battles of Tarain Location Haryana The Battles of Tarain , also known as the Battles of Taraori , were fought in 1191 and 1192 near the town of Tarain ( Taraori ) , near Thanesar in present - day Haryana , approximately 150 kilometres north of Delhi , India , between a Ghurid force led by Mu'izz al - Din and a Chauhan Rajput army led by Prithviraj Chauhan . Contents 1 The First Battle 2 The Second Battle 2.1 Size of the forces and generals 2.2 Battle 3 The aftermath 4 The third battle of Tarain 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography The first battle ( edit ) 1st Battle of Tarain Date 1191 Location near Thanesar Result Decisive Chauhan Rajput victory Territorial changes Prithviraj retakes the fortress of Bhatinda Belligerents Ghurid Empire Rajput Commanders and leaders Mu'izz al - Din ( WIA ) Prithviraj Chauhan Strength unknown unknown , reportedly outnumbered Mu'izz al - Din 's army In 1191 , Mu'izz al - Din captured the fortress of Bhatinda in East Punjab , which was on the frontier of Prithiviraj Chauhan 's domains . Prithviraj marched on to Bhatinda and met his enemy at a place called Tarain ( also called Taraori ) near the ancient town of Thanesar . The Ghurid army initiates battle by attacking with cavalry who launch arrows at the Rajput center . The forces of Prithviraj counter-attack from three sides and dominate the battle , pressuring the Ghurid army into a withdrawal . Meanwhile , Mu'izz al - Din is wounded in personal combat with Prithviraj 's brother , Govind Tai . The victory of Prithviraj was decisive , he inflicted the crushing defeat on Mu'izz ad - Din by completely routing his forces and succeeded in stopping the Ghurid advance towards Hindustan in the first battle of Tarain . He did not pursue Ghori 's army either not wanting to invade hostile territory or misjudging Ghori 's ambition , instead electing to retake the fortress of Bhatinda . The second battle ( edit ) 2nd Battle of Tarain Date 1192 Location near Thanesar Result Ghurid victory Territorial changes Mu'izz al - Din takes Bihar province Belligerents Ghurid Empire Rajput Commanders and leaders Mu'izz al - Din Prithviraj Chauhan † Strength 120,000 Modern estimates ( 12,000 - 20,000 Cavalry and 1,200 horse archers ) . 300,000 ( likely exaggeration ) Modern estimates 100,000 soldiers ( cavalry , infantry and War elephants ) . Casualties and losses Prithviraj Chauhan ( executed ) On his return to Ghazni , Mu'izz al - Din made preparations to avenge his defeat . When he reached Lahore , he sent his envoy to Prithviraj to demand his submission , but the Chauhan ruler refused to comply . Prithviraj saw through Mu'izz al - Din 's stratagem and issued a fervent appeal to his fellow Rajput chiefs to come to his aid against the Muslim invader . Size of the forces and generals ( edit ) According to Firishta , the Rajput army consisted of 3,000 elephants , 300,000 cavalry and infantry , most likely a gross exaggeration . Minhaj - i - Siraj , stated Mu'izz al - Din brought 120,000 fully armored men to battle . Battle ( edit ) The battle occurred in the same field as the first one . Knowing the Rajputs were well - disciplined , the Ghurids did not want to engage in melee combat with them . Instead the Ghurids army was formed into five units , and four units were sent to attack the Rajput flanks and rear . The flanking attacks failed and the fighting continued . In hopes of causing a break in the Rajput lines , Mu'izz al - Din ordered his fifth unit to feign retreat . The Rajput 's charged the fleeing Ghurid unit , as the Ghurids expected . The Ghurids then sent a fresh cavalry unit of 12,000 and they managed to throw back the Rajput advance . The remaining Ghurid forces then attack and the Rajputs flee in panic . Prithviraj Chauhan abandons his elephant for a horse and tries to escape . But he is caught a few miles from the battlefield and promptly executed . The aftermath ( edit ) Mu'izz al - Din barely won against Prithviraj , he followed up this victory by defeating Jayachandra in the Battle of Chandawar , eradicating Buddhism in that area . Later in 1202 , his army completes the occupation of Hindustan by taking the province of Bengal . The third battle of Tarain ( edit ) Shamshuddin Iltutmish ( 1211 - 1236 ) , the king of the Mamluk dynasty , also known as Slave dynasty , captured Taj al - Din Yildiz in a battle at Tarain ( 1216 ) and then executed him at Budaun in the same year . See also ( edit ) Prithviraj III Battles of Rajasthan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East , Vol . I , ed . Spencer C. Tucker , ( ABC - CLIO , 2010 ) , 263 . ^ Jump up to : Paul K. Davis , 100 Decisive Battles : From Ancient Times to the Present , ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) , 133 . ^ Jump up to : Satish Chandra , Medieval India : From Sultanat to the Mughals ( 1206 - 1526 ) , ( Har - Anand Publications , 2006 ) , 25 . Jump up ^ Mehta , J.L. ( 1900 ) . Advanced Study In The History Of Medieval India . Bibliography ( edit ) Satish Chandra , Medieval India : From Sultanat to the Mughals ( 1206 -- 1526 ) , Har - Anand Publications , 2006 . Paul K. Davis , 100 Decisive Battles : From Ancient Times to the Present , Oxford University Press , 1999 . A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East , Vol . I , ed . Spencer C. Tucker , ABC - CLIO , 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Tarain&oldid=864766046 '' Categories : Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent Battles involving the Indian kingdoms 12th century in India Battles involving the Ghurids Battles involving the Rajputs Karnal Conflicts in 1191 Conflicts in 1192 1191 in Asia 1192 in Asia Karnal district Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी മലയാളം 日本語 தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 09 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was defeated in second battle of tarain	[ "2nd Battle of TarainDate1192Locationnear ThanesarResult\nGhurid victoryTerritorialchanges\nMu'izz al-Din takes Bihar provinceBelligerents\nGhurid Empire\nRajputCommanders and leaders\nMu'izz al-Din\nPrithviraj Chauhan †Strength\n120,000[3]Modern estimates (12,000-20,000 Cavalry and 1,200 horse archers ).\n300,000 (likely exaggeration)[3]Modern estimates 100,000 soldiers (cavalry , infantry and War elephants).Casualties and losses\n\nPrithviraj Chauhan (executed)" ]	[ "Rajput" ]
-3318007111905726694	Madea's Family Reunion	Madea 's family Reunion - wikipedia Madea 's family Reunion Jump to : navigation , search Tyler Perry 's Madea 's Family Reunion Theatrical release poster Directed by Tyler Perry Produced by Tyler Perry Reuben Cannon Written by Tyler Perry Starring Blair Underwood Keke Palmer Lynn Whitfield Lisa Arrindell Anderson Jenifer Lewis Rochelle Aytes Boris Kodjoe Tyler Perry Music by Elvin Ross Cinematography Toyomichi Kurita Edited by John Carter Production company Tyler Perry Studios Reuben Cannon Productions Distributed by Lionsgate Release date February 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 24 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Spanish Budget $6 million Box office $63.3 million Tyler Perry 's Madea 's Family Reunion is a 2006 comedy - drama film adaptation of the stage production of the same name written by Tyler Perry and sequel to Diary of a Mad Black Woman . It was written and directed by Perry , who also played several characters , including Madea . It was released on February 24 , 2006 , nearly one year following its predecessor , Diary of a Mad Black Woman . The independent film was produced by Lionsgate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Release and reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Audience 4.3 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) After Madea ( Tyler Perry ) violates the terms of her house arrest ( which she was subjected to in the previous film ) , the judge orders her to take in a troubled foster child named Nikki ( Keke Palmer ) in order to avoid jail . Lisa Breaux ( Rochelle Aytes ) , one of Madea 's nieces , is engaged to Carlos Armstrong ( Blair Underwood ) , an abusive and controlling investment banker . While she desperately wants to get out of the engagement , her mother , Victoria ( Lynn Whitfield ) , urges her to go through with the wedding , telling Lisa to avoid doing things that make Carlos angry , because Victoria is a conniving gold digger . Vanessa ( Lisa Arrindell Anderson ) , the other of Madea 's nieces , who lives with her , has two children fathered by two different men , neither of whom is involved in their children 's lives . Victoria regularly degrades Vanessa for this , even referring to her grandchildren as `` bastards '' . Vanessa is successfully , though through some struggle , wooed by poetry - spouting bus driver Frankie Henderson ( Boris Kodjoe ) , who is the single father of a young son , and has a passion for painting . As much as Vanessa likes Frankie , she is emotionally closed off and has a difficult time trusting him . Lisa eventually leaves Carlos with the intention of calling off the wedding . She temporarily moves in with Madea . Carlos , eager to move forward with the wedding , dispatches Victoria to bring her back to him . Victoria confronts Carlos about the abuse , suggesting that insecurity about his masculinity is causing him to act out and that he needs counseling . Carlos counters by suggesting that she 's controlling every aspect of Lisa 's life because she wants to make up for all of the shortcomings in her own . It is then revealed that Victoria , with Carlos ' assistance , has stolen from Lisa 's trust fund over the years , leaving virtually no money left , and is now encouraging Lisa to marry Carlos in order to keep up her livelihood . Carlos makes it clear that he will not bail Victoria out unless the wedding goes forward . Victoria goes to Madea 's house to fetch Lisa , only to end up in a passionate argument with Vanessa , who has become aware of Carlos ' abuse and is eager to protect her sister . During the confrontation , Vanessa reveals a shocking secret to her younger sister : Victoria allowed her second husband , Lisa 's father , to rape Vanessa in order to keep him in the marriage . Vanessa states that the sexual abuse occurred on a regular basis after that , which as a result , left her closed off emotionally and unable to trust the men in her life , including Frankie . Even more shockingly , Victoria makes no attempt to deny Vanessa 's accusations . Instead , she rationalizes her actions , telling her daughters that they would have been destitute if Lisa 's father had left , and that after going through a previous divorce with Vanessa 's father and working two jobs to support the family afterwards , she was tired of struggling and felt that she deserved better . She also reveals that her own mother , a prostitute and drug addict , regularly traded her for `` ten dollars and a fix '' , almost mirroring what she 'd done with Vanessa and Lisa 's father . Victoria then states that she would not allow Vanessa to ruin her happiness , and that she would not apologize for the choices she 'd made . She then turns on a horrified Lisa , demanding that Lisa begin taking care of her financially as she made sure that Lisa had the best of everything while she was growing up . Victoria then leaves and later lies to Lisa and tells her that Carlos has agreed to counseling . Lisa returns to Carlos and resumes her wedding plans . At the family reunion , held at the home of ninety - six - year - old Aunt Ruby ( Georgia Allen ) , Vanessa and Victoria get into another verbal confrontation , eventually turning into a physical fight after Victoria insults Vanessa about her relationship with Frankie in front of the family . The fight is broken up when Myrtle , ( Cicely Tyson ) Madea 's daughter - in - law , and Aunt May ( Maya Angelou ) gathers the family members to an old shack the family 's ancestors grew up in . They , along with some of the older members of the family are appalled by how the family has turned out and Myrtle gives a long speech convincing them to act better to each other and to themselves . On the day of Lisa 's wedding , Madea tells her to stand up against Carlos and fight back . When he finds her , he asks that he and Lisa be alone . Madea asks Carlos if he 'd like something to eat , and tells Lisa to give him some grits on the stove , making sure to tell Lisa that they 're hot . When Madea leaves the room , Carlos slaps Lisa in the face , but then , in retaliation , she throws the pot of hot grits in his face , burning him badly , and then beats him with a frying pan , as Madea listens outside with laughter . She then takes off her ring and throws it at an injured Carlos before leaving . At the church , Lisa announces to the guests that Carlos had been beating her every day since they were engaged and that the wedding is off . Frankie then asks Vanessa to marry him . She says yes , and they 're married at the church instead . At the reception , Victoria tells Vanessa that the two are a beautiful couple and they hug , signifying the first steps in a possible reconciliation . Cast ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Brian , Joe , and Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons Blair Underwood as Carlos Armstrong Lynn Whitfield as Victoria Breaux Boris Kodjoe as Frankie Henderson Lisa Arrindell Anderson as Vanessa Breaux Maya Angelou as Aunt May Rochelle Aytes as Lisa Breaux Jenifer Lewis as Milay Jenay Lori Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady Tangi Miller as Donna Henry Simmons as Isaac Cicely Tyson as Myrtle China Anne McClain as Tamara Johnny Gill as Wedding singer Cassi Davis as Aunt Sarah Georgia Allen as Aunt Ruby Nicholas Ortiz as Himself Judge Mablean Ephriam ( cameo ) as Herself David Wiebers as Wedding Musician ( trumpet ) Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack was released by Motown Records on February 21 , 2006 . Track listing No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Find Myself in You '' Brian McKnight 4 : 14 2 . `` We 're Gonna Make It '' LL Cool J and Mary Mary 4 : 54 3 . `` Keep Your Head Up '' Chaka Khan 4 : 34 4 . `` Tonight '' Kem 3 : 55 5 . `` Everyday ( Family Reunion ) '' Chaka Khan , Carl Thomas , Yolanda Adams , and Gerald Levert 4 : 48 6 . `` Love and Happiness '' Al Green 5 : 02 7 . `` You For Me ( Wedding Song ) '' Johnny Gill 5 : 37 8 . `` Family Reunion '' The O'Jays 6 : 55 9 . `` I 'll Be '' Will Downing 4 : 10 10 . `` Wounds in the Way '' Rachelle Ferrell 4 : 21 Release and reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Madea 's Family Reunion was budgeted at $6 million and opened at # 1 in its opening weekend ( 2 / 24 - 26 ) with $30,030,661 and eventually grossed $63,257,940 in North America with an additional $50,939 internationally , tying $63,308,879 worldwide after 9 weeks in theaters . Small independent filmmaker Tyler Perry has garnered one of the highest wide - release openings to date in 2006 , in both gross ( $30 million ) and screen average ( $13,687 ) . `` The number one movie is Madea 's Family Reunion , a small comedy / melodrama which grossed an astounding $30.3 million from 2,194 venues . It had a super-hot venue average of $13,787 ... '' `` Playing at 2,194 locations across North America , the film averaged a remarkable estimated $13,788 per screen , demonstrating the enormous breadth and depth of Perry 's audience . The debut weekend of Madea 's Family Reunion outperformed the opening weekend of Lionsgate 's first Tyler Perry film , Diary of a Mad Black Woman , by nearly 40 percent . '' Audience ( edit ) The reasoning for the film 's relative success , according to Steve Rothenberg , Lions Gate president of domestic distribution , is due to its targeted market appeal , `` I believe that we 're in all the right theaters ... I 'm not sure there 's much room for expansion . '' To illustrate the point , Lions Gate 's exit polls showed 52 percent of the audience were black women over the age of 35 . Critical reception ( edit ) Madea 's Family Reunion received mixed reviews from critics . It holds a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 25 % , based on 55 reviews , with an average rating of 4.5 / 10 . The consensus reads `` Tyler Perry 's Madea 's Family Reunion is sincere in its positive intentions , but leaves something to be desired as a film . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 45 % based on reviews from 18 critics . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2006&wknd=08&p=.htm Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=madeasfamilyreunion.htm Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=opening&yr=2006&p=.htm Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/060226/nysu016.html?.v=39 ^ Jump up to : http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2013&p=.htm Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/madeas_family_reunion/ Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/madeasfamilyreunion External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Family Reunion on IMDb Madea 's Family Reunion at Box Office Mojo Madea 's Family Reunion at Rotten Tomatoes Madea 's Family Reunion at Metacritic ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony The List Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madea%27s_Family_Reunion&oldid=836828851 '' Categories : 2006 films 2000s comedy - drama films Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Atlanta Films about domestic violence English - language films American romantic drama films Films directed by Tyler Perry Directorial debut films African - American films American films Sequel films Lions Gate Entertainment films Screenplays by Tyler Perry American comedy - drama films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 02 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played aunt ruby in madea's family reunion	[ "Victoria then states that she would not allow Vanessa to ruin her happiness, and that she would not apologize for the choices she'd made. She then turns on a horrified Lisa, demanding that Lisa begin taking care of her financially as she made sure that Lisa had the best of everything while she was growing up. Victoria then leaves and later lies to Lisa and tells her that Carlos has agreed to counseling. Lisa returns to Carlos and resumes her wedding plans. At the family reunion, held at the home of ninety-six-year-old Aunt Ruby (Georgia Allen), Vanessa and Victoria get into another verbal confrontation, eventually turning into a physical fight after Victoria insults Vanessa about her relationship with Frankie in front of the family. The fight is broken up when Myrtle, (Cicely Tyson) Madea's daughter-in-law, and Aunt May (Maya Angelou) gathers the family members to an old shack the family's ancestors grew up in. They, along with some of the older members of the family are appalled by how the family has turned out and Myrtle gives a long speech convincing them to act better to each other and to themselves." ]	[ "Georgia Allen" ]
4546260288969344186	National bank	National bank - wikipedia National bank For other uses , see National bank ( disambiguation ) . `` The National Bank '' redirects here . For the Norwegian band , see The National Bank ( band ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on financial services Banking Types of banks ( hide ) Advising Banq Central Commercial Community development Cooperative Credit union Custodian Depository Direct Export credit agency Investment Industrial Merchant Mutual savings National Offshore Participation Postal savings Private Public Retail Savings Savings and loan Universal Bank holding company Lists of banks Accounts Cards ( show ) Accounts Christmas club Deposit Money - market Savings Time deposit ( Bond ) Transaction ( checking / current ) Cards ATM Credit Debit Funds transfer ( show ) Electronic bill payment Wire Cheque SWIFT Automated Clearing House Giro Terms ( show ) Automated teller machine Bank regulation Loan Money creation Bank secrecy Ethical banking Fractional - reserve banking Islamic banking Private banking Related topics ( show ) Financial market ( participants ) Corporate finance Personal finance Public finance Financial law Financial regulation List of banks In banking , the term national bank carries several meanings : especially in developing countries , a bank owned by the state an ordinary private bank which operates nationally ( as opposed to regionally or locally or even internationally ) in the United States , an ordinary private bank operating within a specific regulatory structure , which may or may not operate nationally , under the supervision of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency . In the past , the term `` national bank '' has been used synonymously with `` central bank '' , but it is no longer used in this sense today . Some central banks may have the words `` National Bank '' in their name ; conversely if a bank is named in this way , it is not automatically considered a central bank . For example , National Bank of Canada of Montreal , Canada , is a privately owned commercial bank . On the other side , National Bank of Ethiopia is the central bank of Ethiopia and National Bank of Cambodia is the central bank of Cambodia . Contents 1 Afghanistan 2 Argentina 3 Australia 4 Bulgaria 5 Canada 6 Chile 7 Colombia 8 Denmark 9 India 10 Iran 11 Kenya 12 New Zealand 13 Pakistan 14 Palestine 15 Serbia 16 South Africa 17 United States 18 References 19 External links Afghanistan ( edit ) Pashtany Bank is the government - owned bank in based in Kabul that controls Da Afghanistan Bank as well as the Afghan National Bank . Argentina ( edit ) Argentina 's national bank is the Banco de la Nación Argentina , founded in 1891 . Australia ( edit ) The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was founded by an Australian Act of Parliament in 1911 . Bank Nationalisation was the policy of the Andrew Fisher Labor Government . In a rare move for the time , the bank was to have both savings and general bank business . The bank was also the first bank in Australia to receive a Federal Government guarantee . In 1958 and 1959 , there was a controversy concerning the dual function of the bank as the central bank on the one hand and a general bank on the other . As a result of this , the bank was split , giving the reserve bank function to the Reserve Bank of Australia and the general bank function to the Commonwealth Banking Corporation . The Commonwealth bank was privatised in the 1990s by the Keating Labor government . As of 2016 , it is one of the big four banks , along with the National Australia Bank which has always been privately owned . Bulgaria ( edit ) Bulgarian national bank was founded on 25.01. 1879 and it is the 13 oldest central bank in the world . Its headquarter is in Sofia . BNB is an independent institution responsible for the issuance of national currency ( the Bulgarian lev ) and maintenance of the bank system 's stability . The bank has a key role in Bulgarian economy . Since 1.01. 2007 the bank is a member of European system of central banks . The governor of BNB is a member of General Assembly of European central bank . The bank has three departments : - Issue Department - responsible to maintain the full foreign exchange cover of the total amount of monetary liabilities i.s. responsible for issuance of national currency ; - Banking department - in case of system risk , this department performs the lender of last resort function . This department performs the function of a monetary board , introduced in Bg , since 1997 . - Supervision Department - performs the supervision of the bank system . Canada ( edit ) For Canada 's central bank see Bank of Canada . The National Bank of Canada is a privately owned bank unrelated to the central bank . Chile ( edit ) The national bank in Chile is BancoEstado . It was created in 1953 by merging several state - owned financial institutions . The bank operates in competition with private banks but in addition to profitability its goals include having a positive social impact . Colombia ( edit ) The national bank in Colombia is the Bank of the Republic . Its primary role is to control the flow of money inside and outside the country and to issue the Colombian currency , the peso . Denmark ( edit ) Danmarks Nationalbank is the central bank of the Kingdom of Denmark . India ( edit ) The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development ( NABARD ) is an Indian government development bank that was established on 18 July 1981 to implement the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981 . Iran ( edit ) Iran 's national bank is Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran ( CBI ) ( Persian : بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ايران ‎ , Bank Markazi Jomhouri Islami Iran ) . It was established in 1960 . Kenya ( edit ) National Bank of Kenya is a commercial bank founded in 1968 . Its shares are listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange and are majority owned ( 70 % ) jointly by the Government of Kenya and by the state owned National Social Security Fund of Kenya . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand currently has one state - owned bank , Kiwibank , established in 2001 . The New Zealand government formerly owned two other banks in New Zealand : The Bank of New Zealand , from 1945 to 1992 when it was privatised and sold , and Post Office Savings Bank , which was created as a separate entity with the privatisation of New Zealand Post . PostBank was sold to ANZ New Zealand in 1989 . The National Bank of New Zealand was a retail bank which , in 2003 , was purchased by ANZ from its former owner , Lloyds TSB . In 2013 it was rebranded as ANZ . Pakistan ( edit ) National Bank of Pakistan is a major bank in Pakistan . Palestine ( edit ) The National Bank TNB is the leading bank in Palestine . Serbia ( edit ) National Bank of Serbia is the state - owned central bank in Serbia which regulates the currency Serbian dinar . South Africa ( edit ) First National Bank ( South Africa ) is a commercial bank and is one of the `` Big Four '' banks in South Africa . United States ( edit ) See also : History of central banking in the United States In the United States , the term national bank originally referred to the Revolutionary War - era Bank of North America ( later the First Bank of the United States ) or its successor , the Second Bank of the United States . Both are now defunct . In the modern United States , the term national bank has a precise meaning : a banking institution chartered and supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( `` OCC '' ) , an agency in the U.S. Treasury Department , pursuant to the National Bank Act . Inclusion in the bank 's name of the word National , the designation National Association , or its abbreviation N.A. is a required part of the distinguishing legal title of a national bank , as in `` Citibank , N.A. '' Many state banks , by contrast , are chartered by the applicable state government agencies ( usually the state 's department of banking ) . The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) insures deposits at both national and state banks . The advantage of holding a National Bank Act charter is that a national bank is not subject to state usury laws intended to prevent predatory lending . ( However , see also Cuomo v. Clearing House Association , L.L.C. , stating that federal banking regulations do not preempt the ability of states to enforce their own fair - lending laws . ) There is currently no federal cap on rates . The federal government only requires that whatever rates , fees , or terms are set by issuers be disclosed to the consumer in accordance with the Truth in Lending Act . Notwithstanding the name , not all national banks have nationwide operations . Some national banks have operations in only one city , county , or state . National banks should also be distinguished from federal savings associations , including federal savings and loans and federal savings banks , which are financial institutions chartered by the Office of Thrift Supervision , an agency of the U.S. Treasury Department that was merged with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency on July 21 , 2012 . The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States ; it is not a national bank but rather a unique system of institutions specially chartered by Congress to serve in this capacity . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.en.corporativo.bancoestado.cl/Investor_Relations/Corporate_Information/Strategic_Pillars.aspx Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Official Website of NABARD '' . Nabard.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` General Information '' . Cbi.ir. 2011 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Audited December 2012 Financial Report '' ( PDF ) . Nationalbank.co.ke . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` National Bank sale to investor dropped in new funding plan - Corporate News '' . Businessdailyafrica.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Huo , Jingjing ( 2009 ) . Third Way Reforms : Social Democracy After the Golden Age . Cambridge University Press . p. 307 . ISBN 9780521518437 . Jump up ^ Beneficial National Bank v. Anderson , 539 U.S. 1 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Cuomo v. Clearing House Association , L.L.C. , 557 U.S. ___ ( Supreme Court of the United States 2009 ) . External links ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton : for the bank ( February 23 , 1791 ) James Madison Debates the Constitutionality of a National Bank Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_bank&oldid=845316040 '' Categories : Banks Banking terms Monetary reform Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Persian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 00 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the na mean after a bank name	[ "In the modern United States, the term national bank has a precise meaning: a banking institution chartered and supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (\"OCC\"), an agency in the U.S. Treasury Department, pursuant to the National Bank Act. Inclusion in the bank's name of the word National, the designation National Association, or its abbreviation N.A. is a required part of the distinguishing legal title of a national bank, as in \"Citibank, N.A.\" Many state banks, by contrast, are chartered by the applicable state government agencies (usually the state's department of banking). The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures deposits at both national and state banks.\n" ]	[ "National Association" ]
3622553057421500225	United States Bill of Rights	United States Bill of Rights - wikipedia United States Bill of Rights Jump to : navigation , search United States Bill of Rights United States Bill of Rights Created September 25 , 1789 Ratified December 15 , 1791 Location National Archives Author ( s ) James Madison This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution . Proposed following the often bitter 1787 -- 88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution , and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists , the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights , clear limitations on the government 's power in judicial and other proceedings , and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people . The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents , including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights , along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta ( 1215 ) . In practice , the amendments had little impact on judgments by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification . On June 8 , 1789 , Representative James Madison introduced nine amendments to the Constitution in the House of Representatives . Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One , Section 9 . Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments . Ultimately , on September 25 , 1789 , Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution , each consisting of one one - sentence paragraph , and submitted them to the states for ratification . Contrary to Madison 's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution , they were proposed as supplemental additions ( codicils ) to it . Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15 , 1791 , and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution . Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5 , 1992 , as the Twenty - seventh Amendment . Article One is technically still pending before the states . Although Madison 's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states , the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government . The door for their application upon state governments was opened in the 1860s , following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment . Since the early 20th century both federal and state courts have used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply portions of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments . The process is known as incorporation . There are several original engrossed copies of the Bill of Rights still in existence . One of these is on permanent public display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The Philadelphia Convention 1.2 The Anti-Federalists 1.3 The Federalists 1.4 Massachusetts compromise 2 Proposal and ratification 2.1 Anticipating amendments 2.2 Crafting amendments 2.3 Ratification process 3 Application and text 3.1 First Amendment 3.2 Second Amendment 3.3 Third Amendment 3.4 Fourth Amendment 3.5 Fifth Amendment 3.6 Sixth Amendment 3.7 Seventh Amendment 3.8 Eighth Amendment 3.9 Ninth Amendment 3.10 Tenth Amendment 4 Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background The Philadelphia convention Main article : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Prior to the ratification and implementation of the United States Constitution , the thirteen sovereign states followed the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress and ratified in 1781 . However , the national government that operated under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to adequately regulate the various conflicts that arose between the states . The Philadelphia Convention set out to correct weaknesses of the Articles that had been apparent even before the American Revolutionary War had been successfully concluded . The convention took place from May 14 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles , the intention of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The convention convened in the Pennsylvania State House , and George Washington of Virginia was unanimously elected as president of the convention . The 55 delegates who drafted the Constitution are among the men known as the Founding Fathers of the new nation . Thomas Jefferson , who was Minister to France during the convention , characterized the delegates as an assembly of `` demi - gods . '' Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the convention . On September 12 , George Mason of Virginia suggested the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution modeled on previous state declarations , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts made it a formal motion . However , the motion was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations after only a brief discussion . Madison , then an opponent of a Bill of Rights , later explained the vote by calling the state bills of rights `` parchment barriers '' that offered only an illusion of protection against tyranny . Another delegate , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , later argued that the act of enumerating the rights of the people would have been dangerous , because it would imply that rights not explicitly mentioned did not exist ; Hamilton echoed this point in Federalist No. 84 . Because Mason and Gerry had emerged as opponents of the proposed new Constitution , their motion -- introduced five days before the end of the convention -- may also have been seen by other delegates as a delaying tactic . The quick rejection of this motion , however , later endangered the entire ratification process . Author David O. Stewart characterizes the omission of a Bill of Rights in the original Constitution as `` a political blunder of the first magnitude '' while historian Jack N. Rakove calls it `` the one serious miscalculation the framers made as they looked ahead to the struggle over ratification '' . Thirty - nine delegates signed the finalized Constitution . Thirteen delegates left before it was completed , and three who remained at the convention until the end refused to sign it : Mason , Gerry , and Edmund Randolph of Virginia . Afterward , the Constitution was presented to the Articles of Confederation Congress with the request that it afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates , chosen in each State by the people , for their assent and ratification . The Anti-Federalists On June 5 , 1788 , Patrick Henry spoke before Virginia 's ratification convention in opposition to the Constitution . Following the Philadelphia Convention , some leading revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry , Samuel Adams , and Richard Henry Lee publicly opposed the new frame of government , a position known as `` Anti-Federalism '' . Elbridge Gerry wrote the most popular Anti-Federalist tract , `` Hon . Mr. Gerry 's Objections '' , which went through 46 printings ; the essay particularly focused on the lack of a bill of rights in the proposed constitution . Many were concerned that a strong national government was a threat to individual rights and that the president would become a king . Jefferson wrote to Madison advocating a Bill of Rights : `` Half a loaf is better than no bread . If we can not secure all our rights , let us secure what we can . '' The pseudonymous Anti-Federalist `` Brutus '' wrote , We find they have , in the ninth section of the first article declared , that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , unless in cases of rebellion -- that no bill of attainder , or ex post facto law , shall be passed -- that no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States , etc . If every thing which is not given is reserved , what propriety is there in these exceptions ? Does this Constitution any where grant the power of suspending the habeas corpus , to make ex post facto laws , pass bills of attainder , or grant titles of nobility ? It certainly does not in express terms . The only answer that can be given is , that these are implied in the general powers granted . With equal truth it may be said , that all the powers which the bills of rights guard against the abuse of , are contained or implied in the general ones granted by this Constitution . He continued with this observation : Ought not a government , vested with such extensive and indefinite authority , to have been restricted by a declaration of rights ? It certainly ought . So clear a point is this , that I can not help suspecting that persons who attempt to persuade people that such reservations were less necessary under this Constitution than under those of the States , are wilfully endeavoring to deceive , and to lead you into an absolute state of vassalage . The Federalists Supporters of the Constitution , known as Federalists , opposed a bill of rights for much of the ratification period , in part due to the procedural uncertainties it would create . Madison argued against such an inclusion , suggesting that state governments were sufficient guarantors of personal liberty , in No. 46 of The Federalist Papers , a series of essays promoting the Federalist position . Hamilton opposed a bill of rights in The Federalist No. 84 , stating that `` the constitution is itself in every rational sense , and to every useful purpose , a bill of rights . He stated that ratification did not mean the American people were surrendering their rights , making protections unnecessary : `` Here , in strictness , the people surrender nothing , and as they retain everything , they have no need of particular reservations . '' Patrick Henry criticized the federalist point of view , writing that the legislature must be firmly informed `` of the extent of the rights retained by the people ... being in a state of uncertainty , they will assume rather than give up powers by implication . '' Other anti-federalists pointed out that earlier political documents , in particular the Magna Carta had protected specific rights . In response , Hamilton argued that the Constitution was inherently different : Bills of rights are in their origin , stipulations between kings and their subjects , abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege , reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince . Such was the Magna Charta , obtained by the Barons , swords in hand , from King John . Massachusetts compromise Main article : Massachusetts Compromise George Washington 's 1788 letter to the Marquis de Lafayette observed , `` the Convention of Massachusetts adopted the Constitution in toto ; but recommended a number of specific alterations and quieting explanations . '' Source : Library of Congress In December 1787 and January 1788 , five states -- Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia , and Connecticut -- ratified the Constitution with relative ease , though the bitter minority report of the Pennsylvania opposition was widely circulated . In contrast to its predecessors , the Massachusetts convention was angry and contentious , at one point erupting into a fistfight between Federalist delegate Francis Dana and Anti-Federalist Elbridge Gerry when the latter was not allowed to speak . The impasse was resolved only when revolutionary heroes and leading Anti-Federalists Samuel Adams and John Hancock agreed to ratification on the condition that the convention also propose amendments . The convention 's proposed amendments included a requirement for grand jury indictment in capital cases , which would form part of the Fifth Amendment , and an amendment reserving powers to the states not expressly given to the federal government , which would later form the basis for the Tenth Amendment . Following Massachusetts ' lead , the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments . A committee of the Virginia convention headed by law professor George Wythe forwarded forty recommended amendments to Congress , twenty of which enumerated individual rights and another twenty of which enumerated states ' rights . The latter amendments included limitations on federal powers to levy taxes and regulate trade . A minority of the Constitution 's critics , such as Maryland 's Luther Martin , continued to oppose ratification . However , Martin 's allies , such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was , '' seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . The New York Anti-Federalist `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' , but it failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately , only North Carolina and Rhode Island waited for amendments from Congress before ratifying . Article Seven of the proposed Constitution set the terms by which the new frame of government would be established . The new Constitution would become operational when ratified by at least nine states . Only then would it replace the existing government under the Articles of Confederation and would apply only to those states that ratified it . Following contentious battles in several states , the proposed Constitution reached that nine state ratification plateau in June 1788 . On September 13 , 1788 , the Articles of Confederation Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for the new system to be implemented and directed the new government to meet in New York City on the first Wednesday in March the following year . On March 4 , 1789 , the new frame of government came into force with eleven of the thirteen states participating . Proposal and ratification Anticipating amendments James Madison , primary author and chief advocate for the Bill of Rights in the First Congress The 1st United States Congress , which met in New York City 's Federal Hall , was a triumph for the Federalists . The Senate of eleven states contained 20 Federalists with only two Anti-Federalists , both from Virginia . The House included 48 Federalists to 11 Anti-Federalists , the latter of whom were from only four states : Massachusetts , New York , Virginia and South Carolina . Among the Virginia delegation to the House was James Madison , Patrick Henry 's chief opponent in the Virginia ratification battle . In retaliation for Madison 's victory in that battle at Virginia 's ratification convention , Henry and other Anti-Federalists , who controlled the Virginia House of Delegates had gerrymandered a hostile district for Madison 's planned congressional run and recruited Madison 's future presidential successor , James Monroe , to oppose him . Madison defeated Monroe after offering a campaign pledge that he would introduce constitutional amendments comprising a Bill of Rights at the First Congress . Originally opposed to the inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution , he had gradually come to understand the importance of doing so during the often contentious ratification debates . By taking the initiative to propose amendments himself through the Congress , he hoped to preempt a second constitutional convention that might , it was feared , undo the difficult compromises of 1787 , and open the entire Constitution to reconsideration , thus risking the dissolution of the new federal government . Writing to Jefferson , he stated , `` The friends of the Constitution , some from an approbation of particular amendments , others from a spirit of conciliation , are generally agreed that the System should be revised . But they wish the revisal to be carried no farther than to supply additional guards for liberty . '' He also felt that amendments guaranteeing personal liberties would `` give to the Government its due popularity and stability '' . Finally , he hoped that the amendments `` would acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free government , and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment , counteract the impulses of interest and passion '' . Historians continue to debate the degree to which Madison considered the amendments of the Bill of Rights necessary , and to what degree he considered them politically expedient ; in the outline of his address , he wrote , `` Bill of Rights -- useful -- not essential -- '' . On the occasion of his April 30 , 1789 inauguration as the nation 's first president , George Washington addressed the subject of amending the Constitution . He urged the legislators , whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government , or which ought to await the future lessons of experience ; a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen , and a regard for public harmony , will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question , how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted . Crafting amendments James Madison introduced a series of Constitutional amendments in the House of Representatives for consideration . Among his proposals was one that would have added introductory language stressing natural rights to the preamble . Another would apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government . Several sought to protect individual personal rights by limiting various Constitutional powers of Congress . Like Washington , Madison urged Congress to keep the revision to the Constitution `` a moderate one '' , limited to protecting individual rights . Madison was deeply read in the history of government and used a range of sources in composing the amendments . The English Magna Carta of 1215 inspired the right to petition and to trial by jury , for example , while the English Bill of Rights of 1689 provided an early precedent for the right to keep and bear arms ( although this applied only to Protestants ) and prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The greatest influence on Madison 's text , however , was existing state constitutions . Many of his amendments , including his proposed new preamble , were based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights drafted by Anti-Federalist George Mason in 1776 . To reduce future opposition to ratification , Madison also looked for recommendations shared by many states . He did provide one , however , that no state had requested : `` No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' He did not include an amendment that every state had asked for , one that would have made tax assessments voluntary instead of contributions . James Madison 's proposed amendments to the Constitution : First . That there be prefixed to the constitution a declaration that all power is originally vested in , and consequently derived from the people . That government is instituted , and ought to be exercised for the benefit of the people ; which consists in the enjoyment of life and liberty , with the right of acquiring and using property , and generally of pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety . That the people have an indubitable , unalienable , and indefeasible right to reform or change their government , whenever it be found adverse or inadequate to the purposes of its institution . Secondly . That in article 1st , section 2 , clause 3 , these words be struck out , to wit : `` The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand , but each State shall have at least one Representative , and until such enumeration shall be made ; '' and in place thereof be inserted these words , to wit : `` After the first actual enumeration , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number amounts to -- , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that the number shall never be less than -- , nor more than -- , but each State shall , after the first enumeration , have at least two Representatives ; and prior thereto . '' Thirdly . That in article 2nd , section 6 , clause 1 , there be added to the end of the first sentence , these words , to wit , `` But no law varying the compensation last ascertained shall operate before the next ensuing election of representatives . '' Fourthly . That in article 2nd , section 9 , between clauses 3 and 4 , be inserted these clauses , to wit , The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience by in any manner , or on any pretext infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good , nor from applying to the legislature by petitions , or remonstrances for redress of their grievances . The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed , and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor at any time , but in a manner warranted by law . No person shall be subject , except in cases of impeachment , to more than one punishment , or one trial for the same office ; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property without due process of law ; nor be obliged to relinquish his property , where it may be necessary for public use , without a just compensation . Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The rights of the people to be secured in their persons , their houses , their papers , and their other property from all unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated by warrants issued without probable cause , supported by oath or affirmation , or not particularly describing the places to be searched , or the persons or things to be seized . In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the cause and nature of the accusation , to be confronted with his accusers , and the witnesses against him ; to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense . The exceptions here or elsewhere in the constitution , made in favor of particular rights , shall not be so construed as to diminish the just importance of other rights retained by the people ; or as to enlarge the powers delegated by the constitution ; but either as actual limitations of such powers , or as inserted merely for greater caution . Fifthly . That in article 2nd , section 10 , between clauses 1 and 2 , be inserted this clause , to wit : No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases Sixthly . That article 3rd , section 2 , be annexed to the end of clause 2nd , these words to wit : but no appeal to such court shall be allowed where the value in controversy shall not amount to -- dollars : nor shall any fact triable by jury , according to the course of common law , be otherwise re-examinable than may consist with the principles of common law . Seventhly . That in article 3rd , section 2 , the third clause be struck out , and in its place be inserted the classes following , to wit : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachments , and cases arising in the land or naval forces , or the militia when on actual service in time of war or public danger ) shall be by an impartial jury of freeholders of the vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , of the right of challenge , and other accustomed requisites ; and in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member , presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary , provided that in cases of crimes committed within any county which may be in possession of an enemy , or in which a general insurrection may prevail , the trial may by law be authorized in some other county of the same State , as near as may be to the seat of the offence . In cases of crimes committed not within any county , the trial may by law be in such county as the laws shall have prescribed . In suits at common law , between man and man , the trial by jury , as one of the best securities to the rights of the people , ought to remain inviolate . Eighthly . That immediately after article 6th , be inserted , as article 7th , the clauses following , to wit : The powers delegated by this constitution , are appropriated to the departments to which they are respectively distributed : so that the legislative department shall never exercise the powers vested in the executive or judicial ; nor the executive exercise the powers vested in the legislative or judicial ; nor the judicial exercise the powers vested in the legislative or executive departments . The powers not delegated by this constitution , nor prohibited by it to the states , are reserved to the States respectively . Ninthly . That article 7th , be numbered as article 8th . Federalist representatives were quick to attack Madison 's proposal , fearing that any move to amend the new Constitution so soon after its implementation would create an appearance of instability in the government . The House , unlike the Senate , was open to the public , and members such as Fisher Ames warned that a prolonged `` dissection of the constitution '' before the galleries could shake public confidence . A procedural battle followed , and after initially forwarding the amendments to a select committee for revision , the House agreed to take Madison 's proposal up as a full body beginning on July 21 , 1789 . The eleven - member committee made some significant changes to Madison 's nine proposed amendments , including eliminating most of his preamble and adding the phrase `` freedom of speech , and of the press '' . The House debated the amendments for eleven days . Roger Sherman of Connecticut persuaded the House to place the amendments at the Constitution 's end so that the document would `` remain inviolate '' , rather than adding them throughout , as Madison had proposed . The amendments , revised and condensed from twenty to seventeen , were approved and forwarded to the Senate on August 24 , 1789 . The Senate edited these amendments still further , making 26 changes of its own . Madison 's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government was eliminated , and the seventeen amendments were condensed to twelve , which were approved on September 9 , 1789 . The Senate also eliminated the last of Madison 's proposed changes to the preamble . On September 21 , 1789 , a House -- Senate Conference Committee convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals . On September 24 , 1789 , the committee issued this report , which finalized 12 Constitutional Amendments for House and Senate to consider . This final version was approved by joint resolution of Congress on September 25 , 1789 , to be forwarded to the states on September 28 . By the time the debates and legislative maneuvering that went into crafting the Bill of Rights amendments was done , many personal opinions had shifted . A number of Federalists came out in support , thus silencing the Anti-Federalists ' most effective critique . Many Anti-Federalists , in contrast , were now opposed , realizing that Congressional approval of these amendments would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention . Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution , such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation , intact . Madison remained active in the progress of the amendments throughout the legislative process . Historian Gordon S. Wood writes that `` there is no question that it was Madison 's personal prestige and his dogged persistence that saw the amendments through the Congress . There might have been a federal Constitution without Madison but certainly no Bill of Rights . '' ( hide ) Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States Seventeen Articles Approved by the House August 24 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by the Senate September 9 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by Congress September 25 , 1789 Ratification Status First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first Article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred ; to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of forty thousand , until the Representatives shall amount to two hundred , to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of sixty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred ; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . Pending : Congressional Apportionment Amendment Second Article : No law varying the compensation to the members of Congress , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Ratified : May 5 , 1992 Twenty - seventh Amendment Third Article : Congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , nor shall the rights of Conscience be infringed . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 First Amendment Fourth Article : The Freedom of Speech , and of the Press , and the right of the People peaceably to assemble , and consult for their common good , and to apply to the Government for a redress of grievances , shall not be infringed . ( see Third Article above ) Fifth Article : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the People , being the best security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Second Amendment Sixth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Third Amendment Seventh Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fourth Amendment Eighth Article : No person shall be subject , except in case of impeachment , to more than one trial , or one punishment for the same offense , nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia , when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witnesses against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fifth Amendment Ninth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Sixth Amendment Tenth Article : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachment , and in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia when in actual service in time of War or public danger ) shall be by an Impartial Jury of the Vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , the right of challenge , and other accostomed ( sic ) requisites ; and no person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherways ( sic ) infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment by a Grand Jury ; but if a crime be committed in a place in the possession of an enemy , or in which an insurrection may prevail , the indictment and trial may by law be authorised in some other place within the same State . ( see Seventh Article above ) Eleventh Article : No appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States , shall be allowed , where the value in controversy shall not amount to one thousand dollars , nor shall any fact , triable by a Jury according to the course of the common law , be otherwise re-examinable , than according to the rules of common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Seventh Amendment Twelfth Article : In suits at common law , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved . ( see Ninth Article above ) Thirteenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Eighth Amendment Fourteenth Article : No State shall infringe the right of trial by Jury in criminal cases , nor the rights of conscience , nor the freedom of speech , or of the press . Fifteenth Article : The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Ninth Amendment Sixteenth Article : The powers delegated by the Constitution to the government of the United States , shall be exercised as therein appropriated , so that the Legislative shall never exercise the powers vested in the Executive or Judicial ; nor the Executive the powers vested in the Legislative or Judicial ; nor the Judicial the powers vested in the Legislative or Executive . Seventeenth Article : The powers not delegated by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it , to the States , are reserved to the States respectively . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Tenth Amendment Ratification process The twelve articles of amendment approved by congress were officially submitted to the Legislatures of the several States for consideration on September 28 , 1789 . The following states ratified some or all of the amendments : New Jersey : Articles One and Three through Twelve on November 20 , 1789 , and Article Two on May 7 , 1992 Maryland : Articles One through Twelve on December 19 , 1789 North Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on December 22 , 1789 South Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on January 19 , 1790 New Hampshire : Articles One and Three through Twelve on January 25 , 1790 , and Article Two on March 7 , 1985 Delaware : Articles Two through Twelve on January 28 , 1790 New York : Articles One and Three through Twelve on February 24 , 1790 Pennsylvania : Articles Three through Twelve on March 10 , 1790 , and Article One on September 21 , 1791 Rhode Island : Articles One and Three through Twelve on June 7 , 1790 , and Article Two on June 10 , 1993 Vermont : Articles One through Twelve on November 3 , 1791 Virginia : Article One on November 3 , 1791 , and Articles Two through Twelve on December 15 , 1791 ( After failing to ratify the 12 amendments during the 1789 legislative session . ) Having been approved by the requisite three - fourths of the several states , there being 14 States in the Union at the time ( as Vermont had been admitted into the Union on March 4 , 1791 ) , the ratification of Articles Three through Twelve was completed and they became Amendments 1 through 10 of the Constitution . President Washington informed Congress of this on January 18 , 1792 . As they had not yet been approved by 11 of the 14 states , the ratification of Article One ( ratified by 10 ) and Article Two ( ratified by 6 ) remained incomplete . The ratification plateau they needed to reach soon rose to 12 of 15 states when Kentucky joined the Union ( June 1 , 1792 ) . On June 27 , 1792 , the Kentucky General Assembly ratified all 12 amendments , however this action did not come to light until 1996 . Article One came within one state of the number needed to become adopted into the Constitution on two occasions between 1789 and 1803 . Despite coming close to ratification early on , it has never received the approval of enough states to become part of the Constitution . As Congress did not attach a ratification time limit to the article , it is still technically pending before the states . Since no state has approved it since 1792 , ratification by an additional 27 states would now be necessary for the article to be adopted . Article Two , initially ratified by seven states through 1792 ( including Kentucky ) , was not ratified by another state for eighty years . The Ohio General Assembly ratified it on May 6 , 1873 in protest of an unpopular Congressional pay raise . A century later , on March 6 , 1978 , the Wyoming Legislature also ratified the article . Gregory Watson , a University of Texas at Austin undergraduate student , started a new push for the article 's ratification with a letter - writing campaign to state legislatures . As a result , by May 1992 , enough states had approved Article Two ( 38 of the 50 states in the Union ) for it to become the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution . The amendment 's adoption was certified by Archivist of the United States Don W. Wilson and subsequently affirmed by a vote of Congress on May 20 , 1992 . Three states did not complete action on the twelve articles of amendment when they were initially put before the states . Georgia found a Bill of Rights unnecessary and so refused to ratify . Both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court ratified a number of the amendments ( the Senate adopted 10 of 12 and the House 9 of 12 ) , but failed to reconcile their two lists or to send official notice to the Secretary of State of the ones they did agree upon . Both houses of the Connecticut General Assembly voted to ratify Articles Three through Twelve but failed to reconcile their bills after disagreeing over whether to ratify Articles One and Two . All three later ratified the Constitutional amendments originally known as Articles Three through Twelve as part of the 1939 commemoration of the Bill of Rights ' sesquicentennial : Massachusetts on March 2 , Georgia on March 18 , and Connecticut on April 19 . Connecticut and Georgia would also later ratify Article Two , on May 13 , 1987 and February 2 , 1988 respectively . Application and text The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence ; in the words of Gordon S. Wood , `` After ratification , most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution . '' The Court made no important decisions protecting free speech rights , for example , until 1931 . Historian Richard Labunski attributes the Bill 's long legal dormancy to three factors : first , it took time for a `` culture of tolerance '' to develop that would support the Bill 's provisions with judicial and popular will ; second , the Supreme Court spent much of the 19th century focused on issues relating to intergovernmental balances of power ; and third , the Bill initially only applied to the federal government , a restriction affirmed by Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) . In the twentieth century , however , most of the Bill 's provisions were applied to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment -- a process known as incorporation -- beginning with the freedom of speech clause , in Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) . In Talton v. Mayes ( 1896 ) , the Court ruled that Constitutional protections , including the provisions of the Bill of Rights , do not apply to the actions of American Indian tribal governments . Through the incorporation process the United States Supreme Court succeeded in extending to the States almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights , as well as other , unenumerated rights . The Bill of Rights thus imposes legal limits on the powers of governments and acts as an anti-majoritarian / minoritarian safeguard by providing deeply entrenched legal protection for various civil liberties and fundamental rights . The Supreme Court for example concluded in the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) case that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities , ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities . As the Court noted the idea of the Bill of Rights `` was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . '' This is why `` fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections . '' First Amendment Main article : First Amendment to the United States Constitution Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , impeding the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th - and 21st - century court decisions that protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Second Amendment Main article : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep and bear arms . The concept of such a right existed within English common law long before the enactment of the Bill of Rights . First codified in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 ( but there only applying to Protestants ) , this right was enshrined in fundamental laws of several American states during the Revolutionary era , including the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 . Long a controversial issue in American political , legal , and social discourse , the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( t ) he right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendment means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government . '' In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment `` ( protects arms that had a ) reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment `` codified a pre-existing right '' and that it `` protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home '' but also stated that `` the right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose '' . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . Third Amendment Main article : Third Amendment to the United States Constitution No Soldier shall , in time of peace be quartered in any house , without the consent of the Owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes , in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War . The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution , and , as of 2016 , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision . Fourth Amendment Main article : Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The right of the people to be secure in their persons , houses , papers , and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no Warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause , supported by Oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures , along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ of assistance , which is a type of general search warrant , in the American Revolution . Search and seizure ( including arrest ) must be limited in scope according to specific information supplied to the issuing court , usually by a law enforcement officer who has sworn by it . The amendment is the basis for the exclusionary rule , which mandates that evidence obtained illegally can not be introduced into a criminal trial . The amendment 's interpretation has varied over time ; its protections expanded under left - leaning courts such as that headed by Earl Warren and contracted under right - leaning courts such as that of William Rehnquist . Fifth Amendment Main article : Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy and self - incrimination and guarantees the rights to due process , grand jury screening of criminal indictments , and compensation for the seizure of private property under eminent domain . The amendment was the basis for the court 's decision in Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) , which established that defendants must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self - incrimination prior to interrogation by police . Sixth Amendment Main article : Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Sixth Amendment establishes a number of rights of the defendant in a criminal trial : to a speedy and public trial to trial by an impartial jury to be informed of criminal charges to confront witnesses to compel witnesses to appear in court to assistance of counsel In Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment guaranteed the right to legal representation in all felony prosecutions in both state and federal courts . Seventh Amendment Main article : Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by jury shall be preserved , and no fact tried by a jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . The Seventh Amendment guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases that deal with claims of more than twenty dollars . It also prohibits judges from overruling findings of fact by juries in federal civil trials . In Colgrove v. Battin ( 1973 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment 's requirements could be fulfilled by a jury with a minimum of six members . The Seventh is one of the few parts of the Bill of Rights not to be incorporated ( applied to the states ) . Eighth Amendment Main article : Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition of excessive bails or fines , though it leaves the term `` excessive '' open to interpretation . The most frequently litigated clause of the amendment is the last , which forbids cruel and unusual punishment . This clause was only occasionally applied by the Supreme Court prior to the 1970s , generally in cases dealing with means of execution . In Furman v. Georgia ( 1972 ) , some members of the Court found capital punishment itself in violation of the amendment , arguing that the clause could reflect `` evolving standards of decency '' as public opinion changed ; others found certain practices in capital trials to be unacceptably arbitrary , resulting in a majority decision that effectively halted executions in the United States for several years . Executions resumed following Gregg v. Georgia ( 1976 ) , which found capital punishment to be constitutional if the jury was directed by concrete sentencing guidelines . The Court has also found that some poor prison conditions constitute cruel and unusual punishment , as in Estelle v. Gamble ( 1976 ) and Brown v. Plata ( 2011 ) . Ninth Amendment Main article : Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . The Ninth Amendment declares that there are additional fundamental rights that exist outside the Constitution . The rights enumerated in the Constitution are not an explicit and exhaustive list of individual rights . It was rarely mentioned in Supreme Court decisions before the second half of the 20th century , when it was cited by several of the justices in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) . The Court in that case voided a statute prohibiting use of contraceptives as an infringement of the right of marital privacy . This right was , in turn , the foundation upon which the Supreme Court built decisions in several landmark cases , including , Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which overturned a Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion , and Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) , which invalidated a Pennsylvania law that required spousal awareness prior to obtaining an abortion . Tenth Amendment Main article : Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . The Tenth Amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution , nor prohibited to the states , are reserved to the states or the people . The amendment provides no new powers or rights to the states , but rather preserves their authority in all matters not specifically granted to the federal government . Congress has sometimes gotten around the Tenth Amendment by invoking the Commerce Clause in Article One or by threatening to withhold funding for a federal program from noncooperative States , as in South Dakota v. Dole ( 1987 ) . Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights George Washington had fourteen handwritten copies of the Bill of Rights made , one for Congress and one for each of the original thirteen states . The copies for Georgia , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania went missing . The New York copy is thought to have been destroyed in a fire . Two unidentified copies of the missing four ( thought to be the Georgia and Maryland copies ) survive ; one is in the National Archives , and the other is in the New York Public Library . North Carolina 's copy was stolen from the State Capitol by a Union soldier following the Civil War . In an FBI sting operation , it was recovered in 2003 . The copy retained by the First Congress has been on display ( along with the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence ) in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom room at the National Archives Building in Washington , D.C. since December 13 , 1952 . After fifty years on display , signs of deterioration in the casing were noted , while the documents themselves appeared to be well preserved . Accordingly , the casing was updated and the Rotunda rededicated on September 17 , 2003 . In his dedicatory remarks , President George W. Bush stated , `` The true ( American ) revolution was not to defy one earthly power , but to declare principles that stand above every earthly power -- the equality of each person before God , and the responsibility of government to secure the rights of all . '' In 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared December 15 to be Bill of Rights Day , commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the Bill of Rights . In 1991 , the Virginia copy of the Bill of Rights toured the country in honor of its bicentennial , visiting the capitals of all fifty states . See also United States portal Law portal Human rights portal Anti-Federalism Constitutionalism in the United States Four Freedoms Institute of Bill of Rights Law Patients ' ( bill of ) rights Second Bill of Rights Substantive due process Taxpayer Bill of Rights Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom We Hold These Truths References Notes Jump up ^ Probably Robert Yates Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Charters of Freedom : The Bill of Rights '' . Washington D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's Proposed Amendments to the Constitution . Annals of Congress . June 8 , 1789 . https://www.archives.gov/legislative/resources/education/bill-of-rights/images/handout-2.pdf ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law . Britannica Educational Publishing . 2012 . pp. 105 -- 08 . ISBN 9781615307555 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights -- Facts & Summary '' . History.com . 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Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , Majority Opinion , item 3 ( US 1943 ) ( `` '' The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . One 's right to life , liberty , and property , to free speech , a free press , freedom of worship and assembly , and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections. `` '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Obergefell v. Hodges , No. 14 - 556 , slip op . at 24 ( U.S. June 26 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill of Rights Transcript '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Archibald ( 1986 ) . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. 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Retrieved July 11 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Bibliography Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . Berkin , Carol ( 2015 ) . The Bill of Rights : The Fight to Secure America 's Liberties . Simon & Schuster . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) . Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . University Press of New England . Brookhiser , Richard ( 2011 ) . James Madison . Basic Books . Brutus ( 1787 ) `` To the Citizens of the State of New York '' . In The Complete Anti-Federalist , Volume 1 ( 2008 ) . Ed . Herbert J. Storing . University of Chicago Press . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2015 ) . The Quartet : Orchestrating the Second American Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 9780385353410 -- via Google Books . Hamilton , Alexander , Madison , James , and Jay , John ( 2003 ) The Federalist : With Letters of Brutus . Ed . Terence Ball . Cambridge University Press . Kyvig , David E. ( 1996 ) . Explicit and Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0931 - 8 -- via Google Books . Labunski , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon & Schuster . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1996 ) . Original Meanings . Alfred A. Knopf . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . Simon & Schuster . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 . Oxford University Press . Further reading Barnett , Randy ( 2008 ) . `` The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 32 -- 33 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 -- via Google Books . Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 2008 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21991 - 6 -- via Google Books . Bordewich , Fergus M. The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government ( 2016 ) on 1789 -- 1791 . Cogan , Neil H. ( 2015 ) . The Complete Bill of Rights : The Drafts , Debates , Sources , and Origins . Second edition . New York : Oxford University Press . Schwartz , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The great rights of mankind : a history of the American Bill of Rights . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 28 - 5 -- via Google Books . Smith , Rich ( 2007 ) . The Bill of Rights : Defining Our Freedoms . ABDO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 913 - 7 -- via Google Books . Stair , Nancy L. ( 2003 ) . The Bill of Rights : a primary source investigation into the first ten amendments of the Constitution . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3800 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Bill of Rights . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	2. what is the purpose of the bill of rights	[ "The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.[1] Proposed following the often bitter 1787–88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights, along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta (1215). In practice, the amendments had little impact on judgments by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification.", "The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.[1] Proposed following the often bitter 1787–88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights, along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta (1215). In practice, the amendments had little impact on judgments by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification.", "The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.[1] Proposed following the often bitter 1787–88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights, along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta (1215). In practice, the amendments had little impact on judgments by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification." ]	[ "guarantees of personal freedoms and rights", "clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings", "explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people" ]
-4487786236959783673	Beavis and Butt-Head	Beavis and Butt - Head - wikipedia Beavis and Butt - Head Jump to : navigation , search For the title characters of this series , see Beavis and Butt - Head . Beavis and Butt - Head Genre Animated sitcom Created by Mike Judge Written by Mike Judge Morris P Johanson Joe Stillman Tracy Grandstaff Greg Grabianski Don London Josef McStein Directed by Mike Judge Yvette Kaplan Voices of Mike Judge Tracy Grandstaff Theme music composer Mike Judge Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 222 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mike Judge Abby Terkuhle Producer ( s ) Michael Blakey ( musician ) Susie Lewis ( co-producer ) John Andrews Kristofor Brown ( co-producer ) Rhonda Cox Marie Poe ( animation producer ) Robert Parigi ( associate producer ) Yaniv Fituci ( story producer ) Nick Litwinko ( associate producer / co-producer ) John Lynn ( co-producer ) Dave Relly ( associate producer ) Running time 5 -- 11 minutes ( Regular ) 12 -- 21 minutes ( Special ) Production company ( s ) J.J. Sedelmaier Productions , Inc . ( Season 1 ) Tenth Annual Industries ( Season 2 -- 7 ) Ternion Pictures ( Season 8 ) MTV Animation ( Seasons 1 -- 8 ) Inbred Jed 's Homemade Cartoons ( Pilot only ) Film Roman ( Season 8 ) Judgemental Films MTV Production Development Distributor Spike and Mike 's Festival of Animation ( Pilot only ) MTV Networks Release Original network MTV Picture format 4 : 3 SDTV ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 1080i ( 4 : 3 HDTV ) ( 2011 ) Audio format Stereo ( 1993 -- 95 ) Dolby Surround ( 1995 -- 97 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2011 ) Original release Original series : March 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 08 ) -- November 28 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 28 ) Revival : October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) -- December 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 29 ) Chronology Preceded by Liquid Television Followed by Daria External links Website Beavis and Butt - Head is an American animated sitcom created and designed by Mike Judge . The series originated from Frog Baseball , a 1992 short film by Judge originally aired on Liquid Television . After seeing the short , MTV signed Judge to develop the concept . The series first ran from March 8 , 1993 , to November 28 , 1997 . The series was later renewed for an eighth season , which aired from October 27 to December 29 , 2011 . In 1996 , the series was adapted into the animated feature film Beavis and Butt - Head Do America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Criticism and controversy 4 Film 5 Revival 5.1 Potential future 6 Home video 6.1 Time Life 6.2 The History of Beavis and Butt - Head 6.3 The Mike Judge Collection 7 Related media 7.1 Marvel Comics 7.2 Daria spin - off 7.3 Video games 7.4 Books 7.5 Album 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) See also : List of Beavis and Butt - Head characters The show centers on two socially incompetent , heavy metal - loving teenage delinquents , Beavis and Butt - Head ( both voiced by Judge ) , who go to school at Highland High in Highland , Texas . They have no apparent adult supervision at home , are dim - witted , under - educated and barely literate . Both lack any empathy or moral scruples , even regarding each other . Their most common shared activity is watching music videos , which they tend to judge by deeming them `` cool , '' or by exclaiming , `` This sucks ! '' ( the latter is sometimes followed by the demand , `` Change it ! '' ) . They also apply these judgments to other things that they encounter , and will usually deem something `` cool '' if it is associated with heavy metal , violence , sex , destruction or the macabre . Despite having no experience with girls , their other signature traits are a shared obsession with sex , and their tendency to chuckle and giggle ( `` Heh heh heh ! '' ) whenever they hear words or phrases that can even remotely be interpreted as sexual or scatological . Though Beavis and Butt - Head are in ninth grade at Highland High School , their stupidity leads to a demotion all the way down to kindergarten in the episode `` Held Back , '' but they soon prove to be such an annoyance that the elementary school principal quickly re-promotes them back to Highland High . Each episode features frequent interstitial scenes in which they critique music videos using commentary improvised by Judge . The remainder of the episode depicts the duo embarking on some kind of scheme or adventure . Their teachers at Highland High are often at a loss as to how to deal with them , and in many episodes , they skip school altogether . Their actions sometimes result in serious consequences , but often for others , for which they themselves show no remorse whatsoever . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Beavis and Butt - Head episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Shorts September 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) November 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 17 ) March 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 08 ) March 25 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 25 ) 25 May 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 17 ) July 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 15 ) 31 September 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 06 ) March 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 05 ) 32 March 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 14 ) July 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 15 ) 5 50 October 31 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 31 ) October 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 12 ) 6 20 October 31 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 31 ) March 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 07 ) 7 41 January 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 26 ) November 28 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 28 ) 8 22 October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) December 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 29 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Over its run , Beavis and Butt - Head drew a notable amount of both positive and negative reaction from the public with its combination of lewd humor and implied criticism of society . It became the focus of criticism from social conservatives , such as Michael Medved , while others , such as David Letterman , and the conservative magazine National Review , defended it as a cleverly subversive vehicle for social criticism and a particularly creative and intelligent comedy . Either way , the show captured the attention of many young television viewers in the United States and abroad and is often considered a classic piece of 1990s youth culture and Generation X . Trey Parker and Matt Stone , creators of South Park , cite the show as an influence and compared it to the blues . They met Mike Judge before the show aired . In 1997 , Dan Tobin of The Boston Phoenix commented on the series ' humor , stating that it transformed `` stupidity into a crusade , forcing us to acknowledge how little it really takes to make us laugh . '' In 1997 , Ted Drozdowski of The Boston Phoenix described the 1997 Beavis and Butt - Head state as `` reduced to self - parody of their self - parody . '' In December 2005 , TV Guide ranked the duo 's distinct laughing at # 66 on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases . In 2012 , TV Guide ranked Beavis and Butt - head as one of the top 60 Greatest TV Cartoons of All Time . Mike Judge himself is highly critical of the animation and quality of earlier episodes , in particular the first two -- Give Blood / Blood Drive and Door to Door -- which he described as `` awful , I do n't know why anybody liked it ... I was burying my head in the sand . '' Criticism and controversy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early installments gave them a juvenile obsession with fire and dangerous behavior , summed up with Beavis ' chanting of `` Fire ! Fire ! '' The show was blamed for the death of a two - year - old in Moraine , Ohio in October 1993 . The girl 's five - year - old brother set fire to his mother 's mobile home with a cigarette lighter , killing the two - year - old . Because of this , MTV pulled the episode temporarily . The mother took the boy 's bedroom door off its hinges so she could keep an eye on him . She later claimed that her son watched one of the fire - related segments shortly before he burned down the home . However , neighbors claimed that the family did not have cable television . This also raises the question of where the parents were and why the cigarette lighter was where he could reach it . As a result , references to fire were removed from subsequent airings . The creators found a censorship loophole and took delight in sometimes making Beavis scream things that sounded very similar to his previous `` Fire ! Fire ! '' ( such as `` Fryer ! Fryer ! '' when he and Butt - Head are working the late shift at Burger World ) and also having him almost say the forbidden word ( such as one time when he sang `` Liar , liar , pants on ... '' and pausing before `` fire '' ( `` Liar ! Liar ! '' ) . There was also a music video where a man runs on fire in slow motion ( `` California '' by Wax ) . Beavis is hypnotized by it and can barely say `` fire '' . However , MTV eventually removed the episode entirely . References to fire were cut from earlier episodes -- even the original tapes were altered permanently . Other episodes MTV opted not to rerun included `` Stewart 's House '' and `` Way Down Mexico Way '' . Copies of early episodes with the controversial content intact are rare . The ones that exist are made from home video recordings of the original broadcasts . In an interview included with the Mike Judge Collection DVD set , Judge said he is uncertain whether some of the earlier episodes still exist in their uncensored form . When new episodes returned in 2011 , MTV allowed Beavis to use the word `` fire '' once again uncensored . During the first video segment during `` Werewolves of Highland '' , the first new episode of the revival , Beavis utters the word `` fire '' a total of 7 times within 28 seconds , with Butt - head saying it once as well . The show has also been blamed for animal cruelty and the death of a cat with fireworks . In the summer of 1993 , Dick Zimmerman , a 44 - year - old retired broadcasting executive from Larkspur , California , happened to see the episode in which Butt - head joked , `` Hey , Beavis , let 's go over to Stewart 's house and light ( a firecracker ) in his cat 's butt . '' Five days later , a cat was found killed by a firecracker in nearby Santa Cruz . Zimmerman , winner of a $10 million state lottery in 1988 , immediately put up a $5,000 reward for the perpetrators , told the press that Beavis and Butt - Head was responsible for the death , and started a letter - writing campaign against the show . By the fall , 4,000 people from around the country had joined his campaign . In February 1994 , watchdog group Morality in Media claimed that the death of eight - month - old Natalia Rivera , struck by a bowling ball thrown from an overpass onto a highway in Jersey City , New Jersey near the Holland Tunnel by 18 - year - old Calvin J. Settle , was partially inspired by Beavis and Butt - Head . The group said that Settle was influenced by Ball Breakers , in which Beavis and Butt - Head loaded a bowling ball with explosives and dropped it from a rooftop . While Morality in Media claimed that the show inspired Settle 's actions , the case 's prosecutors did not . Later it was revealed by both prosecutors and the defendant that Settle did not have cable TV and did not watch the show . In Lightning Strikes , the show parodies blaming actions on youth culture . When asked by a reporter why they were flying a kite in a thunderstorm , the duo explained that they were inspired by a documentary about Benjamin Franklin , who Butt - head describes as `` some old dude with long hair and glasses '' . The reporter asks if it was Howard Stern , and when Butt - head answers `` no '' , she asks if he has ever listened to Stern 's radio program . The reporter continues asking them leading questions until they mention that they had watched rock music videos earlier in the day . The reporter then concludes on the air that the music videos are to blame for the duo 's actions . MTV also responded by broadcasting the program after 11 : 00 p.m. , and included a disclaimer , reminding viewers : Beavis and Butt - Head are not real . They are stupid cartoon people completely made up by this Texas guy whom we hardly even know . Beavis and Butt - Head are dumb , crude , thoughtless , ugly , sexist , self - destructive fools . But for some reason , the little wienerheads make us laugh . This was later changed to : Beavis and Butt - Head are not role models . They 're not even human . They 're cartoons . Some of the things they do would cause a person to get hurt , expelled , arrested , possibly deported . To put it another way : Do n't try this at home . This disclaimer also appears before the opening of their Sega Genesis and Super NES game as well as their Windows game Beavis and Butt - Head in Virtual Stupidity . They were famously lambasted by Democratic senator Fritz Hollings as `` Buffcoat and Beaver . '' This subsequently became a running gag on the show where adults mispronounced their names , Tom Anderson originally calling them `` Butthole '' and `` Joe '' , and believing the two to be of Asian ethnicity ( describing them to the police as `` Oriental '' ) . In later episodes , Tom Anderson uses the Hollings mispronunciation once , and on at least one occasion refers to them as `` Penis and Butt - Munch '' . President Clinton called them `` Beavis and Bum - head '' in `` Citizen Butt - head '' , as well as in the movie , where an old lady ( voiced by Cloris Leachman ) consistently calls them `` Travis '' and `` Bob - head '' . In `` Incognito '' , when another student threatens to kill them , the duo uses this to their advantage , pretending to be exchange students named `` Crevis and Bung - Head '' . The bully , seeing through the disguises , calls them `` Beaver and Butt - Plug '' . In `` Right On ! '' , when the duo appear on the Gus Baker Show , host Gus Baker ( a caricature of Rush Limbaugh ) introduces them as `` Beavis and Buffcoat '' . Beavis and Butt - head have been compared to idiot savants because of their creative and subversively intelligent observations of music videos . This part of the show was mostly improvised by Mike Judge . With regard to criticisms of the two as `` idiots '' , Judge responded that a show about straight - A students would not be funny . Film ( edit ) Main article : Beavis and Butt - Head Do America In 1996 , a full - length movie featuring the duo titled Beavis and Butt - Head Do America was released in theaters . The movie features the voices of Bruce Willis , Demi Moore , Cloris Leachman , Robert Stack , Eric Bogosian , Richard Linklater , Greg Kinnear ( in an uncredited role ) and David Letterman ( credited as Earl Hofert ) . It gained mostly positive reviews from film critics and a `` two thumbs up '' from Siskel and Ebert . The film earned over $60 million at the domestic box office , a strong return for a film that cost only $12 million to produce . In the years following , many fans rumored the possibility of a sequel or follow - up to the film , tentatively titled Beavis and Butt - Head : The Sequel or Beavis and Butt - Head 2 . On August 31 , 2009 , during the promotion of Extract , Mike Judge stated that he would like to see Beavis and Butt - Head on the big screen again . Revival ( edit ) On July 14 , 2010 , a spokesperson for MTV Networks informed a New York Post reporter that Mike Judge was creating a new Beavis and Butt - Head series , that Judge would reprise his voice - acting roles for the show , and that the animation would be hand - drawn . According to TMZ , MTV had not asked Tracy Grandstaff to reprise her role as Daria Morgendorffer . Later , in a Rolling Stone interview , Judge was asked if Daria was coming back and he said , `` No . There 's sort of a cameo in one episode . That 'll be a surprise . '' As in the old series , Beavis and Butt - head are high school students who , among other things , criticize contemporary music videos . In an interview with Rolling Stone , MTV president Van Toffler said that the duo will also watch Jersey Shore , Ultimate Fighting Championship matches , and amateur videos from YouTube , as well as give movie reviews . `` The biggest change is obviously the references are updated , it 's set in modern day , and there 's going to be a movie review segment , '' Linn said , `` Otherwise they 're still true to their prior passions . '' John Altschuler , formerly a writer for King of the Hill , told a Rolling Stone reporter that he saw signs that Mike Judge was thinking of reviving Beavis and Butt - head . On more than one occasion , Judge told the writers that one of their ideas for an episode of King of the Hill would work well for Beavis and Butt - head ; eventually he concluded , `` Maybe we should just actually make some good Beavis and Butt - head episodes . '' Later , a Lady Gaga video convinced Van Toffler of the tenability of a Beavis and Butt - head revival : `` I felt like there was a whole crop of new artists -- and what the world sorely missed was the point - of - view that only Beavis and Butt - Head could bring . '' As part of a promotional campaign for the new series , cinemas screening Jackass 3D opened the feature film with a 3 - D Beavis and Butt - head short subject . Months later , in a media presentation on February 2 , 2010 , MTV announced that the series would premiere in mid-2011 . On July 21 , 2011 Mike Judge spoke and fielded questions on a panel at Comic - Con International . A preview of the episode `` Holy Cornholio '' was also shown . Judge told Rolling Stone that at least 24 episodes ( 12 half - hour programs ) will definitely air . It was initially rumored that Judge was working on 30 new episodes for the network . The new episodes debuted in the United States and Canada on October 27 , 2011 . The premiere was dubbed a ratings hit , with an audience of 3.3 million total viewers . This number eventually dwindled to 900,000 by the season 's end , mainly due to its challenging time slot pitted against regular prime time shows on other networks . From April 24 , 2012 to May 1 , 2013 , the show remained on the bubble for renewal . No official decision had been made . According to Mike Judge , MTV 's modern demographic are females 12 -- 14 years old , and the network is looking for other networks to ship the show to . The new shows aired in mainland Europe in April 2011 . The main title card displays the title as Mike Judge 's Beavis and Butt - head with Judge 's name replacing the MTV logo . Comedy Central aired the show as part of their animation block over Christmas in December 2011 but was not picked up for a new season nor syndication . This would be the second time the show has aired on Comedy Central , the first being between subsequent airings in 2004 and 2005 . Potential Future ( edit ) On January 10 , 2014 , Mike Judge announced that , while he is busy working on Silicon Valley , there is a chance of him pitching Beavis and Butt - Head to another network and that he would n't mind making more episodes . While giving an interview to Howard Stern on May 6 , 2014 , Judge mentioned that the show 's ratings on MTV were second only to Jersey Shore , but the show did n't fit MTV 's target demographic of young women , which is why the revived series has not been brought back on MTV . He also said that MTV was close to selling it to another network , but it became `` lost in deal stuff '' . In interviews , Judge has stated his interest in producing a live - action movie , and Johnny Depp has expressed interest in the role of Beavis . In May 2008 , Judge said that he previously hated the idea , but now believes that `` maybe there 's something there . '' During an interview for Collider on August 25 , 2008 , Judge said , `` I like to keep the door open on Beavis and Butt - Head , because it 's my favorite thing that I 've ever done . It 's the thing I 'm most proud of . '' However , he also added , `` Another movie ... the problem is it takes a year and half , two years , two and a half years -- maybe -- to do that right . And that 's a pretty strong level of commitment . I 'm going to look at that again . That comes up every three years . '' One of his ideas is bringing back the characters as old men , instead of teenagers . `` I kind of think of them as being either 15 or in their 60s , '' he said . `` I would n't mind doing something with them as these two dirty old men sitting on the couch . '' Judge added that he would not completely ignore the time that has passed in between . In 2016 , Judge told RadioTimes.com that `` Maybe it could be a live - action someday '' and went on to speculate that Beavis might be homeless by now . In March 2018 , Judge told Rotten Tomatoes that the idea of doing a second Beavis and Butt - Head movie had been brought up two months prior , stating that `` It 's just a matter of coming up with an idea that feels like it 's worth doing . '' Home video ( edit ) MTV Home Video , in collaboration with Sony Music Entertainment , released several episodes of the show on VHS from 1995 through 1999 . A total of eleven VHS compilation tapes were released in the U.S. , U.K. and Australia , each containing around eight episodes , but without the music video segments from the original broadcastings . These include the `` Beavis and Butthead Do Christmas '' and `` Butt - O - Ween '' specials , which were given stand - alone releases . Work Sucks ( February 7 , 1995 ) There Goes The Neighborhood ( February 7 , 1995 ) Chicks ' n Stuff ( September 12 , 1995 ) Feel Our Pain ( April 16 , 1996 ) The Final Judgment ( May 16 , 1997 ) Troubled Youth ( August 11 , 1998 ) Hard Cash ( February 9 , 1999 ) Butt - O - Ween ( August 10 , 1999 ) Innocence Lost ( August 31 , 1999 ) Law - Abiding Citizens ( August 31 , 1999 ) Beavis and Butthead Do Christmas ( October 1 , 1999 ) The series continued in Australia and U.K. , with a further ten volumes being issued between 1999 and 2001 . Get Lucky Star Pupils To The Rescue Self Improvement The History of Beavis Part 1 History of Beavis Part 2 History of Beavis Part 3 Sticky Situations The Future of Beavis & Butt - head Too Dumb For TV When the series ended in the U.K. , a further seven volumes were issued exclusively in Australia , meaning that over-all 28 volumes , all 200 original episodes were released on VHS except `` Heroes '' , `` Incognito '' , `` Cow Tipping '' , `` Canoe '' and `` True Crime '' . History of Beavis Part 4 Dumb Ideas Holy Rollers School Jocks Hit It Big Still Stupid Brushes With Death A single LaserDisc volume titled Beavis and Butt - Head : The Essential Collection was released on June 27 , 1994 . It contains all the episodes from Work Sucks ! on one side and the episodes from There Goes the Neighborhood on the other side . The volumes The Final Judgment and Beavis & Butt - head Do Christmas were also released on DVD during the early days of the format . Time Life ( edit ) All of the U.S. VHS Volumes were later issued on DVD in five two - disc sets through the Time Life organization . The DVD releases were titled The Best of Beavis and Butt - Head . The third DVD release of Beavis and Butt - Head was two series of three - disc sets released by Time - Life in December 2002 . The first set in the series contained the same program content of six of the Beavis and Butt - Head VHS compilations previously released by Sony Music Video from 1994 to 1999 : Butt - O - Ween , Beavis and Butt - Head Do Christmas , Innocence Lost , Chicks ' n ' Stuff , Feel Our Pain , and Troubled Youth , with two VHS compilations combined into a single disc . The set was advertised considerably on networks such as Comedy Central and on the Time - Life website . Sometime after the first release , a second set of Time - Life Beavis and Butt - Head DVDs was released . This set contained the programs of the remaining SMV VHS compilations : Work Sucks , There Goes the Neighborhood , The Final Judgement , Law - Abiding Citizens , and Hard Cash . Two of the discs in the set once again contained the program content of two of the VHS tapes , while the last disc ( Hard Cash ) contained only the content of the final VHS program , but did additionally include 4 of the music video segments from the original broadcasts with Beavis and Butt - Head commentating . The second Time - Life set was not advertised , and subsequently became rarer . The History of Beavis and Butt - Head ( edit ) Paramount announced the release of a two - disc DVD set titled The History of Beavis and Butt - Head which was scheduled for release in September 2002 in the United States . However , its release was cancelled at the last moment at the demand of Judge , who owned approval rights for video releases of the series . According to Judge , the History set was made up of episodes that he had previously rejected for home video release and had been prepared without his knowledge or consent . In all , half of the 32 episodes on The History of Beavis and Butt - Head were n't included on later releases of the series , including all but two episodes on the first disc . Many copies were mistakenly put on store shelves on the scheduled release date , only to be immediately recalled . The set started selling on eBay at very high prices , sometimes over $300 USD , as well as fetching over $1000 USD in new condition on websites such as `` Amazon.com '' . The Mike Judge Collection ( edit ) MTV and Paramount Home Entertainment released on November 8 , 2005 a three - disc DVD compilation titled Beavis and Butt - Head : The Mike Judge Collection , Volume 1 . The DVD set includes 40 episodes and 11 music video segments from the original shows . The set was followed by Volume 2 and Volume 3 . On January 27 , 2008 , MTV and Apple made all three collections available on the iTunes Store . A Blu - ray and DVD release of Season 8 , titled Beavis and Butt - Head -- Volume 4 , was released on February 15 , 2012 in the U.S. On February 14 , 2017 , MTV released Beavis and Butt - Head - The Complete Collection , a 12 - disc set containing all four previous released volumes of The Mike Judge Collection , along with a special collector 's edition of Beavis and Butt - Head Do America . Many music video segments and content from other third parties were never released due to licensing issues with the rights holders . Early episodes featuring Beavis and Butt - Head engaging in unusually cruel and criminal activities were never released due to Mike Judge and MTV 's dislike of them . Related Media ( edit ) Marvel Comics ( edit ) From 1994 to 1996 , Marvel Comics published a monthly Beavis and Butt - Head comic under the Marvel Absurd imprint by a variety of writers , but with each issue drawn by artist Rick Parker . It was also reprinted by Marvel UK , which created new editorial material . The letters page was answered by Beavis and Butt - Head or one of their supporting characters . Instead of reviewing music videos , they reviewed ( custom - made ) pages from other Marvel Comics . In their review of a Ghost Rider comic , Beavis tries to avoid using the word `` fire '' to describe the character 's fiery skull . In the comic , minor characters like Earl , Billy Bob , Clark Cobb , and Mistress Cora Anthrax would get repeated appearances ; Earl was quite regular , and Anthrax was in two issues and got to answer a letter 's page . Daria spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Daria In 1997 , a spin - off show based on their classmate Daria Morgendorffer , Daria , was created . Mike Judge was not credited as a producer of this series and has said he was not involved with it at all , except to give permission for the use of the character . The Daria character had been created for Beavis and Butt - Head by Glenn Eichler and originally designed by Bill Peckmann of J.J. Sedelmaier Productions , Inc . Eichler then became a producer for Daria . In the first episode of Daria , she and her family move from Beavis and Butt - Head 's hometown of Highland to Lawndale -- the only references to the original show is a single mention of Highland in the first episode , with Daria saying Lawndale ca n't be a second Highland `` unless there 's uranium in the drinking water here too '' . Video games ( edit ) MTV 's Beavis and Butt - Head , a set of side - scrolling action games released by Viacom New Media for the Game Gear , Genesis and Super NES in 1994 . All three games featured music composed by Gwar . Talking MTV 's Beavis and Butt - Head : This Game Rules ! ! ! , a handheld LCD video game released by Tiger Electronics in 1994 . Beavis and Butt - Head in Virtual Stupidity , a graphic adventure game released for Windows 95 in 1995 . A PlayStation port was released exclusively in Japan in 1998 featuring dubbed voice acting . Beavis and Butt - Head in Calling All Dorks , a collection of desktop themes for Windows 95 released in 1995 by Viacom New Media . Beavis and Butt - Head in Wiener Takes All , a Beavis and Butt - Head - themed trivia game by Viacom New Media . Released as a PC / Macintosh - compatible CD - ROM in 1996 . Beavis and Butt - Head in Little Thingies , a mini-game collection released for Windows 95 in 1996 featuring four mini-games from the previously - released Virtual Stupidity and three new ones . Beavis and Butt - Head , a coin - operated video game developed by Atari Games for a 3DO Interactive Multiplayer - based hardware . The game underwent location testing 1996 , but was unreleased due to poor reception . Beavis and Butt - Head in Screen Wreckers , a collection of screensavers released for Windows 95 in 1997 . Beavis and Butt - Head : Bunghole in One , a Beavis and Butt - Head - themed golf video game released for Windows 95 and Macintosh by GT Interactive Software in 1998 . Beavis and Butt - Head , an overhead action game released by GT Interactive Software for the Game Boy in 1998 . Beavis and Butt - Head Do Hollywood , an unreleased 3D action game that was being produced by GT Interactive Software . It was announced for the PlayStation in 1998 . Beavis and Butt - Head Do U. , a graphic adventure game released by GT Interactive Software for Windows 95 in 1998 . Books ( edit ) Brown , Kristofor ( 1997 ) . Dave Stern , ed . MTV 'S Beavis and Butt - Head : Travel Log . MTV Books , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 01533 - 8 . Brown , Kristofor ( 1997 ) . MTV 'S Beavis and Butt - Head : Big Book of Important Stuff to Make Life Cool . Boston America Corp . ISBN 1 - 889647 - 15 - 2 . Doyle , Larry ( 1995 ) . Glenn Eichler , ed . MTV 'S Beavis and Butt - Head : This Sucks , Change It ! . MTV Books , Pocket Books , Melcher Media . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53633 - 8 . Doyle , Larry ( 1996 ) . Glenn Eichler , ed . MTV 'S Beavis and Butt - Head : Huh Huh For Hollywood . MTV Books , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 00655 - X . Grabianski , Greg ; Aimee Keillor ( 1997 ) . Kristofor Brown , ed . MTV 'S Beavis and Butt - Head : The Butt - Files . MTV Books , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 01426 - 9 . Johnson , Sam ; Chris Marcil ( 1993 ) . Glenn Eichler , ed . MTV 'S Beavis and Butt - Head : This Book Sucks . MTV Books , Callaway , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 89034 - 4 . Johnson , Sam ; Chris Marcil ; Guy Maxtone - Graham ; Kristofor Brown ; David Felton ; Glenn Eichler ; Mike Judge ( 1994 ) . Glenn Eichler , ed . MTV 'S Beavis and Butt - Head : Ensucklopedia . MTV Books , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 52149 - 7 . Judge , Mike ; Joe Stillman ( 1997 ) . MTV 'S Beavis and Butt - Head Do America : The Official Script Book . MTV Books , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 00658 - 4 . Rheingold , Andy ; Scott Sonneborn ( 1998 ) . Kristofor Brown , ed . MTV 'S Beavis and Butt - Head : Chicken Soup for the Butt . MTV Books , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 02598 - 8 . Kristofor Brown , ed. ( 1996 ) . MTV 'S Beavis and Butt - Head : Doodle ( doodie ) Book . Boston America Corp . ISBN 1 - 889647 - 00 - 4 . MTV 's Beavis and Butt - Head : 3 - D Poster Book . Boston America Corp. 1997 . MTV 's Beavis and Butt - Head : Doodle ( doodie ) Book # 2 . Boston America Corp. 1997 . ISBN 1 - 889647 - 28 - 4 . MTV 's Beavis and Butt - Head : Sticky Things . Boston America Corp. 1997 . ISBN 1 - 889647 - 16 - 0 . Reading Sucks : The Collected Works of Beavis and Butt - Head . MTV . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 2436 - 6 . ( NOTE : This book is a bundle of four previous books ' Ensucklopedia , ' ' Huh Huh for Hollywood , ' ' The Butt - Files , ' and ' Chicken Soup for the Butt ' which are no longer in print separately ) . Album ( edit ) A CD , The Beavis and Butt - Head Experience , was released featuring many hard rock and heavy metal bands such as Megadeth , Primus , Nirvana and White Zombie . Moreover , Beavis and Butt - head do a duet with Cher on `` I Got You Babe '' and a track by themselves called `` Come to Butt - Head '' . The track with Cher also resulted in a music video directed by Tamra Davis and Yvette Kaplan . See also ( edit ) Liquid Television Daria King of the Hill The Ren & Stimpy Show References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strauss , Robert ( 22 November 1994 ) . `` That 's Mr. Beavis and Butt - head to You '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cerone , Daniel ( 16 March 1993 ) . `` MTV Toon Dudes Are Slow on Two Counts Television '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( 1997 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Butt - head , We Hardly Knew Ye '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Judge , Mike . Reading Sucks : The Collected Works of Beavis and Butt - Head . Simon and Schuster , 2005 . ISBN 9781416524366 . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye , cool world TV : Beavis and Butt - head , nasty , dumb , hysterical little boogers , are going off the air . For one ' chick , ' it 's been a guilty pleasure '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Made their mark Television : Those uncouth youth mouth a certain ' 90s - era truth '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kolbert , Elizabeth ( October 17 , 1993 ) . `` TELEVISION ; Keeping Beavis and Butt - Head Just Stupid Enough '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Taint of Greatness : The Journey of Beavis and Butt - Head Part 2 , '' in The Mike Judge Collection Volume 2 Jump up ^ `` Butting out Archived February 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , '' The Boston Phoenix Jump up ^ `` Eye pleasers Archived February 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , '' The Boston Phoenix . Jump up ^ The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases Archived 2008 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , TV Guide . Retrieved on 2008 - 04 - 02 . In 2009 , it was ranked No. 8 by TV Guide in their list of `` TV 's Top 25 Animated Shows . '' Jump up ^ Rich Sands ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Taint of Greatness : The Story of Beavis and Butt - Head Part 1 '' , in The Mike Judge Collection Volume 1 ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon On Mtv Blamed For Fire '' . New York Times . 1993 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . March 24 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Judge interview '' . Goblin Magazine . Archived from the original on 1999 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Mike Judge on the Return of ' Beavis and Butt - Head ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Werewolves of Highland '' . Beavis and Butt - head . Season 8 . Episode 1 . October 27 , 2011 . MTV . Jump up ^ John Leland , `` Battle For Your Brain '' , Newsweek , October 11 , 1993 , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : `` Youth Is Held In Death From Bowling Ball '' . nytimes.com. 10 February 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Dude ... This Sucks -- We mourn the loss of fresh Beavis and Butt - Head episodes '' . EW.com Television News . August 15 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : http://screenrant.com/beavis-and-butt-head-movie-mike-judge-kofi-23670/ Jump up ^ http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Comic-Con-Mike-Judge-Teases-Beavis-Butt-Head-2-14086.html Jump up ^ `` Daria Left Out of ' Beavis and Butt - Head ' Reboot '' . TMZ. 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Andy ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Mike Judge on the Return of ' Beavis and Butt - Head ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( 2010 - 07 - 14 ) . `` They 're back ! '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Andy ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : New ' Beavis and Butt - Head ' Will Tackle ' Jersey Shore ' and More '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sitterson , Aubrey . `` Comic - Con 2011 : Beavis and Butthead Coverage and Panel '' Archived September 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... UGO. 21 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Pingback : This Is The Story Of ... ( 2010 - 07 - 07 ) . `` Is Mike Judge Working On 30 New Episodes Of ' Beavis And Butt - Head ' ? '' . Geeks of Doom . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beavis and Butt - Head ' revival a ratings hit '' . New York Post . 2011 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Film Thrasher : THE NEWS BUNDLE : Future of ' Beavis & Butthead ' Now In Jeopardy ? '' . CamArruda . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Renewed , What 's Canceled , and What 's Still In Between ? ( 2012 Edition ) '' . TV.com Staff . Retrieved Apr 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Beavis And Butt - Head Continue UPDATE ! '' . EatBlogAnddie . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( 11 September 2011 ) . `` ' Beavis and Butt - Head ' on MTV : Fall TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Gulman Special Among Comedy Central 's December Highlights '' . TVBroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Judge : ' Beavis and Butt - Head ' Trapped in Limbo '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Howard Stern interview with Mike Judge , May 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Slashfilm '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Beavis And Butthead ' To Make A Big Screen Return -- Starpulse Entertainment News Blog '' . Starpulse.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Beavis and Butt - Head could come back as a live action show , says creator Mike Judge '' . RadioTimes.com. 2016 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Judge Might Bring Back King of the Hill with an Older Bobby and Do Another Beavis and Butt - Head Movie '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha . `` Mike Judge '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Beavis and Butt - head -- Volume 4 at TV Shows on DVD Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Beavis and Butt - head - ' The Complete Collection ' is a Sweetheart DVD for 2017 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Luke Y. Thompson ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Why BEAVIS AND BUTT - HEAD 's Incomplete `` Complete Collection '' May Be the Closest We 'll Come `` . Nerdist . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beavis and Butthead Central '' . Hotextra.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Howard ( March 3 , 1997 ) . `` Brainy ' Beavis ' Pal ' Daria ' Spins Off '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ St. Petersburg Times External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beavis and Butt - Head Beavis and Butt - Head on IMDb Beavis and Butt - Head at MTV.com Beavis and Butt - Head at TV.com Beavis and Butt - Head at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Beavis and Butt - Head at EpisodeWorld.com Beavis and Butt - Head - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Houston Chronicle article featuring Mike Judge Beavis and Butt - Head introduce the Mike Judge film Extract on YouTube Television in the United States portal 1990s portal 2010s portal Comedy portal Cartoon portal Beavis and Butt - Head Characters Beavis Butt - Head Daria Morgendorffer Media Beavis and Butt - Head Do America Beavis and Butt - Head : The Mike Judge Collection The Beavis and Butt - Head Experience Episodes `` Comedians '' `` Beavis and Butt - Head Are Dead '' `` Werewolves of Highland '' `` Crying '' `` Daughter 's Hand '' `` Tech Support '' `` Drones '' `` Holy Cornholio '' `` Supersize Me '' `` Bathroom Break '' `` The Rat '' Video games MTV 's Beavis and Butt - Head Virtual Stupidity Do U . Other Frog Baseball MTV Animation 1980s debuts Stevie and Zoya ( 1987 - 89 ) 1990s debuts Liquid Television ( 1991 -- 94 ) Æon Flux ( 1991 -- 95 ) Beavis and Butt - Head ( 1993 -- 97 , 2011 ) The Brothers Grunt ( 1994 -- 95 ) The Head ( 1994 -- 96 ) The Maxx ( 1995 ) Daria ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Cartoon Sushi ( 1997 -- 98 ) Celebrity Deathmatch ( 1998 -- 2002 , 2006 -- 07 ) Station Zero ( 1999 ) Downtown ( 1999 ) 2000s debuts Spy Groove ( 2000 ) Undergrads ( 2001 ) Clone High ( 2002 -- 03 ) 3 South ( 2002 -- 03 ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series ( 2003 ) DJ & the Fro ( 2009 ) Popzilla ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts Good Vibes ( 2011 ) Greatest Party Story Ever ( 2016 ) Mike Judge Television Beavis and Butt - Head ( 1993 -- 97 ; 2011 ) King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2009 ) The Goode Family ( 2009 ) Silicon Valley ( since 2014 ) Mike Judge Presents : Tales from the Tour Bus ( since 2017 ) Feature films Beavis and Butt - Head Do America ( 1996 ) Office Space ( 1999 ) Idiocracy ( 2006 ) Extract ( 2009 ) Characters Beavis Butt - Head Hank Hill Boomhauer Bill Lumbergh See also The Animation Show The Honky Problem Milton Frog Baseball `` The Wind '' Daria VIAF : 174282730 LCCN : n96020193 MusicBrainz : f400d82a - 6195 - 4935 - 9c8b - 4f69e2f6137b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beavis_and_Butt-Head&oldid=832570833 '' Categories : Beavis and Butt - Head 1993 American television series debuts 1997 American television series endings 2011 American television series debuts 2011 American television series endings 1990s American adult animated television series 1990s American black comedy television series 1990s American satirical television series 1990s American teen sitcoms 2010s American adult animated television series 2010s American black comedy television series 2010s American satirical television series 2010s American teen sitcoms American high school television series American television series with live action and animation American adult animated television series Cartoon controversies Comics based on television series English - language television programs Marvel Comics titles MTV cartoons Obscenity controversies in television Television series created by Mike Judge American television series revived after cancellation Television shows set in Texas Liquid Television Television duos Animated duos Television programs adapted into comics Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into video games Television controversies in the United States Film Roman television series Television series about friendship Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Boarisch Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 19 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did beavis and butthead first come out	[ "Beavis and Butt-Head is an American animated sitcom created and designed by Mike Judge.[1] The series originated from Frog Baseball, a 1992 short film by Judge originally aired on Liquid Television. After seeing the short, MTV signed Judge to develop the concept.[2][3] The series first ran from March 8, 1993, to November 28, 1997. The series was later renewed for an eighth season, which aired from October 27 to December 29, 2011. In 1996, the series was adapted into the animated feature film Beavis and Butt-Head Do America." ]	[ "March 8, 1993" ]
810333123893301333	First Transcontinental Railroad	First Transcontinental railroad - wikipedia First Transcontinental railroad Jump to : navigation , search First Transcontinental Railroad The ceremony for the driving of the `` Last Spike '' at Promontory Summit , Utah , May 10 , 1869 Overview Locale United States Termini Omaha , Nebraska ( Council Bluffs , Iowa ) Oakland Long Wharf ( San Francisco Bay ) Operation Opened May 10 , 1869 ; 148 years ago ( 1869 - 05 - 10 ) Owner U.S. Government Operator ( s ) Central Pacific Union Pacific Technical Line length 3,007 km ( 1,868 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Map of the line Transcontinental Railroad 75th Anniversary Issue stamp of 1944 The First Transcontinental Railroad ( also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad , known originally as the `` Pacific Railroad '' and later as the `` Overland Route '' ) was a 1,912 - mile ( 3,077 km ) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha , Nebraska / Council Bluffs , Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay . The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants . Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds . The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 mi ( 212 km ) of track from Oakland / Alameda to Sacramento , California . The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California ( CPRR ) constructed 690 mi ( 1,110 km ) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit , Utah Territory ( U.T. ) . The Union Pacific built 1,085 mi ( 1,746 km ) from the road 's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha , Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit . The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10 , 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold `` Last Spike '' ( later often referred to as the `` Golden Spike '' ) with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit . The coast - to - coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West . It brought the western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast - to - coast considerably quicker and less expensive . Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869 , when the CPRR completed and opened the WP grade ( which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867 -- 68 ) to Alameda and Oakland . The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad 's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6 , 1869 where they transferred to the steamer Alameda for transport across the Bay to San Francisco . The road 's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north . Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry . The CPRR eventually purchased 53 miles of UPRR - built grade from Promontory Summit ( MP 828 ) to Ogden , U.T. ( MP 881 ) , which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads . The transcontinental line was popularly known as the Overland Route after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Preliminary exploration 1.2 Possible routes 2 Key individuals 2.1 Asa Whitney 2.2 Theodore Judah 2.3 The Big Four 2.4 Thomas Durant 3 Authorization and funding 3.1 Federal financing 3.2 Union Pacific financing 3.3 Central Pacific financing 3.4 Land grants 3.5 Railroad self - dealing 3.6 Labor and wages 4 Transcontinental route 4.1 Construction begun 4.2 Rail standards 4.3 Time zones and telegraph usage 4.4 Union Pacific route 4.5 Central Pacific route 5 Construction 5.1 Labor 5.2 Central Pacific construction 5.3 Union Pacific construction 5.4 The `` Last Spike '' ceremony 6 Aftermath 6.1 Railroad developments 6.2 Crédit Mobilier 6.3 Visible remains 6.4 Current passenger service 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Origins ( edit ) Title page of Dr. Hartwell Carver 's 1847 Pacific Railroad proposal to Congress Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast - to - coast was advocated in 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the New York Courier & Enquirer advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon . In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' , seeking a congressional charter to support his idea . Preliminary exploration ( edit ) The official poster announcing the Pacific Railroad 's grand opening . Congress agreed to support the idea . Under the direction of the Department of War , the Pacific Railroad Surveys were conducted from 1853 through 1855 . These included an extensive series of expeditions of the American West seeking possible routes . A report on the explorations described alternative routes and included an immense amount of information about the American West , covering at least 400,000 sq mi ( 1,000,000 km ) . It included the region 's natural history and illustrations of reptiles , amphibians , birds , and mammals . The report failed however to include detailed topographic maps of potential routes needed to estimate the feasibility , cost and select the best route . The survey was detailed enough to determine that the best southern route lay south of the Gila River boundary with Mexico in mostly vacant desert , through the future territories of Arizona and New Mexico . This in part motivated the United States to complete the Gadsden Purchase . In 1856 the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives published a report recommending support for a proposed Pacific railroad bill : The necessity that now exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument ; it is conceded by every one . In order to maintain our present position on the Pacific , we must have some more speedy and direct means of intercourse than is at present afforded by the route through the possessions of a foreign power . Possible routes ( edit ) The U.S. Congress was strongly divided on where the eastern terminus of the railroad should be -- in a southern or northern city . Three routes were considered : A northern route roughly along the Missouri River through present - day northern Montana to Oregon Territory . This was considered impractical due to the rough terrain and extensive winter snows . A central route following the Platte River in Nebraska through to the South Pass in Wyoming , following most of the Oregon Trail. Snow on this route remained a concern . A southern route across Texas , New Mexico Territory , the Sonora desert , connecting to Los Angeles , California . Surveyors found during a 1848 survey that the best route lay south of the border between the United States and Mexico . This was resolved by the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 . Once the central route was chosen , it was immediately obvious that the western terminus should be Sacramento . But there was considerable difference of opinion about the eastern terminus . Three locations along 250 miles ( 400 km ) of Missouri River were considered : St. Joseph , Missouri , accessed via the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad . Kansas City , Kansas / Leavenworth , Kansas accessed via the Leavenworth , Pawnee and Western Railroad , controlled by Thomas Ewing Jr. and later by John C. Fremont . Council Bluffs , Iowa / Omaha , Nebraska , accessed via an extension of Union Pacific financier Thomas C. Durant 's proposed Mississippi and Missouri Railroad and the new Union Pacific Railroad , also controlled by Durant . Council Bluffs had several advantages : It was well north of the Civil War fighting in Missouri ; it was the shortest route to South Pass in the Rockies in Wyoming ; and it would follow a fertile river that would encourage settlement . Durant had hired Lincoln in 1857 when he was an attorney to represent him in a business matter about a bridge over the Missouri . Now Lincoln was responsible for choosing the eastern terminus , and he relied on Durant 's counsel . Durant advocated for Omaha , and he was so confident of the choice that he began buying up land in Nebraska . Key individuals ( edit ) Leland Stanford and the officers of the CPRR in 1870 Asa Whitney ( edit ) One of the most prominent champions of the central route railroad was Asa Whitney . He envisioned a route from Chicago and the Great Lakes to northern California , paid for by the sale of land to settlers along the route . Whitney traveled widely to solicit support from businessmen and politicians , printed maps and pamphlets , and submitted several proposals to Congress , all at his own expense . In June 1845 , he led a team along part of the proposed route to assess its feasibility . Legislation to begin construction of the Pacific Railroad ( called the Memorial of Asa Whitney ) was first introduced to Congress by Representative Zadock Pratt . Congress did not immediately act on Whitney 's proposal . Theodore Judah ( edit ) Main article : Theodore Judah Theodore Judah , architect of the Transcontinental Railroad and first chief engineer of the Central Pacific . Lewis M. Clement , Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track The next big champion of the central route was Theodore Judah , who undertook to survey a manageable route through what was one of the chief obstacles of a central route to California , the high and rugged Sierra Nevada . In 1852 , Judah was chief engineer for the newly formed Sacramento Valley Railroad , the first railroad built west of the Mississippi River . Although the railroad later went bankrupt once the easy placer gold deposits around Placerville , California were depleted , Judah was convinced that a properly financed railroad could pass from Sacramento through the Sierra Nevada mountains to reach the Great Basin and hook up with rail lines coming from the East . In 1856 , Judah wrote a 13,000 - word proposal in support of a Pacific railroad and distributed it to Cabinet secretaries , congressmen and other influential people . In September 1859 , Judah was chosen to be the accredited lobbyist for the Pacific Railroad Convention , which indeed approved his plan to survey , finance and engineer the road . Judah returned to Washington in December 1859 . He had a lobbying office in the United States Capitol , received an audience with President James Buchanan , and represented the Convention before Congress . Judah returned to California in 1860 . He continued to search for a more practical route through the Sierra suitable for a railroad . In mid-1860 , local miner Daniel Strong had surveyed a route over the Sierra for a wagon toll road , which he realized would also suit a railroad . He described his discovery in a letter to Judah . Together , they formed an association to solicit subscriptions from local merchants and businessmen to support their proposed railroad . From January or February 1861 until July , Judah and Strong led a 10 - person expedition to survey the route for the railroad over the Sierra Nevada through Clipper Gap and Emigrant Gap , over Donner Pass , and south to Truckee . They discovered a way across the Sierras that was gradual enough to be made suitable for a railroad , although it still needed a lot of work . The Big four ( edit ) Main articles : The Big Four and Central Pacific Railroad Leland Stanford 's official gubernatorial portrait Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad : Leland Stanford , ( 1824 -- 1893 ) , President ; Collis Potter Huntington , ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , Vice President ; Mark Hopkins , ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , Treasurer ; Charles Crocker , ( 1822 -- 1888 ) , Construction Supervisor . All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad . Thomas Durant ( edit ) Main articles : Thomas C. Durant and Union Pacific Railroad Dr. Thomas C. Durant Former ophthalmologist Dr. Thomas Clark `` Doc '' Durant was nominally only a vice president of Union Pacific , so he installed a series of respected men like John Adams Dix as president of the railroad . Durant and its financing arrangements were , unlike those of the CPRR , mired in controversy and scandals . Authorization and funding ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Railroad Act In February 1860 , Iowa Representative Samuel Curtis introduced a bill to fund the railroad . It passed the House but died when it could not be reconciled with the Senate version due to opposition from southern states who wanted a southern route near the 42nd parallel . Curtis tried and failed again in 1861 . After the southern states seceded from the Union , the House of Representatives approved the bill on May 6 , 1862 , and the Senate on June 20 . Lincoln signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 into law on July 1 . It authorized creation of two companies , the Central Pacific in the west and the Union Pacific in the mid-west , to build the railroad . The legislation called for building and operating a new railroad from the Missouri River at Council Bluffs , Iowa , west to Sacramento , California , and on to San Francisco Bay . A second law to supplement the first was passed in 1864 . Federal financing ( edit ) To finance the project , the act authorized the federal government to issue 30 - year U.S. government bonds ( at 6 % interest ) . The railroad companies were paid $16,000 / mile ( approximately $436,000 today ) for track laid on a level grade , $32,000 / mile ( about $872,000 today ) for track laid in foothills , and $48,000 / mile ( or about $1,307,000 today ) for track laid in mountains . The two railroad companies sold similar amounts of company - backed bonds and stock . Union Pacific financing ( edit ) While the federal legislation for the Union Pacific required that no partner was to own more than 10 percent of the stock , the UP had problems selling its stock . One of the few subscribers was Mormon leader Brigham Young , who also supplied crews for building much of the railroad through Utah . Durant enticed other investors by offering to front money for the stock they purchased in their names . This scheme enabled Durant to control about half of the railroad stock . The initial construction of UP grade traversed land owned by Durant . Durant 's railroad was paid by the mile , and to further inflate its profits , the UP built oxbows of unneeded track , and by July 4 , 1865 , it had only reached 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Omaha after 21⁄2 years of construction . Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific . First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works , while secretly buying stock in the depressed Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad . Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific , at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices . It 's estimated his scams produced over $5 million in profits for him and his cohorts . Central Pacific financing ( edit ) Collis Huntington , a Sacramento hardware merchant , heard Judah 's presentation about the railroad at the St. Charles Hotel in November 1860 . He invited Judah to his office to hear his proposal in detail . Huntington persuaded Judah to accept financing from himself and four others : Mark Hopkins , his business partner ; James Bailey , a jeweler ; Leland Stanford , a grocer ; and Charles Crocker , a dry - goods merchant . They initially invested $1,500 each and formed a board of directors . These investors became known as The Big Four , and their railroad was called the Central Pacific Railroad . Each eventually made millions of dollars from their investments and control of the Central Pacific Railroad . Before major construction could begin , Judah traveled back to New York City to raise funds to buy out The Big Four . However , shortly after arriving in New York , Judah died on November 2 , 1863 , of yellow fever that he had contracted while traveling over the Panama Railroad 's transit of the Isthmus of Panama . The CPRR Engineering Department was taken over by his successor Samuel S. Montegue , as well as Canadian trained Chief Assistant Engineer ( later Acting Chief Engineer ) Lewis Metzler Clement who also became Superintendent of Track . Land grants ( edit ) To allow the companies to raise additional capital , Congress granted the railroads a 400 - foot ( 120 m ) right - of - way corridor , lands for additional facilities like sidings and maintenance yards . They were also granted alternate sections of government - owned lands -- 6,400 acres ( 2,600 ha ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- for 10 miles ( 16 km ) on both sides of the track , forming a checkerboard pattern , leaving federal land between those of the railroad . The exception was in cities , at rivers , or on non-government property . The railroads sold bonds based on the value of the lands , and in areas with good land like the Sacramento Valley and Nebraska sold the land to settlers , contributing to a rapid settlement of the West . The total area of the land grants to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific was larger than the area of the state of Texas : federal government land grants totaled about 203,128,500 square miles , and state government land grants totaled about 76,565,000 square miles . It was far from a given that the railroads operating in the thinly - settled west would make enough money to repay their construction and operation . If the railroad companies failed to sell the land granted them within three years , they were required to sell it at prevailing government price for homesteads : $1.25 per 1 acre ( 0.40 ha ) . If they failed to repay the bonds , all remaining railroad property , including trains and tracks , would revert to the U.S. government . To encourage settlement in the west , Congress ( 1861 -- 1863 ) passed the Homestead Acts which granted an applicant 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of land with the requirement that the applicant improve the land . This incentive encouraged thousands of settlers to move west . Railroad self - dealing ( edit ) The federal legislation lacked adequate oversight and accountability . The two companies took advantage of these weaknesses in the legislation to manipulate the project and produce extra profit for themselves . Despite the generous subsidies offered by the federal government , the railroad capitalists knew they would not turn a profit on the railroad business for many months , possibly years . They determined to make a profit on the construction itself . Both groups of financiers formed independent companies to complete the project , and they controlled management of the new companies along with the railroad ventures . This self - dealing allowed them to build in generous profit margins paid out by the railroad companies . In the west , the four men heading the Central Pacific chose a simple name for their company , the `` Contract and Finance Company . '' In the east , the Union Pacific selected an foreign name , calling their construction firm `` Crédit Mobilier of America . '' The latter company was later implicated in a far - reaching scandal , described later . Labor and wages ( edit ) Most of the engineers and surveyors who were hired by the Union Pacific had been employed during the U.S. Civil War to repair and operate the over 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) of railroad line the U.S. Military Railroad controlled by the end of the war . The UP also utilized their experience repairing and building truss bridges during the war . Most of the semi-skilled workers on the Union Pacific were recruited from the many soldiers discharged from the Union and Confederate armies along with emigrant Irishmen . Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , 1865 After 1864 , the Central Pacific Railroad received the same Federal financial incentives as the Union Pacific Railroad , along with some construction bonds granted by the state of California and the city of San Francisco . The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads , but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor . Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture . The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers , many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China . When they proved themselves as workers , the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese , and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton . Despite their small stature and lack of experience , the Chinese laborers were responsible for most of the heavy manual labor , since only a very limited amount of that work that could be done by animals , simple machines , or black powder . The railroad also hired some black people escaping the aftermath of the American Civil War . Most of the black and white workers were paid $30.00 / month and given food and lodging . Most Chinese were initially paid $31.00 / month and provided lodging , but they preferred to cook their own meals . In 1867 the CPRR raised their wage to $35.00 / month after a strike . Transcontinental route ( edit ) Profile of the Pacific Railroad from Council Bluffs / Omaha to San Francisco . Harper 's Weekly December 7 , 1867 Construction begun ( edit ) The Central Pacific broke ground on January 8 , 1863 . Due to the lack of transportation alternatives from the manufacturing centers on the east coast , virtually all of their tools and machinery including rails , railroad switches , railroad turntables , freight and passenger cars , and steam locomotives were transported first by train to east coast ports . They were then loaded on ships which either sailed around South America 's Cape Horn , or offloaded the cargo at the Isthmus of Panama , where it was sent across via paddle steamer and the Panama Railroad . The Panama Railroad gauge was 5 ft ( 1524 mm ) , which was incompatible with the 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1435mm ) gauge used by the CPRR equipment . The latter route was about twice as expensive per pound . Once the machinery and tools reached the San Francisco Bay area , they were put aboard river paddle steamers which transported them up the final 130 miles ( 210 km ) of the Sacramento River to the new state capital in Sacramento . Many of these steam engines , railroad cars , and other machinery were shipped dismantled and had to be reassembled . Wooden timbers for railroad ties , trestles , bridges , firewood , and telegraph poles were harvested in California and transported to the project site . The Union Pacific Railroad did not start construction for another 18 months until July 1865 . They were delayed by difficulties obtaining financial backing and the unavailability of workers and materials due to the Civil War . Their start point in the new city of Omaha , Nebraska was not yet connected via railroad to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Equipment needed to begin work was initially delivered to Omaha and Council Bluffs by paddle steamers on the Missouri River . The Union Pacific was so slow in beginning construction during 1865 that they sold two of the four steam locomotives they had purchased . After the U.S. Civil War ended on June 22 , 1865 , the Union Pacific still competed for railroad supplies with companies who were building or repairing railroads in the south , and prices rose . Rail standards ( edit ) First Day Cover for the 75th Anniversary of the Driving of the Last Spike ( May 10 , 1944 ) At that time in the United States , there were two primary standards for track gauge , as defined by the distance between the two rails . In England , the standard gauge was 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 inch ( 1.435 m ) , and this had been adopted by the majority of northern railways . But much of the south had adopted a 5 - foot gauge . Transferring railway cars across a break of gauge required changing out the wheel trucks . Alternatively , cargo was offloaded and reloaded , a time - consuming effort that delayed cargo shipments . For the transcontinental railroad , the builders adopted the English standard , what is now called standard gauge . The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel - making were in use by 1865 , but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated . The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat - bottomed modified I - beam profile weighing 56 pounds ( 25 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) or 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly as possible at a minimum cost . Within a few years , nearly all railroads converted to steel rails . Time zones and telegraph usage ( edit ) Time was not standardized across the United States until about 1883 . In 1865 , each railroad set its own time to minimize scheduling errors . To communicate easily up and down the line , the railroads built telegraph lines alongside the railroad . These lines eventually superseded the original First Transcontinental Telegraph which followed much of the Mormon Trail up the North Platte River and across the very thinly populated Central Nevada Route through central Utah and Nevada . The telegraph lines along the railroad were easier to protect and maintain . Many of the original telegraph lines were abandoned as the telegraph business was consolidated with the railroad telegraph lines . Union Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Route of the first American transcontinental railroad from Sacramento , California , to Council Bluffs , Iowa . Other railroads connected at Council Bluffs to cities throughout the East and Midwest . The Union Pacific 's 1,087 miles ( 1,749 km ) of track started at MP 0.0 in Council Bluffs , Iowa , on the eastern side of the Missouri River . Omaha was chosen by President Abraham Lincoln as the location of its Transfer Depot where up to seven railroads could transfer mail and other goods to Union Pacific trains bound for the west . Trains were initially transported across the Missouri River by ferry before they could access the western tracks beginning in Omaha , Nebraska Territory . The river froze in the winter , and the ferries were replaced by sleighs . A bridge was not built until 1872 , when the 2,750 - foot - long ( 840 m ) Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was completed . After the rail line 's initial climb through the Missouri River bluffs west of Omaha and out of the Missouri River Valley , the route bridged the Elkhorn River and then crossed over the new 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) Loup River bridge as it followed the north side of the Platte River valley west through Nebraska along the general path of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails . By December 1865 , the Union Pacific had only completed 40 miles ( 64 km ) of track , reaching Fremont , Nebraska , and a further 10 miles ( 16 km ) of roadbed . At the end of 1865 , Peter A. Dey , Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific , resigned over a routing dispute with Thomas C. Durant , one of the chief financiers of the Union Pacific . With the end of the Civil War and increased government supervision in the offing , Durant hired his former M&M engineer Grenville M. Dodge to build the railroad , and the Union Pacific began a mad dash west . Former Union General John `` Jack '' Casement was hired as the new Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific . He equipped several railroad cars to serve as portable bunkhouses for the workers and gathered men and supplies to push the railroad rapidly west . Among the bunkhouses Casement added a galley car to prepare meals , and he even provided for a herd of cows to be moved with the railhead and bunk cars to provide fresh meat . Hunters were hired to provide buffalo meat from the large herds of American bison . The small survey parties who scouted ahead to locate the roadbed were sometimes attacked and killed by raiding Native Americans . In response , the U.S. Army instituted active cavalry patrols that grew larger as the Native Americans grew more aggressive . Temporary , `` Hell on wheels '' towns , made mostly of canvas tents , accompanied the railroad as construction headed west . The Platte River was too shallow and meandering to provide river transport , but the Platte river valley headed west and sloped up gradually at about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) per 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , often allowing to lay a mile ( 1.6 km ) of track a day or more in 1866 as the Union Pacific finally started moving rapidly west . Building bridges to cross creeks and rivers was the main source of delays . Near where the Platte River splits into the North Platte River and South Platte River , the railroad bridged the North Platte River over a 2,600 - foot - long ( 790 m ) bridge ( nicknamed 1⁄2 mile bridge ) . It was built across the shallow but wide North Platte resting on piles driven by steam pile drivers . Here they built the `` railroad '' town of North Platte , Nebraska in December 1866 after completing about 240 miles ( 390 km ) of track that year . In late 1866 , former Major General Grenville M. Dodge was appointed Chief Engineer on the Union Pacific , but hard working General `` Jack '' Casement continued to work as chief construction `` boss '' and his brother Daniel Casement continued as financial officer . The original emigrant route across Wyoming of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails , after progressing up the Platte River valley , went up the North Platte River valley through Casper , Wyoming , along the Sweetwater River and over the Continental Divide at 7,412 feet ( 2,259 m ) South Pass . The original westward travellers in their ox and mule pulled wagons tried to stick to river valleys to avoid as much road building as possible -- gradients and sharp corners were usually of little or no concern to them . The ox and mule pulled wagons were the original off - road vehicles in their day , since nearly all of the Emigrant Trails went cross country over rough , un-improved trails . The route over South Pass 's main advantage for wagons pulled by oxen or mules was a shorter elevation over an `` easy '' pass to cross and its `` easy '' connection to nearby river valleys on both sides of the continental divide for water and grass . The emigrant trails were closed in winter . The North Platte / South Pass route was far less beneficial for a railroad , as it was about 150 miles ( 240 km ) longer and much more expensive to construct up the narrow , steep and rocky canyons of the North Platte . The route along the North Platte was also further from Denver , Colorado , and went across difficult terrain , while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed . Efforts to survey a new , shorter , `` better '' route had been under way since 1864 . By 1867 , a new route was found and surveyed that went along part of the South Platte River in western Nebraska and after entering what is now the state of Wyoming , ascended a gradual sloping ridge between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek to 8,200 feet ( 2,500 m ) Evans pass ( also called Sherman 's Pass ) which was discovered by the Union Pacific employed English surveyor and engineer , James Evans , in about 1864 . This pass now is marked by the Ames Monument ( 41.131281 , - 105.398045 lat. , long . ) marking its significance and commemorating two of the main backers of the Union Pacific Railroad . From North Platte , Nebraska ( elevation 2,834 feet ( 864 m ) ) , the railroad proceeded westward and upward along a new path across the Nebraska Territory and Wyoming Territory ( then part of the Dakota Territory ) along the north bank of the South Platte River and into what would become the state of Wyoming at Lone Pine , Wyoming . Evans Pass was located between what would become the new `` railroad '' towns of Cheyenne and Laramie . Connecting to this pass , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Cheyenne , was the one place across the Laramie Mountains that had a narrow `` guitar neck '' of land that crossed the mountains without serious erosion at the so - called `` gangplank '' ( 41.099746 , - 105.153205 lat. , long . ) discovered by Major General Grenville Dodge in 1865 when he was in the U.S. Army . The new route surveyed across Wyoming was over 150 miles ( 240 km ) shorter , had a flatter profile , allowed for cheaper and easier railroad construction , and also went closer by Denver and the known coalfields in the Wasatch and Laramie Ranges . The railroad gained about 3,200 feet ( 980 m ) in the 220 miles ( 350 km ) climb to Cheyenne from North Platte , Nebraska -- about 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) per mile ( 1.6 km ) -- a very gentle slope of less than one degree average . This `` new '' route had never become an emigrant route because it lacked the water and grass to feed the emigrants ' oxen and mules . Steam locomotives did not need grass , and the railroad companies could drill wells for water if necessary . Coal had been discovered in Wyoming and reported on by John C. Frémont in his 1843 expedition across Wyoming , and was already being exploited by Utah residents from towns like Coalville , Utah and later Kemmerer , Wyoming by the time the Transcontinental railroad was built . Union Pacific needed coal to fuel its steam locomotives on the almost treeless plains across Nebraska and Wyoming . Coal shipments by rail were also looked on as a potentially major source of income -- this potential is still being realized . Dale Creek Bridge The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867 , having laid about 270 miles ( 430 km ) that year . They paused over the winter , preparing to push the track over Evans ( Sherman 's ) pass . At 8,247 feet ( 2,514 m ) , Evans / Sherman 's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad . About 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) beyond Evans / Sherman 's pass , the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon ( 41.103803 , − 105.454797 , lat. , long . ) . The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their more difficult railroad engineering challenges . Dale Creek Bridge was 650 - foot ( 200 m ) long and 125 feet ( 38 m ) above Dale Creek . The bridge components were pre-built of timber in Chicago , Illinois and then shipped on rail cars to Dale Creek for assembly . The eastern and western approaches to the bridge site , near the highest elevation on the transcontinental railroad , required cutting through granite for nearly a mile on each side . The initial Dale Creek bridge had a train speed limit of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) per hour across the bridge . Beyond Dale Creek , railroad construction paused at what became the town of Laramie , Wyoming to build a bridge across the Laramie River . Located 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Evans pass , Union Pacific connected the new `` railroad '' town of Cheyenne to Denver and its Denver Pacific Railway and Telegraph Company railroad line in 1870 . Elevated 6,070 feet ( 1,850 m ) above sea level , and sitting on the new Union Pacific route with a connection to Denver , Cheyenne was chosen to become a major railroad center and was equipped with extensive railroad yards , maintenance facilities and a Union Pacific presence . Its location made it a good base for helper locomotives to couple to trains with snowplows to help clear the tracks of snow or help haul heavy freight over Evans pass . The Union Pacific 's junction with the Denver Railroad with its connection to Kansas City , Kansas , Kansas City , Missouri and the railroads east of the Missouri River again increased Cheyenne 's importance as the junction of two major railroads . Cheyenne later became Wyoming 's largest city and the capital of the new state of Wyoming . The railroad established many townships along the way : Fremont , Elkhorn , Grand Island , North Platte , Ogallala and Sidney as the railroad followed the Platte River across Nebraska territory . The railroad even dipped into what would become the new state of Colorado after crossing the North Platte River as it followed the South Platte River west into what would become Julesburg before turning northwest along Lodgepole Creek into Wyoming . In the Dakota Territory ( Wyoming ) the new towns of Cheyenne , Laramie , Rawlins ( named for Union General John Aaron Rawlins , who camped in the locality in 1867 . ) , Green River and Evanston ( named after James Evans ) were established , as well as many more fuel and water stops . The Green River was crossed with a new bridge , and the new `` railroad '' town of Green River constructed there after the tracks reached the Green River on October 1 , 1868 -- the last big river to cross . On December 4 , 1868 , the Union Pacific reached Evanston , having laid almost 360 miles ( 580 km ) of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year . By 1871 , Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives . In the Utah Territory , the railroad once again diverted from the main emigrant trails to cross the Wasatch Mountains and went down the rugged Echo Canyon ( Summit County , Utah ) and Weber River canyon . To speed up construction as much as possible , Union Pacific contracted several thousand Mormon workers to cut , fill , trestle , bridge , blast and tunnel its way down the rugged Weber River Canyon to Ogden , Utah , ahead of the railroad construction . The Mormon and Union Pacific rail work was joined in the area of the present - day border between Utah and Wyoming . The longest of four tunnels built in Weber Canyon was 757 - foot - long ( 231 m ) Tunnel 2 . Work on this tunnel started in October 1868 and was completed six months later . Temporary tracks were laid around it and Tunnels 3 ( 508 feet ( 155 m ) ) , 4 ( 297 feet ( 91 m ) ) and 5 ( 579 feet ( 176 m ) ) to continue work on the tracks west of the tunnels . The tunnels were all made with the new dangerous nitroglycerine explosive , which expedited work but caused some fatal accidents . While building the railroad along the rugged Weber River Canyon , Mormon workers signed the Thousand Mile Tree which was lone tree alongside the track 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from Omaha . A historic marker has been placed there . The tracks reached Ogden , Utah , on March 27 , 1869 , although finishing work would continue on the tracks , tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year . From Ogden , the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers , before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May 10 , 1869 . Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon , and beyond , claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal . Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific . Fortunately , the Union Pacific railroad land grants in Utah were mostly worthless territory through mountains and deserts so they did not gain too much extra . The portion of the original railroad around the north shore of the Great Salt Lake is no longer used . In 1904 , the Lucin Cutoff , a causeway across the center of the Great Salt Lake to Promontory Point , bypassed Promontory Summit . The cutoff shortened the rail route by approximately 43 miles ( 69 km ) . Central Pacific route ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Central Pacific Rail road at Cape Horn circa 1880 The Central Pacific laid 690 miles ( 1,110 km ) of track , starting in Sacramento , California , in 1863 and continuing over the rugged 7,000 - foot ( 2,100 m ) Sierra Nevada mountains at Donner Pass into the new state of Nevada . The elevation change from Sacramento ( elev. 40 ft or 12 m ) to Donner Summit ( elev . 7,000 ft or 2,100 m ) had to be accomplished in about 90 miles ( 140 km ) with an average elevation change of 76 feet per mile ( 14 meters per km ) , and there were only a few places in the Sierra where this type of `` ramp '' existed . The discovery and detailed map survey with profiles and elevations of this route over the Sierra Nevada is credited to Theodore Judah , chief engineer of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death in 1863 . This route is up a ridge between the North fork of the American River on the south and Bear River ( Feather River ) and South Yuba River on the north . As the railroad climbed out of Sacramento up to Donner Summit , there was only one 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) section near `` Cape Horn CPRR '' where the railroad grade slightly exceeded two percent . 1864 advertisement for the opening of the Dutch Flat Wagon Road . In June 1864 , the Central Pacific railroad entrepreneurs opened Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( DFDLWR ) . Costing about $300,000 and a years worth of work , this toll road wagon route was opened over much of the route the Central Pacific railroad ( CPRR ) would use over Donner Summit to carry freight and passengers needed by the CPRR and to carry other cargo over their toll road to and from the ever advancing railhead and over the Sierra to the gold and silver mining towns of Nevada . As the railroad advanced , their freight rates with the combined rail and wagon shipments would become much more competitive . The volume of the toll road freight traffic to Nevada was estimated to be about $13,000,000 a year as the Comstock Lode boomed , and getting even part of this freight traffic would help pay for the railroad construction . When the railroad reached Reno , it had the majority of all Nevada freight shipments , and the price of goods in Nevada dropped significantly as the freight charges to Nevada dropped significantly . The rail route over the Sierras followed the general route of the Truckee branch of the California Trail , going east over Donner Pass and down the rugged Truckee River valley . The route over the Sierra had been plotted out by Judah in preliminary surveys before his death in 1863 . Judah 's deputy , Samuel S. Montague was appointed as Central Pacific 's new Chief Engineer , with Lewis M. Clement as Assistant Chief Engineer and Charles Cadwalader as second assistant . To build the new railroad , detailed surveys had to be run that showed where the cuts , fills , trestles , bridges and tunnels would have to be built . Work that was identified as taking a long time was started as soon as its projected track location could be ascertained and work crews , supplies and road work equipment found to be sent ahead . Tunnels , trestles and bridges were nearly all built this way . The spread - out nature of the work resulted in the work being split into two divisions , with L.M. Clement taking the upper division from Blue Cañon to Truckee and Cadwalader taking the lower division from Truckee to the Nevada border . Other assistant engineers were assigned to specific tasks such as building a bridge , tunnel or trestle which was done by the workers under experienced supervisors . The CPRR grade at Donner Summit as it appeared in 1869 and 2003 In total , the Central Pacific had eleven tunnel projects ( Nos. 3 through 13 ) under construction in the Sierra from 1865 -- 68 , with seven tunnels located in a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) stretch on the east side of Donner Summit . The tunnels were usually built by drilling a series of holes in the tunnel face , filling them with black powder and detonating it to break the rock free . The black powder was provided by the California Powder Works near Santa Cruz , California . These works had started production in 1864 after the U.S. Civil War had cut off shipments of black powder from the East to the mining and railroad industry of California and Nevada . The Central Pacific was a prolific user of black powder , often using up to 500 kegs of 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) each per day . The summit tunnel ( Number 6 ) , 1,660 feet ( 510 m ) , was started in late 1865 , well ahead of the railhead . Through solid granite , the summit tunnel progressed at a rate of only about 0.98 feet ( 0.30 m ) per day per face as it was being worked by three eight - hour shifts of workers , hand drilling holes with a rock drill and hammer , filling them with black powder and trying to blast the granite loose . One crew worked drilling holes on the faces and another crew collected and removed the loosened rock after each explosion . The workers were pulled off the summit tunnel and the track grading east of Donner Pass in the winter of 1865 -- 66 as there was no way to supply them , nor quarters they could have lived in . The crews were transferred to work on bridges and track grading on the Truckee River canyon . The vertical central shaft of the CPRR `` Summit Tunnel '' ( Tunnel # 6 ) at Donner Summit which allowed drilling and excavation to be carried out on four faces at once In 1866 they put in a 125 - foot ( 38 m ) vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces , giving four working faces on the summit tunnel to speed up progress . A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces . By the winter of 1866 -- 67 , work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue . The cross section of a tunnel face was a 16 - foot - wide ( 4.9 m ) , 16 - foot - high ( 4.9 m ) oval with an 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) vertical wall . Progress on the tunnel sped up to over 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) per day per face when they started using the newly invented nitroglycerin -- manufactured near the tunnel . They used nitroglycerin to deepen the summit tunnel to the required 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) height after the four tunnel faces met , and made even faster progress . Nearly all other tunnels were worked on both tunnel faces and met in the middle . Depending on the material the tunnels penetrated , they were left unlined or lined with brick , rock walls or timber and post . Some tunnels were designed to bend in the middle to align with the track bed curvature . Despite this potential complication , nearly all the different tunnel center lines met within 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) or so . The detailed survey work that made these tunnel digs as precise as required were nearly all done by the Canadian born and trained Lewis Clement , the CPRR 's Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track , and his assistants . Hills or ridges in front of the railroad road bed would have to have a flat - bottomed , V shaped `` cut '' made to get the railroad through the ridge or hill . The type of material determined the slope of the V and how much material would have to be removed . Ideally , these cuts would be matched with valley fills that could use the dug out material to bring the road bed up to grade -- cut and fill construction . In the 1860s there was no heavy equipment that could be used to make these cuts or haul it away to make the fills . The options were to dig it out by pick and shovel , haul the hillside material by wheelbarrow and / or horse or mule cart or blast it loose . To blast a V shaped cut out , they had to drill several holes up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) deep in the material , fill them with black powder , and blast the material away . Since the Central Pacific was in a hurry , they were profligate users of black powder to blast their way though the hills . The only disadvantage came when a nearby valley needed fill to get across it . The explosive technique often blew most of the potential fill material down the hillside , making it unavailable for fill . Initially , many valleys were bridged by `` temporary '' trestles that could be rapidly built and were later replaced by much lower maintenance and permanent solid fill . The existing railroad made transporting and putting material in valleys much easier -- load it on railway dump cars , haul where needed and dump it over the side of the trestle . The Summit Tunnel at Donner Summit , West Portal ( Composite image with the tracks removed in 1993 digitally restored ) The route down the eastern Sierras was done on the south side of Donner Lake with a series of switchbacks carved into the mountain . The Truckee River , which drains Lake Tahoe , had already found and scoured out the best route across the Carson Range of mountains east of the Sierras . The route down the rugged Truckee River Canyon , including required bridges , was done ahead of the main summit tunnel completion . To expedite the building of the railroad through the Truckee River canyon , the Central Pacific hauled two small locomotives , railcars , rails and other material on wagons and sleighs to what is now Truckee , California and worked the winter of 1867 -- 68 on their way down Truckee canyon ahead of the tracks being completed to Truckee . In Truckee canyon , five Howe truss bridges had to be built . This gave them a head start on getting to the `` easy '' miles across Nevada . In order to keep the higher portions of the Sierra grade open in the winter , 37 miles ( 60 km ) of timber snow sheds were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee in addition to utilizing snowplows pushed by locomotives , as well as manual shovelling . With the advent of more efficient oil fired steam and later diesel electric power to drive plows , flangers , spreaders , and rotary snow plows , most of the wooden snowsheds have long since been removed as obsolete . Tunnels 1 -- 5 and 13 of the original 1860s tunnels on Track 1 of the Sierra grade remain in use today , while additional new tunnels were later driven when the grade was double tracked over the first quarter of the twentieth century . In 1993 , the Southern Pacific Railroad ( which operated the CPRR - built Oakland -- Ogden line until its 1996 merger with the UP ) closed and pulled up the 6.7 - mile ( 10.8 km ) section of Track # 1 over the summit running between the Norden complex ( Shed 26 , MP 192.1 ) and the covered crossovers in Shed # 47 ( MP 198.8 ) about a mile east of the old flyover at Eder , bypassing and abandoning the tunnel 6 -- 8 complex , the concrete snowsheds just beyond them , and tunnels 9 -- 12 ending at MP 195.7 , all of which had been located on Track 1 within two miles of the summit . Since then all east - and westbound traffic has been run over the Track # 2 grade crossing the summit about one mile ( 1.6 km ) south of Donner Pass through the 10,322 - foot - long ( 3,146 m ) Tunnel # 41 ( aka `` The Big Hole '' ) running under Mt . Judah between Soda Springs and Eder , which was opened in 1925 when the summit section of the grade was double tracked . This routing change was made because the Track 2 and Tunnel 41 Summit crossing is far easier and less expensive to maintain and keep open in the harsh Sierra winters . On June 18 , 1868 , the Central Pacific reached Reno , Nevada , after completing 132 miles ( 212 km ) of railroad up and over the Sierras from Sacramento , California . By then the railroad had already been prebuilt down the Truckee River on the much flatter land from Reno to Wadsworth , Nevada , where they bridged the Truckee for the last time . From there , they struggled across a forty mile desert to the end of the Humboldt river at the Humboldt Sink . From the end of the Humboldt , they continued east over the Great Basin desert bordering the Humboldt River to Wells , Nevada . One of the most troublesome problems found on this route along the Humboldt was at Palisade Canyon ( near Carlin , Nevada ) , where for 12 miles ( 19 km ) the line had to be built between the river and basalt cliffs . From Wells , Nevada to Promontory Summit , the Railroad left the Humboldt and proceeded across the Nevada and Utah desert . Water for the steam locomotives was provided by wells , springs , or pipelines to nearby water sources . Water was often pumped into the water tanks with windmills . Train fuel and water spots on the early trains with steam locomotives may have been as often as every 10 miles ( 16 km ) . On one memorable occasion , not far from Promontory , the Central Pacific crews organized an army of workers and five train loads of construction material , and laid 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track on a prepared rail bed in one day -- - a record that still stands today . The Central Pacific and Union Pacific raced to get as much track laid as possible , and the Central Pacific laid about 560 miles ( 900 km ) of track from Reno to Promontory Summit in the one year before the Last Spike was driven on May 10 , 1869 . Central Pacific had 1,694 freight cars available by May 1869 , with more under construction in their Sacramento yard . Major repairs and maintenance on the Central Pacific rolling stock was done in their Sacramento maintenance yard . Near the end of 1869 , Central Pacific had 162 locomotives , of which 2 had two drivers ( drive wheels ) , 110 had four drivers , and 50 had six drivers . The steam locomotives had been purchased in the eastern states and shipped to California by sea . Thirty - six additional locomotives were built and coming west , and twenty - eight more were under construction . There was a shortage of passenger cars and more had to be ordered . The first Central Pacific sleeper , the `` Silver Palace Sleeping Car '' , arrived at Sacramento on June 8 , 1868 . The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California , Reno , Wadsworth , Winnemucca , Battle Mountain , Elko and Wells in Nevada ( with many more fuel and water stops ) , before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory . When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870 , it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory , extended the Central Pacific tracks about 60 miles ( 97 km ) and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad , as passengers and freight switched railroads there . CPRR issued ticket for passage from Reno to Virginia City , NV on the V&TRR , 1878 Subsequent to the railhead 's meeting at Promontory Summit , U.T. , the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing ( near present - day Lathrop , California ) was completed on September 8 , 1869 . As a result , the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda , California , and shortly thereafter , to the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point in Oakland , California , and on to San Jose , California . Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco . Before the CPRR was completed , developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City , Nevada , and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there . Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps , cooking stoves , heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the `` hot '' Comstock Lode ore body . In the mines , temperatures could get above 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) at the work face and a miner often used over 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of ice per shift . This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno , and went through Carson City , the new capital of Nevada . After the transcontinental railroads were completed , many other railroads were built to connect up to other population centers in Utah , Wyoming , Kansas , Colorado , Oregon , Washington territories , etc . In 1869 , the Kansas Pacific Railway started building the Hannibal Bridge , a swing bridge across the Missouri River between Kansas City , Missouri and Kansas City , Kansas which connected railroads on both sides of the Missouri while still allowing passage of paddle steamers on the river . After completion , this became another major east - west railroad . To speed completion of the Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver , construction started east from Denver in March 1870 to meet the railroad coming west from Kansas city . The two crews met at a point called Comanche Crossing , Kansas Territory , on August 15 , 1870 . Denver was now firmly on track to becoming the largest city and the future capital of Colorado . The Kansas Pacific Railroad linked with the Denver Pacific Railway via Denver to Cheyenne in 1870 . The original transcontinental railroad route did not pass through the two biggest cities in the so - called Great American Desert -- Denver , Colorado , and Salt Lake City , Utah . Feeder railroad lines were soon built to service these two and other cities and states along the route . Modern - day Interstate 80 roughly follows the path of the railroad from Sacramento across modern day California , Nevada , Wyoming and Nebraska , with a few exceptions . Most significantly , the two routes are different between Wells , Nevada and Echo , Utah . In this area the freeway passes along the south shore of the Great Salt Lake and passes through Salt Lake City , cresting the Wasatch Mountains at Parley 's Summit . The railroad was originally routed along the north shore , and later with the Lucin Cutoff directly across the center of the Great Salt Lake , passing through the city of Ogden instead of Salt Lake City . The railroad crosses the Wasatch Mountains via a much gentler grade through Weber Canyon . Most of the other deviations are in mountainous areas where interstate highways allow for grades up to six - percent grades , which allows them to go many places the railroads had to go around , since their goal was to hold their grades to less than two percent . Construction ( edit ) The Jupiter , which carried Leland Stanford ( one of the `` Big Four '' owners of the Central Pacific ) and other railway officials to the Last Spike Ceremony . Most of the capital investment needed to build the railroad was generated by selling government - guaranteed bonds ( granted per mile of completed track ) to interested investors . The Federal donation of right - of - way saved money and time as it did not have to be purchased from others . The financial incentives and bonds would hopefully cover most of the initial capital investment needed to build the railroad . The bonds would be paid back by the sale of government - granted land , as well as prospective passenger and freight income . Most of the engineers and surveyors who figured out how and where to build the railroad on the Union Pacific were engineering college trained . Many of Union Pacific engineers and surveyors were Union Army veterans ( including two generals ) who had learned their railroad trade keeping the trains running and tracks maintained during the U.S. Civil War . After securing the finances and selecting the engineering team , the next step was to hire the key personnel and prospective supervisors . Nearly all key workers and supervisors were hired because they had previous railroad on - the - job training , knew what needed to be done and how to direct workers to get it done . After the key personnel were hired , the semi-skilled jobs could be filled if there was available labor . The engineering team 's main job was to tell the workers where to go , what to do , how to do it , and provide the construction material they would need to get it done . Survey teams were put out to produce detailed contour maps of the options on the different routes . The engineering team looked at the available surveys and chose what was the `` best '' route . Survey teams under the direction of the engineers closely led the work crews and marked where and by how much hills would have to be cut and depressions filled or bridged . Coordinators made sure that construction and other supplies were provided when and where needed , and additional supplies were ordered as the railroad construction consumed the supplies . Specialized bridging , explosive and tunneling teams were assigned to their specialized jobs . Some jobs like explosive work , tunneling , bridging , heavy cuts or fills were known to take longer than others , so the specialized teams were sent out ahead by wagon trains with the supplies and men to get these jobs done by the time the regular track - laying crews arrived . Finance officers made sure the supplies were paid for and men paid for their work . An army of men had to be coordinated and a seemingly never - ending chain of supplies had to be provided . The Central Pacific road crew set a track - laying record by laying 10 mi ( 16 km ) of track in a single day , commemorating the event with a signpost beside the track for passing trains to see . In addition to the track - laying crews , other crews were busy setting up stations with provisions for loading fuel , water and often also mail , passengers and freight . Personnel had to be hired to run these stations . Maintenance depots had to be built to keep all of the equipment repaired and operational . Telegraph operators had to be hired to man each station to keep track of where the trains were so that trains could run in each direction on the available single track without interference or accidents . Sidings had to be built to allow trains to pass . Provision had to be made to store and continually pay for coal or wood needed to run the steam locomotives . Water towers had to be built for refilling the water tanks on the engines , and provision made to keep them full . Labor ( edit ) The majority of the Union Pacific track across the Nebraska and Wyoming territories was built by veterans of the Union and Confederate armies , as well as many recent immigrants . Brigham Young , President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , landed contracts with the Union Pacific that offered jobs for around 2,000 members of the church with the hope that the railroad would support commerce in Utah . Church members built most of the road through Utah . Construction superintendent Durant repeatedly failed to pay the wages agreed upon . The Union Pacific train carrying him to the final spike ceremony was held up by a strike by unpaid workers in Piedmont , Wyoming until he paid them for their work . Representatives of Brigham Young had less success , and failed in court to force him to honor the contract . Chinese railroad workers greet a train on a snowy day . The manual labor to build the Central Pacific 's roadbed , bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors . The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as `` Celestials '' and China as the `` Celestial Kingdom . '' Labor - saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows , horse or mule pulled carts , and a few railroad pulled gondolas . The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor . Initially , Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line , as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere . Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker , one of the `` big four '' and a general contractor , that the Chinese were too small in stature , standing at about 58 inches ( 1.5 m ) , weighing about 120 pounds ( 54 kg ) , and lacking previous experience with railroad work , they decided to try them anyway . After the first few days of trial with a few workers , with noticeably positive results , Crocker decided to hire as many as he could , looking primarily at the California labor force , where the majority of Chinese worked as independent gold miners or in the service industries ( e.g. : laundries and kitchens ) . Most of these Chinese workers were represented by a Chinese `` boss '' who translated , collected salaries for his crew , kept discipline and relayed orders from an American general supervisor . Most Chinese workers spoke only rudimentary or no English , and the supervisors typically only learned rudimentary Chinese . Many more workers were imported from the Guangdong Province of China , which at the time , beside great poverty , suffered from the violence of the Taiping Rebellion . Most Chinese workers were planning on returning with their new found `` wealth '' when the work was completed . Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day , the same as unskilled white workers ; but the workers imported directly from China sometimes received less . A diligent worker could save over $20 per month after paying for food and lodging -- a `` fortune '' by Chinese standards . A snapshot of workers in late 1865 showed about 3,000 Chinese and 1,700 white workers employed on the railroad . Nearly all of the white workers were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese . Most of the early work on the Central Pacific consisted of constructing the railroad track bed , cutting and / or blasting through or around hills , filling in washes , building bridges or trestles , digging and blasting tunnels and then laying the rails over the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) mountains . Once the Central Pacific was out of the Sierras and the Carson Range , progress sped up considerably as the railroad bed could be built over nearly flat ground . In those days , the Central Pacific once did a section of 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in one day as a `` demonstration '' of what they could do on flat ground like most of the Union Pacific had in Wyoming and Nebraska . The track laying was divided up into various parts . In advance of the track layers , surveyors consulting with engineers determined where the track would go . Workers then built and prepared the roadbed , dug or blasted through hills , filled in washes , built trestles , bridges or culverts across streams or valleys , made tunnels if needed , and laid the ties . The actual track - laying gang would then lay rails on the previously laid ties positioned on the roadbed , drive the spikes , and bolt the fishplate bars to each rail . At the same time , another gang would distribute telegraph poles and wire along the grade , while the cooks prepared dinner and the clerks busied themselves with accounts , records , using the telegraph line to relay requests for more materials and supplies or communicate with supervisors . Usually the workers lived in camps built near their work site . Supplies were ordered by the engineers and hauled by rail , possibly then to be loaded on wagons if they were needed ahead of the railhead . Camps were moved when the railhead moved a significant distance . Later , as the railroad started moving long distances every few days , some railroad cars had bunkhouses built in them that moved with the workers -- the Union Pacific had used this technique since 1866 . Almost all of the roadbed work had to be done manually , using shovels , picks , axes , two - wheeled dump carts , wheelbarrows , ropes , scrapers , etc. , with initially only black powder available for blasting . Carts pulled by mules , and horses were about the only labor saving devices available then . Lumber and ties were usually provided by independent contractors who cut , hauled and sawed the timber as required . CPRR Tunnel # 3 near Cisco , California ( MP 180.1 ) opened in 1866 and remains in daily use today . Tunnels were blasted through hard rock by drilling holes in the rock face by hand and filling them with black powder . Sometimes cracks were found which could be filled with powder and blasted loose . The loosened rock would be collected and hauled out of the tunnel for use in a fill area or as roadbed , or else dumped over the side as waste . A foot or so advance on a tunnel face was a typical day 's work . Some tunnels took almost a year to finish and the Summit Tunnel , the longest , took almost two years . In the final days of working in the Sierras , the recently invented nitroglycerin explosive was introduced and used on the last tunnels including Summit Tunnel . Supply trains carried all the necessary material for the construction up to the railhead , with mule or horse - drawn wagons carrying it the rest of the ways if required . Ties were typically unloaded from horse - drawn or mule - drawn wagons and then placed on the track ballast and levelled to get ready for the rails . Rails , which weighed the most , were often kicked off the flatcars and carried by gangs of men on each side of the rail to where needed . The rails just in front of the rail car would be placed first , measured for the correct gauge with gauge sticks and then nailed down on the ties with spike mauls . The fishplates connecting the ends of the rails would be bolted on and then the car pushed by hand to the end of the rail and rail installation repeated . Track ballast was put between the ties as they progressed . Where a proper railbed had already been prepared , the work progressed rapidly . Constantly needed supplies included `` food , water , ties , rails , spikes , fishplates , nuts and bolts , track ballast , telegraph poles , wire , fire wood ( or coal on the UP ) and water for the steam train locomotives , etc . '' After a flatcar was unloaded , it would usually be hooked to a small locomotive and pulled back to a siding , so another flatcar with rails etc. could be advanced to the railhead . Since juggling railroad cars took time on flat ground , where wagon transport was easier , the rail cars would be brought to the end of the line by steam locomotive , unloaded , and the flat car returned immediately to a siding for another loaded car of either ballast or rails . Temporary sidings were often installed where it could be easily done to expedite getting needed supplies to the railhead . The railroad tracks , spikes , telegraph wire , locomotives , railroad cars , supplies etc. were imported from the east on sailing ships that sailed the about 18,000 miles ( 29,000 km ) and about 200 day trip around Cape Horn . Some freight was put on Clipper ships which could do the trip in about 120 days . Some passengers and high priority freight were shipped over the newly ( 1855 ) completed Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama . Using paddle steamers to and from Panama , this short cut could be done in as little as 40 days . Supplies were normally offloaded at the Sacramento , California docks where the railroad started . Central Pacific construction ( edit ) On January 8 , 1863 , Governor Leland Stanford ceremoniously broke ground in Sacramento , California , to begin construction of the Central Pacific Railroad . After great initial progress along the Sacramento Valley , construction was slowed , first by the foothills of the Sierra Nevada , then by cutting a railroad bed up the mountains themselves . As they progressed higher in the mountains , winter snowstorms and a shortage of reliable labor compounded the problems . Consequently , after a trial crew of Chinese workers was hired and found to work successfully , the Central Pacific expanded its efforts to hire more emigrant laborers -- mostly Chinese . Emigrants from poverty stricken regions of China , many of which suffered from the strife of the Taiping Rebellion , seemed to be more willing to tolerate the living and working conditions on the railroad construction , and progress on the railroad continued . The increasing necessity for tunneling as they proceeded up the mountains then began to slow progress of the line yet again . Example of hand drilled granite from within Tunnel # 6 , the `` Summit Tunnel '' . The first step of construction was to survey the route and determine the locations where large excavations , tunnels and bridges would be needed . Crews could then start work in advance of the railroad reaching these locations . Supplies and workers were brought up to the work locations by wagon teams and work on several different sections proceeded simultaneously . One advantage of working on tunnels in winter was that tunnel work could often proceed since the work was nearly all `` inside '' . Unfortunately , living quarters would have to be built outside and getting new supplies was difficult . Working and living in winter in the presence of snow slides and avalanches caused some deaths . To carve a tunnel , one worker held a rock drill on the granite face while one to two other workers swung eighteen - pound sledgehammers to sequentially hit the drill which slowly advanced into the rock . Once the hole was about 10 inches ( 25 cm ) deep , it would be filled with black powder , a fuse set and then ignited from a safe distance . Nitroglycerin , which had been invented less than two decades before the construction of the first transcontinental railroad , was used in relatively large quantities during its construction . This was especially true on the Central Pacific Railroad , which owned its own nitroglycerin plant to ensure it had a steady supply of the volatile explosive . This plant was operated by Chinese laborers as they were willing workers even under the most trying and dangerous of conditions . However , Chinese laborers did far more than mix the volatile ingredients of nitroglycerin for the Central Pacific . Their hard work was also crucial in the construction of 15 tunnels along the railroad 's line through the Sierra Nevada mountains . These tunnels were about 32 feet ( 10 m ) high and 16 feet ( 5 m ) wide . When tunnels with vertical shafts were dug to increase construction speed , and tunneling began in the middle of the tunnel , at first hand - powered derricks were used to help remove loose rocks up the vertical shafts . These derricks were later replaced with steam hoists as work progressed . By using vertical shafts , four faces of the tunnel could be worked at the same time , two in the middle and one at each end . The average daily progress in some tunnels was only 0.85 feet ( 26 cm ) a day per face , which was very slow , or 1.18 feet ( 36 cm ) daily according to historian George Kraus . J.O. Wilder , a Central Pacific - Southern Pacific employee , commented that `` The Chinese were as steady , hard - working a set of men as could be found . With the exception of a few whites at the west end of Tunnel No. 6 , the laboring force was entirely composed of Chinamen with white foremen and a `` boss / translator '' . A single foreman ( often Irish ) with a gang of 30 to 40 Chinese men generally constituted the force at work at each end of a tunnel ; of these , 12 to 15 men worked on the heading , and the rest on the bottom , removing blasted material . When a gang was small or the men were needed elsewhere , the bottoms were worked with fewer men or stopped so as to keep the headings going . '' The laborers usually worked three shifts of 8 hours each per day , while the foremen worked in two shifts of 12 hours each , managing the laborers . Once out of the Sierras , construction was much easier and faster . Horace Hamilton Minkler , track foreman for the Central Pacific , laid the last rail and tie before the Last Spike was driven . CPRR snow gallery under construction in 1868 . In order to keep the CPRR 's Sierra grade open during the winter months , beginning in 1867 , 37 miles of massive wooden snow sheds and galleries were built between Blue Cañon and Truckee , covering cuts and other points where there was danger of avalanches . 2,500 men and six material trains were employed in this work , which was completed in 1869 . The sheds were built with two sides and a steep peaked roof , mostly of locally cut hewn timber and round logs. Snow galleries had one side and a roof that sloped upward until it met the mountain side , thus permitting avalanches to slide over the galleries , some of which extended up the mountainside as much as two hundred feet ( 60 m ) . Masonry walls such as the `` Chinese Walls '' at Donner Summit were built across canyons to prevent avalanches from striking the side of the vulnerable wooden construction . A few concrete sheds ( mostly at crossovers ) are still in use today . Union Pacific construction ( edit ) Grenville M. Dodge wearing a major general 's uniform The major investor in the Union Pacific was Thomas Clark Durant , who had made his stake money by smuggling Confederate cotton with the aid of Grenville M. Dodge . Durant chose routes that would favor places where he held land , and he announced connections to other lines at times that suited his share dealings . He paid an associate to submit the construction bid to another company he controlled , Crédit Mobilier , manipulating the finances and government subsidies and making himself another fortune . Durant hired Dodge as chief engineer and Jack Casement as construction boss . In the East , the progress started in Omaha , Nebraska , by the Union Pacific Railroad which initially proceeded very quickly because of the open terrain of the Great Plains . This changed , however , as the work entered Indian - held lands . The Native Americans saw the railroad as a violation of their treaties with the United States . War parties began to raid the moving labor camps that followed the progress of the line . Union Pacific responded by increasing security and hiring marksmen to kill American Bison , which were both a physical threat to trains and the primary food source for many of the Plains Indians . The Native Americans then began killing laborers when they realized that the so - called `` Iron Horse '' threatened their existence . Security measures were further strengthened , and progress on the railroad continued . The `` Last Spike '' ceremony ( edit ) Main article : Golden spike Golden spike , one of four ceremonial spikes driven at the completion ( but not the final one ) The Last Spike by Thomas Hill ( 1881 ) Six years after the groundbreaking , laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . It was here on May 10 , 1869 , that Leland Stanford drove The Last Spike ( or golden spike ) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad . The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University , while a second `` Last '' Golden Spike is also on display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento . In perhaps the world 's first live mass - media event , the hammers and spike were wired to the telegraph line so that each hammer stroke would be heard as a click at telegraph stations nationwide -- the hammer strokes were missed , so the clicks were sent by the telegraph operator . As soon as the ceremonial `` Last Spike '' had been replaced by an ordinary iron spike , a message was transmitted to both the East Coast and West Coast that simply read , `` DONE . '' Travel from coast to coast was reduced from six months or more to just one week . Aftermath ( edit ) Railroad developments ( edit ) Display ads for the CPRR and UPRR the week the rails were joined on May 10 , 1869 UPRR & CPRR `` Great American Over-Land Route '' Timetable cover 1881 When the last spike was driven , the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento . To get from Sacramento to the Pacific , the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad ( unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route ) and resumed construction on it , which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles . In November 1869 , the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland , California , where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city by ferry . The original route from the Central Valley to the Bay skirted the Delta by heading south out of Sacramento through Stockton and crossing the San Joaquin River at Mossdale , then climbed over the Altamont Pass and reached the East Bay through Niles Canyon . The Western Pacific was originally chartered to go to San Jose , but the Central Pacific decided to build along the East Bay instead , as going from San Jose up the Peninsula to San Francisco itself would have brought it into conflict with competing interests . The railroad entered Alameda and Oakland from the south , roughly paralleling what would later become U.S. Route 50 and later still Interstates 5 , 205 , and 580 . A more direct route was obtained with the purchase of the California Pacific Railroad , crossing the Sacramento River and proceeding southwest through Davis to Benicia , where it crossed the Carquinez Strait by means of an enormous train ferry , then followed the shores of the San Pablo and San Francisco bays to Richmond and the Port of Oakland ( paralleling U.S. Route 40 which ultimately became Interstate 80 ) . In 1930 , a rail bridge across the Carquinez replaced the Benicia ferries . Very early on , the Central Pacific learned that it would have trouble maintaining an open track in winter across the Sierras . At first they tried plowing the road with special snowplows mounted on their steam engines . When this was only partially successful , an extensive process of building snow sheds over some of the track was instituted to protect it from deep snows and avalanches . These eventually succeeded at keeping the tracks clear for all but a few days of the year . Both railroads soon instituted extensive upgrade projects to build better bridges , viaducts and dugways as well as install heavier duty rails , stronger ties , better road beds etc . The original track had often been laid as fast as possible with only secondary attention to maintenance and durability . The primary incentive had been getting the subsidies , which meant that upgrades of all kinds were routinely required in the following years . Frontispiece of Crofutt 's Great Trans - Continental Tourist 's Guide , 1870 The Union Pacific would not connect Omaha to Council Bluffs until completing the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872 . Several years after the end of the Civil War , the competing railroads coming from Missouri finally realized their initial strategic advantage and a building boom ensued . In July 1869 , the H&SJ finished the Hannibal Bridge in Kansas City which was the first bridge to cross the Missouri River . This in turn connected to Kansas Pacific trains going from Kansas City to Denver , which in turn had built the Denver Pacific Railway connecting to the Union Pacific . In August 1870 , the Kansas Pacific drove the last spike connecting to the Denver Pacific line at Strasburg , Colorado and the first true Atlantic to Pacific United States railroad was completed . Kansas City 's head start in connecting to a true transcontinental railroad contributed to it rather than Omaha becoming the dominant rail center west of Chicago . The Kansas Pacific became part of the Union Pacific in 1880 . On June 4 , 1876 , an express train called the Transcontinental Express arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City . Only ten years before , the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship , possibly all the way around South America . The Central Pacific got a direct route to San Francisco when it was merged with the Southern Pacific Railroad to create the Southern Pacific Company in 1885 . The Union Pacific initially took over the Southern Pacific in 1901 but was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to divest it because of monopoly concerns . The two railroads would once again unite in 1996 when the Southern Pacific was sold to the Union Pacific . Having been bypassed with the completion of the Lucin Cutoff in 1904 , the Promontory Summit rails were pulled up in 1942 to be recycled for the World War II effort . This process began with a ceremonial `` undriving '' at the Last Spike location . In 1957 , Congress authorized the Golden Spike National Historic Site . On May 10 , 2006 , on the anniversary of the driving of the spike , Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a representation of the driving of the Last ( Golden ) Spike . Crédit Mobilier ( edit ) Oakes Ames Main article : Crédit Mobilier of America scandal Despite the transcontinental success and millions in government subsidies , the Union Pacific faced bankruptcy less than three years after the Last Spike as details surfaced about overcharges that Crédit Mobilier had billed Union Pacific for the formal building of the railroad . The scandal hit epic proportions in the United States presidential election , 1872 , which saw the re-election of Ulysses S. Grant and became the biggest scandal of the Gilded Age . It would not be resolved until the death of the congressman who was supposed to have reined in its excesses but instead wound up profiting from it . Durant had initially come up with the scheme to have Crédit Mobilier subcontract to do the actual track work . Durant gained control of the company after buying out employee Herbert Hoxie for $10,000 . Under Durant 's guidance , Crédit Mobilier was charging Union Pacific often twice or more the customary cost for track work ( thus in effect paying himself to build the railroad ) . The process mired down Union Pacific work . Lincoln asked Massachusetts Congressman Oakes Ames , who was on the railroad committee , to clean things up and get the railroad moving . Ames got his brother Oliver Ames Jr. named president of the Union Pacific , while he himself became president of Crédit Mobilier . Ames then in turn gave stock options to other politicians while at the same time continuing the lucrative overcharges . The scandal was to implicate Vice President Schuyler Colfax ( who was cleared ) and future President James Garfield among others . The scandal broke in 1872 when the New York Sun published correspondence detailing the scheme between Henry S. McComb and Ames . In the ensuing Congressional investigation , it was recommended that Ames be expelled from Congress , but this was reduced to a censure and Ames died within three months . Durant later left the Union Pacific and a new rail baron Jay Gould became the dominant stockholder . As a result of the Panic of 1873 , Gould was able to pick up bargains , among them the control of the Union Pacific Railroad and Western Union . Visible remains ( edit ) Visible remains of the historic line are still easily located -- hundreds of miles are still in service today , especially through the Sierra Nevada Mountains and canyons in Utah and Wyoming . While the original rail has long since been replaced because of age and wear , and the roadbed upgraded and repaired , the lines generally run on top of the original , handmade grade . Vista points on Interstate 80 through California 's Truckee Canyon provide a panoramic view of many miles of the original Central Pacific line and of the snow sheds which made winter train travel safe and practical . In areas where the original line has been bypassed and abandoned , primarily in Utah , the road grade is still obvious , as are numerous cuts and fills , especially the Big Fill a few miles east of Promontory . The sweeping curve which connected to the east end of the Big Fill now passes a Thiokol rocket research and development facility . The Last Spike site is preserved as a National Historical Site , with replica engines of Union Pacific No. 119 and Central Pacific Jupiter having been built by O'Connor Engineering Laboratories . The engines are fired up periodically by the National Park Service for the public . Current passenger service ( edit ) Amtrak 's California Zephyr , a daily passenger service from Emeryville , California ( San Francisco Bay Area ) to Chicago , uses the First Transcontinental Railroad from Sacramento to central Nevada . Because this rail line currently operates in a directional running setup across most of Nevada , the California Zephyr will switch to the Central Corridor at either Winnemucca or Wells . In popular culture ( edit ) The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at Promontory Summit , Utah , was one of the major inspirations for French writer Jules Verne 's book entitled Around the World in Eighty Days , published in 1873 . Poster for the film Union Pacific . The feat is depicted in various movies , including the 1939 film Union Pacific , starring Joel McCrea and Barbara Stanwyck and directed by Cecil B. DeMille , which depicts the fictional Central Pacific investor Asa Barrows obstructing attempts of the Union Pacific to reach Ogden , Utah . The 1939 movie is said to have inspired the Union Pacific Western television series starring Jeff Morrow , Judson Pratt and Susan Cummings which aired in syndication from 1958 until 1959 . While not exactly accurate , John Ford 's 1924 silent movie The Iron Horse captures the fervent nationalism that drove public support for the project . Among the cooks serving the film 's cast and crew between shots were some of the Chinese laborers who worked on the Central Pacific section of the railroad . The 1962 film How the West Was Won has a whole segment devoted to the construction ; one of the movie 's most famous scenes , filmed in Cinerama , is of a buffalo stampede over the railroad . The construction of what presumably is -- or is suggested to be -- the Transcontinental Railroad provides the backdrop of the 1968 epic spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West , directed by Italian director Sergio Leone . Kristiana Gregory 's book The Great Railroad Race ( part of the `` Dear America '' series ) is written as the fictional diary of Libby West , who chronicles the end of the railroad construction and the excitement which engulfed the country at the time . Graham Masterton 's 1981 novel A Man of Destiny ( published in the UK as Railroad ) is a fictionalised account of the line 's construction . In the 1999 Will Smith film , Wild Wild West , the joining ceremony is the setting of an assassination attempt on then U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant by the film 's antagonist Dr. Miguelito Quixote Loveless . The building of the railway is covered by the 2004 BBC documentary series Seven Wonders of the Industrial World in episode 6 , `` The Line '' . The series American Experience also documents the railway in the episode titled `` Transcontinental Railroad '' . The main character in The Claim ( 2000 ) is a surveyor for the Central Pacific Railroad , and the film is partially about the efforts of a frontier mayor to have the railroad routed through his town . The popular British television show Doctor Who featured the Transcontinental Railroad in a BBC audio book entitled The Runaway Train , read by Matt Smith and written for audio by Oli Smith . The children 's book Ten Mile Day by Mary Ann Fraser tells the story of the record setting push by the Central Pacific in which they set a record by laying 10 miles ( 16 km ) of track in a single day on April 28 , 1869 , to settle a $10,000 bet . The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad provides the setting for the AMC television series Hell on Wheels . Thomas Durant is a regular character in the series and is portrayed by actor Colm Meaney . In 2015 , a Lego model depicting the Golden Spike Ceremony , the event that symbolically marked the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad , was submitted to the Lego Ideas website . In the 2002 DreamWorks Animation movie , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron , the main character , the horse Spirit , is delivered with other horses to pull a steam locomotive at a work site for the Transcontinental Railroad . Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . See also ( edit ) History portal Trains portal United States portal History of rail transportation in California Chin Lin Sou Interstate 80 -- contemporary New York - to - San Francisco transport link ( highway ) List of heritage railroads in the United States Overland Route ( Union Pacific Railroad ) Transcontinental railroad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The total value of the thirty year 6 % US Government subsidy bonds issued to the three companies was $55,092,192 and the amount of federal lands specified by Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864 to which the UPRR , CPRR and WPRR were entitled was 21,100,000 acres ( 8,500,000 hectares ) of which 2,390,009 acres ( 967,202 hectares ) had been patented as of March 1876 . Jump up ^ `` The charter of the last - named Company ( Western Pacific Railroad ) contemplated a line from Sacramento toward San Francisco , making the circuit of the Bay of that name ( to San José ) . Their franchise has recently ( late 1867 ) been assigned to parties in the interest of the Central Pacific Railroad Company ; and it is probable that this line will be formally incorporated with the Central Pacific Railroad , and the road extended from Sacramento to San Francisco by the `` best , most direct and practicable route '' so soon as the overland connection is completed . In the meantime the travel is abundantly accommodated by first - class steamers . '' -- Central Pacific Railroad Company of California `` Railroad Across the Continent , with an account of the Central Pacific Railroad of California '' , pp. 9 - 10 , New York : Brown & Hewitt , Printers . September 1868 . Jump up ^ The legal `` date of completion '' of the WPRR grade was subsequently designated to be January 22 , 1870 . The formal consolidation of the Central Pacific Railroad of California with the Western Pacific Railroad Co. , San Joaquin Valley Railroad Co. , and San Francisco , Oakland & Alameda Railroad Co. under the name of the Central Pacific Railroad Company became effective on June 22 , 1870 with the filing of Articles of Consolidation drawn under the laws of California with the California Secretary of State . Jump up ^ The new terminus opened on November 8 , later deemed to be two days after the official `` completion date '' of the Pacific Railroad . Section 6 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq . required that an official date of completion be determined for the purpose of determining how other provisions of the Acts would be carried out . November 6 , 1869 was confirmed as being that date by the US Supreme Court in Part I of the Court 's Opinion and Order dated January 27 , 1879 , in re Union Pacific Railroad vs. United States ( 99 U.S. 402 ) . Jump up ^ Later , the Northern Pacific Railway ( NP ) found and built a better route across the northern tier of the western United States from Minnesota to the Pacific Coast . It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly 40 million acres ( 160,000 km ) of land grants , which it used to raise money in Europe . Construction began in 1870 and the main line opened all the way from the Great Lakes to the Pacific Ocean on September 8 , 1883 . Jump up ^ The southern route was constructed in 1880 when the Southern Pacific Railroad crossed Arizona territory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vernon , Edward ( Ed ) `` Travelers ' Official Railway Guide of the United States and Canada '' Philadelphia : The National General Ticket Agents ' Association . June , 1870 , Tables 215 , 216 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 2 & § 3 Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , § 5 & § 6 Jump up ^ `` FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD , Business Prospects and Operations of the Company . Remarkable Exhibit of Earnings , &c. , for Quarter Ending Sept. 30 , 1867 CPRR.org Jump up ^ $1,000 Pacific Railroad Bond , City and County of San Francisco , June 24 , 1864 CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Report on the Pacific Railroads '' , US House of Representatives , Committee on the Judiciary , House Ex . Doc . # 440 , 44th Congress , First Session , April 25 , 1876 , pp. 3 , 6 ^ Jump up to : Executive Order of Abraham Lincoln , President of the United States , Fixing the Point of Commencement of the Union Pacific Railroad at Council Bluffs , Iowa , dated March 7 , 1864 ( 38th Congress , 1st Session SENATE Ex . Doc . No. 27 ) . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia , ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Appleton 's Railway and Steam Navigation Guide '' . New York : D. Appleton & Co. , December 1870 . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Bowman , J.N. `` Driving the Last Spike at Promontory , 1869 California Historical Society Quarterly , Vol . XXXVI , No. 2 , June 1957 , pp. 96 -- 106 , and Vol . XXXVI , No. 3 , September 1957 , pp. 263 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Hill , Thomas `` The Last Spike '' San Francisco : Thomas Hill ( privately published ) . January 1881 . Jump up ^ Letter from Charles F. Conant , Assistant Secretary , US Department of the Treasury , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , March 9 , 1876 Jump up ^ Letter from Z.B. Sturgus , Chief , Lands and Railroad Division , Office of the Secretary , US Department of the Interior , to US Rep. William Lawrence ( R - OH8 ) , April 28 , 1876 Jump up ^ Speech by Rep. William A. Piper ( D - CA1 ) in the US House of Representatives , April 8 , 1876 Jump up ^ Works Progress Administration ( 2001 ) . San Francisco in the 1930s : The WPA Guide to the City by the Bay . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780520948877 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mel ( 1985 ) . The San Francisco Bay Area : A Metropolis in Perspective ( second ed . ) . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520055124 . Jump up ^ The Official `` Date of Completion '' of the Transcontinental Railroad under the Provisions of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 , et seq. , as Established by the Supreme Court of the United States to be November 6 , 1869 . ( 99 U.S. 402 ) 1879 Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States , 99 U.S. 402 , 25 L. Ed . 274 , 1878 U.S. LEXIS 1556 -- CourtListener.com '' . CourtListener . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , The Classic Western American Railroad Routes . New York : Chartwell Books ( US ) / Bassingbourn : Worth Press ( UK ) ; 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carver , Dr. Hartwell `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' Washington , DC , January 18 , 1847 Centpacrr.com Jump up ^ `` Dr. Hartwell Carver 's Proposal to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Reports of Explorations and Surveys , to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean , made under the direction of the Secretary of War , in 1853 - 4 . '' 12 Volumes . Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office , 1855 -- 61 Jump up ^ Woodward , C. Vann `` Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction '' . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 1991 ) p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Report of the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph '' US House of Representatives , 36th Congress , 1st Session , No. 358 . August 16 , 1856 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , Julian E. ( Ed ) `` The American Congress : The Building of Democracy '' . Kerr , K. Austin , Chapter 17 : Railroad Policy ( pp. 286 - 297 ) . New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. ( 2004 ) . p. 288 Jump up ^ Gadsden Purchase , 1853 -- 1854 U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Jump up ^ Whitney , Asa `` A project for a railroad to the Pacific '' . New York : George W. Wood ( 1849 ) p. 55 Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Whitney Biography '' . Jump up ^ Markham , Edwin `` The Romance of the ' C.P. ' '' SUCCESS ( magazine ) . New York : The Success Company , Vol . VI , Number 106 , March , 1903 . pp. 127 - 130 ^ Jump up to : `` A Memorial and Biographical History of Northern California : Illustrated . Containing a History of This Important Section of the Pacific Coast from the Earliest Period of Its Occupancyand Biographical Mention of Many of Its Most Eminent Pioneers and Also of Prominent Citizens of Today '' . Chicago : Lewis Publishing Company . ( 1891 ) pp. 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean , and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal , military , and other purposes 12 Stat. 489 , July 1 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Pacific Railroad Acts accessed March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Maury . `` Financing the Transcontinental Railroad '' . New York City , New York : The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , John J. `` The Iron Trail to the Golden Spike '' Chapter 7 `` Utah 's Role in the Pacific Railroad '' p. 175 , Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Co. ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` PBS American Experience -- Transcontinental Railroad -- Durant Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam , Theodore D. Judah , Died November 2 , 1863 '' . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Bruce C. Lewis Metzler Clement : A Pioneer of the Central Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Photographic History Museum . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen , 2000 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Map of Land Grants to Railroads accessed January 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Silent Spikes : Chinese Laborers and the Construction of North American Railroads , comp. and ed . Huang Annian , trans . Zhang Juguo ( n.p. : China Intercontinental Press , 2006 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Designing Trestle and Truss Bridges ( google ebook ) ( 1 ) accessed August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Workers of the Union Pacific Railroad accessed March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , George ( 1969 ) . `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific '' ( PDF ) . Utah Historical Quarterly . 37 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Reef , Catherine `` Working in America '' , p. 79 . New York : Infobase Publishing , 2007 . Jump up ^ Picture of black workers on the CPR ( 2 ) accessed May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Robert L. , `` THE PACIFIC RAILROAD -- UNOPEN '' . The Overland Monthly , September 1869 . pp. 244 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Central Pacific Railroad : Statement Made to the President of the United States , and Secretary of the Interior , of the Progress of the Work . Sacramento : H.S. Crocker & Company . October 10 , 1865 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Daspit , Tom . `` The Days They Changed the Gauge '' . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Union Pacific Timeline accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klein , Maury ( 2006 ) ( 1987 ) . Union Pacific : Volume I , 1862 -- 1893 . U of Minnesota press . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 1452908737 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In the World . pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ North Platte Bridge accessed March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Discovery of Evans Pass accessed March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gankplank discovery accessed March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pride and pitfalls along a coast to coast track , by Michael Kenney . Boston Globe . January 10 , 2000 . A book review : Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , by David Haward Bain . Jump up ^ `` UP construction '' . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E ( 2001 ) . Nothing like it in the world : the men who built the transcontinental railroad , 1863 -- 1869 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0317 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1970 ) American Place - Names , p. 401 , New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Mormon workers on UP transcontinental tracks ( 3 ) accessed August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Construction on Echo and Weber Canyon ( 4 ) accessed March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ F.V. Hayden & Daniel M. Davis . `` Sun Pictures of Rocky Mountain Scenery , Photographic Collection '' . Utah State University Special Collections and Archives . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Promotory Summit - NPS ( 5 ) accessed February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cape Horn CPRR ( 6 ) accessed March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dutch Flat and Donner Lake Wagon Road ( 7 ) Accessed July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ California Powder Works ( 8 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Use of Black Powder and Nitroglycerine on the Transcontinental Railroad ( 9 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ California Newspapers , 1865 -- 66 ( 10 ) accessed March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norden at 39 ° 19 ′ 03 '' N 120 ° 21 ′ 30 '' W / 39.3176 ° N 120.3584 ° W / 39.3176 ; - 120.3584 Jump up ^ Shed 47 visible at 39 ° 18 ′ 42 '' N 120 ° 16 ′ 08 '' W / 39.3116 ° N 120.269 ° W / 39.3116 ; - 120.269 Jump up ^ East end of Tunnel 41 at 39 ° 18 ′ 04 '' N 120 ° 18 ′ 01 '' W / 39.301 ° N 120.3003 ° W / 39.301 ; - 120.3003 with former track 1 passing above . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. ( August 2003 ) . `` Summit Tunnel & Donner Pass '' . CPRR.org . Jump up ^ Constructing the Central Pacific Railroad ( 11 ) accessed March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Railroad Map '' . Central Pacific Railroad Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` PBS -- General Article : Workers of the Central Pacific Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Arrington , Leonard J. ( 2005 ) . Great Basin Kingdom : An Economic History of the Latter - day Saints , 1830 - 1900 ( New ed . ) . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07283 - 3 . LCCN 2004015281 . Under the terms of the contract the Mormons were to do all the grading , tunneling , and bridge masonry on the U.P. line for the 150 - odd miles from the head of Echo Canyon through Weber Canyon to the shores of the Great Salt Lake . Jump up ^ Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . pp. 328 -- 329 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Wesley A Work of Giants . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1962 . pg. 109 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Alta California ( San Francisco ) , November 9 , 1868 . Jump up ^ Kraus , High Road to Promontory , p. 110. ; Robert West Howard , The Great Iron Trail : The Story of the First Transcontinental Railroad ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 ) , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Nothing Like It in the World , pp. 160 , 201 . Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 Jump up ^ Howard , Robert The Great Iron Trail . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1962 . pg. 222 ^ Jump up to : Tzu - Kuei , `` Chinese Workers and the First Transcontinental Railroad of the United States of America '' , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Kraus , `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific , '' p. 49 . Jump up ^ John R. Gillis , `` TUNNELS OF THE PACIFIC RAILROAD . '' Van Nostrand 's Eclectic Engineering Magazine , January 5 , 1870 , pp. 418 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Galloway , C.E. , John Debo The First Transcontinental Railroad . New York : Simmons - Boardman , ( 1950 ) . Ch. 7 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. `` CPRR Summit Tunnel ( # 6 ) , Tunnels # 7 & # 8 , Snowsheds , `` Chinese '' Walls , Donner Trail , and Dutch Flat Donner - Lake Wagon Road at Donner Pass '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` Period construction images of snowsheds at Cisco and Donner Summit '' CPRR.org Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Thomas Clark Durant ( 1820 -- 1885 ) '' . American Experience : Transcontinental Railroad . PBS . 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` See the `` Lost '' Golden Spike at the Museum '' California State Railroad Museum . Jump up ^ Central Pacific snow sheds ( 12 ) accessed January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Omaha '' . The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer . Wheeling , West Virginia . March 26 , 1872 . p. 1 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ United States National Park Service ( 2002 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Promontory After May 10 , 1869 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` People & Events : Oakes Ames ( 1804 -- 1873 ) -- American Experience Transcontinental Railroad '' . Jump up ^ Panic on Wall Street : A History of America 's Financial Disasters , p. 193 , Robert Sobel , Beard Books , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 893122 - 46 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pentrex , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Colored Steam Locomotives , '' SteamLocomotive.com ( http://www.steamlocomotive.com/colored/ ) Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Question : Engineering Drawings for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' CPRR Discussion Group ( http://discussion.cprr.net/2005/10/question-engineering-drawings-for.html ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike , '' National Park Service , Dept. of the Interior , Golden Spike National Historic Site , Brigham City , UT ( http://www.nps.gov/gosp/historyculture/upload/jupiter%202.pdf ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Pacific 's 119 '' Golden Spike Pictures ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ) , Retrieved 8 - 17 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Gest , Gerald M. , Promontory 's Locomotives , pp. 12 -- 43 , Golden West Books , San Marino , CA , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Central Pacific Jupiter and Union Pacific 119 at Promontory , UT , 6 - 8 - 09 '' YouTube video ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv54hDAvJwk&feature=related ) , Retrieved 11 / 24 / 11 . Jump up ^ Dowty , Robert R. , Rebirth of the Jupiter and the 119 : Building the Replica Locomotives at Golden Spike , pp. 5 -- 46 , Southwest Parks & Monuments Ass'n. , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Promontory Locomotive Project : Plans for the Jupiter and No. 119 , '' DVD , Western National Parks Ass'n . Jump up ^ `` Eureka County , Yucca Mountain Existing Transportation Corridor Study '' . Eureka County -- Yucca Mountain Project . 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ William Butcher ( translation and introduction ) . Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford Worlds Classics , 1995 , Introduction . Jump up ^ `` Golden Spike Ceremony '' . Jump up ^ `` Man wants Utah railroad moment to get the Lego treatment '' . Further reading ( edit ) External video Booknotes interview with David Haward Bain on Empire Express : Building the First Transcontinental Railroad , March 5 , 2000 , C - SPAN Allen , James B. ; Glen M. Leonard ( 1976 ) . The Story of the Latter - day Saints . Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book Company . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2000 ) . Nothing Like It In The World ; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863 -- 1869 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84609 - 8 . Bain , David Haward ( 1999 ) . Empire Express ; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80889 - X . Beebe , Lucius ( 1969 ) . The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads : Centennial Edition . Howell - North . ISBN 0 - 8310 - 7034 - X . Cooper , Bruce C. , `` Riding the Transcontinental Rails : Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 -- 1881 '' ( 2005 ) , Polyglot Press , Philadelphia ISBN 1 - 4115 - 9993 - 4 Cooper , Bruce Clement ( Ed ) , `` The Classic Western American Railroad Routes '' . New York : Chartwell Books / Worth Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2573 - 8 ; BINC : 3099794 . Duran , Xavier , `` The First U.S. Transcontinental Railroad : Expected Profits and Government Intervention , '' Journal of Economic History , 73 ( March 2013 ) , 177 -- 200 . Lee , Willis T. ; Ralph W. Stone & Hoyt S. Gale ( 1916 ) . Guidebook of the Western United States , Part B . The Overland Route . USGS Bulletin 612 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . White , Richard . Railroaded : The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America ( 2010 ) Willumson , Glenn . Iron Muse : Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad ( University of California Press ; 2013 ) 242 pages ; studies the production , distribution , and publication of images of the railroad in the 19th and early 20th centuries . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Transcontinental Railroad . For maps and railroad pictures of this era shortly after the advent of photography see : Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum CPRR Railroad Map collection / museum 1871 CPRR & UPRR Overland Railroad Map `` Map of the Central Pacific Railroad and its Connections '' published in the California Mail Bag San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser , Vol. 1 , No. 4 , Oct -- Nov. 1871 . accessed May 1 , 2013 . Union Pacific Railroad picture Museum Excursion to the 100th Meridian -- 1866 accessed March 1 , 2013 . The Pacific Tourist Williams , Henry T. ; published by Adams & Bishop , New York , 1881 ed . Gives insights to travel in the late 1880s on the transcontinental railroad . `` I Hear the Locomotives : The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad '' Golden Spike National Historical Site in Utah Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Union Pacific Railroad History The Transcontinental Railroad Pacific Railway Act and related resources at the Library of Congress Chinese - American Contribution to transcontinental railroad Linda Hall Library 's Transcontinental Railroad educational site with free , full - text access to 19th century American railroad periodicals Maps Route map at the Library of Congress Map of Union Pacific Railroad with Dates Abandoned route of the transcontinental railroad in Utah ( with map ) Rail transport in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands List of United States railroads by political division Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico Railroads in Omaha Depots 34th Street Station Amtrak Station Burlington Station Florence Depot Gibson Station Omaha Quartermaster Depot Ralston Station Union Station Webster Street Station Major carriers Union Pacific Burlington North Western Missouri Pacific Rock Island Milwaukee Illinois Central Great Western Wabash Minor carriers Brandon Railroad Amtrak Omaha Traction Company Omaha Belt Line Omaha Zoo Railroad Omaha Road Omaha and Republican Valley Railway South Omaha Terminal Railway Omaha Southern Railway Chicago Great Western Railway Omaha , Lincoln and Beatrice Railway Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Facilities First Transcontinental Railroad Original Union Pacific Headquarters Union Pacific Center Union Pacific Harriman Dispatch Center Union Pacific Shops Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District Kenefick Park Burlington Headquarters Building Public transportation Omaha and Council Bluffs Street Railway Omaha Cable Tramway Omaha Horse Railway Omaha Traction Company Bridges Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge East Omaha Bridge O Street Viaduct Manufacturing McKeen Motor Car Company Nebraska Rail Car Related templates Transportation Boulevards Bridges Streetcars Streets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Transcontinental_Railroad&oldid=828223446 '' Categories : First Transcontinental Railroad History of rail transportation in the United States Railway lines in the United States Southern Pacific Railroad Union Pacific Railroad American Old West History of United States expansionism History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Rail lines receiving land grants Rail transportation in California Rail transportation in Nevada Railway lines in Omaha , Nebraska Rail transportation in Utah 1869 in the United States 1860s in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 08 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the east and west railroads meet	[ "Six years after the groundbreaking, laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. It was here on May 10, 1869, that Leland Stanford drove The Last Spike (or golden spike) that joined the rails of the transcontinental railroad. The spike is now on display at the Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University, while a second \"Last\" Golden Spike is also on display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento.[92] In perhaps the world's first live mass-media event, the hammers and spike were wired to the telegraph line so that each hammer stroke would be heard as a click at telegraph stations nationwide—the hammer strokes were missed, so the clicks were sent by the telegraph operator. As soon as the ceremonial \"Last Spike\" had been replaced by an ordinary iron spike, a message was transmitted to both the East Coast and West Coast that simply read, \"DONE.\" Travel from coast to coast was reduced from six months or more to just one week." ]	[ "May 10, 1869" ]
-1142756134430987598	The Darling Buds of May (TV series)	The Darling Buds of May ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Darling Buds of May ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Darling Buds of May Series titles Starring Pam Ferris Philip Franks David Jason Catherine Zeta - Jones Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 50 minutes approx . Production company ( s ) Excelsior Productions Yorkshire Television Distributor ITV Studios Release Original network ITV Picture format 4 : 3 Original release 7 April 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 07 ) -- 4 April 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 04 ) The Darling Buds of May is a British comedy drama television series , produced by Yorkshire Television for the ITV network , first broadcast between 7 April 1991 and 4 April 1993 . It is an adaptation of the 1958 novel of the same name , and its sequels , by H.E. Bates . Set in rural 1950s Kent , it follows the life of the Larkin family . It starred David Jason as `` Pop '' Larkin alongside Pam Ferris as `` Ma '' Larkin , with Catherine Zeta - Jones playing their eldest daughter Mariette , who marries tax inspector Cedric `` Charlie '' Charlton , played by Philip Franks . A ratings success , it proved to be Zeta - Jones 's breakout role . Featuring a total of 20 episodes , it was broadcast as three series of six double - episode story lines in the spring of 1991 , 1992 and 1993 , plus two single - episode Christmas specials aired in 1991 and 1992 . The title is from the third line of Shakespeare 's sonnet 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Time period 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast members 3.2 Recurring cast -- Larkin family 3.3 Recurring cast -- others 4 Episodes 4.1 Series 1 4.2 Series 2 4.3 Series 3 5 Production 5.1 Conception and development 5.2 Casting 5.3 Filming 5.4 Filming locations 5.5 Music 5.6 Future 6 Themes 7 Release 7.1 Broadcast 7.2 Home media 7.3 Soundtrack 8 Reception 8.1 Awards 9 Source novels and other adaptations 10 References 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The square oast house of Buss Farm , featured in the opening credits , seen in 2007 The Larkin family lives on a farm in rural England , in the county of Kent . Sidney ( `` Pop '' ) and his partner Florence ( `` Ma '' ) have six children , eldest daughter Mariette , followed by their only son Montgomery , and other daughters Primrose , twins Zinnia and Petunia , and Victoria . Ma is a housewife while Pop supplements his farm income with various other not entirely legitimate enterprises . Tax collector Cedric ( `` Charlie '' ) visits to audit Pop , but falls in love with Mariette and quits his job to live the rural life . As Ma and Pop raise their other children , Charlie attempts to provide for his now wife Mariette . Ma and Pop soon have a seventh child , Oscar , followed around a year later by Charlie and Mariette 's first baby , John Blenheim . Pop and Ma 's relationship is depicted as loving and affectionate throughout , although Pop is flirtatious and subject to numerous advances , most of which Ma is aware of and evidently unconcerned by . Proud of all his children , Pop 's schemes evidently provide well for the family , enough to fund boarding school for the twins , naval boarding school for Monty , a swimming pool , a fairground , and a holiday to France , although he is just as motivated by doing good and helping others as making a profit . Ma occasionally becomes involved in Pop 's schemes , or creates a scheme of her own . Possessing some very close friends , their lifestyle , in particular the fact they have never been married , nonetheless raises eyebrows in the stuffy environs of the local village . Mariette and Charlie 's relationship is more torrid , in part due to his insecurity over her attractiveness , and his varying success in providing financially , with their newly acquired hop garden struggling . Mariette 's business skills eventual come to bear as they purchase a local brewery . Primrose is depicted as a frustrated romantic , moving to France to live with a boy her own age and attempting to seduce both Charlie and the village minister upon her return . Monty meanwhile contends with bullying , both at home and at naval boarding school . The increasingly mischievous twins gradually grow apart from their younger sibling Victoria , who delights in teasing and embarrassing all her siblings , especially Primrose . Time period ( edit ) All the episodes are seemingly set during 1958 -- 59 despite the timespan of events across all three series making this a logical impossibility . The first serial is based on the first book , written and set in 1958 , during which Florence finds out she is pregnant . In the second serial ( `` When the green woods laugh '' ) Sidney is accused of committing indecent assault on 23 August 1958 . The trial takes place on 7 July , the same day as Charlie and Mariette 's wedding ; this would seem to be a continuity error because it can not be July of the following year as Florence 's baby had not yet been born . By the time of the third serial ( `` A breath of French air '' ) Florence has already given birth to Oscar and the Larkins have a late - August holiday in Brittany , during which Charlie and Mariette celebrate their first wedding anniversary . The fourth serial ( `` Christmas is coming '' ) is set at Christmas and it is established Mariette is five months pregnant ; she gives birth in the fifth serial ( `` Oh ! to be in England ! '' ) , which would be some time in the spring of 1960 at the earliest according to the dating of the first series and the chronology of events up to that point . However , in the sixth serial ( `` Stranger at the gates '' ) the twins celebrate their birthday , which a close - up of a wall calendar reveals to be 15 August 1959 . In the eighth serial ( `` Le Grand Weekend '' ) the Larkins ' weekend getaway coincides with Charles de Gaulle 's state visit , which would date the events of the episode to April 1960 if it does indeed coincide with the real - life visit . Primrose 's birthday was revealed to be in May in `` Stranger at the gates '' and she celebrates it in the ninth serial `` The happiest days of your life '' , dating the events either to May 1960 ( using the retconned second series date ) or 1961 ( going by the date given in the first series ) . By the eleventh serial ( `` Climb the greasy pole '' ) , when the children are older and the babies have grown to toddlerhood , another close - up of a calendar reveals the month to be October 1959 . At the end of the final episode , Sidney is elected to the Rural District Council on 5 November 1959 ( Guy Fawkes Night ) . Cast ( edit ) Main cast members ( edit ) Of the four main cast members , Jason and Ferris appeared in all twenty episodes , while Zeta - Jones and Franks appeared in eighteen , their only absences being in the third series ' double episode `` Cast Not Your Pearls Before Swine '' ( 3.3 & 3.4 ) . David Jason , as Sidney Charles `` Pop '' Larkin , the father of the family Pam Ferris , as Florence Daisy `` Ma '' ( Parker ) Larkin , the mother of the family Catherine Zeta - Jones , as Mariette Charlton , née Larkin , eldest Larkin daughter Philip Franks , Cedric `` Charley '' Charlton , husband of Mariette Recurring cast -- Larkin family ( edit ) The actors playing the other Larkin children and grandchild were as below ( listed in descending character age ) . All the children except those yet to be born appeared in the first episode . After appearing in the first six episodes , the actor playing Primrose was replaced , the second appearing from the seventh episode ( the first Christmas special ) onwards . The actors playing the roles of Oscar and John Blenheim first appear in episodes 1.5 and 2.1 , respectively . Although a male character , John Blenheim was played by Daisy - May Bates , granddaughter of the author of the books . Julie Stichbury , as Primrose Larkin ( 1991 ) ( 6 episodes ) Abigail Rokison , as Primrose Larkin ( 1991 -- 1993 ) ( 12 episodes ) Ian Tucker , as Montgomery ' Monty ' Larkin , their eldest son ( 13 episodes ) Christina Giles , as Petunia Larkin , twin sister to Zinnia ( 18 episodes ) Katherine Giles , as Zinnia Larkin , twin sister to Petunia ( 18 episodes ) Stephanie Ralph , as Victoria Larkin , the youngest Larkin daughter ( 19 episodes ) Ross Marriott , as Oscar Larkin , their youngest child ( 16 episodes ) Daisy - May Bates , as John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim Charlton , the only son of Charlie and Mariette ( 11 episodes ) Recurring cast -- others ( edit ) Various other actors appeared in more than one storyline , i.e. in more than one double episode . Rachel Bell as Edith Pilchester , a local spinster ( 16 episodes ) Moray Watson as the Brigadier , a local retired army officer ( 11 episodes ) Kika Mirylees as Angela Snow , a local woman ( 7 episodes ) Martyn Read as Sergeant Wilson , a local police officer ( 6 episodes ) Tyler Butterworth as Reverend John Candy , the local vicar ( 4 episodes ) Michael Jayston as Ernest Bristow , the brewery owner ( 4 episodes ) Carol MacReady as Mrs. Daws , a local shopkeeper ( 4 episodes ) Sheila Burrell as Mrs. Kinthley , owner of the hop - garden bought by Charlie ( 4 episodes ) Steven Brand as Tom Sargent , love interest of Mariette ( 4 episodes ) Anna Massey as Mademoiselle Antoinette Dupont , a French hotelier ( 3 episodes ) Michael Culver as Sir George Bluff - Gore , a local landowner ( 3 episodes ) Richenda Carey as Lady Bluff - Gore , wife of Sir George ( 3 episodes ) John Carlin as Reverend Spink ( 3 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( edit ) No . Title Original broadcast 1.1 & 1.2 `` The Darling Buds of May '' 7 and 14 April 1991 Cedric Charlton , the tax inspector , arrives on Home Farm to help the Larkins fill in their tax form . He is distracted by their beautiful daughter , Mariette . The Larkins distract him further by attempting to teach him crib and getting him drunk . He wakes with a hangover , and is unfit to return home . Eventually , he forgets life in the office . He accompanies the family on their annual strawberry - picking trip , where he attracts Pauline Jackson , the local flirt . Mariette and Pauline fight for him but Mariette wins and the episode ends with Mr Charlton ( called Charley by the family ) , proposing to Mariette , and Pop Larkin giving them his blessing . 1.3 & 1.4 `` When the green woods laugh '' 21 and 28 April 1991 The day of Charley and Mariette 's wedding is looming . Pop sells a country mansion to an aristocratic couple . When Pop rejects the advances of Corrine Perrigo ( Celia Imrie ) , she gets her revenge by persuading the woman to charge him with assault , when all he attempted was stop her from falling . The Brigadier is best man for the wedding . Eventually , Pop is found innocent and the wedding goes ahead . 1.5 & 1.6 `` A breath of French air '' 5 and 12 May 1991 The Larkins go on holiday to Brittany . The weather is appalling , the food revolting , the receptionist unfriendly . The weather improves , and a mechanic sees the crest on the doors of Mr Larkin 's car and thinks him a lord . As a result , he is treated better , even by the receptionist , Molet . The hotel patronne , Mademoiselle Dupont , gives Pop and Ma her room . Primrose falls in love with a local boy named Marc - Antoine Gammelin and wants to stay in France . Tension springs up between Charley and Mariette when she attracts local young men and wants to spend time with them on the beach . She refuses to go on a miniature railway with Charlie . Incensed , Charlie says he will go on his own . The train is late and he wanders into a bar , where he meets a tomboy and her pals . They get him drunk ; he misses his train and has to be escorted home by Pop . But he sobers up at the sight of Mariette playing in the sea with her new friends . Charley drags her away , and tells her she will come on the train with him next day whether she likes it or not . Mariette surrenders and enjoys it . The Larkins get together with the tomboy , Max ( short for Maxime ) , and Angela Snow ( who , by a coincidence , is also visiting Brittany ) and her sister Iris , who with the hotel staff organise a wedding anniversary celebration for Charley and Mariette . 1.7 `` Christmas is coming ! '' 22 December 1991 As Christmas approaches , Charley and Mariette go to view a house to rent , unaware that Tommy Mason , an escaped convict is hiding there . Pop later discovers him in the Larkins ' hen - house where Victoria is taking food to him . He explains that , since his imprisonment , his wife has severed all ties with him but he is anxious to see his children . Pop usually dresses as Father Christmas to give local children toys but Charley suggests Tommy play the part so he can see his children , which he does , as well as making up with his wife and then returning to prison . Mrs Mason and her children join the throng already invited to spend Christmas Day with the Larkins . Series 2 ( edit ) No . Title Original broadcast 2.1 & 2.2 `` Oh ! to be in England ! '' 26 January and 2 February 1992 Mam'selle Dupont comes to stay with the Larkins , and discovers the truth -- Mr. Larkin is not a lord . She is disappointed but comes to terms with it , and enjoys her stay . Pop saves an old woman from being cheated , and buys a fair from his friend , Fruity Pears , who is unable to run it after being attacked by thugs . Primrose 's relationship with the French boy has fizzled out ; back in the UK she falls for Mr Candy , the young vicar in charge of christening the young Larkins ... and a newly arrived Charlton . 2.3 & 2.4 `` Stranger at the gates '' 9 and 16 February 1992 A young man named Pieter who says he is Danish arrives on the farm , and starts doing odd jobs for the people in the village . Everyone , including Mariette , thinks he 's the bee 's knees , much to the resentment of Charley . Meanwhile , Montgomery is being bullied by local boys , and Primrose is attempting to win Mr. Candy 's heart . She mistakes his sister for a girlfriend , and angrily leaves him . Charley discovers that Pieter is German and has been hiding his identity because of the anti-German sentiment in post-World War II Britain . The villagers turn against him on this discovery , but Pieter is restored to favour again after he rescues John Watson , one of the bullies from a quarry ledge . The Larkins arrange for Pieter to marry his girlfriend , an English lady named Eileen . 2.5 & 2.6 `` A season of heavenly gifts '' 23 February and 1 March 1992 Pop Larkin unwittingly becomes involved in smuggling when he receives gifts from a grateful pilot he helped after a crash - landing . Meanwhile , an evil Polish man named Mr. Cope attempts to prevent Charley and Mariette from buying Mrs Kinthley 's hopgarden . The pilot invites the family to a party at his club , which they greatly enjoy . Montgomery Larkin is unhappy at Naval College , where he is training to be a sailor in the merchant navy . The family go to his Open Day ; the Brigadier goes along and helps them solve the problem by showing Pop how to humiliate the bullying instructor , Strickland . 2.7 `` Le Grand Weekend '' 26 December 1992 Pop and Ma 's proposed week - end in Paris is disrupted by a storm , and they spend the time in a country house . Series 3 ( edit ) No . Title Original broadcast 3.1 & 3.2 `` The happiest days of your life '' 28 February and 7 March 1993 The twins go to boarding school , while Charley starts doing the books as a part - time job for the brewery to which he wishes to sell his hops . Charley and Mariette decide to buy the brewery . The whole family repairs the twins ' boarding school , which was otherwise going to be forced to close by the bank for not keeping up with the repairs . 3.3 & 3.4 `` Cast not your pearls before swine '' 14 and 21 March 1993 Pop builds a swimming - pool , and buys two hundred pigs from George Harran , a confidence trickster who is also cheating Edith , who has fallen in love with him . Meanwhile , Primrose has a new love interest -- a member of the swimming pool building crew , from Liverpool . Pop prepares a trick against George to put all to rights without hurting Edith . Primrose runs away to Liverpool in pursuit of her love after Victoria teases her , causing Pop to realise the scam , but returns home when she realises he is not the man for her . 3.5 & 3.6 `` Climb the greasy pole '' 28 March and 4 April 1993 Pop runs for rural councillor while Charley and Mariette struggle at the brewery and have problems in their relationship . Gypsies get involved in Pop 's campaign for rural councillor . Charley and Mariette have to work on their marriage as Mariette is attracted to Tom Sargent , after which they at last finalise the deal to buy Bristow 's brewery . Production ( edit ) Conception and development ( edit ) Having been sold to MGM films in 1959 , it was n't until 1989 that Richard Bates , son of the author of the original books H.E. Bates , was able to purchase the rights to the novels . At the same time , Yorkshire Television were looking for a new project for David Jason , having starred for them in A Bit of a Do . Richard Bates went on to Executive Produce the show , alongside Vernon Lawrence of Yorkshire Television . Casting ( edit ) Bates had originally considered Bob Hoskins as ideal for the role of Pop , but Lawrence was of the view his increasing fame as a film actor would create problems . Jason was cast first , followed by Ferris and Franks . Finding an actor to fit with the novel 's description of Mariette as a black - haired and olive - skinned beauty proved difficult , with over 300 rejected until Zeta - Jones was cast . With filming due to start , she had been spotted appearing in 42nd Street at the Drury Lane Theatre . Filming ( edit ) Each one - hour episode took two weeks to film , followed by two months in post production . Filming locations ( edit ) Farmhouse of Buss Farm , seen in 2007 Much of the series was filmed in and around the village of Pluckley in Kent ; Executive Producer Richard Bates lived just a few miles away . The location for `` Home Farm '' , the Larkin residence , was Buss Farm a few miles south of Pluckley , owned by the Holmes family . All four main buildings of the Grade II listed farm were utilised , the farmhouse itself , a square oast house ( depicted in the title sequence ) , a Tudor barn and cart lodge . After being put up for sale by the family in 2012 , it was purchased in 2013 by a businessman . Renaming it `` Darling Buds Farm '' , several buildings were converted into guest accommodation themed around the show . The Black Horse pub in Pluckley , seen in 2009 Other locations in Pluckley village itself were used extensively ; the Black Horse pub in The Street was renamed the Hare and Hounds and used as the Larkins ' local . Church Gate Cottage and Fig Tree Cottage in The Street served as Edith Pilchester 's and The Brigadier 's homes respectively . Pluckley primary school , also in The Street , served as the village hall . The butcher 's shop also featured , and the Post Office ( dressed as the grocer 's ) . Church scenes were filmed at St Nicholas Church in the village . The cricket scenes were filmed at Little Chart Cricket Club , a village north east of Pluckley . St Nicholas Church , Pluckley , seen in 2013 Further afield , in and around Tenterden , Kent , Halden Place in Halden Lane , Cranbrook , served as Mrs Kinthley 's hop garden , Wentwood Cottage in Swain Road served as Charley and Mariette 's cottage , and the Kent & East Sussex Railway was the location of Charley 's arrival in Kent , and the station used by Ma , Charley and Mariette shopping for her wedding dress . Other scenes shot in Kent included the exteriors of `` Bristow 's Brewery '' , filmed at Shepherd Neame Brewery in Faversham , and scenes of the Larkin 's beach holiday , filmed in Folkestone , including a backdrop of the Leas Lift . Mlle . Dupont is met by the Larkin 's at Folkestone Harbour after her channel crossing . Little filming was done inside the farmhouse , the interiors having been shot in a studio at Yorkshire Television . Scenes shot in the former Wennington School near Wetherby in Yorkshire which stood in for Bluff Hall were included . Other filming locations in Yorkshire include the Hotel Metropole in Leeds which stood in for the ' Marble Arch Hotel ' . To mark the series ' 20th anniversary , Kent County Council established a tourist trail featuring the various film locations and other local attractions and Kent food . Music ( edit ) The series ' music producer Pip Burley wrote the title theme , `` Perfick ! '' . He had submitted the piece anonymously , having deemed the submissions received from a shortlist of composers missed the point of the essential romanticism of the show . Although it also featured lyrics , drawn from the words used in the novels , the theme music for the series did not feature them . The song with lyrics was later sung by David Jason for the radio adaptation of the last book in the Larkin series , A Little of What You Fancy . Future ( edit ) After the series ended , Ferris wished to film more episodes . Having performed it for radio in 1996 , she theorised in 2008 that the reason the fifth book was never adapted for television was because the storyline featured Pop recovering from a heart attack , something the producers likely thought the audience would not want to see . In 2016 , having filmed a cinema adaptation of another classic TV series , Dad 's Army , Zeta - Jones responded positively to suggestions that The Darling Buds of May might also be similarly remade , stating `` I 'd be playing Ma Larkin , but I 'm up for it '' . Themes ( edit ) Locally produced food and drink intentionally played a core role in the series . Due to not being ripe at the right time , the strawberries used in the series were imported from Holland . One of the most iconic scenes features Pop and Ma eating a meal together whilst having a bath . With several scenes featuring eating , the fact Ferris was a vegetarian had to be worked around by the production staff . Both Ferris and Jason gained weight due to the amount of food they had to consume , often doing multiple takes for several scenes at one time , to make the scenes look realistic . Another theme of the series was the Larkin family 's habit of giving their children unusual or themed first and middle names . Mariette was created by combining ' Marie ' and ' Antoinette ' . Montgomery was named after wartime officer Field Marshall Montgomery . Victoria was named for being born during the plum season ( Victoria plum ) . While Monty and Victoria have no middle names , the other children have several : Primrose Violet Anemone Iris Magnolia Narcissa , twins Petunia June Florence Nightingale and Zinnia June Florence Nightingale , and Oscar Columbus Septimus Dupont , the last one being in tribute to the French hotellier Madamoiselle Dupont , who features in the series . Mariette 's wedding ceremony in series one reveals her middle name to be Jane . Mariette and Charlie continue the family penchant for elaborate naming by christening their son John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The first episode was transmitted on the ITV channel at 8pm on a Sunday night . Home media ( edit ) When the series was first released on video , it sold £ 1m worth of copies in the first four days . DVD releases : Country Publisher Title Rating Release date Notes United Kingdom Cinema Club The Best of The Darling Buds of May PG 15 July 2002 Cinema Club The Darling Buds of May : The Perfect Collection PG 10 November 2003 all 20 episodes ITV Studios The Darling Buds of May : The Complete Series - Special Edition PG 7 February 2005 all 20 episodes & exclusive interviews ITV Studios The Darling Buds of May : The Complete Series PG 1 September 2008 contains all 20 episodes & exclusive commentary ITV Studios The Darling Buds of May : The Complete 20th Anniversary Collection PG 8 August 2011 all 20 episodes Australia Shock Records The Darling Buds of May : Series One PG 3 March 2007 Special 2 - Disc Edition - contains all 6 episodes & bonus episode `` Christmas is Coming '' Shock Records The Darling Buds of May : Series Two 5 May 2007 Special 2 - Disc Edition - contains all 6 episodes & bonus episode `` La Grande Weekend '' Shock Records The Darling Buds of May : The Complete Collection PG 29 March 2008 all 20 episodes Reel DVD The Darling Buds of May : The Complete Collection PG 6 February 2013 all 20 episodes ( contains same packaging as UK 2011 release ) Note : The 2008 and 2011 DVD sets from ITV Studios list that there are 11 episodes ; this is due to the fact that all episodes in series 1 -- 3 ( not including the specials ) contain two parts making them count as a whole . Soundtrack ( edit ) A 16 - track soundtrack of the series was released by EMI on CD in 1991 . Reception ( edit ) The series was a ratings success , its `` feel - good '' factor during economic recession often noted as the reason . Whilst Yorkshire TV classified it as a drama , audiences and critics have generally considered it to be a comedy / drama . The first episode broke a British broadcasting record , becoming the first instance of a new series topping the national ratings , beating the soap opera Coronation Street ( also an ITV production ) on the night . This came as a shock to producers , although they had been hopeful of good ratings due to dull weather and the belief that people would be looking for something to lift their spirits following the end of the Gulf War . Jason attributed the series ' popularity to the public wanting a more wholesome , inclusive and inoffensive viewing option at a time when violence on television was increasing . This was one of the main reasons he decided to take the role . The series generated an upsurge in sales of H.E. Bates 's novels . Awards ( edit ) 1992 Ivor Novello Award -- Best Theme from a TV / Radio Production Source novels and other adaptations ( edit ) The Larkin family truck , seen at the Darling Buds Classic Car Show at Buss Farm in 2007 The series is based on the works of H.E. Bates , who died in 1974 . Having moved from the industrialised English Midlands to a granary in Little Chart in Kent in 1930 in search of new inspirations for his work , he was initially frustrated in his efforts to create a novel based on the Kent way of life . His inspiration for the Larkin stories eventually came in 1955 while on a trip to Sittingbourne . Pausing at Faversham , he observed the joyful camaraderie of a large boisterous family as they emerged from a shop and departed in a large blue truck . Combining this with observations of another family on a nearby small - holding , he set about writing about how these families might live . Originally a short story , he expanded it into a novel , followed by a further four books , the titles of the first four of which were used as episode titles for the TV series : The Darling Buds of May ( 1958 ) A Breath of French Air ( 1959 ) When the Green Woods Laugh ( 1960 ) Oh ! To be in England ! ( 1963 ) A Little of What You Fancy ? ( 1970 ) The first novel in the series was originally adapted to the screen in 1959 as The Mating Game , starring Debbie Reynolds and Tony Randall as Mariette and Charley . The fifth novel , A Little of What You Fancy ? , was never adapted for television , but it was adapted into a six - part series by Eric Pringle for BBC Radio , with Jason and Ferris reprising their roles , first airing in February 1996 . In May 2011 a stage production of the series was put on at Buss Farm . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Darling Buds of May and Kent '' . Kent Life . 21 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hildred , Stafford ; Ewbank , Tim ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) . Sir David Jason - A Life of Laughter . John Blake Publishing . ISBN 9781782190721 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darling Buds of May -- Garden of England Trail -- Behind the Scenes '' . Kent Film Office . 2011 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Darling Buds of May farm in Kent for sale for £ 1.35 m '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Darling Buds of May farm to open to public '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : The Darling Buds of May Trail ( PDF ) . Kent Film Office . ^ Jump up to : `` Darling Buds of May visitor trail set up in Kent '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds of May '' . Pip Burley . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Perfick ! '' . Pip Burley . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Little Dorrit star Pam Ferris on her 15 year rift with Catherine Zeta - Jones '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Catherine Zeta - Jones on Darling Buds of May film : `` I 'm up for it '' `` . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds Of May Series 1 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds Of May Series 2 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds Of May The Complete Collection Collectors Edition on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds Of May Complete Collection on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Darling Buds Of May , The - Soundtrack details - SoundtrackCollector.com '' . www.soundtrackcollector.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Darling Buds of May '' . Jump up ^ `` The Ivors 1992 - The Ivors '' . The Ivors . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A Little of What You Fancy - BBC Radio 4 FM - 15 February 1996 - BBC Genome '' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Radio A Little of What You Fancy / Heartache Radio 4 '' . The Independent . 1996 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . External links ( edit ) The Darling Buds of May on IMDb Darling Buds Farm -- Kent farm location used for the TV series . Darling Buds Cookery Courses - cookery course at the Kent farm location used for the TV series . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Darling_Buds_of_May_(TV_series)&oldid=839457436 '' Categories : 1991 British television programme debuts 1993 British television programme endings 1990s British drama television series ITV comedy ITV television dramas Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in Kent Works by H.E. Bates Television series by ITV Studios Television series by Yorkshire Television English - language television programs Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Norsk Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 15 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played victoria in darling buds of may	[ "\nJulie Stichbury, as Primrose Larkin (1991) (6 episodes)\nAbigail Rokison, as Primrose Larkin (1991–1993) (12 episodes)\nIan Tucker, as Montgomery 'Monty' Larkin, their eldest son (13 episodes)\nChristina Giles, as Petunia Larkin, twin sister to Zinnia (18 episodes)\nKatherine Giles, as Zinnia Larkin, twin sister to Petunia (18 episodes)\nStephanie Ralph, as Victoria Larkin, the youngest Larkin daughter (19 episodes)\nRoss Marriott, as Oscar Larkin, their youngest child (16 episodes)\nDaisy-May Bates, as John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim Charlton, the only son of Charlie and Mariette (11 episodes)\n" ]	[ "Stephanie Ralph" ]
-8422816898726928201	Lok Sabha	Lok Sabha - Wikipedia Lok Sabha For upper house , see Rajya Sabha . For current list of Lok Sabha members , see List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : this article is filled with sections with misleading titles that contain irrelevant information . Please help improve this article if you can . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 28 ° 37 ′ 3 '' N 77 ° 12 ′ 30 '' E / 28.61750 ° N 77.20833 ° E / 28.61750 ; 77.20833 Lok Sabha House of the People 16th Lok Sabha Emblem of India Type Type Lower house of the Parliament of India Term limits 5 years Leadership Speaker Sumitra Mahajan , BJP Since 6 June 2014 Deputy Speaker M. Thambidurai , AIADMK Since 13 August 2014 Leader of the House Narendra Modi , BJP Since 26 May 2014 Leader of the Opposition Vacant , as none of the opposition parties has more than 10 % of seats . Since 26 May 2014 Structure Seats 545 ( 543 elected + 2 Nominated from the Anglo - Indian Community by the President ) Political groups Government coalition ( 313 ) National Democratic Alliance ( 313 ) BJP ( 271 ) SS ( 18 ) LJP ( 6 ) SAD ( 4 ) RLSP ( 3 ) AD ( 2 ) JD ( U ) ( 2 ) AINRC ( 1 ) NDPP ( 1 ) PMK ( 1 ) SDF ( 1 ) Speaker , BJP ( 1 ) Nominated , BJP ( 2 ) Opposition Parties ( 220 ) United Progressive Alliance ( 53 ) INC ( 48 ) IUML ( 2 ) JD ( S ) ( 1 ) RLD ( 1 ) RSP ( 1 ) Janata Parivar Parties ( 5 ) RJD ( 3 ) INLD ( 2 ) Unaligned Parties ( 159 ) AIADMK ( 37 ) AITC ( 34 ) BJD ( 19 ) TDP ( 16 ) TRS ( 11 ) CPI ( M ) ( 9 ) NCP ( 7 ) SP ( 7 ) AAP ( 4 ) YSRCP ( 4 ) AIUDF ( 3 ) JMM ( 2 ) AIMIM ( 1 ) CPI ( 1 ) JKNC ( 1 ) JKPDP ( 1 ) SWP ( 1 ) JAP ( L ) ( 1 ) Others ( 3 ) Independents ( 3 ) Vacant ( 12 ) Vacant ( 12 ) Elections Voting system First past the post Last election 7 April -- 12 May 2014 Next election April -- May 2019 Motto धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय Meeting place Lok Sabha Chambers , Sansad Bhavan , Sansad Marg , New Delhi , India Website loksabha.gov.in The Lok Sabha ( House of the People ) is the lower house of India 's bicameral Parliament , with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha . Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by adult universal suffrage and a first - past - the - post system to represent their respective constituencies , and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers . The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi . The maximum strength of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552 . Currently the house has 545 seats which is made up by election of up to 543 elected members and at a maximum , 2 nominated members of the Anglo - Indian Community by the President of India . A total of 131 seats ( 24.03 % ) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes ( 84 ) and Scheduled Tribes ( 47 ) . The quorum for the House is 10 % of the total membership . The Lok Sabha , unless sooner dissolved , continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting . However , while a proclamation of emergency is in operation , this period may be extended by Parliament by law . An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies ' boundaries is carried out by the Boundary Delimitation Commission of India every decade based on the Indian census , last of which was conducted in 2001 . This exercise earlier also included redistribution of seats among states based on demographic changes but that provision of the mandate of the commission was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to incentivise the family planning programme which was being implemented . The 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date . The Lok Sabha has its own television channel , Lok Sabha TV , headquartered within the premises of Parliament . Contents 1 History 2 Qualifications 2.1 System of elections in Lok Sabha 3 Powers 4 Procedure 4.1 Procedure in the House 4.2 Sessions and Time of Sittings 4.3 Question Hour 4.4 Zero Hour 4.5 Business after Question Hour 4.6 Main Business 4.6. 1 Legislative Business 4.6. 2 Financial Business 4.6. 3 Motions and Resolutions 4.7 Parliamentary Committees 4.8 Half - an - Hour Discussion 4.9 Discussion on Matters of Urgent Public Importance 4.10 Debate in the House 4.10. 1 Division 4.11 Automatic Vote Recording System 4.12 Publication of Debates 5 Officers of Lok Sabha 6 Composition by states and territories 7 Lok Sabha general elections 8 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947 . During this period , the office of the Secretary of State for India ( along with the Council of India ) was the authority through whom British Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent , and the office of Viceroy of India was created , along with an Executive Council in India , consisting of high officials of the British government . The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members . The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and increased the powers of the Legislative Council . Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government , their power still remained limited , and the electorate very small . The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration . The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy and proposed a federal structure in India . The Indian Independence Act 1947 , passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947 , divided British India ( which did not include the Princely States ) into two new independent countries , India and Pakistan , which were to be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution . The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations , with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion . The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 , proclaiming India to be a sovereign , democratic republic . This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form , which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan . According to Article 79 ( Part V - The Union . ) of the Constitution of India , the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) and the House of the People ( Lok Sabha ) . The Lok Sabha ( House of the Leaders ) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 . Session of Lok Sabha commenced on Date Session No . Date First 13 May 1952 Second April 1957 Third April 1962 Fourth March 1967 Fifth March 1971 Sixth March 1977 Seventh January 1980 Eighth December 1984 Ninth December 1989 Tenth June 1991 Eleventh May 1996 Twelfth March 1998 Thirteenth October 1999 Fourteenth May 2004 Fifteenth May 2009 Sixteenth ( Current ) May 2014 Qualifications ( edit ) See also : Election Commission of India Article 84 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha , which are as follows : He / She should be a citizen of India , and must subscribe before the Election Commission of India an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule of Indian Constitution . He / She should not be less than 25 years of age . He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament . He / She should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict , a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law ; and He / She should have his / her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country . However , a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament : If he / she holds office of profit ; If he / she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court If he / she is an undischarged insolvent ; If he / she is not a citizen of India , or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State , or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State ; If he / she is violating party discipline ( as per Tenth schedule of the constitution ) ; disqualified under Representation of People Act . A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances ( during normal functioning of the House ) : When the holder of the seat , by writing to the speaker , resigns . When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House , without prior permission of the Speaker . When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament . A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the ' Anti-Defection Law ' . Furthermore , as per article 101 ( Part V. -- The Union ) of the Indian Constitution , a person can not be : A member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other . A member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State . System of elections in Lok Sabha ( edit ) Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India , on the basis of Universal Suffrage . For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha ; each state is divided into territorial constituencies . In this respect , the constitution of India makes the following two provisions : Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is same for all the states of India . This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million ( 60 lakhs ) . Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remain the same throughout the state . Note : The expression population while distributing seats among states refers to the population ascertained at the census of 1971 . The expression population while distributing constituencies within a state refers to the population ascertained at the census of 2001 . Powers ( edit ) The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha . Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha . If passed by a majority vote , the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively . The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion , and hence has no real power over the executive . This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha , not to the Rajya Sabha . Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha , and upon being passed , are sent to the Rajya Sabha , where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days . If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha , or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House , or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha , the bill is considered passed . The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India . In matters pertaining to non-financial ( ordinary ) bills , after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled ( Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha ) , it is sent to the other house , where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months . If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House , or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house , it results in a deadlock . This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses , presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority . Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard , in reality it is the Lok Sabha 's opinions that mostly prevails -- due to its bigger numerical strength . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment ( by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President ( by two - thirds of the membership of the House ) . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process ( initiating and passing a motion for the removal ) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts ( by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two - thirds majority of the members present and voting ) , who then can be removed by the President of India . Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency ( by two - thirds majority ) or constitutional emergency ( by simple majority ) in a state . If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency , the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament . It can not be dissolved . This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha . But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six - month if the said proclamation ceases to operate . In conclusion , it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters . Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing , the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength . This is typical of any Parliamentary democracy , with the lower House always being more powerful than the upper . Procedure ( edit ) Procedure in the House ( edit ) The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha . The items of business , notice of which is received from the Ministers / Private Members and admitted by the Speaker , are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance . For various items of business to be taken up in the House the time is allotted by the House on the recommendations of the Business Advisory Committee . The Speaker presides over the sessions of the House and regulates procedure . Sessions and time of sittings ( edit ) Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year : Budget session : February to May . Monsoon session : July to September . Winter session : November to mid December . When in session , Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House . Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays . Question Hour ( edit ) The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour . Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members , and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres . Every minister whose turn it is to answer to questions has to stand up and answer for his department 's acts of omission or commission . Questions are of three types -- Starred , Unstarred and Short Notice . A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark . An unstarred Question is one which is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked . An answer to such a question is given in writing . Minimum period of notice for starred / unstarred question is 10 clear days . If the questions given notice of are admitted by the Speaker , they are listed and printed for answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains . The normal period of notice does not apply to short notice questions which relate to matters of urgent public importance . However , a Short Notice Question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice . A short notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour , popularly known as Zero Hour . Zero Hour ( edit ) The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as `` Zero Hour '' . It starts at around 12 noon ( hence the name ) and members can , with prior notice to the Speaker , raise issues of importance during this time . Typically , discussions on important Bills , the Budget , and other issues of national importance take place from 2 pm onwards . Business after question Hour ( edit ) After the Question Hour , the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day . These may consist of one or more of the following : Adjournment Motions , Questions involving breaches of Privileges , Papers to be laid on the Table , Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha , Intimations regarding President 's assent to Bills , Calling Attention Notices , Matters under Rule 377 , Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee , Presentation of Petitions , miscellaneous statements by Ministers , Motions regarding elections to Committees , Bills to be withdrawn or introduced . Main business ( edit ) The main business of the day may be consideration of a Bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion . Legislative business ( edit ) Legislative proposals in the form of a Bill can be brought forward either by a Minister or by a private member . In the former case it is known as Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Members ' Bill . Every Bill passes through three stages -- called three readings -- before it is passed . To become law it must be passed by both the Houses of Parliament , Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha , and then assented to by the president . Financial business ( edit ) The presentation , discussion of , and voting on the annual General and Railways budgets -- followed by the passing of the Appropriations Bill and the Finance Bill -- is a long , drawn - out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its Budget Session every year . Motions and resolutions ( edit ) Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions . Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by Government or by private members . Government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the House on an important matter of policy or on a grave situation . Similarly , a private member may move a resolution or motion in order to draw the attention of the House and of the Government to a particular problem . The last two and half hours of sitting on every Friday are generally allotted for transaction of private members ' business . While private members ' bills are taken up on one Friday , private members ' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday , and so on . Parliamentary committees ( edit ) Most of the business of drafting a bill or amendments are initially discussed and debated in the parliamentary committees . Since the time for legislation is limited , work of all departments of the government and any special focus tasks is delegated to the committees , wherein the committees shall prepare the initial draft of the bill / amendment for the consideration by both the houses . They consist of members from both the houses . There are primarily two kinds of parliamentary committees based on their nature -- Parliament Standing Committees ( PSC ) -- Permanent in nature , reconstituted time to time with every new election . Department based Others Ad hoc Committees -- Created for specific purpose and ceases to exist when that purpose is achieved . Half - an - Hour discussion ( edit ) A Half - an - Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact . Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion . Usually , half - an - hour discussion is listed on Mondays , Wednesdays and Fridays only . In one session , a member is allowed to raise not more than two half - an - hour discussions . During the discussion , the member , who has given notice , makes a short statement and not more than four members , who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot , are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact . Thereafter , the Minister concerned replies . There is no formal motion before the House nor voting . Discussion on matters of urgent public importance ( edit ) Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker . Such discussions may take place on two days in a week . No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion . Debate in the House ( edit ) After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken , other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them . Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair . A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member . Division ( edit ) A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained . Normally , when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying `` Aye '' or `` No '' from their seats . The Chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House . If a member challenges the decision , the Chair orders that the lobbies be cleared . Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes . Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides . After the bell stops , all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over . Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the `` Ayes '' or the `` Noes '' , have it . If the opinion so declared is again challenged , the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Automatic vote Recording system ( edit ) With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes , the Secretary - General of the Lok Sabha presses the button of a key board . Then a gong sounds , serving as a signal to members for casting their votes . To vote , each member present in the Chamber has to flip a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in their seat . The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds . There are two indicator boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker 's chair in the Chamber . Each vote cast by a member is flashed here . Immediately after the votes are cast , they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the Result Indicator Boards installed in the railings of the Speaker 's and Diplomatic Galleries . Divisions are normally held with the aid of the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment . Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. in Lok Sabha , divisions may be held either by distribution of ' Aye ' / ' No ' and ' Abstention ' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies . There is an Indicator Board in the machine room showing the name of each member . The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear also on this Board and immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken . Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted ' Ayes ' and for ' Noes ' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates . Publication of Debates ( edit ) Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared : the Hindi version , the English version and the Original version . Only the Hindi and English versions are printed . The Original version , in cyclostyled form , is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference . The Hindi version contains proceedings ( all Questions asked and Answers given thereto and speeches made ) in Hindi , and verbatim Hindi translation of proceedings in English or in regional languages . The English version contains proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings which take place in Hindi or in any regional language . The Original version , however , contains proceedings in Hindi or in English as they actually took place in the House and also the English / Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages . If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses , a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences . In such a session , the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail , since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha . Officers of Lok Sabha ( edit ) Speaker and Deputy Speaker As per Article 93 of Indian Constitution , the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker . In the Lok Sabha , both presiding officers -- the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker - are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House . No specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected Speaker ; the Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House . But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker . Vacation and resignation of , and removal from , the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India . As per Article 94 of Indian Constitution , a Speaker or a Deputy Speaker should vacate his / her office , a ) if he / she ceases to be a member of the House of the People , b ) he / she resigns , or c ) is removed from office by a resolution of the House passed by a majority . The Speaker of Lok Sabha is both a member of the House and its Presiding Officer . The Speaker conducts the business in the House . He / she decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . He / she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them . He / she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure . Following the 52nd Constitution amendment , the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection . The Speaker makes obituary references in the House , formal references to important national and international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires . Though a member of the House , the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision . Till date , the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote . While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence / resignation / removal , the duties of the office are performed by the Deputy Speaker or , if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant , by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose . The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff . Shri G.V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha ( 15 May 1952 -- 27 February 1956 ) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker ( 30 May 1952 -- 7 March 1956 ) . In the 16th Lok Sabha , Sumitra Mahajan was elected as the speaker on 3 June 2014 , and is its second woman speaker and Shri M. Thambidurai as the deputy speaker . Composition by states and territories ( edit ) Main article : List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha State / Union Territory Type No. of constituencies Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory Andhra Pradesh State 25 Arunachal Pradesh State Assam State 14 Bihar State 40 Chandigarh Union Territory Chhattisgarh State 11 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Union Territory Daman and Diu Union Territory National Capital Territory of Delhi Union Territory 7 Goa State Gujarat State 26 Haryana State 10 Himachal Pradesh State Jammu and Kashmir State 6 Jharkhand State 14 Karnataka State 28 Kerala State 20 Lakshadweep Union Territory Madhya Pradesh State 29 Maharashtra State 48 Manipur State Meghalaya State Mizoram State Nagaland State Odisha State 21 Puducherry Union Territory Punjab State 13 Rajasthan State 25 Sikkim State Tamil Nadu State 39 Telangana State 17 Tripura State Uttarakhand State 5 Uttar Pradesh State 80 West Bengal State 42 Lok Sabha general elections ( edit ) Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows : Lok Sabha General Election 1st Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1951 -- 52 2nd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1957 3rd Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1962 4th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1967 5th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1971 6th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1977 7th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1980 8th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1984 9th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1989 10th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1991 11th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1996 12th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1998 13th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 1999 14th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2004 15th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2009 16th Lok Sabha Indian general election , 2014 Number of members by party in Lok Sabha ( edit ) Main article : List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha Currently elected members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party ( As of 27 August 2018 ) : Alliance Party Seats National Democratic Alliance Seats : 313 Bharatiya Janata Party 271 Shiv Sena 18 Lok Janshakti Party 6 Shiromani Akali Dal Rashtriya Lok Samta Party Apna Dal Janata Dal ( United ) All India N.R. Congress Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party Pattali Makkal Katchi Sikkim Democratic Front Speaker of the House , BJP Nominated Anglo - Indians , BJP United Progressive Alliance Seats : 53 Indian National Congress 48 Indian Union Muslim League Janata Dal ( Secular ) Rashtriya Lok Dal Revolutionary Socialist Party Janata Parivar Seats : 5 Rashtriya Janata Dal Indian National Lok Dal Other Parties Seats : 159 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 37 All India Trinamool Congress 34 Biju Janata Dal 19 Telugu Desam Party 16 Telangana Rashtra Samithi 11 Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 9 Nationalist Congress Party 7 Samajwadi Party 7 Aam Aadmi Party YSR Congress Party All India United Democratic Front Jharkhand Mukti Morcha All India Majlis - e-Ittehadul Muslimeen Communist Party of India Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Swabhimani Paksha Jan Adhikar Party ( L ) ( Expelled RJD Member ) Independents Vacant Seats Anantnag , Bellary , Shimoga , Mandya , Ongole , Kadapa , Nellore , Tirupati , Rajampet , Kottayam , Kendrapara and Tura constituencies . 12 Total 545 See also ( edit ) List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha Parliament of India Rajya Sabha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` No LoP post for Congress '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . parliamentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament of India : Lok Sabha '' . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 83 . p. 40 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A decade from now , three states will contribute a third of Lok Sabha MPs '' . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Election Commission India Archived 5 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to LokSabha Website '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Freedom Struggle ( 1857 -- 1947 ) -- Culture and Heritage -- Know India : National Portal of India '' . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Government of India Act of 1935 - Dictionary definition of Government of India Act of 1935 - Encyclopedia.com : FREE online dictionary '' . www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 79 . p. 38 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . p. 41 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Part V -- The Union . Article 81 . pp. 46 , 47 Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf article 81 Jump up ^ / / www.india.gov.in/sites/upload_files/npi/files/coi_part_full.pdf article 81 Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha '' . Lok Sabha . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha Introduction '' . National Informatics Centre , Government of India . Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sixteenth Lok Sabha : All Members Party-wise List '' . Lok Sabha. 27 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lok Sabha . Lok Sabha website Description of Lok Sabha on website of Parliament of India Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) 17th LS ( 2019 -- 24 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh Lower houses of national legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mauritania Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Related Bicameralism Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National upper houses National bicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lok_Sabha&oldid=856898148 '' Categories : Lok Sabha National lower houses Parliament of India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles needing cleanup from May 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Infobox legislature with background color Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 07 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many seats are reserved for representatives of sc and st in lok sabha	[ "The maximum strength of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552. Currently the house has 545 seats which is made up by election of up to 543 elected members and at a maximum, 2 nominated members of the Anglo-Indian Community by the President of India. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47). The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership. The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law.[3][4]\n" ]	[ "131" ]
4151136672125226011	List of highest paid American television stars	List of Highest paid American television Stars - wikipedia List of Highest paid American television Stars This is a list of people starring on television that are the highest - paid , based on various sources . This list includes the top - paid TV stars by name and their network primetime salaries per episode , which includes stars from past series like Two and a Half Men and current series like Game of Thrones . It also includes hosts and news presenters with the highest annual salaries , which include Tyra Banks , Maury Povich , Ellen DeGeneres , and some talent from the Today Show and the CBS Evening News . Charlie Sheen Ray Romano Kelsey Grammer Tim Allen Lena Headey Contents ( hide ) 1 Network primetime salaries per episode 2 Network primetime salaries per season 3 Morning annual salaries 4 News presenter annual salaries 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Network primetime salaries per episode ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Inflation Adjusted Year Ref . Peter Dinklage Game of Thrones Tyrion Lannister £ 2,000,000 2017 -- 18 Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington Jon Snow Charlie Sheen Two and a Half Men Charlie Harper $1.8 million $1,958,000 2010 -- 11 Ray Romano Everybody Loves Raymond Raymond Barone $1.7 million $2,130,000 2003 -- 05 Kelsey Grammer Frasier Frasier Crane $1.6 million $2,073,000 2002 -- 04 Tim Allen Home Improvement Tim Taylor $1.25 million $1,836,000 1998 -- 99 James Gandolfini The Sopranos Tony Soprano $1 million $1,180,000 2006 -- 07 Jennifer Aniston Friends Rachel Green $1 million $1,296,000 2002 -- 04 Courteney Cox Monica Geller Lisa Kudrow Phoebe Buffay Matt LeBlanc Joey Tribbiani David Schwimmer Ross Geller Matthew Perry Chandler Bing Helen Hunt Mad About You Jamie Buchman $1 million $1,469,000 1998 -- 99 Paul Reiser Paul Buchman Jerry Seinfeld Seinfeld Jerry Seinfeld $1 million $1,501,000 1997 -- 98 Johnny Galecki The Big Bang Theory Leonard Hofstadter $900,000 $900,000 2017 -- 19 Jim Parsons Sheldon Cooper Kunal Nayyar Raj Koothrapali Simon Helberg Howard Wolowitz Kaley Cuoco Penny Ashton Kutcher Two and a Half Men Walden Schmidt $755,000 $770,000 2014 Drew Carey The Drew Carey Show Drew Carey $750,000 $972,000 2001 -- 04 Lauren Graham Gilmore Girls Lorelai Gilmore $750,000 $765,000 2016 Alexis Bledel Rory Gilmore David Hyde Pierce Frasier Niles Crane $750,000 $972,000 2014 Hugh Laurie House Dr. Gregory House $700,000 $746,000 2014 Andrew Lincoln The Walking Dead Rick Grimes $650,000 $650,000 2017 -- 18 Jon Cryer Two and a Half Men Alan Harper $620,000 $640,000 2013 -- 15 Julia Louis - Dreyfus Seinfeld Elaine Benes $600,000 $901,000 1997 -- 98 Jason Alexander George Costanza Michael Richards Cosmo Kramer Norman Reedus The Walking Dead Daryl Dixon $550,000 $550,000 2017 -- 18 Network primetime salaries per season ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Simon Cowell The X Factor Judge $75 million 2012 -- 13 Katy Perry American Idol $25 million 2017 -- 18 Jennifer Lopez $20 million 2011 -- 12 Mariah Carey $18 million 2012 -- 13 Hugh Laurie House Gregory House $15 million 2013 Ryan Seacrest American Idol Host 2013 -- 16 Britney Spears The X Factor Judge 2012 Miley Cyrus The Voice Coach $13 million 2016 -- 17 Adam Levine 2016 -- 18 Blake Shelton 2016 -- 18 Christina Aguilera $12.5 million 2013 Kelly Clarkson $12 million 2018 Shakira 2013 Gwen Stefani 2017 Nicki Minaj American Idol Judge 2012 -- 13 Morning annual salaries ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Judith Sheindlin Judge Judy ( ( Jud $47 million 2013 Barbara Walters The View Host $13 million 2007 Bob Barker The Price Is Right Game show host $10 million Ellen DeGeneres The Ellen DeGeneres Show Host $5 million 2007 Jerry Springer The Jerry Springer Show Host $3 -- 4 million 1999 Tyra Banks The Tyra Banks Show Host $3.5 million News presenter annual salaries ( edit ) Name Program Role Salary Year Ref . Matt Lauer Today Anchor $21 million Meredith Vieira Today Anchor $15 million Katie Couric CBS Evening News News anchor $15 million Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The ' ' Daily Express gives a £ 2 million figure , though sources differ . This figure possibly includes the percentage the cast makes from reruns and overseas syndications . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's Salary Report 2017 : Movie Stars to Makeup Artists to Boom Operators '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Highest Paid TV Actors Of All Time Per Per Episode - UPROXX '' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ `` For $50 Mil , Producers Love Raymond '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ `` Kelsey Grammer : NBC 's $1.6 Million Man '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ Mahan , Colin ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` Sopranos actors end pay dispute '' . TV.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( February 12 , 2002 ) . `` ' Friends ' Deal Will Pay Each Of Its 6 Stars $22 Million '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( April 10 , 1998 ) . `` Helen Hunt and Paul Riser get a raise '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mark ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Seinfeld 's per - line payday '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Why the ' Big Bang Theory ' Stars Took Surprising Pay Cuts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salaries of TV 's Top Talent Revealed '' . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` The Highest - Paid Actors On TV This Fall '' . Business Insider . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Balloni , Matthew ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Two and a Half Men ' : Jon Cryer Gets a Raise , Ashton Kutcher Does n't '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Britney Spears signs onto ' X-Factor ' : Highest paid stars on TV '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Andrew ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Paying Katy Perry Top Dollar Does n't Make Sense for ' American Idol ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Hannah ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` The Real American Idol : How J. Lo Got Her Mojo Back '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , Devon ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey 's $18 Million ' Idol ' Deal : How Does it Measure Up to Stars ' TV Paydays ? '' . Spin . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maglio , Tony ; Waxman , Sharon ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' Judge Shakeup : Miley Cyrus and Alicia Keys to Join , Pharrell Williams to Exit Next Season ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Etkin , Jamie ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` How J. Lo 's New $17.5 Million `` Idol '' Contract Compares To Other Reality Judges ' `` . Buzzfeed . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rushfield , Ricchard . `` Idol Terror - Is Seacrest Out ? An Ankler Special Report '' . The Ankler . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerencer , Tommy ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` How Much Money Do The Voice Coaches Make ? '' . MoneyNation . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TVs Highest Paid Star ? Judge Judy ( by a mile ) '' . newser.com . Aug 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Walters '' . Forbes.com . June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlights Monologues extended '' . Toronto Star . January 30 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah 's $260 M salary proves talk is n't cheap '' . CBC News . July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Springer 's denies knowledge about show 's business details '' . June 5 , 1999 . Jump up ^ http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-3216709/Everybody-loves-raises-LIFE-ARTS.html Jump up ^ http://www.thestreet.com/p/newsanalysis/sbmanagement/10380979_2.html Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( May 2 , 2002 ) . `` Stays for Another ' Day ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Durden , Douglas ( September 14 , 2006 ) . `` ' Today ' gives new host a very warm welcome '' . Richmond Times . Jump up ^ `` Vieira chosen as Couric 's ' Today ' successor '' . NBC . April 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( December 20 , 2001 ) . `` Katie Couric Signs NBC Contract Said to Be Largest in TV News '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_paid_American_television_stars&oldid=845802498 '' Categories : American television personalities American television - related lists United States - related lists of superlatives Wages and salaries Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2014 Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 07 : 22 . About Wikipedia	who is the highest paid sitcom actor of all time	[ "\n\nName\nProgram\nRole\nSalary\nInflation Adjusted\nYear\nRef.\n\n\nPeter Dinklage\nGame of Thrones\nTyrion Lannister\n£2,000,000[a]\n\n2017–18\n[2]\n\n\nNikolaj Coster-Waldau\nJaime Lannister\n\n\nLena Headey\nCersei Lannister\n\n\nEmilia Clarke\nDaenerys Targaryen\n\n\nKit Harington\nJon Snow\n\n\nCharlie Sheen\nTwo and a Half Men\nCharlie Harper\n$1.8 million\n$1,958,000\n2010–11\n[3]\n\n\nRay Romano\nEverybody Loves Raymond\nRaymond Barone\n$1.7 million\n$2,130,000\n2003–05\n[4]\n\n\nKelsey Grammer\nFrasier\nFrasier Crane\n$1.6 million\n$2,073,000\n2002–04\n[5]\n\n\nTim Allen\nHome Improvement\nTim Taylor\n$1.25 million\n$1,836,000\n1998–99\n[3]\n\n\nJames Gandolfini\nThe Sopranos\nTony Soprano\n$1 million\n$1,180,000\n2006–07\n[6]\n\n\nJennifer Aniston\nFriends\nRachel Green\n$1 million\n$1,296,000\n2002–04\n[7]\n\n\nCourteney Cox\nMonica Geller\n\n\nLisa Kudrow\nPhoebe Buffay\n\n\nMatt LeBlanc\nJoey Tribbiani\n\n\nDavid Schwimmer\nRoss Geller\n\n\nMatthew Perry\nChandler Bing\n\n\nHelen Hunt\nMad About You\nJamie Buchman\n$1 million\n$1,469,000\n1998–99\n[8]\n\n\nPaul Reiser\nPaul Buchman\n\n\nJerry Seinfeld\nSeinfeld\nJerry Seinfeld\n$1 million\n$1,501,000\n1997–98\n[9]\n\n\nJohnny Galecki\nThe Big Bang Theory\nLeonard Hofstadter\n$900,000\n$900,000\n2017–19\n[10]\n\n\nJim Parsons\nSheldon Cooper\n\n\nKunal Nayyar\nRaj Koothrapali\n\n\nSimon Helberg\nHoward Wolowitz\n\n\nKaley Cuoco\nPenny\n\n\nAshton Kutcher\nTwo and a Half Men\nWalden Schmidt\n$755,000\n$770,000\n2014\n[3]\n\n\nDrew Carey\nThe Drew Carey Show\nDrew Carey\n$750,000\n$972,000\n2001–04\n[3]\n\n\nLauren Graham\nGilmore Girls\nLorelai Gilmore\n$750,000\n$765,000\n2016\n[11]\n\n\nAlexis Bledel\nRory Gilmore\n\n\nDavid Hyde Pierce\nFrasier\nNiles Crane\n$750,000\n$972,000\n2014\n[12]\n\n\nHugh Laurie\nHouse\nDr. Gregory House\n$700,000\n$746,000\n2014\n\n\nAndrew Lincoln\nThe Walking Dead\nRick Grimes\n$650,000\n$650,000\n2017–18\n[2]\n\n\nJon Cryer\nTwo and a Half Men\nAlan Harper\n$620,000\n$640,000\n2013–15\n[13]\n\n\nJulia Louis-Dreyfus\nSeinfeld\nElaine Benes\n$600,000\n$901,000\n1997–98\n[3]\n\n\nJason Alexander\nGeorge Costanza\n\n\nMichael Richards\nCosmo Kramer\n\n\nNorman Reedus\nThe Walking Dead\nDaryl Dixon\n$550,000\n$550,000\n2017–18\n[2]\n\n" ]	[ "Charlie Sheen" ]
4254382476401246877	This Woman's Work	This Woman 's Work - wikipedia This Woman 's Work Jump to : navigation , search For the box set named after this song , see This Woman 's Work : Anthology 1978 -- 1990 . `` This Woman 's Work '' Single by Kate Bush from the album The Sensual World B - side `` Be Kind to My Mistakes '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' Released 20 November 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 20 ) Format 7 '' vinyl , 7 '' vinyl picture disc , 12 '' vinyl , CD , cassette Recorded Genre Art rock Length 3 : 42 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Kate Bush Producer ( s ) Kate Bush Kate Bush singles chronology `` The Sensual World '' ( 1989 ) `` This Woman 's Work '' ( 1989 ) `` Love and Anger '' ( 1990 ) `` The Sensual World '' ( 1989 ) `` This Woman 's Work '' ( 1989 ) `` Love and Anger '' ( 1990 ) Audio sample file help `` This Woman 's Work '' is a song written and performed by the British singer Kate Bush . It was originally featured on the soundtrack of the American film She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) . The song was released as the second single from her album The Sensual World in 1989 and peaked at 25 in the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 1.1 Music video 1.2 Track listing 1.3 Charts 1.4 Use in media 2 Maxwell 's cover versions 2.1 Music video 2.2 Charts 2.3 Use in media 3 Other cover versions 4 References 5 External links Song Information ( edit ) The lyric of `` This Woman 's Work '' is about being forced to confront an unexpected and frightening crisis during the normal event of childbirth . Written for the movie She 's Having a Baby , director John Hughes used the song during the film 's dramatic climax , when Jake ( Kevin Bacon ) learns that the lives of his wife , Kristy ( Elizabeth McGovern ) , and their unborn child are in danger . As the song plays , we see a montage sequence of flashbacks showing the couple in happier times , intercut with shots of him waiting for news of Kristy and their baby 's condition . Bush wrote the song specifically for the sequence , writing from a man 's ( Jake 's ) viewpoint and matching the words to the visuals which had already been filmed . The version of the song that was featured on The Sensual World was re-edited from the original version featured on the film soundtrack . The version released as a single was a third , slightly different mix . `` This Woman 's Work '' is one of several songs that were completely re-recorded on her 2011 album Director 's Cut . The new version features a sparse performance of Bush singing and playing piano . Composition According to the sheet music published in Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is set in the time signature of common time , with a slow tempo of 66 beats per minute . It is written in the key of A-flat major with Bush 's vocal range spanning from A ♭ to E ♭ . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` This Woman 's Work '' , which was directed by Bush herself , starts with Bush , spotlighted in an otherwise black room , playing the introductory notes on a piano . In the next scene , a distraught man ( played by Tim McInnerny ) is pacing in the waiting room of a hospital . It is then revealed through flashbacks that his wife ( played by Bush ) has collapsed while they were having dinner . The story blurs into a continuous scene where he carries her to the car , a desperate race to the hospital , and his wife being wheeled away on a stretcher as he races in behind her . While waiting , the husband is wracked with fear and imagines his wife in happier times , kissing him in the rain , and even imagines the nurse coming to tell him she has died . The nurse then pulls him out of his reverie , as she reassuringly puts her hand on his shoulder and tells him about his wife 's situation , the outcome of this is left ambiguous . The final scene of the video returns to Bush as she silently closes the piano keyboard . Track Listing ( edit ) A version of the B - side `` Be Kind to My Mistakes '' had previously been featured in the film Castaway in 1986 . The other B - side , `` I 'm Still Waiting '' , features on the 12 '' and CD single versions only . 7 '' single ( UK ) No . Title Length 1 . `` This Woman 's Work '' 3 : 33 2 . `` Be Kind to My Mistakes '' 3 : 03 12 '' and CD single ( UK ) No . Title Length 1 . `` This Woman 's Work ( Single Mix ) '' 3 : 33 2 . `` Be Kind to My Mistakes '' 3 : 03 3 . `` I 'm Still Waiting '' 4 : 25 Charts ( edit ) `` This Woman 's Work '' was released on 20 November 1989 and reached a peak position of # 25 in the UK Singles Chart . Fifteen years after its original release , in 2005 , the song peaked at # 3 in the UK Official Download Chart , due to it being featured in the Tamzin Outhwaite drama Walk Away and I Stumble . Due to the song 's inclusion in TV series Extras , the song entered the UK chart once again at # 121 in the week ending 5 January 2008 , rising to # 76 the following week . After it was performed by a contestant on Britain 's Got Talent in April 2012 , it recharted at # 63 in the UK chart . In 2017 , `` This Woman 's Work '' was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 200,000 copies . Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 25 Irish Singles Chart 20 Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Singles Chart 89 Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position UK Official Download Chart Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 76 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 63 Use in media ( edit ) The song was featured on the Felicity soundtrack , and has been used at key moments in episodes of Ghost Whisperer , Alias , Party of Five , Crossing Jordan , 7th Heaven , Without a Trace , Chasing Life , The Vampire Diaries , The Cleveland Show , and It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . It was used to promote the season opener of the 2007 - 2008 season of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . Since 2006 the song has featured on two long - running TV adverts for the British children 's charity the NSPCC . There are a lot of references to this song in the 1995 Italian film Cronaca di un amore violato . The 2007 Special Christmas edition of the Ricky Gervais comedy series Extras , which aired 16 December in the US on HBO and 27 December on BBC One in the UK , featured two scenes using the song as a soundtrack . Due to the song 's inclusion in Extras , the song entered the UK chart once again in January 2008 . In June 2008 , the song was played at the beginning and end of an Emmerdale episode featuring a custody battle between two sets of parents . The song was sung by actress Kether Donohue in the first season finale of the American TV comedy You 're the Worst . Maxwell 's cover versions ( edit ) `` This Woman 's Work '' Single by Maxwell from the album MTV Unplugged and Now Released January 2002 Format CD single , Digital Recorded 2000 Genre Soul R&B Length 4 : 01 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Kate Bush Producer ( s ) MUSZE ( Maxwell ) Hod David Maxwell singles chronology `` Lifetime '' ( 2001 ) `` This Woman 's Work '' ( 2002 ) `` Pretty Wings '' ( 2009 ) `` Lifetime '' ( 2001 ) ' `` This Woman 's Work '' ' ( 2001 ) `` Pretty Wings '' ( 2009 ) In 1997 , American R&B musician Maxwell covered the song for the release of his album MTV Unplugged . The artist later re-recorded the song in studio for his album Now ( 2001 ) . This version of the song was released as the album 's third single in 2001 and peaked in the US Billboard charts at # 58 ( Billboard Hot 100 in 2002 ) and # 16 ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) . This version also appeared in the movie Love & Basketball . Music video ( edit ) The music video for Maxwell 's cover of `` This Woman 's Work '' , which was directed by Sanji , begins with pictures of Maxwell and his lover in black - and - white photography . One picture reveals that his lover has died . In the next scene , Maxwell sees the ghost of his lover in the street and proceeding toward her , he falls through the street into a watery grave ; seemingly drowning in his sorrow . Maxwell , then begins to swim across the street , pulling himself up by holding onto the sidewalk , he looks up to a cloud that reveals the face of his lover . The next scene shows Maxwell sitting in a diner , reminiscing about the loss of his love . Sitting next to Maxwell , are two women who -- shown through flashbacks -- have experienced heartache and loss of another kind . The music video ends with Maxwell walking outside of the diner , seemingly still underwater , as he sings `` make it go away . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 61 Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 58 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 16 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 41 UK R&B Chart 14 Use in media ( edit ) In the feature film Love and Basketball , the song is played as the main characters realize their true feelings for each other and make love . In the movie Stomp the Yard ( 2007 ) , Columbus Short and Meagan Good kiss for the first time , when they decide to go out . Maxwell 's cover version of the song is played in the background . It has been used three times in the US version of So You Think You Can Dance . The first time was in an August 2006 episode , when contestant Allison Holker danced her final solo to the song . The second time was in a July 2008 episode , when contestant Katee Shean danced her solo to the song . The third time was in a July 2009 episode ; choreographed by Tyce Diorio for Melissa Sandvig and Ade Obayomi , and depicting a woman 's struggle with breast cancer , it brought the hosts including Mia Michaels and the audience to tears . Diorio went on to give the same song and choreography to contemporary dancer Robert White and jazz dancer Charlie Bruce on the 24 January 2010 episode of the British version of So You Think You Can Dance . A karaoke version was featured in the TV series You 're the Worst ( season 1 , series finale `` Fists and Feet and Stuff '' ) , sung by Lindsay Jillian ( Kether Donohue ) . Other cover versions ( edit ) On 15 June 1997 , Maxwell taped an episode of the MTV concert series MTV Unplugged in New York City , performing his own songs as well as covers of songs by Kate Bush ( `` This Woman 's Work '' ) . Japanese singer ACO covered this song on her 2001 album Material . In 2009 Greg Laswell recorded this song on his EP Covers . A version performed by Emma Ejwertz was used in the television show It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia in the season 6 episode `` Dee Gives Birth '' . In 2011 a version by Gwyneth Paltrow appeared on the Every Mother Counts album , an all - female / all - mother compilation CD released by Starbucks which accompanied No Woman , No Cry , a documentary on maternal health , directed by Christy Turlington Burns . Octover , a Singapore electronic duo released their self - titled album ( 2013 ) with a cover of `` This Woman 's Work '' . In March 2013 , the English folk trio Lady Maisery released a cover version as a charity download , with proceeds donated to the charity End Violence Against Women . The song also features on their second album , Mayday . Lillie McCloud performed on the song on the third season of The X Factor ( US ) on 20 November 2013 for British Invasion Night . Australian singers including Darren Hayes , Marlisa , Nathaniel , Pete Murray and Flea ( of the Red Hot Chili Peppers ) covered the track in 2014 as the collective `` Hope for Isla and Jude '' , in support of Sydney siblings who suffer from the rare disease Sanfilippo syndrome . The cover reached number 79 on the Australian Singles Chart . In December 2014 the English singer - songwriter Megan Henwood released a cover of the song as a charity download , with all proceeds going to the Médecins Sans Frontières South Sudan appeal . In 2015 , the South Korean singer - songwriter Kim Jonghyun of SHINee sang a live cover of the song on MBC Music 's `` Picnic Live '' . The song was also sung during the Judges Houses stage of the 12th season of The X Factor UK , by contestant Seann Miley Moore . In 2016 , Lapsley covered this seminal ballad on her debut album `` Long Way Home . '' It was performed by Theo Llewellyn and Jordan Gray in The Battle round of The Voice UK 2016 . In March 2016 Gary Lutton , an acoustic guitarist from Belfast , Northern Ireland , and the winner of Sky Arts Guitar Star , arranged a unique solo version for acoustic guitar . On December 30 , 2016 new bachata artist Jayro Rosado released a cover of the song . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats - Kate Bush - This Woman 's Work '' . Retrieved 15 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Bush News & Information : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved 24 February 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.katebushnews.com/faq.htm#7 Jump up ^ `` This Woman 's Work : Digital Sheet music '' . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Jump up ^ BPI database Jump up ^ `` irishcharts.ie search results '' . Retrieved 15 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 - Maxwell - This Woman 's Work - Chart Listing For The Week Of jun 29 2002 '' . Retrieved 15 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs - Maxwell - This Woman 's Work - Chart Listing For The Week Of jul 06 , 2002 '' . Retrieved 15 February 2009 . Jump up ^ www. billboard. com - maxwell this woman 's work Jump up ^ Madonna , Gwyneth Paltrow featured on ' Every Mother Counts ' album , HitFlix.com , 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Octover , by Octover '' . Jump up ^ End Violence Against Women . `` Lady Maisery Release Kate Bush Cover for EVAW '' . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 13 December 2014 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Mark Ronson And Bruno Mars Are no . 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' This Woman 's Work ' '' . Jump up ^ timmydee ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` Ten of the Best Cover Versions by K - Pop Artists '' . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Kate Bush Discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums The Kick Inside Lionheart Never for Ever The Dreaming Hounds of Love The Sensual World The Red Shoes Aerial Director 's Cut 50 Words for Snow Extended plays On Stage Kate Bush Aspects of the Sensual World Eat the Music Singles `` Wuthering Heights '' `` The Man with the Child in His Eyes '' `` Them Heavy People '' `` Moving '' `` Hammer Horror '' `` Wow '' `` Symphony in Blue '' `` Strange Phenomena '' `` Breathing '' `` Babooshka '' `` Army Dreamers '' `` December Will Be Magic Again '' `` Sat in Your Lap '' `` The Dreaming '' `` There Goes a Tenner '' `` Suspended in Gaffa '' `` Ne t'enfuis pas '' `` Night of the Swallow '' `` Running Up That Hill '' `` Cloudbusting '' `` Hounds of Love '' `` The Big Sky '' `` Do n't Give Up '' `` Experiment IV '' `` The Sensual World '' `` This Woman 's Work '' `` Love and Anger '' `` Rocket Man '' `` Rubberband Girl '' `` Eat the Music '' `` Moments of Pleasure '' `` The Red Shoes '' `` The Man I Love '' `` And So Is Love '' `` King of the Mountain '' `` Lyra '' `` Deeper Understanding '' `` Wild Man '' Live albums Live at the Hammersmith Odeon Before the Dawn Compilation albums The Single File The Whole Story This Woman 's Work : Anthology 1978 -- 1990 Videos Live at the Hammersmith Odeon The Single File The Hair of the Hound The Whole Story The Sensual World : The Videos The Line , the Cross and the Curve Concert tours The Tour of Life Before the Dawn Related List of tribute albums Maxwell Studio albums Maxwell 's Urban Hang Suite ( 1996 ) Embrya ( 1998 ) Now ( 2001 ) BLACKsummers'night ( 2009 ) blackSUMMERS'night ( 2016 ) Other albums MTV Unplugged Solo singles `` Ascension ( Do n't Ever Wonder ) '' `` Sumthin ' Sumthin ' `` Luxury : Cococure '' `` Matrimony : Maybe You '' `` Fortunate '' `` Let 's Not Play the Game '' `` Get to Know Ya '' `` Lifetime '' `` This Woman 's Work '' `` Pretty Wings '' `` Smile '' `` Bad Habits '' `` Cold '' `` Fistful of Tears '' `` Lake by the Ocean '' Tours Now Tour ( 2001 -- 02 ) Maxwell 08 Tour ( 2008 ) BLACKsummers'night Tour ( 2009 ) Maxwell & Jill Scott : The Tour ( 2010 ) King and Queen of Hearts World Tour ( 2016 ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Woman%27s_Work&oldid=807369353 '' Categories : 1988 songs 1989 singles 2001 singles Kate Bush songs Maxwell ( musician ) songs Theme music Songs written by Kate Bush Music videos directed by Sanji EMI Records singles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2012 Use British English from February 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	song at the end of dee gives birth	[ "\"This Woman's Work\" is a song written and performed by the British singer Kate Bush. It was originally featured on the soundtrack of the American film She's Having a Baby (1988). The song was released as the second single from her album The Sensual World in 1989 and peaked at 25 in the UK Singles Chart.[1]" ]	[ "This Woman's Work\"" ]
7535941611721530786	George VI	George VI - wikipedia George VI Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see George VI ( disambiguation ) . George VI Formal photograph , 1940 -- 46 King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions ( more ... ) Reign 11 December 1936 -- 6 February 1952 Coronation 12 May 1937 Predecessor Edward VIII Successor Elizabeth II Prime Ministers See list Emperor of India Reign 11 December 1936 -- 15 August 1947 Predecessor Edward VIII ( 1895 - 12 - 14 ) 14 December 1895 York Cottage , Sandringham House , Norfolk , United Kingdom 6 February 1952 ( 1952 - 02 - 06 ) ( aged 56 ) Sandringham House , Norfolk , United Kingdom Burial 15 February 1952 St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle Spouse Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon ( m . 1923 ) Issue Detail Elizabeth II Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon Full name Albert Frederick Arthur George House Windsor ( from 1917 ) Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( until 1917 ) Father George V Mother Mary of Teck George VI ( Albert Frederick Arthur George ; 14 December 1895 -- 6 February 1952 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death . He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth . Known publicly as Albert until his accession , and `` Bertie '' among his family and close friends , George VI was born in the reign of his great - grandmother Queen Victoria , and was named after his great - grandfather Albert , Prince Consort . As the second son of King George V , he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother , Edward . He attended naval college as a teenager , and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War . In 1920 , he was made Duke of York . He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters , Elizabeth and Margaret . In the mid-1920s , he had speech therapy for a stammer , which he never fully overcame . George 's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936 . However , later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson . British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman and remain king . Edward abdicated to marry Simpson , and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor . During George 's reign , the break - up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated . The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country 's constitution on the day of his accession . The following year , a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland and established the office of President . From 1939 , the Empire and Commonwealth -- except Ireland -- was at war with Nazi Germany . War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941 , respectively . Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945 , the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined . After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , George remained king of both countries , but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 . Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949 , and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year . George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth . He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign . He was succeeded by his eldest daughter , Elizabeth II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Military career and education 3 Marriage 4 Reluctant king 5 Early reign 6 Second World War 7 Empire to Commonwealth 8 Illness and death 9 Legacy 10 Titles , styles , honours and arms 10.1 Titles and styles 10.2 Arms 11 Issue 12 Ancestry 13 Notes 14 References 14.1 Bibliography 15 External links Early life ( edit ) Four kings : Edward VII ( far right ) , his son George , Prince of Wales , later George V ( far left ) , and grandsons Edward , later Edward VIII ( rear ) , and Albert , later George VI ( foreground ) , c. 1908 George was born at York Cottage , on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk , during the reign of his great - grandmother Queen Victoria . His father was Prince George , Duke of York ( later King George V ) , the second and eldest - surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales ( later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra ) . His mother was the Duchess of York ( later Queen Mary ) , the eldest child and only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck . His birthday ( 14 December 1895 ) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great - grandfather , Albert , Prince Consort . Uncertain of how the Prince Consort 's widow , Queen Victoria , would take the news of the birth , the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been `` rather distressed '' . Two days later , he wrote again : `` I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her '' . Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert , and wrote to the Duchess of York : `` I am all impatience to see the new one , born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me , especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good '' . Consequently , he was baptised `` Albert Frederick Arthur George '' at St. Mary Magdalene 's Church near Sandringham three months later . Within the family , he was known informally as `` Bertie '' . His maternal grandmother , the Duchess of Teck , did not like the first name the baby had been given , and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name `` may supplant the less favoured one '' . Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth , after his grandfather , father and elder brother , Edward . He often suffered from ill health and was described as `` easily frightened and somewhat prone to tears '' . His parents were generally removed from their children 's day - to - day upbringing , as was the norm in aristocratic families of that era . He had a stammer that lasted for many years . Although naturally left - handed , he was forced to write with his right hand , as was common practice at the time . He suffered from chronic stomach problems as well as knock knees , for which he was forced to wear painful corrective splints . Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901 , and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII . Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne , after his father and elder brother . Military career and education ( edit ) From 1909 , Albert attended the Royal Naval College , Osborne , as a naval cadet . In 1911 , he came bottom of the class in the final examination , but despite this he progressed to the Royal Naval College , Dartmouth . When his grandfather , Edward VII , died in 1910 , Albert 's father became King George V. Edward became Prince of Wales , with Albert second in line to the throne . Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada . He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913 , and spent three months in the Mediterranean . His fellow officers gave him the nickname `` Mr. Johnson '' . One year after his commission , he began service in the First World War . He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland ( 31 May -- 1 June 1916 ) , an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war . He did not see further combat , largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer , for which he had an operation in November 1917 . Prince Albert at an RAF dinner in 1919 In February 1918 , he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service 's training establishment at Cranwell . With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the reassignment of Cranwell from Admiralty to Air Ministry responsibility , Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force . He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys ' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918 , before reporting to the RAF 's Cadet School at St Leonards - on - Sea . He completed a fortnight 's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing . He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot . Albert was greatly desirous of serving on the Continent while the war was still in progress and was very pleased to be posted to General Trenchard 's staff . On 23 October he flew across the Channel to Autigny . For the closing weeks of the war , he served on the staff of the RAF 's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy , France . Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918 , he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain . He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert I on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November . Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day . In October 1919 , Albert went up to Trinity College , Cambridge , where he studied history , economics and civics for a year , with the historian R.V. Laurence as his `` official mentor '' . On 4 June 1920 , he was created Duke of York , Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney . He began to take on more royal duties . He represented his father , and toured coal mines , factories , and railyards . Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the `` Industrial Prince '' . His stammer , and his embarrassment over it , together with his tendency to shyness , caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother , Edward . However , he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis . He played at Wimbledon in the Men 's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926 , losing in the first round . He developed an interest in working conditions , and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society . His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds . Marriage ( edit ) See also : Wedding of Prince Albert , Duke of York , and Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon In a time when royalty were expected to marry fellow royalty , it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife . An infatuation with the already - married Australian socialite Sheila , Lady Loughborough , came to an end in April 1920 when the King , with the promise of the dukedom of York , persuaded Albert to stop seeing her . That year , he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon , the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne . He became determined to marry her . She rejected his proposal twice , in 1921 and 1922 , reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family . In the words of Lady Elizabeth 's mother , Albert would be `` made or marred '' by his choice of wife . After a protracted courtship , Elizabeth agreed to marry him . They were married on 26 April 1923 in Westminster Abbey . Albert 's marriage to someone not of royal birth was considered a modernising gesture . The newly formed British Broadcasting Company wished to record and broadcast the event on radio , but the Abbey Chapter vetoed the idea ( although the Dean , Herbert Edward Ryle , was in favour ) . The Duke and Duchess ( centre , reading programmes ) at Eagle Farm Racecourse , Brisbane , 1927 From December 1924 to April 1925 , the Duke and Duchess toured Kenya , Uganda , and the Sudan , travelling via the Suez Canal and Aden . During the trip , they both went big game hunting . Because of his stammer , Albert dreaded public speaking . After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925 , one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners , he began to see Lionel Logue , an Australian - born speech therapist . The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises , and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently . Subsequently , he was able to speak with less hesitation . With his delivery improved , the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra , Australia , during a tour of the empire in 1927 . His journey by sea to Australia , New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica , where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man , Bertrand Clark , which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races . The Duke and Duchess of York had two children : Elizabeth ( called `` Lilibet '' by the family ) , and Margaret . The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence , 145 Piccadilly . They were a close and loving family . One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister , R.B. Bennett , considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931 -- a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs , J.H. Thomas . Reluctant King ( edit ) George VI holds the Sceptre with the Cross , containing the 530 - carat Cullinan I Diamond . The Imperial State Crown is on the right . Portrait by Sir Gerald Kelly . Main article : Edward VIII abdication crisis King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward , saying , `` I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne . '' On 20 January 1936 , George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII . In the Vigil of the Princes , Prince Albert and his three brothers took a shift standing guard over their father 's body as it lay in state , in a closed casket , in Westminster Hall . As Edward was unmarried and had no children , Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne . Less than a year later , on 11 December 1936 , Edward abdicated in order to marry his mistress , Wallis Simpson , who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second . Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands . Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans . Thus Albert became king , a position he was reluctant to accept . The day before the abdication , he went to London to see his mother , Queen Mary . He wrote in his diary , `` When I told her what had happened , I broke down and sobbed like a child . '' On the day of the abdication , the Oireachtas , the parliament of the Irish Free State , removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution . The next day , it passed the External Relations Act , which gave the monarch limited authority ( strictly on the advice of the government ) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties . The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth . Courtier and journalist Dermot Morrah alleged that there was brief speculation as to the desirability of bypassing Albert ( and his children ) and his brother , Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , in favour of their younger brother Prince George , Duke of Kent . This seems to have been suggested on the grounds that Prince George was at that time the only brother with a son . Early reign ( edit ) Darlington Town Hall decorated for the coronation , 1937 Albert assumed the regnal name `` George VI '' to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy . The beginning of George VI 's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother , whose titles , style and position were uncertain . He had been introduced as `` His Royal Highness Prince Edward '' for the abdication broadcast , but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession , Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles , including `` Royal Highness '' . In settling the issue , George 's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title `` Duke of Windsor '' with the style `` Royal Highness '' , but the letters patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles . George VI was forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House , as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically . Three days after his accession , on his 41st birthday , he invested his wife , the new queen consort , with the Order of the Garter . George VI 's coronation at Westminster Abbey took place on 12 May 1937 , the date previously intended for Edward 's coronation . In a break with tradition , Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son . There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI , as had occurred for his father , as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India . Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal party would have received likely to be muted at best , and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War . Two overseas tours were undertaken , to France and to North America , both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war . The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI . The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain 's appeasement of Hitler . However , when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938 , they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them . This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional , as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family . While broadly popular among the general public , Chamberlain 's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons , which led historian John Grigg to describe the King 's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as `` the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century '' . Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt with George VI and Queen Elizabeth , on the USS Potomac , 9 June 1939 In May and June 1939 , the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States . From Ottawa , they were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada . George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America , although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York . Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King 's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions . On 19 May , George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada , Daniel Calhoun Roper ; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills ; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada . The official royal tour historian , Gustave Lanctot , wrote `` the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality '' and George gave a speech emphasising `` the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth '' . The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe . Although the aim of the tour was mainly political , to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war , the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public . The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor , Edward VIII , was dispelled . They visited the 1939 New York World 's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park , New York . A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour , which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years . Second World war ( edit ) In September 1939 , Britain and the self - governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany . George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London , despite German bombing raids . They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war , although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle . The first night of the Blitz on London , on 7 September 1940 , killed about one thousand civilians , mostly in the East End . On 13 September , the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there . In defiance , the Queen famously declared : `` I am glad we have been bombed . It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face . '' The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country . They were subject to rationing restrictions , and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded - up Palace . In August 1942 , the King 's brother , Prince George , Duke of Kent , was killed on active service . George VI ( left ) with Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery ( right ) , The Netherlands , October 1944 In 1940 , Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister , though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax . After the King 's initial dismay over Churchill 's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet , he and Churchill developed `` the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister '' . Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940 , the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness . Throughout the war , the King and Queen provided morale - boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom , visiting bomb sites , munitions factories , and troops . The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939 , North Africa and Malta in June 1943 , Normandy in June 1944 , southern Italy in July 1944 , and the Low Countries in October 1944 . Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance . At a social function in 1944 , Chief of the Imperial General Staff Sir Alan Brooke , revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery he thought Montgomery was after his job . The King replied : `` You should worry , when I meet him , I always think he 's after mine ! '' In 1945 , crowds shouted `` We want the King ! '' in front of Buckingham Palace during the Victory in Europe Day celebrations . In an echo of Chamberlain 's appearance , the King invited Churchill to appear with the royal family on the balcony to public acclaim . In January 1946 , George addressed the United Nations at their first assembly , which was held in London , and reaffirmed `` our faith in the equal rights of men and women and of nations great and small '' . Empire to Commonwealth ( edit ) George VI ( right ) with British prime minister Clement Attlee , July 1945 George VI 's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire . The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states . The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states , known as the Commonwealth , gathered pace after the Second World War . During the ministry of Clement Attlee , British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947 . George relinquished the title of Emperor of India , and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead . In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations and recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth ; he remained King of Pakistan until his death . Other countries left the Commonwealth , such as Burma in January 1948 , Palestine ( divided between Israel and the Arab states ) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949 . In 1947 , the King and his family toured Southern Africa . The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa , Jan Smuts , was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit . George was appalled , however , when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites , and referred to his South African bodyguards as `` the Gestapo '' . Despite the tour , Smuts lost the election the following year , and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation . Illness and death ( edit ) Profile portrait by Humphrey Paget on a 1951 farthing The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King 's health , made worse by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments , including arteriosclerosis and Buerger 's disease . A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg , which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949 . His elder daughter Elizabeth , the heir presumptive , took on more royal duties as her father 's health deteriorated . The delayed tour was re-organised , with Elizabeth and her husband , the Duke of Edinburgh , taking the place of the King and Queen . The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951 , but on 23 September 1951 , his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found . In October 1951 , Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month - long tour of Canada ; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King 's illness . At the State Opening of Parliament in November , the King 's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor , Lord Simonds . His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections , and then edited together . On 31 January 1952 , despite advice from those close to him , the King went to London Airport to see off Princess Elizabeth , who was going on her tour of Australia via Kenya . On the morning of 6 February , George VI was found dead in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk . He had died from a coronary thrombosis in his sleep at the age of 56 . His daughter flew back to Britain from Kenya as Queen Elizabeth II . From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church , Sandringham , before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February . His funeral took place at St. George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , on the 15th . He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George 's on 26 March 1969 . In 2002 , fifty years after his death , the remains of his widow , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret , who both died that year , were interred in the chapel alongside him . Legacy ( edit ) Statue of George VI at Carlton Gardens , London See also : Cultural depictions of King George VI In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie , the abdication crisis of 1936 did `` more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda '' . George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed `` a rocking throne '' and tried `` to make it steady again '' . He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb . During his reign his people endured the hardships of war , and imperial power was eroded . However , as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage , he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy . The George Cross and the George Medal were founded at the King 's suggestion during the Second World War to recognise acts of exceptional civilian bravery . He bestowed the George Cross on the entire `` island fortress of Malta '' in 1943 . He was posthumously awarded the Ordre de la Libération by the French government in 1960 , one of only two people ( the other being Churchill ) to be awarded the medal after 1946 . A number of geographical features , roads , and institutions are named after George VI . These include King George Hospital in London ; King George VI Reservoir in Surrey , United Kingdom ; King George VI Highway and King George Boulevard in Surrey , British Columbia ; Kingsway in Edmonton ; George VI Sound in Antarctica ; and the King George VI Chase , a horse race in the United Kingdom . Colin Firth won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as George VI in The King 's Speech , a 2010 film that won the Academy Award for Best Picture . Titles , styles , honours and arms ( edit ) Main article : List of titles and honours of King George VI Titles and styles ( edit ) Royal cypher ( monogram ) , 1949 14 December 1895 -- 28 May 1898 : His Highness Prince Albert of York 28 May 1898 -- 22 January 1901 : His Royal Highness Prince Albert of York 22 January 1901 -- 9 November 1901 : His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Cornwall and York 9 November 1901 -- 6 May 1910 : His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Wales 6 May 1910 -- 4 June 1920 : His Royal Highness The Prince Albert 4 June 1920 -- 11 December 1936 : His Royal Highness The Duke of York 11 December 1936 -- 6 February 1952 : His Majesty The King 11 December 1936 -- 14 August 1947 : His Imperial Majesty The King , Emperor of India ( for British India ) George held a number of titles throughout his life , as successively great - grandson , grandson and son of the monarch . As sovereign , he was referred to most often as simply The King or His Majesty . In his position as sovereign , George automatically held the position of Commander - in - Chief . Arms ( edit ) As Duke of York , George bore the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent , the centre point bearing an anchor azure -- a difference earlier awarded to his father , George V , when he was Duke of York , and then later awarded to his grandson Prince Andrew , Duke of York . As king , he bore the royal arms undifferenced . Coat of arms as Duke of York Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom ( except Scotland ) Coat of arms in Scotland Coat of arms in Canada Issue ( edit ) Name Birth Death Marriage Date Spouse Children Queen Elizabeth II 21 April 1926 20 November 1947 Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark Prince Charles , Prince of Wales Princess Anne , Princess Royal Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon 21 August 1930 9 February 2002 6 May 1960 Divorced 11 July 1978 Antony Armstrong - Jones David Armstrong - Jones , 2nd Earl of Snowdon Lady Sarah Chatto Ancestry ( edit ) ( show ) Ancestors of George VI 16 . Ernest I , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha 8 . Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha 17 . Princess Louise of Saxe - Gotha - Altenburg 4 . Edward VII of the United Kingdom 18 . Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn ( son of 28 ) 9 . Victoria , Queen of the United Kingdom 19 . Princess Victoria of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld 2 . George V of the United Kingdom 20 . Frederick William , Duke of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg 10 . Christian IX of Denmark 21 . Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse - Kassel 5 . Princess Alexandra of Denmark 22 . Prince William of Hesse - Kassel 11 . Princess Louise of Hesse - Kassel 23 . Princess Louise Charlotte of Denmark 1 . George VI of the United Kingdom 24 . Duke Louis of Württemberg 12 . Duke Alexander of Württemberg 25 . Princess Henriette of Nassau - Weilburg 6 . Francis , Duke of Teck 26 . Count László Rhédey von Kis - Rhéde 13 . Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis - Rhéde 27 . Baroness Ágnes Inczédy von Nagy - Várad 3 . Princess Mary of Teck 28 . George III of the United Kingdom ( father of 18 ) 14 . Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge 29 . Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz 7 . Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge 30 . Prince Frederick of Hesse - Kassel 15 . Princess Augusta of Hesse - Kassel 31 . Princess Caroline of Nassau - Usingen Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ His godparents were : Queen Victoria ( his great - grandmother , for whom his grandmother the Princess of Wales stood proxy ) ; the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg ( his maternal great - aunt and great - uncle , for whom his grandfather the Duke of Teck and his paternal aunt Princess Maud of Wales stood proxy ) ; Empress Frederick ( his paternal great - aunt , for whom his paternal aunt Princess Victoria of Wales stood proxy ) ; the Crown Prince of Denmark ( his great - uncle , for whom his grandfather the Prince of Wales stood proxy ) ; the Duke of Connaught ( his great - uncle ) ; the Duchess of Fife ( his paternal aunt ) ; and Prince Adolphus of Teck ( his maternal uncle ) . Jump up ^ Renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 90 ; Weir , p. 329 Jump up ^ Weir , pp. 322 -- 323 , 329 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 3 ; Rhodes James , p. 90 ; Townsend , p. 15 ; Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 4 -- 5 ; Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 7 -- 8 Jump up ^ The Times , Tuesday 18 February 1896 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 6 ; Rhodes James , p. 90 ; Townsend , p. 15 ; Windsor , p. 9 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 2 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 17 -- 18 ^ Jump up to : Matthew , H.C.G. ( 2004 ) , `` George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 41 -- 45 ; Judd , pp. 21 -- 24 ; Rhodes James , p. 91 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 26 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 28 Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 55 -- 76 ^ Jump up to : Bradford , p. 72 Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 115 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 45 ; Rhodes James , p. 91 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 116 Jump up ^ Boyle , Andrew ( 1962 ) , `` Chapter 13 '' , Trenchard Man of Vision , St. James 's Place London : Collins , p. 360 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 44 Jump up ^ Heathcote , Tony ( 2012 ) . The British Field Marshals : 1736 -- 1997 : A Biographical Dictionary . Casemate Publisher . ISBN 9781783461417 . Jump up ^ Judd , p. 47 ; Wheeler - Bennett , pp. 128 -- 131 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 128 Jump up ^ Weir , p. 329 Jump up ^ Current Biography 1942 , p. 280 ; Judd , p. 72 ; Townsend , p. 59 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 52 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 77 -- 86 ; Rhodes James , p. 97 Jump up ^ Henderson , Gerard ( 31 January 2014 ) , `` Sheila : The Australian Ingenue Who Bewitched British Society -- review '' , Daily Express , retrieved 15 March 2015 Jump up ^ Australian Associated Press ( 28 February 2014 ) , A Sheila who captured London 's heart , Special Broadcasting Service , retrieved 14 March 2015 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , pp. 94 -- 96 ; Vickers , pp. 31 , 44 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 106 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 77 ; Judd , pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Roberts , Andrew ( 2000 ) , Antonia Fraser , ed. , The House of Windsor , London : Cassell & Co. , pp. 57 -- 58 , ISBN 0 - 304 - 35406 - 6 Jump up ^ Reith , John ( 1949 ) , Into the Wind , London : Hodder and Stoughton , p. 94 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 89 -- 93 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 49 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 93 -- 97 ; Rhodes James , p. 97 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 98 ; Rhodes James , p. 98 Jump up ^ Current Biography 1942 , pp. 294 -- 295 ; Judd , p. 99 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 106 ; Rhodes James , p. 99 Jump up ^ Shawcross , p. 273 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 111 , 225 , 231 Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 53 Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 199 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 140 Jump up ^ Wheeler - Bennett , p. 286 Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 93 Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 63 ; Judd , p. 135 Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 66 ; Judd , p. 141 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 144 ; Sinclair , p. 224 Jump up ^ Howarth , p. 143 Jump up ^ Ziegler , p. 326 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 223 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 214 Jump up ^ Vickers , p. 175 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 209 Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 269 , 281 Jump up ^ Sinclair , p. 230 Jump up ^ Hitchens , Christopher ( 1 April 2002 ) , `` Mourning will be brief '' , The Guardian , retrieved 1 May 2009 Jump up ^ Library and Archives Canada , Biography and People > A Real Companion and Friend > Behind the Diary > Politics , Themes , and Events from King 's Life > The Royal Tour of 1939 , Queen 's Printer for Canada , archived from the original on 30 October 2009 , retrieved 12 December 2009 Jump up ^ Bousfield , Arthur ; Toffoli , Garry ( 1989 ) , Royal Spring : The Royal Tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada , Toronto : Dundurn Press , pp. 60 , 66 , ISBN 1 - 55002 - 065 - X Jump up ^ Lanctot , Gustave ( 1964 ) , Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939 , Toronto : E.P. Taylor Foundation Jump up ^ Galbraith , William ( 1989 ) , `` Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit '' , Canadian Parliamentary Review , Ottawa : Commonwealth Parliamentary Association , 12 ( 3 ) : 7 -- 9 , retrieved 24 March 2015 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 163 -- 166 ; Rhodes James , pp. 154 -- 168 ; Vickers , p. 187 Jump up ^ Bradford , pp. 298 -- 299 Jump up ^ The Times Monday , 12 June 1939 p. 12 col . A Jump up ^ Swift , Will ( 2004 ) , The Roosevelts and the Royals : Franklin and Eleanor , the King and Queen of England , and the Friendship that Changed History , John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ Judd , p. 189 ; Rhodes James , p. 344 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 171 -- 172 ; Townsend , p. 104 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 183 ; Rhodes James , p. 214 Jump up ^ Arnold - Forster , Mark ( 1983 ) ( 1973 ) , The World at War , London : Thames Methuen , p. 303 , ISBN 0 - 423 - 00680 - 0 Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 1949 ) , The Second World War , II , Cassell and Co. Ltd , p. 334 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 184 ; Rhodes James , pp. 211 -- 212 ; Townsend , p. 111 Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 1994 ) , No Ordinary Time : Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt : The Home Front in World War II , New York : Simon & Schuster , p. 380 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 187 ; Weir , p. 324 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 180 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 195 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , pp. 202 -- 210 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 176 , 201 -- 203 , 207 -- 208 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 170 Jump up ^ Reagan , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) , Military Anecdotes , Guinness , p. 25 , ISBN 0 - 85112 - 519 - 0 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 210 Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 173 Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 176 Jump up ^ Townsend , pp. 229 -- 232 , 247 -- 265 Jump up ^ Townsend , pp. 267 -- 270 Jump up ^ Townsend , pp. 221 -- 223 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 223 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 295 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 294 ; Shawcross , p. 618 Jump up ^ King George VI , Official website of the British monarchy , retrieved 18 April 2016 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 225 ; Townsend , p. 174 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 240 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , pp. 314 -- 317 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 454 ; Rhodes James , p. 330 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 331 Jump up ^ Rhodes James , p. 334 Jump up ^ About Heathrow Airport : Heathrow 's history , LHR Airports , retrieved 9 March 2015 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 247 -- 248 Jump up ^ `` Repose at Sandringham '' , Life , Time Inc , p. 38 , 18 February 1952 , ISSN 0024 - 3019 , retrieved 26 December 2011 Jump up ^ Bradford , p. 462 Jump up ^ Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805 , Dean & Canons of Windsor , archived from the original on 27 September 2011 , retrieved 15 February 2010 Jump up ^ Hardie in the British House of Commons , 11 December 1936 , quoted in Rhodes James , p. 115 Jump up ^ Letter from George VI to the Duke of Windsor , quoted in Rhodes James , p. 127 Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ( 1998 ) , British Monarchs , London : Robinson , pp. 703 -- 704 , ISBN 1 - 84119 - 096 - 9 Jump up ^ Judd , pp. 248 -- 249 Jump up ^ Judd , p. 186 ; Rhodes James , p. 216 Jump up ^ Townsend , p. 137 Jump up ^ List of Companions ( PDF ) , Ordre de la Libération , retrieved 19 September 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Gazette of India - Extraordinary '' ( PDF ) . Press Information Bureau of India - Archive . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velde , François ( 19 April 2008 ) , Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family , Heraldica , retrieved 22 April 2009 Bibliography ( edit ) Bradford , Sarah ( 1989 ) , King George VI , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 79667 - 4 Howarth , Patrick ( 1987 ) , George VI , Hutchinson , ISBN 0 - 09 - 171000 - 6 Judd , Denis ( 1982 ) , King George VI , London : Michael Joseph , ISBN 0 - 7181 - 2184 - 8 Matthew , H.C.G. ( 2004 ) , `` George VI ( 1895 -- 1952 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press Rhodes James , Robert ( 1998 ) , A Spirit Undaunted : The Political Role of George VI , London : Little , Brown and Co , ISBN 0 - 316 - 64765 - 9 Shawcross , William ( 2009 ) , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother : The Official Biography , Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4050 - 4859 - 0 Sinclair , David ( 1988 ) , Two Georges : the Making of the Modern Monarchy , Hodder and Stoughton , ISBN 0 - 340 - 33240 - 9 Townsend , Peter ( 1975 ) , The Last Emperor , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 77031 - 4 Vickers , Hugo ( 2006 ) , Elizabeth : The Queen Mother , Arrow Books / Random House , ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 947662 - 7 Wheeler - Bennett , Sir John ( 1958 ) , King George VI : His Life and Reign , New York : Macmillan Weir , Alison ( 1996 ) , Britain 's Royal Families : The Complete Genealogy , Revised Edition , London : Random House , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 7448 - 9 Windsor , The Duke of ( 1951 ) , A King 's Story , London : Cassell & Co Ltd Ziegler , Philip ( 1990 ) , King Edward VIII : The Official Biography , London : Collins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 215741 - 1 External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` George VI '' dated 12 July 2014 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutGeorge VIat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Footage of King George VI stammering in a 1938 speech on YouTube Soundtrack of King George VI Coronation speech in 1937 on YouTube `` Archival material relating to George VI '' . UK National Archives . Portraits of King George VI at the National Portrait Gallery , London George VI House of Windsor Born : 14 December 1895 Died : 6 February 1952 Regnal titles Preceded by Edward VIII King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions Emperor of India 1936 -- 1952 Succeeded by Elizabeth II New title Head of the Commonwealth 1949 -- 1952 Masonic offices Preceded by Iain Colquhoun Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland 1936 -- 1937 Succeeded by Norman Orr - Ewing Honorary titles Preceded by Edward VIII Air Commodore - in - Chief of the Auxiliary Air Force Royal Auxiliary Air Force from 1947 1936 -- 1952 Succeeded by Elizabeth II New title Air Commodore - in - Chief of the Air Training Corps 1941 -- 1952 Succeeded by The Duke of Edinburgh Notes and references 1 . Indian Empire dissolved 15 August 1947 . Title abandoned 22 June 1948 ( `` No. 38330 '' . The London Gazette. 22 June 1948 . p. 3647. ) Articles and topics related to George VI English , Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund II Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold II Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret of Norway First Interregnum John Balliol Second Interregnum Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 James I & VI Charles I Commonwealth Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . Monarchs of Canada House of Hanover ( 1867 -- 1901 ) Victoria House of Saxe - Coburg - Gotha ( 1901 -- 1917 ) Edward VII George V House of Windsor ( 1917 -- present ) George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Emperors of India Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI British princes The generations indicate descent from George I , who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family . 1st generation King George II 2nd generation Frederick , Prince of Wales Prince George William Prince William , Duke of Cumberland 3rd generation King George III Prince Edward , Duke of York and Albany Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn Prince Frederick 4th generation King George IV Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany King William IV Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn King Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge Prince Octavius Prince Alfred Prince William Frederick , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 5th generation Albert , Prince Consort King George V of Hanover Prince George , Duke of Cambridge 6th generation King Edward VII Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh and Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany Ernest Augustus , Crown Prince of Hanover 7th generation Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale King George V Prince Alexander John of Wales Alfred , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Arthur of Connaught Prince Charles Edward , Duke of Albany and of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince George William of Hanover Prince Christian of Hanover Prince Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick 8th generation King Edward VIII King George VI Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester Prince George , Duke of Kent Prince John Alastair , 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Johann Leopold , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Hubertus of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover Prince George William of Hanover 9th generation Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester Prince Edward , Duke of Kent Prince Michael of Kent 10th generation Charles , Prince of Wales Prince Andrew , Duke of York Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex 11th generation Prince William , Duke of Cambridge Prince Henry of Wales James , Viscount Severn 12th generation Prince George of Cambridge Not a British prince by birth , but created Prince Consort . Not a British prince by birth , but created a Prince of the United Kingdom . Status debatable ; see his article . Dukes of York Edmund of Langley ( 1385 -- 1402 ) Edward of Norwich ( 1402 -- 1415 ) Richard Plantagenet ( 1415 -- 1460 ) Edward of York ( 1460 -- 1461 ) Richard of Shrewsbury ( 1474 -- 1483 ) Henry ( 1494 -- 1509 ) Charles ( 1605 -- 1625 ) James ( 1633 / 1644 -- 1685 ) Dukes of York and Albany ( 18th century ) George ( 1892 -- 1910 ) Albert ( 1920 -- 1936 ) Andrew ( 1986 -- present ) Princes of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Generations are numbered by descent from Duke Francis . 1st generation Ernest I ^ Prince Ferdinand ^ King Leopold I of the Belgians ^ 2nd generation Ernest II ^ Albert , Prince Consort of the United Kingdom ^ * Koháry : King Fernando II of Portugal ^ ¶ Prince August ^ Prince Leopold ^ Belgium : Crown Prince Louis Philippe # King Leopold II # Prince Philippe , Count of Flanders # 3rd generation United Kingdom : King Edward VII * Alfred I * Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn * Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany * Braganza : King Pedro V ¶ King Luís I ¶ Infante João , Duke of Beja ¶ Infante Fernando ¶ Infante Augusto , Duke of Coimbra ¶ Koháry : Prince Philipp Prince Ludwig August Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians † Belgium : Prince Leopold , Duke of Brabant # Prince Baudouin # King Albert I # 4th generation United Kingdom : Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale * King George V * Prince Alexander John of Wales * Hereditary Prince Alfred * Prince Arthur of Connaught * Charles Edward I * Braganza : King Carlos I ¶ Infante Afonso , Duke of Porto ¶ Koháry : Prince Leopold Clement Prince Pedro Augusto Prince August Leopold Prince Joseph Ferdinand Prince Ludwig Gaston Bulgaria : Tsar Boris III † Kiril , Prince of Preslav † Belgium : King Leopold III # Prince Charles , Count of Flanders # 5th generation United Kingdom : King Edward VIII , Duke of Windsor * King George VI * Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester * Prince George , Duke of Kent * Prince John * Prince Alastair of Connaught * Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold * Prince Hubertus * Friedrich Josias , Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Braganza : Luís Filipe , Prince Royal ¶ King Manuel II ¶ Koháry : Prince August Clemens Prince Rainer Prince Philipp Prince Ernst Prince Antonius Bulgaria : Tsar Simeon II † Belgium : King Baudouin I # King Albert II # Prince Alexandre # 6th generation Andreas , Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha Prince Adrian Koháry : Prince Johannes Heinrich Bulgaria : Kardam , Prince of Turnovo † Kyril , Prince of Preslav † Kubrat , Prince of Panagyurishte † Konstantin - Assen , Prince of Vidin † Belgium : King Philippe # Prince Laurent # 7th generation Hereditary Prince Hubertus Prince Alexander Koháry : Prince Johannes Bulgaria : Boris , Prince of Turnovo † Prince Beltrán † Prince Tassilo † Prince Mirko † Prince Lukás † Prince Tirso † Prince Umberto † Belgium : Prince Gabriel # Prince Emmanuel # Prince Nicolas # Prince Aymeric # 8th generation Prince Philipp ^ Prince of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld until 1826 * also a prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland # also a prince of Belgium ¶ also a member of the Portuguese royal family † also a member of the Bulgarian royal family also a member of the Brazilian imperial family Edward VIII abdication crisis Edward VIII Wallis Simpson People Prince Albert ( Edward VIII 's brother , later George VI ) Stanley Baldwin ( Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ) Alfred Blunt ( Bishop of Bradford ) John Theodore Goddard ( Mrs. Simpson 's solicitor ) Alec Hardinge ( Edward VIII 's private secretary ) J.B.M. Hertzog ( Prime Minister of South Africa ) Cosmo Gordon Lang ( Archbishop of Canterbury ) Joseph Lyons ( Prime Minister of Australia ) William Lyon Mackenzie King ( Prime Minister of Canada ) Queen Mary ( Edward VIII 's mother ) Walter Monckton ( advisor to Edward VIII ) Michael Joseph Savage ( Prime Minister of New Zealand ) Ernest Simpson ( Mrs. Simpson 's husband ) Éamon de Valera ( President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State ) Legal documents His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 ( United Kingdom ) Executive Authority ( External Relations ) Act 1936 ( Ireland ) His Majesty King Edward the Eighth 's Abdication Act , 1937 ( South Africa ) Succession to the Throne Act 1937 ( Canada ) Cultural depictions Edward & Mrs. Simpson ( 1978 ) The Woman He Loved ( 1988 ) Wallis & Edward ( 2005 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) W.E. ( 2012 ) Heads of State of Ceylon and Sri Lanka Monarch of Ceylon ( 1948 -- 1972 ) George VI Elizabeth II President of Sri Lanka ( from 1972 ) Gopallawa Jayewardene Premadasa Wijetunga Kumaratunga Rajapaksa Sirisena Heads of State of India King ( 1947 -- 1950 ) George VI † President ( from 1950 ) Prasad Radhakrishnan Hussain Giri * Hidayatullah * Giri Ahmed Jatti * Reddy Singh Venkataraman Sharma Narayanan Kalam Patil Mukherjee † Formerly Emperor of India until 22 June 1948 * Acting President Heads of State of Pakistan Monarch ( 1947 -- 1956 ) George VI Elizabeth II President ( from 1956 ) Mirza A. Khan § Y. Khan § Bhutto Chaudhry Zia § G. 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'' Authority control VIAF : 8330386 LCCN : n50024182 ISNI : 0000 0004 1024 9563 GND : 118690477 SELIBR : 214480 SUDOC : 084554436 BNF : cb140374066 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90266903 ULAN : 500356596 MusicBrainz : 65213ed3 - 8453 - 48e8 - 918f - 828dc11dc6b5 NLA : 36542954 NDL : 001115765 IATH : w6k45ndm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_VI&oldid=810479022 '' Categories : George VI 1895 births 1952 deaths 19th - century British people 20th - century British monarchs Monarchs of the United Kingdom Monarchs of Australia Heads of state of Canada Emperors of India Heads of state of India Heads of state of Ireland Heads of state of New Zealand Heads of state of Pakistan Monarchs of South Africa Monarchs of Ceylon Heads of the Commonwealth House of Windsor Dukes of York Princes of the United Kingdom Royal Navy admirals of the fleet British field marshals Marshals of the Royal Air Force Royal Air Force personnel of World War I Royal Navy officers of World War I World War II political leaders People of the Victorian era British Freemasons Knights of the Garter Knights of the Thistle Knights of St Patrick Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir , 4th class Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Eagle ( Serbia ) Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ ( Portugal ) Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog Knights of the Military Order of Savoy Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia Grand Crosses of the Order of the Phoenix ( Greece ) Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint - Charles Collars of the Order of Saints George and Constantine Recipients of the Order of Al Rafidain Companions of the Liberation Alumni of Trinity College , Cambridge People from Sandringham , Norfolk Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland Deaths from cancer in England Deaths from lung cancer Deaths from thrombosis People with speech impediment Edward VIII abdication crisis Burials at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle Royalty and nobility with disabilities British Empire in World War II People educated at the Royal Naval College , Osborne Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2012 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kernowek لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 14 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the king of england in the second world war	[ "In September 1939, Britain and the self-governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany.[71] George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle.[72] The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End.[73] On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there.[74] In defiance, the Queen famously declared: \"I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face.\"[75] The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace.[76] In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.[77]" ]	[ "George VI" ]
4719641820144727137	Great Wall of China	Great Wall of China - wikipedia Great Wall of China Jump to : navigation , search `` Great Wall '' redirects here . For other uses , see Great Wall ( disambiguation ) . wall along the historical northern borders of China Great Wall of China 萬里長城 The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling Map of all the wall constructions General information Type Fortification Country China Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E / 40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E / 40.68 ; 117.23 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ N 117 ° 14 ′ E / 40.68 ° N 117.23 ° E / 40.68 ; 117.23 Technical details Size 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( ii ) , ( iii ) , ( iv ) , ( vi ) Reference 438 Inscription 1987 ( 11th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Great Wall of China Simplified Chinese 长城 Traditional Chinese 長城 Literal meaning `` The Long Wall '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chángchéng Wade -- Giles Ch'ang - ch'eng IPA ( ʈʂhǎŋ. ʈʂhə̌ŋ ) Wu Romanization Saon sen Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Cheung sing IPA ( tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Coeng sing Southern Min Hokkien POJ Tn̂g - siân Tâi - lô Tn̂g - siânn Alternative Chinese name Simplified Chinese 万里长城 Traditional Chinese 萬里長城 Literal meaning `` The 10,000 - li Long Wall '' ( show ) Transcriptions Wu Romanization Vae - li saon - sen Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Maan lei Cheung sing IPA ( màːn. le̬i tshœ̏ːŋ. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Maan - lei coeng - sing Southern Min Tâi - lô Bān - lí tn̂g - siânn The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone , brick , tamped earth , wood , and other materials , generally built along an east - to - west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion . Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC ; these , later joined together and made bigger and stronger , are collectively referred to as the Great Wall . Especially famous is the wall built in 220 -- 206 BC by Qin Shi Huang , the first Emperor of China . Little of that wall remains . The Great Wall has been rebuilt , maintained , and enhanced over various dynasties ; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) . Apart from defense , other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls , allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road , regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration . Furthermore , the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers , troop barracks , garrison stations , signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire , and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor . The frontier walls built by different dynasties have multiple courses . Collectively , they stretch from Dandong in the east to Lop Lake in the west , from present - day Sino - Russian border in the north to Qinghai in the south ; along an arc that roughly delineates the edge of Mongolian steppe . A comprehensive archaeological survey , using advanced technologies , has concluded that the walls built by the Ming dynasty measure 8,850 km ( 5,500 mi ) . This is made up of 6,259 km ( 3,889 mi ) sections of actual wall , 359 km ( 223 mi ) of trenches and 2,232 km ( 1,387 mi ) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers . Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measures out to be 21,196 km ( 13,171 mi ) . Today , the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Early walls 2.2 Ming era 2.3 Foreign accounts 3 Course 4 Characteristics 5 Condition 6 Visibility from space 6.1 From the Moon 6.2 From low Earth orbit 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Names The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English . In Chinese histories , the term `` Long Wall ( s ) '' ( 長城 , changcheng ) appears in Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian , where it referred both to the separate great walls built between and north of the Warring States and to the more unified construction of the First Emperor . The Chinese character 城 is a phono - semantic compound of the `` place '' or `` earth '' radical 土 and 成 , whose Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as * deŋ . It originally referred to the rampart which surrounded traditional Chinese cities and was used by extension for these walls around their respective states ; today , however , it is much more often the Chinese word for `` city '' . The longer Chinese name `` Ten - Thousand Mile Long Wall '' ( 萬里長城 , Wanli Changcheng ) came from Sima Qian 's description of it in the Records , though he did not name the walls as such . The AD 493 Book of Song quotes the frontier general Tan Daoji referring to `` the long wall of 10,000 miles '' , closer to the modern name , but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise . The traditional Chinese mile ( 里 , lǐ ) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually standardized at distances around a third of an English mile ( 540 m ) . Since China 's metrication in 1930 , it has been exactly equivalent to 500 metres or 1,600 feet , which would make the wall 's name describe a distance of 5,000 km ( 3,100 mi ) . However , this use of `` ten - thousand '' ( wàn ) is figurative in a similar manner to the Greek and English myriad and simply means `` innumerable '' or `` immeasurable '' . Because of the wall 's association with the First Emperor 's supposed tyranny , the Chinese dynasties after Qin usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name `` Long Wall '' . Instead , various terms were used in medieval records , including `` frontier ( s ) '' ( 塞 , sāi ) , `` rampart ( s ) '' ( 垣 , yuán ) , `` barrier ( s ) '' ( 障 , zhàng ) , `` the outer fortresses '' ( 外堡 , wàibǎo ) , and `` the border wall ( s ) '' ( t 邊牆 , s 边墙 , biānqiáng ) . Poetic and informal names for the wall included `` the Purple Frontier '' ( 紫塞 , Zǐsāi ) and `` the Earth Dragon '' ( t 土龍 , s 土龙 , Tǔlóng ) . Only during the Qing period did `` Long Wall '' become the catch - all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin , equivalent to the English `` Great Wall '' . The current English name evolved from accounts of `` the Chinese wall '' from early modern European travelers . By the 19th century , `` The Great Wall of China '' had become standard in English , French , and German , although other European languages continued to refer to it as `` the Chinese wall . '' History Main article : History of the Great Wall of China Early walls The Great Wall of the Qin The Great Wall of the Han The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall - building by the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th centuries BC . During this time and the subsequent Warring States period , the states of Qin , Wei , Zhao , Qi , Yan , and Zhongshan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders . Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears , these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames . King Zheng of Qin conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty ( `` Qin Shi Huang '' ) in 221 BC . Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords , he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states . To position the empire against the Xiongnu people from the north , however , he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire 's northern frontier . `` Build and move on '' was a central guiding principle in constructing the wall , implying that the Chinese were not erecting a permanently fixed border . Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult , so builders always tried to use local resources . Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges , while rammed earth was used for construction in the plains . There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls . Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries , and very few sections remain today . The human cost of the construction is unknown , but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands , if not up to a million , workers died building the Qin wall . Later , the Han , the Sui , and the Northern dynasties all repaired , rebuilt , or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders . The Tang and Song dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region . The Liao , Jin , and Yuan dynasties , who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th -- 13th centuries , constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it , within China 's province of Inner Mongolia and in Mongolia itself . Ming era The extent of the Ming Empire and its walls Main article : Ming Great Wall The Great Wall concept was revived again under the Ming in the 14th century , and following the Ming army 's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu . The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Mongolian tribes after successive battles , and the long - drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire . The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China . Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert , the wall followed the desert 's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River . Unlike the earlier fortifications , the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth . Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall . As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years , the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls . Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong . Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall , faced sections of the ram - earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders . During the 1440s -- 1460s , the Ming also built a so - called `` Liaodong Wall '' . Similar in function to the Great Wall ( whose extension , in a sense , it was ) , but more basic in construction , the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province , protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north . While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall , most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides . Towards the end of the Ming , the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600 . Even after the loss of all of Liaodong , the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhai Pass , preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland . The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644 , after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng 's rebels . Before this time , the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid , but this time it was for conquest . The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general , Wu Sangui , who formed an alliance with the Manchus , hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing . The Manchus quickly seized Beijing , and eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing the Qing dynasty rule over all of China . Under Qing rule , China 's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire , so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued . On the other hand , the so - called Willow Palisade , following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall , was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria . Its purpose , however , was not defense but rather migration control . Foreign accounts Part of the Great Wall of China ( April 1853 , X , p. 41 ) The Great Wall in 1907 None of the Europeans who visited Yuan China or Mongolia , such as Marco Polo , Giovanni da Pian del Carpine , William of Rubruck , Giovanni de ' Marignolli and Odoric of Pordenone , mentioned the Great Wall . The North African traveler Ibn Battuta , who also visited China during the Yuan dynasty ca . 1346 , had heard about China 's Great Wall , possibly before he had arrived in China . He wrote that the wall is `` sixty days ' travel '' from Zeitun ( modern Quanzhou ) in his travelogue Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling . He associated it with the legend of the wall mentioned in the Qur'an , which Dhul - Qarnayn ( commonly associated with Alexander the Great ) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of Gog and Magog . However , Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it , suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time , they were n't significant . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European was to see it for another century . Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the `` Tartars '' ( i.e. Mongols ) , may be the one contained in João de Barros 's 1563 Asia . Other early accounts in Western sources include those of Gaspar da Cruz , Bento de Goes , Matteo Ricci , and Bishop Juan González de Mendoza . In 1559 , in his work `` A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions , '' Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall , although later they slid into hyperbole , including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC . When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the First and Second Opium Wars , the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists . The travelogues of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall , such that in the 20th century , a persistent misconception exists about the Great Wall of China being visible from the Moon or even Mars . Course The main sections of the Great Wall that are still standing today An area of the sections of the Great Wall at Jinshanling Although a formal definition of what constitutes a `` Great Wall '' has not been agreed upon , making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety , the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted . The Jiayu Pass , located in Gansu province , is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall . Although Han fortifications such as Yumen Pass and the Yang Pass exist further west , the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace . From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor and into the deserts of Ningxia , where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at Yinchuan . Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the Ordos Desert to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop . There at Piantou Pass ( t 偏頭關 , s 偏头关 , Piāntóuguān ) in Xinzhou , Shanxi province , the Great Wall splits in two with the `` Outer Great Wall '' ( t 外長城 , s 外长城 , Wài Chǎngchéng ) extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province , and the `` inner Great Wall '' ( t 內長城 , s 內长城 , Nèi Chǎngchéng ) running southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 km ( 250 mi ) , passing through important passes like the Pingxing Pass and Yanmen Pass before joining the Outer Great Wall at Sihaiye ( 四海冶 , Sìhǎiyě ) , in Beijing 's Yanqing County . The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous : they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today . The Badaling Great Wall near Zhangjiakou is the most famous stretch of the Wall , for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People 's Republic of China , as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries . South of Badaling is the Juyong Pass ; when used by the Chinese to protect their land , this section of the wall had many guards to defend China 's capital Beijing . Made of stone and bricks from the hills , this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m ( 25 ft 7 in ) high and 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) wide . One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in Jinshanling . There it runs 11 km ( 7 mi ) long , ranges from 5 to 8 m ( 16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in ) in height , and 6 m ( 19 ft 8 in ) across the bottom , narrowing up to 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) across the top . Wangjinglou ( t 望京樓 , s 望京楼 , Wàngjīng Lóu ) is one of Jinshanling 's 67 watchtowers , 980 m ( 3,220 ft ) above sea level . Southeast of Jinshanling is the Mutianyu Great Wall which winds along lofty , cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km ( 1.40 mi ) . It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east . This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution . At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass , considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the `` First Pass Under Heaven '' . The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the `` Old Dragon Head '' . 3 km ( 2 mi ) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall ( 焦山長城 ) , the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall . 15 km ( 9 mi ) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou ( t 九門口 , s 九门口 , Jiǔménkǒu ) , which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge . Beyond Jiumenkou , an offshoot known as the Liaodong Wall continues through Liaoning province and terminates at the Hushan Great Wall , in the city of Dandong near the North Korean border . In 2009 , 180 km of previously unknown sections of the wall concealed by hills , trenches and rivers were discovered with the help of infrared range finders and GPS devices . In March and April 2015 nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km ( 6 mi ) , believed to be part of the Great Wall , were discovered along the border of Ningxia autonomous region and Gansu province . Characteristics The Great Wall at Mutianyu , near Beijing Great Wall of China in tourist season Before the use of bricks , the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth , stones , and wood . During the Ming , however , bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall , as were materials such as tiles , lime , and stone . The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone , so construction quickened . Additionally , bricks could bear more weight and endure better than rammed earth . Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick , but is more difficult to use . Consequently , stones cut in rectangular shapes were used for the foundation , inner and outer brims , and gateways of the wall . Battlements line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall , with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm ( 12 in ) tall , and about 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) wide . From the parapets , guards could survey the surrounding land . Communication between the army units along the length of the Great Wall , including the ability to call reinforcements and warn garrisons of enemy movements , was of high importance . Signal towers were built upon hill tops or other high points along the wall for their visibility . Wooden gates could be used as a trap against those going through . Barracks , stables , and armories were built near the wall 's inner surface . Condition A more rural portion of the Great Wall that stretches throughout the mountains , here seen in slight disrepair The Great Wall of China at Badaling While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated , in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair . Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads . Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism , while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the market for up to 50 renminbi . Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction . A 2012 report by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage states that 22 % of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared , while 1,961 km ( 1,219 mi ) of wall have vanished . More than 60 km ( 37 mi ) of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years , due to erosion from sandstorms . In some places , the height of the wall has been reduced from more than 5 m ( 16 ft 5 in ) to less than 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) . Various square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared . Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud , rather than brick and stone , and thus are more susceptible to erosion . In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete . The work has been much criticized . Visibility from space From the Moon One of the earliest known references to the myth that the Great Wall can be seen from the moon appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary William Stukeley . Stukeley wrote that , `` This mighty wall of four score miles ( 130 km ) in length is only exceeded by the Chinese Wall , which makes a considerable figure upon the terrestrial globe , and may be discerned at the Moon . '' The claim was also mentioned by Henry Norman in 1895 where he states `` besides its age it enjoys the reputation of being the only work of human hands on the globe visible from the Moon . '' The issue of `` canals '' on Mars was prominent in the late 19th century and may have led to the belief that long , thin objects were visible from space . The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon also appears in 1932 's Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! strip and in Richard Halliburton 's 1938 book Second Book of Marvels . The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon has been debunked many times , but is still ingrained in popular culture . The wall is a maximum 9.1 m ( 29 ft 10 in ) wide , and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it . Based on the optics of resolving power ( distance versus the width of the iris : a few millimeters for the human eye , meters for large telescopes ) only an object of reasonable contrast to its surroundings which is 110 km ( 70 mi ) or more in diameter ( 1 arc - minute ) would be visible to the unaided eye from the Moon , whose average distance from Earth is 384,393 km ( 238,851 mi ) . The apparent width of the Great Wall from the Moon is the same as that of a human hair viewed from 3 km ( 2 mi ) away . To see the wall from the Moon would require spatial resolution 17,000 times better than normal ( 20 / 20 ) vision . Unsurprisingly , no lunar astronaut has ever claimed to have seen the Great Wall from the Moon . From low earth orbit A satellite image of a section of the Great Wall in northern Shanxi , running diagonally from lower left to upper right and not to be confused with the more prominent river running from upper left to lower right . The region pictured is 12 km × 12 km ( 7 mi × 7 mi ) . A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit ( an altitude of as little as 160 km ( 100 mi ) ) . NASA claims that it is barely visible , and only under nearly perfect conditions ; it is no more conspicuous than many other man - made objects . Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina , it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye , even from low orbit , and would require visual acuity of 20 / 3 ( 7.7 times better than normal ) . Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing . He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars , but said that `` it was n't visible to the unaided eye . '' U.S. Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s , but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts . Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated : `` At Earth orbit of 100 to 200 miles ( 160 to 320 km ) high , the Great Wall of China is , indeed , visible to the naked eye . '' Ed Lu , Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station , adds that , `` it 's less visible than a lot of other objects . And you have to know where to look . '' In 2001 , Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11 : `` I do not believe that , at least with my eyes , there would be any man - made object that I could see . I have not yet found somebody who has told me they 've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit ... I 've asked various people , particularly Shuttle guys , that have been many orbits around China in the daytime , and the ones I 've talked to did n't see it . '' In October 2003 , Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China . In response , the European Space Agency ( ESA ) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between 160 and 320 km ( 100 and 200 mi ) , the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye . In an attempt to further clarify things , the ESA published a picture of a part of the `` Great Wall '' photographed from low orbit . However , in a press release a week later , they acknowledged that the `` Great Wall '' in the picture was actually a river . Leroy Chiao , a Chinese - American astronaut , took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall . It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it . Based on the photograph , the China Daily later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from ' space ' with the naked eye , under favorable viewing conditions , if one knows exactly where to look . However , the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system , and the optics much better , rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye . Gallery `` The First Mound '' -- at Jiayuguan , the western terminus The Great Wall of China at Badaling A portion of the Great Wall of China at Simatai , overlooking the gorge Mutianyu Great Wall , China . This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored The Old Dragon Head , the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of Shanhaiguan See also Defense of the Great Wall Gates of Alexander Great Wall of China hoax Great Wall Marathon Great Wall of Qi Huangya Pass Jiankou List of World Heritage Sites in China Notes Jump up ^ `` China 's Great Wall Found To Measure More Than 20,000 Kilometers '' . Bloomberg . June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The New York Times with introduction by Sam Tanenhaus ( 2011 ) . The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge : A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind . St. Martin 's Press of Macmillan Publishers . p. 1131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 64302 - 7 . Beginning as separate sections of fortification around the 7th century B.C.E and unified during the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century B.C.E , this wall , built of earth and rubble with a facing of brick or stone , runs from east to west across China for over 4,000 miles . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Large parts of the fortification system date from the 7th through the 4th century BC . In the 3rd century BC Shihuangdi ( Qin Shi Huang ) , the first emperor of a united China ( under the Qin dynasty ) , connected a number of existing defensive walls into a single system . Traditionally , the eastern terminus of the wall was considered to be Shanhai Pass ( Shanhaiguan ) in eastern Hebei province along the coast of the Bo Hai ( Gulf of Chihli ) , and the wall 's length -- without its branches and other secondary sections -- was thought to extend for some 6,690 km ( 4,160 mi ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Wall of China ' even longer ' '' . BBC . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . History . April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 650 . Jump up ^ Baxter , William H. & al. ( September 20 , 2014 ) . `` Baxter -- Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction , Version 1.1 '' ( PDF ) . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ See Lovell 2006 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 202 . Tan Daoji 's exact quote : `` So you would destroy your Great Wall of Ten Thousand Li ! '' ( 乃復壞汝萬里之長城 ) Note the use of the particle 之 zhi that differentiates the quote from the modern name . Jump up ^ Byron R. Winborn ( 1994 ) . Wen Bon : a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China . University of North Texas Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929398 - 77 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Weights and Measures Act ( 1929 ) '' . The Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lindesay , William ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head . Beijing : Wuzhou Publishing . p. 21 . ISBN 7 - 5085 - 1032 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 651 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1988 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Hessler 2007 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ 歷代王朝修長城 ( in Chinese ) . Chiculture.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 古代长城 -- 战争与和平的纽带 ( in Chinese ) . Newsmth.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 万里长城 ( in Chinese ) . Newsmth.net . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burbank , Jane ; Cooper , Frederick ( 2010 ) . Empires in World History : Power and the Politics of Difference . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Slavicek , Mitchell & Matray 2005 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Evans 2006 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defense and Cost of The Great Wall -- page 3 '' . Paul and Bernice Noll 's Window on the World . Retrieved July 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` British researcher discovers piece of Great Wall ' marooned outside China ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 654 ; Haw 2006 , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Karnow 2008 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Szabó , Dávid & Loczy 2010 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Evans 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall at Mutianyu '' . Great Wall of China . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Part of the Great Wall of China '' . The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering : A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons . Wesleyan Missionary Society . X : 41 . April 1853 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruysbroek , Willem van ( 1900 ) ( 1255 ) . The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World , 1253 -- 55 , as Narrated by Himself , with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine . Translated from the Latin by William Woodville Rockhill . London : The Hakluyt Society . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Qur'an , XVIII : `` The Cave '' . English translations hosted at Wikisource include Maulana Muhammad Ali 's , E.H. Palmer 's , and the Progressive Muslims Organization 's . Jump up ^ Haw 2006 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Barros , João de ( 1777 ) ( 1563 ) . Ásia de João de Barros : Dos feitos que os portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente . V. Lisbon . 3a Década , pp. 186 -- 204 ( originally Vol. II , Ch . vii ) . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579This section is the report of Góis 's travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 ) , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lindesay 2008 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` Jiaoshan Great Wall '' . TravelChinaGuide.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jiaoshan Great Wall is located about 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Shanhaiguan ancient city . It is named after Jiaoshan Mountain , which is the highest peak to the north of Shanhai Pass and also the first mountain the Great Wall climbs up after Shanhai Pass . Therefore Jiaoshan Mountain is noted as `` The first mountain of the Great Wall '' . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall : Liaoning Province '' . Global Times . October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China longer than believed as 180 missing miles found '' . The Guardian . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Newly - discovered remains redraw path of Great Wall '' . China Daily . April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turnbull 2007 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Ford , Peter ( November 30 , 2006 ) . New law to keep China 's Wall looking great . Christian Science Monitor , Asia Pacific section . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Edward ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` China Fears Loss of Great Wall , Brick by Brick '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce G. Doar : The Great Wall of China : Tangible , Intangible and Destructible . China Heritage Newsletter , China Heritage Project , Australian National University Jump up ^ `` China 's Wall becoming less and less Great '' . Reuters . August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CNN , Ben Westcott and Serenitie Wang . `` China 's Great Wall covered in cement '' . Jump up ^ The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley ( 1887 ) Vol. 3 , p. 142 . ( 1754 ) . Jump up ^ Norman , Henry , The Peoples and Politics of the Far East , p. 215 . ( 1895 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall of China , Ripley 's Believe It or Not , 1932 . Jump up ^ Urban Legends.com website . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . `` Can you see the Great Wall of China from the moon or outer space ? '' , Answers.com . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . Cecil Adams , `` Is the Great wall of China the only manmade object byou can see from space ? '' , The Straight Dope . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . Snopes , `` Great wall from space '' , last updated July 21 , 2007 . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? '' , Scientific American , February 21 , 2008 . `` ... the wall is only visible from low orbit under a specific set of weather and lighting conditions . And many other structures that are less spectacular from an earthly vantage point -- desert roads , for example -- appear more prominent from an orbital perspective . '' Jump up ^ `` Metro Tescos '' , The Times ( London ) , April 26 , 2010 . Found at The Times website . Accessed May 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : López - Gil 2008 , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Great Wall of China '' . Nasa.gov . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. Stephen E. Ambrose ; Dr. Douglas Brinkley ( September 19 , 2001 ) . `` Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Oral History Transcript -- Neil Armstrong '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markus , Francis . ( April 19 , 2005 ) . Great Wall visible in space photo . BBC News , Asia - Pacific section . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . References Edmonds , Richard Louis ( 1985 ) . Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan : A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy . University of Chicago , Department of Geography ; Research Paper No. 213 . ISBN 0 - 89065 - 118 - 3 . Elliott , Mark C. ( 2001 ) . The Manchu Way : The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4684 - 7 . Evans , Thammy ( 2006 ) . Great Wall of China : Beijing & Northern China . Bradt Travel Guide . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 84162 - 158 - 7 . Haw , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . Marco Polo 's China : a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan . Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34850 - 1 . Hessler , Peter ( 2007 ) . `` Letter from China : Walking the Wall '' . The New Yorker ( May 21 , 2007 ) : 58 -- 67 . Karnow , Mooney , Paul and Catherine ( 2008 ) . National Geographic Traveler : Beijing . National Geographic Books . p. 192 . ISBN 1 - 4262 - 0231 - 8 . Lindesay , William ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall Revisited : From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon 's Head . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03149 - 4 . López - Gil , Norberto ( 2008 ) . `` Is it Really Possible to See the Great Wall of China from Space with a Naked Eye ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Optometry. 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.3921 / joptom. 2008.3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2008 . Lovell , Julia ( 2006 ) . The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC -- AD 2000 . Sydney : Picador Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42241 - 3 . Rojas , Carlos ( 2010 ) . The Great Wall : a cultural history . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04787 - 7 . Slavicek , Louise Chipley ; Mitchell , George J. ; Matray , James I. ( 2005 ) . The Great Wall of China . Infobase Publishing . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 8019 - 6 . Szabó , József ; Dávid , Lóránt ; Loczy , Denes , eds. ( 2010 ) . Anthropogenic Geomorphology : A Guide to Man - made Landforms . Springer . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3057 - 3 . Turnbull , Stephen R ( January 2007 ) . The Great Wall of China 221 BC -- AD 1644 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 004 - 8 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 63 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1988 ) . `` The Great Wall Myth : Its Origins and Role in Modern China '' . The Yale Journal of Criticism . Johns Hopkins University Press . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 104 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China . Issues 36 -- 37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society . Printed for the Hakluyt society . Further reading Arnold , H.J.P , `` The Great Wall : Is It or Is n't It ? '' Astronomy Now , 1995 . Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) : Empires of the Silk Road : A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13589 - 2 . Luo , Zewen , et al. and Baker , David , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Great Wall . Maidenhead : McGraw - Hill Book Company ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 07 - 070745 - 6 Man , John . ( 2008 ) . The Great Wall . London : Bantam Press . 335 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 593 - 05574 - 8 . Michaud , Roland and Sabrina ( photographers ) , & Michel Jan , The Great Wall of China . Abbeville Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0736 - 2 Schafer , Edward H. ( 1985 ) The Golden Peaches of Samarkand . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05462 - 2 . Yamashita , Michael ; Lindesay , William ( 2007 ) . The Great Wall -- From Beginning to End . New York : Sterling . 160 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 3160 - 0 . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what part of china is the great wall of china	[ "The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe with an eye to expansion. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC;[2] these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are collectively referred to as the Great Wall.[3] Especially famous is the wall built in 220–206 BC by Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. The Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced over various dynasties; the majority of the existing wall is from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644)." ]	[ "along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China" ]
8703526830958624454	Arctic Circle	Arctic Circle - wikipedia Arctic Circle Jump to : navigation , search This article is about one of the five major circles of latitude . For other uses , see Arctic Circle ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Arctic , with the Arctic Circle in blue and the July 10 ° C mean isotherm in red The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the abstract five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of the Earth . It marks the northernmost point at which the noon sun is just visible on the northern winter solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun is just visible on the northern summer solstice . The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic , and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone . North of the Arctic Circle , the sun is above the horizon for twenty - four continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore visible at midnight ) and below the horizon for twenty - four continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore not visible at noon ) ; this is also true within the equivalent polar circle in the Southern Hemisphere , the Antarctic Circle . The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed ; as of 26 September 2017 , it runs 66 ° 33 ′ 46.9 '' north of the Equator . Its latitude depends on the Earth 's axial tilt , which fluctuates within a margin of 2 ° over a 40,000 - year period , due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon . Consequently , the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 15 metres ( 49 feet ) per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Midnight sun and polar night 3 Human habitation 4 Geography 4.1 Climate 4.2 Sites along the Arctic Circle 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` arctic '' comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός ( arktikos : `` near the Bear , northern '' ) and that from the word ἄρκτος ( arktos : `` bear '' ) . Midnight sun and polar night ( edit ) Relationship of Earth 's axial tilt ( ε ) to the tropical and polar circles Further information : Midnight sun and Polar night The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for twenty - four hours ; as a result , at least once each year at any location within the Arctic Circle the sun is visible at local midnight , and at least once it is not visible at local noon . Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur , in principle , exactly once per year : at the June and December solstices , respectively . However , because of atmospheric refraction and mirages , and because the sun appears as a disk and not a point , part of the midnight sun may be seen on the night of the northern summer solstice up to about 50 minutes ( ′ ) ( 90 km ( 56 mi ) ) south of the Arctic Circle ; similarly , on the day of the northern winter solstice , part of the sun may be seen up to about 50 ′ north of the Arctic Circle . That is true at sea level ; those limits increase with elevation above sea level , although in mountainous regions there is often no direct view of the true horizon . Human habitation ( edit ) Cylindrical projection showing the Arctic Circle in red Further information : Arctic peoples Only four million people live north of the Arctic Circle due to the severe climate ; nonetheless , some areas have been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples , who today make up 10 % of the region 's population . Tens of thousands of years ago , waves of people migrated from eastern Siberia across the Bering Strait into North America to settle . Much later , in the historic period , there has been migration into some Arctic areas by Europeans and other immigrants . The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia and Norway : Murmansk ( population 307,257 ) , Norilsk ( 175,365 ) , Tromsø ( 71,295 ) and Vorkuta ( 59,231 ) . Rovaniemi ( 61,329 ) in Finland is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle , lying 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) south of the line . In contrast , the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle , Sisimiut ( Greenland ) , has approximately 5,000 inhabitants . Of the Canadian and United States Arctic communities , Barrow , Alaska is the largest settlement with about 4,000 inhabitants . Geography ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF The countries transcending the Arctic Circle The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 kilometres ( 9,900 mi ) . The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km ( 7,700,000 sq mi ) and covers roughly 4 % of Earth 's surface . The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean , the Scandinavian Peninsula , North Asia , Northern America and Greenland . The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among eight countries : Norway , Sweden , Finland , Russia , the United States ( Alaska ) , Canada ( Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) Denmark ( Greenland ) , and Iceland ( where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey ) . Climate ( edit ) Further information : Climate of the Arctic The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold , but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream , which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice - free all year long . In the interior , summers can be quite warm , while winters are extremely cold . For example , summer temperatures in Norilsk , Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , while the winter temperatures frequently fall below − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . Sites along the Arctic Circle ( edit ) Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards , the Arctic Circle passes through : Co-ordinates Country , territory or sea Notes 66 ° 34 ′ N 000 ° 00 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 0.000 ° E / 66.567 ; 0.000 ( Prime Meridian ) Arctic Ocean Norwegian Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 12 ° 48 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 12.800 ° E / 66.567 ; 12.800 ( Nordland County , Norway ) Norway Nordland County 66 ° 34 ′ N 15 ° 31 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 15.517 ° E / 66.567 ; 15.517 ( Norrbotten County , Sweden ) Sweden Norrbotten County ( Provinces of Lapland and Norrbotten ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 23 ° 51 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 23.850 ° E / 66.567 ; 23.850 ( Lapland Province , Finland ) Finland Lapland Region , crosses Rovaniemi Airport 66 ° 34 ′ N 29 ° 28 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 29.467 ° E / 66.567 ; 29.467 ( Karelia , Russia ) Russia Republic of Karelia Murmansk Oblast -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 31 ° 36 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 31.600 ° E / 66.567 ; 31.600 ( Murmansk , Russia ) Republic of Karelia -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 32 ° 37 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 32.617 ° E / 66.567 ; 32.617 ( Karelia , Russia ) Murmansk Oblast ( Grand Island ) -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 33 ° 10 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 33.167 ° E / 66.567 ; 33.167 ( Murmansk , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 33 ° 25 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 33.417 ° E / 66.567 ; 33.417 ( Kandalaksha Gulf , White Sea ) White Sea Kandalaksha Gulf 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 28 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 34.467 ° E / 66.567 ; 34.467 ( Murmansk Oblast , Russia ) Russia Murmansk Oblast ( Kola Peninsula ) -- for about 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 38 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 34.633 ° E / 66.567 ; 34.633 ( Kandalaksha Gulf , White Sea ) White Sea Kandalaksha Gulf 66 ° 34 ′ N 35 ° 0 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 35.000 ° E / 66.567 ; 35.000 ( Murmansk Oblast , Kola Peninsula , Russia ) Russia Murmansk Oblast ( Kola Peninsula ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 40 ° 42 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 40.700 ° E / 66.567 ; 40.700 ( White Sea ) White Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 44 ° 23 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 44.383 ° E / 66.567 ; 44.383 ( Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) Russia Nenets Autonomous Okrug Komi Republic -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 50 ° 51 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 50.850 ° E / 66.567 ; 50.850 ( Komi Republic , Russia ) Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 63 ° 48 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 63.800 ° E / 66.567 ; 63.800 ( Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 71 ° 5 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 71.083 ° E / 66.567 ; 71.083 ( Gulf of Ob ) Gulf of Ob 66 ° 34 ′ N 72 ° 27 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 72.450 ° E / 66.567 ; 72.450 ( Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) Russia Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug Krasnoyarsk Krai -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 83 ° 3 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 83.050 ° E / 66.567 ; 83.050 ( Krasnoyarsk Krai , Russia ) Sakha Republic -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 106 ° 18 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 106.300 ° E / 66.567 ; 106.300 ( Sakha Republic , Russia ) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 158 ° 38 ′ E / 66.567 ° N 158.633 ° E / 66.567 ; 158.633 ( Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 171 ° 1 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 171.017 ° W / 66.567 ; - 171.017 ( Chukchi Sea , Arctic Ocean ) Arctic Ocean Chukchi Sea 66 ° 34 ′ N 164 ° 38 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 164.633 ° W / 66.567 ; - 164.633 ( Seward Peninsula , Alaska , United States ) United States Alaska ( Seward Peninsula ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 163 ° 44 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 163.733 ° W / 66.567 ; - 163.733 ( Kotzebue Sound , Arctic Ocean ) Arctic Ocean Kotzebue Sound 66 ° 34 ′ N 161 ° 56 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 161.933 ° W / 66.567 ; - 161.933 ( Alaska , United States ) United States Alaska -- passing through Selawik Lake 66 ° 34 ′ N 141 ° 0 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 141.000 ° W / 66.567 ; - 141.000 ( Yukon , Canada ) Canada Yukon Northwest Territories -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 133 ° 36 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 133.600 ° W / 66.567 ; - 133.600 ( Northwest Territories , Canada ) , passing through the Great Bear Lake Nunavut -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 115 ° 56 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 115.933 ° W / 66.567 ; - 115.933 ( Nunavut , Canada ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 82 ° 59 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 82.983 ° W / 66.567 ; - 82.983 ( Foxe Basin , Hudson Bay ) Canada Foxe Basin , Nunavut 66 ° 34 ′ N 73 ° 25 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 73.417 ° W / 66.567 ; - 73.417 ( Baffin Island , Nunavut , Canada ) Canada Nunavut ( Baffin Island ) , passing through Nettilling Lake 66 ° 30 ′ N 65 ° 29 ′ W / 66.500 ° N 65.483 ° W / 66.500 ; - 65.483 ( Baffin Island , Nunavut ) Canada Nunavut ( Baffin Island ) , passing through Auyuittuq National Park ( sign location ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 61 ° 24 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 61.400 ° W / 66.567 ; - 61.400 ( Davis Strait , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Davis Strait 66 ° 34 ′ N 53 ° 16 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 53.267 ° W / 66.567 ; - 53.267 ( Greenland ) Greenland Kingdom of Denmark , passing through Kangerlussuaq Fjord 66 ° 34 ′ N 37 ° 0 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 37.000 ° W / 66.567 ; - 37.000 ( Greenland ) Greenland Kingdom of Denmark , passing through Schweizerland 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 9 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 34.150 ° W / 66.567 ; - 34.150 ( Denmark Strait , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Denmark Strait Greenland Sea -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 26 ° 18 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 26.300 ° W / 66.567 ; - 26.300 ( Greenland Sea ) 66 ° 34 ′ N 18 ° 1 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 18.017 ° W / 66.567 ; - 18.017 ( Grímsey , Iceland ) Iceland Island of Grímsey 66 ° 34 ′ N 17 ° 59 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 17.983 ° W / 66.567 ; - 17.983 ( Greenland Sea , Atlantic Ocean ) Atlantic Ocean Greenland Sea Norwegian Sea -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 12 ° 32 ′ W / 66.567 ° N 12.533 ° W / 66.567 ; - 12.533 ( Norwegian Sea ) A sign along the Dalton Highway marking the location of the Arctic Circle in Alaska Arctic Circle line in Rovaniemi , Finland Aurora Borealis above Arctic Circle sign along the Dempster Highway in Yukon at 66 ° 33 ′ 55 '' N 136 ° 18 ′ 26 '' W / 66.565325 ° N 136.307169 ° W / 66.565325 ; - 136.307169 A sign on the Vikingen island marking the Arctic Circle in Norway The Arctic Circle on Grímsey in Iceland Arctic Circle sign by the Inland Line railway , Sweden See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Circumpolar circle Arctic Cooperation and Politics Territorial claims in the Arctic Arctic haze Scott Polar Research Institute Antarctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Obliquity of the Ecliptic ( Eps Mean ) '' . Neoprogrammics.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Berger , A.L. ( 1976 ) . `` Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 : 127 -- 135 . Bibcode : 1976A&A ... 51 ... 127B . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott . `` Arktikos . '' A Greek - English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott . `` Arktos . '' A Greek - English Lexicon . Perseus Digital Library . Jump up ^ Burn , Chris . The Polar Night ( PDF ) . The Aurora Research Institute . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Population '' . www.athropolis.com . Jump up ^ Nuttall , Mark ( 18 November 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Arctic Volumes 1 , 2 and 3 . Routledge . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1579584368 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ William M. Marsh ; Martin M. Kaufman ( 2012 ) . Physical Geography : Great Systems and Global Environments . Cambridge University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 76428 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arctic Circle . Look up arctic circle in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Terra Incognita : Exploration of the Canadian Arctic -- Historical essay about early expeditions to the Canadian Arctic , illustrated with maps , photographs and drawings Temporal Epoch Calculations © 2006 by James Q. Jacobs Download : Epoch v2009. xls ( modify D4 ) Useful constants '' See : Obliquity of the ecliptic Arctic topics History Arctic research Exploration of the Arctic History of whaling Government Arctic Council Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic Ocean Conference Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Ilulissat Declaration Inuit Circumpolar Council Saami Council Territorial claims in the Arctic Geography Arctic Circle Arctic ecology Arctic Ocean Arctic Cyclone Arctic geography terminology Greenland ice sheet Impact craters of the Arctic North Pole Populated places in the Arctic Tundra Nordicity Regions Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Climate Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic sea ice ecology and history Arctic ice pack Arctic sea ice decline Climate of Alaska Polar climate Effects of global warming on marine mammals Polar amplification Global warming in the Arctic Fauna Walrus Narwhal Bowhead whale Polar bear Arctic fox Snowy owl Reindeer Caribou Beluga whale Lemming Muskox Ribbon seal Bearded seal Hooded seal Harp seal Ringed seal Flora Arctic ecology Arctic vegetation Tundra Culture Arctic peoples Subarctic peoples Northern Indigenous Peoples of Russia Evenks Inuit Chukotka Koryaks Nenets Khanty Chukchi Selkup Sami Yukaghir Gwich'in Yakuts Arctic Winter Games Tsagaan Sar ( New Year 's Day ) Economy Arctic Refuge drilling controversy Parks , reserves and refuges Transportation in the Arctic Petroleum exploration in the Arctic Natural resources of the Arctic Transport Arctic shipping routes Arctic Bridge Northeast Passage Northwest Passage Northern Sea Route Transpolar Sea Route Polar air route Search and rescue Portal WikiProject Circles of latitude / Meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W 0 ° E 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 30 ° 60 ° 90 ° 120 ° 150 ° 180 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 5 ° 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 95 ° 105 ° 115 ° 125 ° 135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 10 ° 20 ° 40 ° 50 ° 70 ° 80 ° 100 ° 110 ° 130 ° 140 ° 160 ° 170 ° 0 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 10 ° 20 ° 30 ° 40 ° 50 ° 60 ° 70 ° 80 ° 90 ° 5 ° N 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 5 ° S 15 ° 25 ° 35 ° 45 ° 55 ° 65 ° 75 ° 85 ° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_Circle&oldid=802508593 '' Categories : Geography of the Arctic Lines of latitude Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 吴语粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 16 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the opposite of the arctic circle	[ "The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the abstract five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of the Earth. It marks the northernmost point at which the noon sun is just visible on the northern winter solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun is just visible on the northern summer solstice. The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic, and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone. North of the Arctic Circle, the sun is above the horizon for twenty-four continuous hours at least once per year (and therefore visible at midnight) and below the horizon for twenty-four continuous hours at least once per year (and therefore not visible at noon); this is also true within the equivalent polar circle in the Southern Hemisphere, the Antarctic Circle." ]	[ "the Antarctic Circle" ]
7748444658516580386	List of Mount Everest records	List of Mount Everest records - wikipedia List of Mount Everest records Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the list of records established on Mount Everest . For the `` Everest Records '' record label , see Everest Records . From Kala Patthar , west of Everest looking the South East face primarily Mount Everest from Gokyo Ri , showing a little more of the North face Tashi and Nungshi were the first twins to summit Mount Everest together People on the summit of Everest This article lists different records related to Mount Everest . One of the most commonly sought after records is a `` summit '' , to reach the highest elevation point on Mount Everest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Records 1.1 Highest number of times to reach the summit of Mount Everest 1.2 Other Number of Times Records 1.3 First to summit a certain number of times 1.4 Double summiting records 1.5 Fastest ascents 1.6 Deadliest accident 1.7 Oldest summiters 1.8 Youngest Summiters 1.8. 1 Youngest female 1.9 First ... 1.10 Disabled or diseased summiters 1.11 Other 1.12 Nepali records 2 Most summits in one day 3 Everest base camp records 4 Death statistics 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links 8 References Records ( edit ) Highest number of times to reach the summit of Mount Everest ( edit ) † - Non-Nepali or Tibetan Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Highest number of times to reach the summit 21 Apa Sherpa Nepal 2012 - 05 - 11 ! May 11 , 2011 Phurba Tashi Sherpa Nepal 2013 - 05 - 19 ! May 19 , 2013 Other Number of Times Records ( edit ) † - Non-Nepali or Tibetan Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Most ascents by a woman 8 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal Most summits without supplemental oxygen 10 Ang Rita Nepal 1996 - 05 - 23 ! May 23 , 1996 Most summits by a foreigner † 15 Dave Hahn United States Most ascents by a foreign woman † 6 Melissa Arnot United States Further information : List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit First to summit a certain number of times ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit Summited Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay New Zealand , Nepal 1953 - 05 - 29 ! May 29 , 1953 First woman to summit once Summited Junko Tabei Japan May 16 , 1975 First to summit twice Nawang Gombu Nepal 1963 , 1965 First woman to summit twice Santosh Yadav India 1992 , 1993 First to summit three times 3 by 1982 Sungdare Sherpa Nepal First woman to summit three times 3 by 2003 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal First to summit 4 times 4 by 1985 Sungdare Sherpa Nepal First woman to summit 4 times 4 by 2004 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal First to summit 5 times 5 by 1988 Sungdare Sherpa Nepal First woman to summit 5 times 5 by 2005 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal First person to summit 6 times 6 by 1990 Ang Rita Nepal First woman to summit 6 times 6 by 2006 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal First person to summit 7 times 7 by 1992 Ang Rita Nepal First woman to summit 7 times 7 by 2016 Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal First person to summit 8 times 8 by 1993 Ang Rita Nepal First person to summit 9 times 9 by 1995 Ang Rita Nepal First person to summit 10 times 10 by 1996 Ang Rita Nepal First person to summit 11 times 11 by 2000 Apa Sherpa Nepal Apa continued to increase in summits until 2011 , achieving 21 times . Double summiting records ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref First dual ascent made by a woman on Mount Everest summit within five days Summited Anshu Jamsenpa India 21st May 2017 Fastest ascents ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Fastest ascent from Everest South Base Camp with supplemental oxygen 8 hours and 10 minutes Pemba Dorje Nepal 2004 - 05 - 21 ! May 21 , 2004 Fastest ascent from Everest South Base Camp without supplemental oxygen 20 hours and 24 minutes Aman Kumar Sinha India 1998 - 10 - 17 ! October 17 , 2008 Fastest ascent without supplemental oxygen and fastest ascent from Everest North Base Camp 16 hours and 45 minutes Hans Kammerlander Italy 1996 - 5 - 24 ! May 24 , 1996 Longest stay on the summit 21 hours Babu Chiri Sherpa Nepal 1999 - 05 - 06 ! May 6 , 1999 Deadliest accident ( edit ) Record name Record Nation Date Ref Most deaths in one day at Everest 22 Nepal , China 2015 - 04 - 25 ! April 25 , 2015 Oldest summiters ( edit ) This table shows the progression of the record for oldest male summiter , as well as some additional examples of aged summiters for comparison Record Owner Nation Date Ref 80 years 224 days Yuichiro Miura ( b 1932 ) Japan 2013 - 05 - 23 ! May 23 , 2013 76 years 340 days Min Bahadur Sherchan ( b 1931 ) Nepal 2008 75 years 227 days Yuichiro Miura Japan 2008 71 years 61 days Katsusuke Yanagisawa Japan 2007 - 05 - 22 ! May 22 , 2007 70 years 225 days Takao Arayama Japan May 2006 70 years 222 days Yuichiro Miura Japan May 2003 65 years 176 days Tomiyasu Ishikawa Japan 2002 - 05 - 17 ! 17 May 2002 65 years Sir Ranulph Fiennes ( b 1944 ) United Kingdom 2009 - 05 - 21 ! 21 May 2009 64 years Sherman Bull United States 2001 - 05 - 25 ! May 25 , 2001 63 years 311 days Toshio Yamamoto Japan 2000 60 years 161 days Lev Sarkisov Georgia 1999 - 05 - 12 ! May 12 , 1999 60 years 160 days Ramon Balanca ( Blanco ) Suarez Venezuela 1993 ( b . 1933 ) 55 years Richard Bass ( b . 1929 ) United States April 1985 50 years Chris Bonington ( b . 1934 ) United Kingdom April 1985 50 years Jozef Psotka ( b . 1934 , died on descent ) Czechoslovakia October 1984 50 years 118 days Gerhard Schmatz ( b 1929 ) West Germany October 1979 49 years 52 days Pierre Mazeaud ( b 1929 ) France 15 Oct 1978 42 years 6 months Sonam Gyatso ( b 1922 ) India 22 May 1965 39 years Tenzing Norgay ( b 1914 ) Nepal 29 May 1953 Norgay was older than Hillary , so they became the modern day starting point for oldest and youngest climbers respectively . This table shows the progression of the record for oldest female summiter . Record Owner Nation Date Ref 73 years 180 days Tamae Watanabe Japan 2012 - 05 - 19 ! May 19 , 2012 63 years 177 days Tamae Watanabe Japan 2002 - 05 - 16 ! May 16 , 2002 50 years Anna Czerwińska Poland 2000 - 05 - 22 ! May 22 , 2000 47 years 98 days ( died in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster ) Yasuko Namba Japan 1996 - 05 - 10 ! May 10 , 1996 47 years 21 days Mary Lefever United States 1993 - 05 - 19 ! May 19 , 1993 39 years 228 days ( died on descent ) Hannelore Schmatz Germany 1979 - 10 - 02 ! October 10 , 1979 35 years , 236 days Junko Tabei Japan May 16 , 1975 Junko Tabei was the first woman to reach the summit , and thus set the initial records for both oldest and youngest female summiter . Youngest summiters ( edit ) Due to some variations in record keeping , there may be some variation in the examples Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Youngest person to climb Mount Everest 13 years 10 months 10 days old Jordan Romero United States 2010 - 05 - 22 ! May 22 , 2010 Youngest person to climb Mount Everest ( 2003 - 2010 ) 15 years old Ming Kipa ( female ) Nepal 2003 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2003 Youngest person to climb Mount Everest ( 2001 - 2003 ) 16 year 14 days old Temba Tsheri Nepal 2001 - 5 - 24 ! May 24 , 2001 Youngest person to climb Mount Everest ( 1990 - 2001 ) 17 years old Bertrand Roche France 1990 - 5 - 24 ! 1990 Purna was about a month older than Romero at the time of her summiting in 2014 : Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Next youngest person and youngest female 13 years 11 months old Malavath Purna India 2014 - 05 - 25 ! May 25 , 2014 Youngest female ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Youngest girl to climb Mount Everest 13 years and 11 months old Malavath Purna India 2014 - 05 - 25 ! May 25 , 2014 Youngest person to climb Mount Everest ( 2003 - 2010 ) 15 years old Ming Kipa Nepal 2003 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2003 Youngest woman up to Summit Everest up to that time 19 years 35 days Dicky Dolma India May 10 , 1993 Youngest woman to summit up to that time 22 years , 273 days Kim Soon - Jo South Korea May 10 , 1993 Youngest Muslim woman to summit 22 years , 242 days Samina Baig Pakistan May 19 , 2013 Youngest woman to summit up to that time 24 years , 215 days Santosh Yadav India May 12 , 1992 Youngest British woman to summit 25 years Tori James Wales May 24 , 2007 Youngest woman to summit up to that time 27 years 5 days Lydia Bradey New Zealand October 14 , 1988 Youngest woman to summit up to that time 29 year 2 days Sharon Wood Canada May 20 , 1986 Youngest woman to summit up to that time 30 years 28 days Bachendri Pal India May 23 , 1984 First ( so both the youngest and oldest ) woman to summit 35 years 236 days Junko Tabei Japan May 16 , 1975 See also Nimdoma Sherpa Samantha Larson Nima Chhamzi Sherpa , summited May 19 , 2012 at the age of 16 . First ... ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit Summited Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay New Zealand , Nepal 1953 - 05 - 29 ! May 29 , 1953 Youngest female person to climb from Tibetan Side of Everest summited Malavath Purna India 2014 - 05 - 25 ! May 25 , 2014 First woman to reach the summit Summited Junko Tabei Japan May 16 , 1975 First ascent without supplemental oxygen Summited Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler Italy , Austria May 8 , 1978 First winter ascent Summited Krzysztof Wielicki and Leszek Cichy Poland February 17 , 1980 First solo ascent without supplemental oxygen Summited Reinhold Messner Italy August 20 , 1980 First paraglider descent from summit Summited , descended by paraglider Jean - Marc Boivin France September 26 , 1988 First female ascent without supplemental oxygen Summited Lydia Bradey New Zealand October 14 , 1988 First Nepalese woman to successfully summit and descend Summited , descended Lhakpa Sherpa Nepal May 18 , 2000 First to descend on a snowboard Summited , descended by snowboard Marco Siffredi France May , 2001 First person to reach the summit from three different routes ( South Col. , North Face and Khangshung Face ) Summited by 3 routes Kushang Sherpa India 1993 - 2003 First two people to marry on top of Mount Everest Summited , married Pem Dorjee and Moni Mulepati Nepal May 30 , 2005 First twins to climb Mount Everest together Summited Tashi and Nungshi Malik India May 19 , 2013 First to climb the Everest Triple Crown Summited Kenton Cool and Dorje Gylgen United Kingdom , Nepal May 21 , 2013 First to recite national anthem at everest Summited Ratnesh Pandey India May 21 , 2016 Disabled or diseased summiters ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Amputated foot Summited Everest Tom Whittaker United States May 27 , 1998 Blind Summited Everest via South Col Erik Weihenmayer United States May 25 , 2001 Cystic fibrosis Summited Everest Nick Talbot United Kingdom May 2016 Left arm amputated Summited Everest Gary Guller United States May 23 , 2003 Double leg amputee Summited Everest Mark Inglis New Zealand May 15 , 2006 Right leg amputee Summited Everest Nelson Cardona Colombia May 17 , 2010 With no fingers Summited Everest Kim Hong - Bin South Korea May 16 , 2007 Double arm amputee Summited Everest Sudarshan Gautam Nepal Canada May 20 , 2013 Female amputee ( 1 leg ) Summited Everest Arunima Sinha India May 21 , 2013 Hemophiliac Summited Everest Chris Bombardier United States May 22 , 2017 Insulin dependent Diabetic Summited Everest Geri Winkler Austria May 20 , 2006 Type I Diabetes Summited Everest Will Cross United States May 23 , 2006 Multiple sclerosis first woman Summited Everest Lori Schneider United States May 23 , 2009 Multiple sclerosis first man Summited Everest Niels van Buren Netherlands May 2016 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis and partially blind Summited Everest Cindy Abbott United States May 23 , 2010 Crohn 's disease and ostomy Summited South Summit of Everest Rob Hill Canada May 25 , 2010 Cancer survivor ( Hodgkins disease and Askin 's sarcoma ) ; 1 lung Summit Sean Swarner United States May 16 , 2002 Blind Summited Everest via North Col Andy Holzer Austria May 21 , 2017 First Cancer patient Summited Everest Ian Toothill United Kingdom May 27th 2017 Other ( edit ) Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Overflight of summit 8848m David McIntyre and Sir Douglas Douglas - Hamilton United Kingdom 1933 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 1933 Highest of rotorcraft landing and take - off 8848m Didier Delsalle France 2005 - 05 - 00 ! May , 2005 Elizabeth Hawley , has kept records for Everest from 1960s to at least 2015 . Marc Kopp was the first disabled person to skydive over Mount Everest , in 2013 ; he suffers from multiple sclerosis . Nepali records ( edit ) Chhurim summited twice in May 2012 , the first woman to summit twice in a season Many Mount Everest records are held by Nepali , especially those from the Sherpa region who are synonymous with hospitality , hard - work , and brave alpinism . On 11 May 2011 , Apa Sherpa successfully reached the summit of Everest for the twenty - first time , breaking his own record for the most successful ascents . He first climbed Mount Everest in 1989 at the age of 29 . Phurba Tashi Sherpa ( also 21 times ) Kami Rita Sherpa ( 21 times by 2017 ) One famous Nepalese female mountaineers was Pasang Lhamu Sherpa , the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest , but who died during the descent . Another well - known woman Sherpa was the two - time Everest summiter Pemba Doma Sherpa , who died after falling from Lhotse on 22 May 2007 . Nepali mountaineer Lhakpa Sherpa , the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest and descend from it , has stood atop of Everest 7 times by 2016 and 8 times by 2017 , the most times for woman . Another examples of noted Nepali Everest mountaineers : Temba Tsheri Nima Chhamzi Sherpa Nimdoma Sherpa Ming Kipa Chhurim About names : Many Nepalese are only given one name , and are often named for a day of the week One source of confusion was in record keeping was that the South side was essentially closed in 2014 due to an avalanche disrupting the Khumbu Icefall . So most of the summiters summited from the North side , except for a small a group that flew a helicopter over the Khumbu Icefall , even though it was not open . This is why in 2016 Adrian Ballinger said on Instagram `` 9 Sherpa using supplemental oxygen became the first to summit on the South Side of Everest in the past 3 years '' in 2016 . The full Nepal route to the summit was not open in 2014 or in 2015 , but there was a group that summited from the south side in 2014 as part of a Chinese team that used a helicopter to reach that area . Most summits in one day ( edit ) For the Mountain overall , the most in one day is May 19 , 2012 when 179 - 234 reached the top . Everest base camp records ( edit ) Records for non-summits such about the main Nepal - side Base camp : Record name Record Owner Nation Date Ref Fastest run from Everest Base Camp to Kathmandu 63 hours 8 minutes Sam Finch ( Ashleworth ) United Kingdom 2013 - 21 - 04 ! Apr 21 , 2013 Youngest person to trek to Everest Base Camp Age : 4 Virat Sheokand India April 2017 Youngest children to trek to Everest Base Camp Ages : 6 and 8 James and Tobin Aidan O'Donnell United Kingdom August 2016 Youngest siblings to trek to Everest Base Camp Ages : 6 , 8 and 11 James , Tobin and Aidan O'Donnell United Kingdom August 2016 First person with Down 's Syndrome to Everest Base Camp 15 years old Eli Reimer United States 2013 Youngest Australian to trek to Everest Base Camp 9 years old Oscar Squirrell Australia April 2017 Some Everest - related marathons that start at Base camp or near Everest include the Everest Marathon , Tenzing Hillary Everest Marathon , and the Mount Everest Challenge Marathon . Death statistics ( edit ) Main article : List of Mount Everest death statistics See also ( edit ) Mountains portal List of Mount Everest expeditions List of 20th - century summiters of Mount Everest List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit List of people who died climbing Mount Everest 2014 Nepal snowstorm disaster List of ski descents of Eight - Thousanders # Mount Everest Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ a Kazi Sherpa used supplemental oxygen on the descent . External links ( edit ) A History of Mt . Everest Speed Climbing Records / Claims , by Dan Howitt Collection of Everest records British Statistics Deceased Ascent statistics CBC ( goes to 2010 ) Adventure stats for age up to 2002 8000ers statistics MOUNTAINEERING INDIAN RECORDS ACHIEVER 'S References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Record : Apa Sherpa 's Everest summit no 21 '' . Jump up ^ `` PeakFreaks 14 safe summits '' . May 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 - Eleven worker becomes first woman to climb Mount Everest seven times '' . Rawstory.com. 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Most ascents of Everest by a woman '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Pokhrel , Rajan . `` Nepali woman scales Mt Everest eight times breaking own record '' . Himalayan Times . Himalyan Times . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ 8000ers.com . Ascents - Everest ( without supplementary oxygen ) . Jump up ^ `` Dave Hahn '' . Jump up ^ `` Dave Hahn Reflects on his Everest Summit Streak '' . Jump up ^ `` Climber Dave Hahn : Fifteen Trips to Everest '' . Jump up ^ `` espnW -- Melissa Arnot has conquered Mount Everest five times , but American is hailed as hero for playing peacemaker on mountain 's slopes '' . espnW . Jump up ^ Mount Everest : American Woman Summits Without Supplemental O2 ^ Jump up to : Robert Horn ( 29 April 1996 ) . `` No Mountain Too High For Her : Junko Tabei defied Japanese views of women to become an expert climber '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` rip 2011 '' . Jump up ^ Nawang Gombu Archived 2011 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Santosh Yadav feels motivated to climb Everest again '' . News.webindia123.com. 2007 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ PBS ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Himalayan Database - Spring 2005 Everest ^ Jump up to : ( 5 ) Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` The world 's most renowned Sherpa talks Mt . Everest '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ `` New Everest Record is Confirmed '' . 2004 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NEW / OLD RECORDS '' . Everestsummiteersassociation.org . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Highest mountain '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Babu Chiri Sherpa has died 4 / 29 / 01 '' . EverestNews.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche triggered by quake kills 18 on Mount Everest '' . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese becomes oldest person to conquer Everest '' . Japan Times . 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Retrieved 22 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : New / Old Records ^ Jump up to : Glenday , Craig ( 2010 ) , Guinness World Records 2010 : Thousands of New Records in The Book of the Decade ! , p. 210 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 59337 - 2 , retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Glenday2010 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : THT 10 years ago : Ming Kipa 's record was happenstance ‚ says sister , 2013 , retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 ^ Jump up to : ( 20 ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140615/nation-current-affairs/article/cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-announces-reward-malavath-poorna-and ^ Jump up to : `` 13 - year - old Andhra teen becomes youngest woman to scale Everest '' . Times of India . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 21 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Firsts '' . Everest History.com . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ CNN Jump up ^ `` A view from the top of the world `` , BBC News , 15 February 2007 , retrieved 6 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Mt . Everest 2005 : Lakpa Sherpa '' . www.everestnews.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Sherpas of Everest Series '' . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` everest - 60 - facts - about - the - worlds - tallest - mountain '' . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding on top of Mount Everest '' . BBC . 2005 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 22 ) Jump up ^ ( 23 ) Jump up ^ ( 24 ) Jump up ^ TV Notes ; Top of the World - New York Times Jump up ^ British man becomes first person with cystic fibrosis to climb Everest Jump up ^ Featured Everest Expedition : Team Everest ' 03 EverestNews.com Jump up ^ ( cite news url = http://www.elcolombiano.com/historico/nelson_cardona_primer_colombiano_discapacitado_que_conquista_el_everest-OWEC_89777 ) Jump up ^ `` Two Feet Are Better Than Ten Fingers '' . The Dong - a Ilbo. 2007 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Disabled climber pulls off 7 - continent sweep '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Armless Calgary man Sudarshan Gautam reaches dream of summitting Mount Everest '' . Calgary Sun . 2013 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian double - amputee summits Mount Everest '' . CBC News . 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Arunima Sinha , Indian Woman , Is First Female Amputee To Climb Everest '' . The Huffington Post . 2013 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 25 ) Jump up ^ Geri is recorded for May 20 2006 for Everest Jump up ^ Austrian to set record as first diabetic to climb world 's highest peaks Jump up ^ Meet Will Cross Explorer and Mountaineer with Type 1 Diabetes Svati Jump up ^ ( 26 ) Jump up ^ ( 27 ) Jump up ^ ( 28 ) Jump up ^ Himalayan Database confirms summiting on May 23 2009 Jump up ^ ( 29 ) Jump up ^ Partially Blind Woman Achieves Dream of Climbing Mount Everest June 1 , 2010 MARY - ROSE ABRAHAM Mary - Rose Abraham More from Mary - Rose Jump up ^ hd 2010 Jump up ^ Robert Hill conquers seven summits including Mount Everest Jump up ^ ( 30 ) Jump up ^ Cancer survivor Sean Swarner 's emotional journey to Everest and beyond Jump up ^ Cancer Survivor Climbs Mount Everest Jump up ^ Blinder Österreicher auf dem Mount Everest Jump up ^ `` Terminal cancer patient Ian Toothill conquers Everest '' . BBC News . 2017 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 31 ) Jump up ^ `` Rotorcraft World Records '' . FAI . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Hawley 's chronicles to be released Jump up ^ Disabled Frenchman makes record jump over Everest Jump up ^ `` Apa Sherpa summits Everest for the 21st time ' '' . Salt Lake Tribune . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Since The Age of 12 '' . BBC . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous female Nepal climber dead '' , BBC News , 23 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` The Most Successful Female Everest Climber of All Time Is a Housekeeper in Hartford , Connecticut '' , Outside ( Magazine ) , 10 May 2016 Jump up ^ `` Nepalese woman scales Everest for record - breaking 8th time '' . http://www.asianage.com/. 2017 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . External link in work = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Staff , C.N.N. `` Everest conquered for first time in two years '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ ( 32 ) Jump up ^ ( 33 ) Jump up ^ ( 34 ) Jump up ^ `` London siblings are ' youngest brothers to reach Everest base camp ' '' . 2016 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` London siblings are ' youngest brothers to reach Everest base camp ' '' . 2016 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 35 ) Jump up ^ The Trek and Race Jump up ^ `` Chad Kellogg : Speed Climbing to Stand Still '' . OUTSIDE ONLINE . Mount Everest Topography and landmarks Base Camp Geneva Spur Hillary Step Hornbein Couloir Kangshung Face ( East Face ) Kangshung Glacier Khumbu Glacier Khumbu Icefall Lhakpa La Lho La North Col North Face Norton Couloir Rongbuk Glacier South Col South Summit Three Pinnacles Three Steps `` Green Boots cave '' Western Cwm Expeditions 1921 British reconnaissance 1922 British 1924 British ( Affair of the Dancing Lamas ) 1933 British 1935 British 1936 British 1938 British 1950 -- 52 British -- Swiss -- US reconnaissance 1951 British 1952 Swiss 1953 British 1975 British SW Face 1996 Indo - Tibetan Border Police 2006 Philippine 2007 Altitude Everest expedition Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition List of Mount Everest guides Fatalities Green Boots David Sharp List of people who died climbing Mount Everest Committees Joint Himalayan Committee Mount Everest Committee In media Beyond the Edge The Climb ( book ) The Climb ( 2007 film ) Everest ( 1998 film ) Everest ( 2015 film ) Everest ( Indian TV series ) Everest ' 82 Everest : Beyond the Limit EverestMax Expedition Everest ( roller coaster ) Into Thin Air The Man Who Skied Down Everest Mount Everest webcam Paths of Glory Peak The Wildest Dream Wings Over Everest Years 1970 disaster 1974 avalanche 1996 disaster 2012 2013 2014 avalanche 2015 avalanches 2017 Timeline of climbing Mount Everest Mount Everest massif Khumbutse Lhotse Lingtren Nuptse Pumori Records List of Mount Everest records Times to the summit 20th - century summiters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mount_Everest_records&oldid=801447368 '' Categories : Mount Everest Nepal - related lists Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands ଓଡ଼ିଆ Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 18 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who hold the world record as the youngest person to climb mount everest	[ "\n\nRecord name\nRecord\nOwner\nNation\nDate\nRef\n\n\nYoungest person to climb Mount Everest\n13 years 10 months 10 days old\nJordan Romero\n United States\n2010-05-22 !May 22, 2010\n[52]\n\n\nYoungest person to climb Mount Everest (2003-2010)\n15 years old\nMing Kipa (female)\n Nepal\n2003-05-24 !May 24, 2003\n[53][54][55]\n\n\nYoungest person to climb Mount Everest (2001-2003)\n16 year 14 days old\nTemba Tsheri\n Nepal\n2001-5-24 !May 24, 2001\n[56]\n\n\nYoungest person to climb Mount Everest (1990-2001)\n17 years old\nBertrand Roche\n France\n1990-5-24 !1990\n[56]\n\n" ]	[ "Jordan Romero" ]
-7625946422894138505	Brandon Hammond	Brandon Hammond - wikipedia Brandon Hammond Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brandon Hammond ( 1984 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Baton Rouge , Louisiana , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1991 -- 2006 Brandon Hammond ( born February 6 , 1984 ) is an American former child actor who appeared in a string of high - profile projects in the 1990s . Hammond 's first film role was in Menace II Society where he played the younger version of the main character Caine . He followed this up with major roles in Strange Days , Waiting to Exhale , The Fan , and Mars Attacks ! , usually playing the son of one of the main characters . He also appeared in Space Jam playing Michael Jordan as a child . His most well - known role is that of Ahmad in the hit film Soul Food . He had a recurring role on the TV series Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman as Anthony . He simultaneously starred in the short - lived sitcom The Gregory Hines Show as Hines ' son . His last role to date was in the 2002 Showtime film Our America . He has not appeared in any feature film or television roles since turning 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 2 Television work 3 References 4 External links Filmography ( edit ) Menace II Society ( 1993 ) Mickey 's Fun Songs ( 1995 ) Tales from the Hood ( 1995 ) Strange Days ( 1995 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1995 ) No Easy Way ( 1996 ) The Fan Space Jam ( 1996 ) Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Soul Food ( 1997 ) Blue Hill Avenue ( 2001 ) Television work ( edit ) Lies and Lullabies ( TV Movie ) ( 1993 ) Coach - episode : `` Blue Chip Blues '' ( 1994 ) Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Gregory Hines Show ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular episode ( 1998 ) The West Wing episode `` The White House Pro-Am '' ( 2000 ) Our America ( TV movie ) ( 2002 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hottest Child Stars on TV and in the Movies '' . Jet . Vol. 93 no . 4 . 15 December 1997 . pp. 60 -- 64 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Brandon Hammond on IMDb VIAF : 29473596 LCCN : nr2002043978 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandon_Hammond&oldid=799003986 '' Categories : 1984 births African - American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Baton Rouge , Louisiana Saddleback College alumni Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from August 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 02 : 27 . About Wikipedia	who played the little boy in soul food	[ "Brandon Hammond (born February 6, 1984) is an American former child actor who appeared in a string of high-profile projects in the 1990s." ]	[ "Brandon Hammond" ]
-3093957509665568619	Roanoke Colony	Roanoke Colony - wikipedia Roanoke Colony Jump to : navigation , search `` Lost Colony '' redirects here . For other uses , see Lost Colony ( disambiguation ) . This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Roanoke Colony Colony of England 1585 -- c. 1590 Virginea Pars map , drawn by John White during his initial visit in 1585 . Roanoke is the small pink island in the middle right of the map . History Established 1585 Birth of Virginia Dare August 18 , 1587 Abandoned Before August c. 1590 Found abandoned August 18 , 1590 Population 1587 116 Today part of United States Dare County , North Carolina The Roanoke Colony ( / ˈroʊəˌnoʊk / ) , also known as the Lost Colony , was established in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is today 's Dare County , North Carolina . It was a late 16th - century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in North America . The colony was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh . The colonists disappeared during the Anglo - Spanish War , three years after the last shipment of supplies from England . Their disappearance gave rise to the nickname `` The Lost Colony '' . There is no conclusive evidence as to what happened to the colonists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Raleigh 's charter 3 First voyages to Roanoke Island 3.1 In the New World 4 Lost Colony 4.1 Return to the Lost Colony 5 Thomas Harriot 6 Investigations into Roanoke 7 Reports of John Smith and William Strachey 8 Hypotheses about the disappearance 8.1 Integration with local tribes 8.2 Other theories 8.2. 1 Spanish 8.2. 2 Dare Stones 8.2. 3 Virginia Pars Map 9 Archaeological evidence 10 Climate factors 11 Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project 12 In popular culture 12.1 Books 12.2 Comics 12.3 Film 12.4 TV 12.5 Internet 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Background The enterprise was originally financed and organized by Sir Humphrey Gilbert , who drowned in 1583 returning from a voyage to the fishing settlement at St. John 's , Newfoundland . Sir Humphrey Gilbert 's half - brother Sir Walter Raleigh later gained his brother 's charter from the Queen and subsequently executed the details of the charter through his delegates Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville , Raleigh 's distant cousin . Raleigh 's charter A watercolor of the fort in Guyanailla Bay , which is likely similar to the fort constructed on Roanoke On March 25 , 1584 , Queen Elizabeth I granted Raleigh a charter for the colonization of the area of North America . This charter specified that Raleigh needed to establish a colony in North America , or lose his right to colonization . The Queen and Raleigh intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World . The queen 's charter said that Raleigh was supposed to `` discover , search , find out , and view such remote heathen and barbarous Lands , Countries , and territories ... to have , hold , occupy , and enjoy '' . The queen 's charter also said that Raleigh was supposed to establish a base from which to send privateers on raids against the treasure fleets of Spain . The purpose of these raids was to tell Spain that England was ready for war . The original charter basically told Raleigh to establish a military base to counteract the activities of the Spaniards . Raleigh himself never visited North America , although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to South America 's Orinoco River basin in search of the legendary golden city of El Dorado . First Voyages to Roanoke Island On April 27 , 1584 , Raleigh dispatched an expedition led by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the eastern coast of North America . They arrived on Roanoke Island on July 4 and soon established relations with the local natives , the Secotans and Croatans . Barlowe returned to England with two Croatans named Manteo and Wanchese , who were able to describe the politics and geography of the area to Raleigh . Based on the information given , Raleigh organized a second expedition , to be led by Sir Richard Grenville . Sir Walter Raleigh Grenville 's fleet departed Plymouth on April 9 , 1585 , with five main ships : Tiger ( Grenville 's ) , Roebuck , Red Lion , Elizabeth , and Dorothy . A severe storm off the coast of Portugal separated Tiger from the rest of the fleet . The captains had a contingency plan if they were separated , which was to meet up again in Puerto Rico , and Tiger arrived in the `` Baye of Muskito '' ( Guayanilla Bay ) on May 11 . While waiting for the other ships , Grenville established relations with the resident Spanish while simultaneously engaging in some privateering against them . He also built a fort . Elizabeth arrived soon after the fort 's construction . Grenville eventually tired of waiting for the remaining ships and departed on June 7 . The fort was abandoned , and its location remains unknown . Tiger sailed through Ocracoke Inlet on June 26 , but it struck a shoal , ruining most of the food supplies . The expedition succeeded in repairing the ship and , in early July , reunited with Roebuck and Dorothy , which had arrived in the Outer Banks with Red Lion some weeks previous . Red Lion had dropped off its passengers and left for Newfoundland for privateering . In the New World During the initial exploration of the mainland coast and the native settlements , the Europeans blamed the natives of the village of Aquascogoc for stealing a silver cup . As retaliation , the settlers sacked and burned the village . English writer and courtier Richard Hakluyt 's contemporaneous reports also describe this incident . ( Hakluyt 's reports of the first voyage to Roanoke were compiled from accounts by various financial backers , including Sir Walter Raleigh . Hakluyt himself never traveled to the New World . ) Despite this incident and a lack of food , Grenville decided to leave Ralph Lane and 107 men to establish a colony at the north end of Roanoke Island , promising to return in April 1586 with more men and fresh supplies . The group disembarked on August 17 , 1585 , and built a small fort on the island . There are no surviving renderings of the Roanoke fort , but it was likely similar in structure to the one in Guayanilla Bay . Grenville in the Tiger on only his seventh day of sail captured ( after a three - day battle ) a rich Spanish galleon , Santa Maria de San Vicente off Bermuda which he took with him as a prize back to England . As April 1586 passed , there was no sign of Grenville 's relief fleet . Meanwhile , in June , bad blood resulted from the destruction of the village , and this spurred an attack on the fort by the local Native Americans , which the colonists were able to repel . Soon after the attack , Sir Francis Drake was on his way home from a successful raid in the Caribbean , and he stopped at the colony and offered to take the colonists back to England . Several accepted , including metallurgist Joachim Gans . On this return voyage , the Roanoke colonists introduced tobacco , maize , and potatoes to England . The relief fleet arrived shortly after Drake 's departure with the colonists . Finding the colony abandoned , Grenville returned to England with the bulk of his force , leaving behind a small detachment of fifteen men both to maintain an English presence and to protect Raleigh 's claim to Roanoke Island . Lost Colony In 1587 , Raleigh dispatched a new group of 115 colonists to establish a colony on Chesapeake Bay . They were led by John White , an artist and friend of Raleigh who had accompanied the previous expedition to Roanoke , and was appointed governor of the 1587 colony . White and Raleigh named 12 assistants to aid in the settlement . They were ordered to stop at Roanoke to pick up the small contingent left there by Grenville the previous year , but when they arrived on July 22 , 1587 , they found nothing except a skeleton that may have been the remains of one of the English garrison . Baptism of Virginia Dare , the first English child born in North America . Lithograph , 1880 When they could find no one , the master pilot Simon Fernandez refused to let the colonists return to the ships , insisting that they establish the new colony on Roanoke . His motives remain unclear , however , and new evidence offered by author Brandon Fullam indicates not only that Fernandez had good reason for his actions , but that the decision to alter the Chesapeake Bay destination had already been agreed to prior to their arrival at Roanoke . White re-established relations with the Croatan and other local tribes , but those with whom Lane had fought previously refused to meet with him . Shortly thereafter , colonist George Howe was killed by a native while searching alone for crabs in Albemarle Sound . The colonists persuaded Governor White to return to England to explain the colony 's desperate situation and ask for help . Left behind were about 115 colonists -- the remaining men and women who had made the Atlantic crossing plus White 's newly born granddaughter Virginia Dare , the first English child born in the Americas . White sailed for England in late 1587 , although crossing the Atlantic at that time of year was a considerable risk . Plans for a relief fleet were delayed first by the captain 's refusal to return during the winter , and then the attack on England of the Spanish Armada and the subsequent Anglo - Spanish War . Every able English ship joined the fight , leaving White without a means to return to Roanoke at the time . In the spring of 1588 , White managed to acquire two small vessels and sailed for Roanoke ; however , his attempt to return was thwarted when the captains of the ships attempted to capture several Spanish ships on the outward - bound voyage ( in order to improve their profits ) . They themselves were captured and their cargo seized . With nothing left to deliver to the colonists , the ships returned to England . Return to the Lost Colony Further information : Watts ' West Indies and Virginia expedition The discovery of the word `` Croatoan '' carved onto a stockade board Because of the continuing war with Spain , White was unable to mount another resupply attempt for an additional three years . He finally gained passage on a privateering expedition organised by John Watts and Walter Raleigh . They agreed to stop off at Roanoke on the way back after raiding the Spanish in the Caribbean . White landed on August 18 , 1590 , on his granddaughter 's third birthday , but found the settlement deserted . His men could not find any trace of the 90 men , 17 women , and 11 children , nor was there any sign of a struggle or battle . The only clue was the word `` CROATOAN '' carved into a post of the fence around the village , and the letters C-R-O carved into a nearby tree . All the houses and fortifications had been dismantled , which meant that their departure had not been hurried . Before he had left the colony , White instructed the colonists that , if anything happened to them , they should carve a Maltese cross on a tree nearby , indicating that their absence had been forced . There was no cross , and White took this to mean that they had moved to Croatoan Island ( now known as Hatteras Island ) , but he was unable to conduct a search . A massive storm was forming and his men refused to go any farther ; the next day , they left . Thomas Harriot Born in 1560 , Thomas Harriot entered Raleigh 's employment in the early 1580s , after graduating from the University of Oxford . Harriot may have been among the men of Arthur Barlowe 's 1584 expedition of the colony . He trained the members of Raleigh 's first Roanoke expedition in navigational skills and eventually sailed to Roanoke with the second group of settlers , where his skills as a naturalist became particularly important along with those of painter and settlement leader John White . Between their arrival in Roanoke in April 1585 and the July 1586 departure , Harriot and White both conducted detailed studies of the Roanoke area , with Harriot compiling his samples and notes into several notebooks that did not survive the colony 's disappearance . Harriot also wrote descriptions of the surrounding flora and fauna of the area , which survive in his work A Brief and True Report of the New Founde Land of Virginia , written as a report on the colony 's progress to the English government on the request of Raleigh . Viewed by modern historians as propaganda for the colony , this work has become vastly important to Roanoke 's history due to Harriot 's observations on wildlife as well as his depictions of Indian activities at the time of the colony 's disappearance . Harriot reports that relations between the Roanoke Indians and the English settlers were mutually calm and prosperous , contradicting other historical evidence that catalogs the bloody struggles between the Roanoke Indians and both of Raleigh 's commanders , Sir Richard Grenville and his successor , Ralph Lane . Harriot recounts little to none of these accounts in his report to England and does not mention the disorderly state of the colony under either Grenville 's or Lane 's tenure , correctly assuming these facts would prevent Roanoke from gaining more settlers . Harriot 's text did not reach England , or the English press , until 1588 , by which time the fate of the `` Lost Colony '' was sealed in all but name . Investigations into Roanoke Reconstructed fortifications at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site Twelve years went by before Raleigh decided to find out what happened to his colony . Led by Samuel Mace , this 1602 expedition differed from previous voyages in that Raleigh bought his own ship and guaranteed the sailors ' wages so that they would not be distracted by privateering . However , Raleigh still hoped to make money from the trip , and Mace 's ship landed in the Outer Banks to gather aromatic woods or plants such as sassafras that would generate a decent profit back in England . By the time they could turn their attention to the colonists , the weather had turned bad and they were forced to return without even making it to Roanoke Island . By this time , having been arrested for treason , Raleigh was unable to send any further missions . There was one final expedition in 1603 led by Bartholomew Gilbert with the intention of finding Roanoke colonists . Their intended destination was Chesapeake Bay , but bad weather forced them to land in an unspecified location near there . The landing team , including Gilbert himself , was killed by a group of Native Americans for unknown reasons on July 29 . The remaining crew were forced to return to England empty - handed . Meanwhile , the Spanish had different reasons for wanting to find the colony . Knowing of Raleigh 's plans to use Roanoke as a base for privateering , they were hoping to destroy it . Moreover , they had been getting mostly inaccurate reports of activities there , and they imagined the colony to be far more successful than it actually was . In 1590 , they found the remnants of the colony purely by accident , but assumed it was only an outlying base of the main settlement , which they believed was in the Chesapeake Bay area ( John White 's intended location ) . But just as the Anglo - Spanish War prevented White from returning in a timely manner , Spanish authorities in the New World could not muster enough support back home for such a venture . Reports of John Smith and William Strachey Once the Jamestown settlement was established in 1607 , efforts were undertaken by the English to acquire information from the Powhatan tribe about Roanoke . The first definitive information concerning the fate of the Lost Colony came from Captain John Smith , leader of the Jamestown Colony from 1608 to 1609 . According to chronicler Samuel Purchas , Smith learned from Chief Powhatan that he had personally conducted the slaughter of the Roanoke colonists just prior to the arrival of the Jamestown settlers because they were living with the Chesepians , a tribe living in the eastern portion of the present - day South Hampton Roads sub-region who were related to the Pamlico tribe in Carolina and who refused to merge with the Powhatans . This shocking information was reported to England and by the spring of 1609 , King James and the Royal Council were convinced that Chief Powhatan was responsible for the slaughter of the Lost Colony . The second source of Chief Powhatan 's involvement was William Strachey , Secretary of the Jamestown colony in 1610 -- 11 . Strachey 's The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia seemed to confirm Smith 's report and provided additional information : the colonists had been living peacefully among a group of natives beyond Powhatan 's domain for more than twenty years when they were massacred . Furthermore , Powhatan himself seemed to have directed the slaughter because of prophecies by his priests that he would be overthrown by people from that area , and he reportedly produced several English - made iron implements to back his claim . The information from these two sources , John Smith and William Strachey , provides the basis for the traditional view that the Lost Colony was slaughtered by Chief Powhatan , and versions of the Powhatan - Lost Colony - slaughter scenario have persisted for more than 400 years . However , no bodies were found and no archaeological evidence has been found to support this claim . Furthermore , recent re-examination of the Smith and Strachey sources advanced by author and researcher Brandon Fullam has suggested that the massacre described by Powhatan was actually of the 15 people left behind by the first Roanoke expedition , leaving the fate of the second colony still unknown . Hypotheses about the disappearance Integration with local tribes The Francis Nelson ( or Zuniga ) map , c. 1607 As per Smith 's and Strachey 's reports , Dr. David Beers Quinn theorized that the colonists moved north to integrate with the Chesepians that Chief Powhatan claimed to have killed . To make the journey northward , Quinn believed that they used the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings . Naturally , if that were the mode of transportation , the colonists could have gone to live in other locations as well . In her 2000 book Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony , historian Lee Miller postulated that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with the Chowanoke , who were attacked by another tribe , identified by the Jamestown Colony as the `` Mandoag '' ( an Algonquian name commonly given to enemy nations ) . The Mandoag are believed to be either the Tuscarora , an Iroquois - speaking tribe , or the Eno , also known as the Wainoke . The so - called `` Zuniga Map '' ( named for Pedro de Zúñiga , the Spanish ambassador to England , who had secured a copy and passed it on to Philip III of Spain ) , drawn about 1607 by the Jamestown settler Francis Nelson , also gives credence to this claim . The map states `` four men clothed that came from roonock '' were living in an Iroquois site on the Neuse . William Strachey wrote that , at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen , there were reportedly two - story houses with stone walls . The Indians supposedly had learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers . In both cases , as stated above , it is equally possible that these were survivors of Chief Powhatan 's attack on the first Jamestown colonists . There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period . Strachey wrote in 1612 that four English men , two boys and one girl had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc , under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco . Strachey reported that the captives were forced to beat copper and that they had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river , the present - day Chowan River in Bertie County , North Carolina . John Lawson wrote in his 1709 work A New Voyage to Carolina that the Croatans living on Hatteras Island used to live on Roanoke Island and claimed to have white ancestors : A farther Confirmation of this we have from the Hatteras Indians , who either then lived on Ronoak - Island , or much frequented it . These tell us , that several of their Ancestors were white People , and could talk in a Book , as we do ; the Truth of which is confirm 'd by gray Eyes being found frequently amongst these Indians , and no others . They value themselves extremely for their Affinity to the English , and are ready to do them all friendly Offices . It is probable , that this Settlement miscarry 'd for want of timely Supplies from England ; or thro ' the Treachery of the Natives , for we may reasonably suppose that the English were forced to cohabit with them , for Relief and Conversation ; and that in process of Time , they conform 'd themselves to the Manners of their Indian Relations . From the early 17th century to the middle 18th century , European colonists reported encounters with gray - eyed American Indians who claimed descent from the colonists ( although at least one , a story of a Welsh priest who met a Doeg warrior who spoke the Welsh language , is likely to be a hoax ) . Records from French Huguenots who settled along the Tar River in 1696 tell of meeting Tuscaroras with blond hair and blue eyes not long after their arrival . As Jamestown was the nearest English settlement , and they had no record of being attacked by Tuscarora , the likelihood that the origin of those fair - skinned natives was the Lost Colony is high . Fred Willard and Phillip MacMullan believe that the colonists along with the Croatans relocated to villages along the Alligator River in an area known as `` Beechland '' , slightly inland from Roanoke Island . Archeological remains of settlements have been discovered in the area , including coffins with Christian markings on them where there had been no previous record of a grave site , but their hypothesis is mostly based on oral histories and also lacks any definitive evidence . In the late 1880s , North Carolina state legislator Hamilton McMillan discovered that his `` redbones '' ( those of Indian blood ) neighbors in Robeson County claimed to have been descended from the Roanoke settlers . He also noticed that many of the words in their language had striking similarities to obsolete English words . Furthermore , many of the family names were identical to those listed in Hakluyt 's account of the colony . Thus on February 10 , 1885 , convinced that these were the descendants of the Lost Colony , he helped to pass the `` Croatan bill '' , that officially designated the population around Robeson county as Croatan . Two days later on February 12 , 1885 , the Fayetteville Observer published an article regarding the Robeson people 's origins . This article states : They say that their traditions say that the people we call the Croatan Indians ( though they do not recognize that name as that of a tribe , but only a village , and that they were Tuscaroras ) , were always friendly to the whites ; and finding them destitute and despairing of ever receiving aid from England , persuaded them to leave ( Roanoke Island ) , and go to the mainland ... They gradually drifted away from their original seats , and at length settled in Robeson , about the center of the county ... However , the case was far from settled . A similar legend claims that the now extinct Saponi of Person County , North Carolina , are descended from the English colonists of Roanoke Island . However , no documented evidence exists to link the Saponi to the Roanoke colonists . Other tribes claiming partial descent from surviving Roanoke colonists include the Catawba ( who absorbed the Shakori and Eno people ) , and the Coree and the people who call themselves the Lumbee . Samuel A'Court Ashe was convinced that the colonists had relocated westward to the banks of the Chowan River in Bertie County , and Conway Whittle Sams claimed that after being attacked by Wanchese and Powhatan , the colonists scattered to multiple locations : the Chowan River , and south to the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers . Other theories Spanish Another theory is that the Spanish destroyed the colony . Earlier in the century , the Spanish did destroy evidence of the French colony of Fort Charles in coastal South Carolina and then massacred the inhabitants of Fort Caroline , a French colony near present - day Jacksonville , Florida . However , a Spanish attack is unlikely , as the Spanish were still looking for the location of England 's failed colony as late as 1600 , ten years after White discovered that the colony was missing . Dare stones Main article : Dare Stones From 1937 to 1941 , a series of inscribed stones were discovered that were claimed to have been written by Eleanor Dare , mother of Virginia Dare . They told of the travelings of the colonists and their ultimate deaths . Most historians believe that they are a fraud , but there are some today who still believe at least one of the stones to be genuine . Virginia Pars map In May 2011 , Brent Lane of the First Colony Foundation was studying the Virginia Pars Map , which was made by John White during his 1585 visit to Roanoke Island , and noticed two patches where the map had been corrected . The patches are made of paper contemporaneous with that of the map . Lane asked researchers at the British Museum in London , where the map has been kept since 1866 , what might be under the patches , sparking a research investigation . On May 3 , 2012 , at Wilson Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , members of the Foundation and representatives of the museum announced the discovery of `` a large , square - shaped symbol with oddly shaped corners . '' This symbol , presumed to represent a fort , is visible when the map is viewed on a light box . Some scholars speculate that the colonists relocated to that location , on what is now called Salmon Creek in the Bertie County community of Merry Hill . The Scotch Hall Preserve golf course community was planned on the site , but it has not been fully developed . The discovery of new information on the map led to more study of artifacts previously found , as well as additional digs in 2012 and 2014 . Archaeological evidence In 1993 , Hurricane Emily caused numerous relics to appear , and David Phelps of East Carolina University later began digging in the area and found evidence the settlers lived with the native people . In 1998 , East Carolina University organized `` The Croatoan Project '' , an archaeological investigation into the events at Roanoke . The excavation team sent to Hatteras Island uncovered what they believed to be a 10 karat ( 42 % ) gold 16th - century English signet ring , gun flints , and two copper farthings ( produced sometime in the 1670s ) at the site of the ancient Croatan capital , 50 miles ( 80 km ) from the old Roanoke Colony . Genealogists were able to trace the lion crest on the signet ring to the Kendall coat of arms , and concluded that the ring most likely belonged to one Master Kendall who is recorded as having lived in the Roanoke Colony from 1585 to 1586 . If this is the case , the ring represents the first material connection between the Roanoke colonists and the Native Americans on Hatteras Island . However , archaeologist David Phelps did not have the ring tested , and Charles Ewen , who continued Phelps ' work after Phelps retired , had the ring tested and found the ring was brass . Ewen announced his findings in April 2017 . Mark Horton of the University of Bristol said he was not convinced that this news proved the ring did not date to the 16th century . It is also believed that the reason for the extreme deficiency in archaeological evidence is due to shoreline erosion . Since all that was found was a rustic looking fort on the north shore , and this location is well - documented and backed up , it is believed that the settlement must have been nearby . The northern shore , between 1851 and 1970 , lost 928 feet ( 283 m ) because of erosion . If in the years leading up to and following the brief life of the settlement at Roanoke , shoreline erosion was following the same trend , it is likely the site of the dwellings is underwater , along with any artifacts or signs of life . Archaeological investigations continue to find tantalizing clues and funding is being sought to continue recent excavations . Climate factors In 1998 , a team led by climatologist David W. Stahle , of the University of Arkansas and archaeologist Dennis B. Blanton of the College of William and Mary used tree ring cores from 800 - year - old bald cypresses taken from the Roanoke Island area of North Carolina and the Jamestown area of Virginia to reconstruct precipitation and temperature chronologies . The researchers concluded that the settlers of the Lost Colony landed at Roanoke Island in the summer of the worst growing - season drought in 800 years . `` This drought persisted for 3 years , from 1587 to 1589 , and is the driest 3 - year episode in the entire 800 - year reconstruction , '' the team reported in the journal Science . A map shows that `` the Lost Colony drought affected the entire southeastern United States but was particularly severe in the Tidewater region near Roanoke ( Island ) . '' The authors suggested that the Croatan who were shot and killed by the colonists may have been scavenging the abandoned village for food as a result of the drought . Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project The Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project was founded in 2007 by a group led by Roberta Estes , who owns a private DNA - testing company , in order to solve the mystery of the Lost Colony using historical records , migration patterns , oral histories and DNA testing . The project used Y chromosome , Mitochondrial DNA and Autosomal DNA . As of 2016 , they have not yet been able to positively identify any descendants of the colony . In popular culture This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Books The White Doe : The Fate of Virginia Dare ( 1901 ) is one of the many novels about the most settlers of the Roanoke Colony , Virginia Dare , that details the theory of assimilation . In this story , Dare is married off into the Croatan tribe . The Daughter of Virginia Dare ( 1908 ) is another novel about Virginia Dare , in which the author claims Dare to be the mother of Pocahontas . Rising Shore Roanoke ( 2007 ) by Deborah Homsher The Missing Book 3 : Sabotaged ( 2010 ) by Margaret Peterson Haddix Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter by Seth Grahame - Smith , released in 2010 , features a character called Henry , a vampire who was a part of the Roanoke Colony . Through this character , the novel presents a situation in which `` Cro '' referred to the Colony 's Doctor Crowley . In this fictional version of events , the Colony was wiped out by Dr. Crowley , a vampire who then turned Henry into a vampire to be his companion . The Last American Vampire is the 2015 sequel to Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter . This time , the story follows the character , Henry . He reveals that he lied about the death of Virginia Dare and that in truth , he kept her alive and raised her as his own . In this version of events , Dare is still alive and lives on as a vampire . Comics Marvel 1602 , a 2003 comic book series , provides an alternate timeline in which the Roanoke Colony thrived and places many Marvel characters , such as Steve Rogers in this situation . Marvel Comics Presents , an American comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics , included a story in which the responsible of the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony was a Vinland viking settler turned into a vampire circa AD 1000 . Film The dramatic feature , The Legend of Two Path ( 1998 ) , recounts the arrival of the English settlers from the viewpoint of the Native Americans of Roanoke Island in 1584 . 2004 crime thriller Mindhunters is about someone who goes missing from a group of FBI trainees , only to be found in the Lost Colony after leaving the word ' Croatoan ' behind as a clue . Wraiths of Roanoke , otherwise known as The Lost Colony is a 2007 Sci Fi original movie the features the perspective of Ananias Dare , the father of Virginia and the one John White leaves in charge of the Colony while he is gone . In this fictional story , Vikings are responsible for the Colony 's disappearance , and the victims become ghosts that haunt the island . Ananias Dare defeats the ghosts and sends Virginia away from the island , who is then raised by Manteo , the Croatan . TV Stephen King 's 1999 miniseries , Storm of the Century is loosely based on the story of the Roanoke Colony and offers a theory as to what happened . In cancelled TV series , FreakyLinks ( 2000 ) , character Embry 's brother dies whilst investigating the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony . Virginia Dare is alive as a demonic being in this story who is revealed to have been responsible for killing off the Roanoke Colony . In 2005 TV series Haven , a character dreams of the Roanoke Colony . The word ' Croatoan ' comes to symbolize a monster . The first season of Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 ) connects The Legend of Sleepy Hollow to the story of the Roanoke Colony . In this adaptation , the Horseman of Pestilence supposedly visited Roanoke Island and infected its inhabitants with plague . Virginia Dare became a ghost and led her fellow settlers to Upstate New York where they continue to haunt to this day . American Horror Story : Roanoke , which came out in 2016 , is the sixth season of American Horror Story , features the colonists from real life as spirits that haunt North Carolina due to a deal that John White 's wife made with a witch . As a result , they must perform blood rituals and murder people during the month of October . Internet `` The Mysterious Disappearance of the Roanoke Colony '' , released on November 17 , 2017 , is an episode of BuzzFeed Unsolved : Supernatural in which the various theories that surround the disappearance are discussed . See also List of colonists at Roanoke Charlesfort - Santa Elena Site List of people who disappeared mysteriously Timeline of the colonization of North America References Jump up ^ `` Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh March 25 , 1584 '' . University of Groningen . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , David B. ( February 1985 ) . Set Fair for Roanoke : Voyages and Colonies , 1584 -- 1606 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4123 - 5 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.designhammer.com , Website graphic design and web development by DesignHammer Media Group LLC , Building Smarter Websites . `` North Carolina History Project : Roanoke Island '' . www.northcarolinahistory.org . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kupperman , Karen Ordahl ( January 25 , 1984 ) . Roanoke , The Abandoned Colony . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 7339 - 1 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Campbell - Dollaghan , Kelsey . `` New Discoveries Could Explain What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Handbook to Roanoke Revisited '' . Fort Raleigh National Historic Site . National Park Service . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Milton , Giles ( October 19 , 2001 ) . Big Chief Elizabeth : The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42018 - 5 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Blacker , Irwin ( 1965 ) . Hakluyt 's Voyages : The Principle Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation . New York : The Viking Press . p. 522 . Jump up ^ Lane , Ralph . `` The Account by Ralph Lane . An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Roanoke by Richard Grenville under the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same , from the 17 . of August 1585 . until the 18 . of June 1586 . at which time they departed the Countrey ; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh '' . Old South Leaflets ( General Series ) ; No. 119 . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller p 104 ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Walter Lynwood ( 1909 ) . The South in the Building of the Nation : History of the States . The Southern historical publication society . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Lee ( 2000 ) . Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony . Arcade Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 584 - 4 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fullam , Brandon The Lost Colony of Roanoke : New Perspectives , Chapt. 3 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6786 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Grizzard , Frank E. ; Smith , D. Boyd ( 2007 ) . Jamestown Colony : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 637 - 4 . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neville , John D . `` The John White Colony '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Harriot , Thomas . Nina Baym , ed . A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia . The Norton Anthology of American Literature . Jump up ^ Zandt , Cynthia J. Van ( 2008 - 07 - 08 ) . Brothers Among Nations : The Pursuit of Intercultural Alliances in Early America , 1580 -- 1660 . Oxford University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780199720552 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Parramore , Thomas C. ; Stewart , Peter C. ; Bogger , Tommy L. ( April 2000 ) . Norfolk : The First Four Centuries . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1988 - 1 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Strachey , William ( 1612 ) . The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia : Expressing the cosmographie and commodities of the country , togither with the manners and customes of the people . Hakluyt Society . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gabriel - Powell , Andy ( October 14 , 2016 ) . Richard Grenville and the Lost Colony of Roanoke . McFarland . pp. 118 -- 120 . ISBN 9781476626680 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McMullan , Jr. , Philip S. `` A Search for the Lost Colony in Beechland '' . The Lost Colony Center for Science and Research . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fullam , Brandon The Lost Colony of Roanoke : New Perspectives. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6786 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Smallwood , Arwin D. ( October 16 , 2002 ) . Bertie County : An Eastern Carolina History . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 2395 - 8 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Douglas ( August 31 , 2010 ) . Half Moon : Henry Hudson and the Voyage That Redrew the Map of the New World . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 098 - 0 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stick , David ( November 1983 ) . Roanoke Island , The Beginnings of English America . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4110 - 5 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Warner , Charles Dudley , Captain John Smith , 1881 . Repr. in Captain John Smith ; Project Gutenberg Text ; accessed April 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lawson , John ( 1709 ) . A New Voyage to Carolina . London . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Williams , Gwyn A. ( 1979 ) . Madoc , The Making of a Myth . Eyre Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 39450 - 7 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Croatan Indians of Robeson '' . Fayetteville Observer ( SUBSCRIPTION REQUIRED ) . February 12 , 1885 . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ La Vere , David ( July 2009 ) . `` The 1937 Chowan River ' Dare Stone ' : A Re-evaluation '' . North Carolina Historical Review . Jump up ^ `` Ancient map gives clue to fate of ' Lost Colony ' '' . Science News . The Telegraph . 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Price , Jay ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Old map offers new clues to fate of the Lost Colony '' . The Charlotte Observer . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Martha ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Researchers hopeful that NC site is that of Lost Colony '' . News & Observer . Associated Press . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Jeff ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Artifacts show Lost Colony settlers lived with natives '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Family Crest on Sixteenth - Century Gold Ring Tentatively Identified '' . Roanoke Colonies Research Newsletter . East Carolina University . May 1999 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Croatan Dig 1998 -- 1999 Season '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2000 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Croatan 16 '' . Jump up ^ Duncan , Charles ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` A simple lab test throws doubt on ' Lost Colony ' theories '' . News & Observer . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Andrew ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Mystery of Roanoke Endures Yet Another Cruel Twist '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Robert ; Kenton Bosserman ( September 1972 ) . `` Shoreline Erosion and the Lost Colony '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 62 ( 3 ) : 424 -- 426 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1972. tb00875. x . Jump up ^ Emery , Theo ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Roanoke Island Colony : Lost , and Found ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Stahle , David W. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` The Lost Colony and Jamestown Droughts '' . Science . 280 ( 5363 ) : 564 -- 567 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 280.5363. 564 . PMID 9554842 . Jump up ^ Caroline Lee Heuer ; Jonathon T. Overpeck . `` Drought : A Paleo Perspective -- Lost Colony and Jamestown Drought '' . Ncdc.noaa.gov . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephenie Koehn , `` DNA pro at work on an old mystery / Brighton area woman a part of Lost Colony research '' , The Ann Arbor News , ( Ann Arbor , MI ) , 27 July 2007 , hosted at Lost Colony website Jump up ^ Kaminski , Len ( w ) , Heck , Don ( p ) , Ivy , Chris ( i ) , Ivy , Chris ( col ) , Starkings , Richard ( let ) , Kavanagh , Terry ) ( ed ) . `` Norse Blood '' Marvel Comics Presents 63 : 25 ( November 1990 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics Further reading Hariot , Thomas , John White and John Lawson ( 1999 ) . A Vocabulary of Roanoke . Evolution Publishing : Merchantville , NJ . ISBN 1 - 889758 - 81 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) This volume contains practically everything known about the Croatan language spoken on Roanoke Island . Miller , Lee , Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony Retrieved April 2011 Giles Milton ( 2000 ) . Big Chief Elizabeth . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 26501 - 1 . Critically acclaimed account , based on contemporary travel accounts from 1497 -- 1611 , of attempts to establish a colony in the Roanoke area . Milton is also the author of the 2013 children 's fictional work , Children of the Wild , which tells the story of the colony through the eyes of four English children . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roanoke Colony . The finding of Raleigh 's lost colony ( 1907 ) The Lost Colony of Roanoke loses its portrait of Queen Elizabeth I Kingdom of England History Timeline Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Anglo - Normans Angevin Empire England in the Late Middle Ages Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Union of the Crowns Overseas possessions Gunpowder Plot Jacobean era Civil War Interregnum Commonwealth of England The Protectorate Restoration Popish Plot Glorious Revolution Maritime history Economy in the Middle Ages Union with Scotland Royal Houses Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange - Nassau Politics Law Witenagemot Curia regis Parliament House of Lords House of Commons Monarchy Council of State Lord Protector Peerage Privy Council Ministries Secretary of State Governance Elizabethan Star Chamber Whigs Tories Acts of Parliament : to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 1642 -- 1660 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Military Anglo - Saxon military Warfare English Army New Model Army Royal Navy Ships History Geography Counties Islands Places Towns Castles Palaces Demographics English language English people list Culture Religion Church of England Cuisine Folklore Morris dance Country dance Architecture Anglo - Saxon English Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Queen Anne Georgian Symbols National flag ( list ) Heraldry Coat of arms College of Arms Royal badges Royal supporters Royal standards Crown Jewels Tudor rose Oak tree St George St George 's Day Articles on the history of England Coordinates : 35 ° 55 ′ 42 '' N 75 ° 42 ′ 15 '' W / 35.928259 ° N 75.704098 ° W / 35.928259 ; - 75.704098 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roanoke_Colony&oldid=843591647 '' Categories : Roanoke Colony Colonial North Carolina Colonization history of the United States Colonial United States ( British ) English colonization of the Americas Former English colonies Dare County , North Carolina Elizabeth I of England History of the Thirteen Colonies 1580s in North America 1580s in the British Empire Pre-statehood history of North Carolina Ghost towns in North Carolina Lost cities and towns Missing people Unexplained disappearances States and territories established in 1585 States and territories disestablished in the 1590s 1585 establishments in North America 1590s disestablishments in North America 1585 establishments in the British Empire 1590s disestablishments in England 16th century in North America 1590s missing person cases Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the lost colony of roanoke located	[ "The Roanoke Colony (/ˈroʊəˌnoʊk/), also known as the Lost Colony, was established in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is today's Dare County, North Carolina. It was a late 16th-century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in North America. The colony was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh." ]	[ "on Roanoke Island in what is today's Dare County, North Carolina" ]
6508952924946725778	Athlone	Athlone - wikipedia Athlone Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Athlone ( disambiguation ) . Athlone Baile Átha Luain Town The River Shannon and the Church of Saints Peter and Paul Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : Urbes Stant Legibus Athlone Location in Ireland Coordinates : 53 ° 26 ′ 00 '' N 7 ° 57 ′ 00 '' W / 53.4333 ° N 7.9500 ° W / 53.4333 ; - 7.9500 Coordinates : 53 ° 26 ′ 00 '' N 7 ° 57 ′ 00 '' W / 53.4333 ° N 7.9500 ° W / 53.4333 ; - 7.9500 Country Ireland Province Leinster and Connacht County County Westmeath and County Roscommon Dáil Éireann Longford -- Westmeath Area Total 10.92 km ( 4.22 sq mi ) Elevation 56 m ( 184 ft ) Population ( 2016 ) Total 21,349 Density 2,000 / km ( 5,100 / sq mi ) Time zone WET ( UTC ± 0 ) Summer ( DST ) IST ( UTC + 1 ) Eircode routing key N37 Telephone area code + 353 ( 0 ) 90 Irish Grid Reference N033420 Website athlone.ie Athlone ( / æθˈloʊn / ; Irish : Baile Átha Luain , meaning `` town of Luan 's ford '' ) is a town on the River Shannon near the southern shore of Lough Ree in Ireland . It is the second most populous town in the Midlands Region with a population of 21,349 in the 2016 census , and is considered the commercial capital of the Midlands . Most of the town lies on the east bank of the river ; however , by the terms of the Local Government Act of 1898 , six townlands on the west bank of the Shannon were deemed to be part of the town and , therefore , part of County Westmeath . The 2016 census recorded the population of the town at 21,349 , a 5.9 % increase from 2011 . Recent growth has also occurred outside the town 's boundaries . Athlone is near the geographical centre of Ireland , which is 8.85 kilometres ( 5.50 mi ) north - northwest of the town , in the area of Carnagh East in County Roscommon . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Location and access 2.1 River 2.2 Rail 2.3 Bus 2.4 Road 3 Culture 4 Literature 5 Tourism and amenities 5.1 Greenway 6 Education and industry 7 Broadcasting 8 Sport 9 People 10 Twin towns 11 See also 12 Notes and references 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Athlone ( show ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1821 7,543 -- 1831 11,406 + 51.2 % 1841 6,393 − 44.0 % 1851 6,199 − 3.0 % 1861 5,902 − 4.8 % 1871 6,565 + 11.2 % 1881 6,755 + 2.9 % 1891 6,742 − 0.2 % 1901 6,617 − 1.9 % 1911 7,472 + 12.9 % 1926 7,540 + 0.9 % 1936 7,257 − 3.8 % 1946 8,379 + 15.5 % 1951 9,015 + 7.6 % 1956 10,369 + 15.0 % 1961 10,767 + 3.8 % 1966 10,987 + 2.0 % 1971 11,611 + 5.7 % 1981 14,426 + 24.2 % 1986 15,571 + 7.9 % 1991 15,358 − 1.4 % 15,544 + 1.2 % 2002 15,936 + 2.5 % 2006 17,544 + 10.1 % 2011 20,153 + 14.9 % 2016 21,349 + 5.9 % Athlone Castle is the geographical and historical centre of Athlone . Throughout its early history , the ford of Athlone was strategically important , as south of Athlone the Shannon is impassable until Clonmacnoise , where the Esker Riada meets the Shannon , while to the north it flows into Lough Ree . In 1001 Brian Bóru sailed his army up river from Kincora and through Lough Derg to attend a gathering in Athlone . A bridge was built across the river in the 12th century , approximately 100 metres ( 330 ft ) south of the current structure . To protect the bridge , a fort was constructed on the river 's west bank , within Athlone , by Turloch Mór Ó Conor . On a number of occasions both the fort and bridge were subject to attacks , and towards the end of the 12th century the Anglo - Normans constructed a motte - and - bailey fortification there . This earthen fort was followed by a stone structure built in 1210 by Justiciar John de Gray . The 12 - sided donjon , or tower , dates from this time ; however , the rest of the original castle was largely destroyed during the Siege of Athlone and subsequently rebuilt and enlarged . Throughout the wars that wracked Ireland in the 17th century , Athlone contained the vital , main bridge over the River Shannon into Connacht . During the Irish Confederate Wars ( 1641 -- 53 ) , the town was held by Irish Confederate troops until it was taken by Charles Coote in late 1650 , who attacked the town from the west , having crossed into Connacht at Sligo . Forty years later , during the pan-European War of the Grand Alliance ( 1688 -- 97 ) , the town was again of key strategic importance . This time around , Athlone was one of the Jacobite strongholds that defended the river - crossings into the confederate - held Province of Connacht following the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690 . That same year , Colonel Richard Grace 's Jacobite forces in Athlone repelled an attack by 10,000 men led by Commander Douglas . In the following year 's campaign , the Siege of Athlone saw a further assault by a larger allied force , during which the invading troops of King William and Queen Mary eventually overran the entire city . The defenders were forced to flee further west , toward the River Suck , at such speed that eyewitness accounts record that they `` flung their cannons into the morass '' as they fled . The most recently discovered account of the Siege of Athlone , written after the attack , on 5 July 1691 , was found in 2004 in an archive in the Netherlands . The account was penned by the victorious commanding officer from the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , general lieutenant Godard van Reede , in letters written to his family in mainland Europe . In the account , the commanding allied officer reported that half of the city 's defenders retreated westward , towards the rest of their army , leaving almost 2,000 dead within the city walls and more than 100 taken prisoner , including dozens of officers . In the 1970s it was proposed in the Republican Éire Nua programme to make Athlone the capital city of a federal United Ireland . This proposal is still upheld by the Republican Sinn Féin . Athlone Castle , Church of Saints Peter and Paul and the River Shannon Location and access ( edit ) St Mary 's Catholic Church The part of the town that lies east of the Shannon is in the province of Leinster , the county of Westmeath , the barony of Brawny , and the civil parish of St Mary 's . Unusually , the barony is coterminous with a single civil parish . In terms of ecclesiastical boundaries , the eastern past of the town is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise and the parish of St Mary 's . There are several others churches in the town including the imposing St Peter and St Pauls , a Franciscan friary and a chapel of the Society of Saint Pius X . Church of Saints Peter and Paul However , seven townlands , or sections of the town , lie west of the Shannon : Athlone and Big Meadow , Bellaugh , Bogganfin , Canal and Banks , Doovoge , part of Monksland , and Ranelagh . Although surrounded by County Roscommon in the province of Connacht , they are designated as part of County Westmeath to preserve the integrity of the town . These townlands lie in St Peter 's civil parish in the barony of Athlone South . In terms of ecclesiastical boundaries , the townlands west of the Shannon are part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Elphin and the parish of Saints Peter and Paul . River ( edit ) Pleasure cruisers exiting the Athlone canal by the weir on the Shannon . June 2013 Athlone is a popular stop for pleasure craft along the River Shannon . Lough Ree , the largest lake on the Shannon , is a short distance upstream from Athlone , and many boat companies are based out of the town . For craft to pass through Athlone , it is necessary to use a lock in the river , which beside the weir and downstream of the current road bridge . The lock , weir , and bridge were all constructed by the Shannon navigation commissioners in the 1840s . Before then , boats used a canal , about a mile and a half long , to the west of the river . The canal was built by Thomas Omer for the Commissioners of Inland Navigation . Work started in 1757 and involved the work of over 300 men . Omer built a single lock , 120 ′ X 19 ′ with a rise of 4.5 ′ , but there was also a guard lock , further upstream , with a single set of gates to protect the canal against floods . There were also two lay - bys , or harbours , one above the lock and another at the upstream end . The old canal is no longer navigable . Rail ( edit ) Athlone railway station opened on 3 October 1859 , with Irish Rail services travelling eastwards to Portarlington , Kildare and Dublin Heuston and westwards to the Westport / Ballina lines as well as to Athenry , Oranmore and Galway . Connections from Athlone via a train transfer at Athenry railway station extend to Ennis and Limerick , while a transfer at Portarlington connects Limerick Junction and Limerick . There are trains from Portarlington to Mallow , and from Mallow to Cork , Killarney , Farranfore and Tralee . Travel between Athlone and Killdare enables connections to Carlow , Kilkenny and Waterford . Bus ( edit ) In Athlone , Bus Éireann , the national bus operator , operates beside the railway station and provides an hourly service to Dublin and Galway . Other services provide transport to Limerick , Dundalk , Waterford , Cavan , Belfast , Longford and Roscommon . The town is also home to a number of privately operated services , including the Flagline bus company , which operates local bus routes as well as service to Tullamore . Bus Éireann also operates a local Athlone bus service . The local services are as follows : Route 459 : Bus Station , Willow Park ( Norwood Court ) via Golden Island Shopping Centre , Dublin Road and Athlone Institute Of Technology ; and Route 459A : Monksland ( River Village ) ; Garrycastle ( Moydrum Road ) via Galway Road , St. Peter 's Avenue , Saint Anne 's Terrace , the Batteries , Connaught Street , Northgate Street , Bus Station , Golden Island Shopping Centre , Dublin Road and Athlone Institute of Technology . Road ( edit ) The town is situated on the N6 road connecting Galway to Dublin . The route follows a dual carriageway bypass of Athlone around the northern side of the town , crossing the River Shannon into County Roscommon . A number of national secondary roads connect Athlone with other towns and regions . The N55 road connects the town with Ballymahon and Cavan , the N61 road connects it with Roscommon , and the N62 road connects it with Birr , Roscrea , and Southern Ireland . The M6 motorway connects the town directly with Dublin and Galway , cutting travelling and commuting time considerably . Taxi service is widely available throughout the area . Culture ( edit ) Athlone was once almost described as the most culturally significant but long neglected town west of Athens . There are three theatres in Athlone , the Dean Crowe Theatre & Arts Centre , the Little Theatre , and Passionfruit Theatre . RTÉ All - Ireland Drama Festival takes place annually in Athlone , bringing together nine amateur drama groups from across Ireland . The festival is supported by an active fringe which involves street theatre , art exhibitions , workshops and events for young people . Athlone Literary Festival is an annual event which began in 1999 , originally as a weekend celebration of the life and works of John Broderick , but which now features a great variety of speakers and debaters . Count John McCormack was born in Athlone , and for many years , an annual festival held in the town has celebrated this world - renowned tenor . Athlone School of Music opened in 2005 , and is a grant aided project aimed at developing music education and services in the Midlands region . Abbey Road Artists ' Studios launched in 2011 in a unique building constructed in 1841 . The studios offer a dedicated space in Athlone for local and visiting artists . The artists ' studios consist of four individual artists ' studios as well as a large multi-purpose upstairs space suitable for a variety of community cultural events , including exhibitions , performances , workshops and seminars . The Abbey Road artists ' studios work closely with the Luan Art Gallery . In 1954 , Athlone became the first branch of the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland and the town had a large part in the organisation 's creation . Literature ( edit ) American crime writer James M. Cain refers to Athlone in his 1937 book , Serenade , in a passage where two characters discuss tenor John McCormack : `` -- There 's the language he was born to . John McCormack comes from Dublin '' . `` He does not . He comes from Athlone '' . `` Did n't he live in Dublin ? '' . `` No Matter . They speak a fine brogue in Athlone , almost as fine as in Belfast '' . `` It 's a fine brogue , but it 's not brogue . It 's the English language as it was spoken before all the other countries of the world forgot how to speak it . There 's two things a singer ca n't buy , beg or steal , and that no teacher , coach or conductor can give him . One is his voice , the other is the language that was born in his mouth . When McCormack was singing Handel he was singing English , and he sings it as no American and no Englishman will ever sing English '' . The Irish poet Aubrey Thomas de Vere wrote a poem The Ballad of Athlone which is an account of an incident in the 1691 siege . Tourism and amenities ( edit ) The promenade on the River Shannon is popular among anglers , birdwatchers and swimmers . The lake shore is accessed from Coosan Point and Hodson Bay . The town is also home to Lough Ree Yacht Club . Remains of the abbey at Athlone Owing to its easy accessibility and large choice of shops , Athlone is the main retail destination for residents in the Midlands region of Ireland . The vibrant town centre extends from Church Street in the west to Sean Costello Street in the east . The centre is flanked by the Athlone town centre , a modern shopping centre , built in 2007 , containing 54 shops , cafes and the four star Sheraton Athlone Hotel . South of the city centre is the other shopping centre , the Golden Island Shopping Centre , which opened in 1997 . Golden Island Shopping Centre , opened 1997 View looking west from the town centre Athlone has many hotels including the Sheraton Athlone Hotel , The Shamrock Lodge Hotel , The Prince of Wales Hotel , the Athlone Springs Hotel and the Hodson Bay Hotel . St. Mary 's Church of Ireland in Church Street Athlone Regional Sports Centre is a sports facility within the town , which was established May 2002 and developed by the Town Council . The facility contains a swimming pool , gym and AstroTurf pitches . Sean 's Bar , located on the west bank of the river , is listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest pub in Europe . Athlone Castle reopened in 2012 following a multi-million euro renovation to transform the castle into a state - of - the - art , multi-sensory visitor experience . It features eight newly designed exhibition spaces containing both a chronological and thematic sequence , including 3D maps , audio - visual installations , and illustrations by renowned illustrator Victor Ambrus . Ambrus is best known for his work on Channel 4 's television series Time Team . In 2012 , the Luan Gallery , a multi-million euro contemporary art gallery opened in the town . The gallery is the first purpose - built , modern visual art gallery located in the Midlands . It was designed by Keith Williams , who also designed the Athlone Town Civic Centre . The gallery was opened by Jimmy Deenihan , the Minister for Arts , Heritage and the Gaeltacht . The Luan opened with an exhibition from the Irish Museum of Modern Art , featuring the work of several national and international artists . Other attractions for visitors are the Glendeer Open Farm and the Viking Cruise of the Shannon . Athlone is also home to Baysports , located near the Hodson Bay Hotel . Baysports is a boat training and water spots centre and it also has the world 's largest floating inflatable water slide as awarded by The Guinness Book of World Records . The town 's tourist office is located on Church Street . Greenway ( edit ) Main article : Dublin - Galway Greenway The Dublin - Galway Greenway will run through Athlone . The disused Athlone - Mullingar Railway has been inaugurated to form part of the greenway in the east and a new bridge is planned to be built for bicycle and pedestrian traffic beside the Luan Gallery . Education and industry ( edit ) Athlone on the Shannon Athlone 's major employers include Alkermes , a pharmaceutical company that succeeded Elan in Athlone ; Bioclin Laboratories , another pharmaceutical company ; Ericsson , a telecommunications business ; Tyco Healthcare , a medical equipment supplier ; Utah Medical , another medical equipment supplier ; Pharmaplaz , another pharmaceutical company ; Alienware , a computer hardware business ; ICT Eurotel , a contact centre ; and Athlone Extrusions , a polymer supplier . Athlone is the regional centre for a large number of state - run and semi-state - run organisations . The Department of Education , State Examinations Commission , Revenue Commissioners , FÁS Midlands Region , Bus Éireann , Iarnród Éireann , IDA Ireland and Enterprise Ireland all have bases in the town . Athlone is also a major Irish military centre , as the Custume Barracks , which lie on the west bank of the Shannon in the town , is the headquarters of the Western Command of the Irish Army . The Athlone Institute of Technology ( AIT ) is the regional third level college . Athlone forms part of the Midlands Gateway , an in - progress infrastructure initiative , along with Mullingar and Tullamore . Alongside the Waterford Institute of Technology , AIT aims to attain university status , as there is no institution providing university - level education in the Irish Midlands . The AIT has a campus size of 44 acres , and has new , purpose - built facilities include the Hospitality , Tourism and Leisure Studies building , built in 2003 ; the Nursing and Health Science building , built in 2005 ; the Midlands Innovation and Research Centre , also built in 2005 ; the Engineering and Informatics building , built in 2010 ; and the Postgraduate Research Hub , also built in 2010 . RTÉ 's Midlands studio and office are located at AIT . The Athlone Institute of Technology has memorandum of understanding with the Rio de Janeiro State University , one of the largest universities in the Brazilian city . AIT also has agreements with the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais , one of the largest Brazilian private universities . The Institute also founded agreements with two leading Beijing universities , the Capital University of Economics and Business and the Beijing Union University . The agreements were signed by the Chinese Ambassador to Ireland and university representatives . Other agreements exist between the AIT and TVTC , in Saudi Arabia , and a memorandum of understanding exists with the Georgia Institute of Technology . Further agreements exist with the Bharati Vidyapeeth , one of the largest universities in India . There are three major secondary schools in the Athlone area , the Athlone Community College , a coeducational school ; Our Lady 's Bower School , a girls ' school ; Marist College , a boys ' school ; Coláiste Chiaráin , the new secondary school resulting from the amalgamation of St. Aloysius ' College and St Joseph 's College , Summerhill . In June 2010 , Taoiseach Brian Cowen announced his support of the proposed European and Chinese training hub in Athlone . In May 2012 , the project was given the go - ahead by An Bord Pleanála . When completed , it will comprise a total of nine exhibition halls , nine smaller independent exhibition buildings , one temporary exhibition space , several offices , administrative services , some living quarters , hotels , shops , restaurants , pubs , a school and railway station . Broadcasting ( edit ) Athlone Town Centre shopping centre . Between 1931 and 1975 the main radio transmission centre for Irish radio was located at Moydrum , Athlone ( 53 ° 25 ′ 14 '' N 7 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W / 53.42056 ° N 7.88111 ° W / 53.42056 ; - 7.88111 ) . The original call sign was 2RN , a wordplay on the song `` Come back to Erin '' . The station subsequently became known as `` Radio Athlone '' and could clearly be heard throughout Europe , and as far away as Moscow . This changed as bandwidth allocations were accorded at the Helsinki Declaration . The station originally operated at a power of 60 kW , which during the 1950s , was increased to 100 kW . For antenna , a T - antenna was and is still used , which spins between two 100 - metre tall guyed masts with square cross sections and which are insulated against ground . Many old radio sets in Europe had the `` Athlone '' dial position marked near the end of their tuning scales . In the late 1970s the station reopened on a new dial position of 612 kHz for `` Radio 2 '' , later known as RTÉ 2fm . Moydrum was also the location of Ireland 's short - lived Shortwave international radio service , which was closed down in 1948 due to lack of money . Today , RTÉ 's Midlands studios are located in Athlone , at St. Mary 's Square . The local radio station is Midlands 103 . Many also tune into the Shannonside station . A new radio station , i102 - 104fm , has recently been launched , geared to the 18 -- 34 age group of the Midlands and Northeast . The Athlone Community Taskforce and several members of the Roscommon community radio station , RosFM , have begun broadcasting from the Athlone area under the banner of Athlone Community Radio . Their first broadcast was on 15 March 2008 and the broadcasts were originally set to run every Saturday and Sunday for the following 15 weeks , until their temporary licence expired . They received a 10 - year licence on 14 January 2011 from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland , and they currently broadcast on the frequency of 88.4 FM . Sport ( edit ) The Athlone IT International Arena in Athlone In addition to being home to the Athlone Regional Sports Centre , the town has a variety of sporting organisations . Namely , there is the Athlone Town Football Club , who play their home games at Athlone Town Stadium in Lissywollen , an arena with a 5,000 person capacity . The Athlone Town Football Club won the League of Ireland Championship in 1981 and 1983 , as well as the FAI Cup in 1924 . The team also qualified for the 1975 -- 76 UEFA Cup , where they played 0 -- 0 against AC Milan . The newly opened , ten million Euro , Athlone IT International Arena , is now Ireland 's first world class indoor athletics arena , boasting a floor space of nearly 10,000 square metres . The arena was opened by Taoiseach Enda Kenny , and has been admired by sporting legends such as Sonia O'Sullivan . It has also hailed by Senator Eamonn Coghlan as the `` best news story in Irish athletics history '' . Athlone hosted the European Triathlon Championships in 2010 , when approximately 5,000 athletes participated in the event . Alistair Brownlee of Great Britain won the event . Two years later he won a gold medal in the triathlon at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . Athlone is home to several Gaelic football teams , including Tubberclair GAA , Garrycastle GAA , and Athlone GAA , with St. Brigids ( Roscommon ) GAA and Clann na nGael GAA being located outside Athlone itself . Garrycastle GAA qualified for the 2012 All - Ireland Senior Club Football Championship for the first time in the club 's history by beating Connacht Champions , St. Brigids GAA , in an all - Athlone semi-final . Garrycastle eventually lost the final to Crossmaglen Rangers in a replay of the final , the first match having ended in a draw by a scoreline of 1 -- 12 to 0 -- 15 . Athlone is also home to Buccaneers RFC , whose the club 's grounds are at Dubarry Park . Dubarry Park , with a 10,000 person capacity , is also home to the Connacht Eagles , the team that represents Connacht in the British and Irish Cup and in the All Ireland Inter-provincial Championship . The European Capital of Sport awarded Athlone the title of European Town of Sport for 2013 . People ( edit ) The Earls of Athlone Pat Barlow , ( 1914 -- 1986 ) professional footballer . Paul Brock , ( 1989 -- ) accordionist . John Broderick , ( 1924 -- 1989 ) Irish novelist . James J. Browne , the current president of the National University of Ireland , Galway . Michael Joseph Curley , ( 1879 -- 1947 ) Catholic Archbishop and educationalist . Stephen Donohoe , ( 1984 -- ) jockey and sailor . Thomas Duffy , ( 1806 - 1868 ) recipient of the Victoria Cross . Lisa Dwan , ( 1977 -- ) actress . Jimmy Elliott , ( 1838 -- 1883 ) Irish - American world heavyweight boxing champion from 1865 to 1868 . Thomas Flynn , ( 1842 -- 1892 ) an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross . John Ellard Gore , ( 1845 -- 1910 ) astronomer one of the founding members of British Astronomical Association . Robbie Henshaw , ( 1993 -- ) Irish rugby union player . Henry Kelly , ( 1946 - ) journalist and television presenter , born in Athlone . Declan Lynch , ( 1961 -- ) novelist and playwright . David Madigan , ( 1962 -- ) statistician . John McCormack , ( 1884 - 1945 ) tenor . Nicky McFadden , ( 1962 -- 2014 ) Teachta Dála . Seán McLoughlin , ( 1990 -- ) popular YouTube game commentator known by the name of Jacksepticeye . Stefan Molyneux , ( 1966 -- ) host of Freedomain Radio . T.P. O'Connor , ( 1848 -- 1929 ) journalist and Member of Parliament . Caroline O'Donnell , ( 1974 -- ) architect and author . Mary O'Rourke , ( 1937 -- ) a politician of various ministry roles and an author . Richard Rothwell , ( 1800 -- 1868 ) a nineteenth - century Irish portrait and genre painter . Marcus Seoige , ( 1976 -- ) actor . Brendan Shine , ( 1947 -- ) folk / country singer . George Thomas Stokes , ( 1843 -- 1898 ) ecclesiastical historian . Twin towns ( edit ) Chateaubriant , France See also ( edit ) History of Athlone Athlone Pursuivant Sean 's Bar Mullingar Tullamore Corlea Trackway List of towns and villages in Ireland Market Houses in Ireland Midlands Gateway Midland Railway Action Group RTÉ Radio Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Central Statistics Office . Retrieved : 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ P.W. Joyce . `` Local historians describe it as The Ford of the Moon '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2005 . Jump up ^ http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp2tc/cp2pdm/pd/ Jump up ^ Athlone West Unban Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine . - LED Jump up ^ `` Census.cso.ie '' . 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions Archived 28 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Ordnance Survey Ireland . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Census for post 1821 figures . Archived 20 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Cso.ie . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ NISRA -- Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency ( c ) 2013 Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Nisranew.nisra.gov.uk ( 27 September 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , JJ ( 1981 ) . `` Pre-famine '' . In Goldstrom , J.M. ; Clarkson , L.A. Irish Population , Economy , and Society : Essays in Honour of the Late K.H. Connell . Oxford , England : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Mokyr , Joel ; O Grada , Cormac ( November 1984 ) . `` New Developments in Irish Population History , 1700 -- 1850 '' . The Economic History Review . 37 ( 4 ) : 473 -- 488 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1984. tb00344. x . Jump up ^ `` 5 Jul 1691 , From the Army Camp at Athloon ( sic ) : letter from Godard van Reede , general lieutenant of their majesties of England combined forces at land and at sea in Ireland 1690 -- 1691 , to his father , a multimedia webcast of a live broadcast by Ballinasloe Community Radio 102.8 FM '' . 10 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Fagan Jack , `` Sinn Fein ( Kevin Street ) Plan for New Ireland '' , Irish Times , June 29 , 1972 ( pp. 1 , 7 ) . Jump up ^ Placenames Database of Ireland - Barony of Brawny Jump up ^ Official website of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . - St Mary 's parish Jump up ^ Placenames Database of Ireland - Barony of Athlone South Jump up ^ Roman Catholic Diocese of Elphin Archived 9 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . - parish of Saints Peter and Paul Jump up ^ Ruth Delany , The Shannon Navigation , Lilliput Press , Dublin 2008 . Jump up ^ `` www.railbrit.co.uk '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Abbey Road Artist 's Studios Exhibition Space Athlone Art and Heritage Ltd Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Athloneartandheritage.ie . Jump up ^ IWAI -- Chronology Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Iwai.ie . Jump up ^ Michael Scott , architect : in ( casual ) conversation with Dorothy Walker Michael Scott , Dorothy Walker The Ritz Cinema , one of the finest provincial cinemas in the country , is located in an historic spot between the old and the new bridges in Athlone 's very centre . To build a cinema In this particular position wu a problem , particularly on account of Ita proximity to the Shannon . The building ; had to be constructed on the fllled - in banki of the river , and it waa , therefore , essential that the structure , though as . light as possible , should be extremely strong and safe ... Jump up ^ `` The Ballad of Athlone '' . Ask About Ireland . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Irishman 's Diary '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.sheratonathlonehotel.com/ Jump up ^ `` Athlone Towncentre - Stylish shopping in the heart of Ireland '' . Athlone Towncentre Shopping Centre . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sean 's Bar , Athlone -- Oldest Pub in Ireland Archived 4 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Irelandlogue.com ( 4 August 2007 ) . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Athlone Castle Now Open news Athlone Art and Heritage Ltd Archived 14 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Athloneartandheritage.ie ( 6 November 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Athlone 's new € 3.4 m art gallery to open tomorrow Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Westmeath Independent . ( 28 November 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Luan Art Gallery Visual Arts Athlone Art and Heritage Ltd Archived 1 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Athloneartandheritage.ie ( 30 November 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Daly , Maria ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` Council confirm plans for new towncentre bridge as part of cycleway '' . Athlone Advertiser . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Campus Developments Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology ... Jump up ^ 2012 press releases Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology . ( 21 September 2012 ) . Jump up ^ 2012 press releases Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology . ( 16 October 2012 ) . Jump up ^ 2011 press releases Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology . ( 20 November 2011 ) . Jump up ^ 2010 press releases Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology . ( 30 March 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : 2010 press releases Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology . ( 12 May 2010 ) . Jump up ^ 2010 press releases Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology . ( 1 March 2010 ) . Jump up ^ 2009 press releases Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology . ( 21 January 2009 ) . Jump up ^ 2009 press releases Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology . ( 25 August 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Euro - China trading hub in Athlone proposed '' . Inside Ireland . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` € 175m Asian trade hub in Athlone would create up to 1,500 jobs '' . RTÉ News . 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shannonside -- Home '' . Shannonside FM . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BCI : Licensing : Radio : Successful applicants for Temporary services '' . Broadcasting Commission of Ireland . Archived from the original on 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` about us '' . Athlone Community Radio . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Athletics : Athlone IT unveil € 10m indoor ' field of dreams ' . Independent.ie ( 25 January 2013 ) . Jump up ^ 2013 press releases Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology . ( 15 February 2013 ) . Jump up ^ 2013 press releases Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Athlone Institute of Technology . ( 23 January 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Dubarry Park announced as the home of the Connacht Eagles Connacht Rugby Website . Connachtrugby.ie ( 11 October 2012 ) . Jump up ^ B&I Cup set to arrive in Connacht Connacht Rugby Website . Connachtrugby.ie ( 11 May 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Athlone chosen as a European Town of Sport Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Westmeath Independent . ( 11 September 2012 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Athlone . Athlone travel guide from Wikivoyage Athlone.ie -- Official Town Portal Irish Rail Athlone Station Website Athlone Community Radio Website Athlone History Siege of Athlone Earl of Athlone Ennis baronets Athlone Castle Sean 's Bar Politics Athlone ( Parliament of Ireland constituency ) Athlone ( UK Parliament constituency ) Culture Dean Crowe Theatre & Arts Centre The Little Theatre Luan Gallery Passionfruit Theatre Education Athlone Community College Athlone Institute of Technology ( AIT ) Marist College St. Aloysius College Sport Athlone GAA Garrycastle GAA Athlone Town A.F.C. Buccaneers RFC St Mel 's Park Athlone Town Stadium Places in County Roscommon County town : Roscommon Towns Athlone Boyle Carrick - on - Shannon ( partily ) Castlerea Roscommon Strokestown Villages and Townlands Arigna Athleague Ballaghaderreen Ballintober Ballinlough Ballyfarnon Ballyforan Ballyleague Bellanagare Bellanamullia Brideswell Castleplunket Cloonbonniffe Cloonfad Cootehall Cornafulla Cortober Croghan Curraghboy Drum Dysart Elphin Four Roads Frenchpark Fuerty Keadue Kilteevan Knockvicar Knockcroghery Lecarrow Loughglinn Old Town Portrun Rahara Roosky Tarmonbarry Tulsk List of townlands of County Roscommon Category : Mountains and hills of County Roscommon Category : Rivers of County Roscommon Category : Geography of County Roscommon Places in County Westmeath County town : Mullingar Towns Athlone Moate Mullingar Villages Ballinahown Ballykeeran Ballymore Ballynacargy Baylin Castledaly Castlepollard Castletown Geoghegan Clonmellon Collinstown Coole Crookedwood Delvin Drumcree Drumraney Finnea Fore Glassan Horseleap Kilbeggan Killucan and Rathwire Kinnegad Milltownpass Mount Temple Moyvoughly Multyfarnham Raharney Rathconrath Rathowen Rochfortbridge Rosemount Streamstown Street Tang Tubberclare Tyrrellspass Baronies Brawny Clonlonan Corkaree Delvin Farbill Fartullagh Fore Kilkenny West Moyashel and Magheradernon Moycashel Moygoish Rathconrath List of townlands of County Westmeath List of civil parishes of County Westmeath Category : Geography of County Westmeath Largest urban areas in the Republic of Ireland by population List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland by population Dublin : 1,110,627 Cork : 198,582 Limerick : 91,454 Galway : 76,778 Waterford : 51,519 Drogheda : 38,578 Dundalk : 37,816 Swords : 36,924 Bray : 31,872 Navan : 28,559 Ennis : 25,360 Kilkenny : 24,423 Tralee : 23,693 Carlow : 23,030 Newbridge : 22,742 Port Laoise : 22,050 Naas : 21,393 Athlone : 21,349 Mullingar : 20,103 Wexford : 20,072 Italics denote settlements with administrative city status River Shannon , Ireland ( Basin ) Counties Cavan Leitrim Roscommon Longford Westmeath Offaly Galway Tipperary Clare Limerick Settlements Dowra Ballinaglera Drumshanbo Carrick - on - Shannon Jamestown Drumsna Roosky Athlone Shannonbridge Banagher Killaloe Limerick City Major tributaries Abbey Boyle Brosna Deel Inny Maigue Mulkear Nenagh Suck Flows into Shannon Estuary Atlantic Ocean Linked canals Shannon -- Erne Waterway Jamestown Canal River Suck canal Boyle canal Lecarrow Canal Royal Canal Grand Canal Headrace canal ( Ardnacrusha ) Major crossings Dowra Bridge Carrick Bridge Jamestown Bridge Drumsna Bridge Roosky Bridge Termonbarry Bridge N6 Athlone bypass Shannonbridge Banagher bridge Portumna bridge Killaloe Bridge The Living Bridge University Bridge O'Briensbridge Shannon Bridge Limerick Tunnel Shannon Ferry All crossings of the River Shannon VIAF : 236112762 GND : 4548753 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athlone&oldid=832863485 '' Categories : Athlone Populated places on the River Shannon Towns and villages in County Westmeath Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2013 EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with OS grid coordinates Articles containing Irish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 11 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is athlone on the map of ireland	[ "Athlone is near the geographical centre of Ireland, which is 8.85 kilometres (5.50 mi) north-northwest of the town, in the area of Carnagh East in County Roscommon.[6]" ]	[ "near the geographical centre of Ireland, which is 8.85 kilometres (5.50 mi) north-northwest of the town, in the area of Carnagh East in County Roscommon" ]
-8783177151821576451	The Secret Life of Bees (novel)	The Secret Life of Bees ( novel ) - wikipedia The Secret Life of Bees ( novel ) This article is about the novel . For the film , see The Secret Life of Bees ( film ) . The Secret Life of Bees The Secret Life of Bees cover Author Sue Monk Kidd Translator Wally Frank Illustrator Kim Ellington Cover artist Borgin Reput Country United States Genre Fiction Published November 8th 2001 The Secret Life of Bees is a book by author Sue Monk Kidd . Set in 1964 , it is a coming - of - age story about loss and betrayal . It received critical acclaim and was a New York Times bestseller . It won the 2004 Book Sense Book of the Year Awards ( Paperback ) , and was nominated for the Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction . The book was later was adapted into a film directed by Gina Prince - Bythewood . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Characters 2 Reception and adaptation 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in the fictitious town of Sylvan , South Carolina , in 1964 , The Secret Life of Bees tells the story of a 14 - year - old white girl , Lily Melissa Owens , whose life has been shaped around the blurred memory of the afternoon her mother was killed . She lives in a house with her abusive father , whom she refers to as T. Ray . They have a no - nonsense maid , Rosaleen , who acts as a surrogate mother for Lily . The book opens with Lily 's discovery of bees in her bedroom . Then , after Rosaleen is arrested for pouring her bottle of `` snuff juice '' on three white men , Lily breaks her out of the hospital and they decide to leave town . They begin hitch - hiking toward Tiburon , SC , a place written on the back of an image of the Virgin Mary as a black woman , which Deborah , her mother , had owned . They spend a night in the woods with little food and little hope before reaching Tiburon . There , they buy lunch at a general store , and Lily recognizes a picture of the same `` Black Mary '' but on the side of a jar of honey . They receive directions to the origin of that honey , the Boatwright residence . They are introduced to the Boatwright sisters , the makers of the honey : August , May , and June , who are all black . Lily makes up a story about being an orphan . Lily and Rosaleen are invited to stay with the sisters . They learn the ways of the Boatwrights , as well as the ways of bee keeping . With a new home and a new family for the time being , Lily learns more about the Black Madonna honey that the sisters make . She begins working as August 's bee keeping apprentice to repay her for her kindness , while Rosaleen works around the house . Lily finds out that May had a twin sister , April , who committed suicide with their father 's shotgun when they were younger . She watches June 's ongoing flirtations with , and refusals of marriage to , her boyfriend Neil . Lily and Rosaleen also get to see the sisters ' form of religion . They hold service at their house which they call `` The Daughters of Mary . '' They keep a statue of `` Black Mary '' , or `` our lady of chains '' , which was actually a figurehead from the bow of an ancient ship , and August tells the story of how a man by the name of Obadiah , who was a slave , found this figure . The slaves thought that God had answered their prayers asking for rescue , and `` to send them consolation '' and `` to send them freedom '' . It gave them hope , and the figure had been passed down for generations . Lily meets Zach , August 's godson . They soon develop intimate feelings for each other . They share goals with each other while working the hives . Both Lily and Zach find their goals nearly impossible to meet but still encourage each other to attempt them . Zach wants to be the `` ass - busting lawyer '' , which means he would be the first black lawyer in the area . Lily wants to be a short story writer . Lily attempts to tell August the truth but is interrupted by Zach , who takes her for a honey run . They stop at a store to pick up a few things . Zach gets arrested after one of his friends , who they had met at the store , throws a coke bottle at a white man and none of them will tell who did it . Zach and his friends are arrested and put in jail . The Boatwright house decides not to tell May in fear of an unbearable emotional episode . The secret does not stay hidden for long and May becomes catatonic with depression . May leaves the house and August , June , Lily and Rosaleen find her lying dead in the river with a rock on her chest , an apparent suicide . A vigil is held that lasts four days . In that time , Zach is freed from jail with no charges , and black cloth is draped over the beehives to symbolize the mourning . May 's suicide letter is found and in it she says , `` It 's my time to die , and it 's your time to live . Do n't mess it up . '' August interprets this as urging June to marry Neil . May is later buried . Life begins to turn back to normal after a time of grieving , bringing the Boatwright house back together . June , after several rejections , agrees to give her hand in marriage to Neil . Zach vows to Lily that they will be together someday and that they will both achieve their goals . Lily finally finds out the truth about her mother . August was her mother 's nanny , and helped raise her . After her marriage to T. Ray began to sour , Deborah left and went to stay with the Boatwrights . She eventually decided to leave him permanently and returned to their house to collect Lily . While Deborah was packing to leave , T. Ray returned home . Their ensuing argument turned into a physical fight during which Deborah got a gun . After a brief struggle , the gun fell to the floor , which Lily picked up and the gun accidentally discharged , killing Deborah . While Lily is coming to terms with this information , T. Ray shows up at the pink house to take her back home . Lily refuses , and T. Ray flies into an enraged rampage . He has a violent flashback which brings him around . August steps in and offers to let Lily stay with her . T. Ray gives in and agrees . However , right before T. Ray leaves the Boatwright house , Lily asks him what really happened the day her mother died . T. Ray confirms that she did do it . Characters ( edit ) Lily Melissa Owens : the 14 - year - old narrator of the story . Lily is the only child of Deborah and T. Ray Owens . Lily loves to read and write . T. Ray Owens : the abusive father of Lily and the widower of Deborah Fontanel Owens . Deborah Fontanel Owens : the deceased mother of Lily Owens and wife of T. Ray Owens . Deborah died in a gun accident when Lily was 4 . Deborah is buried in Virginia . Rosaleen Daise : the African American maid of Lily 's household and other neighbors , also acts as Lily 's protector and surrogate mother . She is Lily 's best friend for most of the book . August Boatwright : the eldest of the Boatwright sisters , a beekeeper , a well - respected businesswoman in the community . August was Deborah 's best friend . June Boatwright : the sister of May Boatwright and August Boatwright . She is a school teacher and musician . June is more serious and stubborn than August and May . May Boatwright : the sister of August and June Boatwright . She had a twin sister , April , who committed suicide when she was 15 , and as a result of April 's death she is emotionally sensitive . Zachary `` Zach '' Taylor : August 's godson who helps her with the hives . He is a football player who attends the local black high school . He wants to become a lawyer . Zach is Lily 's main love interest . Neil : the principal at the school where June teaches . He has proposed multiple times to June . He eventually becomes June 's fiance . The Daughters of Mary : Cressie , Queenie and her daughter Violet , Lunelle , Mabelee , and Sugar - Girl who attends with her husband , Otis , the one man of the group . They are followers of Our Lady of Chains . Reception and adaptation ( edit ) Reception was generally positive . Although the novel does include the underlying theme of the civil rights movement , USA Today felt the novel focused more on Lily 's journey towards `` self - acceptance , faith and freedom '' . The novel was originally published in 2001 , and has since sold more than six million copies and has been published in 35 countries . It also maintained its position on the New York Times best seller list for two and a half years . In 2004 , it was named the `` Book Sense Paperback of the Year '' . It was also one of Good Morning America 's `` Read - This '' Book club picks , and was nominated for the Orange Prize in England . The book was adapted into a film in 2008 , directed by Gina Prince - Bythewood and produced by Will Smith , with Jada Pinkett Smith , as executive producer . Queen Latifah played August Boatwright ; Dakota Fanning played Lily . Alicia Keys played June Boatwright ; Jennifer Hudson played Rosaleen ; and Sophie Okonedo played May Boatwright . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kidd , p. 97 Jump up ^ ( Kidd , pg. 108 ) Jump up ^ Kidd , p. 121 Jump up ^ ( Kidd , pg. 186 ) Jump up ^ Kidd , pg. 222 Jump up ^ Kidd , pg. 231 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) References ( edit ) Kidd , Sue Monk ( 2002 ) . The Secret Life of Bees . New York , NY : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 200174 - 5 . External links ( edit ) `` The Secret Lives of Bees '' . Reading guide . Penguin . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_Bees_(novel)&oldid=863697668 '' Categories : 2002 American novels African - American novels Feminist novels Debut novels Novels set in South Carolina 1964 in fiction Novels about racism African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) in popular culture Fiction about beekeeping American novels adapted into films American bildungsromans Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 12 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who killed lily mother in the secret life of bees	[ "Lily finally finds out the truth about her mother. August was her mother's nanny, and helped raise her. After her marriage to T. Ray began to sour, Deborah left and went to stay with the Boatwrights. She eventually decided to leave him permanently and returned to their house to collect Lily. While Deborah was packing to leave, T. Ray returned home. Their ensuing argument turned into a physical fight during which Deborah got a gun. After a brief struggle, the gun fell to the floor, which Lily picked up and the gun accidentally discharged, killing Deborah.\n" ]	[ "Lily" ]
2699591821777367081	General Lee (car)	General Lee ( car ) - wikipedia General Lee ( car ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see General Lee . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The General Lee The General Lee on public display , 2006 Overview Manufacturer Dodge Production 1969 Body and chassis Class Muscle car Body style 2 - door coupé Platform FR B - body Powertrain Transmission 3 - speed TorqueFlite automatic The General Lee ( sometimes referred to as simply `` the General '' ) is the name given to a 1969 Dodge Charger driven in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard by the Duke boys , Bo and Luke , along with cousins Coy and Vance ( in season 5 ) . It is known for its signature horn , its police chases , stunts -- especially its long jumps -- and for having its doors welded shut , leaving the Dukes to climb in and out through the windows . The car appears in every episode but one ( `` Mary Kaye 's Baby '' ) . The car 's name is a reference to American Civil War general Robert E. Lee . It bears a Confederate flag ( a rectangular variant of the square battle flag of Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia ) on its roof , and also has a horn which plays the first twelve notes of the song `` Dixie '' . The idea for the General Lee was developed from the bootlegger Jerry Rushing 's car , which was named for Lee 's favorite horse , Traveller . Traveller was also the name of the car in Moonrunners , the 1975 movie precursor to The Dukes of Hazzard . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Veluzat era 1.2 The Warner Brothers era 1.3 The General Lee from The Dukes of Hazzard feature film 1.4 Smallville homage 1.5 General Lee TV commercials 1.6 2015 Confederate flag controversy 2 Engines 3 Exit and entry 4 Exhaust systems 5 Tires 6 References History ( edit ) A General Lee pictured at the Nationaal Oldtimer Festival Zandvoort 2010 , The Netherlands The Confederate battle flag painted on the roof General Lee cockpit The General Lee photographed in 2010 Although the estimated number of General Lees used varies from different sources , according to former cast member Ben Jones ( `` Cooter '' in the show ) , as well as builders involved with the show , 325 General Lees were used to film the series . Others claim about 255 were used in the series . Approximately 17 still exist in various states of repair . On average , more than one General Lee was used up per show . When filming a jump , anywhere from 500 to 1,000 pounds ( 230 to 450 kg ) of sand bags or concrete ballast was placed in the trunk to prevent the car from nosing over . Later in the series the mechanics would raise the front end of the car to keep it from scraping against the ramp causing it to lose speed , thereby providing a cushion for the driver upon landing . Stunt drivers report enjoying the flights but hating the landings . Despite the ballast , the landing attitude of the car was somewhat unpredictable , resulting in moderate to extremely violent forces , depending on how it landed . On many of the jumps the cars bent upon impact . All cars used in large jumps were immediately retired due to structural damage . Chargers from model - years 1968 & 1969 ( no 1970 Chargers were used until the 2005 movie ) were sourced and converted to General Lee specifications ( taillights , grills , etc . ) . Despite popular belief , according to all builders involved over the years , obtaining cars was not a problem until later years . By that time , the car was the star of the show and Warner Bros. ( WB ) moved building of the cars in - house to keep the cars consistent in appearance . Later in the show 's run , when it got too hard and / or expensive to continue procuring more Chargers , the producers started using more `` jump footage '' from previous episodes . In the final season radio - controlled miniatures were occasionally used to the chagrin of several cast members . Episodes 1 through 5 were filmed in the Georgia towns of Covington and Conyers in November and December 1978 . Georgia episode cars consisted of six Dodge Chargers . The first General Lees were built by Warner Bros. and shipped to Georgia where John Marendi ( picture car coordinator ) labeled the first three cars `` LEE 1 '' , `` LEE 2 '' , and `` LEE 3 '' in no particular order for film editing purposes . LEE 1 was a second unit car with a full roll cage . It is a 383 V8 - powered 1969 Charger equipped with air - conditioning , an AM / FM stereo , power steering , and power drum brakes . It was originally painted in code T3 `` Light Bronze Metallic '' with a tan interior , a black vinyl top and chrome rocker trim . The rocker trim was left on due to previously poor body work on the left quarter panel , the gas cap trim , and wheel well trim were missing so the trim was removed on LEE 2 and 3 to match . It should also be noted that the chrome vinyl top trim was supposed to be removed but since the left quarter panel had been replaced and was very poorly installed the trim had to be left on to hide the body work and as a result most General Lees throughout the series had vinyl top trim . After the now - famous jump over Rosco P. Coltrane 's police cruiser by stuntman Craig Baxley , it was stripped of its front seats and 1969 - specific grill and taillight panel . LEE 1 was used once more as the `` Richard Petty '' tire test car in the fourth episode `` Repo Men '' . LEE 2 , like LEE 1 , was a second unit car with a full roll cage , a 383 V - 8 , a floor shifted automatic transmission and A / C. Originally painted B5 Blue with a black interior , the interior was repainted tan to match LEE 1 and 3 though its steering wheel remained black . It was used for the opening scene in `` One Armed Bandits '' . In this scene , Bo and Luke were chasing Rosco 's police cruiser with the General after Cooter stole it . LEE 3 was the first unit 1 close - up car and the first General Lee built by Warner Brothers ; it is seen in the first publicity photos . It was originally a F5 Medium Green Metallic R / T SE ( Special Edition ) model with a tan vinyl top . It was powered by a 440 Magnum engine with 375 HP , the car weighed 3,671 - pound ( 1,665 kg ) . LEE 3 was equipped with A / C , power windows , a wood grain dash , and an AM radio . It also had a factory tachometer ( which can be seen on `` Repo Men '' ) . This car had a tan leather interior and a removable roll bar that allowed installation of a camera for in - car shots . This car was painted 1975 Corvette Flame Red with a special base coat ; the base coat was used after they found LEE 1 's paint appeared to be blotchy due to the direct application over factory paint , they had first been painted Chrysler code EV2 or `` Hemi Orange '' . Eventually , the first three General Lees started to show visible damage , so the crew had to start making more . The first General Lee built in Georgia was a 1968 Charger converted to look like a 1969 ; the tail light panel , front grill , and front seats taken from LEE 1 were used . Interiors not originally tan were sprayed with SEM brand `` Saddle tan '' vinyl dye . The first three Georgia Lees had a set of crossed flags ( a Confederate flag and checkered flag ) on the panel between the rear window and trunk lid . Although four sets were created , only three were used . They were discontinued due to the continuity of the General Lee graphics , making it one less thing to be used . The three surviving cars went back to California and had the crossed flags removed upon reconditioning . The wheels were generally 14 - by - 7 - inch ( 36 cm × 18 cm ) American Racing brand `` Vectors '' throughout the show ( with Carroll Shelby center caps ) and were mainly mounted on P235 / 70R14 B. F. Goodrich Radial T / A tires with the blackwall side facing out . LEE 1 was sold to professional golfer Bubba Watson at the 2012 Barrett - Jackson Scottsdale auction for US $110,000 ( US $121,000 after buyer premium ) . The Veluzat era ( edit ) Andre and Renaud Veluzat built General Lees for WB from the second season into the fourth season . Viewers can also see two `` Georgia '' cars used often up into the early second season . LEE 3 and a specially caged car never appearing ( but built ) in Georgia were used heavily in early California episodes . The Veluzats were somewhat inconsistent in how they built the cars , so this is when the most variations from specification are found . The paint was GM code 70 , Flame Red ( still orange , just the name of the color ) , but there does appear to be some variance here : interiors were mostly dyed brown and occasionally SEM Saddle Tan . According to some sources , the Veluzats charged WB $250 a week per car for rental and a lump sum of $2000 to $3000 upon destruction of the vehicles ; this included police cars . WB mechanics had to maintain the cars at company expense . The money generated by building General Lees financed the Veluzat family project of restoring Gene Autry 's Melody Ranch ; it had burned in the 1960s . This ranch is where many classic Western films were shot , as well as the television series Gunsmoke . Today , it is a fully functional movie ranch where shows such as HBO 's Deadwood are filmed . The Warner Brothers era ( edit ) By 1983 , Warner Brothers turned total control of building General Lees to a man named Ken Fritz . Fritz did n't have the job long before he too was fired and at this point Warner Brothers moved full production in - house . The General Lee was now the highlight of the series , and WB received enormous amounts of Lee - specific fan mail that nit - picked the inconsistencies of the cars . Because of the fame of General Lee , WB had their staff mechanics build the cars to a specific appearance , even underneath . All graphics had to meet specifications , all side markers and rocker panel chrome trim were removed ; and roll bars and push bars had to meet an exact specification . However , some changes were made before the specifications were laid out : The push bar became wider , the interior became a light beige color , and the roll bars were covered in black foam padding . During this period , the only way to distinguish the 1968 conversions from the 1969 originals is by the shape of the dashboard padding . As the WB era rolled on , finding the cars became difficult : Piper Cubs were hired to perform aerial searches for 1968 , 1969 , and 1970 Chargers amongst the populace ; the jumped cars were now no longer scrapped after one jump if deemed salvageable , and were repaired and used until they could no longer function ; and , as last resort , miniature radio - controlled models were also brought in toward the end of the series to replace most of the big jump stunts , thereby saving more cars -- something that proved unpopular with many episode directors ( including Tom Wopat ) who felt that the models did not look realistic . By this time , there was also a rivalry for `` TV 's greatest car '' with the Knight Rider series , leading to the models being used more and more for greater jumps to try to out - do that series . Taking full control also saved some money , as now WB had the ability to buy cars , recondition them , and use them without paying daily rental fees . The General Lee from the Dukes of Hazzard feature film ( edit ) At the beginning of the movie , the General was a faded orange with a hand - painted `` 01 '' on the doors , black steel wheels , standard front bumper , and no Confederate Naval Flag . Midway through the film , Cooter repairs the General after it is vandalized by Boss Hogg 's hirelings . He repaints it a bright Hemi orange and adds the well - known trademarks ( American Racing `` Vector '' 10 - spoke `` turbine '' wheels , octagonal `` 01 '' , black grille guard , Confederate flag on the roof , `` Dixie '' horn , and `` General Lee '' above the door window openings ) . The movie General not only flies and makes controlled landings , but also drifts with the aid of professional drifter Rhys Millen . During jump scenes , some stunt cars were propelled under their own power by stunt drivers ; others had their engines and transmissions removed . The engineless Chargers were then launched without drivers by a gas - driven catapult similar in principle to those used on aircraft carriers . Approximately 24 1968 to 1970 Chargers were used in the film . Unlike the television show era Lees , the movie cars used aftermarket graphic kits . The movie gave them new credibility and is no longer considered to be an inaccurate choice . Otherwise , except for the white letters on the Goodrich `` Radial T / A '' tires , the exterior of the movie 's `` close - up '' General Lees varied little from the television show cars . The paint was `` Big Bad Orange '' ( an American Motors Corporation color ) rather than Corvette `` Flame Red '' ; the interior headliner was black instead of tan , an actual roll cage was used ; a three - spoke Grant wood - trimmed steering wheel replaced the standard wheel , an AM / FM stereo radio with Compact Disc player was installed in the dashboard ; and the interiors were a custom color vinyl fabric made to look like the dye / paint used in the later eras of the TV show . One still can differentiate the 1968 Chargers by looking at the dash pad , but now 1970 Chargers were thrown in the mix . The cars somewhat resembled a late 1990s to early 2000s ( decade ) General Lee clone , but the overall flavor of the General Lee is still obvious . On all of the cars , the back - up lights and side marker lenses were removed , the openings filled in . Eleven of the cars used for the movie had been purchased from the Luedtke Auto Group . Many of the cars had been cut up to allow for inside camera views . General Lee number 020 was the drift car used in the drifting scene around Lee Circle and was also the car racing the black Shelby at the end of the movie . It was the only 4 - speed equipped cars and was the backup to car # 005 . The car contains a unique emergency brake handle near the shifter that allowed the stunt driver quick access to locking the rear brakes at will . Though it did sustain some damage during filming , it is fully road worthy and is privately owned by Troy Martinson in Minnesota . Two of the General Lees ( a 1969 R / T SE and a 1970 made to appear as a 1969 ) were temporarily sold to Warner Brothers by Everett `` J.R. '' Barton of Wichita , Kansas , for $1.00 each then sold back to him for $1.25 . They were picked up from him in Wichita and were transported to Baton Rouge , both in driving condition . The 1970 ( made to 1969 ) car then had the engine removed , got the General Lee treatment then weight added to balance the car for the main Freeway jump . One other car was used before this car . The first one landed hard on its nose , broke , and careened right into the guardrail . Given its problematic landing it was not used for that scene . Mr. Barton 's car , number 127 , was then used for that scene . It was launched from a catapult system , much like that used on aircraft carriers . It flew the farthest of all the jumps in the film and truly did survive . This is the car that made that jump in the film . After the filming the cars were returned to Everett . Everett then put a motor back in the car and even in its jumped condition had driven it in a couple of parades . After keeping the car for 8 years , he sold it to an individual that plans to have it restored to show quality . It will be restored from the men on the TV show Graveyard Cars . Smallville homage ( edit ) Early in the fifth - season episode `` Exposed '' of the television series Smallville , former Dukes of Hazzard co-star Tom Wopat ( Luke Duke ) , playing Kansas Senator Jack Jennings , old friend of Jonathan Kent , played by John Schneider ( Bo Duke ) , fishtails his car into the Kent farmyard . The car is a 1968 Dodge Charger R / T , painted blue instead of orange , and lacking the General Lee 's distinctive insignia . General Lee TV commercials ( edit ) In 2014 the General Lee was featured in a commercial spot for AutoTrader . The commercial featured the General Lee with Dukes of Hazzard stars John Schneider and Tom Wopat . The Duke 's theme song `` Good Ole Boys '' can be heard playing during the commercial . The video was released on June 6 , 2014 . 2015 Confederate flag controversy ( edit ) In the aftermath of the 2015 Charleston , South Carolina shooting deaths , there was a backlash against the Confederate battle flag , due to the flag 's historical associations with treason , racism , slavery , and white supremacy . In response , Warner Bros. Entertainment , Inc. announced they would halt production of General Lee toy cars . Ben Jones criticized the move , stating , `` I think all of Hazzard Nation understands that the Confederate battle flag is the symbol that represents the indomitable spirit of independence which keeps us ' makin ' our way the only way we know how . ' '' John Schneider responded by stating , `` I take exception to those who say that the flag on the General Lee should always be considered a symbol of racism . Is the flag used as such in other applications ? Yes , but certainly not on the Dukes . '' On July 2 , 2015 , golfer Bubba Watson , current owner of LEE 1 , announced via Twitter that he would be painting over the Confederate flag on the car 's roof . Watson 's announcement prompted Brian Grams , director of the Volo Auto Museum , to offer to purchase Watson 's General Lee , citing how Watson 's car was significant because it was used in the show 's first season and would be worthy of inclusion in the museum 's collection . His offer was turned down . Engines ( edit ) Engines in the TV show General Lees varied ; they used 318 , 383 , and 440 - cubic - inch engines . None of the TV series cars had the 426 Hemi , although in the 2005 The Dukes of Hazzard motion picture , Cooter replaced the `` General 's '' original engine with a Chrysler 426 Hemi engine . However , the `` close - up '' Lees ( except for the first one ) were 383 - powered . The special purpose built `` Ski Car '' ( the car that was used for stunts involving driving on the left side or right side wheels with the opposite side wheels in the air ) had a 318 , as it was lighter weight . Most of the ' workhorse ' stunt cars had 383s and 440s . The stunt drivers tended to prefer 440s ( a higher performance engine ) for jumps , so 440 - powered stunt Lees were often saved for the higher bobby and longer jumps . Also , though early sound effects led many people to believe otherwise , only a handful of Chargers had manual transmissions ; most had 727 TorqueFlite automatic transmissions . Exit and entry ( edit ) The General Lee , except in the beginning of the movie , does not have opening doors . In the TV series , it is explained that racing cars have their doors welded shut , and this was often used for comedic effect when Uncle Jesse or Boss Hogg required help to squeeze through the window ( WB stopped welding the doors for time crams ) . ( In one episode , Sheriff Rosco hires a bounty hunter ( Jason Steele in the show ) to create a fake General Lee and trick the Dukes into driving it , at which point he promptly orders their arrest for auto theft . The fake car was easily identified because its doors opened . ) This was not at first planned but while filming the first chase ( where Bo and Luke are chasing Cooter in Rosco 's car ) the passenger 's door handle was damaged ( when it hit the mail boxes ) and could n't be opened from the outside , so Tom Wopat ( Luke ) climbed though the window and the director loved the move so much he had John Schneider ( Bo ) climb in too , this is why only LEE 1 and 2 had full roll cages and all other General Lees only had a roll bar ( this made it easier for the actors to get in and out ) . In the movie , the car has been repaired after being trashed , but the doors could not be fixed fast enough . The driver and passenger must slide in the window ( as in NASCAR ) . For a running entry , Bo and Luke also slide over the hood rather than walk around the front of the car . However , in the prequel The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning , the left door was welded shut while the right one was not . Exhaust systems ( edit ) Exhaust systems were basic : some had glasspack mufflers , but most had standard exhausts with the pipe cut just before the rear end . The exhaust sound that can be heard on most of the California - era episode General Lees is from a Thrush brand glasspack . The sounds came from the exhaust systems fitted to the `` close - up '' cars ; the parts used were Blackjack brand headers , dual exhausts , and the aforementioned Thrush mufflers . However , the sounds were dubbed in after the scene was filmed . Tires ( edit ) Tires used on the General Lee varied , but the best known make and model was the B.F. Goodrich Radial T / A . The most common size was P235 / 70R14 ; P235 / 70R15 was also used . Winston Winners were also used . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The General Lee . Jump up ^ https://www.maxim.com/rides/buy-bo-dukes-general-lee-charger-2018-8 Jump up ^ Korzeniewski , Jeremy . `` Barrett - Jackson 2012 : Dukes of Hazzard 1969 Dodge Charger General Lee falls flat ( UPDATE : w / video ) '' . Jump up ^ `` 1969 DODGE CHARGER 2 DOOR - 115984 - Barrett - Jackson Auction Company - World 's Greatest Collector Car Auctions '' . Jump up ^ Preston , Benjamin . `` Masters Winner Bubba Watson Owns The Original ' General Lee ' '' . Jump up ^ Monty ( 23 January 2012 ) . `` Bubba Watson Bought The General Lee ( Photos ) '' . Jump up ^ `` AutoTrader Commercial Features the General Lee '' , Everything Dodge . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Eric Kaufman ( 9 July 2015 ) . `` What tradition does the Confederate flag represent ? Is it slavery , rape , genocide , treason , or all of the above ? '' . Salon . Jump up ^ Ta - Nehisi Coates ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` What This Cruel War Was Over '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Rich , McCormik . `` Warner Bros. scraps Dukes of Hazzard car toys over Confederate flag controversy '' . The Verge . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bumgardner , Bryan . `` Warner Bros. to Stop `` Dukes of Hazzard '' toys with Confederate flag `` . CBS News . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land pulls ' Dukes of Hazzard ' reruns amid Confederate flag controversy '' . wfla.com . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Bubba Watson Will Paint Over Confederate Flag on his General Lee '' . LA Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` Bubba Watson Will Paint Over Confederate Flag on Dukes of Hazzard Car '' , New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Eric ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Volo museum offers to buy 1st General Lee , save flag '' . Daily Herald . Chicago , Illinois , USA . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matson , Bob . `` 1969 DODGE CHARGER GENERAL LEE '' . 1969 DODGE CHARGER GENERAL LEE ~ Latest Car Specs . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ( hide ) The Dukes of Hazzard Episodes Characters Bo Duke Luke Duke Daisy Duke Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane Boss Hogg Reunion films The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! ( 1997 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ! ( 2000 ) Remake films The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) Video games The Dukes of Hazzard Racing for Home Daisy Dukes It Out Return of the General Lee Spin - offs Enos The Dukes See also The General Lee Boar 's Nest Jerry Rushing `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Moonrunners Hazard Run Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Lee_(car)&oldid=815123423 '' Categories : Fictional automobiles Monuments and memorials to Robert E. Lee The Dukes of Hazzard characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Lietuvių Norsk Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 22 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of car was the dukes of hazzard car	[ "The General Lee (sometimes referred to as simply \"the General\") is the name given to a 1969 Dodge Charger driven in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard by the Duke boys, Bo and Luke, along with cousins Coy and Vance (in season 5). It is known for its signature horn, its police chases, stunts—especially its long jumps—and for having its doors welded shut, leaving the Dukes to climb in and out through the windows. The car appears in every episode but one (\"Mary Kaye's Baby\"). The car's name is a reference to American Civil War general Robert E. Lee. It bears a Confederate flag (a rectangular variant of the square battle flag of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia) on its roof, and also has a horn which plays the first twelve notes of the song \"Dixie\".[1]" ]	[ "1969 Dodge Charger" ]
2616273648404084107	Electoral College (United States)	Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the indirect election of the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States . Citizens of the United States vote in each state and the District of Columbia at a general election to choose a slate of `` electors '' pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected President and Vice President of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in January . Each state chooses electors , equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . The Constitution bars any federal official , elected or appointed , from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor their pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge and never once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Non-determinacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Constitutional amendment 7.1. 1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.1. 2 Carter proposal 7.1. 3 Current proposal 7.2 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Background ( edit ) The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder '' , as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity '' , attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors '' , neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History ( edit ) Original plan ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision ( edit ) The emergence of political parties and nationally - coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the President and Vice President not being of the same political party . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president , and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition and attempted to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for an election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed the Twelfth Amendment in 1803 -- prescribing electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president -- to replace the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . By June 1804 , the states had ratified the amendment in time for the 1804 election . Evolution to the general ticket ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate . '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay , The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . The founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated for a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward '' , Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans ( edit ) In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment ( edit ) Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Modern mechanics ( edit ) The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary ( edit ) Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors ( edit ) Apportionment. ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming according to the 2010 Census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per - capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination ( edit ) Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings ( edit ) Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness ( edit ) Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies ( edit ) Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 : 00 pm in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the President pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the Vice President of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House ( edit ) The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the President - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two - thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate ( edit ) If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie which might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election ( edit ) Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution ( edit ) See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table ( edit ) Number of presidential electors by state and year Election year 1788 -- 1800 1804 -- 1900 1904 -- 2000 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0.1 ! 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0.1 ! 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 05 ! 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 06 ! 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 51 ! - D.C. Delaware 03 ! 3 27 Florida 0.1 ! 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 03 ! 3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0.1 ! 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 07 ! 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 07 ! 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 04 ! 4 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 03 ! 3 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 07 ! 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 03 ! 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0.1 ! 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0.1 ! 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 05 ! 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 08 ! 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors ( edit ) Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature ( edit ) In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts ( edit ) Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote ( edit ) Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method ( edit ) There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win , it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation ( edit ) Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues ( edit ) Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion mostly focus on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism ( edit ) Non-determinacy of popular vote ( edit ) See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of Presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple majority of the 40 smallest states and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible '' . The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . -- George C. Edwards III , 2011 Exclusive focus on large swing states ( edit ) Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation ( edit ) Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states ( edit ) According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that : The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . -- Akhil and Vikram Amar Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories ( edit ) See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population ( edit ) Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results which seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties ( edit ) See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Support ( edit ) Prevention of an urban - centric victory ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Proponents of a national popular vote for president dismiss such arguments , pointing out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation ( edit ) The United States of America is a federal coalition which consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the President must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it '' , in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups ( edit ) Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies ( edit ) According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems ( edit ) Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish ( edit ) Constitutional Amendment ( edit ) Bayh -- Celler Amendment ( edit ) The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had only received 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment which would have replaced the Electoral College with simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency providing they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of President and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President '' . On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate '' . Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that 6 other states had yet to state a preference , 6 were leaning toward opposition and 8 were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas and Sam Ervin of North Carolina along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate Majority Leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal ( edit ) On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern President during this time , and in some aspects of the package , went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of President Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to President Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the President for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of less than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Current proposal ( edit ) On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote interstate Compact ( edit ) Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The Compact will not come into effect until the number of states agreeing to the Compact equals a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . As of 2017 , 10 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 165 electoral votes , which is 61 % of the 270 required for the Compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election . The Compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution that gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors , though some have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the Compact could be enforceable . Some scholars note that any attempted implementation of the NPV interstate compact would face court challenges to its constitutionality . Not only are states forbidden to enter into any agreement or compact with another state without consent of Congress , but it would overturn the Constitutional provision of electing a president of the United States by the people state by state . See also ( edit ) County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 - 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' . Jump up ^ Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days . '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how . '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse . '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two - thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three - fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ Carter v . The Electoral College , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ The New York Times , Special To ( 15 March 1979 ) . `` Letters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ `` National Popular Vote '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spakovsky , Hans A. , Destroying the Electoral College : the Anti-Federalist Natioanal Popular Vote scheme Heritage Memorandum # 73 on Legal Issues , viewed November 12 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . U.S. Electoral College FAQ ( www.archives.gov ) Interactive U.S. Electoral Map Historical Documents on the Electoral College Electoral Vote 270 to win Winning The Electoral College `` Math Against Tyranny '' The Green Papers : More detailed description of reform proposals The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Congressional Research Service Office of the Federal Register Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count , January 9 , 2009 ( C - Span video ) Introductory chapter of Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities Voter Turnout Data - United States Election Project Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who elects the vice president if the electoral college fails to do so	[ "If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president, the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president, with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote. If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president, then the Senate will select the vice president, with each of the 100 senators having one vote.[12][13]" ]	[ "the Senate" ]
-1908967275192362644	NFC Championship Game	NFC Championship game - wikipedia NFC Championship game Jump to : navigation , search NFC Championship Game NFC Championship logo First played 1971 ( 1970 season ) Trophy George Halas Trophy Recent and upcoming games 2017 season Lincoln Financial Field January 21 , 2018 Minnesota Vikings 7 , Philadelphia Eagles 38 2018 season TBD January 20 , 2019 TBD vs. TBD The NFC Championship Game ( also unofficially referred to as the NFC Title Game ) is one of the two semi-final playoff games of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the largest professional American football league in the United States . The game is played on the penultimate Sunday in January and determines the champion of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . The winner then advances to face the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game in the Super Bowl . The game was established as part of the 1970 merger between the NFL and the American Football League ( AFL ) , with the merged league realigning into two conferences . Since 1984 , each winner of the NFC Championship Game has also received the George Halas Trophy , named after the founder and longtime owner of the NFL 's Chicago Bears , George Halas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Playoff structure 3 George Halas Trophy 4 List of NFC Championship Games 5 Appearances 1970 -- present 6 NFC Championship Game records 7 TV ratings 8 References History ( edit ) The first NFC Championship Game was played following the 1970 regular season after the merger between the NFL and the American Football League . The game is considered the successor to the original NFL Championship , and its game results are listed with that of its predecessor in the annual NFL Record and Fact Book . Since the pre-merger NFL consisted of six more teams than the AFL , a realignment was done as part of the merger to create two conferences with an equal number of teams : The NFL 's Baltimore Colts , the Cleveland Browns , and the Pittsburgh Steelers joined the ten former AFL teams to form the AFC ; while the remaining 13 pre-merger NFL clubs formed the NFC . Every NFC team has played in an NFC Championship at least once . The Seattle Seahawks , who have been members in both the AFC and the NFC , hold the distinction of appearing in both conference title games . Only the Detroit Lions have yet to win an NFC Championship Game . Playoff structure ( edit ) NFC Championship Game logo , 2008 -- 2010 ( Used with old shield since 2005 ) Further information : NFL playoffs At the end of each regular season , a series of playoff games involving the top six teams in the NFC are conducted . In the current ( since 2002 -- 03 season ) NFL playoff structure , this consists of the four division champions and two wild card teams ( those clubs that possess the two best won - loss records after the regular season yet fail to win their division ) . The two teams remaining following the Wild Card round ( first round ) and the divisional round ( second round ) play in the NFC Championship game . Initially , the site of the game was determined on a rotating basis . Since the 1975 -- 76 season , the site of the NFC Championship has been based on playoff seeding based on the regular season won - loss record , with the highest surviving seed hosting the game . A wild card team can only host the game if both participants are wild cards , in which case the fifth seed would host the sixth seed . Such an instance has never occurred in the NFL . George Halas Trophy ( edit ) Beginning with 1984 - 85 season , the winner of the NFC Championship Game has received the George Halas Trophy , named after the longtime owner and coach of the Chicago Bears , a charter member of the NFL . The original design consisted of a wooden base with a sculpted NFC logo in the front and a sculpture of various football players in the back . It , and the Lamar Hunt Trophy that is awarded to the AFC champion , were redesigned for the 2010 -- 11 NFL playoffs by Tiffany & Co. at the request of the NFL in an attempt to make both awards more significant . The trophies are now a new , silver design with the outline of a hollow football positioned on a small base to more closely resemble the Vince Lombardi Trophy , awarded to the winner of the Super Bowl . The George Halas Trophy should not be confused with the Newspaper Enterprise Association 's George S. Halas Trophy which was awarded to the NFL 's defensive player of the year from 1966 to 1996 or the Pro Football Writers Association 's George S. Halas Courage Award . List of NFC Championship Games ( edit ) Numbers in parentheses in the winning team column are NFC Championships won by that team . Bold indicates team won Super Bowl that year . Numbers in parentheses in the city and stadium column is the number of times that metropolitan area and stadium has hosted a NFC Championship , respectively . Season Playoffs Winning team Score Losing team Score Location Stadium 1970 1970 -- 71 Dallas Cowboys ( 1 ) 17 San Francisco 49ers 10 San Francisco , California Kezar Stadium 1971 1971 -- 72 Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) 14 San Francisco 49ers Irving , Texas Texas Stadium 1972 1972 -- 73 Washington Redskins ( 1 ) 26 Dallas Cowboys Washington , D.C. RFK Stadium 1973 1973 -- 74 Minnesota Vikings ( 1 ) 27 Dallas Cowboys 10 Irving , Texas ( 2 ) Texas Stadium ( 2 ) 1974 -- 75 Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) 14 Los Angeles Rams 10 Bloomington , Minnesota Metropolitan Stadium 1975 -- 76 Dallas Cowboys ( 3 ) 37 Los Angeles Rams 7 Los Angeles , California Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 1976 1976 -- 77 Minnesota Vikings ( 3 ) 24 Los Angeles Rams 13 Bloomington , Minnesota ( 2 ) Metropolitan Stadium ( 2 ) 1977 1977 -- 78 Dallas Cowboys ( 4 ) 23 Minnesota Vikings 6 Irving , Texas ( 3 ) Texas Stadium ( 3 ) 1978 1978 -- 79 Dallas Cowboys ( 5 ) 28 Los Angeles Rams 0 Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) 1979 1979 -- 80 Los Angeles Rams ( 1 ) 9 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 Tampa , Florida Tampa Stadium 1980 1980 -- 81 Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 ) 20 Dallas Cowboys 7 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Veterans Stadium 1981 1981 -- 82 San Francisco 49ers ( 1 ) 28 Dallas Cowboys 27 San Francisco , California ( 2 ) Candlestick Park 1982 1982 -- 83 Washington Redskins ( 2 ) 31 Dallas Cowboys 17 Washington , D.C. ( 2 ) RFK Stadium ( 2 ) 1983 -- 84 Washington Redskins ( 3 ) 24 San Francisco 49ers 21 Washington , D.C. ( 3 ) RFK Stadium ( 3 ) 1984 1984 -- 85 San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) 23 Chicago Bears 0 San Francisco , California ( 3 ) Candlestick Park ( 2 ) 1985 1985 -- 86 Chicago Bears ( 1 ) 24 Los Angeles Rams 0 Chicago , Illinois Soldier Field 1986 1986 -- 87 New York Giants ( 1 ) 17 Washington Redskins 0 East Rutherford , New Jersey Giants Stadium 1987 -- 88 Washington Redskins ( 4 ) 17 Minnesota Vikings 10 Washington , D.C. ( 4 ) RFK Stadium ( 4 ) 1988 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers ( 3 ) 28 Chicago Bears Chicago , Illinois ( 2 ) Soldier Field ( 2 ) 1989 1989 -- 90 San Francisco 49ers ( 4 ) 30 Los Angeles Rams San Francisco , California ( 4 ) Candlestick Park ( 3 ) 1990 1990 -- 91 New York Giants ( 2 ) 15 San Francisco 49ers 13 San Francisco , California ( 5 ) Candlestick Park ( 4 ) 1991 1991 -- 92 Washington Redskins ( 5 ) 41 Detroit Lions 10 Washington , D.C. ( 5 ) RFK Stadium ( 5 ) 1992 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys ( 6 ) 30 San Francisco 49ers 20 San Francisco , California ( 6 ) Candlestick Park ( 5 ) 1993 1993 -- 94 Dallas Cowboys ( 7 ) 38 San Francisco 49ers 21 Irving , Texas ( 4 ) Texas Stadium ( 4 ) 1994 1994 -- 95 San Francisco 49ers ( 5 ) 38 Dallas Cowboys 28 San Francisco , California ( 7 ) Candlestick Park ( 6 ) 1995 1995 -- 96 Dallas Cowboys ( 8 ) 38 Green Bay Packers 27 Irving , Texas ( 5 ) Texas Stadium ( 5 ) 1996 -- 97 Green Bay Packers ( 1 ) 30 Carolina Panthers 13 Green Bay , Wisconsin Lambeau Field 1997 1997 -- 98 Green Bay Packers ( 2 ) 23 San Francisco 49ers 10 San Francisco , California ( 8 ) 3Com Park ( 7 ) 1998 1998 -- 99 Atlanta Falcons ( 1 ) 30 Minnesota Vikings 27 Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 3 ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 1999 1999 -- 00 St. Louis Rams ( 2 ) 11 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6 St. Louis , Missouri Trans World Dome 2000 2000 -- 01 New York Giants ( 3 ) 41 Minnesota Vikings 0 East Rutherford , New Jersey ( 2 ) Giants Stadium ( 2 ) 2001 2001 -- 02 St. Louis Rams ( 3 ) 29 Philadelphia Eagles 24 St. Louis , Missouri ( 2 ) Edward Jones Dome ( 2 ) 2002 2002 -- 03 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 ) 27 Philadelphia Eagles 10 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 2 ) Veterans Stadium ( 2 ) 2003 2003 -- 04 Carolina Panthers ( 1 ) 14 Philadelphia Eagles Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 3 ) Lincoln Financial Field 2004 -- 05 Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) 27 Atlanta Falcons 10 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 4 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2 ) 2005 2005 -- 06 Seattle Seahawks ( 1 ) 34 Carolina Panthers 14 Seattle , Washington Qwest Field 2006 2006 -- 07 Chicago Bears ( 2 ) 39 New Orleans Saints 14 Chicago , Illinois ( 3 ) Soldier Field ( 3 ) 2007 2007 -- 08 New York Giants ( 4 ) 23 Green Bay Packers 20 Green Bay , Wisconsin ( 2 ) Lambeau Field ( 2 ) 2008 2008 -- 09 Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) 32 Philadelphia Eagles 25 Glendale , Arizona University of Phoenix Stadium 2009 2009 -- 10 New Orleans Saints ( 1 ) 31 Minnesota Vikings 28 New Orleans , Louisiana Louisiana Superdome 2010 -- 11 Green Bay Packers ( 3 ) 21 Chicago Bears 14 Chicago , Illinois ( 4 ) Soldier Field ( 4 ) 2011 2011 -- 12 New York Giants ( 5 ) 20 San Francisco 49ers 17 San Francisco , California ( 9 ) Candlestick Park ( 8 ) 2012 2012 -- 13 San Francisco 49ers ( 6 ) 28 Atlanta Falcons 24 Atlanta , Georgia Georgia Dome 2013 2013 -- 14 Seattle Seahawks ( 2 ) 23 San Francisco 49ers 17 Seattle , Washington ( 2 ) CenturyLink Field ( 2 ) 2014 2014 -- 15 Seattle Seahawks ( 3 ) 28 Green Bay Packers 22 Seattle , Washington ( 3 ) CenturyLink Field ( 3 ) 2015 2015 -- 16 Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) 49 Arizona Cardinals 15 Charlotte , North Carolina Bank of America Stadium 2016 2016 -- 17 Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) 44 Green Bay Packers 21 Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) Georgia Dome ( 2 ) 2017 2017 -- 18 Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 ) 38 Minnesota Vikings 7 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 5 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 3 ) ^ a : Overtime Appearances 1970 -- present ( edit ) Num Team PCT PF PA Last appearance Last championship Home games Home wins Home losses Home Win Pct . Away games Away wins Away losses Away Win Pct . 14 Dallas Cowboys 8 6 . 571 317 264 1995 1995 5 . 800 9 5 . 444 15 San Francisco 49ers 6 9 . 400 307 289 2013 2012 9 5 . 444 6 . 333 6 Washington Redskins 5 . 833 139 78 1991 1991 5 5 0 1.000 0 . 000 5 New York Giants 5 0 1.000 116 50 2011 2011 0 1.000 0 1.000 9 Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 6 . 333 82 187 2001 2001 . 500 5 . 200 9 Minnesota Vikings 6 . 333 136 175 2017 1976 . 667 5 . 200 7 Green Bay Packers . 429 143 126 2016 . 500 5 . 400 7 Philadelphia Eagles . 429 109 119 2017 2017 5 . 600 0 . 000 Seattle Seahawks 0 1.000 85 53 2014 2014 0 1.000 0 0 0 - 6 ! -- -- 5 Chicago Bears . 400 80 86 2006 . 500 0 . 000 Atlanta Falcons . 500 108 103 2016 2016 . 500 . 500 Carolina Panthers . 500 90 82 2015 2015 0 1.000 . 333 Tampa Bay Buccaneers . 333 33 30 2002 2002 0 . 000 . 500 New Orleans Saints . 500 45 67 2009 2009 0 1.000 0 . 000 Arizona Cardinals . 500 47 74 2015 2008 0 1.000 0 . 000 Detroit Lions 0 . 000 10 41 1991 N / A 0 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- 0 . 000 ^ b : Includes appearances during their first tenure in Los Angeles ( the 1970 merger to 1994 ) , where they went 1 -- 6 in NFC Championship Games ; and their period as the St. Louis Rams ( 1995 -- 2015 ) , where they went 2 -- 0 in NFC Championship Games . ^ c : The Seahawks were members of the NFC in 1976 and then members of the AFC from 1977 -- 2001 , before rejoining the NFC in 2002 . Including their only appearance in the AFC Championship Game ( 0 -- 1 ) , they hold a combined 3 -- 1 record between both Conference Championship Games . NFC Championship game records ( edit ) NFC Championship Game logo , 2001 -- 2005 Most victories : 8 -- Dallas Cowboys ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1975 , 1977 -- 1978 , 1992 -- 1993 , 1995 ) Most losses : 9 * * -- San Francisco 49ers ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1983 , 1990 , 1992 -- 1993 , 1997 , 2011 , 2013 ) Most appearances : 15 -- San Francisco 49ers ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1981 , 1983 -- 1984 , 1988 -- 1990 , 1992 -- 1994 , 1997 , 2011 -- 2013 ) Most consecutive appearances : 4 ( tie , 2 teams , 3 times ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1970 -- 1973 , 1992 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Most consecutive victories : 2 -- ( tie , 6 teams , 8 times ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1977 -- 1978 , 1992 -- 1993 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Washington Redskins ( 1982 -- 1983 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Most victories without a loss : 5 * * -- New York Giants ( 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 ) Most appearances without a win : 1 -- Detroit Lions ( 1991 ) Most defensive shutouts : 2 * * ; -- New York Giants ( Jan 11 , 1987 , 17 -- 0 vs Redskins and Jan 14 , 2001 , 41 -- 0 vs Vikings ) Most times shut out : 2 * * ; -- Los Angeles Rams ( Jan 7 , 1979 , 0 -- 28 vs Cowboys and Jan 12 , 1986 , 0 -- 24 vs Bears ) Most consecutive losses : 3 * -- ( tie , 3 times ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Most games hosted : 9 -- San Francisco 49ers ( 1970 , 1981 , 1984 , 1989 -- 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1997 , 2011 ) Most numerous matchup : 6 * * -- Dallas Cowboys vs. San Francisco 49ers ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1981 , 1992 -- 1994 ) Most points scored : 49 points -- January 24 , 2016 -- Carolina Panthers vs. Arizona Cardinals ( 2015 ) Largest margin of victory : 41 points -- January 14 , 2001 ( 2000 ) , New York Giants ( 41 ) vs. Minnesota Vikings ( 0 ) Closest margin of victory : 1 point -- San Francisco 49ers ( 28 ) vs. Dallas Cowboys ( 27 ) , 1981 NFC Championship Game * * Fewest points scored , winning team : 9 ; January 6 , 1980 ( 1979 ) -- Los Angeles Rams vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers Fewest points scored : 0 * ; ( tie , 5 teams , 6 times ) Los Angeles Rams 0 vs Dallas Cowboys 28 January 7 , 1979 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 vs Los Angeles Rams 9 January 6 , 1980 Chicago Bears 0 vs San Francisco 49ers 23 January 6 , 1985 Los Angeles Rams 0 vs Chicago Bears 24 January 12 , 1986 Washington Redskins 0 vs New York Giants 17 January 11 , 1987 Minnesota Vikings 0 vs New York Giants 41 January 14 , 2001 Most points scored , losing team : 28 ( tie ) ; January 15 , 1995 ( 1994 ) -- Dallas Cowboys vs. San Francisco 49ers , January 24 , 2010 ( 2009 ) -- Minnesota Vikings at New Orleans Saints Most combined points scored : 66 ; January 15 , 1995 ( 1994 ) -- San Francisco 49ers ( 38 ) vs. Dallas Cowboys ( 28 ) Fewest combined points scored : 9 * * ; January 6 , 1980 ( 1979 ) -- Los Angeles Rams ( 9 ) vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 0 ) Longest game : 71 minutes , 52 seconds * * ; January 17 , 1999 ( 1998 ) -- Atlanta Falcons ( 30 ) @ Minnesota Vikings ( 27 ) , OT Most NFC Championships won in overtime : 2 * * -- New York Giants ( 2007 , 2011 ) Most NFC Championships lost in overtime : 2 * ( tie ) -- Green Bay Packers ( 2007 , 2014 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1998 , 2009 ) Current teams which have never won an NFC Championship : Detroit Lions ( 0 -- 1 ) * * * Longest drought without appearing in an NFC Championship Game : 26 years Detroit Lions ( last appearance -- 1991 ) Washington Redskins ( last appearance -- 1991 ) Longest drought without an NFC Championship : 48 years * * * ; Detroit Lions Largest comeback : 17 points ( trailed 17 -- 0 ; won 28 -- 24 ) , San Francisco 49ers , 2012 Overtime games : 1998 Atlanta Falcons 30 Minnesota Vikings 27 2007 New York Giants 23 Green Bay Packers 20 2009 New Orleans Saints 31 Minnesota Vikings 28 2011 New York Giants 20 San Francisco 49ers 17 2014 Seattle Seahawks 28 Green Bay Packers 22 Notes : * Tied for Conference Championship record ^ * * : Conference Championship record ^ * * * : Lions most recently won the NFL Championship in 1957 -- pre-Super Bowl era TV ratings ( edit ) 2006 : 35.233 million viewers ; Post Gun : 24.641 million ; Post Game : 15.279 million 2007 : million viewers ; Post Game : million ( 1 ) ( 2 ) 2008 : million viewers ; Post Game : million ( 3 ) 2009 : million viewers ; Post Game : 23.83 million ( 10 : 27pm -- 11 : 02pm ) ( 4 ) 2010 : 57.9 million viewers ( 5 ) 2011 : 51.9 million viewers ; 2012 : 57.6 million viewers ( 6 ) ; Post Game : million ( 7 ) 2013 : 42.0 million viewers ; Post Game : million ( 8 ) 2014 : 55.91 million viewers ( peak : 66.3 million viewers ) ; ( 6 : 42 - 9 : 59pm ) ; Post Game ( 9 : 55 - 9 : 59pm ) : 44.903 million ( 9 ) ; The OT ( 9 : 59 - 10 : 19pm ) : 30.339 million viewers ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) 2015 : 49.8 million viewers ( peak : 60.5 million viewers ) ; The OT : 16.280 million viewers ( 6 : 40 - 7 : 06pm ) ( 13 ) References ( edit ) Time Almanac 2004 Jump up ^ `` Playoff Games '' . NFL Record and Fact Book 2009 . Time , Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60320 - 809 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` NFC 's Halas trophy has new look '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Replay : Gritty Steelers are n't pretty , but they are Super '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Last NFL Game in Kezar Stadium . Jump up ^ These 1972 Dallas Cowboys were the first ever NFC wild card franchise to advance to the Conference championship game . Jump up ^ The 1975 Dallas Cowboys were the first ever wild card franchise to advance to the Super Bowl . Jump up ^ played on Saturday National Football League awards and trophies Team Vince Lombardi Trophy Lamar Hunt Trophy ( AFC ) George Halas Trophy ( NFC ) Individual Most Valuable Player Coach of the Year Offensive Player of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Rookie of the Year Comeback Player of the Year Walter Payton Man of the Year `` Whizzer '' White Man of the Year Bert Bell Award Art Rooney Award Super Bowl MVP One - time only 75th Anniversary All - Time Team ( 1994 ) All - Decade Teams Annual presentation NFL Honors NFL Top 100 Awards organizations Kansas City Committee of 101 Maxwell Football Club National Football League Alumni Touchdown Club of Columbus Washington D.C. Touchdown Club Defunct Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Brunswick - Balke Collender Cup NEA Defensive Player of the Year PFWA Defensive Player of the Year NEA Rookie of the Year UPI AFL - AFC Player of the Year UPI NFC Player of the Year UPI AFL - AFC Rookie of the Year UPI NFL - NFC Rookie of the Year National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFC_Championship_Game&oldid=824389293 '' Categories : NFC Championship Games Recurring sporting events established in 1971 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本語 Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 01 : 30 . About Wikipedia	who played in the 2017 nfc championship game	[ "\nNFC Championship Game\n\n\nNFC Championship logo\n\n\n\nFirst played\n1971 (1970 season)\n\n\nTrophy\nGeorge Halas Trophy\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Recent and upcoming games\n\n\n2017 season\n\n\nLincoln Financial Field\nJanuary 21, 2018\nMinnesota Vikings 7, Philadelphia Eagles 38\n\n\n2018 season\n\n\nTBD\nJanuary 20, 2019\nTBD vs. TBD\n\n", "\nNFC Championship Game\n\n\nNFC Championship logo\n\n\n\nFirst played\n1971 (1970 season)\n\n\nTrophy\nGeorge Halas Trophy\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Recent and upcoming games\n\n\n2017 season\n\n\nLincoln Financial Field\nJanuary 21, 2018\nMinnesota Vikings 7, Philadelphia Eagles 38\n\n\n2018 season\n\n\nTBD\nJanuary 20, 2019\nTBD vs. TBD\n\n" ]	[ "Minnesota Vikings", "Philadelphia Eagles" ]
7443833479592843472	Living Single	Living Single - wikipedia Living Single Jump to : navigation , search Living Single Season 1 DVD cover Created by Yvette Lee Bowser Starring Queen Latifah Kim Coles Erika Alexander T.C. Carson John Henton Mel Jackson Kim Fields Opening theme `` We Are Living Single '' , written and performed by Queen Latifah Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 118 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Yvette Lee Bowser ( entire run ) Roger S.H. Schulman Location ( s ) Warner Bros. Studios , Hollywood , California Camera setup Videotape ; Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) SisterLee Productions ( 1994 - 1998 ) ( seasons 2 - 5 ) Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Fox Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) Original release August 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 22 ) -- January 1 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 01 ) Living Single is an American television sitcom that aired for five seasons on the Fox network from August 22 , 1993 to January 1 , 1998 . The show centered on the lives of six friends who share personal and professional experiences while living in a Brooklyn brownstone . Throughout its run , Living Single became one of the most popular African - American sitcoms of its era , ranking among the top five in African - American ratings in all five seasons . The series was produced by Yvette Lee Bowser 's company , Sister Lee , in association with Warner Bros. Television . In contrast to the popularity of NBC 's `` Must See TV '' -- first on Sunday nights and then later on Thursday nights in the 1990s -- many African - American and Latino viewers flocked to Fox . For the 1993 -- 94 season , Living Single aired on Sunday nights between Martin and Married ... with Children , and then on Thursday nights from 1994 to 1998 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Minor characters 3 Notable guest appearances 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 DVD release & Digital Download 7 Crossovers 8 Syndication 9 Reunion special 10 Revival 11 Awards and nominations 12 References 13 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Living Single centered on six people consisting of four women and two men living the single life in the heart of Brooklyn , New York . The series focused on two different households in one brownstone , one shared by a trio of independent women and another shared by a pair of male friends who have known each other since they spent their youth in Cleveland , Ohio . In the first apartment , Khadijah James ( Queen Latifah ) , a hard - working editor and publisher of the fictional urban independent monthly Flavor , lived with her sweet , but naive cousin , Synclaire James ( Kim Coles ) , an aspiring actress who worked as Khadijah 's receptionist and has an affinity for Troll dolls ; and her childhood friend from East Orange , New Jersey , Regina `` Régine '' Hunter ( Kim Fields ) , an image - conscious , boutique buyer who was in a constant search for a well - to - do man to spend her life with ( and spend his money ) . Later in the series , Régine became a costume assistant for the soap opera Palo Alto . When the show was canceled , she became a wedding planner and left the apartment to move in with her fiancé , Dexter Knight ( Don Franklin ) . Maxine `` Max '' Shaw ( Erika Alexander ) , a sharp - tongued attorney and Khadijah 's best friend from their college days at Howard University , frequently stopped by to share her unique insights , keep them entertained by sharing her day , to make sure that the girls ' refrigerator is n't overstocked , and to start trouble with Kyle . Kyle Barker ( T.C. Carson ) lived in the second apartment with Overton Wakefield Jones ( John Henton ) . Kyle was a stockbroker whose constant verbal sparring with Max did little to mask their obvious sexual attraction . Overton was the friendly , but country , maintenance man for the owner of their ( and neighboring ) building who held deep affection for Synclaire and plenty of hilarious homespun wisdom for everyone else . Kyle and Max ended up pursuing a sexual relationship , but when he decided to take a job in London and invited Max to join him , she turned him down . Maxine subsequently became distraught over her decision and , after defending a man who claims to be the second coming of Jesus ( Harold Perrineau ) , she began to seriously look for the purpose of her life . Through a series of events , Max decided that her purpose must be to become a mother and during the insemination process unknowingly picked Kyle 's sperm specimen based on a list of qualities she would like for her child to have . Kyle returned in the series finale and the two reconciled . Overton and Synclaire also got together and their relationship culminated in marriage by the end of the fourth season . In season five , they moved in together , leaving Overton and Kyle 's apartment open for new character Roni DeSantos ( Idalis DeLeon ) , a New York - area D.J. , to move in . It was eventually revealed that DeSantos had a fling with Ira Lee `` Tripp '' Williams III , ( Mel Jackson ) , the new roommate of Khadijah and Régine who moved in when Synclaire 's room became available . Tripp was a songwriter . Synclaire joined a comedy improv troupe where she gained the attention of Tony Jonas , a Warner Bros. television exec who cast her as a nun for a new comedy series he was developing . Along with trying to make Flavor a success , Khadijah also spent time looking for Mr. Right . She eventually found him in childhood friend Scooter ( Cress Williams ) with whom she left the brownstone for the final time in the series finale . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Queen Latifah -- Khadijah James , editor and publisher of Flavor , an independent magazine devoted to the interests of the urban community . Kim Coles -- Synclaire James - Jones , Khadijah 's good - natured cousin and roommate ; receptionist at Flavor and aspiring actress . Erika Alexander -- Maxine `` Max '' Felice Shaw , strong - willed attorney and Khadijah 's best friend from college ; spends much of her time at girls ' apartment . T.C. Carson -- Kyle Barker ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ; appears on 3 episodes in season 5 ) , stockbroker and girls ' neighbor ; Max 's verbal sparring partner and on - again , off - again etc. love interest . John Henton -- Overton `` Obie '' Wakefield Jones , Kyle 's roommate and the brownstone 's handyman ; Synclaire 's sweetheart . Kim Fields -- Regina `` Regine '' Hunter , Khadijah and Synclaire 's gossip - loving roommate ; childhood friend of Khadijah . Mel Jackson -- Ira Lee `` Tripp '' Williams ( Season 5 ) , Khadijah and Regine 's new roommate ; aspiring songwriter . Minor characters ( edit ) Cress Williams -- Terrence `` Scooter '' Williams , Khadijah 's childhood friend and sometimes love interest Richard Lyons -- Michael Janson ( Season 1 -- 2 ) , Max 's `` old stand - by . '' Shaun Baker -- Russell Montego , Jamaican - born music editor at Flavor Bobby Hosea -- Lawrence ( Season 1 -- 3 ) , Kyle 's rival at the brokerage Chip Fields -- Laverne Hunter , Regine 's mother Rita Owens -- Rita James ( Season 1 -- 4 ) , Khadijah 's mother Heavy D -- Darryl ( Season 2 -- 4 ) , Regine 's friend Steven Gilborn -- Jeffrey Higgins ( Season 2 -- 4 ) , Kyle 's boss Bumper Robinson -- Ivan Ennis ( Season 3 -- 4 ) , college - age messenger turned Flavor copy aide ; infatuated with Khadijah ; a journalism major at New York University J. Anthony Brown -- Tibby Jones ( Season 3 -- 4 ) , Overton 's favorite uncle Khalil Kain -- Keith ( Season 3 -- 4 ) , Regine 's artist boyfriend Dorien Wilson -- Rev. Leslie Taylor ( Season 3 -- 4 ) , pastor at the group 's church Isaiah Washington -- Dr. Charles Roberts ( Season 4 ) , Khadijah 's boyfriend . Idalis DeLeon -- Roni De Santos ( Season 5 ) , popular New York City deejay and love interest for Tripp Notable guest appearances ( edit ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Jim Brown Cedric Ceballos Will Ferrell Lou Ferrigno Bobcat Goldthwait Gilbert Gottfried Kadeem Hardison Jasmine Guy Cris Carter Arsenio Hall Grant Hill Evander Holyfield Terrence Howard Montell Jordan Chaka Khan Eartha Kitt Gladys Knight Tone Lōc Nia Long Branford Marsalis Ed McMahon Monica Naughty By Nature Rosie O'Donnell Deion Sanders TLC Mario Van Peebles Melvin Van Peebles Vanessa A. Williams Brian McKnight Flip Wilson CeCe Winans Jerome Bettis Bobby Bonilla Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Living Single episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 27 August 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 22 ) May 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 15 ) 27 September 1 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 01 ) May 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 18 ) 27 August 31 , 1995 ( 1995 - 08 - 31 ) May 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 09 ) 24 August 29 , 1996 ( 1996 - 08 - 29 ) May 8 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 08 ) 5 13 September 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 11 ) January 1 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 01 ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) August 22 , 1993 May 15 , 1994 1993 - 1994 # 56 9.3 September 1 , 1994 May 18 , 1995 1994 - 1995 # 84 8.7 August 31 , 1995 May 9 , 1996 1995 - 1996 # 111 6.5 August 29 , 1996 May 8 , 1997 1996 - 1997 # 104 6.2 5 September 11 , 1997 January 1 , 1998 1997 - 1998 # 117 7.0 DVD release & digital download ( edit ) Warner Home Video released the complete first season of Living Single on DVD in Region 1 on February 14 , 2006 . The entire series is also available for digital download on Amazon.com and the iTunes Store . Warner Archive has released Season 2 on September 19 , 2017 on DVD in Region 1 . This is a Manufacture - on - Demand ( MOD ) release , available from such sellers as Warner 's online store and Amazon.com . Season 3 was released on November 21 , 2017 . Season 4 was released on March 20 , 2018 . DVD name Episodes Region 1 The Complete First Season 27 February 14 , 2006 The Complete Second Season 27 September 19 , 2017 The Complete Third Season 27 November 21 , 2017 The Complete Fourth Season 24 March 20 , 2018 Crossovers ( edit ) Half & Half : Erika Alexander and T.C. Carson reprised their roles of Maxine Shaw and Kyle Barker on the UPN sitcom , Half & Half ( a series produced by Living Single creator Yvette Lee Bowser ) . In the episode ( `` The Big Performance Anxiety Episode '' , third season ) , ambitious law student Dee Dee learns that her mother 's co-star in a play is engaged to Maxine , Dee Dee 's idol . However , her mother gets Maxine 's beau , Kyle , fired because she fears he will take attention away from her . The episode also revealed that Maxine and Kyle remained a couple and were the proud parents of their seven - year - old daughter named Kyla . The Crew : In one episode `` The Mating Season '' of the short - lived Fox sitcom The Crew , Regine becomes a passenger on a flight and argues with a sassy stewardess in hopes of upgrading to first class . On another episode , `` The Worst Noel '' , Synclaire also becomes a passenger . The episode served as a bridge for The Crew and its lead - in show , Living Single . Syndication ( edit ) Living Single started reruns in syndication on September 22 , 1997 . Reruns of the series currently run daily on TV One , Logo TV and Oxygen . Starting October 2 , 2017 Bounce TV will air reruns of the series . As of January 11 , 2018 , all episodes began streaming on Hulu . Reunion special ( edit ) An hour - long retrospective special , Living Single : The Reunion Special , aired on TV One on September 22 , 2008 . Coles , Henton , Fields , Carson and Alexander reunited to share fond memories with the fans . Queen Latifah and Mel Jackson were unavailable to participate . The special featured clips and revealing secrets of the cast from the show 's five - year run . Revival ( edit ) In January 2017 , Queen Latifah reported that a revival of `` Living Single '' is in the works with the original cast and that she plans to serve as producer . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for Living Single Year Awards Performer Result 1998 Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series : Erika Alexander Won Outstanding Comedy Series Won Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series : Queen Latifah Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series : Kim Coles Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : T.C. Carson Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : John Henton Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Complete TV Ratings 1994 - 1995 '' . fbibler.chez.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Complete TV Ratings 1995 - 1996 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Jump up ^ `` Final Ratings for ' 97 - ' 98 TV Season '' . Jump up ^ Living Single - HOORAY ! Warner Archive Announces ' The Complete 2nd Season ' 3 - disc MOD set will finally be available in mid-Septembers Jump up ^ Living Single - Warner Archive Announces DVDs for ' The Complete 3rd Season ' MOD release is available online during the second half of November . Jump up ^ Living Single - The Next - to - Last Season , ' The Complete 4th Season , ' is Now Scheduled ! MOD title will be available online in March from Amazon / CreateSpace and the WBshop ! . Jump up ^ `` Queen Latifah Reveals She 's Working on a Living Single Revival '' . 13 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Living Single on IMDb Living Single at TV.com Living Single at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Living_Single&oldid=833669141 '' Categories : 1990s American sitcoms 1993 American television series debuts 1998 American television series endings American black sitcoms English - language television programs Fox network shows Queen Latifah American romantic comedy television series Television series about friendship Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows filmed in California Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 21 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does regine end up with on living single	[ "The series focused on two different households in one brownstone, one shared by a trio of independent women and another shared by a pair of male friends who have known each other since they spent their youth in Cleveland, Ohio. In the first apartment, Khadijah James (Queen Latifah), a hard-working editor and publisher of the fictional urban independent monthly Flavor, lived with her sweet, but naive cousin, Synclaire James (Kim Coles), an aspiring actress who worked as Khadijah's receptionist and has an affinity for Troll dolls; and her childhood friend from East Orange, New Jersey, Regina \"Régine\" Hunter (Kim Fields), an image-conscious, boutique buyer who was in a constant search for a well-to-do man to spend her life with (and spend his money). Later in the series, Régine became a costume assistant for the soap opera Palo Alto. When the show was canceled, she became a wedding planner and left the apartment to move in with her fiancé, Dexter Knight (Don Franklin). Maxine \"Max\" Shaw (Erika Alexander), a sharp-tongued attorney and Khadijah's best friend from their college days at Howard University, frequently stopped by to share her unique insights, keep them entertained by sharing her day, to make sure that the girls' refrigerator isn't overstocked, and to start trouble with Kyle." ]	[ "Dexter Knight" ]
-1790197595741581077	EFL Cup	EFL Cup - wikipedia EFL Cup Jump to : navigation , search EFL Cup EFL Cup logo used from 2017 -- 18 season Organising body English Football League Founded 1960 ; 57 years ago ( 1960 ) Region England Wales Number of teams 92 Qualifier for UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester United ( 5th title ) Most successful club ( s ) Liverpool ( 8 titles ) Television broadcasters Sky Sports Channel 5 ( highlights only ) 2017 -- 18 EFL Cup The EFL Cup ( referred to historically , and colloquially , as simply the League Cup ) , currently known as the Carabao Cup for sponsorship reasons , is an annual knockout football competition in men 's domestic English football . Organised by the English Football League ( EFL ) , it is open to any club within the top four levels of the English football league system -- 92 clubs in total -- comprising the top level Premier League , and the three divisions of the English Football League 's own league competition ( Championship , League One and League Two ) . First held in 1960 -- 61 as the Football League Cup , it is one of the three top - tier domestic football competitions in England , alongside the Premier League and FA Cup . It concludes in February , long before the other two , which end in May . It was introduced by the league as a response to the increasing popularity of European football , and to also exert power over the FA . It also took advantage of the roll - out of floodlights , allowing the fixtures to be played as midweek evening games . With the renaming of the Football League as the English Football League in 2016 , the tournament was rebranded as the EFL Cup from the 2016 -- 17 season onwards . The tournament is played over seven rounds , with single leg ties throughout , except the semi-finals . The final is held at Wembley Stadium ; it is the only tie in the competition played at a neutral venue and on a weekend ( Sunday ) . Entrants are seeded in the early rounds , and a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds , and to defer the entry of teams still involved in Europe . Winners receive the EFL Cup , of which there have been three designs , the current one also being the original . Winners also qualify for European football with a place in the UEFA Europa League -- although this place is transferred to the highest - placed Premier League team not already qualified for European competition , should the winner also qualify for Europe through other means at the end of the season . The current holders are Manchester United , who beat Southampton 3 -- 2 in the 2017 final to win their fifth League Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Status 2 History 2.1 Modern changes 2.2 Giant killings 3 Format 3.1 Final 4 Results by club 5 Sponsorship 6 Trophy 7 Records 8 References 9 External links Status ( edit ) Although the League Cup is one of the four domestic trophies attainable by English league teams , it is perceived as a lower priority cup than the league championship or the FA Cup ; the fourth domestic trophy , the Community Shield , is a one - match event . League Cup winners receive £ 100,000 prize money ( awarded by the Football League ) with the runners - up receiving £ 50,000 , considered relatively insignificant to top - flight teams , compared to the £ 2 million prize money of the FA Cup , which is in turn eclipsed by the Premier League 's television money ( awarded on final league position ) and consequent participation in the Champions League . Some clubs have repeatedly fielded a weaker side in the competition , making the opportunity for giant - killing of the larger clubs more likely . Many teams in the Premier League , Arsenal and Manchester United in particular , have used the competition to give young players valuable big - game experience . However , in 2010 , in response to Arsène Wenger 's claim that a League Cup win would not end his trophy drought , Alex Ferguson described the trophy as `` a pot worth winning '' . History ( edit ) See also : List of EFL Cup finals The original idea for a League Cup came from Stanley Rous who saw the competition as a consolation for clubs who had already been knocked out of the FA Cup . However it was not Rous who came to implement it , but Football League Secretary Alan Hardaker . Hardaker initially proposed the competition as a way for the clubs to make up on lost revenue due to a reduction in matches played for when the league was to be re-organised . The re-organisation of the league was not immediately forthcoming ; however , the cup competition was introduced regardless . The trophy was paid for personally by Football League President Joe Richards , Richards was proud of the competition and he had his own name engraved on it . Richards described the competition 's formation as an ' interim step ' on the way to the league 's re-organisation . Richards ' priority was the re-organisation of the leagues ; ' perhaps by cutting down the number of clubs in each division , as has already been suggested , and even given more consideration to the system of four up and four down ' . Hardaker felt that the Football League needed to adapt to the times as the English game was losing prestige and he felt that the Football League should take the lead in revitalising football in the nation : `` It must be obvious to all of you that the time has come to do something , and it is up to the Football League to give the lead . I hope the Press will not immediately assume that the League is going to fall out with the F.A. or anybody else ... the time has come for our voice to be heard in every problem which affects the professional game . '' The League Cup competition was established at a time when match day attendances were dwindling . The league had lost 1 million spectators compared to the previous season . It was established at a time when tensions between the Football League and the Football Association were high . The biggest disagreement was how revenue was shared between the clubs . During the late 1950s , the majority of senior English clubs equipped their grounds with floodlights . This opened up the opportunity to exploit weekday evenings throughout the winter . The League Cup was introduced in the 1960 -- 61 season specifically as a mid-week floodlit tournament , to replace the Southern Professional Floodlit Cup . The League Cup was criticised by the better - endowed clubs . The Times ' correspondent at the time felt that the League Cup was a step in the wrong direction ; the European Cup had been formed five years prior to the League Cup and the correspondent felt the League Cup 's introduction was adding to existing problems . The Times published on 30 May 1960 : `` Where a drastic reduction is required in an attempt to raise quality , no doubt quantity and a further spread of mediocrity will be the dose . Where men like Count Bernabeu with his wider horizons , think in terms of a European - league for the future in which a lead could surely now be given jointly by our leaders , the Football League propose next season to implement their useless Football League Cup to be played in midweek . It gets the players , the clubs and the public nowhere . '' Aston Villa were the inaugural winners in 1960 -- 61 , defeating Rotherham United 3 -- 2 in the final over two legs . Football in England was considered to be of a low quality compared to what was being played on the continent , as relatively unfashionable clubs Burnley and Wolverhampton Wanderers were England 's representatives in Europe that year , having lifted the major honours ahead of much bigger clubs like Arsenal and Manchester United . Richards referred to the appetite for European football as ' continental fever ' and was keen for the league to re-establish itself : ' We must be prepared to put the interests of the League and the game before individual clubs . ' Sixteen clubs opposed the competition 's creation , thirty - one approved it . The average attendance across the League Cup was 10,556 , just higher than the average gate in the Third Division . The total attendance of the Football League competition had fallen by 4 million from the previous season . Richards is reputed to have told Hardaker that he foresaw ' the League Cup final being held at Wembley , but that it would n't be during his lifetime ' . The first League Cup final to be held at Wembley was Third Division Queens Park Rangers 's win over First Division West Bromwich Albion on 4 March 1967 . Richards died in 1968 . The first League Cup was won in 1960 -- 61 by Aston Villa who , at the time , held the overall record for major trophies won in England . The next three finals , however , saw the trophy won by clubs who had never won a major trophy before . One of them , Norwich City , had yet to even play in the First Division , while their opponents Rochdale had played no higher than the Third Division . The introduction of the League Cup had given the Football League more negotiating power with the FA and UEFA . Hardaker had threatened UEFA with a boycott of the Fairs Cup unless UEFA gave the League Cup winner European qualification . As a result of the negotiating tactics , UEFA provided the League Cup winner with a place in the European competitions providing the team was in the first division . Tottenham Hotspur were the first team to qualify for Europe by virtue of winning the competition . Although Leeds United had won the competition before Tottenham , Leeds qualified for Europe based on league position . The winners of the 1966 -- 67 and 1968 -- 69 editions QPR and Swindon Town did not participate in Europe as they were not in the First Division . Prior to the agreement with UEFA , the competition was not considered worthy of the larger clubs ' attention . However once a position in Europe was on offer , as was a final at Wembley Stadium , the competition 's standing was improved and in the 1968 -- 69 season only Manchester United declined to participate . Everton chose not to compete in 1970 -- 71 so that they could concentrate their efforts on the European Cup . Entry was made compulsory for all Football League teams the following year . Liverpool have won the cup on the most occasions with eight victories including winning their four League Cups in successive years in the early 1980s . They completed two trebles of trophy wins , in 1983 -- 84 and 2000 -- 01 , winning the League Cup in both of these years . English clubs lost their place in European competitions for an indefinite period in 1985 as a result of the Heysel disaster , where Liverpool fans had taken part in a riot at the European Cup final , resulting in the death of 39 spectators . That year 's winners of the League Cup were Norwich City , who would otherwise have played in a European competition for the first time in the 1985 -- 86 season . Oxford United , Arsenal , Luton Town and Nottingham Forest also missed out on the chance to compete in the UEFA Cup as League Cup holders over the next four years . Even when the ban was lifted in 1990 , League Cup winners did not participate in European competitions for two more years , when Manchester United won the trophy and qualified for the UEFA Cup anyway as they had finished second in the league . In the previous two seasons , Nottingham Forest and Sheffield Wednesday had both been prevented from competing in the UEFA Cup as League Cup winners due to the gradual reintegration of English clubs in European competitions . In 2016 -- 17 , the competition was renamed the EFL Cup as part of the Football League 's rebranding to become the English Football League . Modern changes ( edit ) In the early 21st century , following restructuring of European football and particularly its international club competitions the UEFA Champions League and Europa League , there were considerations of removing the prize of European qualification from the League Cup 's winners . It has retained its Europa League berth , however , leaving England the only UEFA member aside from France to offer a European berth to the winners of their second cup competitions . This has allowed the League Cup to retain popularity , especially with fans of clubs for whom success in cup competitions offers their only realistic chance of qualifying for Europe . Giant killings ( edit ) Giant killings are less well remembered in the League Cup than the FA Cup due to the absence of non-league sides and the fact that many big clubs have fielded very under - strength sides when knocked out . However , there have been some notable upsets , such as Fourth Division side Chester knocking league champions Leeds United out 3 -- 0 en route to the semi-finals in 1974 -- 75 . In 1995 -- 96 , Manchester United were beaten 3 -- 0 at home by York City in the second round , first leg ; United could only win 3 -- 1 in the second leg and went out 4 -- 3 on aggregate ( York went on to repeat the achievement against Everton the following year ) . Also , the final of 1966 -- 67 saw Division Three side Queens Park Rangers come from 2 -- 0 down at half time to win 3 -- 2 against top - flight West Bromwich Albion in the first League Cup Final to be hosted at Wembley Stadium . Two years later in 1968 -- 69 , Third Division side Swindon Town beat Arsenal 3 - 1 after extra time in the final to win the trophy . Manchester United have also been knocked out by Southend United and Coventry City in 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 respectively : in the match against Southend they fielded a strong side with 10 internationals , bucking a trend they had themselves started . In the 2014 -- 15 season , Manchester United fielded five international players but lost 4 -- 0 in the second round ( in which they entered the tournament ) against third - tier side MK Dons . In 2001 -- 02 , holders Liverpool were defeated 2 -- 1 at home by Grimsby Town , then humbled again by Northampton Town in September 2010 . Grimsby recorded another giant killing in 2005 by knocking out Tottenham Hotspur . In the 2012 -- 13 competition , League Two ( fourth tier ) side Bradford City knocked out Premier League sides Wigan and Arsenal en route to a semi-final disposal of another top tier side , Aston Villa , 4 -- 3 on aggregate , to reach the final , becoming the lowest - ranked team to do so since Rochdale in 1961 -- 62 . Swansea City , in their centenary year , became the first team from outside England to win the League Cup on 24 February 2013 , when they beat Bradford City 5 -- 0 to win their first major English trophy . Former League club and now defunct Scarborough defeated Chelsea 4 -- 3 on aggregate in October 1989 , while a Division 4 club . In 1992 -- 93 , Scarborough then defeated Coventry City ( then a top - tier side ) 3 -- 2 on aggregate , before ultimately going out of the competition , narrowly , 1 -- 0 , against Arsenal . In 2014 -- 15 , Sheffield Wednesday beat Arsenal 3 - 0 then lost to Stoke in the quarter - finals . Format ( edit ) The League Cup is open to all 92 members of the Premier League and English Football League and is divided into seven rounds , organised so that 32 teams remain by the third round ( with the exception of the 1961 -- 62 competition ) . Since 1996 -- 97 , teams involved in European competition during the season have received a bye to the third round ; the remaining Premier League teams enter at the second round , and the remaining Football League teams enter at the first round . If the number of byes causes an odd number of teams to enter a round , another team may be given a bye ( usually the highest - placed team of those relegated from the Premier League the previous season ) or a preliminary round may be played between the two teams promoted from the Football Conference the previous season ( or , if only one team is promoted , that team would play against the lowest - placed team not to be relegated from the Football League the previous season ) ; preliminary rounds have only been necessary in the 2002 -- 03 and 2011 -- 12 competitions . Up to 1995 -- 96 , all teams were involved by the second round , although some received byes to that stage . Matches in all rounds are single - legged , except for the semi-finals , which have been two - legged since the competition began . The final was two - legged from 1961 to 1966 , but has been single - legged ever since . The first round was two - legged from 1975 -- 76 to 2000 -- 01 , and the second round was two - legged from 1979 -- 80 to 2000 -- 01 . Single - legged matches would be replayed as necessary until 1993 -- 94 , when penalties were introduced to settle the first replay ; the last single - legged tie to require a replay was played in 1996 -- 97 . Until 1974 -- 75 , two - legged ties that remained level after extra time in the second leg would be replayed ; in that time , three ties reached a third replay . Between 1975 -- 76 and 1979 -- 80 , ties would still be replayed , but a penalty shoot - out would be used to settle ties that could not be decided after a replay ; replays of two - legged matches were finally abolished for 1980 -- 81 , with the away goals rule and penalties being adopted instead . The semi-finals were the exception to this , with level ties being replayed until 1986 -- 87 , after which the away goals rule and penalties were introduced . Final ( edit ) Main article : List of EFL Cup finals Pre-match presentation at the 2007 final between Chelsea and Arsenal at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff For the first six seasons of the Football League Cup , the final was played over two legs , with each leg being played at the home ground of each finalist . Since 1967 , the final has been played as a single match at Wembley Stadium , although the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff was used between 2001 and 2007 , following the demolition of the old Wembley . Between 1967 and 1997 , finals that finished level after extra time would be replayed at an alternative venue until a winner was decided . The only final to require two replays was the 1977 final between Aston Villa and Everton . The venues that hosted replays were Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield , Old Trafford and Maine Road in Manchester and Villa Park in Birmingham . Since 1998 , finals that have finished level after extra time have been decided by penalty shoot - out . Until 1999 -- 2000 , the final was played in late March or early April . Thereafter it has been played in late February or early March . Since 1989 -- 90 , the best player in the League Cup final -- as chosen by the Sky Sports television panel -- has been presented with the Alan Hardaker Trophy , named after Alan Hardaker , the former secretary of the Football League who devised the Football League Cup . John Terry and Ben Foster are the only players to win the award more than once . Results by club ( edit ) EFL cup winners by club Team Winners Runners - up Years won Years runner - up Liverpool 8 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 1977 -- 78 , 1986 -- 87 , 2004 -- 05 , 2015 -- 16 Manchester United 5 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 1982 -- 83 , 1990 -- 91 , 1993 -- 94 , 2002 -- 03 Aston Villa 5 1960 -- 61 , 1974 -- 75 , 1976 -- 77 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 1962 -- 63 , 1970 -- 71 , 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 5 1964 -- 65 , 1997 -- 98 , 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2014 -- 15 1971 -- 72 , 2007 -- 08 Tottenham Hotspur 1970 -- 71 , 1972 -- 73 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 1981 -- 82 , 2001 -- 02 , 2008 -- 09 , 2014 -- 15 Nottingham Forest 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 1979 -- 80 , 1991 -- 92 Manchester City 1969 -- 70 , 1975 -- 76 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 1973 -- 74 Leicester City 1963 -- 64 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 1964 -- 65 , 1998 -- 99 Arsenal 5 1986 -- 87 , 1992 -- 93 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1987 -- 88 , 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 Norwich City 1961 -- 62 , 1984 -- 85 1972 -- 73 , 1974 -- 75 Birmingham City 1962 -- 63 , 2010 -- 11 2000 -- 01 Wolverhampton Wanderers 0 1973 -- 74 , 1979 -- 80 -- Middlesbrough 2003 -- 04 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 West Bromwich Albion 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 , 1969 -- 70 Queens Park Rangers 1966 -- 67 1985 -- 86 Leeds United 1967 -- 68 1995 -- 96 Stoke City 1971 -- 72 1963 -- 64 Luton Town 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Sheffield Wednesday 1990 -- 91 1992 -- 93 Swindon Town 0 1968 -- 69 -- Oxford United 0 1985 -- 86 -- Blackburn Rovers 0 2001 -- 02 -- Swansea City 0 2012 -- 13 -- Sponsorship ( edit ) From 1981 to the present ( except in 2016 -- 17 ) , the League Cup has attracted title sponsorship , which meant , unlike its older sibling the FA Cup , the League Cup was named after its sponsor , giving it the following names : Period Sponsor Name 1960 -- 61 to 1980 -- 81 No main title sponsor Football League Cup 1981 -- 82 to 1985 -- 86 Milk Marketing Board Milk Cup 1986 -- 87 to 1989 -- 90 Littlewoods Littlewoods Challenge Cup 1990 -- 91 to 1991 -- 92 Rumbelows Rumbelows Cup 1992 -- 93 to 1997 -- 98 Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Cup 1998 -- 99 to 2002 -- 03 Worthington 's Worthington Cup 2003 -- 04 to 2011 -- 12 Molson Coors Carling Cup 2012 -- 13 to 2015 -- 16 Capital One Capital One Cup 2016 -- 17 No main title sponsor EFL Cup 2017 -- 18 - Present Carabao Carabao Cup Trophy ( edit ) The current EFL Cup trophy . The winners receive the EFL Cup , of which there have been three designs -- the current one also being the original , a three - handled Georgian - style urn with a separate plinth ( added later ) . Designed and manufactured by Mappin & Webb , it weighs 2.976 kg and measures 27 cm by 20.5 cm . It is worth around £ 20,000 . It was used until the 1980 -- 81 competition , before coming back into use ever since the 1990 -- 91 competition . The reason for the break in usage was the introduction for the first time of a competition sponsor -- the Milk Marketing Board , who chose to award their own trophy from 1981 -- 82 to 1985 -- 86 . The next sponsor , Littlewoods , also chose to award their own trophy , from 1986 -- 87 until 1989 -- 90 . Later sponsors have used the original . Rather than the traditional medal , each member of the League Cup - winning team used to receive a tankard . Today , winning players receive medals . Records ( edit ) As of 2016 : Most tournament wins ( team ) : 8 wins , Liverpool Most final appearances ( team ) : 12 , Liverpool Most tournament wins ( individual ) : 5 , Ian Rush for Liverpool Most final appearances : ( individual ) : 6 , Ian Rush for Liverpool ( 1981 -- 1984 , 1987 , 1995 ) and Emile Heskey for Leicester City ( 1997 , 1999 , 2000 ) , Liverpool ( 2001 , 2003 ) and Aston Villa ( 2010 ) Most semi final appearances ( team ) : 17 , Liverpool Highest goalscorer ( career ) : Geoff Hurst , Ian Rush 49 goals Highest goalscorer ( season ) : Clive Allen , for Tottenham Hotspur , 12 goals in 1986 -- 87 Most goals scored in a match ( individual ) : 6 goals , by Frankie Bunn for Oldham Athletic vs Scarborough , 25 October 1989 Biggest win : Liverpool 10 -- 0 Fulham , second round first leg , 23 September 1986 and West Ham United 10 -- 0 Bury , second round second leg , 25 October 1983 Biggest aggregate win in a semi-final : Manchester City 9 -- 0 West Ham United ( 6 -- 0 at the City of Manchester Stadium and 3 -- 0 at the Boleyn Ground ) , January 2014 Biggest win in a final : Swansea City 5 -- 0 Bradford City , 24 February 2013 Highest scoring game : Reading 5 -- 7 Arsenal , fourth round , 30 October 2012 and Dagenham & Redbridge 6 -- 6 Brentford , first round , 12 August 2014 Most penalties in a deciding penalty shootout : 32 -- Derby County 14 -- 13 Carlisle United ( 23 August 2016 ) Youngest player : Ashley Chambers , 15 years 203 days , for Leicester City vs Blackpool , 2005 Youngest goalscorer in the final : Norman Whiteside , 17 years 324 days , for Manchester United vs Liverpool , 1983 Youngest captain in the final : Barry Venison , 20 years , 7 months 8 days , for Sunderland vs Norwich City , 1985 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Trophy '' . capitalonecup.co.uk . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ DeBruler , Paul . `` Let 's Remove the Premier League from the League Cup '' . SB Nation . Vox Media . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the F.A. Premier League , ( How are television revenues distributed to Premier League clubs ? ) '' . Premier League . Retrieved 11 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 23 March 2010 ) . `` Premier League nets £ 1.4 bn TV rights bonanza '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MU boss vows to field young guns in the League Cup final '' . The Star . 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 27 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carling Cup worth winning says Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson '' . Daily Post . 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 27 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis , Simon . Football League and the men who made it . Harper Collins . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0002182423 . Jump up ^ `` The Southern Professional Floodlit Cup 1955 -- 1960 '' . footysphere. 22 September 2009 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nothing new in League Cup : Football innovation gets us nowhere '' . The Times . 30 May 1960 . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Inglis , Simon . Football League and the men who made it . Harper Collins . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0002182423 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Simon . Football League and the men who made it . Harper Collins . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 0002182423 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Simon . Football League and the men who made it . Harper Collins . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0002182423 . Jump up ^ `` Southend 1 - 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United loss to MK Dons : press , fan , coach and player reaction '' . news.com.au. 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Football League Cup '' . soccer.mistral.co.uk . SoccerData . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carling Cup set for preliminary round '' . The Football League . 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Hardaker Trophy '' . capitalonecup.co.uk . The Football League . 9 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Football : Coca - Cola sign Cup deal '' . The Independent . London . 1 August 1992 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 3 April 2002 ) . `` Worthington to end Cup sponsorship '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carling Cup sponsorship extended '' . BBC Sport. 18 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Capital One sponsorship agreed '' . Jump up ^ `` Carabao ' bring it on ' and become new sponsor of EFL Cup '' . efl.com . English Football League . 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Liverpool v Tottenham Hotspur Match Programme cover 1982 final Jump up ^ Man United v Liverpool programme 1983 Jump up ^ From Luton Town Official website ^ Jump up to : `` League Cup Records '' . Coors Brewers . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Surlis , Patrick ( 30 November 2016 ) . `` Liverpool 2 -- 0 Leeds : Divock Origi and Ben Woodburn on target as Reds advance to EFL Cup semi-final '' . Sky Sports . Sky . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack ( 2008 ) . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . Headline . p. 1027 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack ( 2008 ) . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . Headline . p. 1028 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( 21 January 2014 ) . `` West Ham 0 Manchester City 3 '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 24 February 2013 ) . `` Bradford 0 -- 5 Swansea '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 30 October 2012 ) . `` Reading 5 -- 7 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dagenham & Redbridge 6 - 6 Brentford '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Derby County 1 1 Carlisle United '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 August 2016 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashley Chambers player profile '' . lcfc.com . Leicester City FC . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack ( 2008 ) . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . Headline . p. 1030 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . External links ( edit ) EFL Cup Full results , 1960 -- 1996 BBC News and RSSSF for attendance data EFL Cup Seasons 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals Alan Hardaker Trophy Men 's football in England The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records Football in the United Kingdom United Kingdom National team Olympic men 's team Olympic women 's team Nations Cup British Home Championship Rous Cup British League Cup Empire Exhibition Trophy Football World Championship Coronation Cup Texaco Cup Anglo - Scottish Cup List of football matches between British national teams List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions International Football Association Board England -- Scotland football rivalry England National team English Football League The FA Footballing history National team history Premier League FA Cup EFL Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Wales National team FAW National team history Welsh Premier League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland League Cup Records England Northern Ireland Scotland National football league cups around the world ( FIFA ) Active England France Hong Kong Iceland India Israel Japan Latvia Malaysia Northern Ireland Philippines Portugal Republic of Ireland Scotland Singapore South Africa Thailand Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates Wales Defunct Belgium China Denmark Egypt Finland Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Japan ( JSL ) Korea Republic Poland Romania Russia Spain Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Ukraine USSR Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EFL_Cup&oldid=816216213 '' Categories : English Football League EFL Cup Football cup competitions in England 1960 establishments in England Recurring sporting events established in 1960 Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages move - protected due to dispute Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 00 : 33 . 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About Wikipedia	who's won the league cup the most	[ "\nEFL cup winners by club\n\nTeam\nWinners\nRunners-up\nYears won\nYears runner-up\n\n\nLiverpool\n8\n4\n1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1994–95, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2011–12\n1977–78, 1986–87, 2004–05, 2015–16\n\n\nManchester United\n5\n4\n1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2016–17\n1982–83, 1990–91, 1993–94, 2002–03\n\n\nAston Villa\n5\n3\n1960–61, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1993–94, 1995–96\n1962–63, 1970–71, 2009–10\n\n\nChelsea\n5\n2\n1964–65, 1997–98, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2014–15\n1971–72, 2007–08\n\n\nTottenham Hotspur\n4\n4\n1970–71, 1972–73, 1998–99, 2007–08\n1981–82, 2001–02, 2008–09, 2014–15\n\n\nNottingham Forest\n4\n2\n1977–78, 1978–79, 1988–89, 1989–90\n1979–80, 1991–92\n\n\nManchester City\n4\n1\n1969–70, 1975–76, 2013–14, 2015–16\n1973–74\n\n\nLeicester City\n3\n2\n1963–64, 1996–97, 1999–2000\n1964–65, 1998–99\n\n\nArsenal\n2\n5\n1986–87, 1992–93\n1967–68, 1968–69, 1987–88, 2006–07, 2010–11\n\n\nNorwich City\n2\n2\n1961–62, 1984–85\n1972–73, 1974–75\n\n\nBirmingham City\n2\n1\n1962–63, 2010–11\n2000–01\n\n\nWolverhampton Wanderers\n2\n0\n1973–74, 1979–80\n—\n\n\nMiddlesbrough\n1\n2\n2003–04\n1996–97, 1997–98\n\n\nWest Bromwich Albion\n1\n2\n1965–66\n1966–67, 1969–70\n\n\nQueens Park Rangers\n1\n1\n1966–67\n1985–86\n\n\nLeeds United\n1\n1\n1967–68\n1995–96\n\n\nStoke City\n1\n1\n1971–72\n1963–64\n\n\nLuton Town\n1\n1\n1987–88\n1988–89\n\n\nSheffield Wednesday\n1\n1\n1990–91\n1992–93\n\n\nSwindon Town\n1\n0\n1968–69\n—\n\n\nOxford United\n1\n0\n1985–86\n—\n\n\nBlackburn Rovers\n1\n0\n2001–02\n—\n\n\nSwansea City\n1\n0\n2012–13\n—\n\n" ]	[ "Liverpool" ]
-1426703821888475028	Academy of Art University	Academy of Art University - wikipedia Academy of Art University Jump to : navigation , search Academy of Art University Motto Built by artists for artists Type for - profit Established 1929 President Elisa Stephens Students 12,608 Undergraduates 8,303 Postgraduates 4,305 Location San Francisco , California , United States Campus Urban and online Colors Black and Red Athletics NCAA Division II Website academyart.edu The Academy of Art University , formerly Academy of Art College , is a privately owned for - profit art school in San Francisco , California , in the United States . It was founded as the Academy of Advertising Art by Richard S. Stephens in 1929 . It has 283 full - time teachers and 1154 part - time teaching staff , and about 12,600 students ; it claims to be the largest privately owned art and design school in the United States . The school is one of the largest property owners in San Francisco , with the main campus located on New Montgomery Street in the South of Market district . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Accreditation and teaching 3 Automobile Museum 4 Athletics 5 Alumni 6 Staff 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) It was founded in 1929 as a school for advertising art . The founder , Richard S. Stephens , a painter and magazine editor , lead it until 1951 when his son Richard A. Stephens took over , who 1992 was replaced by his daughter Elisa Stephens . Under her presidency , student numbers increased from around 2000 to 18,000 by 2012 . Academy of Art University has been participating in the NY Fashion Week event bi-annually since 2005 . A private bus fleet transports students between dorms and classrooms located across San Francisco . Starting in 2007 , the San Francisco city planning commission held more than twenty hearings relating to possible violations of the land - use laws of the city , including the unauthorized conversion of rent - controlled housing to academic use ; in May 2016 , the city brought a lawsuit against the school . In December 2016 an agreement was reached whereby the Academy agreed to pay the city $20 million in fees , $7 million of which will go to purchasing low - income housing . The school will also provide additional low - income housing for seniors as part of the deal . Accreditation and teaching ( edit ) Academy of Art University received regional accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in 2007 . The school is an accredited institutional member of the National Association of Schools of Art and Design . In interior architecture and design , the Bachelor of Fine Arts degree ( taught or online ) and Master of Fine Arts degree are both accredited by the Council for Interior Design Accreditation . The Master of Architecture degree has , since January 1 , 2006 , been accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board while the Bachelor of Architecture program was granted as of January 1 , 2015 . The school offers associate , bachelor 's and master 's degrees in about twenty - five subjects . Some courses are offered online . in 2016 , approximately 7 % of students completed a four - year degree within the allotted time . According to the National Center for Education Statistics , 31 % of students complete a four - year degree within 150 % of that time ( the `` 6 - year graduation rate '' ) . For online - only students , the 6 - year graduation rate is much lower , at 6 % ; in mid-2015 , about 35 % of all students were online - only . For part - time students the 6 - year graduation rate is 3 % . About 58 % of students are female . Automobile museum ( edit ) The university owns and operates the Academy of Art University Automobile Museum . Among its 200 vintage cars are some of the world 's rarest and most valuable , with Forbes valuing the collection at over $70 million . Approximately half of the cars housed in the museum are owned by the university , while the rest belong to the Stephens family . Among the cars in the collection is the Tucker 48 ; the 1933 Pierce - Arrow Silver Arrow ; and a 1928 Hispano - Suiza H6C . Athletics ( edit ) The school sports teams , the Urban Knights , compete as members of the Pacific West Conference in nine sports in NCAA Division II . In the 2014 -- 2015 season , the men 's cross country team had a second - place finish and the women 's team had a record fourth - place finish , earned at the Pacific West Conference Championships . Valentin Pepiot , their third NCAA Nationals individual qualifier , was one of the top finishers from the PacWest in the postseason finale . The Academy of Arts earned a record 10 PacWest postseason honors . For the 2015 , indoor and outdoor track and field seasons , they had seven All - Americans honors and one NCAA individual champion in Jordan Edwards . Alumni ( edit ) Mobolade Ajomale , Canadian Olympic sprinter Asencio , figurative painter Rick Baker , winner of an Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling and special effects for Maleficent Scott Borrero , 2016 winner of Adorama & Nigel Barker 's `` Top Photographer '' Alexandria von Bromssen , Runner - up on Project Runway ( season 12 ) Lee Cheol - ha , film director Lauren Conrad , actress Deanne Fitzmaurice , photographer , winner of a 2005 Pulitzer Prize Melissa Fleis , 3rd - place finisher on Project Runway ( season 10 ) Patricio Buenrostro Gilhuys , Music video director Vicky Jenson , film director Kara Laricks , fashion designer Bilal Lashari , Pakistani film director and cinematographer Chris Milk , music video director Heidi Montag , actress Rodrigo Prieto , cinematographer Elena Slivnyak , 3rd - place finisher on Project Runway All Stars ( season 3 ) Alex Snyder , participant on Project Runway ( season 15 ) Rudy Soedjarwo , film director Raven - Symoné , actress and singer Margaux Avedisian , comedian and bitcoin entrepreneur Staff ( edit ) Past and present staff of the school include : Diane Baker , actress Tom Bertino , animator Michael Brandt , co-founder of Nootrobox Richard Hart , journalist John Heebink , comic book artist Kamshad Kooshan , movie writer & director Tim McGovern , Academy Award - winning visual effects director Adam Savage , creator of Myth Busters Peter Schifrin ( born 1958 ) , Olympic fencer and sculptor Art Spiegelman , cartoonist Simon Ungless , former designer for Alexander McQueen Terryl Whitlatch , illustrator Lindsey Yamasaki , basketball player Jan Yanehiro , television journalist See also ( edit ) List of colleges and universities in California References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Academy of Art University . Peterson 's . Accessed January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Art University is a school with a soul '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Academy of Art University . College Navigator . National Center for Education Statistics . Accessed June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . Academy of Art University website . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Cote ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Academy of Art land use violations ignored '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Brickman , Sophie ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Elisa Stephens of Academy of Art University '' . SFGate . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Lee Romney ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` San Francisco rule would encourage building student housing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz Fashion Week '' . mbfashionweek.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Art University ( San Francisco , CA , United States ) '' . Fashionista. 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FashionLedge.com '' . www.fashionledge.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lee , Vic . `` SF suing Academy of Art University for alleged permit violations '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katia Savchuk ( August 19 , 2015 ) . How A For - Profit University Flouts San Francisco 's Land - Use Laws . Forbes . Archived August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vic Lee ( May 6 , 2016 ) . SF suing Academy of Art University for alleged permit violations . ABC News . Accessed June 2016 . Jump up ^ Brinklow , Adam ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Academy of Art settles with city , pays $20 million in fees '' . Curbed . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of accreditation status : Academy of Art University '' . Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities , Western Association of Schools and Colleges . July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accredited Institutional Members '' . National Association of Schools of Art and Design . 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accredited Program History '' . Council for Interior Design Accreditation . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture programs : Academy of Art University '' . National Architectural Accrediting Board . 2006 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School View '' . www.naab.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Home : Graduate Schools : Academy of Art University . Peterson 's . Accessed January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Academy of Art University . US News and World Report . Archived 28 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Katia Savchuk ( September 7 , 2015 ) . Black Arts : The $800 Million Family Selling Art Degrees and False Hopes . Forbes magazine . Archived August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClymonds , Taylor Soppe , Chad , Inside A San Francisco Family 's $70 Million Car Collection , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 Jump up ^ Clark , Meaghan ( 12 March 2015 ) . `` ust How Much is Academy of Art 's Vintage Car Collection Worth ? -- The Bold Italic -- San Francisco '' . TheBoldItalic.com . The Bold Italic . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classic cars go on display at the Academy of Art University '' . ABC7 San Francisco . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Join the Chronicle VIP party at the 57th annual International Auto Show '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Art University '' . NCAA . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Rob . `` ART U Track & Field Announces New Coaching Staff '' . The PacWest . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2015 Universiade bio Archived April 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Artworks of Henry Asencio '' . Crown Thorn Publishing . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Star Wars Special Effects Makeup Artist Announces Retirement '' . Makeup Artist Edu . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Anthony ( 30 November 2016 ) . `` Nigel Barker 's ' Top Model ' - inspired web series awards ' Top Photographer ' prize '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Zinko , Carolyne . `` Bay Area 's ' Project Runway ' designers : Where are they now ? '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Majeski , Ashley . `` ' Project Runway ' winner says fights ' went on for hours ' '' . The Today Show . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Sonoma International Film Festival '' . ScreenDaily . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Conrad Biography '' . People Magazine . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Katie Baker ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Ask The Appeal : Does Academy Of Art University Have Any Notable Alumni ? '' . San Francisco Appeal . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2005 Pulitzer prize winners -- feature photography : Deanne Fitzmaurice '' . The Pulitzer Prizes , Columbia University . Retrieved December 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` ' Project Runway All Stars ' Season Three Designers , New Mentor Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Patricio Buenrostro Gilhuys '' . CENTRO . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vicky Jenson . ACME Film Works . Accessed June 2016 . Jump up ^ Dunhill , Heather . `` Qs for Fashion Star 's Kara Larick '' . Heather Dunhill 's Fashion IQ . Sarasota Magazine . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarah Gish ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` My essentials : Kara Laricks of ' Fashion Star ' '' . Ink Magazine . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Milk Official Site '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Montag '' . People Magazine . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Art 's Epidemic Film Festival '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROJECT RUNWAY ALL STARS DESIGNERS & CAST '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` PROJECT RUNWAY ALL STARS : S3 FINALE '' . Democracy Diva . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Finkle , Dana . `` Project Runway All Stars , Episode 10 : `` Are U.N. Or Are You Out ? '' `` . Threads Magazine . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Gail . `` Meet the Bay Area Designers of Project Runway Season 15 '' . 7x7 ( magazine ) . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guess What ? : Rudi Soedjarwo : Leaving the old rules of movie making behind '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Susan King ( August 26 , 2009 ) . `` For Diane Baker , one scene leads to 50 years '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Bertino '' . Nova Online . 1997 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Animated Side of Star Wars : An Interview With Rob Coleman , The Film 's Animation Director '' . Animated World Network . August 1999 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Pair of Entrepreneurs Focuses on ' Nutrients for Your Brain ' '' . WeWork . June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This Twenty - Something Ditched His Dream Job At Google And Now He Has A Startup That Sells Brain - Enhancing Pills '' . Business Insider . August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : `` Evening Magazine '' co-hosts Jan Yanehiro and Richard Hart `` . San Francisco Chronicle . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Heebink 's Notes - An Interview with John Heebink '' . Nick Fury . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures to produce `` Tehranis '' by Director Kamshad Kushan `` . Payvand Iran News . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McGovern '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Hyneman and Adam Savage '' . Discovery . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Witzend - groundbreaking 1960s indy comic with art by Wallace Wood , Art Spiegelman , and Frank Frazetta '' . BoingBoing . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hagan Cain , Robyn . `` From London to San Francisco : Simon Ungless on Academy Life '' . San Francisco Racked . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Interview with Terryl Whitlatch '' . Copic . March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Josh Flynn ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` Ready to Win '' . Slam Online . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Hartlaub ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Yanehiro , Hart now at Academy of Art in S.F '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Academy of Art University . Universities and Colleges in San Francisco Undergraduate City College of San Francisco Golden Gate University San Francisco State University University of San Francisco Creative and culinary arts Academy of Art University American Conservatory Theater The Art Institute of California - San Francisco California College of the Arts California Culinary Academy San Francisco Conservatory of Music San Francisco Art Institute Graduate Alliant International University California Institute of Integral Studies Golden Gate University University of the Pacific , Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry San Francisco Law School Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center University of California , San Francisco San Francisco State University University of California , Hastings College of the Law University of San Francisco Pacific West Conference Members Academy of Art Urban Knights Azusa Pacific Cougars Biola Eagles California Baptist Lancers Chaminade Silverswords Concordia -- Irvine Eagles Dixie State Trailblazers Dominican Penguins Fresno Pacific Sunbirds Hawai'i Pacific Sharks Hawai'i -- Hilo Vulcans Holy Names Hawks Notre Dame de Namur Argonauts Point Loma Nazarene Sea Lions Affiliates Cal State Los Angeles Golden Eagles Cal State Stanislaus Warriors Sonoma State Seawolves San Francisco Bay Area portal University portal Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ 16 '' N 122 ° 24 ′ 02 '' W / 37.78785 ° N 122.40065 ° W / 37.78785 ; - 122.40065 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Art_University&oldid=824981436 '' Categories : Art schools in California Art schools in San Francisco Educational institutions established in 1929 Financial District , San Francisco Fisherman 's Wharf , San Francisco For - profit universities and colleges in the United States Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges Universities and colleges in San Francisco Pacific West Conference schools Film schools in California Academy of Art University Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2016 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands 日本語 Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 19 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the academy of art university located	[ "The Academy of Art University, formerly Academy of Art College, is a privately owned for-profit art school in San Francisco, California, in the United States. It was founded as the Academy of Advertising Art by Richard S. Stephens in 1929.[2] It has 283 full-time teachers and 1154 part-time teaching staff, and about 12,600 students;[3] it claims to be the largest privately owned art and design school in the United States.[4]" ]	[ "San Francisco, California" ]
523776107104558669	United States dollar	United States dollar - Wikipedia United States dollar Jump to : navigation , search `` USD '' redirects here . For other uses , see USD ( disambiguation ) . United States dollar Federal Reserve Notes ISO 4217 Code USD Number 840 Exponent Denominations Superunit 10 eagle 100 union 1000 grand Subunit ⁄ dime ⁄ cent ⁄ mill Symbol $ cent ¢ mill ₥ Nickname List ( show ) Ace , bank , bean , bread , bill , bone , buck , C - note , cheddar , dead president , deuce , dinero , dub , ducat , doubloon , fin , fiver , frog , grand , greenback , large , moolah , paper , sawbuck , scratch , scrilla , simoleons , single , skins , smackeroo , smackers , spondulix , stack , Tom , and yard Plural : dough , green , bread , bones , bucks , skrilla , clams Based on denomination : Washingtons , Jeffersons , Lincolns , Hamiltons , Jacksons , Grants , and Benjamins See also : peso in Puerto Rico , and piastre in Cajun Louisiana Banknotes Freq . used $1 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Rarely used $2 Coins Freq . used 1 ¢ , 5 ¢ , 10 ¢ , 25 ¢ , $1 Rarely used 50 ¢ Demographics Official user ( s ) United States East Timor Ecuador El Salvador Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Panama Zimbabwe 3 non-U.S. territories ( show ) Caribbean Netherlands British Virgin Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Unofficial user ( s ) 31 other countries ( show ) Afghanistan Argentina The Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Bhutan Botswana Brazil Cambodia Costa Rica Guatemala Guyana Haiti Iraq Jamaica Kenya Laos Lebanon Liberia Malawi Maldives Mozambique Nicaragua Nigeria Peru Sierra Leone Tanzania Thailand Uganda Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia 5 non-U.S. territories ( show ) Cayman Islands ( UK ; de facto ) Bermuda ( UK ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ; de facto ) Ascension Island ( UK ; de facto ) British Indian Ocean Territory ( de facto ) 4 non-U.S. cities ( show ) Pyongyang , North Korea Tijuana , Mexico Cancún , Mexico Issuance Central bank Federal Reserve System Website www.federalreserve.gov Printer Bureau of Engraving and Printing Website www.moneyfactory.gov Mint United States Mint Website www.usmint.gov Valuation Inflation 1.73 % ( July 2017 ) Source inflationdata.com Method CPI Pegged by 27 currencies ( show ) Aruban florin Bahamian dollar ( at par ) Bahraini dinar ( higher value ) Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar ( at par ) Cayman Islands dollar ( higher value ) Cuban convertible peso ( at par ) Djiboutian franc East Caribbean dollar East Timor Centavo Coin ( at par ) Ecuadorian Centavo Coin ( at par ) Eritrean nakfa Hong Kong dollar ( narrow band ) Iraqi dinar Jordanian dinar ( higher value ) Kuwaiti dinar ( higher value ) Lebanese pound Netherlands Antillean guilder Omani rial ( higher value ) Panamanian balboa ( at par ) Qatari riyal Saudi riyal Trinidad and Tobago dollar United Arab Emirates dirham Venezuelan bolívar Zimbabwean Bond Coins and Zimbabwean Bond Notes ( at par ) The United States dollar ( sign : $ ; code : USD ; also abbreviated US $ and referred to as the dollar , U.S. dollar , or American dollar ) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution . For most practical purposes , it is divided into 100 smaller cent ( ¢ ) units , but officially it can be divided into 1000 mills ( ₥ ) . The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars ( 12 U.S.C. § 418 ) . Since the suspension in 1971 of convertibility of paper U.S. currency into any precious metal , the U.S. dollar is , de facto , fiat money . As it is the most used in international transactions , the U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency . Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . Besides the United States , it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean : the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands . A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money , while still minting their own coins , or also accept U.S. dollar coins ( such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar ) . As of July 12 , 2017 , there was approximately $1.56 trillion in circulation , of which $1.52 trillion was in Federal Reserve notes ( the remaining $40 billion is in the form of coins ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Etymology 2.1 Nicknames 3 Dollar sign 4 History 4.1 Continental currency 4.2 Silver and gold standards 5 Coins 5.1 Collector coins 5.2 Dollar coins 5.3 Mint marks 5.3. 1 Notes 6 Banknotes 7 Means of issue 8 Value 9 Exchange rates 9.1 Historical exchange rates 9.2 Current exchange rates 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Images of U.S. currency and coins Overview ( edit ) Article I , Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power `` To coin money '' . Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112 . Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued . These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as `` legal tender '' in payment of debts . The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar . The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle . Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins , which have values ranging from one cent to 100 dollars . These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar . The Constitution provides that `` a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time '' . That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code . The sums of money reported in the `` Statements '' are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars ( for example , see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government ) . The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States . The word `` dollar '' is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution . There , `` dollars '' is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar , a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency , or reales . In 1792 the U.S. Congress passed a Coinage Act . Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins , including `` DOLLARS OR UNITS -- each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current , and to contain three hundred and seventy - one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure , or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver '' . Section 20 of the act provided , `` That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars , or units ... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation '' . In other words , this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States . Unlike the Spanish milled dollar , the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values . In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one - thousandth of a dollar ( symbol ₥ ) , cent or one - hundredth of a dollar ( symbol ¢ ) , dime or one - tenth of a dollar , and eagle or ten dollars , with prescribed weights and composition of gold , silver , or copper for each . It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union , but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist . However , only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar ; `` dime '' is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10 ¢ , while `` eagle '' and `` mill '' are largely unknown to the general public , though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies , and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $ X. XX9 per gallon , e.g. , $3.599 , more commonly written as $3.59 ⁄ . When currently issued in circulating form , denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes ( with the exception of gold , silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender , but worth far more as bullion ) . Both one - dollar coins and notes are produced today , although the note form is significantly more common . In the past , `` paper money '' was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar ( fractional currency ) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 ( known as the `` double eagle '' , discontinued in the 1930s ) . The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars , and subsequently was used in naming gold coins . Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination , known as `` fractional currency '' , was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as `` shinplasters '' . In 1854 , James Guthrie , then Secretary of the Treasury , proposed creating $100 , $50 and $25 gold coins , which were referred to as a `` Union '' , `` Half Union '' , and `` Quarter Union '' , thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100 . Series of 1917 $1 United States bill Today , USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper , unlike most common paper , which is made of wood fiber . U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint . U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and , since 1914 , have been issued by the Federal Reserve . The `` large - sized notes '' issued before 1928 measured 7.42 by 3.125 inches ( 188.5 by 79.4 mm ) ; small - sized notes , introduced that year , measure 6.14 by 2.61 by 0.0043 inches ( 155.96 by 66.29 by 0.11 mm ) . When the current , smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine - sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency . Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Dollar In the 16th century , Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers ( from German thal , or nowadays usually Tal , `` valley '' , cognate with `` dale '' in English ) , named for Joachimstal , the valley where the silver was mined ( St. Joachim 's Valley , now Jáchymov ; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia , now part of the Czech Republic ) . Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler , a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler , Norwegian as dalar and daler , Dutch as daler or daalder , Ethiopian as ታላሪ ( talari ) , Hungarian as tallér , Italian as tallero , and English as dollar . Alternatively , thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen ( `` great guilder '' , being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder ) , minted from the silver from Joachimsthal . The coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins of similar size and weight from other places . One such example , was a Dutch coin depicting a lion , hence its Dutch name leeuwendaler ( in English : lion daler ) . The leeuwendaler was authorized to contain 427.16 grains of . 75 fine silver and passed locally for between 36 and 42 stuivers . It was lighter than the large - denomination coins then in circulation , thus it was more advantageous for a Dutch merchant to pay a foreign debt in leeuwendalers and it became the coin of choice for foreign trade . The leeuwendaler was popular in the Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch New Netherland Colony ( New York ) , and circulated throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries . It was also popular throughout Eastern Europe , where it led to the current Romanian and Moldovan currency being called leu ( literally `` lion '' ) . Among the English - speaking community , the coin came to be popularly known as lion dollar -- and is the origin of the name dollar . The modern American - English pronunciation of dollar is still remarkably close to the 17th - century Dutch pronunciation of daler . By analogy with this lion dollar , Spanish pesos -- with the same weight and shape as the lion dollar -- came to be known as Spanish dollars . By the mid-18th century , the lion dollar had been replaced by the Spanish dollar , the famous `` piece of eight '' , which was distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines . Eventually , dollar became the name of the first official American currency . Nicknames ( edit ) See also : Slang terms for money § United States The colloquialism `` buck '' ( s ) ( much like the British word `` quid '' ( s , pl ) for the pound sterling ) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations , including the U.S. dollar . This term , dating to the 18th century , may have originated with the colonial leather trade . It may also have originated from a poker term . `` Greenback '' is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North . The original note was printed in black and green on the back side . It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar ( but not to the dollars of other countries ) . Other well - known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include `` greenmail '' , `` green '' and `` dead presidents '' ( the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills ) . A `` grand '' , sometimes shortened to simply `` G '' , is a common term for the amount of $1,000 . The suffix `` K '' or `` k '' ( from `` kilo - '' ) is also commonly used to denote this amount ( such as `` $10 k '' to mean $10,000 ) . However , the $1,000 note is no longer in general use . A `` large '' or `` stack '' , it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 ( such as `` fifty large '' meaning $50,000 ) . The $100 note is nicknamed `` Benjamin '' , `` Benji '' , `` Ben '' , or `` Franklin '' ( after Benjamin Franklin ) , `` C - note '' ( C being the Roman numeral for 100 ) , `` Century note '' or `` bill '' ( e.g. `` two bills '' being $200 ) . The $50 note is occasionally called a `` yardstick '' or a `` grant '' ( after President Ulysses S. Grant , pictured on the obverse ) . The $20 note is referred to as a `` double sawbuck '' , `` Jackson '' ( after Andrew Jackson ) , or `` double eagle '' . The $10 note is referred to as a `` sawbuck '' , `` ten - spot '' or `` Hamilton '' ( after Alexander Hamilton ) . The $5 note as `` Lincoln '' , `` fin '' , `` fiver '' or `` five - spot '' . The infrequently - used $2 note is sometimes called `` deuce '' , `` Tom '' , or `` Jefferson '' ( after Thomas Jefferson ) . The $1 note as a `` single '' or `` buck '' . The dollar has also been referred to as a `` bone '' and `` bones '' in plural ( e.g. `` twenty bones '' is equal to $20 ) . The newer designs , with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse ( rather than in cameo insets ) , upon paper color - coded by denomination , are sometimes referred to as `` bigface '' notes or `` Monopoly money '' . `` Piastre '' was the original French word for the U.S. dollar , used for example in the French text of the Louisiana Purchase . Calling the dollar a piastre is still common among the speakers of Cajun French and New England French . Modern French uses dollar for this unit of currency as well . The term is still used as slang for U.S. dollars in the French - speaking Caribbean islands , most notably Haiti . Dollar sign ( edit ) Main article : Dollar sign Spanish silver real or peso of 1768 The symbol $ , usually written before the numerical amount , is used for the U.S. dollar ( as well as for many other currencies ) . The sign was the result of a late 18th - century evolution of the scribal abbreviation `` p '' for the peso , the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries . These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America , namely in Mexico City ; Potosí , Bolivia ; and Lima , Peru . The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $ . Another popular explanation is that it is derived from the Pillars of Hercules on the Spanish Coat of arms of the Spanish dollar . These Pillars of Hercules on the silver Spanish dollar coins take the form of two vertical bars ( ) and a swinging cloth band in the shape of an `` S '' . Yet another explanation suggests that the dollar sign was formed from the capital letters U and S written or printed one on top of the other . This theory , popularized by novelist Ayn Rand in Atlas Shrugged , does not consider the fact that the symbol was already in use before the formation of the United States . History ( edit ) See also : History of the United States dollar Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note , featuring a portrait of President William McKinley . Reverse of a $500 Federal Reserve Note . The American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar , used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries . The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint ( founded 1792 ) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar , minted in Mexico and Peru . The Spanish , U.S. silver dollars , and later , Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States , and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857 . The coinage of various English colonies also circulated . The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony ( New York ) , but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century . Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable , thus they were sometimes referred to as `` dog dollars '' . The U.S. dollar was first defined by the Coinage Act of 1792 , which specified a `` dollar '' to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains ( 27.0 g ) of standard silver and an `` eagle '' to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains ( 17 g ) of gold ( again depending on purity ) . The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton 's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars . Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains . A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight , and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar . The same coinage act also set the value of an eagle at 10 dollars , and the dollar at ⁄ eagle . It called for 90 % silver alloy coins in denominations of 1 , ⁄ , ⁄ , ⁄ , and ⁄ dollars ; it called for 90 % gold alloy coins in denominations of 1 , ⁄ , ⁄ , and ⁄ eagles . The value of gold or silver contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the economy for the buying and selling of goods . This allowed the value of things to remain fairly constant over time , except for the influx and outflux of gold and silver in the nation 's economy . The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents , as is the custom now ; although today , by law , only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency . In fact , the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency , a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs . The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century ; before that `` heads '' side of coinage used profile faces and striding , seated , and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans . The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime ( 1946 ) and the Dollar ( 1971 ) . For articles on the currencies of the colonies and states , see Connecticut pound , Delaware pound , Georgia pound , Maryland pound , Massachusetts pound , New Hampshire pound , New Jersey pound , New York pound , North Carolina pound , Pennsylvania pound , Rhode Island pound , South Carolina pound and Virginia pound . Continental currency ( edit ) Continental One Third Dollar Bill ( obverse ) See also : Continental currency During the American Revolution the thirteen colonies became independent states . Freed from British monetary regulations , they each issued £ sd paper money to pay for military expenses . The Continental Congress also began issuing `` Continental Currency '' denominated in Spanish dollars . The dollar was valued relative to the states ' currencies at the following rates : 5 shillings -- Georgia 6 shillings -- Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Virginia 7 ⁄ shillings -- Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , Pennsylvania 8 shillings -- New York , North Carolina 32 ⁄ shillings -- South Carolina Continental currency depreciated badly during the war , giving rise to the famous phrase `` not worth a continental '' . A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states , which continued to issue bills of credit . Additionally , neither Congress nor the governments of the several states had the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds . The currency was ultimately replaced by the silver dollar at the rate of 1 silver dollar to 1000 continental dollars . Silver and gold standards ( edit ) From 1792 , when the Mint Act was passed , the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains ( 24.056 g ) of silver . Many historians erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver ; however , there is no evidence of Congress making this law . This has to do with Alexander Hamilton 's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15 : 1 ratio of silver to gold , respectively . The gold coins that were minted however , were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar . 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains ( 1.50 g ) , followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains ( 1.505 g ) in 1837 ( 16 : 1 ratio ) . In 1862 , paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals , due to the Civil War . Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated . This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812 . The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788 . With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited , the continentals quickly lost their value , giving rise to the phrase `` not worth a continental '' . This was a primary reason for the `` No state shall ... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts '' clause in article 1 , section 10 of the United States Constitution . In order to finance the War of 1812 , Congress authorized the issuance of Treasury Notes , interest - bearing short - term debt that could be used to pay public dues . While they were intended to serve as debt , they did function `` to a limited extent '' as money . Treasury Notes were again printed to help resolve the reduction in public revenues resulting from the Panic of 1837 and the Panic of 1857 , as well as to help finance the Mexican -- American War and the Civil War . In addition to Treasury Notes , in 1861 , Congress authorized the Treasury to borrow $50 million in the form of Demand Notes , which did not bear interest but could be redeemed on demand for precious metals . However , by December 1861 , the Union government 's supply of specie was outstripped by demand for redemption and they were forced to suspend redemption temporarily . The following February , Congress passed the Legal Tender Act of 1862 , issuing United States Notes , which were not redeemable on demand and bore no interest , but were legal tender , meaning that creditors had to accept them at face value for any payment except for public debts and import tariffs . However , silver and gold coins continued to be issued , resulting in the depreciation of the newly printed notes through Gresham 's Law . In 1869 , Supreme Court ruled in Hepburn v. Griswold that Congress could not require creditors to accept United States Notes , but overturned that ruling the next year in the Legal Tender Cases . In 1875 , Congress passed the Specie Payment Resumption Act , requiring the Treasury to allow US Notes to be redeemed for gold after January 1 , 1879 . The Treasury ceased to issue United States Notes in 1971 . The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains ( 1.505 g ) of gold , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67 . Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964 , when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters , and the half dollar was reduced to 40 % silver . Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970 . Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt . The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains ( 0.888 g ) , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35 . This standard persisted until 1968 . Between 1968 and 1975 , a variety of pegs to gold were put in place , eventually culminating in a sudden end , on August 15 , 1971 , to the convertibility of dollars to gold later dubbed the Nixon Shock . The last peg was $42.22 per ounce before the U.S. dollar was let to freely float on currency markets . According to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing , the largest note it ever printed was the $100,000 Gold Certificate , Series 1934 . These notes were printed from December 18 , 1934 , through January 9 , 1935 , and were issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury . These notes were used for transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the United States dollar Official United States coins have been produced every year from 1792 to the present . Denomination Common name Obverse Reverse Portrait and design date Reverse motif and design date Weight Diameter Material Edge Circulation Cent 1 ¢ penny Abraham Lincoln Union Shield 2.50 g 19.05 mm 97.5 % Zn 2.5 % Cu plain Wide Five - Cent 5 ¢ nickel Thomas Jefferson Monticello 5.00 g 21.21 mm 75 % Cu 25 % Ni plain Wide Dime 10 ¢ dime Franklin D. Roosevelt olive branch , torch , oak branch 2.27 g 17.91 mm 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 118 reeds Wide Quarter Dollar 25 ¢ quarter George Washington Various ; five designs per year 5.67 g 24.26 mm 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 119 reeds Wide Half Dollar 50 ¢ half John F. Kennedy Presidential Seal 11.34 g 30.61 mm 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 150 reeds Limited Dollar coin $1 dollar coin , golden dollar Profile of Sacagawea with her child , Jean Baptiste Charbonneau Bald eagle in flight ( 2000 -- 2008 ) , Various ; new design per year 8.10 g 26.50 mm 88.5 % Cu 6 % Zn 3.5 % Mn 2 % Ni Lettered Limited Discontinued coin denominations include : Half cent : ⁄ ¢ , 1793 -- 1857 Fugio Cent : 1 ¢ , 1787 Two - cent piece : 2 ¢ , 1863 -- 1873 Three - cent bronze : 3 ¢ , 1863 ( not circulated ) Three - cent nickel : 3 ¢ , 1865 -- 1889 Trime : 3 ¢ , 1851 -- 1873 Half dime : 5 ¢ , 1792 -- 1873 Twenty - cent piece : 20 ¢ , 1875 -- 1878 Gold dollar : $1.00 , 1849 -- 1889 Quarter eagle : $2.50 , 1792 -- 1929 Three - dollar piece : $3.00 , 1854 -- 1889 Stella : $4.00 , ( not circulated ) Half eagle : $5.00 , 1795 -- 1929 , minted as a commemorative 1986 -- present Eagle : $10.00 , minted as a commemorative 1984 -- 2003 Double eagle : $20.00 , 1849 -- 1933 , 2009 Half - union : $50.00 , 1877 ( pattern only ) , 1915 ( Panama -- Pacific International Exposition coin ) Union : $100.00 , 2015 ( High relief ; not circulated ) Collector coins for which everyday transactions are non-existent . American Eagles originally were not available from the Mint for individuals but had to be purchased from authorized dealers . In 2006 The Mint began direct sales to individuals of uncirculated bullion coins with a special finish , and bearing a `` W '' mintmark . American Silver Eagle $1 ( 1 troy ounce ) silver bullion coin 1986 -- present American Gold Eagle $5 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , $10 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , $25 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , and $50 ( 1 troy oz ) Gold bullion coin 1986 -- present American Platinum Eagle ( $10 , $25 , $50 , and $100 platinum coin ) 1997 -- present United States commemorative coins -- special issue coins $50.00 ( Half Union ) 1915 Presidential Proofs ( see below ) 2007 -- present Technically , all these coins are still legal tender at face value , though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value , and for gold and silver coins , their precious metal value . From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content , which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel . However , since 1992 , the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes , quarters , and half dollars in place of the standard copper - nickel versions . In addition , an experimental $4.00 ( Stella ) coin was also minted in 1879 , but never placed into circulation , and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination . The $50 coin mentioned was only produced in 1915 for the Panama - Pacific International Exposition ( 1915 ) celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal . Only 1,128 were made , 645 of which were octagonal ; this remains the only U.S. coin that was not round as well as the largest and heaviest U.S. coin ever produced . A $100 gold coin was produced in High relief during 2015 , although it was primarily produced for collectors , not for general circulation . From 1934 to present , the only denominations produced for circulation have been the familiar penny , nickel , dime , quarter , half dollar and dollar . The nickel is the only coin still in use today that is essentially unchanged ( except in its design ) from its original version . Every year since 1866 , the nickel has been 75 % copper and 25 % nickel , except for 4 years during World War II when nickel was needed for the war . Due to the penny 's low value , some efforts have been made to eliminate the penny as circulating coinage . Collector coins ( edit ) The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators . Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime , quarter , and half dollar containing 90 % silver . Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997 , the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year 's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins . Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president . Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins , the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13 , 2011 , by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner . Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors . 2007 had George Washington , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , and James Madison 2008 had James Monroe , John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , and Martin Van Buren 2009 had William Henry Harrison , John Tyler , James K. Polk , and Zachary Taylor 2010 had Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , and Abraham Lincoln 2011 had Andrew Johnson , Ulysses S. Grant , Rutherford B. Hayes , and James A. Garfield 2012 had Chester Arthur , Grover Cleveland ( 1st term ) , Benjamin Harrison , and Grover Cleveland ( 2nd term ) 2013 had William McKinley , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson 2014 had Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge , Herbert Hoover , and Franklin D. Roosevelt 2015 had Harry S Truman , Dwight D. Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , and Lyndon B. Johnson 2016 had Richard M. Nixon , Gerald R. Ford and Ronald Reagan . Dollar coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the United States dollar The first United States dollar was minted in 1794 . Known as the Flowing Hair Dollar , contained 416 grains of `` standard silver '' ( 89.25 % silver and 10.75 % copper ) , as specified by Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792 . It was designated by Section 9 of that Act as having `` the value of a Spanish milled dollar '' . Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States . Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935 ; a copper - nickel dollar of the same large size , featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower , was minted from 1971 through 1978 . Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century . The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979 ; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters , due to their nearly equal size , their milled edge , and their similar color . Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 ( collectors ' pieces were struck in 1981 ) , but , as with all past U.S. coins , they remain legal tender . As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted , additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999 . In 2000 , a new $1 coin , featuring Sacagawea , ( the Sacagawea dollar ) was introduced , which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color , without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar . However , this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still - existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions . The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support . In February 2007 , the U.S. Mint , under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 , introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin . Based on the success of the `` 50 State Quarters '' series , the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations , starting with George Washington , on the obverse side . The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty . To allow for larger , more detailed portraits , the traditional inscriptions of `` E Pluribus Unum '' , `` In God We Trust '' , the year of minting or issuance , and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face . This feature , similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £ 1 coin , is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs . The inscription `` Liberty '' has been eliminated , with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement . In addition , due to the nature of U.S. coins , this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse ( heads ) side ( Lincoln / penny , Jefferson / nickel , Franklin D. Roosevelt / dime , Washington / quarter , Kennedy / half dollar , and Eisenhower / dollar ) . Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with two different portraits issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms . Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks . Highly sought after by collectors , and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery , the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions `` E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P '' . The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia , although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units . Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to `` heads '' , some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying `` upside down lettering error '' coins . Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years , whereas coins are more permanent . The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes , which have been withdrawn from circulation , bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones . As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes , they commonly accept only $1 bills , though a few will give change in dollar coins . Mint marks ( edit ) Mint Mint mark Metal minted Year established Current status Denver All metals 1906 Facility open Philadelphia P or none All metals 1792 Facility open San Francisco All metals 1854 Facility open ( proof only ) West Point W or none Gold , Silver and Platinum 1973 Facility open ( bullion only ) Carson City CC Gold and Silver 1870 Facility closed , 1893 Charlotte Gold only 1838 Facility closed , 1861 Dahlonega Gold only 1838 Facility closed , 1861 Manila M or none All metals 1920 Facility closed , 1922 ; re-opened 1925 -- 1941 New Orleans Gold and Silver 1838 Facility closed , 1861 ; re-opened 1879 -- 1909 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The letter `` P '' is used for the Philadelphia mint mark on all coins ( except cents ) released from 1980 onward . Before this it had only been used on silver Jefferson nickels from 1942 to 1945 . Jump up ^ Between 1973 and 1986 there was no mint mark ( these coins are indistinguishable from coins produced at the Philadelphia Mint from 1973 to 1980 ) ; after 1988 the letter `` W '' was used for coinage , except for the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle . Jump up ^ It is now the home of the Nevada State Museum , which still strikes commemorative medallions with the `` CC '' mint mark ( most recently in 2014 commemorating the Nevada Sesquicentennial ) , using former mint 's the original coin press . Jump up ^ Although the mint mark `` D '' has been used by two separate mints , it is easy to distinguish between the two , as any 19th century coinage is Dahlonega , and any 20th or 21st century coins are Denver . Jump up ^ During the period in which this mint branch was operational , The Philippines was an insular territory and then commonwealth of the U.S. ; it was the first ( and to date only ) U.S. branch mint located outside the Continental United States . Jump up ^ The letter `` M '' was used for the Manila mint mark on all coins released from 1925 onward ; before this it had produced its coins with no mintmark . Jump up ^ During the Civil War , this mint operated under the control of the State of Louisiana ( February 1861 ) and the Confederate States of America ( March 1861 ) until it ran out of bullion later in that year ; some Half Dollars have been identified as being the issue of the State of Louisiana and the Confederacy . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Note Denomination Obverse Reverse Portrait Reverse Motif First Series Latest Series Circulation One Dollar George Washington Great Seal of the United States Series 1963 Series 2013 Wide Two Dollars Thomas Jefferson Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence Series 1976 Series 2013 Limited Five Dollars Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Memorial Series 2006 Series 2013 Wide Ten Dollars Alexander Hamilton U.S. Treasury Series 2004A Series 2013 Wide Twenty Dollars Andrew Jackson White House Series 2004 Series 2013 Wide Fifty Dollars Ulysses S. Grant United States Capitol Series 2004 Series 2013 Wide One Hundred Dollars Benjamin Franklin Independence Hall Series 2009 Series 2013 Wide The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to `` borrow money on the credit of the United States '' . Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes . Those notes are `` obligations of the United States '' and `` shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States , in the city of Washington , District of Columbia , or at any Federal Reserve bank '' . Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as `` legal tender '' for the payment of debts . Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes , including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note . The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s . Currently printed denominations are $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 . Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969 . These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime ; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use . With the advent of electronic banking , they became less necessary . Notes in denominations of $500 , $1,000 , $5,000 , $10,000 , and $100,000 were all produced at one time ; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details . With the exception of the $100,000 bill ( which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated ; thus it is illegal to own ) , these notes are now collectors ' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors . Though still predominantly green , post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations . As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note , except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill . It also plans larger , higher - contrast numerals , more color differences , and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period . Means of issue ( edit ) The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury , plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks . The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994 , to 800 billion in 2005 , and over 3000 billion in 2013 . The amount of cash in circulation is increased ( or decreased ) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System . Eight times a year , the 12 - person Federal Open Market Committee meets to determine U.S. monetary policy . Every business day , the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy . If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply , it will buy securities ( such as U.S. Treasury Bonds ) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars . Conversely , it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars , to take dollars out of circulation . When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase , it credits the seller 's reserve account ( with the Federal Reserve ) . This money is not transferred from any existing funds -- it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high - powered money . Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve . To fulfill those requests , the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department . The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( to print new dollar bills ) and the Bureau of the Mint ( to stamp the coins ) . Usually , the short - term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short - term interest rate target . In other instances , monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold . For example , in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate , the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight . The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include : ( i ) Discount window lending ( as lender of last resort ) ; ( ii ) Fractional deposit lending ( changes in the reserve requirement ) ; ( iii ) Moral suasion ( cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes ) ; ( iv ) `` Open mouth operations '' ( talking monetary policy with the market ) . Value ( edit ) Buying power of one U.S. dollar compared to 1774 USD Year Equivalent buying power 1774 $1.00 1780 $0.59 1790 $0.89 1800 $0.64 1810 $0.66 1820 $0.69 1830 $0.88 1840 $0.94 1850 $1.03 1860 $0.97 Year Equivalent buying power 1870 $0.62 1880 $0.79 1890 $0.89 1900 $0.96 1910 $0.85 1920 $0.39 1930 $0.47 1940 $0.56 1950 $0.33 1960 $0.26 Year Equivalent buying power 1970 $0.20 1980 $0.10 1990 $0.06 2000 $0.05 2007 $0.04 2008 $0.04 2009 $0.04 $0.035 2011 $0.034 2012 $0.03 U.S. Consumer Price Index , starting from 1913 The 6th paragraph of Section 8 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the U.S. Congress shall have the power to `` coin money '' and to `` regulate the value '' of domestic and foreign coins . Congress exercised those powers when it enacted the Coinage Act of 1792 . That Act provided for the minting of the first U.S. dollar and it declared that the U.S. dollar shall have `` the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current '' . The table to the right shows the equivalent amount of goods that , in a particular year , could be purchased with $1 . The table shows that from 1774 through 2012 the U.S. dollar has lost about 97.0 % of its buying power . The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation , which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time . A consumer price index ( CPI ) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households . The United States Consumer Price Index , published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States . It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day - to - day living expenses . A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982 -- 1984 and the annual year - over-year change in CPI is shown at right . The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime , especially during the American Civil War , World War I , and World War II . The Federal Reserve , which was established in 1913 , was designed to furnish an `` elastic '' currency subject to `` substantial changes of quantity over short periods '' , which differed significantly from previous forms of high - powered money such as gold , national bank notes , and silver coins . Over the very long run , the prior gold standard kept prices stable -- for instance , the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s . The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability , reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s , before presiding over a 30 % deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s . Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II , the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce , and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold . Rising government spending in the 1960s , however , led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility , gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold , and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline . Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold , gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon , resulting in the `` Nixon shock '' . The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold , and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency . The Federal Reserve , however , continued to increase the money supply , resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s . This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked ( the Phillips curve ) , and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign . Between 1965 and 1981 , the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value . In 1979 , President Carter appointed Paul Volcker Chairman of the Federal Reserve . The Federal Reserve tightened the money supply and inflation was substantially lower in the 1980s , and hence the value of the U.S. dollar stabilized . Over the thirty - year period from 1981 to 2009 , the U.S. dollar lost over half its value . This is because the Federal Reserve has targeted not zero inflation , but a low , stable rate of inflation -- between 1987 and 1997 , the rate of inflation was approximately 3.5 % , and between 1997 and 2007 it was approximately 2 % . The so - called `` Great Moderation '' of economic conditions since the 1970s is credited to monetary policy targeting price stability . There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation ( which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time ) or low , stable inflation ( which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time , as is the case now ) . Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar , others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed . Exchange rates ( edit ) Historical exchange rates ( edit ) Currency units per U.S. dollar , averaged over the year 1970 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Euro -- -- -- -- -- 0.9387 1.0832 1.1171 1.0578 0.8833 0.8040 0.8033 0.7960 0.7293 0.6791 0.7176 0.6739 0.7178 0.7777 0.7530 0.7520 0.9015 Japanese yen 357.6 240.45 250.35 146.25 111.08 113.73 107.80 121.57 125.22 115.94 108.15 110.11 116.31 117.76 103.39 93.68 87.78 79.70 79.82 97.60 105.74 121.05 Pound sterling 8 s 4 d = 0.4167 0.4484 0.8613 0.6207 0.6660 0.6184 0.6598 0.6946 0.6656 0.6117 0.5456 0.5493 0.5425 0.4995 0.5392 0.6385 0.4548 0.6233 0.6308 0.6393 0.6066 0.6544 Canadian dollar 1.081 1.168 1.321 1.1605 1.2902 1.4858 1.4855 1.5487 1.5704 1.4008 1.3017 1.2115 1.1340 1.0734 1.0660 1.1412 1.0298 0.9887 0.9995 1.0300 1.1043 1.2789 Mexican peso 0.01250 -- 0.02650 2.80 2.67 2.50 3.1237 9.553 9.459 9.337 9.663 10.793 11.290 10.894 10.906 10.928 11.143 13.498 12.623 12.427 13.154 12.758 13.302 15.837 Renminbi yuan 2.46 1.7050 2.9366 4.7832 5.7620 8.2783 8.2784 8.2770 8.2771 8.2772 8.2768 8.1936 7.9723 7.6058 6.9477 6.8307 6.7696 6.4630 6.3093 6.1478 6.1620 6.2840 Indian rupee 7.56 8.000 12.38 16.96 31.291 43.13 45.00 47.22 48.63 46.59 45.26 44.00 45.19 41.18 43.39 48.33 45.65 46.58 53.37 58.51 62.00 64.1332 Singapore dollar -- -- 2.179 1.903 1.6158 1.6951 1.7361 1.7930 1.7908 1.7429 1.6902 1.6639 1.5882 1.5065 1.4140 1.4543 1.24586 1.2565 1.2492 1.2511 1.2665 1.3748 South African rand 0.7182 0.7780 2.2343 2.5600 3.2729 6.1191 6.9468 8.6093 10.5176 7.5550 6.4402 6.3606 6.7668 7.0477 8.2480 8.4117 7.3159 7.2510 8.2014 9.6436 10.8420 12.7759 Notes : 1 . Mexican peso values prior to 1993 revaluation 2 . Value at the start of the year Sources : US : Last 4 years , 2009 -- 2012 , 2005 -- 2008 , 2001 -- 2004 , 1997 -- 2000 , 1993 -- 1996 , all available years Multiple countries : 2004 -- present Australia : 1970 -- present China : 1974 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 Mexico : 1976 -- 1991 Canada : 1977 -- 1991 Current exchange rates ( edit ) Current USD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Numismatics portal Coins of the United States dollar Counterfeit United States currency Federal Reserve Note International use of the U.S. dollar Large denominations of United States currency Series ( United States currency ) Strong dollar policy U.S. Dollar Index Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alongside East Timor centavo coins Jump up ^ Alongside Ecuadorian centavo coins Jump up ^ Alongside Panamanian balboa coins Jump up ^ Official currency for Zimbabwean government transactions Jump up ^ United States dollars , Iranian rials , and Pakistani rupees are widely accepted . Jump up ^ Used heavily for large purchases . Jump up ^ Bahamian dollar tied at a 1 : 1 rate to the United States dollar , both are accepted interchangeably . Jump up ^ Barbadian dollar tied at about 2 : 1 , both accepted . Visiting Barbados FAQ : What is the local currency ? , Invest Barbados Jump up ^ Alongside the Cambodian riel Jump up ^ Alongside the Costa Rican colón Jump up ^ Iraqi dinar tied at about 2 : 1 , both accepted . Jump up ^ Alongside the Jamaican dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the Lao kip Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Lebanese pound at a fixed exchange rate of 1 : 1,500 Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Nicaraguan córdoba Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Peruvian sol Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Sierra Leonean leone Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Uruguayan peso Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Venezuelan bolívar Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Vietnamese đồng Jump up ^ Alongside the Bermudian dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the New Zealand dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the Saint Helena pound Jump up ^ The United States dollar and the Chinese Yuan are the only accepted currencies in most Pyongyang stores . Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used by locals . Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used by locals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ nichol , Mark . `` 50 Slang Terms for Money '' . dailywritingtips.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Central Bank of Timor - Leste '' . Retrieved Mar 22 , 2017 . The official currency of Timor - Leste is the United States dollar , which is legal tender for all payments made in cash . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador '' . CIA World Factbook . October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . The dollar is legal tender Jump up ^ `` El Salvador '' . CIA World Factbook . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2001 . The US dollar became El Salvador 's currency in 2001 Jump up ^ http://www.demtullpitcairn.com/2016JanFebMarch.pdf Jump up ^ FCO country profile Archived June 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory Currency '' . Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com . March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Ends Convertibility of US Dollars to Gold and Announces Wage / Price Controls '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is U.S. currency still backed by gold ? '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Implementation of Monetary Policy -- The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Cohen , The Future of Money , Princeton University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11666 - 0 ; cf . `` the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia '' , Charles Agar , Frommer 's Vietnam , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 79816 - 9 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` How much U.S. currency is in circulation ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 5 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 5112 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 7 of Section 9 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mehl , B. Max . `` United States $50.00 Gold Pieces , 1877 '' , in Star Rare Coins Encyclopedia and Premium Catalogue ( 20th edition , 1921 ) ^ Jump up to : National Geographic . June 2002 . p. 1 . Ask US . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Colonial -- Lion Dollar '' . Coins.lakdiva.org . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` etymologiebank.nl '' . etymologiebank.nl . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian , R.W. ( 2007 ) . `` All About the Dollar '' . Numismatist : 41 . Jump up ^ `` Buck '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paper Money Glossary '' . Littleton Coin Company . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cajori , Florian ( ( 1929 ) 1993 ) . A History of Mathematical Notations ( Vol. 2 ) . New York : Dover , 15 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 67766 - 4 Jump up ^ Aiton , Arthur S. and Benjamin W. Wheeler ( May 1931 ) . `` The First American Mint '' , The Hispanic American Historical Review 11 ( 2 ) , 198 and note 2 on 198 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Arthur ( 1957 ) . A History of the Dollar . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 56 . The dollar sign , $ , is connected with the peso , contrary to popular belief , which considers it to be an abbreviation of ' U.S. ' The two parallel lines represented one of the many abbreviations of ' P , ' and the ' S ' indicated the plural . The abbreviation ' $ . ' was also used for the peso , and is still used in Argentina . Jump up ^ `` What is the origin of the $ Sign ? '' , U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing website Jump up ^ Rand , Ayn . Atlas Shrugged. 1957 . Signet. 1992 . p628 Jump up ^ James , James Alton ( 1970 ) ( 1937 ) . Oliver Pollock : The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot . Freeport : Books for Libraries Press . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 5527 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion Dollar : Introduction '' . Coins.nd.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mint , U.S. `` Coinage Act of 1792 '' . U.S. treasury . Jump up ^ See ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` United States Dollar '' . OANDA . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Engraving and printing currency and security documents : Article b '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Soniak ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` On the Money : Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Coin Portraits '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Eric P. ( 1990 ) . The Early Paper Money of America ( 3 ed . ) . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 120 - X . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert E. ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . New York , New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 50 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154393 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` IRS Court Case Shakes the Foundations of the Debt Money System '' . Beyondmoney.net . November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.coinnews.net/2015/07/31/2015-100-american-liberty-high-relief-gold-coin-photos/ Jump up ^ Christian Zappone ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Kill - the - penny bill introduced '' . CNN Money . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Ali ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Penny pinching : Can Obama manage elimination of one - cent coin ? '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CNN Money Congress tries again for a dollar coin . Written by Gordon T. Anderson . Published April 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Report to the Subcommittee on Treasury and General Government , Committee on Appropriations , U.S. Senate '' ( PDF ) . USGAO . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pub . L. No. 109 - 145 , 119 Stat. 2664 ( December 22 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ The United States Mint . `` The United States Mint Pressroom '' . Usmint.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Godless Dollars Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 2 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the United States Constitution '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 411 of Title 12 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5103 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5115 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See Federal Reserve Note for details and references Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Adjusted Monetary Base '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve 's Beige Book '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davies , Phil . `` Right on Target '' . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Open market operations enable the Federal Reserve to affect the supply of reserve balances in the banking system . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheets : Currency & Coins '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Measuring Worth -- Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to 2010 '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Olivier Blanchard ( 2000 ) . Macroeconomics ( 2nd ed . ) , Englewood Cliffs , N.J : Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 013306 - X Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman , Anna Jacobson Schwartz . A monetary history of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 . p. 546 . ISBN 978 - 0691003542 . Jump up ^ Friedman 189 -- 190 ^ Jump up to : `` Central Banking -- Then and Now '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Controlling Inflation : A Historical Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Credibility , Inflation , and Economic Growth '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Monetary Policy : The Fed 's Goals '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Exchange rates from TransferMate ^ Jump up to : 1970 -- 1992 . 1980 derived from AUD -- USD = 1.1055 and AUD -- GBP = 0.4957 at end of Dec 1979 : 0.4957 / 1.1055 = 0.448394392 ; 1985 derived from AUD -- USD = 0.8278 and AUD -- GBP = 0.7130 at end of Dec 1984 : 0.7130 / 0.8278 = 0.861319159 Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and the South African Rand '' . Measuring Worth . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Foreign Exchange Rates -- G. 5A ; Release Dates '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Prasad , Eswar S. ( 2014 ) . The Dollar Trap : How the U.S. Dollar Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 16112 - 9 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutUnited States dollarat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing U.S. Currency and Coin Outstanding and in Circulation U.S. Currency Education Program page with images of all current banknotes American Currency Exhibit at the San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank Relative values of the U.S. dollar , from 1774 to present Historical Currency Converter Summary of BEP Production Statistics U.S. Currency tracking experiment 50 Factors that Affect the Value of the U.S. Dollar -- Currency Trading.net Askar Akaev forecasts the collapse of U.S. dollar in December 2012 Live exchange rates Currency exchange rates updated every 60 seconds Images of U.S. currency and coins ( edit ) U.S. Currency Education Program : Banknotes U.S. Mint : Image Library Historical and current banknotes of the United States ( in English ) ( in German ) Links to related articles Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 96 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 14 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 39 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ; 1868 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 58 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 05 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 73 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 83 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 38 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 37 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 45 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 30 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 91 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 47 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 63 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 60 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 39 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 73 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 89 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 85 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 35 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 78 ) Susan B. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who's picture is on the five dollar bill	[ "\nFive Dollars\n\n\nAbraham Lincoln\nLincoln Memorial\nSeries 2006\nSeries 2013\nWide\n" ]	[ "Abraham Lincoln" ]
-3345082334682683720	Nehemiah	Nehemiah - wikipedia Nehemiah Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Nehemiah ( disambiguation ) . Nehemiah rebuilding Jerusalem Nehemiah is the central figure of the Book of Nehemiah , which describes his work in rebuilding Jerusalem during the Second Temple period . He was governor of Persian Judea under Artaxerxes I of Persia ( c. 5th century BC ) . The name is pronounced / ˌniːəˈmaɪə / or / ˌniːhəˈmaɪə / in English . It is in Hebrew : נְחֶמְיָה ‬ , Modern Nəḥemya , Tiberian Neẖemeyā , `` Yahweh comforts '' , a long version of the name `` Nahum '' which also means comforter . According to most scholars , Nehemiah was a real historical figure and the Nehemiah Memoir , a name given by scholars to certain portions of the book written in the first person , is historically reliable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Book of Nehemiah 2 Rabbinic literature 3 Art 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Book of Nehemiah ( edit ) In the 20th year of Artaxerxes , king of Persia , ( 445 / 444 BC ) , Nehemiah was cup - bearer to the king . Learning that the remnant of Jews in Judah were in distress and that the walls of Jerusalem were broken down , he asked the king for permission to return and rebuild the city . Artaxerxes sent him to Judah as governor of the province with a mission to rebuild , letters explaining his support for the venture , and provision for timber from the king 's forest . Once there , Nehemiah defied the opposition of Judah 's enemies on all sides -- Samaritans , Ammonites , Arabs and Philistines -- and rebuilt the walls within 52 days , from the Sheep Gate in the North , the Hananeel Tower at the North West corner , the Fish Gate in the West , the Furnaces Tower at the Temple Mount 's South West corner , the Dung Gate in the South , the East Gate and the gate beneath the Golden Gate in the East . Appearing in the Queen 's presence may indicate his being a eunuch , and in the Septuagint , the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible , he is described as such : eunochos ( eunuch ) , rather than oinochoos ( wine - cup - bearer ) . If so the attempt by his enemy Shemaiah to trick him into entering the Temple is aimed at making him break Jewish law , rather than simply hide from assassins . He then took measures to repopulate the city and purify the Jewish community , enforcing the cancellation of debt , assisting Ezra to promulgate the law of Moses , and enforcing the divorce of Jewish men from their non-Jewish wives . Gustave Doré , Nehemiah Views the Ruins of Jerusalem 's Walls , 1866 . After 12 years as governor , during which he ruled with justice and righteousness , he returned to the king in Susa . After some time in Susa he returned to Jerusalem , only to find that the people had fallen back into their evil ways . Non-Jews were permitted to conduct business inside Jerusalem on the Sabbath and to keep rooms in the Temple . Greatly angered , he purified the Temple and the priests and Levites and enforced the observance of the law of Moses . Rabbinic literature ( edit ) Nehemiah is identified in one aggadah with Zerubbabel , the latter name being considered an epithet of Nehemiah and as indicating that he was born at Babylon . However , rabbi Isaiah di Trani , in his commentary to the book of Nehemiah , writes as factual that Nehemiah was a Kohen . With Ezra , Nehemiah marks the spring - time in the national history of Judaism ( Cant . R. ii. 12 ) . A certain mishnah is declared by the Rabbis to have originated in the school of Nehemiah ( Shab . 123b ) . Still , Nehemiah is blamed by the Rabbis for his seemingly boastful expression , `` Think upon me , my God , for good '' ( Neh . v. 19 , xiii. 31 ) , and for his disparagement of his predecessors ( ib . v. 15 ) , among whom was Daniel . The Rabbis think that these two faults were the reason that this book is not mentioned under its own name , but forms part of the Book of Ezra ( Sanh . 93b ) . ( Although it seems this was true at the time the Talmud was compiled , it is not the case in modern Hebrew Bibles , in which Ezra and Nehemiah each has his own book . ) According to Baba Bathra 15a Nehemiah completed the Book of Chronicles , which was written by Ezra . Art ( edit ) Samuel Taylor Coleridge commented on the dearth of any classical paintings featuring Nehemiah . See also ( edit ) Governors of Yehud Medinata Sanballat the Horonite Tobiah ( Ammonite ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gesenius , Friedrich Wilhelm ( 1846 ) . Gesenius ' Hebrew - Chaldee Lexicon . Baker Book House ; 7th edition , 1979 . p. 544 . ISBN 0801037360 . Jump up ^ For confirmation that many scholars share this view , see Anne Fitzpatrick ( 2009 ) . Zuleika Rodgers ; Margaret Daly - Denton ; Anne Fitzpatrick Mckinley , eds . `` What did Nehemiah do for Judaism , '' in A Wandering Galilean : Essays in Honour of Seán Freyne . BRILL . pp. 93 -- . ISBN 90 - 04 - 17355 - 2 . Jump up ^ For confirmation that most scholars share this view , see Jack Pastor ( 2010 ) . Menahem Mor ; Friedrick V. Reiterer , eds . `` The Contribution of the Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh to the Study of Economics in the Persian Period , '' in Samaritans : Past and Present : Current Studies . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 52 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 019497 - 5 . Jump up ^ For an author who disagrees with the scholarly majority position on the historicity of Nehemiah and Ezra , but acknowledges the existence of that majority , see Philip R. Davies ( 3 September 2014 ) . Rethinking Biblical Scholarship : Changing Perspectives 4 . Taylor & Francis . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 54443 - 2 . The essential historicity of the events described ( in Ezra and Nehemiah ) has rarely been questioned . Jump up ^ On the date , see Ezra - Nehemiah : A Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . 1 January 1988 . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22186 - 7 . Jump up ^ Nehemiah 1 : 1 - 2 : 5 Jump up ^ Nehemiah 2 : 6 - 9 Jump up ^ Neh 2 : 6 Jump up ^ R.J. Coggins . The books of Ezra and Nehemiah ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1976 ) , 73 ; also F. Charles Fensham , The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah ( Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdmans , 1982 ) , 140 Jump up ^ John Barton , The Oxford Bible commentary , Oxford University Press , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Zera'+ Babel '' ; from the Babylonian Talmud , Sanhedrin 38a . See the Soncino translation ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Published by R. Mass , Jerusalem 5738 HC Jump up ^ `` Babylonian Talmud : Baba Bathra 15 '' . halakhah.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Paley , Morton D. ( 10 July 2008 ) . `` Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the Fine Arts '' . OUP Oxford . Retrieved 2 April 2018 -- via Google Books . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Nehemiah '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Further reading ( edit ) Barr , James . ' History of Israel ' in History and Ideology in the Old Testament ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2000 ) , 87 Holman Bible Dictionary , Persia Lester Grabbe . Ezra , in Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible ( ed . James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson , Eerdmans , 2003 ) p. 320 - 1 Pakkala , Juha . `` Ezra the scribe : the development of Ezra 7 - 10 and Nehemiah 8 '' ( Walter de Gruyter , 2004 ) pp. 225 -- 7 Schulte , Lucas L. My Shepherd , though You Do not Know Me : The Persian Royal Propaganda Model in the Nehemiah Memoir ( Leuven : Peeters , 2016 ) , 197 - 204 . Williamson , H.G.M. Ezra and Nehemiah ( Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press , 1987 ) , 17 Wright , Jacob . `` Rebuilding identity : the Nehemiah - memoir and its earliest readers '' ( Walter de Gruyter , 2004 ) p. 340 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nehemiah . Jewish Encyclopedia : Nehemiah The Wall that Nehemiah Built Biblical Archaeology Review Israel Finkelstein Jerusalem in the Persian ( and Early Hellenistic ) Period and the Wall of Nehemiah Israel Finkelstein . Archaeology and the List of Returnees in the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nehemiah&oldid=833853159 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible people Biblical figures in rabbinic literature Ezra -- Nehemiah 5th - century BCE Jews Satraps of the Achaemenid Empire Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Dansk Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська اردو 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 18 : 44 . 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About Wikipedia	who led the rebuilding of the walls of jerusalem	[ "In the 20th year of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, (445/444 BC), Nehemiah was cup-bearer to the king.[5] Learning that the remnant of Jews in Judah were in distress and that the walls of Jerusalem were broken down, he asked the king for permission to return and rebuild the city.[6] Artaxerxes sent him to Judah as governor of the province with a mission to rebuild, letters explaining his support for the venture, and provision for timber from the king's forest.[7] Once there, Nehemiah defied the opposition of Judah's enemies on all sides—Samaritans, Ammonites, Arabs and Philistines—and rebuilt the walls within 52 days, from the Sheep Gate in the North, the Hananeel Tower at the North West corner, the Fish Gate in the West, the Furnaces Tower at the Temple Mount's South West corner, the Dung Gate in the South, the East Gate and the gate beneath the Golden Gate in the East." ]	[ "Nehemiah" ]
5919269981983515587	World of Warcraft: Battle for Azeroth	World of Warcraft : Battle for Azeroth - Wikipedia World of Warcraft : Battle for Azeroth World of Warcraft : Battle for Azeroth Developer ( s ) Blizzard Entertainment Publisher ( s ) Blizzard Entertainment Director ( s ) Ion Hazzikostas Alex Afrasiabi Chris Robinson Producer ( s ) Ray Cobo Shani Edwards Designer ( s ) Matt Goss Jeremy Feasel Steve Burke Series Warcraft Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows , macOS Release August 14 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Massively multiplayer online role - playing game Mode ( s ) Multiplayer World of Warcraft : Battle for Azeroth is the upcoming seventh expansion pack for the massively multiplayer online role - playing game ( MMORPG ) World of Warcraft , following Legion . It was announced at BlizzCon 2017 , and will be released on August 13 , 2018 . The expansion will raise the level cap from 110 to 120 , introduce the Kul Tiras and Zandalar continents , add dungeons and raids , add warfronts ( 20 - player PvE mode against opposite faction NPCs ) , add uncharted islands , and introduce four allied races for both the Alliance and the Horde . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Changes to gameplay 1.2 Heart of Azeroth 1.3 Allied races 1.4 Warfronts 1.5 Island expeditions 1.6 PvP ruleset 1.7 Art 2 Plot 3 Setting 3.1 Kul Tiras 3.2 Zandalar 4 Development 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main article : Gameplay of World of Warcraft The expansion allows players to level up to level 120 , an increase from the level cap of 110 in the previous expansion Legion . Initially , there will be ten dungeons included with 8.0 with Mythic Plus versions of the dungeons and the first raid , Uldir , being available soon after the game 's release . Following the beginning of preorders and the release of four allied races in January 2018 , the number of character slots per server was raised from 12 to 16 . The number of available bag slots in the player 's backpack , which has been fixed at 16 slots since the game 's release in 2004 , will also receive an increase if an authenticator is attached to an account . Changes to Gameplay ( edit ) There will be a stat squish and item squish to lower the numbers used in the game , an example being a legendary item scaled for Antorus : The Burning Throne ( the final raid for Legion ) being reduced from item level 1000 to 330 . Unique buffs will be added back ; these buffs are class specific , i.e. mages ' Arcane Brilliance , druids ' Mark of the Wild , etc . Titanforging -- something that allows for an item to be more powerful than normal -- is still in the game ; however , if the item is one of those affected by the Heart of Azeroth , then that item can not be titanforged . Changes will also be made to levelling in content released prior to Warlords of Draenor . The level - scaling tech introduced in Legion will not only be continued in the new continents of Kul Tiras and Zandalar , but will also be applied to content from prior expansions , allowing larger level brackets for lower level zones . Some examples include a zone like Westfall having its level bracket ( at 10 - 15 as of Legion ) increased to 10 - 60 , whilst continents such as Outland and Northrend will now share a 60 - 80 level bracket . The aim of this change is to encourage more player choice whilst levelling and to allow players to experience the full story of a particular zone without overlevelling the relevant quests . Level scaling was made available with Legion 's 7.3. 5 patch . There will not be as many class changes in Battle for Azeroth as there were for Legion , with some notable exceptions . `` There will be a lot more to share going forward , '' Ion Hazzikostas says , `` but in broad terms , there will be fewer class changes than in Legion . Not all experiments were successful ( i.e. Demonology Warlocks ) . Survival Hunter execution needs work but we 're committed to the melee Hunter . '' Heart of Azeroth ( edit ) The Heart of Azeroth is an artifact given to the player character from the world soul via Magni Bronzebeard . It is a necklace that can utilize the power of Azerite , a mineral that comes from the essence of the world soul . Azerite is similar in function to Legion 's artifact power , in that it is gathered normally from playing the game and is used to upgrade an artifact ; likewise , the Heart is similar in function to Legion 's artifact weapons by having the capacity to be constantly upgraded . Unlike artifact weapons , however , the Heart is shared with all of the player 's specializations . As more azerite is acquired , the player will be able to upgrade certain pieces of gear . Allied races ( edit ) The allied races , who were formerly neutral factions of Azeroth , can be recruited by completing quest chains . Four of these races were unlocked when the expansion became available for preorder in January 2018 , and four more will be added after the game 's launch . The Alliance will be able to unlock the void elves ( exiled blood elves who can tap into shadow magic , trained by Alleria Windrunner after her experiences on Argus ) , Lightforged draenei ( draenei members of the Army of the Light who fought the Legion on Argus ) , Dark Iron dwarves ( a sub-race of the in - game dwarves of Ironforge ) , and Kul Tiran humans ( larger , more heavyset versions of the in - game humans of Stormwind ) . The Horde has access to the Nightborne ( former night elves from Suramar ) , the Highmountain tauren ( moose - antlered cousins of the in - game tauren of Mulgore ) , the Zandalari ( progenitor of all of the trolls of Azeroth ) , and the Mag'har orcs ( survivors of the Iron Horde from Warlords of Draenor ) . When an allied race has been unlocked for a player , new characters from that race will start at level 20 . If a player levels an Allied race from 20 to level 110 without using character boosts , they will be rewarded with a unique `` Heritage Armor '' for transmogrification that reflects the unique lore behind the race but is limited for use to that race . Doing the quests to unlock the allied races will also unlock the races ' unique mounts for use by the characters of their faction . The void elves , Lightforged draenei , Highmountain tauren , and Nightborne , as races tied to the storyline for ' Legion ' , were made available with the preorder on January 30 , 2018 . The Dark Iron dwarves and the Mag'har orcs will be made available upon completing the `` War Campaign '' in Kul Tiras and Zandalar , and the Kul Tiran humans and Zandalari will be made available later in the expansion . Game director Ion Hazzikostas also indicated that additional Allied Races may be available in the future . Warfronts ( edit ) Warfronts will be a new form of 20 player PvE content . They will function similarly to battlegrounds but with more focus on base building , capture and control of territory and resource control to focus on Warcraft 's RTS roots . The warfronts will not always be active on a regular basis since there will be a build up to each one . Island expeditions ( edit ) Similar to the 3 - player scenarios in Mists of Pandaria , island expeditions are a new form of 3 - player content that will provide dynamic challenges that involve battling against a group of either advanced AI NPCs or players in order to collect island resources . PvP ruleset ( edit ) The expansion brings a major change to the PvP ruleset on each realm . Every realm by default only allows players to attack NPCs in the open world ; players who wish to engage in world PvP now have a setting called `` War Mode '' that can only be toggled on or off in their faction 's capital city ( i.e. Stormwind for the Alliance and Orgrimmar for the Horde ) . While in War Mode , players have access to new talents and abilities , as well as a slightly accelerated rate of XP gain . Characters with War Mode activated will only be able to see other players with War Mode , unless in their own capital cities . Players who engage in War Mode and are successful at killing multiple enemy PC 's without dying in exchange receive an `` Assassin '' buff that increases their damage and healing . Eventually , such a character gains a bounty on their head , giving other players a reward for killing them . A new battleground called Seething Shore was previewed in Legion 's patch 7.3. 5 . It is located in Silithus and set after the events of the Antorus raid ; it involves players battling to take control of Azerite resources in randomized locations . It was the first battleground added to the game since 2012 's Mists of Pandaria . Roleplaying ( RP ) servers will not behave the same way as the regular servers . The game director said , `` The default behavior for RP servers in Battle for Azeroth will be that PvP flagging people would see other flagged players on that same server . We do n't want to split up RP communities . '' Art ( edit ) Warlocks have received new spell effects ; all the other classes received new effects in Legion . Male orcs are now able to toggle between the initial hunched posture and standing upright by using a barbershop , but the other races will not be able to toggle between two postures . There will be new druid forms for the allied races , e.g. a Zandalari troll druid will have a raptor - based travel form as opposed to previous races ' stag or cheetah . Plot ( edit ) Following the events of Legion , the wounded Azeroth is bleeding a substance called `` Azerite , '' which has great magical potential . The Horde Warchief , Sylvanas Windrunner , attempts to consolidate Horde power on Kalimdor and gain a monopoly on Azerite ( which is primarily found at the southern end of the continent ) . Her campaign to do so , the War of Thorns , forms a pre-launch event for the expansion and ends with the major Night Elf holdings on the continent seized or ( in the case of their capital city of Darnassus ) annihilated . The Alliance makes a retaliatory strike against her home base , the Undercity , and succeeds in driving the Horde out . With this tit - for - tat military exchange , the Horde has almost complete control over Kalimdor , while the Alliance has near - total dominion over the Eastern Kingdoms . With further conflict inevitable , Battle for Azeroth takes the two factions to the continents of Kul Tiras and Zandalar to recruit new allies in order to turn the tides of war . Setting ( edit ) The expansion is set immediately after the events of Legion . Two continents have been added within the Great Sea between the Eastern Kingdoms and Kalimdor : Kul Tiras , one of the major human kingdoms , and Zandalar , the homeland of Azeroth 's trolls . While the Alliance and Horde will initially travel to one continent respectively , both continents will be available to both factions at level 120 . Kul Tiras ( edit ) The human nation of Kul Tiras will be the primary location for Alliance characters in the expansion . It is divided into three zones : Tiragarde Sound ( which houses the Alliance capital of Boralus ) , Drustvar , and Stormsong Valley . Zandalar ( edit ) The troll empire of Zandalar will be the primary location for Horde characters in the expansion . Like Kul Tiras , it is also divided into three zones : Zuldazar ( which houses the Horde capital of Dazar'alor ) , Nazmir , and Vol'dun . Development ( edit ) Battle for Azeroth started restricted alpha testing in early February 2018 . Public beta testing began in late April 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` World of Warcraft : Battle for Azeroth is the MMO 's next expansion '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` WoW : Battle For Azeroth Expansion Release Date Announced '' . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Phillip ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Battle for Azeroth : World of Warcraft returns to its roots '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World of Warcraft - Ion Hazzikostas Live Battle for Azeroth Q&A Recap - MMORPG.com '' . MMORPG.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Allied Races Blizzard Entertainment , Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-purchase Battle for Azeroth TM Now ! - WoW '' . World of Warcraft . Jump up ^ Squishei ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Liveblog of the January 30 Battle for Azeroth Q&A with Ion Hazzikostas '' . Wowhead . Jump up ^ perculia . `` Battle for Azeroth Warfronts - Faction Transmog Rewards , Stromgarde , Gameplay '' . Jump up ^ `` Blizzard is ditching WoW 's PvP servers for an opt - in system '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blizzard is getting rid of player - versus - player servers in World of Warcraft '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for Azeroth Invite - Only Alpha Now Playable '' . Wowhead . Retrieved 25 February 2018 . 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About Wikipedia	what is the upcoming world of warcraft expansion	[ "World of Warcraft: Battle for Azeroth is the upcoming seventh expansion pack for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft, following Legion. It was announced at BlizzCon 2017, and will be released on August 13, 2018.[1][2]\n" ]	[ "World of Warcraft: Battle for Azeroth" ]
-1178835408068796058	Growing Up Hip Hop	Growing Up Hip Hop - wikipedia Growing Up Hip Hop Jump to : navigation , search Growing Up Hip Hop Genre Reality television Starring Romeo Miller Angela Simmons Kristinia DeBarge Boogie Dash Egypt Criss TJ Mizell Vanessa Simmons Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 22 Production Executive producer ( s ) Suzanne Gladstone Oji Singletary Mark Herwick Tara Long Master P Romeo Miller Angela Simmons Datari Turner Mala Chapple Running time 42 to 44 minutes Release Original network WE tv Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta External links Website www.wetv.com/shows/growing-up-hip-hop # home Growing Up Hip Hop is the original installment of the Growing Up Hip Hop reality television franchise on WE tv . The series premiered on January 7 , 2016 , and chronicles the lives of the children of hip hop legends . Its success has led to the creation of a spin - off Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta . On May 25 , 2017 , WE tv announced the show 's return for a third season , which premiered on July 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.1. 1 Current 1.1. 2 Former 1.2 Supporting 1.2. 1 Current 1.2. 2 Former 2 Series overview 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cast member Seasons Romeo Miller Main Angela Simmons Main Kristinia DeBarge Main Boogie Dash Main Egypt Criss Main TJ Mizell Main Supporting Vanessa Simmons Supporting Main Current ( edit ) Romeo Miller Son of Master P and brother of Cymphonique Miller . Miller 's career began with the release of his debut studio Lil ' Romeo at the age of 11 , which led to other opportunities including his own Nickelodeon sitcom , Romeo ! , running from 2003 to 2006 . Miller appeared on Dancing with the Stars during its twelfth season . In 2016 , Miller appeared on Empire during its third season as Gram . The series chronicles his business ventures with his father . Angela Simmons Daughter of Rev Run of Run -- D.M.C. and sister of Vanessa Simmons . Simmons first gained public attention when she appeared with her family on the reality TV series Run 's House . She has made a name for herself by making a clothing line . The third season chronicles her struggles of connecting with her family after becoming a mother . Kristinia DeBarge Daughter of James DeBarge of DeBarge . DeBarge followed in her family 's footsteps and went into music . DeBarge 's debut single Goodbye released in 2009 , went platinum and released an album Exposed along with it . DeBarge has continued to make music over the years . She has the desire to find out if she has a half - sister whose mother would be Janet Jackson beginning in the second season . The third season chronicles her desire to put out music , but faces rumors about sleeping with her producer . Damon `` Boogie '' Dash Son of Damon Dash . The second and third seasons showcase his struggle with drinking alcohol and hiding DUIs . Egypt Criss Daughter of Pepa of Salt - n - Pepa and Treach of Naughty by Nature . Criss has the desire to create a name for herself musically . Vanessa Simmons ( Season 3 -- present ) ( supporting cast member in seasons 1 -- 2 ) Daughter of Rev Run of Run -- D.M.C. and sister of Angela Simmons . Simmons first gained public attention when she appeared with her family on the reality TV series Run 's House . In the third season , she struggles to become closer to Angela . Former ( edit ) TJ Mizell ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) ( supporting cast member in season 3 ) Son of Jam Master Jay of Run -- D.M.C. . Supporting ( edit ) Cast member Seasons Master P Supporting Pepa Supporting Rev Run Supporting Damon Dash Supporting Briana Latrise Supporting Andre King Supporting Tahira `` Tee Tee '' Francis Supporting Current ( edit ) Master P Father of Romeo Miller . Master P is a rapper from New Orleans who is best known for his singles `` Mr. Ice Cream Man '' and `` Make ' Em Say Uhh ! '' . Master P supports Romeo throughout the series , while also clashing with him when it comes to business deals . Pepa Mother of Egypt Criss . Pepa is a part of the female rap trio Salt - n - Pepa . Pepa serves as a support system for Egypt and looks out for her well - being . They clash about Egypt singing career plan throughout the series . Damon Dash Father of Boogie Dash . Damon is one of the founders of Roc - A-Fella Records Damon makes sure his son stays on the right path Briana Latrise ( Season 2 -- present ) Daughter of Kendu Isaacs . In the second season , Briana deals with an abusive relationship . The third season chronicles the fallout from the breakup of her father and Mary J. Blige . Tahira `` Tee Tee '' Francis ( Season 3 -- present ) Niece of Pepa . In the third season , Tee Tee goes to LA to watch over Egypt as Pepa goes on tour again , however , she becomes involved in a lot of drama . Former ( edit ) Rev Run ( Season 1 ) Father of Angela and Vanessa Simmons . Rev Run was apart of the hip hop group Run -- D.M.C.. Rev Run helps Angela with her stalker situation in the first season . Andre King ( Season 2 ) Brother of Swizz Beatz . The second season showcased King coming out to his friends and family . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 10 October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) December 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 22 ) 10 July 20 , 2017 September 21 , 2017 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` The Master Plan '' January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) 0.84 `` The Struggle Is Real '' January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) 0.60 `` Run to Miami '' January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 0.71 `` O Romeo , Romeo '' January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 0.61 5 5 `` Master Player '' February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 0.60 6 6 `` Master of My Fate '' February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 0.65 Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 7 `` Blinged Up , Throne Down '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) N / A 8 `` Boogie Down '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) N / A 9 `` Run in the Oven '' October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) N / A 10 `` Immaculate Deception '' November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) N / A 11 5 `` Only God and Janet Would Know '' November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) N / A 12 6 `` Busta Crime '' November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) N / A 13 7 `` Straight Trippin ' '' December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) N / A 14 8 `` Denial Ai n't Just a River in Egypt '' December 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) N / A 15 9 `` Lie to Fly '' December 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) N / A 16 10 `` Empire State of Mind '' December 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 22 ) N / A Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 17 `` Cash Me in New Orleans '' July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) N / A 18 `` Bad and Boogie '' July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) N / A 19 `` Bad to the Throne '' August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) N / A 20 `` Gossip Girl '' August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) N / A 21 5 `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) N / A 22 6 `` Let 's Talk About Pep '' August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) TBD 23 7 `` Treacherous Waters '' August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) TBD 24 8 `` Count Your Blessings '' September 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) TBD 25 9 `` Spilling the Tee Tee '' September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) TBD 26 10 `` Sticks and Bones and Broken Thrones '' September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Adonis - Growing Up Hip Hop , Kristinia DeBarge '' . Empire BBK. 2017 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growing_Up_Hip_Hop&oldid=800588679 '' Categories : American reality television series 2010s American television series 2016 American television series debuts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 13 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is on the cast of growing up hip hop	[ "\n\nCast member\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n\n\nRomeo Miller\nMain\n\n\nAngela Simmons\nMain\n\n\nKristinia DeBarge\nMain\n\n\nBoogie Dash\nMain\n\n\nEgypt Criss\nMain\n\n\nTJ Mizell\nMain\nSupporting\n\n\nVanessa Simmons\nSupporting\nMain\n\n", "\n\nCast member\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n\n\nRomeo Miller\nMain\n\n\nAngela Simmons\nMain\n\n\nKristinia DeBarge\nMain\n\n\nBoogie Dash\nMain\n\n\nEgypt Criss\nMain\n\n\nTJ Mizell\nMain\nSupporting\n\n\nVanessa Simmons\nSupporting\nMain\n\n", "\n\nCast member\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n\n\nRomeo Miller\nMain\n\n\nAngela Simmons\nMain\n\n\nKristinia DeBarge\nMain\n\n\nBoogie Dash\nMain\n\n\nEgypt Criss\nMain\n\n\nTJ Mizell\nMain\nSupporting\n\n\nVanessa Simmons\nSupporting\nMain\n\n", "\n\nCast member\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n\n\nRomeo Miller\nMain\n\n\nAngela Simmons\nMain\n\n\nKristinia DeBarge\nMain\n\n\nBoogie Dash\nMain\n\n\nEgypt Criss\nMain\n\n\nTJ Mizell\nMain\nSupporting\n\n\nVanessa Simmons\nSupporting\nMain\n\n", "\n\nCast member\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n\n\nRomeo Miller\nMain\n\n\nAngela Simmons\nMain\n\n\nKristinia DeBarge\nMain\n\n\nBoogie Dash\nMain\n\n\nEgypt Criss\nMain\n\n\nTJ Mizell\nMain\nSupporting\n\n\nVanessa Simmons\nSupporting\nMain\n\n", "\n\nCast member\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n\n\nRomeo Miller\nMain\n\n\nAngela Simmons\nMain\n\n\nKristinia DeBarge\nMain\n\n\nBoogie Dash\nMain\n\n\nEgypt Criss\nMain\n\n\nTJ Mizell\nMain\nSupporting\n\n\nVanessa Simmons\nSupporting\nMain\n\n", "\n\nCast member\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n\n\nRomeo Miller\nMain\n\n\nAngela Simmons\nMain\n\n\nKristinia DeBarge\nMain\n\n\nBoogie Dash\nMain\n\n\nEgypt Criss\nMain\n\n\nTJ Mizell\nMain\nSupporting\n\n\nVanessa Simmons\nSupporting\nMain\n\n" ]	[ "Romeo Miller", "Angela Simmons", "Kristinia DeBarge", "Boogie Dash", "Egypt Criss", "TJ Mizell", "Vanessa Simmons" ]
-517344796648696484	List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons	List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons - wikipedia List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons Jump to : navigation , search For complete team history , see History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raymond James Stadium where the Buccaneers have played their home games since 1998 This is a list of seasons completed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , an American football franchise based in Tampa , Florida . The Buccaneers are members of the South division in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers ' franchise from 1976 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Buccaneers first joined the NFL in 1976 as members of the AFC West . The following year , they moved to the NFC Central . The Tampa Bay expansion franchise was originally awarded to Tom McCloskey , a construction company owner from Philadelphia . It soon became apparent that McCloskey had financial problems , so the NFL found a replacement in Hugh Culverhouse . They were purchased by Malcolm Glazer in 1995 for $192 million , following Culverhouse 's death . The front office staff of the team includes Bryan Glazer , Edward Glazer , and Joel Glazer . The Buccaneers ' only Super Bowl championship was won in Super Bowl XXXVII , at the conclusion of the 2002 season . This was the teams ' only Super Bowl appearance , having reached the NFC conference championship on two other occasions . The Buccaneers have been divisional champions six times , three of them in the NFC Central and the other three in NFC South . They were the first team to win the NFC South after the NFL restructure in 2002 . In their 41 - year history , the Buccaneers have played over 500 regular and post-season games and have appeared in the post-season ten times . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons 2 Footnotes 3 References 4 External links Seasons ( edit ) The finish , wins , losses , and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Regular and postseason records are combined only at the bottom of the list . Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth NFL Season Team season League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties 1976 1976 NFL AFC West 5th 0 14 0 John McKay 1977 1977 NFL NFC Central 5th 12 0 John McKay 1978 1978 NFL NFC Central 5th 5 11 0 John McKay 1979 1979 NFL NFC Central 1st 10 6 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 24 -- 17 Lost NFC Championship ( Rams ) 0 -- 9 Lee Roy Selmon ( DPOY ) John McKay 1980 1980 NFL NFC Central 4th 5 10 John McKay 1981 1981 NFL NFC Central 1st 9 7 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Cowboys ) 0 -- 38 John McKay 1982 1982 NFL NFC -- 7th 5 0 Lost First Round ( at Cowboys ) 17 -- 30 John McKay NFL NFC Central 5th 14 0 John McKay 1984 1984 NFL NFC Central 3rd 6 10 0 John McKay 1985 1985 NFL NFC Central 5th 14 0 Leeman Bennett 1986 1986 NFL NFC Central 5th 14 0 Leeman Bennett NFL NFC Central 4th 11 0 Ray Perkins 1988 1988 NFL NFC Central 3rd 5 11 0 Ray Perkins 1989 1989 NFL NFC Central 5th 5 11 0 Ray Perkins 1990 1990 NFL NFC Central 2nd 6 10 0 Ray Perkins ( 5 -- 8 ) Richard Williamson ( 1 -- 2 ) 1991 1991 NFL NFC Central 5th 13 0 Richard Williamson 1992 1992 NFL NFC Central 3rd 5 11 0 Sam Wyche 1993 1993 NFL NFC Central 5th 5 11 0 Sam Wyche 1994 1994 NFL NFC Central 5th 6 10 0 Sam Wyche 1995 1995 NFL NFC Central 5th 7 9 0 Sam Wyche NFL NFC Central 4th 6 10 0 Tony Dungy 1997 1997 NFL NFC Central 2nd 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 20 -- 10 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Packers ) 7 -- 21 Warrick Dunn ( OROY ) Tony Dungy 1998 1998 NFL NFC Central 3rd 8 8 0 Tony Dungy 1999 1999 NFL NFC Central 1st 11 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Redskins ) 14 -- 13 Lost NFC Championship ( at Rams ) 6 -- 11 Warren Sapp ( DPOY ) Tony Dungy 2000 2000 NFL NFC Central 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( at Eagles ) 3 -- 21 Derrick Brooks ( WPMOY ) Tony Dungy 2001 2001 NFL NFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( at Eagles ) 9 -- 31 Tony Dungy 2002 2002 NFL NFC South 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 31 -- 6 Won NFC Championship ( at Eagles ) 27 -- 10 Won Super Bowl XXXVII ( 1 ) ( vs. Raiders ) 48 -- 21 Derrick Brooks ( DPOY ) Dexter Jackson ( SB MVP ) Jon Gruden 2003 2003 NFL NFC South 3rd 7 9 0 Jon Gruden NFL NFC South 4th 5 11 0 Jon Gruden 2005 2005 NFL NFC South 1st 11 5 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Redskins ) 10 -- 17 Carnell Williams ( OROY ) Jon Gruden 2006 2006 NFL NFC South 4th 12 0 Jon Gruden 2007 2007 NFL NFC South 1st 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Giants ) 14 -- 24 Jon Gruden 2008 2008 NFL NFC South 3rd 9 7 0 Jon Gruden 2009 2009 NFL NFC South 4th 13 0 Raheem Morris NFL NFC South 3rd 10 6 0 Raheem Morris 2011 2011 NFL NFC South 4th 12 0 Raheem Morris 2012 2012 NFL NFC South 4th 7 9 0 Greg Schiano 2013 2013 NFL NFC South 4th 12 0 Greg Schiano 2014 2014 NFL NFC South 4th 14 0 Lovie Smith 2015 2015 NFL NFC South 4th 6 10 0 Lovie Smith 2016 2016 NFL NFC South 2nd 9 7 0 Dirk Koetter Total 6 Division Titles 1 NFC Title Super Bowl XXXVII win Regular Season 250 393 . 389 Winning percentage Postseason 6 9 0 . 400 Winning percentage Overall 256 402 . 389 Winning percentage Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ The Buccaneers finished ahead of the Chicago Bears in the NFC Central based on a better division record of 6 -- 2 to the Bears 5 -- 3 Jump up ^ 1982 was a strike - shortened season so the league was divided up into two conferences instead of its normal divisional alignment . Jump up ^ The Philadelphia Eagles clinched the NFC number 1 seed ahead of the Buccaneers based on better conference record of 11 -- 1 to the Buccaneers 's 9 -- 3 . Jump up ^ The Buccaneers clinched the NFC number 2 seed ahead of the Green Bay Packers based on better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ The Buccaneers finished ahead of the Carolina Panthers in the NFC South on a better divisional record of 5 -- 1 to the Panthers 4 -- 2 . Jump up ^ The Chicago Bears clinched the NFC number 2 seed ahead of the Buccaneers based on a better conference record of 10 -- 2 to the Buccaneers 9 -- 3 . References ( edit ) `` NFL Football History '' . CBS Sportsline . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers '' . Sports E-cyclopedia . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . NFL Official Website . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Tampa Bay Buccaneers '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame Website . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . `` databaseFootball.com -- Tampa Bay Buccaneers '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2007 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers Founded in 1976 Based and headquartered in Tampa , Florida Franchise Franchise Seasons History Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Draft history Starting quarterbacks Broadcasters Stadiums Tampa Stadium Raymond James Stadium Culture and lore Hugh Culverhouse Malcolm Glazer Tampa 2 Captain Fear Cheerleaders Snow Bowl A Triumph of the Heart : The Ricky Bell Story Rivalries Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Miami Dolphins Playoff appearances ( 10 ) 1979 1981 1982 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2005 2007 Division championships ( 6 ) 1979 1981 1999 2002 2005 2007 Conference championships ( 1 ) 2002 League championships ( 1 ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) Hall of Fame members Lee Roy Selmon Steve Young Randall McDaniel Warren Sapp Derrick Brooks Tim Brown Ron Wolf Retired numbers 55 63 99 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 42 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_seasons&oldid=802045735 '' Categories : National Football League teams seasons Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons Tampa Bay Buccaneers lists Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 16 : 55 . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the tampa bay buccaneers went to the playoffs	[ "\n\nNFL\nSeason\nTeam\nseason\nLeague\nConference\nDivision\nRegular season\nPostseason results\nAwards\nHead coaches\n\n\nFinish\nWins\nLosses\nTies\n\n\n1976\n1976\nNFL\nAFC\nWest\n5th\n0\n14\n0\n\n\nJohn McKay\n\n\n1977\n1977\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n5th\n2\n12\n0\n\n\nJohn McKay\n\n\n1978[1]\n1978\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n5th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\nJohn McKay\n\n\n1979[2]\n1979\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n1st\n10\n6\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 24–17\nLost NFC Championship (Rams) 0–9\nLee Roy Selmon (DPOY)\nJohn McKay\n\n\n1980\n1980\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n4th\n5\n10\n1\n\n\nJohn McKay\n\n\n1981\n1981\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n1st\n9\n7\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (at Cowboys) 0–38\n\nJohn McKay\n\n\n1982[3]\n1982\nNFL\nNFC\n—\n7th\n5\n4\n0\nLost First Round (at Cowboys) 17–30\n\nJohn McKay\n\n\n1983\n1983\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n5th\n2\n14\n0\n\n\nJohn McKay\n\n\n1984\n1984\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n3rd\n6\n10\n0\n\n\nJohn McKay\n\n\n1985\n1985\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n5th\n2\n14\n0\n\n\nLeeman Bennett\n\n\n1986\n1986\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n5th\n2\n14\n0\n\n\nLeeman Bennett\n\n\n1987\n1987\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n4th\n4\n11\n0\n\n\nRay Perkins\n\n\n1988\n1988\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n3rd\n5\n11\n0\n\n\nRay Perkins\n\n\n1989\n1989\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n5th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\nRay Perkins\n\n\n1990\n1990\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n2nd\n6\n10\n0\n\n\nRay Perkins (5–8)\nRichard Williamson (1–2)\n\n\n1991\n1991\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n5th\n3\n13\n0\n\n\nRichard Williamson\n\n\n1992\n1992\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n3rd\n5\n11\n0\n\n\nSam Wyche\n\n\n1993\n1993\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n5th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\nSam Wyche\n\n\n1994\n1994\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n5th\n6\n10\n0\n\n\nSam Wyche\n\n\n1995\n1995\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n5th\n7\n9\n0\n\n\nSam Wyche\n\n\n1996\n1996\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n4th\n6\n10\n0\n\n\nTony Dungy\n\n\n1997\n1997\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n2nd\n10\n6\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 20–10\nLost Divisional Playoffs (at Packers) 7–21\nWarrick Dunn (OROY)\nTony Dungy\n\n\n1998\n1998\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n3rd\n8\n8\n0\n\n\nTony Dungy\n\n\n1999\n1999\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n1st\n11\n5\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Redskins) 14–13\nLost NFC Championship (at Rams) 6–11\nWarren Sapp (DPOY)\nTony Dungy\n\n\n2000\n2000\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n2nd\n10\n6\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (at Eagles) 3–21\nDerrick Brooks (WPMOY)\nTony Dungy\n\n\n2001\n2001\nNFL\nNFC\nCentral\n3rd\n9\n7\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (at Eagles) 9–31\n\nTony Dungy\n\n\n2002\n2002\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n1st[4][5]\n12\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 31–6\nWon NFC Championship (at Eagles) 27–10\nWon Super Bowl XXXVII (1) (vs. Raiders) 48–21\nDerrick Brooks (DPOY)\nDexter Jackson (SB MVP)\nJon Gruden\n\n\n2003\n2003\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n3rd\n7\n9\n0\n\n\nJon Gruden\n\n\n2004\n2004\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n4th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\nJon Gruden\n\n\n2005\n2005\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n1st[6][7]\n11\n5\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Redskins) 10–17\nCarnell Williams (OROY)\nJon Gruden\n\n\n2006\n2006\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n\n\nJon Gruden\n\n\n2007\n2007\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n1st\n9\n7\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Giants) 14–24\n\nJon Gruden\n\n\n2008\n2008\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n3rd\n9\n7\n0\n\n\nJon Gruden\n\n\n2009\n2009\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n4th\n3\n13\n0\n\n\nRaheem Morris\n\n\n2010\n2010\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n3rd\n10\n6\n0\n\n\nRaheem Morris\n\n\n2011\n2011\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n\n\nRaheem Morris\n\n\n2012\n2012\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n4th\n7\n9\n0\n\n\nGreg Schiano\n\n\n2013\n2013\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n\n\nGreg Schiano\n\n\n2014\n2014\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n4th\n2\n14\n0\n\n\nLovie Smith\n\n\n2015\n2015\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n4th\n6\n10\n0\n\n\nLovie Smith\n\n\n2016\n2016\nNFL\nNFC\nSouth\n2nd\n9\n7\n0\n\n\nDirk Koetter\n\n\nTotal\n6 Division Titles\n1 NFC Title\nSuper Bowl XXXVII win\nRegular Season\n250\n393\n1\n.389 Winning percentage\n\n\nPostseason\n6\n9\n0\n.400 Winning percentage\n\n\nOverall\n256\n402\n1\n.389 Winning percentage\n\n" ]	[ "2007" ]
7494433869598847470	The Quarterback (Glee)	The Quarterback ( Glee ) - Wikipedia The Quarterback ( Glee ) `` The Quarterback '' Glee episode Past and current New Directions members commemorate the late Finn Hudson Episode no . Season 5 Episode 3 Directed by Brad Falchuk Written by Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Ian Brennan Featured music `` Seasons of Love '' `` I 'll Stand by You '' `` Fire and Rain '' `` If I Die Young '' `` No Surrender '' `` Make You Feel My Love '' Production code 5ARC03 Original air date October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Amber Riley as Mercedes Jones Mark Salling as Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman Jayma Mays as Emma Pillsbury Harry Shum , Jr. as Mike Chang Mike O'Malley as Burt Hummel Dot - Marie Jones as Shannon Beiste Romy Rosemont as Carole Hudson - Hummel Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins Erinn Westbrook as Bree Episode chronology ← Previous `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' Next → `` A Katy or a Gaga '' Glee ( season 5 ) List of Glee episodes `` The Quarterback '' is the third episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee , and the ninety - first episode overall . Written by all three of the show 's creators -- Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan -- and directed by Falchuk , it first aired on Fox in the United States on October 10 , 2013 . The episode features the death of character Finn Hudson , and a tribute to Finn and to actor Cory Monteith , who played Finn starting with the show 's pilot , and who died on July 13 , 2013 . The episode 's plot centers on the impact Finn 's death has on the characters , specifically Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) , Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) , Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) , Noah Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) , and Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) . The episode has been received positively by critics , though some commented negatively on the show 's not revealing a cause of death for Finn . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 7.40 million American viewers and garnered a 2.9 rating in the 18 -- 49 age group . The total viewership and ratings for this episode were up significantly from the previous episode . It was the show 's highest rating since the fourth season episode `` Britney 2.0 . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical response 4 Music 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Old and new members of New Directions perform `` Seasons of Love '' in the auditorium at Finn Hudson 's funeral . Three weeks later , they reunite at McKinley High , where glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) invites them to honor Finn through song , as their personal memorials for him . Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) performs `` I 'll Stand By You '' , a song Finn previously sang when he believed he was going to become a father . Principal Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) allows the students to turn Finn 's old locker into a memorial , and plants a tree in his honor , which is later stolen . Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) helps his parents to sort Finn 's belongings , keeping Finn 's letterman jacket and giving Burt Hummel ( Mike O'Malley ) Finn 's lamp and football . Carole Hudson - Hummel ( Romy Rosemont ) soon breaks down in grief and the family comes together to comfort one another . The next day , the glee club meets in the auditorium , where Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) and Artie Abrams ( Kevin McHale ) lead them in a performance of `` Fire and Rain '' . Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) , unable to cope with her grief , leaves early and visits Finn 's memorial , only to find Bree ( Erinn Westbrook ) leading a group of Cheerios in taking it apart on Sue 's orders . Santana confronts Sue in her office and accuses Sue of hating Finn , shoving her into a bookcase in anger before leaving . Later , guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , Will 's wife , tells him she is worried that Will is slighting his own feelings in order to provide emotional support for the others . Will claims he is fine and returns to glee club , where Santana sings `` If I Die Young '' , only to break down and leave halfway through the song . Kurt finds her in the auditorium . Santana regrets not being nicer to Finn , but Kurt reassures her that Finn cared for her deeply and knew she was a good person . Before leaving , Kurt gives Santana the jacket . Football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot - Marie Jones ) notices that Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) is continuously drunk following Finn 's funeral and leads him to the locker room , where Puck breaks down and confesses to Beiste that he is scared that if he starts crying he may never be able to stop and that he feels lost without Finn 's guidance . Beiste tells Puck that he 'll have to trust that Finn 's memory and his own instincts will be enough to guide him going forward . Beiste also reveals that she knows Puck stole Finn 's tree , which he promises to return . Puck later performs `` No Surrender '' at the choir room , where Santana accuses him of stealing Finn 's jacket , which Puck denies . New Directions places drumsticks in Finn 's memorial , where they meet Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) , who has gathered enough strength to return . She performs `` Make You Feel My Love '' . Santana later apologizes to Sue , who reveals she is heartbroken Finn died believing she hated him , while she actually respected him and looked forward to having him as a colleague . Santana also speaks to Will and tells him that she doubts she will return to Lima , as it is filled with painful memories for her . Will says he 's proud of her and respects her decision . Puck replants the tree and tells Beiste he 's joining the Air Force to keep himself on the right path and honor Finn 's memory . Beiste wishes him luck and tells him to be safe as he drives off , smiling as she discovers Puck had carved the word `` Quarterback '' into the tree . Rachel later speaks with Will in the choir room and confesses that she still talks to Finn and is scared that her memories of him will eventually fade . She is uncertain of what the future will hold now , as she always planned to have a successful career on Broadway before returning home and reuniting with Finn so they 'd be together for the rest of their lives . Will asks her if she ever told Finn her plan and Rachel explains that she did n't have to as he already knew . Will reassures her that , although her life might have a different outcome than the one she planned , it might be even better than she expects , though Rachel disagrees , as Finn was her soulmate . Rachel then gives Will a plaque she had made with a picture of Finn and a quote from him that reads : `` The show must go ... all over the place ... or something '' . Will hangs it in the choir room . Later , at home , Will pulls Finn 's jacket out of his bag , having taken it himself , and finally allows himself to cry . Emma comes home to find Will weeping while holding the jacket , and comforts her husband as he grieves . As the screen fades , a memorial for Cory is displayed . Production ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2014 ) Shooting for the episode , which is set in Lima , Ohio , began on August 23 , 2013 , in parallel with the previous episode -- the second of two Beatles tribute episodes -- which had started shooting earlier in the month and continued into the following week with scenes featuring new recurring cast member Demi Lovato . Cory Monteith at the 2010 GLAAD Media Awards The episode is written by all three of the show 's creators -- Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan -- and directed by Falchuk . Murphy said that `` almost everything in that episode is from the first take of every performance because the actors and the crew had a really hard time shooting it . '' He added , `` I 've never seen a crew that you ca n't continue shooting because they 've left the room sobbing . '' Many cast members called to request that they be included in the episode although they were n't under contract to do so , including Iqbal Theba , who plays Figgins on the show , and appears in the episode . The episode was finalized for broadcast -- `` locked '' -- on October 3 , 2013 . The broadcast episode was followed by a dedication : `` Cory Monteith 1982 -- 2013 '' . Cory Monteith , who played Finn , was set to return to Glee for the fifth season after having missed the last few episodes of the fourth season while undergoing drug rehabilitation treatment from late March through late April in 2013 . However , Monteith died of a drug overdose on July 13 , 2013 . At Monteith 's request , Finn was to have been featured prominently during the fifth season , so a number of the planned story arcs had to be revised or replaced . Fox President Kevin Reilly told the Television Critics Association on August 1 , 2013 , that Finn would be written off the show in the fifth season 's third episode , and also that the contents might include previously unused footage and outtakes involving the character . The death of Finn is to be established as the episode begins , though Murphy has said that the cause of death is deliberately not mentioned . The filming of the episode has been `` incredibly hard '' according to Matthew Morrison , who plays glee club director Will Schuester -- `` We 've mourned Cory , but now we 're mourning Finn . So it 's kind of like two people in that one person . '' Kevin McHale , who plays Artie Abrams , noted that some in the cast are finding it `` weird '' when they `` are having to play reactions that they obviously would not feel in real life '' -- for example , a number of the characters `` are n't dealing with the loss of Finn '' and are in denial , unlike the actors who `` were all very much dealing with it . '' Reilly said that a series of public service announcements dealing with the topic of drug addiction would be filmed by the Glee cast and creators for airing during this episode . In addition , a fund in Monteith 's name would be started using the proceeds from the music contained in the episode . Recurring characters in this episode include former glee club members Mercedes Jones ( Amber Riley ) , Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman ( Mark Salling ) and Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) , Finn 's mother Carole Hudson - Hummel ( Romy Rosemont ) and stepfather Burt Hummel ( Mike O'Malley ) , McKinley guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot - Marie Jones ) , McKinley janitor and former principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) , cheerleader Bree ( Erinn Westbrook ) and McKinley freshman Dottie Kazatori ( Pamela Chan ) . Six songs from the episode have been released under the title The Quarterback , and the cover of the release features Monteith 's face . The six songs are `` Seasons of Love '' from Rent performed by members of New Directions past and present , The Pretenders ' `` I 'll Stand by You '' sung by Riley , James Taylor 's `` Fire and Rain '' performed by Chord Overstreet and Kevin McHale , The Band Perry 's `` If I Die Young '' sung by Naya Rivera , Bruce Springsteen 's `` No Surrender '' performed by Salling and Adele 's cover of Bob Dylan 's `` Make You Feel My Love '' sung by Lea Michele . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Quarterback '' drew in 7.4 million viewers and a 2.9 rating among adults 18 - 49 , Glee 's best rating in about a year ( the show 's highest rating since September 20 , 2012 ) . It was soaring up 40 percent from season five premiere episode `` Love , Love , Love '' which drew in 5.06 million viewers . And it was up 75 percent from the previous week episode `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds , '' which drew in 4.42 million viewers . Including DVR viewing , the episode was watched by 10.54 million viewers , and received a 4.3 18 - 49 rating . In Canada , the episode was watched by 1.38 million viewers , placing fourth for the night and twenty - first for the week . Critical response ( edit ) The episode was received positively by most critics . Miranda Wicker of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 5 out of 5 , saying `` There 's really only so much to be said about this episode . It was , in a word , heartbreaking . But it was also sort of perfect in the way that Glee can be when faced with tough moments . '' She also praised the writers , who in her opinion `` met that challenge in the best possible ways . '' Allison Keene of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review to the episode saying `` Ultimately , `` The Quarterback '' was respectful , and was successful as the cathartic memorial -- for both the cast and viewers -- that it was intended to be . But beyond anything else that happened in the episode , the real sadness that stays with us about Monteith was said the best , as so many things usually are , by Sue : `` It 's just so pointless ... all that potential . '' While noting that ( Lea Michele ) 's performance was the best , she said that `` the most heartbreaking scene was without singing . Kurt , his father Burt ( Mike O'Malley ) , and Finn 's mother Carole ( Romy Rosemont ) all talked about the sadness and tragedy of losing a family member , and the moment when the three of them huddled together on the floor to cry and comfort one another was truly the episode 's show - stopper . '' She also commented positively on Santana 's performance of `` If I Die Young , '' calling it `` genuinely moving . '' Lauren Hoffman of Vulture gave the episode a 4 out of 5 saying that `` If you want to distill last night 's Glee down into two sentences , those ( spoken to Puck by Coach Bieste ) might be the best ... It 's tragic . There 's no other word for it . '' She praised the episode 's opening number stating `` `` Seasons of Love '' is the perfect choice to open the episode ... It 's the most lovingly mixed track Glee 's produced in quite some time ... It 's an offering . And a beautiful one at that . '' Katy Kroll of Rolling Stone acknowledged the emotional strength of this episode and that `` even if you were just a casual viewer or tuned in for the very first time to rubberneck , you probably shed a tear during the emotionally charged special episode '' . However , she criticized the way the writers left the cause of Finn 's death . Rae Votta of Billboard praised the way Glee was able to deal with grief right upfront in a way other TV shows are not able to do . Also stating `` There 's no perfect way to do this sort of an episode , but Glee gave Cory and Finn a heartfelt send - off the way they knew best . '' Hank Stuever of The Washington Post was more critical of the episode , noting the show 's `` erasing Finn , '' and that the lack of previous footage of him during the episode `` undermined the episode 's strongest scenes , including one in which Finn 's mother , Carole ( ... ) broke down in tears while packing her son 's bedroom . It also left a little hollow spot in the final minute when Will Schuester ( ... ) sobbed in Finn 's varsity letter jacket . '' He did , however , comment positively on the episode 's transition from comedic to serious ; its song choices ; and its overall effect , which `` was indeed a sense of finality , particularly as it relates to the fleetingness of fame . '' Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly also criticized the episode , specifically the show creators ' choice not to address how Finn died , calling it `` the most conspicuous and debatable choice made by the Glee creators . '' He then commented positively on Santana 's role and song ; and Mike O'Malley and Romy Rosemont 's scene ; but he was critical of Will Schuester 's role in the episode , saying I had trouble connecting with Will throughout this episode , and I wondered if Morrison did , too -- which , by the way , would be understandable , given the circumstances . ( How difficult this thing must have been to make for everyone ! ) Or maybe disconnection was exactly the emotional point : The irony of Will was that he had been denying his agony even as he was trying to create room for everyone else to enter into theirs . And so he , too , summed up an episode of good intentions and mixed success , that was less a story and more of a loosely structured narrative space to contend with the theme of grief , messy and hard . Robert Bianco of USA Today gave the episode mixed reviews , saying `` perhaps it is best to think of Thursday 's broadcast as a labor of love , and to presume it worked best for those who are most devoted to the show and its often heady blend of musical flash , after - school - special preachiness and high - and - low humor . It could not have surprised anyone that the episode whipsawed between clashing tones : A scene with Sue spewing out no - one - would - ever - say - that insults crashing up against a that 's - how - it - must - feel monologue from Finn 's mother about the loss of her child . And if people behaved even more irrationally than usual ( would an adult really steal a dead teenager 's letter jacket ) , you can chalk it up to their not being in their right minds . '' He then concluded `` It 's almost impossible to do a story about the death of a teenager that does n't induce tears , particularly when the plot is tied into the real - life loss of a well - liked young actor . One just wishes the writers had put a bit more trust into that natural response , and not tugged at our heartstrings quite so strenuously . '' Alessandra Stanley of the New York Times also commented on the absence of an explanation for Finn 's death , saying `` teens and young adults often die for highly preventable reasons much like Monteith did , and while a drug overdose would have been too on the nose , any of numerous other explanations -- from drunk driving to other risky behaviors -- would have made this not just a somber sendoff , but a teachable moment to the younger quadrant of the program 's audience . '' Music ( edit ) An extended play , The Quarterback ( Music From the TV Series ) , was released on October 7 , 2013 , featuring the six songs performed on the episode . On October 16 , 2013 , it debuted at number 7 on the Billboard 200 , selling 47,000 copies . This was the franchise 's first album to chart in the top 10 in the US in nearly two years ; the last Glee album to chart in the top 10 was Glee : The Music , Volume 7 , which charted at number 9 . This album was also the fourteenth to chart in the top 10 . All the grosses from the downloads on iTunes in the US and Canada were destined to Project Limelight , a charity that Monteith supported . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Cory Monteith Tribute : Ryan Murphy Reveals What 's Next for Glee , and Why Finn Wo n't Be Forgotten '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dos Santos , Kristin ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Cast Begins Production on Cory Monteith Tribute Episode : ' You Will Cry From Beginning to End ' '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lovato , Demetria ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Twitter / @ ddlovato : Gllllleeeeeeeeeeee # 1stDay # LOVEthiscast ! ! ! '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Leanne ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Glee First Look : Naya Rivera and Demi Lovato Cozy Up on Set ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Ryan Murphy Talks Cory Monteith Tribute , Plus Watch the Emotional Trailer ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Poised to Finish Season 4 Without Finn , as Cory Monteith Enters Rehab '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Cory Monteith Out of Rehab , Tweets ' Big Love ' to Fans ; Lea Michele Calls It a ' Great Day ' '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee to Write Cory Monteith 's Finn Out , Sets PSAs , Charity Fund for Late Actor '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dos Santos , Kristin ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Cory Monteith Tribute Brings Back Some Original Cast Members -- Find Out Who '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee 's Kevin McHale Talks ' Powerful , Emotional ' Finn Tribute , Previews That ' One Scene ' '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Glee : Finn 's Death Will ' Deal Directly ' With Cory Monteith 's Troubled Past , Fox Boss Says '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listings -- Glee on Fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Quarterback : Glee Cast -- MP3 Downloads '' . amazon.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Listen To Naya Rivera 's Cory Monteith Tribute In Exclusive ' Glee ' Track Here '' . MTV News . MTV . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : ' Glee ' Tribute Episode Soars , ' Welcome to the Family ' Goes Anemic + ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' Has Weak Start '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Glee ' ratings rise for Cory Monteith tribute '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Updated Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Tops Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase , ' Elementary ' Earns Biggest Percentage Gain , ' The Blacklist ' Grows Most in Total Viewers in Week 3 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbm.ca/_documents/top_30_tv_programs_english/2013-14/2013-14_10_07_TV_ME_NationalTop30.pdf Jump up ^ Wicker , Miranda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Review : The Hardest Word '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee 's ' Cory Monteith Tribute : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Lauren ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Glee Recap : His Voice in Our Head '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Kate ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Farewell to Finn Hudson '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Votta , Rae ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' ' Glee ' Recap : Cory Monteith ' Quarterback ' Tribute Leaps Into the Grief '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stuever , Hank ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee 's ' awkward but moving farewell to Cory Monteith , the sensitive , singing quarterback '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' Review : An earnest , flawed tribute to the life ( not the death ) of Cory Monteith '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Glee ' tribute to Monteith was a ' labor of love ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Not a Teachable Moment , but a Respectful One '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Miley Cyrus ' ' Bangerz ' Debuts At No. 1 On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Glee portal Television portal `` The Quarterback '' at Fox.com `` The Quarterback '' on IMDb `` The Quarterback '' at TV.com hide Glee episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Showmance '' `` Acafellas '' `` Preggers '' `` The Rhodes Not Taken '' `` Vitamin D '' `` Throwdown '' `` Mash - Up '' `` Wheels '' `` Ballad '' `` Hairography '' `` Mattress '' `` Sectionals '' `` Hell - O '' `` The Power of Madonna '' `` Home '' `` Bad Reputation '' `` Laryngitis '' `` Dream On '' `` Theatricality '' `` Funk '' `` Journey to Regionals '' Season 2 `` Audition '' `` Britney / Brittany '' `` Grilled Cheesus '' `` Duets '' `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' `` Never Been Kissed '' `` The Substitute '' `` Furt '' `` Special Education '' `` A Very Glee Christmas '' `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' `` Silly Love Songs '' `` Comeback '' `` Blame It on the Alcohol '' `` Sexy '' `` Original Song '' `` A Night of Neglect '' `` Born This Way '' `` Rumours '' `` Prom Queen '' `` Funeral '' `` New York '' Season 3 `` The Purple Piano Project '' `` I Am Unicorn '' `` Asian F '' `` Pot O ' Gold '' `` The First Time '' `` Mash Off '' `` I Kissed a Girl '' `` Hold On to Sixteen '' `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' `` Yes / No '' `` Michael '' `` The Spanish Teacher '' `` Heart '' `` On My Way '' `` Big Brother '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' `` Dance with Somebody '' `` Choke '' `` Prom - asaurus '' `` Props '' `` Nationals '' `` Goodbye '' Season 4 `` The New Rachel '' `` Britney 2.0 '' `` Makeover '' `` The Break Up '' `` The Role You Were Born to Play '' `` Glease '' `` Dynamic Duets '' `` Thanksgiving '' `` Swan Song '' `` Glee , Actually '' `` Sadie Hawkins '' `` Naked '' `` Diva '' `` I Do '' `` Girls ( and Boys ) On Film '' `` Feud '' `` Guilty Pleasures '' `` Shooting Star '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Lights Out '' `` Wonder - ful '' `` All or Nothing '' Season 5 `` Love , Love , Love '' `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` The Quarterback '' `` A Katy or a Gaga '' `` The End of Twerk '' `` Movin ' Out '' `` Puppet Master '' `` Previously Unaired Christmas '' `` Frenemies '' `` Trio '' `` City of Angels '' `` 100 '' `` New Directions '' `` New New York '' `` Bash '' `` Tested '' `` Opening Night '' `` The Back - up Plan '' `` Old Dog , New Tricks '' `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Season 6 `` Loser Like Me '' `` Homecoming '' `` Jagged Little Tapestry '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part One '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part Two '' `` What the World Needs Now '' `` Transitioning '' `` A Wedding '' `` Child Star '' `` The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester '' `` We Built This Glee Club '' `` 2009 '' `` Dreams Come True '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Quarterback_(Glee)&oldid=828879573 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes Glee ( season 5 ) episodes Television shows about death Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Latviešu Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 08 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in what episode of glee does finn die	[ "\"The Quarterback\" is the third episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the ninety-first episode overall. Written by all three of the show's creators—Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan—and directed by Falchuk, it first aired on Fox in the United States on October 10, 2013. The episode features the death of character Finn Hudson, and a tribute to Finn and to actor Cory Monteith, who played Finn starting with the show's pilot, and who died on July 13, 2013. The episode's plot centers on the impact Finn's death has on the characters, specifically Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Noah Puckerman (Mark Salling), and Rachel Berry (Lea Michele)." ]	[ "\"The Quarterback\"" ]
-5609459834222225481	List of Make It or Break It episodes	List of make it or Break it episodes - Wikipedia List of make it or Break it episodes Jump to : navigation , search Make It or Break It is an American television drama series which premiered on June 22 , 2009 on ABC Family . Set in the world of elite gymnastics , the series follows a group of teen Olympic hopefuls as they train and prepare for their day in the spotlight . The show was picked up for an additional 10 episodes on July 27 , 2009 , which started airing on January 4 , 2010 , bringing the number of episodes in the first season to 20 . On January 12 , 2010 , ABC Family announced that the show was picked up for a second season , which premiered on June 28 , 2010 at 10 p.m. ET . Starting on July 13 , 2010 , new episodes followed Pretty Little Liars . The second mid-season finale aired on August 31 , 2010 and the second half of Season 2 premiered on March 28 , 2011 and ended on May 23 , 2011 . It was announced via Twitter from Executive Producer Holly Sorensen that the series is cancelled . The series finale aired on May 14 , 2012 . A total of 48 episodes of Make It or Break It have been produced and aired over three seasons , between June 22 , 2009 and May 14 , 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2012 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 June 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) March 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) 20 June 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 28 ) May 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 23 ) 8 March 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 26 ) May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) Episodes ( edit ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) `` Pilot '' Steve Miner Holly Sorensen June 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) 2.50 A young gymnast named Emily with dreams of Olympic glory shakes up the status quo at a training facility in Colorado named `` The Rock '' . `` Where 's Marty ? '' Steve Miner Holly Sorensen June 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) N / A The exit of Coach Marty , one of `` The Rock 's '' top guns , Lauren , and their 4th place through 7th place girls causes chaos at the gym , prompting Payson , Kaylie , and Emily ( with Becca in tow ) to head for Denver with a plan to confront them about their defection . `` Blowing Off Steam '' Steve Miner Michael Gans & Richard Register July 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Tensions are still high at The Rock as the girls continue on without direction and with the surprise return of Lauren , Steve and a possible new heavyweight coach . Before the new coach 's strict workout regimen takes effect , Emily , Payson , and Kaylie decide to hit up a high school party to blow off some steam . Once at the party , Emily has a run - in with Razor , Kaylie has a fight with Carter after he realizes she lied to him , and Payson can not believe she 's wasting her time at such a trivial event . Bringing more stress than fun to their lives , it 's not exactly how the girls envisioned their evening . Meanwhile , Lauren 's birthday takes a wrong turn when Summer shows up at her birthday dinner , sending her to the party in tears . After Kaylie and Carter have their fight Lauren sleeps with Carter , losing her virginity . `` Sunday , Bloody Sasha , Sunday '' Norman Buckley Joanna Johnson July 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 13 ) N / A On their only day off , the girls are ordered back into the gym only to be called out by their new coach , Sasha , for going to the keg party the night before . Caught red - handed , Payson , Kaylie , Emily , and Lauren are subjected to a day - long calisthenic boot camp to show what happens when they try to be just `` ordinary '' . In between all of the push - ups , pull - ups and rope climbs , the girls find themselves at each other 's throat . Payson blames the girls for getting her into this mess ; Emily needs to get to her job , but is stuck with girls who do n't even like her ; a very hung - over Kaylie is distraught that she has n't heard back from Carter after their fight ; and Lauren is agonizing over her one - night stand . But at the end all the girls make up and are great friends ( even Emily ! ) 5 5 `` Like Mother , Like Daughter , Like Supermodel '' David Paymer Amy Turner July 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 20 ) N / A With a lack of funds facing The Rock team for Nationals , Kim and the other mothers decide to host a mother - daughter fashion show . But what starts as a fun idea ends up causing trouble for everyone . Ronnie is so busy with the details that Kaylie feels ignored , especially at a time when she could really use her mother 's advice about love and sex . Lauren is paired up with Summer , much to her chagrin , but tries to use this opportunity to catch Carter 's eye . Furious at Chloe for spilling secrets to Damon , Emily is mortified for her `` out there '' mother to even be at the gym , let alone to walk a runway with her , while Payson does not want to waste time with `` girlie things , '' Sasha tips off Kim that maybe she has n't been a great role model in the feminine world . Meanwhile , after spotting her with Carter , Summer gets the feeling that Lauren is over her head in the boy department and tries to help by opening up . Kaylie decides to tell Carter that she is ready to take the next step in their relationship . 6 6 `` Between a Rock and a Hard Place '' Michael W. Watkins Doug Stockstill July 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 27 ) 1.88 Taking a gamble that the girls are ready and can use the motivation for Nationals , Sasha invites Marty and the Denver team to The Rock for an invitational meet . Payson is determined to show that she is the best , but when an old injury flares up , it might have devastating results . Emily is also resolved to show what she can do , but Sasha has other , less advanced plans for her . But with reigning Nationals champion Kelly Parker ( guest star Nicole Anderson , `` JONAS '' ) in town , are the girls really ready for the Denver team and this challenge ? Meanwhile , Carter has to rethink his relationship with Kaylie when Sasha and Lauren give him an ultimatum . Meanwhile , Kaylie finds out about her mothers affair with Marty . The Rock loses to Denver but Payson beats Mean girl Kelly Parker in the individuals . Emily tries to do a new bar move but Sasha tells her to not do it . Emily does it anyway . 7 7 `` Run , Emily , Run '' Fred Gerber Kerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar August 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 03 ) 2.10 Sasha 's refusal to welcome Emily back to the Rock has her at a loss as to what to do other than to keep training . Fortunately , her Pizza Shack co-worker , Damon , has an idea on how she can train ... at the Rock . Meanwhile , Payson 's Dad , Mark , reveals he lost his job and the family now has some hard decisions to make . Also , Lauren 's obsession with Carter reaches new levels . 8 8 `` All 's Fair in Love , War and Gymnastics '' Chris Grismer Michael Gans & Richard Register August 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 10 ) 1.91 The send off party at the Cruz family mansion explodes into chaos when Kaylie 's secret is revealed to her dad and leads to a physical confrontation between Alex ( Kaylie 's dad ) and Carter . Meanwhile , Payson again experiences back trouble which threatens to derail her dreams of a National Championship . Enter fellow Rock gymnast , Nicky , who offers a simple solution that forces Payson to lie to her mother to cover it up . 9 9 `` Where 's Kaylie ? '' Ron Underwood Joanna Johnson August 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 17 ) 2.31 Carter finally confesses to Kaylie that he cheated , causing her to run away the night before Nationals . Payson struggles with not being given the top ranking on Beam , Sasha questions her ability to be a leader for The Rock team . Lauren is disappointed when she goes to meet her mother from the bus station and she does not show up . In spite of their own problems , Emily , Payson , and Lauren try to track Kaylie down . They find Kaylie at the Gymnastics camp that they went to as kids . Lauren confesses about sleeping with Carter after the party , and Kaylie flips out . Meanwhile , Summer , Kim , Chloe , and Ronnie are having their very own confession . In the end , the girls decide they have to be a team in order to win , and Emily is nominated to be captain . Kaylie tells Lauren that she will be her teammate , but never her friend again . 10 10 `` All That Glitters '' Patrick Norris Holly Sorensen August 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 24 ) 2.40 The National Gymnastics Championship in Boston has arrived and now everything the girls of the Rock have been working for is at stake . Emily does poorly in the first round and has to make up for it in the second round when Damon uses Radiohead 's tour bus to get him & Brian to the meet . Realising that Steve threatened Lauren 's Mom to stop her coming back into Lauren 's life , Summer breaks up with Steve but remains by Lauren 's side , helping her become joyful in her routines . Payson discovers that Kelly Parker uses drugs to enhance her performances and throws away her dose of Cortizone . Payson falls during her second bars routine and fractures her back . Doctors can not operate on it and any more gymnastics would leave Payson paralyzed . Kaylie gives Carter the necklace he gave her , telling him it was over between them . She also gives her father the jewelry he gave her as a Nationals gift , saying how she wanted him to be just her father , not her manager . Kaylie manages to win the gold medal at Nationals while Kelly Parker has to settle for the silver medal . Lauren makes fourth place while Emily somehow makes the last member of the Nationals team . After Nationals , Leo says that he 's moving back to Boulder , and Damon starts to doubt leaving Emily alone while he goes off to L.A. However , Emily reassures him by kissing him . 11 11 `` The Eleventh Hour '' Norman Buckley Kerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar January 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) 2.70 Payson has a dream that her injury was not anything serious enough to prevent her from training , and that spurs her into being overly complacent about her injury in front of her family and friends . Her parents worry that she 's not as fine as she says she is , but they let it go , figuring she just needs some more time to adjust . Meanwhile , Kaylie is given a parade and a hero 's welcome when the team returns to Boulder from the National Championships . Kaylie is overwhelmed by everything ( especially the new publicity schedule set up by her manager , MJ ) but she manages to take everything in stride . Lauren lets it be known that she thinks that Payson should have been the National Champion , which does not go over well with her team mates at The Rock . Lauren is determined to take Kaylie down a notch , so she goes out of her way to get Carter let back into The Rock , knowing that his presence in the gym will be enough to upset and distract Kaylie from her training . Payson refuses to set foot in The Rock again or even call her friends , insisting she has moved beyond gymnastics . She even suggests that her family move to Minnesota so they can all be together , since they were only in Colorado so she could train . Kim decides that her taking a leave of absence from running The Rock is a good idea in any case , and Summer agrees to take over for her . Nicky worries that he is responsible for Payson 's injury and goes over to see her , but Payson assures him that she never took the cortisone he gave her , but there is still a syringe of it left in her locker at the gym . Unfortunately for Nicky , Lauren overhears their conversation . Eventually , even Kaylie makes it over to see Payson , and tells her that she can not handle the pressure of being # 1 and wants advice from Payson on how to handle it . Payson gets very upset that Kaylie would even think of asking her for advice and Kaylie leaves crying . That night Payson destroys all of her awards and trophies from gymnastics . Damon is leaving for L.A. and wants to have one last romantic evening with Emily before he leaves , but it 's interrupted when Razor comes back and finds them together . Damon admits that he has been in contact with Razor , but he never told him about his relationship with Emily . 12 12 `` Follow the Leader '' Chris Grismer Joanna Johnson January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) 2.08 The girls are displeased to have Marty back as their coach , so they try to get him ousted . Emily continues to struggle with her mother feeling that when Chloe interferes with her gymnastics she ends up making things more difficult for her . Meanwhile , Sasha attempts to find a new way for Payson to fit in at the gym ; Kaylie confronts Carter about his betrayal ; and Razor tutors Emily in math . Summer shows Emily that perhaps her mother 's desire to be involved and see her daughter succeed in gymnastics has helped Emily more than she realizes . 13 13 `` California Girls '' David Paymer Story by : Doug Stockstill Teleplay by : Holly Sorensen January 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) 2.37 Payson continues to believe a miracle will happen and that she will make a gymnastics comeback , which causes concern from Kim & Mark . Kaylie , Emily , and Payson travel to Los Angeles for a party event making a point of showing Lauren she is not welcome . Lauren is determined to go , and uses her power over Nicky so that he takes her as his + 1 . In California , Emily is reunited with Damon , but he reveals that his California dreams have not turned out the way he planned . Lauren saves Kaylie 's career when she rescues Kaylie from the paparazzi . Back in the hotel room , Lauren and Kaylie finally make up . Nicky continues to encourage Payson , and reveals his feelings for her . The next morning , Payson visits a back specialist about her injury , where he assures her that her injury is inoperable and she would not be able to do gymnastics again . 14 14 `` Are We Having Fun Yet ? '' Michael Robison Amy Turner January 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) 2.30 Emily 's performance suffers after she Googles herself and sees that bloggers are judging her negatively online . Payson begins to attend public high school mid-year and clashes with the school 's Queen Bee , who does not take kindly to her cheerleading tumbling pointers . However , Kaylie , Lauren and Emily quickly come to her rescue and manage to get the `` Queen Bee '' off Paysons back for a short time . A girl called Heather tries to welcome Payson but she has no desire to get involved with any school activities . Meanwhile , Ike , a school outcast takes Payson under his wing encouraging Payson to skip class and offers her pot . At the Rock , Sasha is hosting the annual Open House Night and decides to make it `` fun '' this year , encouraging everyone to enjoy themselves by dressing themselves in costumes and performing routines purely for entertainment . Nicky and Kaylie are assigned to do a duet performance , which proves to be difficult , considering they have conflicting opinions about everything . However , the couple soon come to a truce and Kaylie comes up with an idea for their performance . Meanwhile , Emily is convinced by her mom to tell the story of her life through her performance , which results in a little girl asking for Emily 's first autograph . 15 15 `` Loves Me , Loves Me Not '' Fred Gerber Michael Gans & Richard Register February 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) 2.16 Romance is in the air at The Rock for the gymnasts and the parents as Valentine 's Day arrives , and Summer suggests to Sasha that they should hold a Valentine 's mixer at the gym . He reluctantly agrees to this , but disapproves when Summer asks to hold a lecture about abstinence to the gymnasts . Sasha tells Kaylie that in order to reach the needed height for her Double Arabian to beat international competitors , she needs to improve her strength . Nicky offers to help her , and the two arrive early to the gym to practice . To secure Carter 's heart for her own , Lauren tries to get Nicky and Kaylie together , and insists to Payson that the two have feelings for each other . One night , Carter catches Steve with a woman when they stumble up into the attic he is residing . At school , Payson receives a Valentine 's rose from who she believes is Ike , but later learns was from Heather , the school 's perky over-achiever who causes Payson 's pessimistic mindset to change . Tired of Ike 's negative attitude , Payson ends her friendship with him , realizing that the world is full of so many opportunities other than gymnastics . Meanwhile , Summer returns to the gym one night after it closes to continue to press Sasha to let her do the talk , and explains that although she believes in abstinence she has needs herself , too . Amidst her arguing , Sasha kisses her . Sasha lets Summer do her speech because he said if he could lose control then it is bound to happen to the gymnasts . Emily is distraught she has not heard from Damon in days , and finds him in prison . Damon tells Razor that he had bought a mixer he had not known was stolen to record his own songs , and Razor reluctantly bails him out from jail . Razor and Damon are heading to Razor 's car after Razor bails Damon out , when Emily appears and confronts Damon . Without letting him explain , Emily breaks up with Damon . Meanwhile , as they are about to leave the gym , Kaylie tells Nicky that although they have had their moments , she values her friendship with Payson too much than to put it at risk by being involved with him . Nicky tells her that the drama at The Rock is too much for him to handle , and that he has been recruited by Denver , and has decided go there . Later on , Payson invites her new friend Heather and the girls to her house for a sleepover , and her mother is glad that she is finally adapting to being a normal teenager . Kim then gets a phone call from Sasha about a doctor who can operate on Payson 's back with an experimental procedure and allow her to return to gymnastics . Song featured : ' Matter of time ' by Stacy Clark 16 16 `` Save the Last Dance '' Helen Shaver Kerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar February 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) 2.29 Payson and Heather enlist the girls help when it looks like the Taft High prom is going down the tubes . Happy to help , the girls are thrilled with the opportunity to be regular teenage girls for the night . Lauren invites Razor and Carter to come along , and continues with her detective work to find out who her father is dating . Meanwhile , Payson 's parents meet with a doctor who claims she can fix Payson 's back injury with an experimental procedure , and struggle on whether or not they should tell their daughter about it , when she is finally doing so well . Heather 's band for prom unexpectedly cancels , and Payson saves the day by enlisting the Shelter Pups to play . In the meantime , Carter helps Kaylie improve her strength to master a Double Arabian , and with his aid , she ends up executing it . At the night of the prom , Carter asks Kaylie to dance and is rejected , but later sees her dancing with another boy . He steps in and tells her that he loves her , but if she will not forgive him , he needs to move on . To everyone 's surprise , Ike shows up at the prom in a tuxedo to apologize to Payson , and the two share a dance . Emily shows up in a dress Lauren had thought her father had bought for her , and Lauren slowly comes to the conclusion that her father was seeing Chloe Kmetko . Emily is distraught when she sees Damon 's band playing at the prom , and Razor asks her to dance . Upset , Damon declares to the crowd that he will sing a song he wrote for Emily , but ends up panicking and runs off the stage . Emily chases after him into the parking lot , and Damon explains to her why he turned up in jail and that he wanted to prove himself worthy for her by making a song for her . Emily tells him that just being there for her was more important than any song , and Damon decides that he does not deserve her , taking off . Razor comes and tells Emily that he knows that Damon loves her , and that she loves him too . He decides that he and Emily will just be friends , and leaves Emily crying in the parking lot . After the prom , Carter visits Lauren 's house to pack his things , and she reveals to him her desire to feel wanted . Carter turns on the music and asks her to dance with him . Meanwhile , Kaylie deletes a photo of Carter and herself from her phone , symbolizing that she is over him . When Payson returns home , her parents finally decide to tell her the truth about the back procedure . 17 17 `` Hope and Faith '' Chris Grismer Doug Stockstill February 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) 2.22 Lauren tries to break Chloe and Steve up by telling lies to Chloe about her father 's other affairs . She also throws hints to Emily to find out if she knows something . The national team is back from London where they were victorious to train for the meet in China . The girls realize they have to bring A game to the floor so that they get chosen . On the first day of practice with Marty , Kaylie 's performance suffers because Kelly Parker finds out about her mother and Marty 's affair and psyches her out . Emily , on the other hand find out about her mother and Steve 's affair and has a fight with Lauren . This makes her mess up her routine as well . Kaylie storms out of the gym and Summer tells Sasha about Marty and Kaylie 's mother 's affair . Sasha loses it and punches Marty in the face . Sasha calls the girls to the gym that night and tell them that Marty has agreed not to tell the National Committee about the girls ' mess ups , and so they still have a shot of going to China . The girls nail all their routines the next day in front of the committee but Kaylie and Emily still does not get picked to go to China . Sasha realizes that it was all a case of politics with them and that they were not making their decisions objectively . He promises Kaylie and Emily that he would get them on the team for China . At the end of the episode , Payson is seen going into surgery with her parents watching her . 18 18 `` The Great Wall '' Guy Bee Joanna Johnson February 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 22 ) 2.05 The girls raise the bar with their training in preparation for a competition against the Chinese team , but troubles at home and confidence issues plague them . Meanwhile , the moms hold a fund - raiser at the pizza shack to cover the Chinese team 's travel expenses . But Summer finds out that Sasha has not invited the Chinese yet so she struggles with keeping it from the moms due to them thinking she can not keep a secret . Summer thinks of giving up her position as The Rock 's manager when she goes to confront Sasha , he kisses her . Payson 's family is in debt because of the surgery , so the Rock girls decide to make sure the Keelers win the 10,000 dollars in bingo . After steamrolling the American National Team at the meet in Beijing , The Chinese Team agrees to a meet at The Rock despite Ellen Beals ' trying to put a stop to it . Kaylie thinks about forgiving Carter and kisses him at the Pizza Shack . Leo returns and has his eye on Emily , while Damon is jealous that he will lose her forever . He then goes back to the recording studio to become `` that guy '' for Emily . After having the chance to start training , Payson is afraid because she wonders if she might break her back again . Payson is told that she is allowed to train , but she decides not to tell anyone yet . Note : Due to Lauren competing in Beijing , this is the only episode in which Cassie Scerbo does not appear . 19 19 `` The Only Thing We Have to Fear ... '' Norman Buckley Michael Gans & Richard Register March 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) 2.14 The Rock girls are on lockdown as they prepare for the meet against the Chinese National Team . Summer serves as their chaperone , and Sasha attempts to take advantage of the proximity to escalate their relationship . Kim tips off Sasha that Payson has been given the go - ahead to do gymnastics after discovering that Payson has still not told anyone even during the week of Lockdown . Sasha teams her up with Emily who is struggling with her new vault because of having to land ' blind ' in the hope that Payson will find a way to conquer her fear in the process . Ellen Beals continues to manipulate ways to stop the Rock girls competing - Kaylie is torn about whether to compete with her team in the upcoming Chinese Invitational or listen to the National Committee and MJ , who tell her to back out of the meet . Damon finds out that he won a music contest , but has to leave Boulder before he can tell Emily . The National Committee find out about Emily 's job at the Pizza Shack and tell her they will take away her scholarship if she competes at the China meet leaving Emily with a difficult choice to make . Kaylie 's father files for divorce after finding out about the affair Ronnie had with Marty . Kaylie finds out that Carter has been living in Lauren 's attic . 20 20 `` Are We Family ? '' Michael Lange Holly Sorensen March 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) 2.50 The girls feel unprepared to compete against the Chinese team . Among their obstacles : Kaylie 's decision not to compete does not sit well with her teammates , and Emily struggles with a crisis of confidence as well as heartbreak , knowing that she can never see Damon again due to The Rock 's and National Committee 's rules . During the invitational , Sasha and the girls are surprised that in the end , Kaylie does decide to compete after a pep talk from her father . Kaylie shines on the floor , but does not medal on bars . When Lauren gets injured during her beam routine . Sasha enlists Payson to fill in , not expecting her to medal but with the faith she will inspire the others . For the first time since her injury , Payson performs a routine on bars . Emily sticks her blind landing , and surprises everyone with her silver medal performance on Bars . Lauren is not happy to see Kaylie beat both her & undefeated Chinese star , Gengi Cho on the Beam . The Rock wins a total of five medals at the competition , more than the USA National Team in Beijing . The girls celebrate at the Pizza Shack , where Leo reveals to Emily that he had taken a note Carter convinced Damon to leave for her , and only wanted to keep it until the invitational ended , so she would not be distracted . The group then hears Damon interviewed on a local radio station , and he says that he loves Emily , but knows she has her own dreams to pursue and that he will let her go . Then , he sings the song he had written her , the first time he was willing to sing in front of others . This causes Emily to realize she needs to say goodbye to him before he leaves on his tour , and Kaylie drives her to the radio station . They learn from the DJ that the show had been pre-recorded , and that Damon 's flight had already left . Kaylie leaves a message for someone who is presumably Carter , telling him that she loves him and inviting him to her room that night . At the end , Carter appears at Lauren 's house , and Carter kisses Lauren passionately . Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) 21 `` Friends Close , Enemies Closer '' Patrick Norris Joanna Johnson June 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 28 ) 1.83 After going rogue and winning more medals against the Chinese national team than the US nation team , but going against the US Gymnastics National Committee , the girls are at their best . But when the National Team have a peek at who goes to compete in France , the girls are not it . Payson is back and she is determined to get to the top once again , but refuses to acknowledge that her injury has caused her body to change , and therefore is never going to be the same gymnast she was . Against Sasha 's advice she decides to petition to perform in front of the US Gymnastics National Committee in France to see if they will let her rejoin her team . The girls are afraid that Sasha will prevent them from going to France , and they plan on going behind his back to make their dreams come true . Kaylie , Payson , Emily , and Lauren meet with Ellen Beals , but do not get the results that they hoped for . 22 `` All or Nothing '' Fred Gerber Kerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar July 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) 1.72 After being allowed back on the U.S. National Team , the girls head to France where everything is left on the mat in order to get one step closer to achieving their dream . With cockiness , jealousy , sabotage and self - doubt at an all - time high , as well as Ellen Beals constantly looming over the girls , the pressure is almost too much to bear . For Kaylie and Lauren , the bickering continues , while Emily pines for Damon and Payson puts her Olympic future on the line . Emily sneaks out to see Damon in the hope that being able to say goodbye will bring closure to the relationship so she can focus on her gymnastics . Later , Ellen Beals catches Emily as she tries to get back to her room and suspends her , therefore allowing Lauren , who went to France as an alternate , to compete . Payson performs in front of the National Committee , but her petition gets denied . 23 `` Battle of the Flexes '' J. Miller Tobin Amy Turner July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) 1.56 When the men 's Olympic champion , Austin Tucker , begins temporarily training at The Rock , egos clash when he tries to move the girls ' equipment . To settle the matter between the male and female athletes , Sasha decides the two must compete for gym space , but there 's a catch -- the girls must perform on the men 's apparatuses and vice versa . With Payson unsure about her future in the gymnastics world , Kaylie , Emily and Lauren are forced to face the men on their own . Will they be able to beat the boys and have the gym they made famous remain theirs ? And will Payson choose to fight for her dream , or forever leave the sport that destroyed her ? 24 `` And the Rocky Goes To ... '' Bethany Rooney Holly Sorensen July 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 20 ) 1.46 The Rock gears up for the annual awards banquet dinner , The Rocky Awards , and Lauren is determined to win the Miss Congeniality award the best way she knows how -- with bribery and cheating . But even after all the free smoothies , barrettes and massages , will Lauren get her way or will she be usurped by a silent but strong contender -- Emily ? Meanwhile , both Payson and Kaylie go to extremes to achieve seemingly unattainable goals . Payson finds it difficult to see her sister overtaking her in the gymnastics world . Summer and Sasha share a kiss after she drinks too much at the banquet , but he leaves her at her house without going inside . 25 5 `` I Wo n't Dance , Do n't Ask Me '' David Paymer Michael Gans & Richard Register July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) 1.66 With World tryouts in the near future , Sasha pushes the girls to better their already difficult floor routines . During what should be a time to focus , Lauren instead finds herself looking to Carter to say the `` L '' word , while at the same time trying to one - up Emily . Lauren is not the only one facing challenges : Kaylie faces struggles on and off the mat , while Payson wonders if she can ever be the graceful flower Sasha envisions her being . Austin helps Emily with her struggle to nail the routine created by an expensive choreographer . Will the girls be able to come up with the routines to put them on top , or will the cattiness and difficulties finally take their toll on the Rock girls ? 26 6 `` Party Gone Out of Bounds '' Felix Alcala Joanna Johnson August 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 03 ) 1.75 Austin invites the girls to a party at his lake house . Kaylie tries to control the girls and tells Austin they would not go , but they all end up at the party anyway . Lauren tries to scare Chloe by telling her she 'll get rid of her like she got rid of Summer . Sasha and Summer go on a date , which they mask as a business meeting when they run into Steve and Chloe . Summer influences Chloe to stop having sex with Steve at his house . Austin and Kaylie kiss . Lauren and Carter argue over her being so mean to Emily . At the end of the episode , Chloe catches Lauren and Carter in bed in the garage apartment . 27 7 `` What Are You Made Of ? '' Glenn L. Steelman Holly Sorensen August 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 10 ) 1.56 Kaylie , Emily , and Lauren have the final practice before the tryouts for the world team while Payson attends a ballet class . Sasha gets concerned over Kaylie 's well being and informs Marty to not let Kaylie execute the move she 's been so desperate to conquer . Marty gets fired as the National Team coach and Ellen becomes the new one . Emily has a hard time with Ellen Beals looming over her every minute and begins to lose faith in herself a bit . In the end , the Rock girls minus Payson make the cut and Lauren , Emily and Chloe discover that Steve Tanner has been funding Emily secretly . 28 8 `` Rock Bottom '' Chris Grismer Liz Maccie August 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) 1.30 Chloe gives Lauren an ultimatum that either she will tell her dad about her relationship with Carter , or Chloe will . Lauren uses this to convince Summer that Chloe knew about and encouraged her and Carter 's relationship all along , and Summer then tells Steve . Steve then breaks up with Chloe because he thinks he can not trust her . Lauren and Emily are infuriated about Steve secretly funding Emily 's scholarship . Austin Tucker sees that Kaylie has become thinner and tells Kaylie that his sister had an eating disorder which led to the end of her gymnastics career . Also he might be starting to fall for her . Without the schloarship money , the Kmetkos begin to have financial problems once again & Emily gets arrested for stealing Brian 's seizure medicine . Payson perfects her beautiful floor routine , and she and Sasha are laughing , happy and celebrating when she kisses him but he pulls back as he 's her coach , she is underage , and he 's dating Summer and Payson runs away , afraid of his reaction . Kaylie is shown writing down her calories and she has only eaten the bit of chicken Austin gave her that day . She leaves the room , but then comes back and starts running on the treadmill into the night . 29 9 `` If Only ... '' David Paymer Michael Gans & Richard Register August 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 24 ) 1.42 Emily calls Razor to bail her out of jail when she can not get in contact with her mother . Payson 's kiss with Sasha was captured on the training camera . Lauren finds it , and sends a picture of the kiss to Ellen Beals , because she is mad that Summer is seeing Sasha instead of being willing to get back together with Steve . Ellen takes that picture to the election at the Rock , and uses it to help Steve get elected as president of the Parents Board instead of Kim . Lauren 's mom shows up in Boulder to restart a relationship with Lauren . Steve refuses to let her see Lauren , and she dies in a car accident . Damon returns to Boulder , having just got a record deal , surprising Emily . She gets overwhelmed , and they have a fight and Damon breaks up with Emily . 30 10 `` At the Edge of the Worlds '' Chris Grismer Kerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar August 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 31 ) 1.44 The National Gymnastics Organization tells Sasha that he is not allowed to coach Kaylie , Lauren , or Emily , and Steve , as new President of the Parents Board , suspends him from The Rock . Summer almost forgets her commitment to abstinence before marriage , but Sasha refuses to let her change her beliefs for him . While scouting for dancers for his music video with his agent , Damon bumps into Chloe who has taken a job as a bartender in a strip club . She informs him of Emily 's legal troubles . Emily 's court date and World Team trials conflict , so Damon calls his stepdad , with whom he has a very rough relationship , to see if he can help . His stepfather , Walter , says that he can and gets Emily a new court date , but the judge calls The Rock , and Ellen Beals convinces him not to move it . Emily does not realize this , and goes to World Team trials thinking the court date has been changed . Austin goes to Ronnie and Alex with his concerns that Kaylie has anorexia and should not be competing , but when he declares he is crazy about her , Alex chucks him out the house refusing to believe there is anything wrong with his daughter . Steve finally tells Lauren that Leslie really did love her and that he was the one who kept her from going to Nationals . Sasha 's father , Dmitri , goes to the World Trials to coach the Rock girls . Sasha asks Payson if she is ready to embrace her destiny as a gymnast and then takes her to the trials and makes the judges see Payson , the artistic gymnast opposed to the power gymnast that she once was . While she performs , he cries , incredibly proud of her . Cops show up at the trials to arrest Emily for not going to court , and Damon convinces them to let her finish her audition before taking her away . Kaylie collapses during her beam routine & is taken to the hospital . In the end , Lauren , Emily , and , by a surprise vote , Payson all make the World Team . Payson is incredibly excited but is disappointed to see that Sasha left before hearing the results . Kaylie 's position on the team will be decided after doctors examine her to see if she is healthy enough to continue ; if she is not , she loses her spot on the World Team and the National Team . Summer gets back together with Steve and is last seen with him and Lauren having dinner . She realizes she can not love a man who does not share her beliefs , and decides she does not have any feelings for Sasha anymore . Emily is seen in jail with Chloe and Damon . Payson is seen getting a letter from Sasha . Kaylie is seen in the hospital with Austin . The last shot is of Sasha driving away in his truck with his trailer attached to the back . Guest Star : Béla Károlyi as Sasha 's father , Dmitri 31 11 `` The New Normal '' Michael Lange Holly Sorensen March 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) 2.06 Emily , Lauren , and Payson , are all preparing to go to a gymnastics exhibition in Denver while Kaylie is living in a eating disorder rehab away from her teammates and family . While at rehab , Kaylie befriends Maeve , a pretty model who is also there to shed her eating disorder . Marcus , a rep from the NGO meets with Chloe , Emily and Cindy , Emily 's parole officer to discuss Emily 's status after she was arrested for stealing medicine for Brian from the pharmacy . Cindy informs Emily that since her probation restricts her to home and the gym only , she can attend the exhibition in Denver only if she wears an ankle monitoring bracelet . Emily is mortified that she will have to perform with a monitoring device everyone will be able to see . At the exhibition the girls find out that Kelly Parker is back and the Denver elite team will also be showcased at the exhibition . Austin introduces Lauren and Payson to an old friend of his named Max who seems to be immediately attracted to Payson , but she seems indifferent . The girls learn that Max is considering moving to Colorado but is trying to decide on Boulder or Denver . Lauren wanting to sink her chops into Max at first sight , suggest Boulder . Later at the exhibition party , the girls see Carter hanging out with Kelly Parker and he informs them that he has jumped ship and moved over to the Denver team . While everyone else is at the party , Max spends time sharing some of his photography work with Payson . She reveals that a `` good friend '' ( meaning Sasha ) showed her how beautiful she was , and he replies , `` Lucky guy , '' interpreting from Payson 's expression that she had feelings for this friend . Kim finds Sasha from a tip from Marty and tries to convince him not to go to Romania , but he says he failed the girls and will not return . Emily apologizes to the Exhibition crowd for disgracing the Rock club when her leg warmer falls and her monitoring bracelet is revealed . 32 12 `` Free People '' Fred Gerber Joanna Johnson April 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 04 ) 1.69 Kaylie is frustrated with her stay in Rehab , and wants more than ever to get back to training at The Rock . Maeve begins to coach Kaylie on what to say to get out of rehab quicker . Steve introduces Darby Conrad , the 25 - year - old , two - time Olympian , and Silver medalist as the new Rock Coach . Everyone , especially Payson , is skeptical of Darby 's coaching abilities . Lauren is overjoyed because Darby was Lauren 's Big Sister at NGO camp . Darby meets the girls with a bubbly personality making her clearly more of a cheerleader than a gym leader . Darby informs the girls that she wo n't be imposing any dating rules or curfews on the girls . She trusts that they as gymnasts and women have the self control needed for their profession . Now that Darby is the new coach , Lauren asks to be her second in command as the new team captain in Kaylie 's absence . Both Emily and Payson disagree that Lauren should be captain , and Darby has Payson and Lauren compete for the title . The competition is extremely close , and the girls are all shocked by the result . Damon is back in Boulder to record , and Emily is happy because she can finally see him without sneaking around . Kaylie 's therapist approves Kaylie to go home but does n't clear her to begin training . She suggests to Kaylie 's parents that Kaylie use this time to develop other interests . Steve asks Summer for a second chance at their relationship . Summer agrees and they are officially back together again . Marcus the NGO rep informs Emily and Chloe that the NGO has decided to keep Emily on the National team , provided she signs a contract that outlines rules such as no boyfriends , no job , and no social activities . Ronnie and Alex put together a recording studio for Kaylie to pursue singing . Still upset that she ca n't train , Kaylie tells Emily that Damon can use the recording studio her parents gave her in their home . Emily has to tell Damon that things must go back to the way they were before the rules were lifted but she is ready to have sex with him before they are separated again . 33 13 `` The Buddy System '' Glenn L. Steelman Amy Turner April 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 11 ) 1.64 Payson and Lauren continue to be snippy with each other , much of it due to their co-captain status and the playful attention Max can be seen giving Payson . Payson repeatedly denies having any feelings for him , but Lauren is not convinced Max feels the same . Darby makes the two learn each other 's routines in an effort to have them spend time together . Maeve surprises Kaylie with a visit to Boulder . Kaylie shares with Maeve that she still ca n't practice at the Rock because of her therapist and Maeve convinces Kaylie she has to turn her parents against the therapist and she will be back to training in no time . While looking at Lauren 's computer , Steve discovers the email with the altered video of the Sasha and Payson kiss , that Lauren sent to Ellen Beals . Payson seeks advice from Kim and Austin as to how to trump Lauren 's sexiness . Steve approaches Lauren with a DVD of the altered video in hand and tells Lauren he is going to give it to Summer . Lauren begs Steve to keep her secret and he agrees despite his intent to show Summer he is a changed man . Kaylie pays the Rock a visit with Maeve in town . Later Maeve takes off to catch an international flight to her next modeling job . Emily finally discovers that Chloe works at a strip club when she finds Chloe 's name tag . Emily shares with Payson that she had sex with Damon . Payson is happy for her , and then master 's Lauren 's beam routine , looking very sexy . Only after she starts having some physical appeal does Max take notice of her . Payson does not care but Lauren is furious . Kaylie picks up the phone to call Maeve after a fight with her parents and a woman on the other end informs her that Maeve died of heart failure in the airport . 34 14 `` Life or Death '' David Paymer Michael Gans & Richard Register April 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 18 ) 1.58 Kaylie becomes sad when she learns Maeve died . Emily is still mad at her mom since she found out that her mom was working at a strip club . Darby asks if Max wants to be a photographer for a headshot for the Dallas meet . When Lauren sees Max taking pictures of Payson 's gymnastics , she ask him to take pictures of her . Kaylie sees Damon singing with his guitar in the recording room , singing a song with some pictures of Emily and him on the computer . Kaylie gets a bit sad when she hears him sing , since it reminds her of Maeve . Later , Max comes to Lauren 's house to take some pictures for the meet . Lauren dresses up in lingerie . When Summer comes in , she sees Lauren posing for Max and makes a deal with her . Darby has bad news that Dallas canceled the meet . Instead of Dallas , the Rock would have a meet with Pinewood Gymnastics Club , the worst team in the country . Darby gets a bit sad since no one likes her at the gym , then she makes a deal with Payson . Later , Kaylie gets a call from Maeve 's mother to come to her funeral to talk about Maeve to all the people . Kaylie has never been to a funeral before , so Damon decides to come with her . Kaylie does not want to come to Maeve 's funeral because Maeve 's life has been a lie and she can not take it . She runs away from the church with Damon running after her . Kaylie and Damon come to the Pizza Shack , since he has to perform there . The Rock girls comes to the Shack and Emily sees Kaylie perform with Damon and gets jealous . Later , when the meet starts , everything goes wrong . Darby tells Payson to do the move she taught her . Payson decides to do what Darby says and falls on her back . The Rock loses and the whole team , specifically Payson , confront Darby about her horrible coaching . She leaves , clearly upset , and Lauren makes a statement about how a real coach would never walk away from a diss like that . 35 15 `` Hungary Heart '' Rod Hardy Kerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar April 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 25 ) 1.64 After the Rock 's embarrassing lost to Pinewood , the lowest ranked team in the country , Payson , Emily , and Lauren are headed to compete in Hungary with a more stern Darby as their coach . Steve warns Darby that everyone is going to be watching her and if she appears unable to handle the girls , the NGO will take action . Payson notices Sasha 's unsigned release papers waiting to be mailed to him in Romania . Damon visits Emily before the girls leave for the meet and Emily questions Damon about his relationship with Kaylie after she witnessed the two singing together on stage . Emily is also annoyed that Damon did not tell her about Chloe working at the strip club . Emily decides it is too much and breaks up with Damon . While on the plane , Payson fed up with Darby , tells the girls she is going to get Sasha back as their coach . Payson initiates a plan in which the girls ditch Darby at the airport during their layover and they catch another flight to Romania . While in Romania , Emily drinks an energy drink and Payson reminds her that she should n't be drinking energy drinks due to how many banned substances they contain and could possibly cause her to fail a drug test . The girls find Sasha working in a bar , and he refuses to return at first but later gives in after Payson stubbornly stays behind to wait for him , returning his Olympic gold medal and telling him she only wanted it because it stood for him never giving up . He later shows up at their hotel room at 3 : 04 in the morning , telling them they needed to prove they wanted him back , but yes , he would return . Payson and Emily squeal in happiness after he shuts the door . Payson looks particularly relieved . Kaylie and Damon become closer as they discuss Kaylie 's eating disorder , Emily , and music . Sasha returns to the meet in Hungary to coach the girls and Darby is not happy , but Mr. Tanner agrees with the girls , Sasha is the better coach . After the meet , the International chairman approaches Emily and Sasha with a concern regarding her test . When Emily tries to defend her test by stating that she did not know about the substances in her energy drink beforehand , the Chairman informs her that her test did not reveal banned substances , but rather that she is pregnant . Note : Chelsea Hobbs , who portrays Emily , gave birth two days after this episode aired . 36 16 `` Requiem for a Dream '' Michael Schultz Holly Sorenson May 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) 1.65 Emily goes to the doctors and finds out that she is six weeks pregnant . The doctor says she would not be able to do gymnastics anymore as it can cause harm to the baby . Chloe talks to her about the possibility of an abortion and Sasha pressures Emily to make a decision about her future . Kaylie and Damon record a song for his album as that was the only song the record company liked . They get caught up in the moment and kiss but Kaylie regrets it and runs out of the studio . Lauren puts pressure on Steve to propose to Summer . He agrees but when he asks Summer , she says she needs time to think about it . Summer visits Sasha to see if there 's still anything left between them but they get into an argument about abortion when she is told about Emily 's pregnancy . Summer then accepts Steve 's proposal . Marcus arrives at The Rock to tell Emily she has made it to the World Team but she now has to deal with her pregnancy . Payson approaches Emily and Emily tells her that she 's pregnant . Payson gets angry at Emily and tells her that not only did she ruin her life , but also the dreams of her teammates . Emily feels she deserves some support and goes to Damon . He is upset that he got Emily pregnant but Emily tells him that they can live the happy ending they wanted that they were going to postpone after the Olympics . Kaylie goes to Emily 's house to tell her about the kiss between her and Damon . Emily shuts down and runs away to Las Vegas to live with her godmother . The Rock girls try to confront Emily but realize she has already left . They then go to the site of the old gymnastics camp and camp out with their parents . Steve and Summer look extremely happy together . Kaylie tells the other girls that she is ready to start training again . Lauren expresses understanding towards Emily 's situation , saying it 's not a bad thing to want a child that will love you forever . Payson regrets yelling at Emily , saying that there is nothing in the world like a gymnastics team . They also find out Sasha has been named as the National Team Coach going to Worlds . He hugs all the girls and looks very happy as well . Note : This is the last episode in which Chelsea Hobbs appears , although she retains her billing in the opening credits for the rest of the season . This is also the last episode to be written by series creator Holly Sorensen . 37 17 `` To Thine Own Self Be True '' John Behring Liz Maccie May 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) 1.51 Kaylie finally returns to training at The Rock , but the public is under the impression that her time away from the gym was from an ACL injury , not rehab for anorexia . Soon after , Sasha announces that Kelly Parker is going to replace Emily on the World team , and that Kaylie will be replaced , as well , since she has not had enough time to train . Lauren gets worried that Summer does not really want to be part of her family , but Summer assures her that that 's not the case . Lauren asks Summer to adopt her so that she will be her real mother , not just a step - mother , and Summer says yes . Tessa overhears that Payson , Lauren , Max , and Austin are breaking into the gym at night to help Kaylie get her skills back , and tells Kelly , who informs Sasha . Sasha surprises the gang at the gym that night and reminds them that he can kick them all off the team for disobeying him . But he agrees to watch what Kaylie has accomplished and admits that she has improved over where she was before her illness , but that he still does not feel she is emotionally prepared for high - level competition . He ends up speaking with her therapist about the whole thing , and Gene tells Sasha that he would not have told Kaylie that she is ready to be a gymnast again if he did not feel she was both physically and emotionally prepared for it . The next day , Sasha announces who will be traveling with the team to Worlds : Tessa Grande , Annie Dillon , and Kaylie Cruz . Based on their training , he will choose the last member of the team at the competition . 38 18 `` Dog Eat Dog '' Chris Grismer Michael Gans & Richard Register May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 1.64 While taking a jog , Max and Payson discover an abandoned puppy which they decide to hide until they find a new home for her . Sheila , Kelly Parkers manager arrives at the Rock complete with a tour bus and banner featuring Kelly Parker to hang outside of the Rock . The Rock girls are not too happy with Kelly 's banner or her newly arrived manager . Lauren is jealous of Max and Payson 's deep conversation . She suspects the two have something serious going on , oblivious to the fact that most of the discussion is about the puppy . Sasha announces to the Rock Girls , that there is one more spot on the World team and Kelly Parker is hoping Tessa lands it . Sheila , who we later find out is Kelly 's mother , stresses to Kelly that she ca n't afford to share the spotlight with Kaylie , there 's too much money at stake . Kelly begins to try and distract Kaylie . Mark is back in Boulder interviewing for a job after his company went under , and he and Kim decide to keep the information from Payson . Austin asks Sasha for permission to work with Kaylie while she trains to get her spot back . Sasha approves . Austin strategizes a way to make Kaylie strong on one event , the vault which is Sasha 's weakest link on the team . After hearing Kaylie won the spot on the World team , Sheila tells Kelly Parker that she needs to get proof of Kaylie 's anorexia so that Kaylie can kiss her endorsements goodbye . Sheila feels as if Kelly let her down and that she may drop Kelly as her client . Kaylie witnesses the tail end of Kelly crying after Sheila 's outburst and Kaylie lends Kelly Parker an ear and expresses concern for her now that the two are teammates . Kelly ends up hanging out at Kaylie 's house thanking her for being there for her but when Kaylie asks her to stay for dinner and Kelly accepts and Kaylie leaves to tell her mother , Kelly finds her journal and reads the page that reads ; `` My name is Kaylie Cruz and I am anorexic , '' she stashes the journal in her bag . 39 19 `` What Lies Beneath '' David Paymer Joanna Johnson May 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 23 ) 1.49 Sheila , Kelly Parker 's mother , continues to have an overbearing presence at the Rock including blaming her daughter for allowing Kaylie to land the Healthy Bar endorsement deal . Sheila tells Kelly that she must expose Kaylie 's anorexia now that Kaylie has made the World Team . Sasha continues to work with Lauren on beam and load her routine with high skill moves . Lauren agrees to trust Sasha . Marcus tells Kim that the video of Payson kissing Sasha was sent to the NGO anonymously . The unedited version shows that Sasha pushed Payson away . Kelly overhears Kaylie telling the press that Kelly Parker should be the team captain because she is the current world champ and has more gold medals than anyone else . Kelly is surprised by the class act Kaylie is . The Healthy Bar representatives presents Kaylie and her parents with their endorsement deal for a fit young woman who cares about good nutrition . Kaylie , having kept her anorexia a secret , struggles with being dishonest and misrepresenting such a campaign . Sheila seeks help to expose Kaylie 's condition from Ellen Beals who has come back to exonerate herself from being investigated for the Payson / Sasha video scandal . Payson shares with Kaylie that her parents ca n't afford to come to Worlds and are in heavy debt . Kaylie comes up with the perfect idea for Payson to be the spokesperson for Healthy Bar instead of herself . Max agrees to work on a presentation to convince the Healthy Bar reps that Payson is their girl . At the Tanner party , Max runs to seclusion after Lauren throws herself on him sexually and Payson admits that she might be in love with him . When Austin finds Max , he 's drunk and overwhelmed . Max kisses Austin and tells him he is bisexual . Ellen Beals reveals that she is being accused of the Payson / Sasha video , and tells Lauren she will never sell her out but will `` return the favor . '' Lauren is forced to tell Summer the truth about the video when Ellen Beals tips Summer to ask Steve who sent the training cam video to the NGO . Realizing that Steve and Lauren have been keeping this horrible secret all along , Summer refuses to have anything to do with either of them ever again . A devastated Lauren leaves with Max to talk about Summer 's reaction , and while talking their car is hit by a SUV . While Lauren ends up fine , Max is injured . Note : This episode and `` Worlds Apart '' were aired as one 2 - hour episode . 40 20 `` Worlds Apart '' Michael Schultz Kerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar May 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 23 ) 1.49 Lauren and Max suffered a car accident , where Lauren was left with scratches , while Max had a concussion and a broken collar bone . Lauren then called for Summer and refers to her in the hospital as her mom . When Lauren comes to see Max , Max thought that Lauren was Payson . They then went to Rio to compete in the World Championships , where they are to compete against favorites China and Russia and their starters Genji Cho and Ivanka Kirilenko . At the qualifications where the top four teams advance to the finals . Lauren , Payson and Kaylie all performed poorly , as Kelly barely saved them in uneven bars as they placed fourth in the qualifying round . After their disappointing performance , Sasha orders the four girls to resolve their issues . Kelly admits she was jealous of the support the Rock girls have for each other and that they are a real team . Kelly then stated that her Mom gave up her scholarship eligibility when she was 9 and that she is jealous that Payson 's mother agonized over sponsorship . Lauren then said that to Payson that Max loves her and not Lauren . Kaylie then announced to the press that she did not have an ACL injury but anorexia , with the support of her team but with the disapproval of the NGO . Lauren before doing her beam then admitted to Sasha that it was her that leaked the photo of Sasha and Payson kissing . Sasha then said that he forgives and cares for Lauren , which helped Lauren to flourish in beam and put them in fourth . Payson then injures her left leg after her first vault , knowing that she can not perform on floor , she chose to perform her second vault , which she landed on one leg with Nadia Comăneci stating that it was the first time since Kerri Strug in 1996 , Payson 's vault placed them in second . Kelly then withdrew from her position as Payson 's replacement on floor for Kaylie . USA then came from behind to win the Gold from China . After the meet , Max said to Payson that he might be in love with her . Austin told the media he is in love with Kaylie , and they kiss . In the end , Kaylie , Payson , and Lauren are holding hands as they stand together , staring at the scoreboard . Note : This episode and `` What Lies Beneath '' were aired as one 2 - hour episode . Season 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) The series was renewed for a third season on September 16 , 2011 . It premiered on March 26 , 2012 . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) 41 `` Smells Like Winner '' Michael Schultz Kerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar March 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 26 ) 1.57 Payson , Kaylie , and Lauren are one step closer to making their dream of Olympic Gold a reality , but first they must endure eight weeks at the USA Training Center to make the final cut . With a new coach , new rivals , and new distractions , the girls must really up their game . Payson tries to focus on her training after receiving upsetting news , Kaylie feels torn between her boyfriend and her teammates , and Lauren worries that her new custom - created perfume is giving her dizzy spells . Max breaks up with Payson . Meanwhile , an uninvited gymnast , Jordan Randall , is determined to secure a spot at the training center . 42 `` It Takes Two '' Michael Lange Amy Turner April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) 1.17 Coach McIntire decides to pair the girls up to teach the lesson that , while gymnastics is a single sport , they would not make it to the Olympics alone . This is not a training technique the girls were expecting , especially when Lauren and Payson are paired up and Kaylie is slotted with Kelly Parker . Still stinging from Kelly 's betrayal before , how can Kaylie possibly live with this girl , let alone trust her ? And Payson and Lauren are polar opposites , so how can they possibly agree on anything that can put them on the right track ? Meanwhile , Austin pushes Kaylie to consider a career after the Olympics . 43 `` Time is of the Essence '' Jonathan Frakes Liz Maccie April 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) 1.10 With just six weeks to go until the Olympics , the women 's gymnastics team is looking less like a team with every day that goes by . Coach Mac is determined to whip them into shape , the way he did when he was head coach of the men 's team . The only problem is the girls are not responding to his harsh tactics and even worse , not improving . With a frustrated team and the NGO looking over his shoulder , Coach Mac is desperate to turn things around . Meanwhile , Payson is still plagued with the Sasha kissing scandal - even at the USA Training Center . 44 `` Growing Pains '' David Paymer Mary Hanes & Ken Hanes April 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) 1.22 It 's midway through the qualifying period at the USA Training Center as the girls prepare for a day of family visits . Nervous that she 'll have to play referee to her bickering , divorced parents , Kaylie decides to bring along boyfriend Austin to their family dinner -- but starts to regret it when Austin and her dad get along too well . Payson is shocked when her dad delivers some unwelcome news , and Sheila does her best to sell Coach McIntire on Kelly . Meanwhile , Payson pushes Lauren to see a doctor about her condition . 45 5 `` Dream On '' Steve Miner Andrea Conway Kagey April 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 23 ) 1.11 Some dreams come to an end as the girls compete in the semi-qualifications to make the official Olympics team . As the girls inch closer to final team selections ‚ they must first pass the semi-qualifications . But that is easier said than done as they each face problems : Kelly must deal with her mom ( special guest star Kathy Najimy ) being in town and out for Kaylie 's blood ‚ Lauren stresses over Payson constantly warning her about her health ‚ and there 's a mole in the group ‚ trying to sabotage the team . Meanwhile ‚ Coach Mac 's mandatory curfew puts a kink in Payson 's love life . 46 6 `` Listen to the Universe '' Glenn Steelman Michael Gans & Richard Register April 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) 0.90 Lauren is devastated when the doctor tells her that her heart condition requires surgery . In hopes of helping her , Payson tracks down another doctor to convince him to perform an experimental procedure with a quicker recovery period . She and Rigo plan to go to the doctor and convince him . Meanwhile , Kaylie is forced to room with Jordan , during which they explain to each other what the problem is between them . Kaylie and Jordan become friends again . Jordan then agrees to help Kaylie cover up for Payson and offers to sleep in Payson 's bed , keeping herself hidden from Wendy Capshaw . Wendy talks meanly about Jordan behind her back . After Austin is cut off the Olympic team , he blames Kaylie for the incident , and they end their relationship . Kaylie then goes to Austin 's room to make things right , but she is too late . All she finds is a box full of things that Austin wanted returned to Kaylie . Lauren decides to forgive Payson , after Lauren prays for a way to help her accept the end of her Olympic dreams . At the end of the episode , Payson loses her virginity to Rigo . 47 7 `` Truth Be Told '' Bethany Rooney Liz Maccie & Andrea Conway Kagey May 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 07 ) 1.09 Lauren undergoes an experimental , non-invasive heart procedure , but her need for recovery time means that she is still unable to train . However , when Jake helps her to rehearse her routines in her mind , he and Lauren form a close bond . Jordan becomes anxious and loses her focus when Coach Ray arrives at the training centre to choreograph the floor routines . A ruthless Wendy resorts to underhand tactics to deal with Kaylie , who represents her biggest threat . After with the talk with Coach Mac , Jordan , and Kaylie are sort of friends , she helps Kaylie deal with her break up with Austin . 48 8 `` United Stakes '' Michael Schultz Kerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 1.29 Payson decides to rework her floor routine at the risk of losing a spot on the team . Kaylie is at a loss when Jordan refuses her help . Still recovering from surgery , Lauren balances her health with her need to make it to the Olympics . Meanwhile , Kaylie is thrown for a loop when she is told that her drug test came back positive for a banned substance . Also , Kaylie is trying to get coach Ray fired because Jordan confessed to being molested by him for years . Wendy Capshaw is caught drugging Kaylie with a banned substance , so she is cut from the Olympic team . In the end , all four girls , Kaylie , Payson , Lauren , and Jordan ( who become BFFs ) make the Olympic team . Kaylie and Austin are back together , Lauren chases after Jake for Otis , and Payson 's parents shake hands with Rigo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family Orders More `` Make It '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Family Orders 10 More Episodes of Make It Or Break It '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager , Make It Or Break It return to ABC Family Monday , January 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family Announces Summer Slate Including `` Pretty Little Liars , '' `` Huge , '' and `` Melissa & Joey '' `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - ABC Family to `` Break It '' on Tuesdays `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Secret Life of the American Teenager Returns At Record Levels '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Monday 's The Secret Life of an American Teenager and Make It or Break It draw big numbers for ABC Family '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Freshman Series Make It or Break It Scores Ratings Gold in Season Finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Secret Life of the American Teenager '' and `` Make It or Break It '' Set Records for ABC Family `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Damages , WWE RAW , Operation Repo , Greek , Secret Life , Make it or Break It ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Cable Finals : Damages Rises , But Not By Much '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Cable Finals : Secret Life Beats Gossip Girl ; Damages Down Slightly '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pawn Stars Up ; Plus Real Housewives , Secret Life , Neighbors From Hell & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Pawn Stars Unstoppable ; Plus Real Housewives , Secret Life , Kourtney & Khloe & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch Soars , Plus White Collar , Covert Affairs , Memphis Beat , The Hills Finale Ratings & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch , Plus White Collar , Pretty Little Liars , Warehouse 13 , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch , Covert Affairs , White Collar , Pretty Little Liars , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Warehouse 13 , Pretty Little Liars , Memphis Beat , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Goes Over 3 Million in Finale + Covert Affairs , Warehouse 13 , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` More Tuesday Cable : ' Warehouse 13 ' Drops , ' Teen Mom , ' & ' Hawthorne Get Bigger & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` More Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Warehouse 13 ' Stabilizes , ' Melissa & Joey ' Holds Most of Premiere # s & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : White Collar , Warehouse 13 Steady , Covert Affairs Slips & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' & ' WWE RAW ' Jump ; ' Nurse Jackie ' Premieres Down ; + ' Being Human , ' ' RJ Berger ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 5 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' & ' WWE RAW ' Down Against B - Ball ; + ' Being Human , ' ' RJ Berger ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Night ; ' Kate Plus 8 ' Even ; ' WWE RAW , ' ' Being Human , ' ' RJ Berger ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Night ; NBA Playoffs , ' Kate Plus 8 ' Falls ; ' WWE RAW , ' ' RJ Berger ' NHL & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Night ; Plus NBA , ' WWE RAW , ' ' Sanctuary ' ' Bethenny , ' ' American Chopper ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Kobe - Dirk Playoff Dominates ; Will Syfy Move ' Sanctuary ' Back to Friday ? + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Bethenny , ' ' American Chopper ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Kobe - Dirk Playoff Dominates ; Will Syfy Move ' Sanctuary ' Back to Friday ? + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Bethenny , ' ' American Chopper ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW , ' Tops Night , ' Sanctuary ' Up + ' Real Housewives of NJ ' Premiere , ' American Chopper , ' ' Secret Life ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Mavs / Thunder Tops Night ; ' WWE Raw ' Up + ' Sanctuary , ' ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' American Chopper , ' ' Secret Life ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` UPDATE : ABC Family Renews ' Make It Or Break It ' , Gives Back Order To ' Lying Game ' , Picks Up 4 Pilots , Cancels ' State Of Georgia ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE RAW , ' ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : WWE Bodyslams Competition , ' Basketball Wives , ' ' La Las Full Court Life , ' ' Secret Life of the American Teenager , ' ' Pawn Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Hardcore History ' , ' Secret Life of the American Teen ' , ' La La 's Full Court Life ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' ' WWE Raw , ' ' Basketball Wives , ' ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Futon Critic Staff , The ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : History Originals Take Top Spots '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Futon Critic Staff , The ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Raw , '' NBA Playoffs Lead Viewers , Demos `` . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Futon Critic Staff , The ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Raw , '' NBA Playoffs Lead the Night `` . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Futon Critic Staff , The ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : TNT Hits NBA Postseason High With Lakers / Thunder '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Make_It_or_Break_It_episodes&oldid=813631475 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Make It or Break It 2009 American television seasons 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 12 : 37 . About Wikipedia	who won the olympics in make it or break it	[ "\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(in millions)\n\n\n41\n1\n\"Smells Like Winner\"\nMichael Schultz\nKerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar\nMarch 26, 2012 (2012-03-26)\n1.57[33]\n\n\nPayson, Kaylie, and Lauren are one step closer to making their dream of Olympic Gold a reality, but first they must endure eight weeks at the USA Training Center to make the final cut. With a new coach, new rivals, and new distractions, the girls must really up their game. Payson tries to focus on her training after receiving upsetting news, Kaylie feels torn between her boyfriend and her teammates, and Lauren worries that her new custom-created perfume is giving her dizzy spells. Max breaks up with Payson. Meanwhile, an uninvited gymnast, Jordan Randall, is determined to secure a spot at the training center.\n\n\n42\n2\n\"It Takes Two\"\nMichael Lange\nAmy Turner\nApril 2, 2012 (2012-04-02)\n1.17[34]\n\n\nCoach McIntire decides to pair the girls up to teach the lesson that, while gymnastics is a single sport, they would not make it to the Olympics alone. This is not a training technique the girls were expecting, especially when Lauren and Payson are paired up and Kaylie is slotted with Kelly Parker. Still stinging from Kelly's betrayal before, how can Kaylie possibly live with this girl, let alone trust her? And Payson and Lauren are polar opposites, so how can they possibly agree on anything that can put them on the right track? Meanwhile, Austin pushes Kaylie to consider a career after the Olympics.\n\n\n43\n3\n\"Time is of the Essence\"\nJonathan Frakes\nLiz Maccie\nApril 9, 2012 (2012-04-09)\n1.10[35]\n\n\nWith just six weeks to go until the Olympics, the women's gymnastics team is looking less like a team with every day that goes by. Coach Mac is determined to whip them into shape, the way he did when he was head coach of the men's team. The only problem is the girls are not responding to his harsh tactics and even worse, not improving. With a frustrated team and the NGO looking over his shoulder, Coach Mac is desperate to turn things around. Meanwhile, Payson is still plagued with the Sasha kissing scandal - even at the USA Training Center.\n\n\n44\n4\n\"Growing Pains\"\nDavid Paymer\nMary Hanes & Ken Hanes\nApril 16, 2012 (2012-04-16)\n1.22[36]\n\n\nIt's midway through the qualifying period at the USA Training Center as the girls prepare for a day of family visits. Nervous that she'll have to play referee to her bickering, divorced parents, Kaylie decides to bring along boyfriend Austin to their family dinner -- but starts to regret it when Austin and her dad get along too well. Payson is shocked when her dad delivers some unwelcome news, and Sheila does her best to sell Coach McIntire on Kelly. Meanwhile, Payson pushes Lauren to see a doctor about her condition.\n\n\n45\n5\n\"Dream On\"\nSteve Miner\nAndrea Conway Kagey\nApril 23, 2012 (2012-04-23)\n1.11[37]\n\n\nSome dreams come to an end as the girls compete in the semi-qualifications to make the official Olympics team. As the girls inch closer to final team selections‚ they must first pass the semi-qualifications. But that is easier said than done as they each face problems: Kelly must deal with her mom (special guest star Kathy Najimy) being in town and out for Kaylie's blood‚ Lauren stresses over Payson constantly warning her about her health‚ and there's a mole in the group‚ trying to sabotage the team. Meanwhile‚ Coach Mac's mandatory curfew puts a kink in Payson's love life.\n\n\n46\n6\n\"Listen to the Universe\"\nGlenn Steelman\nMichael Gans & Richard Register\nApril 30, 2012 (2012-04-30)\n0.90[38]\n\n\nLauren is devastated when the doctor tells her that her heart condition requires surgery. In hopes of helping her, Payson tracks down another doctor to convince him to perform an experimental procedure with a quicker recovery period. She and Rigo plan to go to the doctor and convince him. Meanwhile, Kaylie is forced to room with Jordan, during which they explain to each other what the problem is between them. Kaylie and Jordan become friends again. Jordan then agrees to help Kaylie cover up for Payson and offers to sleep in Payson's bed, keeping herself hidden from Wendy Capshaw. Wendy talks meanly about Jordan behind her back. After Austin is cut off the Olympic team, he blames Kaylie for the incident, and they end their relationship. Kaylie then goes to Austin's room to make things right, but she is too late. All she finds is a box full of things that Austin wanted returned to Kaylie. Lauren decides to forgive Payson, after Lauren prays for a way to help her accept the end of her Olympic dreams. At the end of the episode, Payson loses her virginity to Rigo.\n\n\n47\n7\n\"Truth Be Told\"\nBethany Rooney\nLiz Maccie & Andrea Conway Kagey\nMay 7, 2012 (2012-05-07)\n1.09[39]\n\n\nLauren undergoes an experimental, non-invasive heart procedure, but her need for recovery time means that she is still unable to train. However, when Jake helps her to rehearse her routines in her mind, he and Lauren form a close bond. Jordan becomes anxious and loses her focus when Coach Ray arrives at the training centre to choreograph the floor routines. A ruthless Wendy resorts to underhand tactics to deal with Kaylie, who represents her biggest threat. After with the talk with Coach Mac, Jordan, and Kaylie are sort of friends, she helps Kaylie deal with her break up with Austin.\n\n\n48\n8\n\"United Stakes\"\nMichael Schultz\nKerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar\nMay 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)\n1.29[40]\n\n\nPayson decides to rework her floor routine at the risk of losing a spot on the team. Kaylie is at a loss when Jordan refuses her help. Still recovering from surgery, Lauren balances her health with her need to make it to the Olympics. Meanwhile, Kaylie is thrown for a loop when she is told that her drug test came back positive for a banned substance. Also, Kaylie is trying to get coach Ray fired because Jordan confessed to being molested by him for years. Wendy Capshaw is caught drugging Kaylie with a banned substance, so she is cut from the Olympic team. In the end, all four girls, Kaylie, Payson, Lauren, and Jordan (who become BFFs) make the Olympic team. Kaylie and Austin are back together, Lauren chases after Jake for Otis, and Payson's parents shake hands with Rigo.\n\n", "\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(in millions)\n\n\n41\n1\n\"Smells Like Winner\"\nMichael Schultz\nKerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar\nMarch 26, 2012 (2012-03-26)\n1.57[33]\n\n\nPayson, Kaylie, and Lauren are one step closer to making their dream of Olympic Gold a reality, but first they must endure eight weeks at the USA Training Center to make the final cut. With a new coach, new rivals, and new distractions, the girls must really up their game. Payson tries to focus on her training after receiving upsetting news, Kaylie feels torn between her boyfriend and her teammates, and Lauren worries that her new custom-created perfume is giving her dizzy spells. Max breaks up with Payson. Meanwhile, an uninvited gymnast, Jordan Randall, is determined to secure a spot at the training center.\n\n\n42\n2\n\"It Takes Two\"\nMichael Lange\nAmy Turner\nApril 2, 2012 (2012-04-02)\n1.17[34]\n\n\nCoach McIntire decides to pair the girls up to teach the lesson that, while gymnastics is a single sport, they would not make it to the Olympics alone. This is not a training technique the girls were expecting, especially when Lauren and Payson are paired up and Kaylie is slotted with Kelly Parker. Still stinging from Kelly's betrayal before, how can Kaylie possibly live with this girl, let alone trust her? And Payson and Lauren are polar opposites, so how can they possibly agree on anything that can put them on the right track? Meanwhile, Austin pushes Kaylie to consider a career after the Olympics.\n\n\n43\n3\n\"Time is of the Essence\"\nJonathan Frakes\nLiz Maccie\nApril 9, 2012 (2012-04-09)\n1.10[35]\n\n\nWith just six weeks to go until the Olympics, the women's gymnastics team is looking less like a team with every day that goes by. Coach Mac is determined to whip them into shape, the way he did when he was head coach of the men's team. The only problem is the girls are not responding to his harsh tactics and even worse, not improving. With a frustrated team and the NGO looking over his shoulder, Coach Mac is desperate to turn things around. Meanwhile, Payson is still plagued with the Sasha kissing scandal - even at the USA Training Center.\n\n\n44\n4\n\"Growing Pains\"\nDavid Paymer\nMary Hanes & Ken Hanes\nApril 16, 2012 (2012-04-16)\n1.22[36]\n\n\nIt's midway through the qualifying period at the USA Training Center as the girls prepare for a day of family visits. Nervous that she'll have to play referee to her bickering, divorced parents, Kaylie decides to bring along boyfriend Austin to their family dinner -- but starts to regret it when Austin and her dad get along too well. Payson is shocked when her dad delivers some unwelcome news, and Sheila does her best to sell Coach McIntire on Kelly. Meanwhile, Payson pushes Lauren to see a doctor about her condition.\n\n\n45\n5\n\"Dream On\"\nSteve Miner\nAndrea Conway Kagey\nApril 23, 2012 (2012-04-23)\n1.11[37]\n\n\nSome dreams come to an end as the girls compete in the semi-qualifications to make the official Olympics team. As the girls inch closer to final team selections‚ they must first pass the semi-qualifications. But that is easier said than done as they each face problems: Kelly must deal with her mom (special guest star Kathy Najimy) being in town and out for Kaylie's blood‚ Lauren stresses over Payson constantly warning her about her health‚ and there's a mole in the group‚ trying to sabotage the team. Meanwhile‚ Coach Mac's mandatory curfew puts a kink in Payson's love life.\n\n\n46\n6\n\"Listen to the Universe\"\nGlenn Steelman\nMichael Gans & Richard Register\nApril 30, 2012 (2012-04-30)\n0.90[38]\n\n\nLauren is devastated when the doctor tells her that her heart condition requires surgery. In hopes of helping her, Payson tracks down another doctor to convince him to perform an experimental procedure with a quicker recovery period. She and Rigo plan to go to the doctor and convince him. Meanwhile, Kaylie is forced to room with Jordan, during which they explain to each other what the problem is between them. Kaylie and Jordan become friends again. Jordan then agrees to help Kaylie cover up for Payson and offers to sleep in Payson's bed, keeping herself hidden from Wendy Capshaw. Wendy talks meanly about Jordan behind her back. After Austin is cut off the Olympic team, he blames Kaylie for the incident, and they end their relationship. Kaylie then goes to Austin's room to make things right, but she is too late. All she finds is a box full of things that Austin wanted returned to Kaylie. Lauren decides to forgive Payson, after Lauren prays for a way to help her accept the end of her Olympic dreams. At the end of the episode, Payson loses her virginity to Rigo.\n\n\n47\n7\n\"Truth Be Told\"\nBethany Rooney\nLiz Maccie & Andrea Conway Kagey\nMay 7, 2012 (2012-05-07)\n1.09[39]\n\n\nLauren undergoes an experimental, non-invasive heart procedure, but her need for recovery time means that she is still unable to train. However, when Jake helps her to rehearse her routines in her mind, he and Lauren form a close bond. Jordan becomes anxious and loses her focus when Coach Ray arrives at the training centre to choreograph the floor routines. A ruthless Wendy resorts to underhand tactics to deal with Kaylie, who represents her biggest threat. After with the talk with Coach Mac, Jordan, and Kaylie are sort of friends, she helps Kaylie deal with her break up with Austin.\n\n\n48\n8\n\"United Stakes\"\nMichael Schultz\nKerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar\nMay 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)\n1.29[40]\n\n\nPayson decides to rework her floor routine at the risk of losing a spot on the team. Kaylie is at a loss when Jordan refuses her help. Still recovering from surgery, Lauren balances her health with her need to make it to the Olympics. Meanwhile, Kaylie is thrown for a loop when she is told that her drug test came back positive for a banned substance. Also, Kaylie is trying to get coach Ray fired because Jordan confessed to being molested by him for years. Wendy Capshaw is caught drugging Kaylie with a banned substance, so she is cut from the Olympic team. In the end, all four girls, Kaylie, Payson, Lauren, and Jordan (who become BFFs) make the Olympic team. Kaylie and Austin are back together, Lauren chases after Jake for Otis, and Payson's parents shake hands with Rigo.\n\n", "\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(in millions)\n\n\n41\n1\n\"Smells Like Winner\"\nMichael Schultz\nKerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar\nMarch 26, 2012 (2012-03-26)\n1.57[33]\n\n\nPayson, Kaylie, and Lauren are one step closer to making their dream of Olympic Gold a reality, but first they must endure eight weeks at the USA Training Center to make the final cut. With a new coach, new rivals, and new distractions, the girls must really up their game. Payson tries to focus on her training after receiving upsetting news, Kaylie feels torn between her boyfriend and her teammates, and Lauren worries that her new custom-created perfume is giving her dizzy spells. Max breaks up with Payson. Meanwhile, an uninvited gymnast, Jordan Randall, is determined to secure a spot at the training center.\n\n\n42\n2\n\"It Takes Two\"\nMichael Lange\nAmy Turner\nApril 2, 2012 (2012-04-02)\n1.17[34]\n\n\nCoach McIntire decides to pair the girls up to teach the lesson that, while gymnastics is a single sport, they would not make it to the Olympics alone. This is not a training technique the girls were expecting, especially when Lauren and Payson are paired up and Kaylie is slotted with Kelly Parker. Still stinging from Kelly's betrayal before, how can Kaylie possibly live with this girl, let alone trust her? And Payson and Lauren are polar opposites, so how can they possibly agree on anything that can put them on the right track? Meanwhile, Austin pushes Kaylie to consider a career after the Olympics.\n\n\n43\n3\n\"Time is of the Essence\"\nJonathan Frakes\nLiz Maccie\nApril 9, 2012 (2012-04-09)\n1.10[35]\n\n\nWith just six weeks to go until the Olympics, the women's gymnastics team is looking less like a team with every day that goes by. Coach Mac is determined to whip them into shape, the way he did when he was head coach of the men's team. The only problem is the girls are not responding to his harsh tactics and even worse, not improving. With a frustrated team and the NGO looking over his shoulder, Coach Mac is desperate to turn things around. Meanwhile, Payson is still plagued with the Sasha kissing scandal - even at the USA Training Center.\n\n\n44\n4\n\"Growing Pains\"\nDavid Paymer\nMary Hanes & Ken Hanes\nApril 16, 2012 (2012-04-16)\n1.22[36]\n\n\nIt's midway through the qualifying period at the USA Training Center as the girls prepare for a day of family visits. Nervous that she'll have to play referee to her bickering, divorced parents, Kaylie decides to bring along boyfriend Austin to their family dinner -- but starts to regret it when Austin and her dad get along too well. Payson is shocked when her dad delivers some unwelcome news, and Sheila does her best to sell Coach McIntire on Kelly. Meanwhile, Payson pushes Lauren to see a doctor about her condition.\n\n\n45\n5\n\"Dream On\"\nSteve Miner\nAndrea Conway Kagey\nApril 23, 2012 (2012-04-23)\n1.11[37]\n\n\nSome dreams come to an end as the girls compete in the semi-qualifications to make the official Olympics team. As the girls inch closer to final team selections‚ they must first pass the semi-qualifications. But that is easier said than done as they each face problems: Kelly must deal with her mom (special guest star Kathy Najimy) being in town and out for Kaylie's blood‚ Lauren stresses over Payson constantly warning her about her health‚ and there's a mole in the group‚ trying to sabotage the team. Meanwhile‚ Coach Mac's mandatory curfew puts a kink in Payson's love life.\n\n\n46\n6\n\"Listen to the Universe\"\nGlenn Steelman\nMichael Gans & Richard Register\nApril 30, 2012 (2012-04-30)\n0.90[38]\n\n\nLauren is devastated when the doctor tells her that her heart condition requires surgery. In hopes of helping her, Payson tracks down another doctor to convince him to perform an experimental procedure with a quicker recovery period. She and Rigo plan to go to the doctor and convince him. Meanwhile, Kaylie is forced to room with Jordan, during which they explain to each other what the problem is between them. Kaylie and Jordan become friends again. Jordan then agrees to help Kaylie cover up for Payson and offers to sleep in Payson's bed, keeping herself hidden from Wendy Capshaw. Wendy talks meanly about Jordan behind her back. After Austin is cut off the Olympic team, he blames Kaylie for the incident, and they end their relationship. Kaylie then goes to Austin's room to make things right, but she is too late. All she finds is a box full of things that Austin wanted returned to Kaylie. Lauren decides to forgive Payson, after Lauren prays for a way to help her accept the end of her Olympic dreams. At the end of the episode, Payson loses her virginity to Rigo.\n\n\n47\n7\n\"Truth Be Told\"\nBethany Rooney\nLiz Maccie & Andrea Conway Kagey\nMay 7, 2012 (2012-05-07)\n1.09[39]\n\n\nLauren undergoes an experimental, non-invasive heart procedure, but her need for recovery time means that she is still unable to train. However, when Jake helps her to rehearse her routines in her mind, he and Lauren form a close bond. Jordan becomes anxious and loses her focus when Coach Ray arrives at the training centre to choreograph the floor routines. A ruthless Wendy resorts to underhand tactics to deal with Kaylie, who represents her biggest threat. After with the talk with Coach Mac, Jordan, and Kaylie are sort of friends, she helps Kaylie deal with her break up with Austin.\n\n\n48\n8\n\"United Stakes\"\nMichael Schultz\nKerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar\nMay 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)\n1.29[40]\n\n\nPayson decides to rework her floor routine at the risk of losing a spot on the team. Kaylie is at a loss when Jordan refuses her help. Still recovering from surgery, Lauren balances her health with her need to make it to the Olympics. Meanwhile, Kaylie is thrown for a loop when she is told that her drug test came back positive for a banned substance. Also, Kaylie is trying to get coach Ray fired because Jordan confessed to being molested by him for years. Wendy Capshaw is caught drugging Kaylie with a banned substance, so she is cut from the Olympic team. In the end, all four girls, Kaylie, Payson, Lauren, and Jordan (who become BFFs) make the Olympic team. Kaylie and Austin are back together, Lauren chases after Jake for Otis, and Payson's parents shake hands with Rigo.\n\n", "\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(in millions)\n\n\n41\n1\n\"Smells Like Winner\"\nMichael Schultz\nKerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar\nMarch 26, 2012 (2012-03-26)\n1.57[33]\n\n\nPayson, Kaylie, and Lauren are one step closer to making their dream of Olympic Gold a reality, but first they must endure eight weeks at the USA Training Center to make the final cut. With a new coach, new rivals, and new distractions, the girls must really up their game. Payson tries to focus on her training after receiving upsetting news, Kaylie feels torn between her boyfriend and her teammates, and Lauren worries that her new custom-created perfume is giving her dizzy spells. Max breaks up with Payson. Meanwhile, an uninvited gymnast, Jordan Randall, is determined to secure a spot at the training center.\n\n\n42\n2\n\"It Takes Two\"\nMichael Lange\nAmy Turner\nApril 2, 2012 (2012-04-02)\n1.17[34]\n\n\nCoach McIntire decides to pair the girls up to teach the lesson that, while gymnastics is a single sport, they would not make it to the Olympics alone. This is not a training technique the girls were expecting, especially when Lauren and Payson are paired up and Kaylie is slotted with Kelly Parker. Still stinging from Kelly's betrayal before, how can Kaylie possibly live with this girl, let alone trust her? And Payson and Lauren are polar opposites, so how can they possibly agree on anything that can put them on the right track? Meanwhile, Austin pushes Kaylie to consider a career after the Olympics.\n\n\n43\n3\n\"Time is of the Essence\"\nJonathan Frakes\nLiz Maccie\nApril 9, 2012 (2012-04-09)\n1.10[35]\n\n\nWith just six weeks to go until the Olympics, the women's gymnastics team is looking less like a team with every day that goes by. Coach Mac is determined to whip them into shape, the way he did when he was head coach of the men's team. The only problem is the girls are not responding to his harsh tactics and even worse, not improving. With a frustrated team and the NGO looking over his shoulder, Coach Mac is desperate to turn things around. Meanwhile, Payson is still plagued with the Sasha kissing scandal - even at the USA Training Center.\n\n\n44\n4\n\"Growing Pains\"\nDavid Paymer\nMary Hanes & Ken Hanes\nApril 16, 2012 (2012-04-16)\n1.22[36]\n\n\nIt's midway through the qualifying period at the USA Training Center as the girls prepare for a day of family visits. Nervous that she'll have to play referee to her bickering, divorced parents, Kaylie decides to bring along boyfriend Austin to their family dinner -- but starts to regret it when Austin and her dad get along too well. Payson is shocked when her dad delivers some unwelcome news, and Sheila does her best to sell Coach McIntire on Kelly. Meanwhile, Payson pushes Lauren to see a doctor about her condition.\n\n\n45\n5\n\"Dream On\"\nSteve Miner\nAndrea Conway Kagey\nApril 23, 2012 (2012-04-23)\n1.11[37]\n\n\nSome dreams come to an end as the girls compete in the semi-qualifications to make the official Olympics team. As the girls inch closer to final team selections‚ they must first pass the semi-qualifications. But that is easier said than done as they each face problems: Kelly must deal with her mom (special guest star Kathy Najimy) being in town and out for Kaylie's blood‚ Lauren stresses over Payson constantly warning her about her health‚ and there's a mole in the group‚ trying to sabotage the team. Meanwhile‚ Coach Mac's mandatory curfew puts a kink in Payson's love life.\n\n\n46\n6\n\"Listen to the Universe\"\nGlenn Steelman\nMichael Gans & Richard Register\nApril 30, 2012 (2012-04-30)\n0.90[38]\n\n\nLauren is devastated when the doctor tells her that her heart condition requires surgery. In hopes of helping her, Payson tracks down another doctor to convince him to perform an experimental procedure with a quicker recovery period. She and Rigo plan to go to the doctor and convince him. Meanwhile, Kaylie is forced to room with Jordan, during which they explain to each other what the problem is between them. Kaylie and Jordan become friends again. Jordan then agrees to help Kaylie cover up for Payson and offers to sleep in Payson's bed, keeping herself hidden from Wendy Capshaw. Wendy talks meanly about Jordan behind her back. After Austin is cut off the Olympic team, he blames Kaylie for the incident, and they end their relationship. Kaylie then goes to Austin's room to make things right, but she is too late. All she finds is a box full of things that Austin wanted returned to Kaylie. Lauren decides to forgive Payson, after Lauren prays for a way to help her accept the end of her Olympic dreams. At the end of the episode, Payson loses her virginity to Rigo.\n\n\n47\n7\n\"Truth Be Told\"\nBethany Rooney\nLiz Maccie & Andrea Conway Kagey\nMay 7, 2012 (2012-05-07)\n1.09[39]\n\n\nLauren undergoes an experimental, non-invasive heart procedure, but her need for recovery time means that she is still unable to train. However, when Jake helps her to rehearse her routines in her mind, he and Lauren form a close bond. Jordan becomes anxious and loses her focus when Coach Ray arrives at the training centre to choreograph the floor routines. A ruthless Wendy resorts to underhand tactics to deal with Kaylie, who represents her biggest threat. After with the talk with Coach Mac, Jordan, and Kaylie are sort of friends, she helps Kaylie deal with her break up with Austin.\n\n\n48\n8\n\"United Stakes\"\nMichael Schultz\nKerry Lenhart & John J. Sakmar\nMay 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)\n1.29[40]\n\n\nPayson decides to rework her floor routine at the risk of losing a spot on the team. Kaylie is at a loss when Jordan refuses her help. Still recovering from surgery, Lauren balances her health with her need to make it to the Olympics. Meanwhile, Kaylie is thrown for a loop when she is told that her drug test came back positive for a banned substance. Also, Kaylie is trying to get coach Ray fired because Jordan confessed to being molested by him for years. Wendy Capshaw is caught drugging Kaylie with a banned substance, so she is cut from the Olympic team. In the end, all four girls, Kaylie, Payson, Lauren, and Jordan (who become BFFs) make the Olympic team. Kaylie and Austin are back together, Lauren chases after Jake for Otis, and Payson's parents shake hands with Rigo.\n\n" ]	[ "Kaylie", "Payson", "Lauren", "Jordan" ]
3871669258064447474	Shotgun wedding	Shotgun wedding - wikipedia Shotgun wedding Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Shotgun wedding ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A shotgun wedding is a wedding that is arranged to avoid embarrassment due to premarital sex possibly leading to an unintended pregnancy , rather than out of the desire of the participants . The phrase is an American colloquialism , though it is also used in other parts of the world , based on a supposed scenario that the father of the bride - to - be must resort to using coercion ( such as threatening with a shotgun ) to ensure that the man who possibly impregnated her follows through with the wedding . The concept of a wedding held to avoid the threat of death dates back millennia ; the book of Deuteronomy lays out a law governing premarital sex where , if a man rapes a virgin who is not pledged to be married and is caught doing so , the man must pay the bride price ( 50 shekels ) , take her as his wife , and may never divorce her , or else risk being stoned to death . The use of duress or violent coercion to marry is no longer common in the U.S. , although many anecdotal stories and folk songs record instances of such coercion in 18th - and 19th - century America . Often a couple will arrange a shotgun wedding without explicit outside encouragement , and some religious teachings consider it a moral imperative to marry in that situation . One purpose of such a wedding can be to get recourse from the man for the act of impregnation ; another reason is to ensure that the child is raised by both parents . In some cases , as in early America and in the Middle East , a major objective was the restoring of social honor to the mother . The practice is also a loophole method of preventing the birth of legally illegitimate children , or if the marriage occurs early enough , to conceal that conception occurred prior to marriage . In some societies the stigma attached to pregnancy out of wedlock can be enormous , and coercive means ( in spite of the legal defense of undue influence ) for gaining recourse are often seen as the prospective father - in - law 's `` right '' , and an important , albeit unconventional , coming of age event for the young father - to - be . The phenomenon has become less common ( in the Western World at least ) as the stigma associated with out - of - wedlock births has declined and the number of such births has increased . Effective birth control and legalized abortion have also resulted in fewer unplanned pregnancies carried to term . Nonetheless a marriage which occurs when the bride is pregnant , even when there is no family or social pressure involved , is still sometimes referred to as a `` shotgun wedding '' . In East asia ( edit ) In Japan , the slang term Dekichatta kekkon ( 出来ちゃった結婚 ) , or Dekikon ( デキコン ) for short , emerged in the late 1990s . The term can literally be translated as `` oops - we - did - it - marriage , '' implying an unintended pregnancy . Notable celebrities with these marriages include Namie Amuro , Yōko Oginome , Hitomi Furuya , Ami Suzuki , Kaori Iida , Nozomi Tsuji , Anna Tsuchiya , Meisa Kuroki , Leah Dizon , Melody Miyuki Ishikawa , and Riisa Naka . A quarter of all Japanese brides are pregnant at the time of their wedding , according to the Health Labor and Welfare Ministry , and pregnancy is one of the most common motivations for marriage . Unplanned pregnancies are common due to low usage of oral contraceptives by women . The prevalence and celebrity profile of dekichatta - kon has inspired Japan 's wedding industry to introduce an even more benign phrase , sazukari - kon ( 授かり婚 , blessed wedding ) . In China , the term 奉子成婚 ( pinyin : Fèngzǐchénghūn ; literally : `` married by the order of child '' ) means that the couple married because conception occurred outside of marriage . It is a pun on the phrase 奉旨成婚 , pronounced Fengzhichenghun and implying that a wedding is approved by imperial edict . It is becoming increasingly common among China 's youngest generation . However , in the same age group , there is objection and criticism to such a practice . In Korea , the slang term 속도 위반 `` Sokdowebaan '' ( literally meaning `` speeding over the limit '' ) refers to the situation in which the pregnancy preceded the marriage . In Vietnam , the term `` Bác sĩ bảo cưới '' ( literally meaning `` because ( the ) doctor said so '' ) is often used with humorous intention . See also ( edit ) Forced marriage Knobstick wedding Premarital sex Oklahoma ! , a play where one character , Ali Hakim , is forcibly coerced towards marriage on two separate occasions . Marriage of convenience References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` the definition of shotgun wedding '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 22 : 28 - 29 Jump up ^ Haruna Kashiwase , `` Shotgun Weddings a Sign of the Times in Japan , '' Population Today , July 2002 , prb.org Jump up ^ `` Japan embraces shotgun weddings '' . Telegraph . June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brasor , Philip ( 8 January 2012 ) . `` Oops ! Pregnant celebs dancing down the aisle '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Population and Social Security Research , The Fourteenth Japanese National Fertility Survey in 2010 ( October 2011 ) . `` Marriage Process and Fertility of Japanese Married Couples '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove - Mather , Bootie ( 20 August 2004 ) . `` Japanese Women Shun the Pill '' . CBS News . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryall , Julian ( 22 June 2009 ) . `` Japan embraces shotgun weddings '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ 奉子成婚成常現象 `` 大肚新娘 '' 挑戰傳統貞操 Married by the child became a norm , `` Pregnant brides '' are challenging the traditional chastity . Jump up ^ `` 奉子成婚 '' 挑战传统道德底线 `` Married by the Child '' challenging traditional marital limits . Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Equal marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shotgun_wedding&oldid=802417817 '' Categories : Marriage Wedding Forced marriage Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 01 : 33 . About Wikipedia	where does the term shotgun wedding come from	[ "A shotgun wedding is a wedding that is arranged to avoid embarrassment due to premarital sex possibly leading to an unintended pregnancy, rather than out of the desire of the participants. The phrase is an American colloquialism,[1] though it is also used in other parts of the world, based on a supposed scenario that the father of the bride-to-be must resort to using coercion (such as threatening with a shotgun) to ensure that the man who possibly impregnated her follows through with the wedding." ]	[ "American colloquialism" ]
6671184315477395016	Puppy Dog Pals	Puppy Dog Pals - wikipedia Puppy Dog Pals Puppy Dog Pals Genre Adventure Musical Slice of life Created by Harland Williams Directed by Scott Bern Trevor Wall Stephanie Arnett Voices of Issac Ryan Brown Harland Williams Jessica DiCicco Sam Lavagnino Tom Kenny Theme music composer Andy Bean Opening theme `` Main Title Theme '' by Andy Bean Ending theme `` Main Title Theme '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Andy Bean Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 24 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sean Coyle Richard Marlis Carmen Italia Producer ( s ) Harland Williams Running time 15 minutes Production company ( s ) DQ Entertainment Snowball Studios Wild Canary Animation Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Disney Junior Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) -- present External links Website Puppy Dog Pals ( previously titled Puppy Dog Tails ) is an American computer - animated children 's television series created by Harland Williams . The series debuted on Disney Junior and Disney Channel in the United States on April 14 , 2017 . On August 24 , 2017 , Disney Junior renewed the series for a second season . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Release 4 Episodes 5 Home media 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Puppy Dog Pals is about brothers Bingo and Rolly , two pug puppies who have fun traveling around their neighborhood and the world when their owner Bob leaves home . They also have a cat sister figure named Hissy , and a robot dog named Automatic Doggy Robotic Friend or ARF . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bingo ( voiced by Issac Ryan Brown ) is a blackish grayish pug with a blue lightning collar and he is more mature than his twin brother Rolly and he is the leader of himself and Rolly . Bingo is always ready to go on missions with his brother to help someone in need . Rolly ( voiced by Sam Lavagnino ) is a fawn pug with a red collar with a bone on it . He is n't as smart as Bingo but is very silly . He is Bingo 's twin brother . Rolly loves to chew on everything he can find . It 's a bad habbit Bob ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the owner of Bingo , Rolly , Hissy , and A.R.F. He works as an Industrial Designer / Product Designer a.k.a. an `` inventor '' . Hissy ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is a sarcastic purple cat . In some episodes , she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions . A.R.F. ( fully known as Auto Doggy Robotic Friend ; voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a robotic dog that Bob invented . He first appears in the episode `` A.R.F '' . And he was updated by Bob in `` Go Dog Go '' Recurring ( edit ) Cupcake ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly . She is the main antagonist of the series . Rufus ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake . He can not speak much except growl and mutter . He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times , but in `` Haunted Howl - O - Ween '' , he helped them instead . Captain Dog ( voiced by Patrick Warburton ) is the star of the pups ' favorite television show . Frank Exposition ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is a man who is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly 's missions . In `` A Pyramid Scheme '' he gets tangled in ribbons , which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy . Esther Exposition ( voiced by Cheri Oteri ) is Frank 's wife . In `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy who did n't appear again until `` The Great Pug - scape '' . Daisy ( voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown ) is a kind Doberman Pinscher . She first appeared in `` History Mystery '' . She appeared again in `` A Very Pug Christmas '' . Bulworth ( voiced by Huey Lewis ) is the junkyard dog . Hedgie the Hedgehog ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) is a hedgehog who first appeared in `` Winter Wonder Pug '' . The Go - Long Retriever ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the toy stick and one of Bob 's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of . It does n't say anything other than `` Play fetch with me ! '' Johnathan ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's wisecracking seagull friend . Cagey ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's guinea pig friend who used to live at the Pet Store , but is now Chloe 's pet . Crumpet ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is the royal Corgi dog . Whaley ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped jump over the other side of the wall . Dallie ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a dalmatian . Jackie ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is an orange collie with a magenta bandanna . Nelly ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is a bluebird who appears in `` Polly Wants A Pug '' . She appears again in `` Winter Wonder - Pug '' . Miss Mudge ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is Snowflake 's owner . Guard Dog ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth . Chloe ( voiced by Emma Shannon ) is a little girl who is Bob 's neighbor . Chloe 's Mom ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is Chloe 's mom . Bob 's Mom ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is an old lady who appears in three episodes : `` Special Delivery '' , `` Your Royal Pug - Ness '' , and `` A Pug - Tastic Day with Grandma '' . Bizzy the Beaver ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a beaver who lives in the forest . Strider the Sheepdog ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a fast - talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes , `` Counting Sheep '' and `` Rhapsody in Pug '' . Shockero ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a lavender Scotty dog . Bark Knight ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Captain Dog 's sidekick . Titus ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a leopard who now owns Hissy 's squeaky toy . Harriet ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a smart African elephant . Barry ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a giraffe who let Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy ride on his head . Quinty Mcsquinty ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is an old basset hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol ' Snapper . Ol ' Snapper ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a turtle mistaken as a monster . Baby ( barks provided by Jessica DiCicco ) is a huge Great Dane puppy . Queen Kazoo ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is the star of Bob 's favorite play . Baboo ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Queen Kazoo 's dog . Release ( edit ) The series premiered on Disney Junior on April 14 , 2017 in the U.S , and in Canada on April 23 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboards by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 1a `` Hawaii Pug - Oh '' Scott Bern Harland Williams Paul Cohen April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 When Bob says he 'd love to feel the sand on his toes , pug puppy brothers Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to Hawaii . 1b `` A.R.F. '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley James Gibson April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 Bob introduces the pups to A.R.F. , a robotic dog that is programmed to clean up their messes . 2a `` The French Toast Connection '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Kris Wimberly April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 102A 1.36 Bingo and Rolly travel to France to get Bob some french toast . 2b `` Take Me Out to the Pug Game '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Doris Umschaden April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 102B 1.36 The pugs chase Bob 's prized baseball across the city . 3a `` The Go - Long Retriever '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 105A 0.99 Bingo and Rolly try to get away from a self - fetching stick that begins chasing them . 3b `` Pot O ' Pugs '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 105B 0.99 After Bob says he needs a pot of gold , the pups search for one at the end of a rainbow . 4a `` A Pyramid Scheme '' Trevor Wall Jeff Rothpan Julia Briemle April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 103A 1.05 Bingo and Rolly travel to Egypt to find the missing Great Pyramids . 4b `` Special Delivery '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) 103B 1.05 The pugs try to deliver a Mother 's Day card for Bob . 5a `` Design - A-Dog '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Paul Cohen April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 104A 0.91 Bingo and Rolly accidentally chew Bob 's childhood toy . 5b `` Ice , Ice Puggy '' Trevor Wall Darrin Rose James Gibson April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 104B 0.91 When Bob runs out of ice , the pugs go to Antarctica to get him some . 6a `` Free Whaley '' Trevor Wall Sean Tweedley Julia Briemle May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 109A 1.05 Bingo and Rolly help a baby whale that has been separated from her family . 6b `` Putting It Together '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Otis Brayboy May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 109B 1.05 The pugs retrace their steps to remember where they buried Bob 's unicycle . 7a `` Hissy 's Big Day '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller Julia Briemle May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 106A 1.05 After Hissy has had a bad morning , Bingo and Rolly try to make her feel better by taking her to their favorite places . 7b `` Go , Dog . Go ! '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 106B 1.05 The reprogrammed A.R.F. takes the pugs where they want to go but the pugs learn that the robotic dog is n't programmed to bring them back . 8a `` Pigs and Pugs '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen & Alfred Gimeno May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 107A 1.04 Bob mistakes a mud - covered pig for Rolly and accidentally leaves him behind on the farm . 8b `` Bob Loves Mona '' Scott Bern Joe Ansolabehere ( story ) Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 107B 1.04 The pugs travel to the Great Wall of China to search for the missing Mona Lisa . 9a `` Do n't Rain on my Pug - rade '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Arthur Valencia June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 112A 1.59 When Bob ca n't leave his house to watch a parade , the pups enlist a family of ducks to march past the house . 9b `` Their Royal Pug - ness '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 112B 1.59 Bingo and Rolly head to England to learn how to treat a queen . 10a `` Scuba - Doggies '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton ( story ) Bob Smiley Rudi Bloss June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 113A 1.25 The pups go to The Great Barrier Reef to find Bob 's package that was lost at sea . 10b `` Walking the Bob '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Bill Breneisen June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 113B 1.25 The pups lead a blurry - visioned Bob home . 11a `` Hissy 's Kitty '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 114A 1.21 When Bob brings home a lost kitty , Bingo and Rolly try find her a home . 11b `` Polly Wants a Pug '' Scott Bern Michael Olson & Bob Smiley Julia Briemle & Doris Umschaden July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 114B 1.21 While in Florida , Bingo and Rolly search for an old friend of Bob 's . 12a `` Leave it to Beavers '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Julia Briemle July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 115A 1.35 Bingo and Rolly try to build a dam to protect their doghouse from a rainstorm . 12b `` Counting Sheep '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 115B 1.35 When Bob says he 'll count sheep to sleep , the pugs herd a flock of sheep into the backyard to help . 13a `` Captain Rolly '' Scott Bern Brian Hall Rudi Bloss July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 116A 1.20 The pugs attend the Captain Dog fan party . 13b `` The Coolest Dogs in Town '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 116B 1.20 A.R.F takes Bingo and Rolly places to get cool . 14a `` Puzzling Pugs '' Stephanie Arnett Harland Williams ( story ) Michael Olson and Harland Williams Ashley Lenz August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 117A 1.25 Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy find a leopard for Bob 's puzzle after A.R.F tears it up . 14b `` Rhapsody in Pug '' Scott Bern Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 117B 1.25 Bingo and Rolly go to a concert . 15a `` The Legend of Ol ' Snapper '' Trevor Wall Sean Coyle Julia Briemle August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) 118A 0.84 Bob 's fishing pole is stolen by a legendary creature . 15b `` Adventures in Puppy - Sitting '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) 118B 0.84 The pugs are tasked to babysit a big dog that causes trouble around the town . 16a `` Bye Bye , Butterfly '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton & Harland Williams Ed Baker September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 110A 0.63 Bingo and Rolly help a butterfly find a way back to her family . 16b `` A Seat at the Theatre '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 110B 0.63 Bingo and Rolly try to take a seat to Bob 's favorite play and try not to wake up Hissy at the same time . 17a `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley ( story ) Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 123A 0.97 Bingo , Rolly and Hissy go to a pumpkin patch to find Bingo 's collar after he loses it in the maze . 17b `` Haunted Howl - oween '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen ( story ) Jessica Carleton Ashley Lenz October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 123B 0.97 Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to find Chloe 's Halloween Costume . 18a `` Close Encounters of a Pug Kind '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 121A 0.84 The pups go to a gathering of UFO enthusiasts to find someone from space and mistake a lost Chameleon for an alien . 18b `` History Mystery '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Otis Brayboy October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 121B 0.84 When the pups find a doggie toy that is n't theirs , they go on a mission to find its original owner . 19a `` Art for Pug 's Sake '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Kris Wimberly November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 108A 0.94 The pugs try to hang something of Bob 's at a famous Italian art museum . 19b `` Winter Wonderpug '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 108B 0.94 Bingo and Rolly look for the first snowflake of the season while helping other animals prepare for winter . 20a `` A Very Pug Christmas '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton & Brian Hall ( story ) Brian Hall Roger Dondis December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 125A 1.03 On Christmas Eve , Bingo and Rolly help Santa search for Bob 's Christmas present when it goes missing in the sleigh . 20b `` The Latke Kerfuffle '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 125B 1.03 Bingo and Rolly help Bob make latkes for their neighbor Chloe 's Hanukkah party . 21a `` Puggy - ology '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) 119A 0.72 Bingo and Rolly help Bob 's younger sister look for historical items . 21b `` Squirrels Just Wanna Have Fun '' Trevor Wall Jean Ansolabehere Bill Breneisen February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) 119B 0.72 Bingo and Rolly try to catch a squirrel who 's been making noises in their house . 22a `` The Great Pug - scape '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Kris Wimberly March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 111A 0.71 After Hissy gets a time out , Bingo and Rolly try to break her out of her punishment . 22b `` Luck of the Pug - ish '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Kelly James March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 111B 0.76 The Pugs travel to Ireland in search of a four - leaf clover to bring Bob good luck . 23a `` The Great Shirt Rescue '' Scott Bern Jean Ansolabehere Rudi Bloss March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 122A 0.84 When Bob loses his lucky shirt , the pugs stage a heist to get it back . 23b `` A Pugtastic Day with Grandma '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller ( story ) Michael Olson Carole Holliday March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 122B 0.89 The pugs stay with Bob 's mom while he goes out of town . 24a `` Bob 's Boomerang '' Trevor Wall Jeff Rothpan Julia Briemle July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) TBA N / A After Rolly chews up Bob 's prized boomerang , the pugs head to Australia to find a new one . 24b `` Fetch that Fish '' Stephanie Arnett Travis Braun Otis Brayboy July 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 13 ) TBA N / A When Bob brings home a pet fish , the dogs try to play puppy games with it . 25a `` Electric Pugaloo '' Scott Bern Jean Ansolabehere Doris Umschaden July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) TBA TBD When Bob needs to learn how to dance , Bingo and Rolly enlist the help of an animal friend named Hedgie . 25b `` Bingo & Rolly 's Birthday '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Ashley Lenz July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) TBA TBD It 's the Pups ' birthday . Home media ( edit ) Home media is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment . Region Title Episode ( s ) Season Running time Released Ref . Puppy Dog Pals : Volume 1 6 183 minutes April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual in Animation Steve C. Meyers Won Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Allyson Bosch Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Puppy Dog Pals -- Fact Sheet '' . Disney Junior Press . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mercedes Milligan ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Junior Announces ' Vampirina , ' ' Puppy Dog Tails ' '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puppy Dog Pals ' To Premiere April 14 on Disney Channel '' . Animation World Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Screener / Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Disney Junior Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals &Network Finals : 5.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 16 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 23 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 7 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 14 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 28 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( Aug 11 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 8 - 11 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.22. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.13. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.10. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) USA portal Television portal Puppy Dog Pals on IMDb Puppy Dog Pals on Disney Junior Puppy Dog Pals on WATCH Disney Junior Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins Fancy Nancy The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Mickey and the Roadster Racers Muppet Babies Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Goldie & Bear Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates Jungle Junction My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Rolie Polie Olie Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Special Agent Oso Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming T.O.T.S. The Rocketeer See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! 25 Days of Christmas Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Disney Junior Dance Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puppy_Dog_Pals&oldid=854525992 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2017 American television series debuts American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated fantasy television series Animated duos American children 's animated musical television series American computer - animated television series Disney Junior shows Disney animated television series English - language television programs Fictional cats Fictional dogs Preschool education television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Bahasa Melayu Polski Română Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 00 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the voice of bob on puppy dog pals	[ "Bob (voiced by Harland Williams) is the owner of Bingo, Rolly, Hissy, and A.R.F. He works as an Industrial Designer/Product Designer a.k.a. an \"inventor\"." ]	[ "Harland Williams" ]
6937678443441524163	Zinedine Zidane	Zinedine Zidane - wikipedia Zinedine Zidane This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Zidane '' redirects here . For other people named Zidane , see Zidane ( name ) . Zinedine Zidane O.L.H. , A.O.M.N. Zidane in 2017 Full name Zinedine Yazid Zidane Date of birth ( 1972 - 06 - 23 ) 23 June 1972 ( age 45 ) Place of birth Marseille , France Height 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Playing position Attacking midfielder Club information Current team Real Madrid ( manager ) Youth career 1981 -- 1983 US Saint - Henri 1983 -- 1986 SO Septèmes - les - Vallons 1986 -- 1989 Cannes Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1989 -- 1992 Cannes 61 ( 6 ) 1992 -- 1996 Bordeaux 139 ( 28 ) 1996 -- 2001 Juventus 151 ( 24 ) 2001 -- 2006 Real Madrid 155 ( 37 ) Total 506 ( 95 ) National team 1988 -- 1989 France U17 ( 1 ) 1989 -- 1990 France U18 6 ( 0 ) 1990 -- 1994 France U21 20 ( 3 ) 1994 -- 2006 France 108 ( 31 ) Teams managed 2014 -- 2016 Real Madrid Castilla 2016 -- Real Madrid * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only . Zinedine Yazid Zidane O.L.H. , A.O.M.N. ( French pronunciation : ( zinedin zidan ) , born 23 June 1972 ) , nicknamed `` Zizou '' , is a French retired professional footballer and current manager of Real Madrid . He played as an attacking midfielder for the France national team , Cannes , Bordeaux , Juventus and Real Madrid . An elite playmaker , renowned for his elegance , vision , ball control and technique , Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll in 2004 . He is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time . At club level , Zidane won the La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League with Real Madrid , two Serie A league championships with Juventus and an Intercontinental Cup and a UEFA Super Cup each with both aforementioned teams . His 2001 transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid set a world record fee of € 77.5 million . His left - foot volleyed winner in the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final is considered to be one of the greatest goals in the competition 's history . On the international stage with France , Zidane won the 1998 FIFA World Cup , scoring twice in the final and being named to the All - Star Team , and the UEFA Euro 2000 where he was named Player of the Tournament . The World Cup triumph made him a national hero in France , and he received the Légion d'honneur in 1998 . Zidane was named the FIFA World Player of the Year three times , in 1998 , 2000 and 2003 , and won the 1998 Ballon d'Or . He was Ligue 1 Player of the Year in 1996 , Serie A Footballer of the Year in 2001 and La Liga Best Foreign Player in 2002 . In 2004 , he was named in the FIFA 100 , a list of the world 's greatest living players compiled by Pelé . Zidane received the Golden Ball for player of the tournament at the 2006 World Cup , despite his infamous sending off in the final against Italy for headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest . Prior to the World Cup , he announced he would retire at the end of the tournament . He retired as the fourth-most capped player in France history . Having had success at club and international level as a player , Zidane is one of seven players to have won the FIFA World Cup , the UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or . After retirement , Zidane became assistant coach at Real Madrid under Carlo Ancelotti for the 2013 -- 14 season . After a successful year in which the club won the UEFA Champions League and Copa del Rey , Zidane became the coach of Real Madrid 's B team , Real Madrid Castilla . In 2010 , Zidane was an ambassador for Qatar 's successful bid to stage the 2022 FIFA World Cup , the first Arab country to host the tournament . Zidane is currently the manager of Real Madrid , taking over the position in January 2016 . In his first two seasons as manager , Zidane won the UEFA Champions League title twice , a La Liga title , a Supercopa de España title , the UEFA Super Cup twice and FIFA Club World Cup twice . His success saw him named Best FIFA Men 's Coach in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Club career 2.1 Cannes 2.2 Bordeaux 2.3 Juventus 2.4 Real Madrid 3 International career 3.1 Euro 1996 3.2 1998 World Cup 3.3 Euro 2000 3.4 2002 World Cup 3.5 Euro 2004 3.6 2006 World Cup 4 Retirement 4.1 Charity activities 5 Managerial career 5.1 Real Madrid Castilla 5.2 Real Madrid 5.2. 1 2015 -- 16 5.2. 2 2016 -- 17 5.2. 3 2017 -- 18 6 Reception and legacy 7 In popular culture 8 Personal life 9 Career statistics 9.1 Player 9.1. 1 Club 9.1. 2 International 9.2 Managerial statistics 10 Honours and achievements 10.1 Player 10.1. 1 Club 10.1. 2 International 10.1. 3 Individual 10.2 Manager 10.2. 1 Club 10.2. 2 Individual 10.3 Order 10.4 Records 11 See also 12 Notes and references 13 External links Early life and career ( edit ) La Castellane in the northwestern edge of Marseille where Zidane was born Zinedine Yazid Zidane ( Arabic : زين الدين يزيد زيدان ‎ ) was born on 23 June 1972 in La Castellane , Marseille , in Southern France . Zidane is of Algerian Kabyle descent . His parents , Smaïl and Malika , emigrated to Paris from the village of Aguemoune in the Berber - speaking region of Kabylie in northern Algeria in 1953 before the start of the Algerian War . The family , which had settled in the city 's tough northern districts of Barbès and Saint - Denis , found little work in the region , and in the mid-1960s moved to the northern Marseille suburb of La Castellane in the 16th arrondissement of Marseille . In 1972 , Zidane was born there as the youngest of five siblings . His father worked as a warehouseman and nightwatchman at a department store , often on the night shift , while his mother was a housewife . The family lived a reasonably comfortable life by the standards of the neighbourhood , which was notorious throughout Marseille for its high crime and unemployment rates . It was in Castellane where Zidane had his earliest introduction in football , joining in at the age of five in football games that the neighbourhood 's children played on the Place Tartane , an 80 - by - 12 - yard plaza that served as the main square of the housing complex . In July 2011 , Zidane named former Marseille players Blaž Slišković , Enzo Francescoli and Jean - Pierre Papin as his idols while growing up . At the age of ten , Zidane got his first player 's licence after joining the junior team of a local club from Castellane by the name of US Saint - Henri . After spending a year and a half at US Saint - Henri , Zidane joined SO Septèmes - les - Vallons when the Septèmes coach Robert Centenero convinced the club 's Director to get Zidane . Zidane stayed with Septèmes until the age of 14 , at which time he was selected to attend a three - day training camp at the CREPS ( Regional Centre for Sports and Physical Education ) in Aix - en - Provence , one of several such footballing institutes run by the French Football Federation . It was here that Zidane was spotted by AS Cannes scout and former player Jean Varraud , who recommended him to the training centre director of the club . Club career ( edit ) Cannes ( edit ) `` He 'd go past one , two , three , five , six players -- it was sublime . His feet spoke with the ball '' -- Jean Varraud , former player who discovered Zidane . Zidane went to AS Cannes for a six - week stay , but ended up remaining at the club for four years to play at the professional level . Having left his family to join Cannes , he was invited by Cannes Director Jean - Claude Elineau to leave the dormitory he shared with 20 other trainees and to come and stay with him and his family . Zidane later said that while living with the Elineaus he found equilibrium . It was at Cannes where Zidane 's first coaches noticed that he was raw and sensitive , prone to attack spectators who insulted his race or family . His first coach , Jean Varraud , encouraged him to channel his anger and focus on his own game . Zidane spent his first weeks at Cannes mainly on cleaning duty as a punishment for punching an opponent who mocked his ghetto origins . The occasional violence that he would display throughout his career was shaped by an internal conflict of being an Algerian - Frenchman suspended between cultures , and surviving the tough streets of La Castellane where he grew up . Zidane made his professional debut with Cannes on 18 May 1989 in a French Division 1 match against Nantes . He scored his first goal for the club on 10 February 1991 also against Nantes in a 2 -- 1 win . After the match during a party for all the Cannes players , Zidane was given a car by Cannes Chairman Alain Pedretti , who had promised him one the day he scored his first goal for the club . On the pitch , Zidane displayed extraordinary technique on the ball , offering glimpses of the talent that would take him to the top of the world game . In his first full season with Cannes , the club secured its first ever European football berth by qualifying for the UEFA Cup after finishing fourth in the league . This remains the club 's highest finish in the top flight since getting relegated for the first time from the first division in the 1948 -- 49 season . Bordeaux ( edit ) Zidane was transferred to Girondins de Bordeaux in the 1992 -- 93 season , winning the 1995 Intertoto Cup after beating Karlsruhe , and finishing runner - up against Bayern Munich in the 1995 -- 96 UEFA Cup , in four years with the club . He played a set of midfield combinations with Bixente Lizarazu and Christophe Dugarry , which would become the trademark of both Bordeaux and the 1998 French national team . In 1995 , Blackburn Rovers manager Kenny Dalglish had expressed interest in signing both Zidane and Dugarry , to which team owner and chairman Jack Walker reportedly replied , `` Why do you want to sign Zidane when we have Tim Sherwood ? '' Also towards the beginning of the 1996 season , according to football agent Barry Silkman , Zidane was offered to Newcastle United for £ 1.2 million , but the club turned down the offer after watching him , claiming that he was not good enough for the English First Division . In 1996 , Zidane received the award for Ligue 1 Player of the Year . Juventus ( edit ) `` He is a special player . He creates space where there is none . No matter where he gets the ball or how it comes to him , he can get out of trouble . His imagination and his technique are amazing '' -- Juventus teammate Edgar Davids . After a series of stand out performances for both Bordeaux and France , Zidane had offers to join Europe 's top clubs in the spring of 1996 , deciding on a move to UEFA Champions League winners Juventus during the close season . Zidane 's impact in Italy was immediate , winning the 1996 -- 97 Serie A title and the 1996 Intercontinental Cup . He lost in the 1997 UEFA Champions League Final 3 -- 1 to Borussia Dortmund when he was unable to make an impression against the close marking of Paul Lambert . The following season , Zidane scored seven goals in 32 matches in the league to help Juventus win the 1997 -- 98 Serie A and thus retain the Scudetto . In Europe , Juventus made their third consecutive UEFA Champions League Final appearance , but lost the game 1 -- 0 to Real Madrid . In 1998 , Zidane was named FIFA World Player of the Year , and won the Ballon d'Or . Juventus finished second in the 2000 -- 01 Serie A , but were eliminated in the group stage of the Champions League , after Zidane was banned for head - butting Hamburger SV player Jochen Kientz . In 2001 , Zidane was named Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year for the second time . Real Madrid ( edit ) Zidane with teammate David Beckham in 2003 In 2001 , Zidane joined Real Madrid for a world record fee of 150 billion Italian lire , ( about € 77.5 million by fixed exchange rate ; a reported 12.8 billion pesetas ) in installments , and signed a four - year contract . The latest addition to the Galácticos era of global stars signed by Real Madrid every year , in his first season at the club Zidane scored a famous match - winning goal , a volley hit with his weaker foot , in Madrid 's 2 -- 1 win over Bayer Leverkusen in the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final , completing his personal quadruple . The goal has been cited as one of the greatest in Champions League history . `` He dominates the ball , he is a walking spectacle and he plays as if he had silk gloves on each foot . He makes it worthwhile going to the stadium -- he 's one of the best I have ever seen . '' -- Alfredo Di Stéfano on Zidane after he was named World Player of the Year in 2003 . The next season , Zidane helped Real Madrid to win the 2002 -- 03 La Liga , starring alongside Luís Figo in midfield , and was named the FIFA World Player of the Year for the third time . In 2004 , fans voted him as the best European footballer of the previous 50 years in UEFA 's fiftieth - anniversary Golden Jubilee Poll . While Zidane 's final season of club football ended without a trophy , he enjoyed success on a personal note by scoring his first hat - trick , against Sevilla , in a 4 -- 2 win in January 2006 . He ended the season for Real Madrid as their second highest goalscorer and assists provider behind teammates Ronaldo and David Beckham respectively , with nine goals and ten assists in 28 games . On 7 May 2006 , Zidane , who had announced his plans to retire after the 2006 World Cup , played his farewell match and scored in a 3 -- 3 draw with Villarreal . The squad wore commemorative shirts with ZIDANE 2001 -- 2006 below the club logo . The 80,000 fans inside the Santiago Bernabéu held up a banner reading , `` Thanks for the magic . '' In 2012 , Zidane featured for Madrid in an All Stars Match against Manchester United which resulted in a 3 -- 2 win for Real . In April 2013 , he was named by Marca as a member of the `` Best foreign eleven in Real Madrid 's history . '' International career ( edit ) Both France and Algeria consider Zidane a citizen . It was rumoured that coach Abdelhamid Kermali denied Zidane a position for the Algerian squad because he felt the young midfielder was not fast enough . However , Zidane dismissed the rumour in a 2005 interview , saying that he would have been ineligible to play for Algeria because he had already played for France . He earned his first cap with France as a substitute in a friendly against the Czech Republic on 17 August 1994 , which ended in a 2 -- 2 draw after Zidane scored twice to help France erase a 2 -- 0 deficit . After Eric Cantona was handed a year - long suspension in January 1995 for assaulting a fan , Zidane took over the playmaker position . Euro 1996 ( edit ) Despite not being at his best during the tournament , France reached the last four . Zidane was not yet fully established in the French team and his level was quite average during the whole event , but he managed to score in the penalty shootout in both the quarter - final and semi-final . France was eliminated in the Euro 96 semi-finals in a penalty shootout against the Czech Republic . 1998 World Cup ( edit ) Zidane wore number 10 throughout his international career The 1998 FIFA World Cup was the first World Cup that Zidane participated in . It was held in his home country France . The French team won all three games in the group stage but Zidane was sent off in the second match against Saudi Arabia for a stamp on Fuad Anwar , becoming the first French player to receive a red card in a World Cup Final . Without their playmaker France proceeded to win 1 -- 0 in the last sixteen game against Paraguay and , on his return to the side , defeated Italy 4 -- 3 on penalties after a goalless draw in the quarter - finals . France then defeated Croatia 2 -- 1 in the semi-final . Zidane played a major role in the team 's accomplishment , though he had yet to score a goal at the World Cup . Zidane and France went on to play against defending champions and favourites Brazil at the Stade de France in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Final . France dominated Brazil from the kick - off , with Zidane scoring two similar goals , both headers from corner kicks taken by Emmanuel Petit and Youri Djorkaeff . Courtesy of Zidane 's two goals , France went into the half - time break 2 -- 0 up with one hand already on the World Cup trophy . Petit added a third goal deep in stoppage time to seal the 3 -- 0 win and France 's first ever World Cup . Zidane became an instant national hero , and over one million people celebrated the victory on the Champs - Élysées where a huge image of Zidane was projected on the Arc de Triomphe along with the words `` Merci Zizou '' . Euro 2000 ( edit ) Two years later France won Euro 2000 , becoming the first team to hold both the World Cup and the European Championship since West Germany in 1974 . Zidane finished with two goals , a memorable bending free kick against Spain in the quarter - final and the golden goal in the semi-final against Portugal by way of a penalty , and was named Player of the Tournament by UEFA . 2002 World Cup ( edit ) As reigning world and European champions , France entered the 2002 World Cup as favourites but a thigh injury prevented Zidane from playing in France 's first two matches and without their talisman , the French team failed to score in either match . He was rushed back prematurely for the third game despite not being fully fit , but could not prevent France from being ignominiously eliminated in the group stage without scoring a single goal ; the worst performance by a defending champion in the history of the competition . Euro 2004 ( edit ) At Euro 2004 , France topped their group with wins over England and Switzerland , before being knocked out in the quarter finals by eventual champions Greece in a surprise 1 -- 0 loss . In the opening match against England , Zidane scored a free kick and penalty in stoppage time to turn impending defeat into a 2 -- 1 victory . After France 's elimination , Zidane announced his retirement from international football . 2006 World Cup ( edit ) Zidane during the 2006 World Cup Final With the mass retirement of veteran key players such as Bixente Lizarazu , Marcel Desailly , Claude Makélélé and Lilian Thuram , France struggled to qualify for the 2006 World Cup . At the urging of coach Raymond Domenech , Zidane came out of retirement and was immediately reinstated as team captain . Zidane , along with Thuram and Makelele , made his competitive return for France in a 3 -- 0 win over the Faroe Islands on 3 September 2005 . The trio helped France rise from fourth place to win their qualifying group . On 27 May 2006 , Zidane earned his hundredth cap for France in a 1 -- 0 friendly win over Mexico , in what would also be his last match at the Stade de France . Zidane became France 's fourth player to reach 100 caps , after Desailly , Thuram and Didier Deschamps . France had a slow start to the 2006 Finals and , after being suspended for the third match of the group stage , Zidane returned to set up a goal for Patrick Vieira and score one himself in the second round match against Spain . In the quarter - final France held Brazil to just one shot on goal in the rematch of the 1998 final . Zidane assisted Thierry Henry 's deciding goal and was named Man of the Match by FIFA . France faced Portugal in the semi final and , as in Brussels six years earlier , Zidane 's penalty kick decided the contest and sent France to another major final . Before the 2006 World Cup final in Berlin , Zidane was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . Having already announced he was to retire after the expiration of his Real Madrid contract at the end of the 2005 -- 06 season , the world of football already knew Zidane 's second World Cup final was to be the last match of his career . Seven minutes into the match Zidane put France ahead with a Panenka - style penalty kick which struck the crossbar and bounced just over the goal line to become only the fourth player in World Cup history to score in two different finals , along with Pelé , Paul Breitner , and Vavá , in addition to being tied for first place with Vavá , Pelé and Geoff Hurst with three World Cup final goals apiece . He almost scored a second goal during the first period of extra time but his header was saved by Italy 's goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon . Zidane was then sent off in the 110th minute of the game after headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest , so he did not participate in the penalty shootout which Italy won 5 -- 3 . Zidane 's actions made headlines all over the world , while in France Le Figaro called his head - butt `` odious , '' and the front page of L'Equipe asked , `` What should we tell our children , for whom you have become an example for ever ? ... How could that happen to a man like you ? '' `` The match you played last night was full of talent and professionalism . I know that you are sad and disappointed but what I want to tell you is that the whole country is extremely proud of you . You have honoured the country with your exceptional qualities and your fantastic fighting spirit , which was your strength in difficult times , but also in winning times . '' -- President of France , Jacques Chirac , pays tribute to Zidane in Paris after the 2006 World Cup . Upon his return to France , the Place de la Concorde in Paris was filled with thousands of fans waving flags and rhythmically chanting `` Zizou ! Zizou ! , '' and tributes were led by the French president Jacques Chirac . Chirac 's words reflected the feeling of the French public , with polls done in the immediate wake of the incident showing support for Zidane : 61 % of French people said they had already forgiven him for his actions while 52 % said they understood them . According to French journalist Philippe Auclair , Zidane 's performances in the knock - out rounds were `` ranked among his finest in a blue shirt . '' As the player of the tournament , Zidane had given the team hope , with the French daily newspaper Libération stating , `` For a month , France was dreaming with Zidane . '' Zidane remained an icon to the French public , and one French writer stated , `` It 's good for us to see our national hero is fallible . '' It was later revealed through interviews that Marco Materazzi had insulted Zidane 's sister , which led to Zidane 's heightened anger and reaction . In 2010 , Zidane said that he would `` rather die than apologize '' to Materazzi for the headbutt in the final , but also admitted that he `` could never have lived with himself '' had he been allowed to remain on the pitch and help France win the match . He later said , `` If you look at the fourteen red cards I had in my career , twelve of them were a result of provocation . This is n't justification , this is n't an excuse , but my passion , temper and blood made me react . '' Following his red card in the final , Zidane retired from professional football and confirmed that he would not go back on his decision . He was sentenced by FIFA to a three match suspension for the red card . He agreed to complete three days of community service with children in one of FIFA 's humanitarian projects . Zidane ended up tying with Brazil 's Cafu for the record for most cards given in World Cup matches , with six . Retirement ( edit ) Since his retirement , Zidane has regularly played for the Real Madrid Veterans team . He has also made several futsal appearances . In an interview in June 2008 , Zidane stated that he wanted to return to football , but that he had no immediate plans to do so . On 1 June 2009 , Zidane was announced as the advisor to the president after Florentino Pérez was named president of Real Madrid for the second time . He , along with general director Jorge Valdano and sporting director Miguel Pardeza , were to be the key decisionmakers on the sporting side of the club . After France 's dismal campaign in the 2010 World Cup , Zidane said that he did not plan to move into coaching any time soon . Qatar 's 2022 World Cup bid committee announced in September 2010 that Zidane had been appointed as an ambassador for Qatar 's attempt to host the 2022 World Cup . After FIFA announced on 2 December 2010 that Qatar had won the bid to host the 2022 World Cup , Zidane stated that he was `` very pleased '' with the outcome . Zidane spoke of the message he was trying to convey in the campaign : `` I was saying that football belonged to the whole world . I 'm proud to have made my contribution to a new country getting the World Cup . Qatar and the entire Middle East as a whole deserves this event and that makes me happy . It 's a victory for the Arab world . '' Charity activities ( edit ) Zidane during an appearance for the Danone Nations Cup , 2008 On 24 February 2007 , before a crowd of 10,000 fans at a match in northern Thailand for the Keuydaroon children 's AIDS charity , Zidane scored the first goal and set up the second for a Malaysian teammate as the match ended 2 -- 2 . The event raised ฿ 260,000 ( $7,750 ) . This money paid for the building of two schools and 16 three - bedroom houses . On 19 November 2008 , Zidane took part in the fifth annual Match Against Poverty in Málaga , Spain , which also ended in a 2 -- 2 draw ; he went scoreless but set up his team 's second goal . He and Ronaldo , who collaborated in conceiving the yearly event to benefit the United Nations Development Programme , regularly captain their respective teams consisting of active footballers , other professional athletes and celebrities . Zidane , a UN Goodwill Ambassador since 2001 , stated before the game that `` everyone can do something to make the world a better place . '' Zidane in the Match Against Poverty in Bern , March 2014 In June and July 2009 , Zidane toured across Canada with stops in Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver . Although billed as Zidane and `` Friends '' , the likes of which included Fabien Barthez and Samuel Eto'o , the exhibition matches featured local players . Tournament organisers cited lack of sponsorship and support from the Canadian Soccer Association for the disorganized rosters . Some proceeds were given to UNICEF . On 6 June 2010 , Zidane took part in the biennial charity event Soccer Aid . He played for the Rest of the World team , managed by former Liverpool and Celtic forward Kenny Dalglish against England alongside former Real Madrid teammate Luís Figo and Celtic legend Henrik Larsson . He played against former players such as Teddy Sheringham and Alan Shearer , as well as celebrities such as Hollywood actors Woody Harrelson , Mike Myers , Michael Sheen , chef Gordon Ramsay and singer Robbie Williams . The match took place at Old Trafford in Manchester and was won by The Rest of the World for the first time , the winning penalty scored by Harrelson , after a 2 -- 2 draw . On 2 June 2013 , Zidane took part in a charity match played at Old Trafford as part of the Manchester United Legends vs. Real Madrid Legends reverse fixture . The first leg took place in Santiago Bernabéu Stadium . Part of a team that included the likes of Figo , Fernando Redondo and Manolo Sanchís , the fixture raised funds for the Manchester United Foundation . Managerial career ( edit ) Zidane in 2013 In November 2010 , Zidane was appointed as a special adviser to Real Madrid 's first team in response to an appeal made by then - Real Madrid coach José Mourinho for the former Real midfielder to work more closely with the team . In his new role , Zidane was expected to participate in Champions League events and functions and was also to travel with the first team on a regular basis and participate in pre-match gatherings , training sessions and meetings with the head coach . In July 2011 , it was announced that he would become Real Madrid 's new sporting director . In 2013 , Zidane was appointed assistant coach to Carlo Ancelotti at Real Madrid . Real Madrid Castilla ( edit ) In June 2014 , Real Madrid announced that Zidane will be the coach of Real Madrid 's B team , Real Madrid Castilla . On 29 August , the director of the Spanish National Football Coach Education Centre ( CENAFE ) , Miguel Galán , reported Zidane for acting as Real Madrid Castilla 's head coach without the necessary coaching badges . According to Galán , `` No one who has anything to do with the football world can be unaware that Zidane is acting as Real Madrid Castilla 's head coach this season . It is a fait accompli that has been widely accepted , as shown by media reports , and Real Madrid do not deny it . '' While the official match report for Castilla 's opening game in the Segunda División B lists Santiago Sánchez as the Los Blancos ' head coach and Zidane as his assistant , Galán states , `` This hierarchy only exists on paper . The truth is the exact opposite : Zidane is acting as Real Madrid Castilla 's head coach , while , with all due respect to him as a colleague , Mr Sánchez 's role basically boils down to providing the badges . '' Real Madrid ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 ( edit ) Zidane ( right ) with Real Madrid captain Sergio Ramos lifting the 2016 UEFA Champions League trophy On 4 January 2016 , Real Madrid announced the dismissal of manager Rafael Benítez and on the same day Zidane was appointed the new manager of the club on a two - and - a-half - year deal . His first match as the club 's new manager took place five days later , when Real Madrid beat Deportivo de La Coruña 5 -- 0 in a La Liga match . In his first El Clásico as a manager , held on 2 April at the Camp Nou , Zidane led his club to a 2 -- 1 win over Barcelona to end Barça 's 39 - match unbeaten run . Zidane thus became the first Real Madrid manager to win his first Clásico match since Bernd Schuster in December 2007 . On 4 May , Zidane led Real Madrid to a place in the 2016 UEFA Champions League final by beating Manchester City 1 -- 0 on aggregate . In La Liga , Real Madrid finished runners up , just one point behind Barcelona . In the Champions League final on 28 May , Real Madrid defeated fellow Madrid club Atlético Madrid in a penalty shootout to grab the 11th European Cup ( La Undécima ) in the club history . Zidane became the seventh man to win the European Cup ( now UEFA Champions League ) as both a player and a manager , the second man ( after Miguel Muñoz ) to win the trophy with Real Madrid as both a player and a manager , and the first French manager , except the French - Argentinian Helenio Herrera , to win the trophy . 2016 -- 17 ( edit ) Zidane , with his Real Madrid players , standing to the right of Madrid mayor Manuela Carmena after Real had won their 33rd La Liga title , May 2017 On 18 September 2016 , Real Madrid defeated Espanyol 2 -- 0 away to post a club - record 16th consecutive La Liga victory , overtaking their previous record of 15 set in 1960 -- 61 and equaling the record of consecutive La Liga wins of Barcelona set in 2010 -- 11 . On 18 December 2016 , Real Madrid defeated Japanese club Kashima Antlers 4 -- 2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup , with Cristiano Ronaldo scoring a hat - trick . On 12 January 2017 , Madrid 's draw against Sevilla FC in the second leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16 saw him with 40 consecutive matches without a loss -- creating a new Spanish record , beating Luis Enrique 's record of 39 matches undefeated with Barcelona . Zidane led Madrid to the La Liga title , their 33rd in history . On 3 June 2017 , Zidane led Real Madrid to a 4 -- 1 win against Italian side Juventus in the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final at Cardiff to grab the 12th European Cup ( La Duodécima ) in the club history . This victory meant that Madrid were the first ever team to win the Champions League twice in a row and that Zidane led Real Madrid to La Liga and the Champions League . With Real 's Champions League victory , Zidane became only the second manager to win the European Cup in his first two seasons in management , along with fellow Real Madrid manager José Villalonga . 2017 -- 18 ( edit ) Real Madrid won the 2017 UEFA Super Cup 2 -- 1 against Manchester United on 8 August . This meant Zidane was the first manager to win two UEFA Super Cups in a row since Arrigo Sacchi 's A.C. Milan in 1990 . Five days later , Real Madrid beat Barcelona at the Camp Nou 1 -- 3 in the first leg of the 2017 Supercopa de España . Three days later , Real won the second leg 2 -- 0 , ending a 24 consecutive scoring record of Barcelona in El Clásico matches , and with a 5 -- 1 aggregate score . This title tied Zidane with Vicente del Bosque as the third most successful Real Madrid manager with 7 titles , one short of Luis Molowny , but still 7 away from Miguel Muñoz . This also meant that at the time Zidane had won as many titles in his managerial position in Real Madrid as games lost during his tenure . Zidane 's success saw him named Best FIFA Men 's Coach in 2017 . In December 2017 Zidane won his eighth trophy as manager when Real defeated Grêmio in the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup in the United Arab Emirates . Reception and legacy ( edit ) `` Zidane is the master . Over the past ten years , there 's been no one like him , he has been the best player in the world . '' -- Pelé . `` Technically , I think he is the king of what 's fundamental in the game -- control and passing . I do n't think anyone can match him when it comes to controlling or receiving the ball . '' -- Michel Platini . `` Zidane was football 's answer to the Bolshoi Ballet . Zidane was elegance above all else . '' -- Sid Lowe , football journalist . Many authoritative voices have acclaimed Zidane 's skills and importance in the history of football , such as Brazil coach Carlos Alberto Parreira , who called Zidane `` a monster '' for his performance and abilities . German coach Franz Beckenbauer stated , `` Zidane is one of the greatest players in history , a truly magnificent player . '' Italy 's manager Marcello Lippi , who has also coached Zidane , opined , `` I think Zidane is the greatest talent we 've known in football these last twenty years , yet he never played the prima donna . I am honoured to have been his manager . '' Former England manager Kevin Keegan said , `` You look at Zidane and think ' I 've never seen a player quite like that . ' Diego Maradona was a great player . Johan Cruyff was a great player . They were different -- but with similarities . What sets Zidane apart is the way he manipulates a football , buying himself space that is n't there . Add his vision and it makes him very special . '' At the 1998 World Cup , Italian manager Cesare Maldini said , `` I would give up five players to have Zidane in my squad . '' Among his playing peers , Swedish striker Zlatan Ibrahimović commented , `` Zidane was from another planet . When Zidane stepped onto the pitch , the ten other guys just got suddenly better . It is that simple . '' David Beckham has described Zidane as `` the greatest of all time '' , Barcelona star Xavi has stated in a 2010 interview that Zidane was `` the ' 90s and early 2000s best player '' , while Brazilian defender and former Madrid teammate Roberto Carlos has said of Zidane , `` He is the best player I 've seen . Supporters arrived earlier at the Bernabéu just to see him warm - up . '' Brazilian playmaker Ronaldinho stated , `` Zidane is one of the best footballers of all time , one of my idols . He had such elegance and grace , a wonderful touch and superb vision . '' Belgian midfielder Eden Hazard believes Zidane is `` the best ever '' . Zidane advertisement in Algeria . A French national hero of Berber descent , Zidane is an icon in North Africa . Displaying skills with an array of moves such as his signature La Roulette pirouette , step overs and close ball control , former Brazilian international Rivaldo enjoyed watching Zidane more than any other player , stating , `` His elegance of movement on the pitch and his skills are uncanny . '' Spanish midfielder Xabi Alonso opined , `` What he could do with a football is a dream for most of us . '' In 2005 , upon Zidane 's return to the French national team , his teammate Thierry Henry stated , `` In France , everybody realized that God exists , and that he is back in the French international team . God is back , there is little left to say . '' Zidane has been lauded by sportsmen outside football ; having witnessed Zidane 's goal against Deportivo La Coruña in January 2002 , where he dragged the ball right then left , turning the defender inside out , before scoring with a left foot finish , basketball player Magic Johnson stated , `` One of the most inspiring nights of my life . Zidane is a phenomenon . '' Zidane has been named FIFA World Player of the Year three times , a feat achieved only by Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo . In 2002 , ESPN described Zidane as `` the greatest player in the world in the world 's biggest game '' . In a 2002 FIFA poll , Zidane was selected in the FIFA World Cup Dream Team . In 2004 , he was voted UEFA Best European Player of the Past 50 Years , and was named in the FIFA 100 list of the world 's greatest living players . When uefa.com asked players , journalists and their users to crown the best player in the UEFA Champions League of the past 20 years , in 2011 , Zidane topped the poll ahead of Messi . In a 2004 poll conducted by French newspaper Journal du Dimanche , Zidane was voted as `` the most popular Frenchman of all time '' . In 2014 , in a poll carried out by French TV channel TF1 , Zidane was voted as the best player in the history of the French league ahead of other French football legends , such as Michel Platini and Raymond Kopa . In 2016 , in a study led by French newspaper Le Parisien , Zidane was named `` best French player of all time '' . In popular culture ( edit ) Headbutt , a sculpture by Adel Abdessemed depicting Zidane and Materazzi . Zidane has had endorsements with many companies , including Adidas , Lego , France Telecom , Orange , Audi , Volvic and Christian Dior . These sponsorship deals earned him € 8.6 million on top of his € 6.4 million Real Madrid salary in 2006 , totalling € 15 million ( $20.4 million ) , which made him the sixth - highest paid footballer . In 2004 , Forbes magazine listed his earnings of $15.8 million for the previous 12 months . In May 2010 , Zidane appeared in a commercial for Louis Vuitton , indulging in a game of table football with Pelé and Diego Maradona . In 2005 , filmmakers Philippe Parreno and Douglas Gordon filmed a documentary Zidane : A 21st Century Portrait , which follows Zidane during an entire match , filmed with 17 cameras . Scottish post-rock band Mogwai provided the soundtrack . The documentary was part of the 2009 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival . In November 2006 , Zidane toured Bangladesh as the guest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus . He also visited the Algerian birthplace of his parents , and met personally with Algerian president Abdelaziz Bouteflika , who gave him an official reception . In 2012 , Algerian artist Adel Abdessemed unveiled a bronze sculpture depicting Zidane 's headbutt of Marco Materazzi . On 5 November 2006 , Zidane appeared in the American animated sitcom Family Guy , seen headbutting an old lady in the episode `` Saving Private Brian '' as a parody of his headbutt on Materazzi in the 2006 World Cup Final . The infamous headbutt has also been the subject of a lyrical essay by the Belgian novelist Jean - Philippe Toussaint entitled La Mélancolie de Zidane ( 2006 ) . In 2010 , footage of Zidane appeared in the `` Waka Waka '' music video by Shakira , which shows him celebrating France winning the 1998 World Cup . In 2014 , Australian sports presenter Les Murray collaborated with the band Vaudeville Smash and performed a Zidane tribute song , the accompanying video featuring four footballers performing ball tricks in Zidane masks , one of whom ends up headbutting a nightwatchman . In 2016 , Zidane was ranked as one of the 500 most influential Muslims in the world by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre of Jordan , which noted : `` ( Zidane 's ) modest character has endeared him to the wider public . '' Personal life ( edit ) Zidane 's parents ' house in the village of Aguemoune Ath Slimane in Algeria At the age of 17 , Zidane met his future wife , Véronique Fernández ( born in Aveyron of Spanish descent ) , while playing for Cannes in the 1988 -- 89 season . Married in 1994 , they have four sons : Enzo Alan Zidane Fernández ( born 24 March 1995 ) , Luca Zinedine Zidane Fernández ( born 13 May 1998 ) , Theo Zidane Fernández ( born 18 May 2002 ) , and Elyaz Zidane Fernández ( born 26 December 2005 ) . Enzo is a midfielder for Lausanne Sport , Luca is a third - choice goalkeeper for Real Madrid , Theo ( midfielder ) is in Cadete A and Elyaz ( midfielder ) in Infantil B for Real Madrid Academy Career Statistics ( edit ) Player ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Club performance League Cup Continental Total Season Club League Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals France League Coupe de France Europe Total 1988 -- 89 Cannes Division 1 0 0 0 -- 0 1989 -- 90 0 0 0 0 -- 0 0 1990 -- 91 28 0 -- 31 1991 -- 92 31 5 0 0 38 5 1992 -- 93 Bordeaux 35 10 -- 39 11 1993 -- 94 34 6 0 6 43 8 1994 -- 95 37 6 45 8 1995 -- 96 33 6 0 15 6 49 12 Italy League Coppa Italia Europe Total 1996 -- 97 Juventus Serie A 29 5 0 10 41 7 1997 -- 98 32 7 5 11 48 11 1998 -- 99 25 5 0 10 0 40 1999 -- 2000 32 6 0 41 5 2000 -- 01 33 6 0 0 39 6 Spain League Copa del Rey Europe Total 2001 -- 02 Real Madrid La Liga 31 7 9 9 49 12 2002 -- 03 33 9 0 14 48 12 2003 -- 04 33 6 7 10 50 10 2004 -- 05 29 6 0 10 0 40 6 2005 -- 06 29 9 5 0 0 38 9 Country France 200 34 18 29 9 247 45 Italy 151 24 17 41 5 209 31 Spain 155 37 23 47 9 225 49 Total 506 95 58 7 117 23 681 125 International ( edit ) Main article : List of international goals scored by Zinedine Zidane National Team Year Apps Goals France 1994 1995 6 12 1997 8 1998 15 5 1999 6 2000 13 2001 8 2002 9 2003 7 7 2005 5 2006 10 Total 108 31 Includes one appearance from the match against FIFA XI on 16 August 2000 which FIFA and the French Football Federation count as an official friendly match . Managerial statistics ( edit ) As of 18 February 2018 Managerial record by team and tenure Team From To Record GF GA GD Win % Real Madrid Castilla 25 June 2014 4 January 2016 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 + 30 07001456100000000000 ♠ 45.61 Real Madrid 4 January 2016 Present 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7002341000000000000 ♠ 341 7002134000000000000 ♠ 134 + 207 07001710900000000000 ♠ 71.09 Career totals 7002185000000000000 ♠ 185 7002117000000000000 ♠ 117 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7002429000000000000 ♠ 429 7002192000000000000 ♠ 192 + 237 07001632400000000000 ♠ 63.24 Honours and achievements ( edit ) Player ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Bordeaux UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1995 Juventus Serie A : 1996 -- 97 , 1997 -- 98 Supercoppa Italiana : 1997 UEFA Super Cup : 1996 Intercontinental Cup : 1996 UEFA Intertoto Cup : 1999 Real Madrid La Liga : 2002 -- 03 Supercopa de España : 2001 , 2003 UEFA Champions League : 2001 -- 02 UEFA Super Cup : 2002 Intercontinental Cup : 2002 International ( edit ) France FIFA World Cup : 1998 UEFA European Championship : 2000 Individual ( edit ) French Division 1 Young Player of the Year : 1993 -- 94 French Division 1 Player of the Year : 1995 -- 96 Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year : 1996 -- 97 , 2000 -- 01 Ballon d'Or : Bronze award 1997 FIFA World Player of the Year : Bronze award 1997 , 2002 Onze d'Argent : 1997 , 2002 , 2003 ESM Team of the Year : 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 UEFA Club Midfielder of the Year : 1998 L'Équipe International Champion of Champions : 1998 L'Équipe France Champion of Champions : 1998 FIFA World Cup Final Man of the Match : 1998 FIFA World Cup All - Star Team : 1998 , 2006 World Soccer Awards Player of the Year : 1998 French Player of the Year : 1998 , 2002 Onze d'Or : 1998 , 2000 , 2001 Ballon d'Or : 1998 FIFA World Player of the Year : 1998 , 2000 , 2003 FIFA XI : 1998 El País European Player of the Year : 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 Onze de Bronze : 1999 World Soccer 's Selection of the 100 Greatest Footballers of the 20th century : 1999 Ballon d'Or : Silver award 2000 UEFA European Championship Player of the Tournament : 2000 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2000 , 2004 Serie A top assist provider : 2000 -- 01 Serie A Footballer of the Year : 2000 -- 01 UEFA Team of the Year : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 UEFA Champions League Final Man of the Match : 2002 Don Balón Award : 2001 -- 02 La Liga Best Foreign Player : 2001 -- 02 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2002 FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2002 FIFA 100 : 2004 UEFA Best European Player of the Past 50 Years : 2004 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2005 , 2006 IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker : 2006 FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2006 FIFA World Player of the Year : Silver award 2006 UNFP Honorary Award : 2007 AFS Top - 100 Players of All Time : 2007 Marca Leyenda Award : 2008 Golden Foot Legends Award : 2008 ESPN Team of the Decade : 2009 ESPN Player of the Decade : 2009 Fox Sports Player of the Decade : 2009 Sports Illustrated Team of the Decade : 2009 Sports Illustrated Player of the Decade : 2009 Don Balón Team of the Decade : 2010 Don Balón Player of the Decade : 2010 Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award : 2011 UEFA team of teams : 2011 UEFA Champions League Best Player of the Past 20 Years : 2011 Équipe type spéciale 20 ans des trophées UNFP : 2011 Real Madrid Greatest XI of All Time : 2012 World Soccer Greatest XI of All Time : 2013 Real Madrid Hall of fame : 2014 UEFA Ultimate Team of the Year ( substitute ) : 2015 IFFHS Legends : 2016 UEFA Euro All Time XI : 2016 FourFourTwo 's Selection of the 100 Greatest Footballers of All Time : 2017 Juventus Greatest XI of All Time : 2017 Manager ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Real Madrid La Liga : 2016 -- 17 Supercopa de España : 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 UEFA Super Cup : 2016 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2016 , 2017 Individual ( edit ) La Liga Manager of the Month : April 2016 , May 2017 UEFA La Liga Team Revelation of the Year : 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League Breakthrough XI : 2015 -- 16 IFFHS World 's Best Club Coach -- Runner - up : 2016 The Best FIFA Football Coach -- Runner - up : 2016 France Football French Manager of the Year : 2016 , 2017 Le Buteur Coach of the Year : 2016 UEFA La Liga Team of the Season : 2016 -- 17 France Football UEFA Champions League Team of the Season : 2016 -- 17 Onze d'Or Coach of the Year : 2016 -- 17 The Best FIFA Football Coach : 2017 ESPN Manager of the Year : 2017 IFFHS World 's Best Club Coach : 2017 RMC French Manager of the Year : 2017 Globe Soccer Awards Best Coach of the Year : 2017 World Soccer Magazine World Manager of the Year : 2017 Order ( edit ) 5th Class / Knight : Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur : 1998 3rd Class / Athir : Athir de l'Ordre du mérite national : 2006 4th Class / Officer : Officier de la Légion d'Honneur : 2009 Records ( edit ) The most expensive footballer in history : 2001 -- 2009 Oldest player to win the FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 34 years and 17 days Oldest goalscorer in a FIFA World Cup Final Match : 34 years and 17 days Most goals scored in FIFA World Cup Final matches : 3 goals ( shared with Pelé , Vavá and Geoff Hurst ) Most FIFA World Cup Final matches scored in : 2 matches ( shared with Pelé , Vavá and Paul Breitner ) Most red cards received in FIFA World Cup matches : 2 ( shared with Rigobert Song ) Only player in history to be named player of the year in 3 of the Top 5 Leagues : Ligue 1 Player of the Year ( 1996 ) , Serie A Footballer of the Year ( 2001 ) , Don Balón Award ( 2002 ) Only player in history to win the World Cup and the European Championship while being named best player of both competitions Most Onze d'Or awards : 7 in total Most FIFA World Player of the Year awards : 6 in total Best winning streak in the history of La Liga : 16 games ( shared with Pep Guardiola ) Most consecutive away wins in the history of La Liga : 13 games Manager with the lowest number of defeats after 100 games ( in Spanish football ) : 8 losses Longest unbeaten run in Real Madrid history : 40 games Longest unbeaten run in Spanish football : 40 games First French manager , except the French - Argentinian Helenio Herrera , to win UEFA Champions League : 2015 -- 16 Longest scoring run ( all major competitions ) in European football : 73 games Only manager in history to win 2 consecutive UEFA Champions League trophies in its modern format Only manager in Real Madrid history to win four trophies in one season Only manager in Real Madrid history to win the UEFA Super Cup twice Quickest manager in the history of the Top 5 Leagues to win 7 titles with a single club : 19 months Quickest manager in the history of the Top 5 Leagues to win 8 titles with a single club : 23 months Quickest manager in history to be named FIFA Football Coach of the Year : 653 days Most The Best FIFA Football Coach awards : 2 in total Only person in history to win the Onze d'Or award as a player and as a manager Only person in history to win FIFA 's Player of the Year award and Coach of the Year award Only person in history to win the IFFHS award as the best playmaker and as a manager Only person in history to win the FIFA Club World Cup trophy successively as a manager . Only manager in Real Madrid history to win five trophies in a year . Only person in history to win the Club World Cup / Intercontinental Title twice as a player and twice as a manager See also ( edit ) List of footballers with 100 or more caps List of UEFA Champions League winning managers Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Zinedine Zidane Profile '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` French heir who became king '' , FIFA.com Retrieved 17 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane set to become Real Madrid director of football '' . The Guardian . London . 14 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zidane voted Europe 's best ever '' The Guardian . Retrieved 17 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Zidane 's lasting legacy '' . BBC . Retrieved 20 April 2013 `` Zidane is greatest football player '' Archived 21 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... ESPN . 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Jump up ^ `` Team of the Teams of the Year '' . UEFA . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le meilleur c'est Zidane '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Un once increíble '' . Marca . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How the panel voted '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane , A genius who marked an era '' . Real Madrid . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : The All - Time XI '' . UEFA. 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IFFHS announce the 48 football legend players '' . IFFHS. 25 January 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your All - time EURO 11 revealed '' . UEFA. 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FourFourTwo 's 100 Greatest Footballers EVER : No. 8 , Zinedine Zidane '' . FourFourTwo. 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # JUVE120 team announced '' . juventus.com. 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.espnfc.com/spanish-primera-division/story/3131112/real-madrid-win-on-final-day-to-secure-title-in-la-liga-over-barcelona Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane named Liga BBVA Manager of the Month for April '' . Official website of La Liga. 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane named LaLiga Santander Manager of the Month for May '' . Official website of La Liga. 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane is the chosen one for UEFA 's ' Team Revelation ' '' . Marca. 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our Champions League breakthrough team of 2016 '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 24 October 2017 Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S BEST CLUB COACH 2016 : Diego Simeone '' . IFFHS. 27 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best FIFA Men 's Coach '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zinédine Zidane élu meilleur entraîneur français de l'année 2016 par le jury de France Football '' . France Football . 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zinédine Zidane ( Real Madrid ) entraîneur français de l'année 2017 '' . France Football . 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane , ' Le Buteur ' coach of the year '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 10 February 2017 . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once ideal de LaLiga para UEFA : 4 del Madrid , 3 del Barça ... '' AS.com. 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ligue des champions : Buffon , Marcelo , Neymar , Cristiano Ronaldo ... L'équipe type de la saison '' . France Football . 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Onze d'Or : Zinédine Zidane élu meilleur entraîneur de la saison '' . Onze Mondial ( in French ) . 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane , Onze de Oro award for best coach of the season '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Zinedine Zidane han been recognised by the French magazine Onze Mondial with the award of Onze de Oro best coach of the 2016 -- 2017 season . Jump up ^ `` The Best FIFA Men 's Coach '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN FC 100 '' . ESPN.com. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S BEST CLUB COACH 2017 : THE CROWN OF ZIDANE '' . iffhs.de. 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RMC Sport Awards : Zidane , manager de l'année , savoure `` une année exceptionnelle '' `` . RMC. 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zinédine Zidane ( Best Coach of the Year ) '' . Globe Soccer. 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Navarrete , Lucas ( 28 December 2017 ) . `` Ronaldo and Zidane win Globe Soccer Awards for Best Player and Best Coach '' . Managing Madrid . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Real Madrid swept the 2017 Globe Soccer Awards as Cristiano Ronaldo was named the best player , Zinedine Zidane the best coach and the club won the Team of the Year Award . Jump up ^ `` Zidane received the Best Coach of the Year award '' . Realmadrid.com . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Zinedine Zidane picked up the Best Coach of the Year award at the Dubai Globe Soccer gala . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo leads Real Madrid 's clean sweep of World Soccer awards '' . World Soccer. 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France honors World Cup winners '' . CNN / SI. 1 September 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Décret du 24 juillet 1998 portant nomination à titre exceptionnel '' . JORF. 1998 ( 170 ) : 11376 . 25 July 1998 . PREX9801916D . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Décret présidentiel n ° 06 - 445 '' ( PDF ) . Journal officiel de la République Algérienne . N ° 80 . 11 December 2006 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Décret du 31 décembre 2008 portant promotion et nomination '' . JORF. 2009 ( 1 ) : 15 . 1 January 2009 . PREX0828237D . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ 3 Onzes d'Or , 3 Onzes d'Argent and 1 Onze de Bronze . Jump up ^ 3 FIFA World Player of the Year awards , 1 FIFA World Player of the Year Silver award and 2 FIFA World Player of the Year Bronze awards . Jump up ^ 1 The Best FIFA Football Coach award and 1 The Best FIFA Football Coach Silver award . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zinedine Zidane . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Zinedine Zidane Zinedine Zidane at Real Madrid ( in English ) ( in Spanish ) Zinedine Zidane -- FIFA competition record Zinedine Zidane on IMDb `` Zinedine Zidane collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Real Madrid C.F. -- current squad 1 Navas 2 Carvajal 3 Vallejo 4 Ramos ( c ) 5 Varane 6 Nacho 7 Ronaldo 8 Kroos 9 Benzema 10 Modrić 11 Bale 12 Marcelo 13 Casilla 14 Casemiro 15 Theo 17 Vázquez 18 Llorente 19 Achraf 20 Asensio 21 Mayoral 22 Isco 23 Kovačić 24 Ceballos 30 Luca Head coach : Zidane 2017 -- 18 La Liga managers Abelardo ( Alavés ) Bordalás ( Getafe ) Calleja ( Villarreal ) Eusebio ( Real Sociedad ) Flores ( Espanyol ) Garitano ( Leganés ) González ( Málaga ) Marcelino ( Valencia ) Machín ( Girona ) Mendilibar ( Eibar ) Montella ( Sevilla ) Muñiz ( Levante ) Paco ( Las Palmas ) Seedorf ( Deportivo ) Setién ( Betis ) Simeone ( Atlético Madrid ) Unzué ( Celta ) Valverde ( Barcelona ) Zidane ( Real Madrid ) Ziganda ( Athletic Bilbao ) Managerial positions Real Madrid Castilla -- managers Quirante ( 1949 -- 51 ) Bonet ( 1951 -- 52 ) Trinchant ( 1952 -- 59 ) Muñoz ( 1959 -- 60 ) Hon ( 1960 -- 61 ) Pasarín ( 1961 -- 63 ) Trinchant ( 1963 ) Martialay ( 1963 -- 65 ) Santisteban ( 1968 -- 71 ) Ruiz ( 1972 -- 74 ) Amancio ( 1976 -- 77 ) Santisteban ( 1977 -- 82 ) Amancio ( 1982 -- 84 ) Grosso ( 1986 -- 87 ) Del Bosque ( 1987 -- 90 ) García Remón ( 1991 -- 93 ) Benítez ( 1993 -- 95 ) Egea ( 1995 -- 97 ) Grande ( 1997 ) Grosso ( 1997 ) Portugal ( 1997 -- 99 ) García Hernández ( 1999 -- 00 ) Buyo ( 2000 -- 01 ) López Caro ( 2001 -- 05 ) Portugal ( 2005 -- 06 ) Míchel ( 2006 -- 07 ) Mandiá ( 2007 -- 08 ) Lopetegui ( 2008 -- 09 ) Menéndez ( 2009 -- 11 ) Toril ( 2011 -- 13 ) Manolo ( 2013 -- 14 ) Zidane ( 2014 -- 16 ) Ramis ( 2016 ) Solari ( 2016 -- ) Real Madrid C.F. -- managers Johnson ( 1910 -- 20 ) De Cárcer ( 1920 -- 26 ) Llorente ( 1926 -- 27 ) Bernabéu ( 1926 -- 27 ) Berraondo ( 1927 -- 29 ) Quirante ( 1929 -- 30 ) Hertzka ( 1930 -- 32 ) Firth ( 1932 -- 1934 ) Bru ( 1934 -- 41 ) Armet ( 1941 -- 43 ) Encinas ( 1943 -- 45 ) Quincoces ( 1945 -- 46 ) Albéniz ( 1946 -- 47 ) Quincoces ( 1947 -- 48 ) Keeping ( 1948 -- 50 ) Albéniz ( 1950 -- 51 ) Scarone ( 1951 -- 52 ) Ipiña ( 1952 -- 53 ) Fernández ( 1953 -- 54 ) Villalonga ( 1954 -- 57 ) Carniglia ( 1957 -- 59 ) Muñoz ( 1959 ) Carniglia ( 1959 ) Fleitas Solich ( 1959 -- 60 ) Muñoz ( 1960 -- 74 ) Molowny ( 1974 ) Miljanić ( 1974 -- 77 ) Molowny ( 1977 -- 79 ) Boškov ( 1979 -- 82 ) Molowny ( 1982 ) Di Stéfano ( 1982 -- 84 ) Amancio ( 1984 -- 85 ) Molowny ( 1985 -- 86 ) Beenhakker ( 1986 -- 89 ) Toshack ( 1989 -- 90 ) Di Stéfano ( 1990 -- 91 ) Grosso ( 1991 ) Antić ( 1991 -- 92 ) Beenhakker ( 1992 ) Floro ( 1992 -- 94 ) Del Bosque ( 1994 ) Valdano ( 1994 -- 96 ) Iglesias ( 1996 ) Del Bosque ( 1996 ) Capello ( 1996 -- 97 ) Heynckes ( 1997 -- 98 ) Hiddink ( 1998 -- 99 ) Toshack ( 1999 ) Del Bosque ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Queiroz ( 2003 -- 04 ) Camacho ( 2004 ) García Remón ( 2004 ) Luxemburgo ( 2004 -- 05 ) López Caro ( 2005 -- 06 ) Capello ( 2006 -- 07 ) Schuster ( 2007 -- 08 ) Ramos ( 2008 -- 09 ) Pellegrini ( 2009 -- 10 ) Mourinho ( 2010 -- 13 ) Ancelotti ( 2013 -- 15 ) Benítez ( 2015 -- 16 ) Zidane ( 2016 -- ) Awards Preceded by Sergey Bubka L'Équipe Champion of Champions 1998 Succeeded by Andre Agassi Preceded by Luc Alphand French Sportperson of the Year 1998 Succeeded by Eunice Barber 1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Fabien Barthez José Luis Chilavert Defenders Roberto Carlos Marcel Desailly Lilian Thuram Frank de Boer Carlos Gamarra Midfielders Dunga Rivaldo Michael Laudrup Zinedine Zidane Edgar Davids Forwards Ronaldo Davor Šuker Brian Laudrup Dennis Bergkamp 2006 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon Jens Lehmann Ricardo Defenders Roberto Ayala John Terry Lilian Thuram Philipp Lahm Fabio Cannavaro Gianluca Zambrotta Ricardo Carvalho Midfielders Zé Roberto Patrick Vieira Zinedine Zidane Michael Ballack Andrea Pirlo Gennaro Gattuso Luís Figo Maniche Forwards Hernán Crespo Thierry Henry Miroslav Klose Luca Toni Francesco Totti UEFA Euro 2000 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Fabien Barthez Francesco Toldo Defenders Laurent Blanc Lilian Thuram Marcel Desailly Fabio Cannavaro Paolo Maldini Alessandro Nesta Frank de Boer Midfielders Demetrio Albertini Patrick Vieira Pep Guardiola Rui Costa Edgar Davids Luís Figo Zinedine Zidane Forwards Thierry Henry Savo Milošević Raúl Patrick Kluivert Nuno Gomes Francesco Totti UEFA Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Petr Čech Antonios Nikopolidis Defenders Ashley Cole Sol Campbell Ricardo Carvalho Traianos Dellas Olof Mellberg Giourkas Seitaridis Gianluca Zambrotta Midfielders Michael Ballack Luís Figo Frank Lampard Maniche Pavel Nedvěd Theodoros Zagorakis Zinedine Zidane Forwards Milan Baroš Angelos Charisteas Henrik Larsson Ruud van Nistelrooy Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney Jon Dahl Tomasson FIFA 100 UEFA Baggio Ballack Banks Baresi Van Basten Beckenbauer Beckham Bergkamp Bergomi Best Boniek Boniperti Breitner Buffon Butragueño Cantona Ceulemans Charlton Cruyff Dalglish Dasayev Davids Del Piero Desailly Deschamps Emre Eusébio Facchetti Figo Fontaine Gullit Hagi Henry Kahn Keane Keegan R. van de Kerkhof W. van de Kerkhof Klinsmann Kluivert Kopa B. Laudrup M. Laudrup Lineker Luis Enrique Maier Maldini Masopust Matthäus Müller Nedvěd Neeskens Nesta Van Nistelrooy Owen Papin Pfaff Pirès Platini Puskás Raúl Rensenbrink Rijkaard Rivera Rossi Rui Costa Rummenigge Rüştü Schmeichel Seedorf Seeler Shearer Shevchenko Stoichkov Šuker Thuram Totti Trésor Trezeguet Van der Elst Vieira Vieri Zidane Zoff CONMEBOL Carlos Alberto Batistuta Cafu Crespo Cubillas Di Stéfano Falcão Figueroa Francescoli Júnior Kempes Maradona Passarella Pelé Rivaldo Rivelino Roberto Carlos Romário Romero Ronaldinho Ronaldo Djalma Santos Nílton Santos Saviola Sívori Sócrates Valderrama Verón Zamorano Zanetti Zico CAF Diouf Milla Okocha Abedi Pelé Weah CONCACAF Akers Hamm Sánchez AFC Hong Nakata Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year 1994 : Zidane 1995 : Maurice 1996 : Pirès 1997 : Henry 1998 : Trezeguet 1999 : Monterrubio 2000 : Christanval 2001 : Govou 2002 : Cissé 2003 : Mathis 2004 : Evra 2005 : Toulalan 2006 : Ribéry 2007 : Nasri 2008 : Ben Arfa 2009 : Hazard 2010 : Hazard 2011 : Sakho 2012 : Belhanda 2013 : Thauvin 2014 : Verratti 2015 : Fekir 2016 : Dembélé 2017 : Mbappé Ligue 1 Player of the Year 1994 : Ginola 1995 : Guérin 1996 : Zidane 1997 : Anderson 1998 : Simone 1999 : Benarbia 2000 : Gallardo 2001 : Carrière 2002 : Pauleta 2003 : Pauleta 2004 : Drogba 2005 : Essien 2006 : Juninho 2007 : Malouda 2008 : Benzema 2009 : Gourcuff 2010 : Lisandro 2011 : Hazard 2012 : Hazard 2013 : Ibrahimović 2014 : Ibrahimović 2015 : Lacazette 2016 : Ibrahimović 2017 : Cavani French Player of the Year 1959 : Sbroglia 1960 : Kopa 1961 : Mahi 1962 : Lerond 1963 : Douis 1964 : Artelesa 1965 : Gondet 1966 : Gondet 1967 : Bosquier 1968 : Bosquier 1969 : Revelli 1970 : Carnus 1971 : Carnus 1972 : Trésor 1973 : Bereta 1974 : Bereta 1975 : Guillou 1976 : Platini 1977 : Platini 1978 : Petit 1979 : Bossis 1980 : Larios 1981 : Bossis 1982 : Giresse 1983 : Giresse 1984 : Tigana 1985 : L. Fernández 1986 : Amoros 1987 : Giresse 1988 : Paille 1989 : Papin 1990 : Blanc 1991 : Papin 1992 : Roche 1993 : Ginola 1994 : Lama 1995 : Guérin 1996 : Deschamps 1997 : Thuram 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Wiltord 2000 : Henry 2001 : Vieira 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ribéry 2008 : Ribéry 2009 : Gourcuff 2010 : Nasri 2011 : Benzema 2012 : Benzema 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Benzema 2015 : Matuidi 2016 : Griezmann 2017 : Kanté Ballon d'Or France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year 1997 : Zidane 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Batistuta 2000 : Shevchenko 2001 : Zidane 2002 : Trézéguet 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Kaká 2005 : Ibrahimović 2006 : Kaká & Suazo 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Ibrahimović 2009 : Ibrahimović 2010 : Milito Serie A Footballer of the Year Oscar del Calcio AIC 1997 : Mancini 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Vieri 2000 : Totti 2001 : Zidane 2002 : Trezeguet 2003 : Nedvěd & Totti 2004 : Kaká 2005 : Gilardino 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Ibrahimović 2009 : Ibrahimović 2010 : Milito Gran Galà del Calcio AIC 2011 : Ibrahimović 2012 : Pirlo 2013 : Pirlo 2014 : Pirlo 2015 : Tevez 2016 : Bonucci 2017 : Buffon La Liga Foreign Player of the Year - Don Balón Award 1976 : Neeskens 1977 : Cruyff 1978 : Cruyff 1979 : Stielike 1980 : Stielike 1981 : Stielike 1982 : Stielike 1983 : Barbas 1984 : Barbas 1985 : Schuster 1986 : Valdano 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Alemão 1989 : Ruggeri 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Schuster 1992 : Laudrup 1993 : Đukić 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Mijatović 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Rivaldo 1999 : Figo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Figo 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Nihat 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Riquelme 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Messi 2008 : Agüero 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi FIFA Player of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year 1991 : Matthäus 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Romário 1995 : Weah 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Zidane 2001 : Figo 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Zidane 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo See also : Ballon d'Or World Soccer Player of the Year 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Zico 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Maradona 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Gullit 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Maldini 1995 : Vialli 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo UEFA Club Footballer of the Year 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Beckham 2000 : Redondo 2001 : Effenberg 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Deco 2005 : Gerrard 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Milito UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo 2001 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Santiago Cañizares RWB : Cosmin Contra CB : Sami Hyypiä CB : Patrik Andersson LWB : Bixente Lizarazu MF : David Beckham MF : Patrick Vieira MF : Zinedine Zidane MF : Kily González FW : Thierry Henry FW : David Trezeguet Coach : Gérard Houllier 2002 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Rüştü Reçber RWB : Cristian Chivu CB : Alessandro Nesta CB : Carles Puyol LWB : Roberto Carlos MF : Clarence Seedorf MF : Michael Ballack MF : Zinedine Zidane MF : Damien Duff FW : Thierry Henry FW : Ronaldo Coach : Şenol Güneş 2003 UEFA Team of the Year GK : Gianluigi Buffon RWB : Paulo Ferreira CB : Alessandro Nesta CB : Paolo Maldini LWB : Roberto Carlos MF : Luís Figo MF : David Beckham MF : Zinedine Zidane MF : Pavel Nedvěd FW : Thierry Henry FW : Ruud van Nistelrooy Coach : José Mourinho UEFA European Championship -- Player of the Tournament 1996 : Sammer 2000 : Zidane 2004 : Zagorakis 2008 : Xavi 2012 : Iniesta 2016 : Griezmann FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . IFFHS World 's Best Playmaker 2006 : Zidane 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Xavi 2009 : Xavi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Xavi 2012 : Iniesta 2013 : Iniesta 2014 : Kroos 2015 : Messi 2016 : Messi 2017 : Messi European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers European Cup 1956 : Villalonga 1957 : Villalonga 1958 : Carniglia 1959 : Carniglia 1960 : Muñoz 1961 : Guttmann 1962 : Guttmann 1963 : Rocco 1964 : Herrera 1965 : Herrera 1966 : Muñoz 1967 : Stein 1968 : Busby 1969 : Rocco 1970 : Happel 1971 : Michels 1972 : Kovács 1973 : Kovács 1974 : Lattek 1975 : Cramer 1976 : Cramer 1977 : Paisley 1978 : Paisley 1979 : Clough 1980 : Clough 1981 : Paisley 1982 : Barton 1983 : Happel 1984 : Fagan 1985 : Trapattoni 1986 : Jenei 1987 : Jorge 1988 : Hiddink 1989 : Sacchi 1990 : Sacchi 1991 : Petrović 1992 : Cruyff UEFA Champions League 1993 : Goethals 1994 : Capello 1995 : Van Gaal 1996 : Lippi 1997 : Hitzfeld 1998 : Heynckes 1999 : Ferguson 2000 : Del Bosque 2001 : Hitzfeld 2002 : Del Bosque 2003 : Ancelotti 2004 : Mourinho 2005 : Benítez 2006 : Rijkaard 2007 : Ancelotti 2008 : Ferguson 2009 : Guardiola 2010 : Mourinho 2011 : Guardiola 2012 : Di Matteo 2013 : Heynckes 2014 : Ancelotti 2015 : Luis Enrique 2016 : Zidane 2017 : Zidane FIFA Club World Cup winning managers 2000 : Oliveira 2005 : Autuori 2006 : Braga 2007 : Ancelotti 2008 : Ferguson 2009 : Guardiola 2010 : Benítez 2011 : Guardiola 2012 : Tite 2013 : Guardiola 2014 : Ancelotti 2015 : Enrique 2016 : Zidane 2017 : Zidane FIFA Coach of the Year FIFA World Coach of the Year 2010 : Mourinho 2011 : Guardiola 2012 : Del Bosque 2013 : Heynckes 2014 : Löw 2015 : Luis Enrique The Best FIFA Football Coach 2016 : Ranieri 2017 : Zidane IFFHS World 's Best Club Coach 1996 : Lippi 1997 : Hitzfeld 1998 : Lippi 1999 : Ferguson 2000 : Bianchi 2001 : Hitzfeld 2002 : Del Bosque 2003 : Bianchi 2004 : Mourinho 2005 : Mourinho 2006 : Rijkaard 2007 : Ancelotti 2008 : Ferguson 2009 : Guardiola 2010 : Mourinho 2011 : Guardiola 2012 : Mourinho 2013 : Heynckes 2014 : Ancelotti 2015 : Luis Enrique 2016 : Simeone 2017 : Zidane World Soccer Manager of the Year 1982 : Bearzot 1983 : Piontek 1984 : Hidalgo 1985 : Venables 1986 : Thys 1987 : Cruyff 1988 : Michels 1989 : Sacchi 1990 : Beckenbauer 1991 : Platini 1992 : Nielsen 1993 : Ferguson 1994 : Parreira 1995 : Van Gaal 1996 : Vogts 1997 : Hitzfeld 1998 : Wenger 1999 : Ferguson 2000 : Zoff 2001 : Houllier 2002 : Hiddink 2003 : Ancelotti 2004 : Mourinho 2005 : Mourinho 2006 : Lippi 2007 : Ferguson 2008 : Ferguson 2009 : Guardiola 2010 : Mourinho 2011 : Guardiola 2012 : Del Bosque 2013 : Heynckes 2014 : Löw 2015 : Luis Enrique 2016 : Ranieri 2017 : Zidane Laureus Lifetime Achievement Award 2000 : Pelé 2001 : Steve Redgrave 2002 : Peter Blake 2003 : Gary Player 2004 : Arne Næss Jr . 2005 : No award 2006 : Johan Cruyff 2007 : Franz Beckenbauer 2008 : Sergey Bubka 2009 : No award 2010 : Nawal El Moutawakel 2011 : Zinedine Zidane 2012 : Bobby Charlton 2013 : Sebastian Coe 2014 : No award 2015 : No award 2016 : Niki Lauda 2017 : No award France squads France squad -- UEFA Euro 1996 Semi-finalists 1 Lama 2 Angloma 3 Di Meco 4 Leboeuf 5 Blanc 6 Guérin 7 Deschamps ( c ) 8 Desailly 9 Djorkaeff 10 Zidane 11 Loko 12 Lizarazu 13 Dugarry 14 Lamouchi 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Madar 18 Pedros 19 Karembeu 20 Roche 21 Martins 22 Martini Coach : Jacquet France squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Lama 2 Candela 3 Lizarazu 4 Vieira 5 Blanc 6 Djorkaeff 7 Deschamps ( c ) 8 Desailly 9 Guivarc'h 10 Zidane 11 Pirès 12 Henry 13 Diomède 14 Boghossian 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Petit 18 Leboeuf 19 Karembeu 20 Trezeguet 21 Dugarry 22 Charbonnier Coach : Jacquet France squad -- UEFA Euro 2000 winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Lama 2 Candela 3 Lizarazu 4 Vieira 5 Blanc 6 Djorkaeff 7 Deschamps ( c ) 8 Desailly 9 Anelka 10 Zidane 11 Pirès 12 Henry 13 Wiltord 14 Micoud 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Petit 18 Leboeuf 19 Karembeu 20 Trezeguet 21 Dugarry 22 Ramé Coach : Lemerre France squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Ramé 2 Candela 3 Lizarazu 4 Vieira 5 Christanval 6 Djorkaeff 7 Makélélé 8 Desailly ( c ) 9 Cissé 10 Zidane 11 Wiltord 12 Henry 13 Silvestre 14 Boghossian 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Petit 18 Leboeuf 19 Sagnol 20 Trezeguet 21 Dugarry 22 Micoud 23 Coupet Coach : Lemerre France squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 1 Landreau 2 Boumsong 3 Lizarazu 4 Vieira 5 Gallas 6 Makélélé 7 Pirès 8 Desailly ( c ) 9 Saha 10 Zidane 11 Wiltord 12 Henry 13 Silvestre 14 Rothen 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Dacourt 18 Pedretti 19 Sagnol 20 Trezeguet 21 Marlet 22 Govou 23 Coupet Coach : Santini France squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Landreau 2 Boumsong 3 Abidal 4 Vieira 5 Gallas 6 Makélélé 7 Malouda 8 Dhorasoo 9 Govou 10 Zidane ( c ) 11 Wiltord 12 Henry 13 Silvestre 14 Saha 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Givet 18 Diarra 19 Sagnol 20 Trezeguet 21 Chimbonda 22 Ribéry 23 Coupet Coach : Domenech VIAF : 87280258 LCCN : nb2001016181 ISNI : 0000 0001 2142 5110 GND : 124910246 SUDOC : 052572765 BNF : cb13565140d ( data ) MusicBrainz : 12aa6a19 - e80c - 47f4 - a523 - 4c13a8d2ed23 NDL : 00851449 BNE : XX1553063 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinedine_Zidane&oldid=826765042 '' Categories : Zinedine Zidane 1972 births Living people 1998 FIFA World Cup players 2002 FIFA World Cup players 2006 FIFA World Cup players AS Cannes players Association football midfielders Ballon d'Or winners Expatriate footballers in Italy Expatriate footballers in Spain FC Girondins de Bordeaux players FIFA 100 FIFA Century Club FIFA World Cup - winning players FIFA World Player of the Year winners France international footballers French expatriate footballers French expatriates in Italy French expatriates in Spain French people of Kabyle descent French Muslims French humanitarians Internet memes Juventus F.C. players Kabyle people La Liga players Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Ligue 1 players Sportspeople from Marseille Real Madrid C.F. players Serie A players UEFA Euro 1996 players UEFA Euro 2000 players UEFA Euro 2004 players UEFA European Championship - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did zidane join real madrid as a coach	[ "In November 2010, Zidane was appointed as a special adviser to Real Madrid's first team in response to an appeal made by then-Real Madrid coach José Mourinho for the former Real midfielder to work more closely with the team. In his new role, Zidane was expected to participate in Champions League events and functions and was also to travel with the first team on a regular basis and participate in pre-match gatherings, training sessions and meetings with the head coach.[97] In July 2011, it was announced that he would become Real Madrid's new sporting director.[98] In 2013, Zidane was appointed assistant coach to Carlo Ancelotti at Real Madrid.[99]" ]	[ "2013" ]
1143840620765691714	Canadian Pacific Railway	Canadian Pacific Railway - wikipedia Canadian Pacific Railway `` Canadian Pacific '' redirects here . For other uses , see Canadian Pacific ( disambiguation ) . Canadian Pacific Railway Canadian Pacific system map ( does not include DM&E trackage ) Reporting mark CP Locale Canada and eleven U.S States Dates of operation February 16 , 1881 -- present Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Website www.cpr.ca Canadian Pacific Railway Limited Type Public Traded as TSX : CP NYSE : CP Industry Rail transport Founded February 16 , 1881 ; 137 years ago ( 1881 - 02 - 16 ) Headquarters Calgary , Alberta , Canada Area served Canada Contiguous United States Key people Andrew Reardon ( Chairman ) Keith Creel ( President and CEO ) Revenue CA $6,232 million ( 2016 ) Operating income CA $2,578 million ( 2016 ) Net income CA $1,599 million ( 2016 ) Total assets CA $19,221 million ( 2016 ) Total equity CA $4,626 million ( 2016 ) Website www.cpr.ca An alternative CP logo , featuring a beaver , Canada 's national animal An eastbound CPR freight train at Stoney Creek Bridge descending from Rogers Pass The Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) , also known formerly as CP Rail ( reporting mark CP ) between 1968 and 1996 , is a historic Canadian Class I railroad incorporated in 1881 . The railroad is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited , which began operations as legal owner in a corporate restructuring in 2001 . Headquartered in Calgary , Alberta , it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres ( 12,500 mi ) of track all across Canada and into the United States , stretching from Montreal to Vancouver , and as far north as Edmonton . Its rail network also serves Minneapolis - St. Paul , Milwaukee , Detroit , Chicago , and New York City in the United States . The railway was originally built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885 ( connecting with Ottawa Valley and Georgian Bay area lines built earlier ) , fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871 . It was Canada 's first transcontinental railway , but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast . Primarily a freight railway , the CPR was for decades the only practical means of long - distance passenger transport in most regions of Canada , and was instrumental in the settlement and development of Western Canada . The CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada , a position it held as late as 1975 . Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986 , after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978 . A beaver was chosen as the railway 's logo in honor of Sir Donald A Smith ( 1st . Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal ) who had risen from Factor to Governor of the Hudson 's Bay Company over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade . Smith was a principal financier of the C.P.R. staking much of his personal wealth . In 1885 , he drove the last spike to complete the transcontinental line . The company acquired two American lines in 2009 : the Dakota , Minnesota and Eastern Railroad and the Iowa , Chicago and Eastern Railroad . The trackage of the IC&E was at one time part of CP subsidiary Soo Line and predecessor line The Milwaukee Road . The combined DME / ICE system spanned North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , Wisconsin , Nebraska and Iowa , as well as two short stretches into two other states , which included a line to Kansas City , Missouri , and a line to Chicago , Illinois , and regulatory approval to build a line into the Powder River Basin of Wyoming . It is publicly traded on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP . Its U.S. headquarters are in Minneapolis . Contents 1 History 1.1 Building the railway , 1881 -- 1885 1.2 1886 -- 1900 1.2. 1 The CPR and the settlement of Western Canada 1.3 1901 -- 1928 1.4 First World War 1.5 The Great Depression and the Second World War , 1929 -- 1945 1.6 1946 -- 1978 1.7 1979 -- 2001 1.8 2001 to present 1.9 Canadian Pacific Railway 's North Line 2 Freight trains 3 Passenger trains 3.1 Sleeping , Dining and Parlour Car Department 4 Express 5 Special trains 5.1 Silk trains 5.2 Funeral trains 5.3 Royal trains 5.4 Better Farming Train 5.5 School cars 5.6 Silver Streak 5.7 Holiday Train 5.8 Royal Canadian Pacific 5.9 Steam train 5.10 Spirit Train 5.11 CP Canada 150 Train 6 Non-railway services 6.1 Telegraph 6.2 Radio 6.3 Steamships 6.3. 1 BC Coast Steamships 6.3. 2 BC Lake and River Service 6.4 Hotels 6.5 Airline 7 Locomotives 7.1 Steam locomotives 7.2 Diesel locomotives 7.2. 1 Active Roster 7.2. 2 In Storage 7.2. 3 Retired Roster 8 Corporate structure 8.1 Presidents 9 Major facilities 9.1 Active hump yards 10 Joint Partnership 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Together with the Canadian Confederation , the creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task originally undertaken as the National Dream by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald ( 1st Canadian Ministry ) . He was helped by Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt , who was the owner of the North Western Coal and Navigation Company . British Columbia , a four - month sea voyage away from the East Coast , had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation ( initially requesting a wagon road ) . The government however proposed to build a railway linking the Pacific province to the Eastern provinces within 10 years of 20 July 1871 . Macdonald saw it as essential to the creation of a unified Canadian nation that would stretch across the continent . Moreover , manufacturing interests in Quebec and Ontario wanted access to raw materials and markets in Western Canada . Sir John A. Macdonald . The first obstacle to its construction was political . The logical route went through the American Midwest and the city of Chicago , Illinois . In addition to this was the difficulty of building a railroad through the Canadian Rockies ; an entirely Canadian route would require crossing 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) of rugged terrain across the barren Canadian Shield and muskeg of Northern Ontario . To ensure this routing , the government offered huge incentives including vast grants of land in the West . In 1873 , Sir John A. Macdonald and other high - ranking politicians , bribed in the Pacific Scandal , granted federal contracts to Hugh Allan 's Canada Pacific Railway Company ( which was unrelated to the current company ) rather than to David Lewis Macpherson 's Inter-Ocean Railway Company which was thought to have connections to the American Northern Pacific Railway Company . Because of this scandal , the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873 . The new Liberal prime minister , Alexander Mackenzie , ordered construction of segments of the railway as a public enterprise under the supervision of the Department of Public Works led by Sandford Fleming . Surveying was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon . The Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875 . By 1880 , around 1,000 kilometres ( 700 mi ) was nearly complete , mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain , with trains running on only 500 kilometres ( 300 mi ) of track . C.P.R. locomotive and employees With Macdonald 's return to power on 16 October 1878 , a more aggressive construction policy was adopted . Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway , and announced that the railway would follow the Fraser and Thompson rivers between Port Moody and Kamloops . In 1879 , the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km ( 128 mi ) section of the railway from Yale , British Columbia , to Savona 's Ferry , on Kamloops Lake . The contract was awarded to Andrew Onderdonk , whose men started work on 15 May 1880 . After the completion of that section , Onderdonk received contracts to build between Yale and Port Moody , and between Savona 's Ferry and Eagle Pass . On 21 October 1880 , a new syndicate , unrelated to Hugh Allan 's , signed a contract with the Macdonald government and Fleming was dismissed . They agreed to build the railway in exchange for $ 25 million ( approximately $625 million in modern Canadian dollars ) in credit from the Canadian government and a grant of 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) of land . The government transferred to the new company those sections of the railway it had constructed under government ownership , on which it had already spent at least $25 million . But its estimates of the cost of the Rocky Mountain section alone was over $60 million . The government also defrayed surveying costs and exempted the railway from property taxes for 20 years . The Montreal - based syndicate officially comprised five men : George Stephen , James J. Hill , Duncan McIntyre , Richard B. Angus and John Stewart Kennedy . Donald A. Smith and Norman Kittson were unofficial silent partners with a significant financial interest . On 15 February 1881 , legislation confirming the contract received royal assent , and the Canadian Pacific Railway Company was formally incorporated the next day . Critics claimed that the government gave too large a subsidy for the proposed project but this was to incorporate uncertainties of risk and irreversibility of insurance . The large subsidy also needed to compensate the CPR for not constructing the line in the future , but rather right away even though demand would not cover operational costs . Building the Railway , 1881 -- 1885 ( edit ) Canadian Pacific Railway Crew laying tracks at lower Fraser Valley , 1881 Building the railway took over four years . The Canadian Pacific Railway began its westward expansion from Bonfield , Ontario ( previously called Callander Station ) , where the first spike was driven into a sunken railway tie . Bonfield was inducted into Canadian Railway Hall of Fame in 2002 as the CPR first spike location . That was the point where the Canada Central Railway extension ended . The CCR was owned by Duncan McIntyre , who amalgamated it with the CPR , and became one of the handful of officers of the newly formed CPR . The CCR started in Brockville and extended to Pembroke . It then followed a westward route along the Ottawa River passing through places like Cobden , Deux - Rivières and eventually to Mattawa at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa rivers . It then proceeded cross-country towards its final destination of Bonfield . Duncan McIntyre and his contractor James Worthington piloted the CPR expansion . Worthington continued on as the construction superintendent for the CPR past Bonfield . He remained with the CPR for about a year after which he left the company . McIntyre was uncle to John Ferguson who staked out future North Bay and who became the town 's wealthiest inhabitant and mayor for four successive terms . Unidentified engineers of the Canadian Pacific Railway Survey , 1872 . It was presumed that the railway would travel through the rich `` Fertile Belt '' of the North Saskatchewan River Valley and cross the Rocky Mountains via the Yellowhead Pass , a route suggested by Sir Sandford Fleming based on a decade of work . However , the CPR quickly discarded this plan in favour of a more southerly route across the arid Palliser 's Triangle in Saskatchewan and via Kicking Horse Pass and down the Field Hill to the Rocky Mountain Trench . This route was more direct and closer to the Canada -- US border , making it easier for the CPR to keep American railways from encroaching on the Canadian market . However , this route also had several disadvantages . One was that the CPR would need to find a route through the Selkirk Mountains in British Columbia while , at the time , it was not known whether a route even existed . The job of finding a pass was assigned to a surveyor named Major Albert Bowman Rogers . The CPR promised him a cheque for $5,000 and that the pass would be named in his honour. Rogers became obsessed with finding the pass that would immortalize his name . He discovered the pass in April 1881 and , true to its word , the CPR named it `` Rogers Pass '' and gave him the cheque . However , he at first refused to cash it , preferring to frame it , saying he did not do it for the money . He later agreed to cash it with the promise of an engraved watch . Another obstacle was that the proposed route crossed land in Alberta that was controlled by the Blackfoot First Nation . This difficulty was overcome when a missionary priest , Albert Lacombe , persuaded the Blackfoot chief Crowfoot that construction of the railway was inevitable . In return for his assent , Crowfoot was famously rewarded with a lifetime pass to ride the CPR . A more lasting consequence of the choice of route was that , unlike the one proposed by Fleming , the land surrounding the railway often proved too arid for successful agriculture . The CPR may have placed too much reliance on a report from naturalist John Macoun , who had crossed the prairies at a time of very high rainfall and had reported that the area was fertile . The greatest disadvantage of the route was in Kicking Horse Pass , at the Alberta - British Columbia border on the continental divide . In the first 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) west of the 1,625 metres ( 5,331 feet ) high summit , the Kicking Horse River drops 350 metres ( 1,150 feet ) . The steep drop would force the cash - strapped CPR to build a 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) long stretch of track with a very steep 4 ⁄ percent gradient once it reached the pass in 1884 . This was over four times the maximum gradient recommended for railways of this era , and even modern railways rarely exceed a two - percent gradient . However , this route was far more direct than one through the Yellowhead Pass and saved hours for both passengers and freight . This section of track was the CPR 's Big Hill . Safety switches were installed at several points , the speed limit for descending trains was set at 10 km per hour ( 6 mph ) , and special locomotives were ordered . Despite these measures , several serious runaways still occurred including the first locomotive , which belonged to the contractors , to descend the line . CPR officials insisted that this was a temporary expediency , but this state of affairs would last for 25 years until the completion of the Spiral Tunnels in the early 20th century . Sir William Cornelius Van Horne . In 1881 , construction progressed at a pace too slow for the railway 's officials who , in 1882 , hired the renowned railway executive William Cornelius Van Horne to oversee construction with the inducement of a generous salary and the intriguing challenge of handling such a difficult railway project . Van Horne stated that he would have 800 km ( 500 mi ) of main line built in 1882 . Floods delayed the start of the construction season , but over 672 km ( 418 mi ) of main line , as well as sidings and branch lines , were built that year . The Thunder Bay branch ( west from Fort William ) was completed in June 1882 by the Department of Railways and Canals and turned over to the company in May 1883 , permitting all - Canadian lake and railway traffic from Eastern Canada to Winnipeg , for the first time in Canada 's history . By the end of 1883 , the railway had reached the Rocky Mountains , just eight kilometres ( five miles ) east of Kicking Horse Pass . The construction seasons of 1884 and 1885 would be spent in the mountains of British Columbia and on the north shore of Lake Superior . C.P.R. trestle bridge Many thousands of navvies worked on the railway . Many were European immigrants . In British Columbia , government contractors hired workers from China , known as `` coolies '' . A navvy received between $1 and $2.50 per day , but had to pay for his own food , clothing , transport to the job site , mail and medical care . After 2 ⁄ months of hard labour , they could net as little as $16 . Chinese labourers in British Columbia made only between 75 cents and $1.25 a day , paid in rice mats , and not including expenses , leaving barely anything to send home . They did the most dangerous construction jobs , such as working with explosives to clear tunnels through rock . The exact number of Chinese workers who died is unknown . The victims of sickness and accidents were not given proper funerals . Most of the remains were buried into the railroad and the families of the Chinese who were killed received no compensation , or even notification of loss of life . Many of the men who survived did not have enough money to return to their families in China , although Chinese labour contractors had promised that as part of their responsibilities . Many spent years in isolated and often poor conditions . Yet the Chinese were hard working and played a key role in building the Western stretch of the railway ; even some boys as young as twelve years old served as tea - boys . In 2006 , the Canadian government issued a formal apology to the Chinese population in Canada for their treatment both during and following the construction of the CPR . By 1883 , railway construction was progressing rapidly , but the CPR was in danger of running out of funds . In response , on 31 January 1884 , the government passed the Railway Relief Bill , providing a further $22.5 million in loans to the CPR . The bill received royal assent on 6 March 1884 . Donald Smith , later known as Lord Strathcona , drives the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway , at Craigellachie , 7 November 1885 . Completion of the transcontinental railway was a condition of BC 's entry into Confederation . In March 1885 , the North - West Rebellion broke out in the District of Saskatchewan . Van Horne , in Ottawa at the time , suggested to the government that the CPR could transport troops to Qu'Appelle , Saskatchewan ( Assiniboia ) in 10 days . Some sections of track were incomplete or had not been used before , but the trip to Winnipeg was made in nine days and the rebellion quickly suppressed . Perhaps because the government was grateful for this service , they subsequently reorganized the CPR 's debt and provided a further $5 million loan . This money was desperately needed by the CPR . However , this government loan later became controversial . Even with Van Horne 's support with moving troops to Qu'Appelle , the government still delayed in giving its support to CPR . This was due to Sir John A. Macdonald putting pressure on George Stephen for additional benefits . Stephen himself later did admit to spending $1 million between 1881 and 1886 to ensure government support . This money went to buying a £ 40,000 necklace for Lady MacDonald and numerous other `` bonifications '' to government members . Telegram to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald announcing the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway , November 7 , 1885 . On 7 November 1885 , the last spike was driven at Craigellachie , British Columbia , making good on the original promise . Four days earlier , the last spike of the Lake Superior section was driven in just west of Jackfish , Ontario . While the railway was completed four years after the original 1881 deadline , it was completed more than five years ahead of the new date of 1891 that Macdonald gave in 1881 . The successful construction of such a massive project , although troubled by delays and scandal , was considered an impressive feat of engineering and political will for a country with such a small population , limited capital , and difficult terrain . It was by far the longest railway ever constructed at the time . It had taken 12,000 men and 5,000 horses to construct the Lake section alone . Meanwhile , in Eastern Canada , the CPR had created a network of lines reaching from Quebec City to St. Thomas , Ontario by 1885 ( mainly by buying the Quebec , Montreal , Ottawa & Occidental Railway from the Quebec government ) , and had launched a fleet of Great Lakes ships to link its terminals . The CPR had effected purchases and long - term leases of several railways through an associated railway company , the Ontario and Quebec Railway ( O&Q ) . The O&Q built a line between Perth , Ontario , and Toronto ( completed on 5 May 1884 ) to connect these acquisitions . The CPR obtained a 999 - year lease on the O&Q on 4 January 1884 . In 1895 , it acquired a minority interest in the Toronto , Hamilton and Buffalo Railway , giving it a link to New York and the Northeast United States . 1886 -- 1900 ( edit ) The last spike in the CPR was driven on 7 November 1885 , by one of its directors , Donald Smith , but so many cost - cutting shortcuts were taken in constructing the railway that regular transcontinental service could not start for another seven months while work was done to improve the railway 's condition ( part of this was because of snow in the mountains and lack of snowsheds to keep the line open ) . However , had these shortcuts not been taken , it is conceivable that the CPR might have had to default financially , leaving the railway unfinished . The first transcontinental passenger train departed from Montreal 's Dalhousie Station , located at Berri Street and Notre Dame Street at 8 pm on 28 June 1886 , and arrived at Port Moody at noon on 4 July 1886 . This train consisted of two baggage cars , a mail car , one second - class coach , two immigrant sleepers , two first - class coaches , two sleeping cars and a diner ( several dining cars were used throughout the journey , as they were removed from the train during the night , with another one added the next morning ) . First Transcontinental Train arrives in Port Arthur on 30 June 1886 By that time , however , the CPR had decided to move its western terminus from Port Moody to Granville , which was renamed `` Vancouver '' later that year . The first official train destined for Vancouver arrived on 23 May 1887 , although the line had already been in use for three months . The CPR quickly became profitable , and all loans from the Federal government were repaid years ahead of time . In 1888 , a branch line was opened between Sudbury and Sault Ste . Marie where the CPR connected with the American railway system and its own steamships . That same year , work was started on a line from London , Ontario , to the Canada -- US border at Windsor , Ontario . That line opened on 12 June 1890 . The CPR also leased the New Brunswick Railway in 1891 for 991 years , and built the International Railway of Maine , connecting Montreal with Saint John , New Brunswick , in 1889 . The connection with Saint John on the Atlantic coast made the CPR the first truly transcontinental railway company in Canada and permitted trans - Atlantic cargo and passenger services to continue year - round when sea ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence closed the port of Montreal during the winter months . By 1896 , competition with the Great Northern Railway for traffic in southern British Columbia forced the CPR to construct a second line across the province , south of the original line . Van Horne , now president of the CPR , asked for government aid , and the government agreed to provide around $3.6 million to construct a railway from Lethbridge , Alberta , through Crowsnest Pass to the south shore of Kootenay Lake , in exchange for the CPR agreeing to reduce freight rates in perpetuity for key commodities shipped in Western Canada . The controversial Crowsnest Pass Agreement effectively locked the eastbound rate on grain products and westbound rates on certain `` settlers ' effects '' at the 1897 level . Although temporarily suspended during the First World War , it was not until 1983 that the `` Crow Rate '' was permanently replaced by the Western Grain Transportation Act which allowed for the gradual increase of grain shipping prices . The Crowsnest Pass line opened on 18 June 1898 , and followed a complicated route through the maze of valleys and passes in southern British Columbia , rejoining the original mainline at Hope after crossing the Cascade Mountains via Coquihalla Pass . The Southern Mainline , generally known as the Kettle Valley Railway in British Columbia , was built in response to the booming mining and smelting economy in southern British Columbia , and the tendency of the local geography to encourage and enable easier access from neighbouring US states than from Vancouver or the rest of Canada , which was viewed to be as much of a threat to national security as it was to the province 's control of its own resources . The local passenger service was re-routed to this new southerly line , which connected numerous emergent small cities across the region . Independent railways and subsidiaries that were eventually merged into the CPR in connection with this route were the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway , the Kaslo and Slocan Railway , the Columbia and Kootenay Railway , the Columbia and Western Railway and various others . The CPR and the settlement of Western Canada ( edit ) One of the CPR 's land offerings , 1883 . Practically speaking , the CPR had built a railway that operated mostly in the wilderness . The usefulness of the prairies was questionable in the minds of many . The thinking prevailed that the prairies had great potential . Under the initial contract with the Canadian government to build the railway , the CPR was granted 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) . Proving already to be a very resourceful organization , Canadian Pacific began an intense campaign to bring immigrants to Canada . Canadian Pacific agents operated in many overseas locations . Immigrants were often sold a package that included passage on a CP ship , travel on a CP train and land sold by the CP railway . Land was priced at $2.50 an acre and up but required cultivation . To transport immigrants , Canadian Pacific developed a fleet of over a thousand Colonist cars , low - budget sleeper cars designed to transport immigrant families from eastern Canadian seaports to the west . 1901 -- 1928 ( edit ) CPR advertisement highlighting `` Free Farms for the Million '' in western Canada , circa 1893 . During the first decade of the 20th century , the CPR continued to build more lines . In 1908 , the CPR opened a line connecting Toronto with Sudbury . Previously , westbound traffic originating in southern Ontario took a circuitous route through eastern Ontario . Several operational improvements were also made to the railway in Western Canada . In 1909 the CPR completed two significant engineering accomplishments . The most significant was the replacement of the Big Hill , which had become a major bottleneck in the CPR 's main line , with the Spiral Tunnels , reducing the grade to 2.2 percent from 4.5 percent . The Spiral Tunnels opened in August . In April 1908 , the CPR started work to replace the Old Calgary - Edmonton Rail Bridge across the Red Deer River with a new standard steel bridge that was completed by March 1909 . Lethbridge Viaduct On 3 November 1909 , the Lethbridge Viaduct over the Oldman River valley at Lethbridge , Alberta , was opened . It is 1,624 metres ( 5,328 feet ) long and , at its maximum , 96 metres ( 315 feet ) high , making it one of the longest railway bridges in Canada . In 1916 , the CPR replaced its line through Rogers Pass , which was prone to avalanches ( the most serious of which killed 62 men in 1910 ) with the Connaught Tunnel , an eight - kilometre - long ( 5 - mile ) tunnel under Mount Macdonald that was , at the time of its opening , the longest railway tunnel in the Western Hemisphere . C.P.R. railway locomotive 2860 On 21 January 1910 , a passenger train derailed on the CPR line at the Spanish River bridge at Nairn , Ontario ( near Sudbury ) , killing at least 43 . The CPR acquired several smaller railways via long - term leases in 1912 . On 3 January 1912 , the CPR acquired the Dominion Atlantic Railway , a railway that ran in western Nova Scotia . This acquisition gave the CPR a connection to Halifax , a significant port on the Atlantic Ocean . The Dominion Atlantic was isolated from the rest of the CPR network and used the CNR to facilitate interchange ; the DAR also operated ferry services across the Bay of Fundy for passengers and cargo ( but not rail cars ) from the port of Digby , Nova Scotia , to the CPR at Saint John , New Brunswick . DAR steamships also provided connections for passengers and cargo between Yarmouth , Boston and New York . On 1 July 1912 , the CPR acquired the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway , a railway on Vancouver Island that connected to the CPR using a railcar ferry . The CPR acquired the Quebec Central Railway on 14 December 1912 . During the late 19th century , the railway undertook an ambitious programme of hotel construction , building Glacier House in Glacier National Park , Mount Stephen House at Field , British Columbia , the Château Frontenac in Quebec City and the Banff Springs Hotel . By then , the CPR had competition from three other transcontinental lines , all of them money - losers . In 1919 , these lines were consolidated , along with the track of the old Intercolonial Railway and its spurs , into the government - owned Canadian National Railways . The CPR suffered its greatest loss of life when one of its steamships , the Empress of Ireland , sank after a collision with the Norwegian collier SS Storstad . On 29 May 1914 , the Empress ( operated by the CPR 's Canadian Pacific Steamship Company ) went down in the St. Lawrence River with the loss of 1,024 lives , of which 840 were passengers . First World War ( edit ) During the First World War CPR put the entire resources of the `` world 's greatest travel system '' at the disposal of the British Empire , not only trains and tracks , but also its ships , shops , hotels , telegraphs and , above all , its people . Aiding the war effort meant transporting and billeting troops ; building and supplying arms and munitions ; arming , lending and selling ships . Fifty - two CPR ships were pressed into service during World War I , carrying more than a million troops and passengers and four million tons of cargo . Twenty seven survived and returned to CPR . CPR also helped the war effort with money and jobs . CPR made loans and guarantees to the Allies of some $100 million . As a lasting tribute , CPR commissioned three statues and 23 memorial tablets to commemorate the efforts of those who fought and those who died in the war . After the war , the Federal government created Canadian National Railways ( CNR , later CN ) out of several bankrupt railways that fell into government hands during and after the war . CNR would become the main competitor to the CPR in Canada . In 1923 , Henry Worth Thornton replaced David Blyth Hanna becoming the second president of the CNR , and his competition spurred Edward Wentworth Beatty , the first Canadian - born president of the CPR , to action . During this time the railway land grants were formalized . The Great Depression and the second World War , 1929 -- 1945 ( edit ) Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars as part of the On - to - Ottawa Trek , 1935 . The Great Depression , which lasted from 1929 until 1939 , hit many companies heavily . While the CPR was affected , it was not affected to the extent of its rival CNR because it , unlike the CNR , was debt - free . The CPR scaled back on some of its passenger and freight services , and stopped issuing dividends to its shareholders after 1932 . Hard times led to the creation of new political parties such as the Social Credit movement and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation , as well as popular protest in the form of the On - to - Ottawa Trek . One highlight of the late 1930s , both for the railway and for Canada , was the visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth during their 1939 royal tour of Canada , the first time that the reigning monarch had visited the country . The CPR and the CNR shared the honours of pulling the royal train across the country , with the CPR undertaking the westbound journey from Quebec City to Vancouver . Later that year , the Second World War began . As it had done in World War I , the CPR devoted much of its resources to the war effort . It retooled its Angus Shops in Montreal to produce Valentine tanks and other armoured vehicles , and transported troops and resources across the country . As well , 22 of the CPR 's ships went to war , 12 of which were sunk . 1946 -- 1978 ( edit ) The Multimark logo was used from 1968 to 1987 , when it fell out of favour . It was sometimes referred to as the ' Pac - Man ' logo , after the popular 1980s video game of the same name . CPR train step stool ( Calgary station ) c1950 After World War II , the transport industry in Canada changed . Where railways had previously provided almost universal freight and passenger services , cars , trucks and airplanes started to take traffic away from railways . This naturally helped the CPR 's air and trucking operations , and the railway 's freight operations continued to thrive hauling resource traffic and bulk commodities . However , passenger trains quickly became unprofitable . During the 1950s , the railway introduced new innovations in passenger service . In 1955 , it introduced The Canadian , a new luxury transcontinental train . However , in the 1960s , the company started to pull out of passenger services , ending services on many of its branch lines . It also discontinued its secondary transcontinental train The Dominion in 1966 , and in 1970 , unsuccessfully applied to discontinue The Canadian . For the next eight years , it continued to apply to discontinue the service , and service on The Canadian declined markedly . On 29 October 1978 , CP Rail transferred its passenger services to Via Rail , a new federal Crown corporation that is responsible for managing all intercity passenger service formerly handled by both CP Rail and CN . Via eventually took almost all of its passenger trains , including The Canadian , off CP 's lines . In 1968 , as part of a corporate reorganization , each of the CPR 's major operations , including its rail operations , were organized as separate subsidiaries . The name of the railway was changed to CP Rail , and the parent company changed its name to Canadian Pacific Limited in 1971 . Its air , express , telecommunications , hotel and real estate holdings were spun off , and ownership of all of the companies transferred to Canadian Pacific Investments . The slogan was : `` TO THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE WORLD '' The company discarded its beaver logo , adopting the new Multimark ( which , when mirrored by an adjacent `` multi-mark '' creates a diamond appearance on a globe ) that was used -- with a different colour background -- for each of its operations . 1979 -- 2001 ( edit ) On 10 November 1979 , a derailment of a hazardous materials train in Mississauga , Ontario , led to the evacuation of 200,000 people ; there were no fatalities . In 1984 , CP Rail commenced construction of the Mount Macdonald Tunnel to augment the Connaught Tunnel under the Selkirk Mountains . The first revenue train passed through the tunnel in 1988 . At 14.7 km ( nine miles ) , it is the longest tunnel in the Americas . During the 1980s , the Soo Line Railroad , in which CP Rail still owned a controlling interest , underwent several changes . It acquired the Minneapolis , Northfield and Southern Railway in 1982 . Then on 21 February 1985 , the Soo Line obtained a controlling interest in the Milwaukee Road , merging it into its system on 1 January 1986 . Also in 1980 , Canadian Pacific bought out the controlling interests of the Toronto , Hamilton and Buffalo Railway ( TH&B ) from Conrail and molded it into the Canadian Pacific System , dissolving the TH&B 's name from the books in 1985 . In 1987 , most of CPR 's trackage in the Great Lakes region , including much of the original Soo Line , were spun off into a new railway , the Wisconsin Central , which was subsequently purchased by CN . Influenced by the Canada - U.S. Free Trade Agreement of 1989 , which liberalized trade between the two nations , the CPR 's expansion continued during the early 1990s : CP Rail gained full control of the Soo Line in 1990 , and bought the Delaware and Hudson Railway in 1991 . These two acquisitions gave CP Rail routes to the major American cities of Chicago ( via the Soo Line ) and New York City ( via the D&H ) . During the next few years CP Rail downsized its route , and several Canadian branch lines and even some secondary mainlines were either sold to short lines or abandoned . This rationalization , however , came at a price , as many grain elevators in the region known as Canada 's Breadbasket shut down due to not being able to distribute their thousands of bushels of grain through a large enough region . This included all of its lines east of Montreal , with the routes operating across Maine and New Brunswick to the port of Saint John ( operating as the Canadian Atlantic Railway ) being sold or abandoned , severing CPR 's transcontinental status ( in Canada ) ; the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in the late 1950s , coupled with subsidized icebreaking services , made Saint John surplus to CPR 's requirements . During the 1990s , both CP Rail and CN attempted unsuccessfully to buy out the eastern assets of the other , so as to permit further rationalization . In 1996 , CP Rail moved its head office from Windsor Station in Montreal to Gulf Canada Square in Calgary , Alberta . CP consolidated most of its Canadian train control into the new office , creating the Network Management Centre ( NMC ) . The NMC controlled all CP train movement from the Port of Vancouver to Northern Ontario ( Mactier , Ontario ) . A smaller office was left at Windsor Station , which controlled train traffic from Mactier to the Port of Montreal . In 1996 , CP Rail moved its head office to Calgary from Montreal and changed its name back to Canadian Pacific Railway . A new subsidiary company , the St. Lawrence and Hudson Railway , was created to operate its money - losing lines in eastern North America , covering Quebec , Southern and Eastern Ontario , trackage rights to Chicago , Illinois , as well as the Delaware and Hudson Railway in the northeastern United States . However , the new subsidiary , threatened with being sold off and free to innovate , quickly spun off losing track to short lines , instituted scheduled freight service , and produced an unexpected turn - around in profitability . On 1 January 2001 the StL&H was formally amalgamated with the CP Rail system . 2001 to present ( edit ) In 2001 , the CPR 's parent company , Canadian Pacific Limited , spun off its five subsidiaries , including the CPR , into independent companies . Most of the company 's non-railway businesses at the time of the split were operated by a separate subsidiary called Canadian Pacific Limited . Canadian Pacific Railway formally ( but , not legally ) shortened its name to Canadian Pacific in early 2007 , dropping the word `` railway '' in order to reflect more operational flexibility . Shortly after the name revision , Canadian Pacific announced that it had committed to becoming a major sponsor and logistics provider to the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver . On 4 September 2007 , CPR announced it was acquiring the Dakota , Minnesota and Eastern Railroad from London - based Electra Private Equity . The transaction was an `` end - to - end '' consolidation and gave CPR access to United States shippers of agricultural products , ethanol and coal . CPR stated its intention to use this purchase to gain access to the rich coalfields of Wyoming 's Powder River Basin . The purchase price was US $ 1.48 billion with future payments of over US $1 billion contingent on commencement of construction on the smaller railway 's Powder River extension and specified volumes of coal shipments from the Powder River basin . The transaction was subject to approval of the U.S. Surface Transportation Board ( STB ) , which was expected to take about a year . On 4 October 2007 , CPR announced that it had completed financial transactions required for the acquisition , placing the DM&E and IC&E in a voting trust with Richard Hamlin appointed as trustee . The merger was completed as of 31 October 2008 . On 28 October 2011 , in a 13D regulatory filing , the U.S. hedge fund Pershing Square Capital Management ( PSCM ) indicated it owned 12.2 percent of Canadian Pacific . PSCM began acquiring Canadian Pacific shares in 2011 . The stake eventually increased to 14.2 percent , making PSCM the railway 's largest shareholder . At a meeting with the company that month , Pershing 's head Bill Ackman proposed replacing Fred Green as CP 's chief executive . Just hours before the railway 's annual shareholder meeting on Thursday , 17 May 2012 , Green and five other board members , including chairman John Cleghorn , resigned . The seven nominees , including Ackman and his partner , Paul Hilal , were then elected . The reconstituted board , having named Stephen Tobias ( former vice president and chief operating officer of Norfolk Southern Railroad ) as interim CEO , initiated a search for a new CEO , eventually settling on E. Hunter Harrison , former President of CN Rail , on 29 June 2012 . Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd. trains resumed regular operations on 1 June 2012 after a nine - day strike by some 4,800 locomotive engineers , conductors and traffic controllers who walked off the job on 23 May , stalling Canadian freight traffic and costing the economy an estimated C $80 million ( USD $77 million ) . The strike ended with a government back - to - work bill forcing both sides to come to a binding agreement . On 6 July 2013 , a unit train of crude oil which CP had subcontracted to short - line operator Montreal , Maine and Atlantic Railway derailed in Lac - Mégantic , killing 47 . On 14 August 2013 , the Quebec government added the CPR , along with lessor World Fuel Services ( WFS ) , to the list of corporate entities from which it seeks reimbursement for the environmental cleanup of the Lac - Megantic derailment . On 15 July , the press reported that CP would appeal the legal order . Railway spokesman Ed Greenberg stated `` Canadian Pacific has reviewed the notice . As a matter of fact , in law , CP is not responsible for this cleanup . '' In February 2014 , Harrison called for immediate action to phase - out DOT - 111 tank cars , known to be more dangerous in cases of derailment . On 12 October 2014 it was reported that Canadian Pacific had tried to enter into a merger with American Railway CSX , but was unsuccessful . In 2015 - 16 Canadian Pacific sought to merge with American railway Norfolk Southern . and wanted to have a vote on it . Canadian Pacific created a website to persuade people that the Canadian Pacific / Norfolk Southern merger would benefit the rail industry . Canadian Pacific both filed a complaint against the Department of Justice and dropped their proposed proxy fight in the proposed merger with Norfolk Southern . On April 11 , 2016 , Canadian Pacific abandoned the proposed merger with Norfolk Southern after three offers were rejected by the NS ' board . United Parcel Service ( UPS ) spoke out about the rail merger and said they are against the Canadian Pacific / Norfolk Southern merger . CP terminated its efforts to merge on April 11 , 2016 . On January 18 , 2017 it was announced that Hunter Harrison was retiring from CP and that Keith Creel would become President and Chief Executive Officer of the company effective January 31 , 2017 . Canadian Pacific Railway 's North line ( edit ) Canadian Pacific Railway 's North Line , which runs from Edmonton to Winnipeg , a high capacity line , is connected to `` all the key refining markets in North America . '' Chief Executive Hunter Harrison told the Wall Street Journal that Canadian Pacific planned to improve track along its North Line as part of a plan to ship Alberta oil east . CPR COO Keith Creel said CPR was in a growth position in 2014 thanks to the increased Alberta crude oil , Western Canadian Select WCS , transport that will account for one - third of CPR 's new revenue gains through 2018 `` aided by improvements at oil - loading terminals and track in western Canada . '' By 2014 Creel said the transport of Alberta 's heavy crude oil would account for about 60 % of the CP 's oil revenues , and light crude from the Bakken Shale region in Saskatchewan and the U.S. state of North Dakota would account for 40 % , the opposite of the ratios prior to the implementation of tougher regulations in both Canada and the United States that negatively affect the volatile , sensitive light sweet Bakken crude . Creel said that `` It ( WCS is ) safer , less volatile and more profitable to move and we 're uniquely positioned to connect to the West Coast as well as the East Coast . '' Freight trains ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) CP Rail SD90MAC locomotive in Thunder Bay , Ontario . GE ES44AC CP # 8863 at Campbellville , Ontario 2 Soo Line 6022 , an EMD SD 60 , pulls a train through Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin , 20 June 2004 . Over half of CP 's freight traffic is in grain ( 24 % of 2016 freight revenue ) , intermodal freight ( 22 % ) , and coal ( 10 % ) and the vast majority of its profits are made in western Canada . A major shift in trade from the Atlantic to the Pacific has caused serious drops in CPR 's wheat shipments through Thunder Bay . It also ships chemicals and plastics ( 12 % of 2016 revenue ) , automotive parts and assembled automobiles ( 6 % ) , potash ( 6 % ) , sulphur and other fertilizers ( 5 % ) , forest products ( 5 % ) , and various other products ( 11 % ) . The busiest part of its railway network is along its main line between Calgary and Vancouver . Since 1970 , coal has become a major commodity hauled by CPR . Coal is shipped in unit trains from coal mines in the mountains , most notably Sparwood , British Columbia to terminals at Roberts Bank and North Vancouver , from where it is then shipped to Japan . CP hauls millions of tonnes of coal to the west coast each year . Grain is hauled by the CPR from the prairies to ports at Thunder Bay ( the former cities of Fort William and Port Arthur ) , Quebec City and Vancouver , where it is then shipped overseas . The traditional winter export port was West Saint John , New Brunswick , when ice closed the St. Lawrence River . Grain has always been a significant commodity hauled by the CPR ; between 1905 and 1909 , the CPR double - tracked its section of track between Fort William , Ontario ( part of present - day Thunder Bay ) and Winnipeg to facilitate grain shipments . For several decades this was the only long stretch of double - track mainline outside of urban areas on the CPR . Today , though the Thunder Bay - Winnipeg section is now single tracked , the CPR still has two long distance double track lines serving rural areas , including a 121 - kilometre ( 75 mi ) stretch between Kent , British Columbia and Vancouver which follows the Fraser River into the Coast Mountains , as well as the Canadian Pacific Winchester Sub , a 160 - kilometre ( 100 mi ) stretch of double track mainline which runs from Smiths Falls , Ontario through downtown Montreal which runs through many rural farming communities . There are also various long stretches of double track between Golden and Kamloops , British Columbia , and portions of the original Winnipeg - Thunder Bay double track ( such as 30 kilometres ( 20 mi ) through Kenora and Keewatin , Ontario ) are still double track . In 1952 , the CPR became the first North American railway to introduce intermodal or `` piggyback '' freight service , where truck trailers are carried on flat cars . Containers later replaced most piggyback service . In 1996 , the CPR introduced a scheduled reservation - only short - haul intermodal service between Montreal and West Toronto called the Iron Highway ; it utilized unique equipment that was later replaced ( 1999 ) by conventional piggyback flatcars and renamed Expressway . This service was extended to Detroit with plans to reach Chicago however CP was unable to locate a suitable terminal . Passenger trains ( edit ) The train was the primary mode of long - distance transport in Canada until the 1960s . Among the many types of people who rode CPR trains were new immigrants heading for the prairies , military troops ( especially during the two world wars ) and upper class tourists . It also custom - built many of its passenger cars at its CPR Angus Shops to be able to meet the demands of the upper class . An Angus Shops building converted into an SAQ liquor store . The CPR also had a line of Great Lakes ships integrated into its transcontinental service . From 1885 until 1912 , these ships linked Owen Sound on Georgian Bay to Fort William . Following a major fire in December 1911 that destroyed the grain elevator , operations were relocated to a new , larger port created by the CPR at Port McNicoll opening in May 1912 . Five ships allowed daily service , and included the S.S. Assiniboia and S.S. Keewatin built in 1908 which remained in use until the end of service . Travellers went by train from Toronto that Georgian Bay port , then travelled by ship to link with another train at the Lakehead . After World War II , the trains and ships carried automobiles as well as passengers . This service featured what was to become the last boat train in North America . The Steam Boat was a fast , direct connecting train between Toronto and Port McNicoll . The passenger service was discontinued at the end of season in 1965 with one ship , the Keewatin , carrying on in freight service for two more years . It later became a marine museum at Douglas , Michigan in the United States , before returning to its original homeport of Port McNicoll , Canada in 2013 . After the Second World War , passenger traffic declined as automobiles and aeroplanes became more common , but the CPR continued to innovate in an attempt to keep passenger numbers up . Beginning 9 November 1953 , the CPR introduced Budd Rail Diesel Cars ( RDCs ) on many of its lines . Officially called `` Dayliners '' by the CPR , they were always referred to as Budd Cars by employees . Greatly reduced travel times and reduced costs resulted , which saved service on many lines for a number of years . The CPR went on to acquire the second largest fleet of RDCs totalling 52 cars . Only the Boston and Maine Railroad had more . This CPR fleet also included the rare model RDC - 4 ( which consisted of a mail section at one end and a baggage section at the other end with no formal passenger section ) . On 24 April 1955 , the CPR introduced a new luxury transcontinental passenger train , The Canadian . The train provided service between Vancouver and Toronto or Montreal ( east of Sudbury ; the train was in two sections ) . The train , which operated on an expedited schedule , was pulled by diesel locomotives , and used new , streamlined , stainless steel rolling stock . Starting in the 1960s , however , the railway started to discontinue much of its passenger service , particularly on its branch lines . For example , passenger service ended on its line through southern British Columbia and Crowsnest Pass in January 1964 , and on its Quebec Central in April 1967 , and the transcontinental train The Dominion was dropped in January 1966 . On 29 October 1978 , CP Rail transferred its passenger services to Via Rail , a new federal Crown corporation that was now responsible for intercity passenger services in Canada . Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney presided over major cuts in Via Rail service on 15 January 1990 . This ended service by The Canadian over CPR rails , and the train was rerouted on the former Super Continentalroute via Canadian National without a change of name . Where both trains had been daily prior to the 15 January 1990 cuts , the surviving Canadian was only a three - times - weekly operation . In October 2012 , The Canadian was reduced to twice - weekly for the six - month off - season period , and currently operates three - times - weekly for only six months a year . In addition to inter-city passenger services , the CPR also provided commuter rail services in Montreal . CP Rail introduced Canada 's first bi-level passenger cars here in 1970 . On 1 October 1982 , the Montreal Urban Community Transit Commission ( STCUM ) assumed responsibility for the commuter services previously provided by CP Rail . It continues under the Metropolitan Transportation Agency ( AMT ) . West Coast Express at Waterfront Station ( Vancouver ) . Canadian Pacific Railway currently operates two commuter services under contract . GO Transit contracts CPR to operate six return trips between Milton and central Toronto in Ontario . In Montreal , 59 daily commuter trains run on CPR lines from Lucien - L'Allier Station to Candiac , Hudson and Blainville -- Saint - Jérôme on behalf of the AMT . CP no longer operates Vancouver 's West Coast Express on behalf of TransLink , a regional transit authority . Bombardier Transportation assumed control of train operations on 5 May 2014 . CP Rail also owns the track for , handles dispatching of , and otherwise participates in the running of two commuter rail lines , the Milwaukee District / North ( which uses CP 's C&M Subdivision ) and Milwaukee District / West Lines ( which uses CP 's Elgin Subdivision ) , as part of Greater Chicago 's Metra system . Sleeping , dining and parlour car Department ( edit ) Sleeping cars were operated by a separate department of the railway that included the dining and parlour cars and aptly named as the Sleeping , Dining and Parlour Car Department . The CPR decided from the very beginning that it would operate its own sleeping cars , unlike railways in the United States that depended upon independent companies that specialized in providing cars and porters , including building the cars themselves . Pullman was long a famous name in this regard ; its Pullman porters were legendary . Other early companies included the Wagner Palace Car Company . Bigger - sized berths and more comfortable surroundings were built by order of the CPR 's General Manager , William Van Horne , who was a large man himself . Providing and operating their own cars allowed better control of the service provided as well as keeping all of the revenue received , although dining - car services were never profitable . But railroad managers realized that those who could afford to travel great distances expected such facilities , and their favourable opinion would bode well to attracting others to Canada and the CPR 's trains . Express ( edit ) W.C. Van Horne decided from the very beginning that the CPR would retain as much revenue from its various operations as it could . This translated into keeping express , telegraph , sleeping car and other lines of business for themselves , creating separate departments or companies as necessary . This was necessary as the fledgling railway would need all the income it could get , and in addition , he saw some of these ancillary operations such as express and telegraph as being quite profitable . Others such as sleeping and dining cars were kept in order to provide better control over the quality of service being provided to passengers . Hotels were likewise crucial to the CPR 's growth by attracting travellers . Dominion Express Company was formed independently in 1873 before the CPR itself , although train service did not begin until the summer of 1882 at which time it operated over some 500 kilometres ( 300 mi ) of track from Rat Portage ( Kenora ) Ontario west to Winnipeg , Manitoba . It was soon absorbed into the CPR and expanded everywhere the CPR went . It was renamed Canadian Express Company on 1 September 1926 , and the headquarters moved from Winnipeg , to Toronto . It was operated as a separate company with the railway charging them to haul express cars on trains . Express was handled in separate cars , some with employees on board , on the headend of passenger trains to provide a fast scheduled service for which higher rates could be charged than for LCL ( Less than Carload Lot ) , small shipments of freight which were subject to delay . Aside from all sorts of small shipments for all kinds of businesses such products as cream , butter , poultry and eggs were handled along with fresh flowers , fish and other sea foods some handled in separate refrigerated cars . Horses and livestock along with birds and small animals including prize cattle for exhibition were carried often in special horse cars that had facilities for grooms to ride with their animals . Automobiles for individuals were also handled by express in closed boxcars . Gold and silver bullion as well as cash were carried in large amounts between the mint and banks and Express messengers were armed for security . Small business money shipments and valuables such as jewellery were routinely handled in small packets . Money orders and travellers ' cheques were an important part of the express company 's business and were used worldwide in the years before credit cards . Canadian Express Cartage Department was formed in March 1937 to handle pickup and delivery of most express shipments including less - than - carload freight . Their trucks were painted Killarney ( dark ) green while regular express company vehicles were painted bright red . Express routes using highway trucks beginning in November 1945 in southern Ontario and Alberta co-ordinated railway and highway service expanded service to better serve smaller locations especially on branchlines . Trucking operations would go on to expand across Canada making it an important transport provider for small shipments . Deregulation in the 1980s , however , changed everything and trucking services were ended after many attempts to change with the times . Special trains ( edit ) Silk trains ( edit ) Between the 1890s and 1933 , the CPR transported raw silk from Vancouver , where they had been shipped from the Orient , to silk mills in New York and New Jersey . A silk train could carry several million dollars worth of silk , so they had their own armed guards . To avoid train robberies and so minimize insurance costs , they travelled quickly and stopped only to change locomotives and crews , which was often done in under five minutes . The silk trains had superior rights over all other trains ; even passenger trains ( including the Royal Train of 1939 ) would be put in sidings to make the silk trains ' trip faster . At the end of World War II , the invention of nylon made silk less valuable so the silk trains died out . Funeral trains ( edit ) Funeral train of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald . Funeral trains would carry the remains of important people , such as prime ministers . As the train would pass , mourners would be at certain spots to show respect . Two of the CPR 's funeral trains are particularly well - known . On 10 June 1891 , the funeral train of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald ran from Ottawa to Kingston , Ontario . The train consisted of five heavily draped passenger cars and was pulled by 4 - 4 - 0 No. 283 . On 14 September 1915 , the funeral train of former CPR president Sir William Cornelius Van Horne ran from Montreal to Joliet , Illinois , pulled by 4 - 6 - 2 No. 2213 . King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at Hope , British Columbia . Royal trains ( edit ) Further information : Royal and viceroyal transport in Canada The CPR ran a number of trains that transported members of the Canadian Royal Family when they have toured the country . These trains transported royalty through Canada 's scenery , forests , small towns and enabled people to see and greet them . Their trains were elegantly decorated ; some had amenities such as a post office and barber shop . The CPR 's most notable royal train was in 1939 . In 1939 , the CPR and the CNR had the honour of giving King George VI and Queen Elizabeth a rail tour of Canada , from Quebec City to Vancouver . This was the first visit to Canada by a reigning Monarch . The steam locomotives used to pull the train included CPR 2850 , a Hudson ( 4 - 6 - 4 ) built by Montreal Locomotive Works in 1938 , CNR 6400 , a U-4 - a Northern ( 4 - 8 - 4 ) and CNR 6028 a U-1 - b Mountain ( 4 - 8 - 2 ) type . They were specially painted royal blue , with the exception of CNR 6028 which was not painted , with silver trim as was the entire train . The locomotives ran 5,189 km ( 3,224 mi ) across Canada , through 25 changes of crew , without engine failure . The King , somewhat of a railbuff , rode in the cab when possible . After the tour , King George gave the CPR permission to use the term `` Royal Hudson '' for the CPR locomotives and to display Royal Crowns on their running boards . This applied only to the semi-streamlined locomotives ( 2820 -- 2864 ) , not the `` standard '' Hudsons ( 2800 -- 2819 ) . Better farming train ( edit ) CPR provided the rollingstock for the Better Farming Train which toured rural Saskatchewan between 1914 and 1922 to promote the latest information on agricultural research . It was staffed by the University of Saskatchewan and operating expenses were covered by the Department of Agriculture . School cars ( edit ) Between 1927 and the early 1950s , the CPR ran a school car to reach people who lived in Northern Ontario , far from schools . A teacher would travel in a specially designed car to remote areas and would stay to teach in one area for two to three days , then leave for another area . Each car had a blackboard and a few sets of chairs and desks . They also contained miniature libraries and accommodation for the teacher . Silver Streak ( edit ) Major shooting for the 1976 film Silver Streak , a fictional comedy tale of a murder - infested train trip from Los Angeles to Chicago , was done on the CPR , mainly in the Alberta area with station footage at Toronto 's Union Station . The train set was so lightly disguised as the fictional `` AMRoad '' that the locomotives and cars still carried their original names and numbers , along with the easily identifiable CP Rail red - striped paint scheme . Most of the cars are still in revenue service on Via Rail Canada ; the lead locomotive ( CP 4070 ) and the second unit ( CP 4067 ) were sold to Via Rail and CTCUM respectively . Holiday train ( edit ) Holiday Train in Montreal , November 2009 Starting in 1999 , CP runs a Holiday Train along its main line during the months of November and December . The Holiday Train celebrates the holiday season and collects donations for community food banks and hunger issues . The Holiday Train also provides publicity for Canadian Pacific and a few of its customers . Each train has a box car stage for entertainers who are travelling along with the train . The train is a freight train , but also pulls vintage passenger cars which are used as lodging / transportation for the crew and entertainers . Only entertainers and CP employees are allowed to board the train aside from a coach car that takes employees and their families from one stop to the next . Since its launch in 1999 , the Holiday Train program has raised CA $13 million and 4 million pounds ( 1,800 t ) of food for North American food banks . All donations collected in a community remain in that community for distribution . There are two Holiday Trains that cover 150 stops in Canada and the United States Northeast and Midwest . Each train is roughly 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) in length with brightly decorated railway cars , including a modified box car that has been turned into a travelling stage for performers . They are each decorated with hundred of thousands of LED Christmas lights . In 2013 to celebrate the program 's 15th year , three signature events were held in Hamilton , Ontario , Calgary , Alberta , and Cottage Grove , Minnesota , to further raise awareness for hunger issues . A crowd watches entertainers perform out of the CP Holiday Train The trains feature different entertainers each year ; in 2016 , one train featured Dallas Smith and the Odds , while the other featured Colin James and Kelly Prescott . After its 2017 tour , which hosted Colin James , Terri Clark , Alan Doyle , Dallas Smith and Kelly Prescott , CP now reports to have raised CA $ $14.5 million and 4.3 million pounds ( 2,000 t ) of food for local food banks . Royal Canadian Pacific ( edit ) On 7 June 2000 , the CPR inaugurated the Royal Canadian Pacific , a luxury excursion service that operates between the months of June and September . It operates along a 1,050 km ( 650 mi ) route from Calgary , through the Columbia Valley in British Columbia , and returning to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass . The trip takes six days and five nights . The train consists of up to eight luxury passenger cars built between 1916 and 1931 and is powered by first - generation diesel locomotives . Steam train ( edit ) Canadian Pacific 2816 Empress at Sturtevant , Wisconsin , 1 September 2007 In 1998 , the CPR repatriated one of its former passenger steam locomotives that had been on static display in the United States following its sale in January 1964 , long after the close of the steam era . CPR Hudson 2816 was re-designated Empress 2816 following a 30 - month restoration that cost in excess of $1 million . It was subsequently returned to service to promote public relations . It has operated across much of the CPR system , including lines in the U.S. and been used for various charitable purposes ; 100 % of the money raised goes to the nationwide charity Breakfast for Learning -- the CPR bears all of the expenses associated with the operation of the train . 2816 is the subject of Rocky Mountain Express , a 2011 IMAX film which follows the locomotive on an eastbound journey beginning in Vancouver , and which tells the story of the building of the CPR . Spirit train ( edit ) In 2008 , Canadian Pacific partnered with the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games to present a `` Spirit Train '' tour that featured Olympic - themed events at various stops . Colin James was a headline entertainer . Several stops were met by protesters who argued that the games were slated to take place on stolen indigenous land . CP Canada 150 train ( edit ) In 2017 , CP ran the CP Canada 150 Train from Port Moody to Ottawa to celebrate Canada 's 150th year since Confederation . The train stopped in 13 cities along its 3 - week summer tour , offering a free block party and concert from Dean Brody , Kelly Prescott and Dallas Arcand . The heritage train drew out thousands to sign the special `` Spirit of Tomorrow '' car , where children were invited to write their wishes for the future of Canada and send them to Ottawa . Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and daughter Ella - Grace Trudeau also visited the train and rode it from Revelstoke to Calgary . Non-railway services ( edit ) Historically , Canadian Pacific operated several non-railway businesses . In 1971 , these businesses were split off into the separate company Canadian Pacific Limited , and in 2001 , that company was further split into five companies . CP no longer provides any of these services . Telegraph ( edit ) The original charter of the CPR granted in 1881 provided for the right to create an electric telegraph and telephone service including charging for it . The telephone had barely been invented but telegraph was well established as a means of communicating quickly across great distances . Being allowed to sell this service meant the railway could offset the costs of constructing and maintaining a pole line along its tracks across vast distances for its own purposes which were largely for dispatching trains . It began doing so in 1882 as the separate Telegraph Department . It would go on to provide a link between the cables under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when they were completed . Before the CPR line , messages to the west could be sent only via the United States . Paid for by the word , the telegram was an expensive way to send messages , but they were vital to businesses . An individual receiving a personal telegram was seen as being someone important except for those that transmitted sorrow in the form of death notices . Messengers on bicycles delivered telegrams and picked up a reply in cities . In smaller locations , the local railway station agent would handle this on a commission basis . To speed things , at the local end messages would first be telephoned . In 1931 , it became the Communications Department in recognition of the expanding services provided which included telephones lines , news wire , ticker quotations for the stock market and eventually teleprinters . All were faster than mail and very important to business and the public alike for many decades before mobile phones and computers came along . It was the coming of these newer technologies especially cellular telephones that eventually resulted in the demise of these services even after formation in 1967 of CN - CP Telecommunications in an effort to effect efficiencies through consolidation rather than competition . Deregulation in the 1980s , brought about mergers and the sale of remaining services and facilities . Radio ( edit ) On 17 January 1930 , the CPR applied for licences to operate radio stations in 11 cities from coast to coast for the purpose of organising its own radio network in order to compete with the CNR Radio service . The CNR had built a radio network with the aim of promoting itself as well as entertaining its passengers during their travels . The onset of the Great Depression hurt the CPR 's financial plan for a rival project and in April they withdrew their applications for stations in all but Toronto , Montreal and Winnipeg . CPR did not end up pursuing these applications but instead operated a phantom station in Toronto known as `` CPRY , '' with initials standing for `` Canadian Pacific Royal York '' which operated out of studios at CP 's Royal York Hotel and leased time on CFRB and CKGW . A network of affiliates carried the CPR radio network 's broadcasts in the first half of the 1930s , but the takeover of CNR 's Radio service by the new Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission removed CPR 's need to have a network for competitive reasons and CPR 's radio service was discontinued in 1935 . Steamships ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Pacific Steamships Steamships played an important part in the history of CP from the very earliest days . During construction of the line in British Columbia even before the private CPR took over from the government contractor , ships were used to bring supplies to the construction sites . Similarly , to reach the isolated area of Superior in northern Ontario ships were used to bring in supplies to the construction work . While this work was going on there was already regular passenger service to the West . Trains operated from Toronto Owen Sound where CPR steamships connected to Fort William where trains once again operated to reach Winnipeg . Before the CPR was completed the only way to reach the West was through the United States via St. Paul and Winnipeg . This Great Lakes steam ship service continued as an alternative route for many years and was always operated by the railway . Canadian Pacific passenger service on the lakes ended in 1965 . In 1884 , CPR began purchasing sailing ships as part of a railway supply service on the Great Lakes . Over time , CPR became a railroad company with widely organized water transportation auxiliaries including the Great Lakes service , the trans - Pacific service , the Pacific coastal service , the British Columbia lake and river service , the trans - Atlantic service and the Bay of Fundy Ferry service . In the 20th century , the company evolved into an intercontinental railway which operated two transoceanic services which connected Canada with Europe and with Asia . The range of CPR services were aspects of an integrated plan . Advertisement for Canadian Pacific steamships to the Far East , 1936 . Once the railway was completed to British Columbia , the CPR chartered and soon bought their own passenger steamships as a link to the Orient . These sleek steamships were of the latest design and christened with `` Empress '' names ( e.g. , RMS Empress of Britain , Empress of Canada , Empress of Australia , and so forth ) . Travel to and from the Orient and cargo , especially imported tea and silk , were an important source of revenue , aided by Royal Mail contracts . This was an important part of the All - Red Route linking the various parts of the British Empire . The other ocean part was the Atlantic service to and from the United Kingdom , which began with acquisition of two existing lines , Beaver Line , owned by Elder Dempster and Allan Lines . These two segments became Canadian Pacific Ocean Services ( later , Canadian Pacific Steamships ) and operated separately from the various lake services operated in Canada , which were considered to be a direct part of the railway 's operations . These trans - ocean routes made it possible to travel from Britain to Hong Kong using only the CPR 's ships , trains and hotels . CP 's ' Empress ' ships became world - famous for their luxury and speed . They had a practical role , too , in transporting immigrants from much of Europe to Canada , especially to populate the vast prairies . They also played an important role in both world wars with many of them being lost to enemy action , including Empress of Britain . There were also a number of rail ferries operated over the years as well including , between Windsor , Ontario and Detroit from 1890 until 1915 . This began with two paddle - wheelers capable of carrying 16 cars . Passenger cars were carried as well as freight . This service ended in 1915 when the CPR made an agreement with the Michigan Central to use their Detroit River tunnel opened in 1910 . Pennsylvania - Ontario Transportation Company was formed jointly with the PRR in 1906 to operate a ferry across Lake Erie between Ashtabula , Ohio and Port Burwell , Ontario to carry freight cars , mostly of coal , much of it to be burned in CPR steam locomotives . Only one ferry boat was ever operated , Ashtabula , a large vessel which eventually sank in a harbour collision in Ashtabula on 18 September 1958 , thus ending the service . Canadian Pacific Car and Passenger Transfer Company was formed by other interest in 1888 linking the CPR in Prescott , Ontario , and the NYC in Ogdensburg , New York . Service on this route had actually begun very early , in 1854 , along with service from Brockville . A bridge built in 1958 ended passenger service however , freight continued until Ogdensburg 's dock was destroyed by fire 25 September 1970 , thus ending all service . CPC&PTC was never owned by the CPR . Bay of Fundy ferry service was operated for passengers and freight for many years linking Digby , Nova Scotia , and Saint John , New Brunswick . Eventually , after 78 years , with the changing times the scheduled passenger services would all be ended as well as ocean cruises . Cargo would continue on both oceans with a change over to containers . CP was an intermodal pioneer especially on land with road and railway mixing to provide the best service . CP Ships was the final operation , and in the end it too left CP ownership when it was spun off in 2001 . CP Ships was merged with Hapag - Lloyd in 2005 . BC Coast steamships ( edit ) The Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service ( British Columbia Coast Steamships or BCCS ) was established when the CPR acquired in 1901 Canadian Pacific Navigation Company ( no relation ) and its large fleet of ships that served 72 ports along the coast of British Columbia including on Vancouver Island . Service included the Vancouver - Victoria - Seattle Triangle Route , Gulf Islands , Powell River , as well as Vancouver - Alaska service . BCCS operated a fleet of 14 passenger ships made up of a number of Princess ships , pocket versions of the famous oceangoing Empress ships along with a freighter , three tugs and five railway car barges . Popular with tourists , the Princess ships were famous in their own right especially Princess Marguerite ( II ) which operated from 1949 until 1985 and was the last coastal liner in operation . The best known of the princess ships , however , is Princess Sophia , which sank with no survivors in October 1918 after striking the Vanderbilt Reef in Alaska 's Lynn Canal , constituting the largest maritime disaster in the history of the Pacific Northwest . These services continued for many years until changing conditions in the late 1950s brought about their decline and eventual demise at the end of season in 1974 . Princess Marguerite was acquired by the province 's British Columbia Steamship ( 1975 ) Ltd. and continued to operate for a number of years . In 1977 although BCCSS was the legal name , it was rebranded as Coastal Marine Operations ( CMO ) . By 1998 the company was bought by the Washington Marine Group which after purchase was renamed Seaspan Coastal Intermodal Company and then subsequently rebranded in 2011 as Seaspan Ferries Corporation . Passenger service ended in 1981 . BC Lake and River service ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia The Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service ( British Columbia Lake and River Service ) developed slowly and in spurts of growth . CP began a long history of service in the Kootenays region of southern British Columbia beginning with the purchase in 1897 of the Columbia and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company which operated a fleet of steamers and barges on the Arrow Lakes and was merged into the CPR as the CPR Lake and River Service which also served the Arrow Lakes and Columbia River , Kootenay Lake and Kootenai River , Lake Okanagan and Skaha Lake , Slocan Lake , Trout Lake , and Shuswap Lake and the Thompson River / Kamloops Lake . All of these lake operations had one thing in common , the need for shallow draft therefore sternwheelers were the choice of ship . Tugs and barges handled railway equipment including one operation that saw the entire train including the locomotive and caboose go along . These services gradually declined and ended in 1975 except for a freight barge on Slocan Lake . This was the one where the entire train went along since the barge was a link to an isolated section of track . The Iris G tug boat and a barge were operated under contract to CP Rail until the last train ran late in December 1988 . The sternwheel steamship Moyie on Kootenay Lake was the last CPR passenger boat in BC lake service , having operated from 1898 until 1957 . She became a beached historical exhibit , as are also the Sicamous and Naramata at Penticton on Lake Okanagan . Hotels ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Pacific Hotels To promote tourism and passenger ridership the Canadian Pacific established a series of first class hotels . These hotels became landmarks famous in their own right . They include the Algonquin in St. Andrews , Château Frontenac in Quebec , Royal York in Toronto , Minaki Lodge in Minaki Ontario , Hotel Vancouver , Empress Hotel in Victoria and the Banff Springs Hotel and Chateau Lake Louise in the Canadian Rockies . Several signature hotels were acquired from its competitor Canadian National during the 1980s , including the Jasper Park Lodge . The hotels retain their Canadian Pacific heritage , but are no longer operated by the railroad . In 1998 , Canadian Pacific Hotels acquired Fairmont Hotels , an American company , becoming Fairmont Hotels and Resorts , Inc. ; the combined corporation operated the historic Canadian properties as well as the Fairmont 's U.S. properties until merged with Raffles Hotels and Resorts and Swissôtel in 2006 . Airline ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Pacific Air Lines Canadian Pacific Airlines , also called CP Air , operated from 1942 to 1987 and was the main competitor of Canadian government - owned Air Canada . Based at Vancouver International Airport , it served Canadian and international routes until it was purchased by Pacific Western Airlines which merged PWA and CP Air to create Canadian Airlines . Locomotives ( edit ) Steam locomotives ( edit ) Countess of Dufferin In the CPR 's early years , it made extensive use of American Standard 4 - 4 - 0 steam locomotives and an example of this is the Countess of Dufferin . Later , considerable use was also made of the 4 - 6 - 0 type for passenger and 2 - 8 - 0 type for freight . Starting in the 20th century , the CPR bought and built hundreds of Ten - Wheeler type 4 - 6 - 0s for passenger and freight service and similar quantities of 2 - 8 - 0s and 2 - 10 - 2s for freight . 2 - 10 - 2s were also used in passenger service on mountain routes . The CPR bought hundreds of 4 - 6 - 2 Pacifics between 1906 and 1948 with later versions being true dual purpose passenger and fast freight locomotives . CPR # 2317 , a G - 3 - c 4 - 6 - 2 `` Pacific '' locomotive built at the CPR 's Angus Shops in 1923 CP passenger train heading east towards Calgary about 1973 A westbound Canadian Pacific freight train pulls away from a passing siding after track clearance in Bolton , Ontario on 23 May 2017 . It is headed by four GE AC4400CW locomotives ( 8627 , 9615 , 8629 & 8609 ) . The CPR built hundreds of its own locomotives at its shops in Montreal , first at the New Shops as the DeLorimer shops were commonly referred to and at the massive Angus Shops that replaced them in 1904 . Some of the CPR 's best - known locomotives were the 4 - 6 - 4 Hudsons . First built in 1929 , they began a new era of modern locomotives with capabilities that changed how transcontinental passenger trains ran , eliminating frequent changes en route . What once took 24 changes of engines in 1886 , all of them 4 - 4 - 0s except for two of 2 - 8 - 0s in the mountains , for 4,640 kilometres ( 2,883 mi ) between Montreal and Vancouver became 8 changes . The 2800s ( Twenty Eight Hundreds ) , as the Hudson type was known , ran from Toronto to Fort William , a distance of 1,305 kilometres ( 811 mi ) , while another lengthy engine district was from Winnipeg to Calgary 1,339 kilometres ( 832 mi ) . Especially notable were the semi-streamlined H1 class Royal Hudson , locomotives that were given their name because one of their class hauled the Royal Train carrying King George VI and Queen Elizabeth on the 1939 Royal Tour across Canada without change or failure . That locomotive , No. 2850 , is preserved in the Exporail exhibit hall of the Canadian Railway Museum in St. Constant ( Delson ) Quebec . One of the class , No. 2860 , was restored by the British Columbia government and used in excursion service on the British Columbia Railway between 1974 and 1999 . The CPR also made many of their older 2 - 8 - 0s , built in the turn of the century , into 2 - 8 - 2s . In 1929 , the CPR received its first 2 - 10 - 4 Selkirk locomotives , the largest steam locomotives to run in Canada and the British Empire . Named after the Selkirk Mountains where they served , these locomotives were well suited for steep grades . They were regularly used in passenger and freight service . The CPR would own 37 of these locomotives , including number 8000 , an experimental high pressure engine . The last steam locomotives that the CPR received , in 1949 , were Selkirks , numbered 5930 -- 5935 . Diesel locomotives ( edit ) In 1937 , the CPR acquired its first diesel - electric locomotive , a custom - built one - of - a-kind switcher numbered 7000 . This locomotive was not successful and was not repeated . Production - model diesels were imported from American Locomotive Company ( Alco ) starting with five model S - 2 yard switchers in 1943 and followed by further orders . In 1949 , operations on lines in Vermont were dieselized with Alco FA1 road locomotives ( 8 A and 4 B units ) , 5 Alco RS - 2 road switchers , 3 Alco S - 2 switchers and 3 EMD E8 passenger locomotives . In 1948 Montreal Locomotive Works began production of ALCO designs . In 1949 , the CPR acquired 13 Baldwin - designed locomotives from the Canadian Locomotive Company for its isolated Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway and Vancouver Island was quickly dieselized . Following that successful experiment , the CPR started to dieselize its main network . Dieselization was completed 11 years later , with its last steam locomotive running on 6 November 1960 . The CPR 's first - generation locomotives were mostly made by General Motors Diesel and Montreal Locomotive Works ( American Locomotive Company designs ) , with some made by the Canadian Locomotive Company to Baldwin and Fairbanks Morse designs . CP was the first railway in North America to pioneer AC traction diesel - electric locomotives , in 1984 . In 1995 CP turned to GE Transportation Systems for the first production AC traction locomotives in Canada , and now has the highest percentage of AC locomotives in service of all North American Class I railways . The fleet includes these types : Active Roster ( edit ) EMD GP38 - 2 EMD GP40 EMD GP40 - 2 EMD GP20C - ECO EMD SD40 - 2 EMD SD60 EMD SD30C - ECO GE AC4400CW GE ES44AC EMD SD70ACU * From rebuilt EMD SD90MACs . None are yet in service . In Storage ( edit ) EMD SD90MAC In Storage * Being rebuild into SD70ACUs Retired Roster ( edit ) EMD SW1200 Retired EMD GP9 Retired EMD SD40 - 2F Retired EMD GP30 Retired FM H24 - 66 Retired Corporate structure ( edit ) Canadian Pacific Railway Limited ( TSX : CP NYSE : CP ) is a Canadian railway transportation company that operates the Canadian Pacific Railway . It was created in 2001 when the CPR 's former parent company , Canadian Pacific Limited , spun off its railway operations . On 3 October 2001 , the company 's shares began to trade on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange under the `` CP '' symbol . During 2003 , the company earned $ C3. 5 billion in freight revenue . In October 2008 , Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd was named one of `` Canada 's Top 100 Employers '' by Mediacorp Canada Inc. , and was featured in Maclean 's . Later that month , CPR was named one of Alberta 's Top Employers , which was reported in both the Calgary Herald and the Edmonton Journal . Presidents ( edit ) Term ( s ) Name 1881 -- 1888 Sir George Stephen United Kingdom / Canada 1889 -- 1899 Sir William Cornelius Van Horne United States / Canada 1899 -- 1918 The Lord Shaughnessy United States / Canada 1918 -- 1942 Sir Edward Wentworth Beatty Canada 1942 -- 1947 D'Alton Cory Coleman Canada 1947 -- 1948 William Neal Canada 1948 -- 1955 William Allen Mather Canada 1955 -- 1964 , 1966 Norris Roy `` Buck '' Crump Canada 1964 -- 1966 Robert A. `` Bob '' Emerson Canada 1966 -- 1972 Ian David Sinclair Canada 1972 -- 1981 Fred Burbidge Canada 1981 -- 1984 William `` Bill '' Stinson Canada 1984 -- 1990 Russell S. Allison Canada 1990 -- 2006 Robert J. `` Rob '' Ritchie Canada 2006 -- 2012 Fred Green Canada 2012 Stephen C. Tobias ( Interim ) United States 2012 -- 2017 E. Hunter Harrison United States 2017 -- Present Keith Creel United States Major facilities ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) CP owns a large number of large yards and repair shops across their system , which are used for many operations ranging from intermodal terminals to classification yards . Below are some examples of these . Active hump yards ( edit ) Hump yards work by using a small hill over which cars are pushed , before being released down a slope and switched automatically into cuts of cars , ready to be made into outbound trains . Many of these yards were closed in 2012 and 2013 under Hunter Harrison 's company - wide restructuring , only the St. Paul Yard hump remains open . Calgary , Alberta -- 68 - hectare ( 168 - acre ) Alyth Yard ; handles 2,200 cars daily ( closed ) Chicago , Illinois -- Bensenville Yard ( closed ) Montreal , Quebec -- St. Luc Yard ; active since 1950 . Flat switching since the mid-1980s . ( closed ) St. Paul , Minnesota -- Pig 's Eye Yard / St. Paul Yard Toronto , Ontario -- Toronto Yard ( also known as `` Toronto Freight Yard or Agincourt Yard '' ) ; opened in 1964 ( closed ) Winnipeg , Manitoba -- Rugby Yard ( also known as `` Weston Yard '' ) ( Active ) Joint partnership ( edit ) Toronto Terminal Railways -- management team for Toronto 's Union Station with Canadian National Railway . See also ( edit ) Trains portal Companies portal Calgary portal Largest domestic 53 foot container companies ( fleet size ) Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service Canadian Pacific Police Service Canadian Pacific Railway Upper Lake Service History of Chinese immigration to Canada Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 21 Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 402 Canadian Pacific Building ( London ) Canadian Pacific Building ( New York City ) Canadian Pacific Building ( Toronto ) Facilities of the Canadian Pacific Railway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CP Rail - Annual Report 2016 '' . CP Rail . Retrieved 1 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Canadian Pacific Railway ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` Canadian Pacific trains across North America pause for day of mourning '' . webcache.googleusercontent.com . Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 200 : Canada 's Largest Companies ( c1973 - 74 ) '' . Western Libraries , University of Western Ontario ( 6 Side ) . 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2008 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Joseph E. ( Oct -- Nov 2017 ) . `` Titans '' . Canada 's History . 97 ( 5 ) : 47 - 53 . ISSN 1920 - 9894 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Canadian Pacific 's U.S. HQ moves to new digs '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Railways : The Road to Confederation '' . Jump up ^ Berton , Pierre ( 2001 ) ( 1970 ) . The National Dream : The Great Railway , 1871 - 1881 . Anchor Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67355 - 6 . 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The men who built the CPR : Lords of the Line . New York : Penguin Group . p. 157 . Jump up ^ Canadian Pacific Facts and Figures ( 1937 ) , page 15 . Jump up ^ Toronto , Hamilton & Buffalo Railway Historical Society , Historical Outline ; accessed 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Donald M. , The Ontario & Quebec Railway . Mika Publishing , Belleville , Ontario ( 1984 ) . p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Dorman , Robert and Stoltz , D.E. `` A Statutory History of Railways in Canada 1836 - 1986 '' . The Canadian Institute of Guided Ground Transport , Queen 's University , 1987 , pp. 109 - 110 , 213 , 293 , 374 , 421 . Jump up ^ Canadian Pacific Railway , `` Prairie & Pacific Regions Subdivision Chart and Historical Record '' ( 1943 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Canadian Pacific Railway Co '' . The Week : a Canadian journal of politics , literature , science and arts . 8 : 127 . January 24 , 1884 . 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The News - Herald , by Dave Herndon Nov 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Thousands come out to see CP Holiday Train roll through Saskatoon '' . CBC News Dec 06 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Canadian Pacific - Entertainers '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.cpr.ca/en/community/18th-edition-of-the-cp-holiday-train-on-track-to-raise-1-2m-and-250-000-pounds-of-food Jump up ^ `` CP holiday train on track Springwater '' . By Ian McInroy , Barrie Examiner , December 1 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` A-list musicians to headline CP Holiday Train events in Hamilton , Calgary and Cottage Grove '' . www.cpr.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.cpr.ca/en/community/18th-cp-holiday-train-ready-to-support-communities-and-raise-awareness Jump up ^ `` 19th annual CP Holiday Train concludes another successful tour , raises more than $1.5 million and 300,000 pounds of food '' . www.cpr.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rod Mickleburgh , `` Protests are fine , but can the obnoxious profanity '' , Globe and Mail , 26 September 2003 , S3 Jump up ^ Denis St. Pierre , `` Protest greets Spirit Train '' , Sudbury Star , 13 October 2008 , p . A9 Jump up ^ Mark Klichling , `` Protests do n't derail Olympic Spirit Train '' , North Bay Nugget , 14 October 2008 , A5 Jump up ^ Stephanie Levitz , `` Winter Olympic supporters and opponents both claim success from Spirit Train '' , Canadian Press , 19 October 2008 Jump up ^ `` Kelly Prescott '' . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Arcand '' . Jump up ^ `` CP Canada 150 train connects Canada , draws thousands to celebrate CP 's history and Canada 's sesquicentennial '' . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd . ( CP ) Canadian company '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Canadian Pacific Facts and Figures ( 1937 ) , p. 106 Jump up ^ Burnet , Robert . `` Canadian Railway Telegraph History '' . Telegraph Key & Sounder , Etobicoke , 1996 . p. 181 Jump up ^ Pacher , Susanne ( 30 August 2007 ) . `` Presenting : A Behind - The - Scenes Look At The Historic Royal York Hotel -- One of Toronto 's Crown Jewels ( part I ) '' . Advisor.d6cn.com . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Radio Broadcast that Fulfilled the Promise '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2007 . Retrieved 19 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Musk , George . Canadian Pacific The Story of the Famous Shipping Line . David & Charles Publishers plc , 2nd edition ( 1989 ) , pp. 47 - 55 , 101 - 123 , 130 , 213 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph Russell ( 1908 ) . The Ocean Carrier : a History and Analysis of the Service and a Discussion of the Rates of Ocean Transportation , p. 186 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Hapag - Lloyd website Archived 27 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Breakthrough of the container '' ; accessed 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seaspan Ferries History '' , Seaspan Ferries website ; accessed 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kootenay Lake Historical Society ; accessed 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ SS Sicamous Heritage Society website ; accessed 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ FRHI Hotels & Resorts website ; accessed 27 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lavallée , Omer . `` Canadian Pacific Steam Locomotives '' . Railfare , 1985 , pp. 226 - 340 . Jump up ^ Dean , Murray W. and Hanna , David B. `` Canadian Pacific Diesel Locomotives '' . Railfare , Toronto , 1981 . p. 36 Jump up ^ `` Calgary Herald , `` Alberta 's top 40 places to work '' `` . 18 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alberta 's best focus on attracting , keeping staff '' Archived 5 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , canada.com , 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Trains Magazine ( 8 July 2006 ) . `` North America 's Hump Yards '' . Retrieved 27 June 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of Canadian economic history Berton , Pierre ( 1970 ) . The National Dream : The Great Railway , 1871 -- 1881 . McClelland and Stewart , Toronto . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 1326 - 4 . Berton , Pierre ( 1971 ) . The Last Spike . McClelland and Stewart , Toronto . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 1327 - 2 . Cruise , David and Alison Griffiths ( 1988 ) . Lords of the Line . Viking , Markham , Ontario . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81437 - 7 . Innis , Harold A. ( 1971 ) ( 1923 ) . A History of the Canadian Pacific Railway . University of Toronto Press , Toronto . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 1704 - 5 . Leggett , Robert F. ( 1987 ) . Railways of Canada . Douglas & McIntyre , Vancouver , British Columbia . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 581 - 7 . Sandford , Barrie ( 1981 ) . The Pictorial History of Railroading in British Columbia . Whitecap Books , Vancouver , British Columbia . ISBN 0 - 920620 - 27 - 2 . The Premier 's Funeral ( 11 June 1891 ) . The Woodstock Evening Sentinel Review , p. 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canadian Pacific Railway . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article about Canadian Pacific Railway . Canadian Pacific Railway official website Canadian Railway history and stories CPR , from Sea to Sea : The Scottish Connection -- Historical essay , illustrated with photographs from the CPR Archives and the McCord Museum 's Notman Photographic Archives Lavalle , Omer ; Marshall , Tabitha ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Canadian Pacific Railway '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia ( online ed . ) . Historica Canada . The Canadian Pacific Railway inception - A rich digital set of unique artifacts , archival and graphic material from the UBC Library Digital Collections The Early Chinese Canadians : Working in B.C. : Gold , Railway , Mining , and Salmon Royal Canadian Pacific Winchester , Clarence , ed. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the construction of the cpr begin	[ "The railway was originally built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885 (connecting with Ottawa Valley and Georgian Bay area lines built earlier), fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871. It was Canada's first transcontinental railway, but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast. Primarily a freight railway, the CPR was for decades the only practical means of long-distance passenger transport in most regions of Canada, and was instrumental in the settlement and development of Western Canada. The CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada, a position it held as late as 1975.[3] Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986, after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978. A beaver was chosen as the railway's logo in honor of Sir Donald A Smith (1st. Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal) who had risen from Factor to Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade. Smith was a principal financier of the C.P.R.[4] staking much of his personal wealth. In 1885, he drove the last spike to complete the transcontinental line.[4]\n" ]	[ "1881" ]
8394128558787357732	The Lord of the Rings (film series)	The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) - wikipedia The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film series released between 2001 and 2003 . For other films based on The Lord of the Rings , see Middle - earth in film . The Lord of the Rings The poster for the series is a montage that features a range of characters and scenes from all three films Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Peter Jackson Barrie M. Osborne Fran Walsh Tim Sanders Screenplay by Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Stephen Sinclair ( The Two Towers ) Based on The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Liv Tyler Viggo Mortensen Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Bernard Hill Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Miranda Otto David Wenham Brad Dourif Karl Urban John Noble Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis ( See below ) Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by John Gilbert ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) Michael J. Horton Jabez Olssen ( The Two Towers ) Jamie Selkirk ( The Return of the King ) Production company WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( The Fellowship of the Ring ) 18 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 18 ) ( The Two Towers ) 17 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 17 ) ( The Return of the King ) Running time 558 minutes ( theatrical edition length ) Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $281,000,000 Box office $2,917,506,956 The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson . They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien . The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . They are a New Zealand - American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema . Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken , with an overall budget of $281 million ( some sources say $310 - $330 million ) , the entire project took eight years , with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand , Jackson 's native country , resulting in 1 in every 160 New Zealanders being part of the production of the trilogy . Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases . While the films follow the book 's general storyline , they do omit some of the novel 's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material . Set in the fictional world of Middle - earth , the films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) as he and the Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , and thus ensure the destruction of its maker , the Dark Lord Sauron . The Fellowship eventually splits up and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam ( Sean Astin ) and the treacherous Gollum ( Andy Serkis ) . Meanwhile , Aragorn ( Viggo Mortensen ) , heir in exile to the throne of Gondor , Legolas , Gimli , Merry , and Pippin , and the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) unite to rally the Free Peoples of Middle - earth in the War of the Ring . The series was received with overwhelming praise and was a major financial success , with the films collectively being among the highest - grossing film series of all time . The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded , winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations . The final film in the series , The Return of the King , won all 11 of its Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , which also tied it with Ben - Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film . The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production design 3 Filming 4 Cast 4.1 The Fellowship of the Ring 4.2 The Shire and Bree 4.3 Rivendell and Lothlórien 4.4 Rohan and Gondor 4.5 Isengard and Mordor 4.6 Historical figures 5 Post-production 5.1 Editing 5.2 Music 5.3 Sound 5.4 Special effects 6 Releases 6.1 Theatrical 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Public and critical response 7.3 Academy Awards 7.4 Reactions to changes in the films from the books 7.5 Legacy 8 Video games 9 The Hobbit 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Development ( edit ) Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings . Jackson `` enjoyed the film and wanted to know more . '' Afterwards , he read a tie - in edition of the book during a twelve - hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen . In 1995 , Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project , wondering `` why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it '' . With the new developments in computer - generated imagery following Jurassic Park , Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real . By October , he and his partner Fran Walsh teamed up with Miramax Films boss Harvey Weinstein to negotiate with Saul Zaentz who had held the rights to the book since the early 1970s , pitching an adaptation of The Hobbit and two films based on The Lord of the Rings . Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong . Weinstein was furious , and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit ; United Artists , which was in the market , did . By April 1996 , the rights question was still not resolved . Jackson decided to move ahead with King Kong before filming The Lord of the Rings , prompting Universal to enter a deal with Miramax to receive foreign earnings from The Lord of the Rings while Miramax received foreign earnings from King Kong . It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began . But due to location problems , he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead . When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997 , Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six - week process of sorting out the rights . Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re-read the book . Two to three months later , they had written their treatment . The first film would have dealt with what would become The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and the beginning of The Return of the King , ending with Saruman 's death , and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith . In this treatment , Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman , Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united , and Farmer Maggot , Glorfindel , Radagast , Elladan and Elrohir are present . Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond , Sam looks into Galadriel 's mirror , Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall . They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein , the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book . They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $75 million . During mid-1997 , Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair . Sinclair 's partner , Philippa Boyens , was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment . It took 13 -- 14 months to write the two film scripts , which were 147 and 144 pages respectively . Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations . Amongst their revisions , Sam is caught eavesdropping and forced to go along with Frodo , as occurs in the original novel . In the final treatment Sam , Merry , and Pippin infer the existence of One Ring and voluntarily go along after confronting Frodo about it . Gandalf 's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlórien was cut , with Galadriel doing what she does in the story at Rivendell . Denethor attends the Council with his son . Other changes included having Arwen rescue Frodo , and the action sequence involving the cave troll . The writers also considered having Arwen absorb Éowyn 's role entirely by having her kill the Witch - king . Trouble struck when Marty Katz was sent to New Zealand . Spending four months there , he told Miramax that the films were more likely to cost $150 million , and with Miramax unable to finance this , and with $15 million already spent , they decided to merge the two films into one . On 17 June 1998 , Bob Weinstein presented a treatment of a single two - hour film version of the book . He suggested cutting Bree and the Battle of Helm 's Deep , `` losing or using '' Saruman , merging Rohan and Gondor with Éowyn as Boromir 's sister , shortening Rivendell and Moria as well as having Ents prevent the Uruk - hai from kidnapping Merry and Pippin . Upset by the idea of `` cutting out half the good stuff '' Jackson balked , and Miramax declared that any script or work completed by Weta Workshop was theirs . Jackson went around Hollywood for four weeks , showing a thirty - five - minute video of their work , before meeting with New Line Cinema 's Mark Ordesky . At New Line Cinema , Robert Shaye viewed the video , and then asked why they were making two films when the book was published as three volumes ( this was later corrected : New Line only made this choice out of economical reasons ) ; he wanted to make a film trilogy . Now Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to write three new scripts . The expansion to three films allowed much more creative freedom , although Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to restructure their script accordingly . The three films do not correspond exactly to the trilogy 's three volumes , but rather represent a three - part adaptation . Jackson takes a more chronological approach to the story than did Tolkien . Frodo 's quest is the main focus , and Aragorn is the main sub-plot , and many sequences ( such as Tom Bombadil ) that do not contribute directly to those two plots were left out . Much effort was put into creating satisfactory conclusions and making sure exposition did not bog down the pacing . Amongst new sequences , there are also expansions on elements Tolkien kept ambiguous , such as the battles and the creatures . During shooting , the screenplays continued to evolve , in part due to contributions from cast members looking to further explore their characters . Most notable amongst these rewrites was the character Arwen , who was originally planned as a warrior princess , but reverted to her book counterpart , who remains physically inactive in the story ( though she sends moral and military support ) . To develop fight and sword choreography for the series , the filmmakers employed Hollywood sword - master Bob Anderson . Anderson worked directly with the talent including Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban to develop the film 's many sword fights and stunts . Bob Anderson 's role in The Lord of the Rings series was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade . This documentary on sword martial arts also featured Weta Workshop and Richard Taylor , The Lord of the Rings illustrator John Howe and actors Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban . All discussed their roles and work on the series as related to the sword . Production design ( edit ) Alan Lee at Worldcon 2005 in Glasgow , August 2005 . Main article : Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series Jackson began storyboarding the series with Christian Rivers in August 1997 and assigned his crew to begin designing Middle - earth at the same time . Jackson hired long - time collaborator Richard Taylor to lead Weta Workshop on five major design elements : armour , weapons , prosthetics / make - up , creatures , and miniatures . In November 1997 , famed Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee and John Howe joined the project . Most of the imagery in the films is based on their various illustrations . Production designer Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe 's designs into architecture , creating models of the sets , while Dan Hennah worked as art director , scouting locations and organising the building of sets . Jackson 's vision of Middle - earth was described as being `` Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean '' by Randy Cook . Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy , and attempted to make the world rational and believable . For example , the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow . Creatures were designed to be biologically believable , such as the enormous wings of the fell beast to help it fly . In total , 48,000 pieces of armour , 500 bows , and 10,000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop . They also created many prosthetics , such as 1,800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors , as well as many ears , noses , and heads for the cast , and around 19,000 costumes were woven and aged . Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department , taking the different scales into account . Filming ( edit ) Main article : Principal photography of The Lord of the Rings film series A helmet of the Rohirrim . Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand 's conservation areas and national parks . Filming took place between 11 October 1999 and 22 December 2000 , a period of 438 days . Pick - up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2003 . The series was shot at over 150 different locations , with seven different units shooting , as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown . Along with Jackson directing the whole production , other unit directors included John Mahaffie , Geoff Murphy , Fran Walsh , Barrie Osbourne , Rick Porras , and any other assistant director , producer , or writer available . Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds , and with the added pressure of constant script re-writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result , he only got around four hours of sleep a night . Due to the remoteness of some of the locations , the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time . The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification . The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work . Cast ( edit ) See also : Middle - earth in film § Cast The following is a list of cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of The Lord of the Rings film series . ( hide ) Character Film The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King 2002 2003 The Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) Frodo Baggins Elijah Wood Aragorn Viggo Mortensen Boromir Sean Bean Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck Dominic Monaghan Samwise Gamgee Sean Astin Gandalf Ian McKellen Gimli John Rhys - Davies Legolas Orlando Bloom Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took Billy Boyd The Shire and Bree ( edit ) Bilbo Baggins Ian Holm Ian Holm Mrs. Bracegirdle Lori Dungey Barliman Butterbur David Weatherley Rosie Cotton Sarah McLeod Sarah McLeod Gaffer Gamgee Norman Forsey Norman Forsey Elanor Gamgee Alexandra Astin Bree Gate - Keeper Martyn Sanderson Farmer Maggot Cameron Rhodes Old Noakes Bill Johnson Everard Proudfoot Noel Appleby Noel Appleby Mrs. Proudfoot Megan Edwards Otho Sackville Peter Corrigan Lobelia Sackville - Baggins Elizabeth Moody Ted Sandyman Brian Sergent Rivendell and Lothlórien ( edit ) Arwen Liv Tyler Elf escort ( a.k.a. Figwit ) Bret McKenzie Bret McKenzie Lord Celeborn Marton Csokas Marton Csokas Lord Elrond Hugo Weaving Lady Galadriel Cate Blanchett Haldir Craig Parker Rúmil Jørn Benzon Rohan and Gondor ( edit ) Damrod Alistair Browning Denethor John Noble Éomer Karl Urban Éothain Sam Comery Éowyn Miranda Otto Faramir David Wenham Freda Olivia Tennet Gamling Bruce Hopkins Grimbold Bruce Phillips Háma John Leigh Haleth Calum Gittins Irolas Ian Hughes King of the Dead Paul Norell Madril John Bach Morwen Robyn Malcolm King Théoden Bernard Hill Théodred Paris Howe Strewe Treebeard John Rhys - Davies ( voice ) Isengard and Mordor ( edit ) Sméagol / Gollum Andy Serkis Gorbag Stephen Ure Gothmog Lawrence Makoare Craig Parker ( voice ) Gríma Wormtongue Brad Dourif Grishnákh Stephen Ure Lurtz Lawrence Makoare Mauhúr Robbie Magasiva Andy Serkis ( voice ) Mouth of Sauron Bruce Spence The One Ring Alan Howard ( voice ) Alan Howard ( voice ) Saruman Christopher Lee Sauron Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Sala Baker Alan Howard ( voice ) Shagrat Peter Tait Sharku Jed Brophy Snaga Jed Brophy Andy Serkis ( voice ) Uglúk Nathaniel Lees Witch - king of Angmar Brent McIntyre Andy Serkis ( voice ) Lawrence Makoare Historical figures ( edit ) Déagol Thomas Robins ( hand only ) Thomas Robins Elendil Peter McKenzie Gil - galad Mark Ferguson Isildur Harry Sinclair Harry Sinclair Post-production ( edit ) An example of Elvish armour from the films . Each film had the benefit of a full year of post-production time before its respective December release , often finishing in October -- November , with the crew immediately going to work on the next film . In this period 's later part , Jackson would move to London to supervise the scoring and continue editing , while having a computer feed for discussions to The Dorchester Hotel , and a `` fat pipe '' of Internet connections from Pinewood Studios to look at the special effects . He had a video link and 5.1 surround sound to organise meetings , and listen to new music and sound effects generally wherever he was . The extended editions also had a tight schedule at the start of each year to complete special effects and music . Editing ( edit ) To avoid pressure , Jackson hired a different editor for each film . John Gilbert worked on the first film , Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third . Daily rushes would often last up to four hours , with scenes being done throughout 1999 -- 2002 for the rough ( 41⁄2 hours ) assemblies of the films . In total , 1828 km ( six million feet ) of film was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes ( 683 minutes ) of Extended running time . This was the final area of shaping of the films , when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen , as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes . The first film 's editing was relatively easygoing , with Jackson coming up with the concept of an Extended Edition later on , although after a screening to New Line they had to re-edit the beginning for a prologue . The Two Towers was always acknowledged by the crew as the most difficult film to make , as `` it had no beginning or end '' , and had the additional problem of inter-cutting storylines appropriately . Jackson even continued editing the film when that part of the schedule officially ended , resulting in some scenes , including the reforging of Andúril , Gollum 's back - story , and Saruman 's demise , being moved to The Return of the King . Later , Saruman 's demise was cut from the theatrical edition ( but included in the Extended edition ) when Jackson felt it was not starting the third film effectively enough . As with all parts of the third film 's post-production , editing was very chaotic . The first time Jackson actually saw the completed film was at the Wellington premiere . Many filmed scenes remain unused , even in the Extended Editions . Promotional material for The Fellowship of the Ring contained an attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria , replaced with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship . Also cut were scenes from the book , including Frodo seeing more of Middle - earth at Parth Galen and an extended Council of Elrond , and new scenes with an attack upon Frodo and Sam at the river Anduin by an Uruk - hai . The major cut to The Two Towers featured Arwen and Elrond visiting Galadriel at Lothlórien , with Arwen then leading the Elven reinforcements to Helm 's Deep . This scene , and a flashback to Arwen and Aragorn 's first meeting , was cut during a revision of the film 's plot ; the Elves ' appearance was explained with a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel . Éowyn was to have a greater role in defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk - hai intruders , while in Osgiliath , Faramir was to have a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum , with Frodo and Sam having an extended fight sequence . Filmed for The Return of the King were two scenes present in the book ; Sam using the Phial of Galadriel to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol , and further epilogue footage , with endings for Legolas and Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir 's wedding and Aragorn 's death and funeral . Sauron was to fight Aragorn at the Black Gate , but with Jackson deciding the scene was inappropriate , a computer - generated Troll was used instead . To give context for Wormtongue killing Saruman , and Legolas in turn killing Wormtongue , it was to be revealed Wormtongue poisoned Théodred . The final scene cut was Aragorn having his armour fitted for the Battle of the Black Gate by the trilogy 's armourers , which was the final scene filmed during principal photography . Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future `` Ultimate Edition '' home video release , also including out - takes . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set , and watched the assembly cuts of The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King . In the music , Shore included many ( 85 to 110 ) leitmotifs to represent various characters , cultures , and places - the largest catalogue of leitmotives in the history of cinema , surpassing - for comparison - that of the entire Star Wars saga . For example , there are multiple leitmotifs just for the hobbits and the Shire . Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington , virtually all of the trilogy 's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios . Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London , though for The Two Towers he stayed for twelve . As a Beatles fan , Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing . The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( ranging from 93 to 120 players throughout the recording ) , London Voices , London Oratory School Schola boy choir , and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro , Enya , Renée Fleming , James Galway , Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini contributed . Even actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen , Liv Tyler , Miranda Otto ( extended cuts only for the latter two ) , and Peter Jackson ( for a single gong sound in the second film ) contributed to the score . Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens served as librettists , writing lyrics to various music and songs , which David Salo translated into Tolkien 's languages . The third film 's end song , `` Into the West '' , was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan , who died of cancer in 2003 . Shore composed a main theme for The Fellowship rather than many different character themes , and its strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series . On top of that , individual themes were composed to represent different cultures . Infamously , the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes . The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running , passing Schindler 's List , Gladiator , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and Out of Africa respectively . Sound ( edit ) Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds . Some , such as animal sounds like those of tigers and walruses , were bought . Human voices were also used . Fran Walsh contributed to the Nazgûl scream and David Farmer the Warg howls . Other sounds were unexpected : the fell beast 's screech is taken from that of a donkey , and the mûmakil 's bellow comes from the beginning and end of a lion 's roar . In addition , ADR was used for most of the dialogue . The technicians worked with New Zealand locals to get many of the sounds . They re-recorded sounds in abandoned tunnels for an echo - like effect in the Moria sequence . 20,000 New Zealand cricket fans provided the sound of the Uruk - hai army in The Two Towers , with Jackson acting as conductor during the innings break of a one - day international cricket match between England and New Zealand at Westpac Stadium . They spent time recording sounds in a graveyard at night , and also had construction workers drop stone blocks for the sounds of boulders firing and landing in The Return of the King . Mixing took place between August and November at `` The Film Mix '' , before Jackson commissioned the building of a new studio in 2003 . The building , however , had not yet been fully completed when they started mixing for The Return of the King . Special effects ( edit ) Main article : Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series The first film has around 540 effect shots , the second 799 , and the third 1,488 ( 2,730 in total ) . The total increases to 3,420 with the extended editions . 260 visual effect artists began work on the series , and the number doubled by The Two Towers . The crew , led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook , worked long hours , often overnight , to produce special effects within a short space of time . Jackson 's active imagination was a driving force . For example , several major shots of Helm 's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers , and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King . Releases ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) The trilogy 's online promotional trailer was first released on 27 April 2000 , and set a new record for download hits , registering 1.7 million hits in the first 24 hours of its release . The trailer used a selection from the soundtrack for Braveheart and The Shawshank Redemption among other cuts . In 2001 , 24 minutes of footage from the series , primarily the Moria sequence , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival , and was very well received . The showing also included an area designed to look like Middle - earth . The Fellowship of the Ring was released 19 December 2001 . It grossed $47 million in its U.S. opening weekend and made around $871 million worldwide . A preview of The Two Towers was inserted just before the end credits near the end of the film 's theatrical run . A promotional trailer was later released , containing music re-scored from the film Requiem for a Dream . The Two Towers was released 18 December 2002 . It grossed $62 million in its first U.S. weekend and out - grossed its predecessor with $926 million worldwide . The promotional trailer for The Return of the King was debuted exclusively before the New Line Cinema film Secondhand Lions on 23 September 2003 . Released 17 December 2003 , its first U.S. weekend gross was $72 million , and became the second film ( after Titanic ) to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Home media ( edit ) The first two films were released on standard two - disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film . The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four - disc Extended Editions , with new editing , added special effects and music . The extended cuts of the films and the included special features were spread over two discs , and a limited collector 's edition was also released . The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 12 November 2002 , containing 30 minutes more footage , an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria , and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve ; an Argonath - styled bookend was included with the Collector 's Edition . The Two Towers , released on 18 November 2003 , contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White 's entrance ; the Collector 's Edition contained a Sméagol statue , with a crueller - looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time . The Return of the King was released on 14 December 2004 , having 51 minutes more footage , a Lee painting of the Grey Havens and a model of Minas Tirith for the Collector 's Edition , with Minas Morgul available by order for a limited time . The Special Extended DVD Editions also had in - sleeve maps of the Fellowship 's travels . They have also played at cinemas , most notably for a 16 December 2003 marathon screening ( dubbed `` Trilogy Tuesday '' ) culminating in a late afternoon screening of the third film . Attendees of `` Trilogy Tuesday '' were given a limited edition keepsake from Sideshow Collectibles containing one random frame of film from each of the three movies . Both versions were put together in a Limited Edition `` branching '' version , plus a new feature - length documentary by Costa Botes . The complete series was released in a six - disc set on 14 November 2006 . Warner Bros. released the trilogy 's theatrical versions on Blu - ray Disc in a boxed set on 6 April 2010 . An extended edition Blu - ray box set was made available for pre-order from Amazon.com in March 2011 and was released on 28 June 2011 . Each film 's extended Blu - ray version is identical to the extended DVD version ; the total running time is longer due to added credit sequence listing the names of `` Lord of the Rings fan - club members '' who contributed to the project . In 2014 , brand new Blu - ray steelbook editions of the five - disc Extended Editions were released . The first , The Fellowship of the Ring , was released on 24 March 2014 . The discs are identical to those found in the previous five - disc Blu - ray set . Film Theatrical edition length Extended edition length The Fellowship of the Ring 178 mins 208 mins ( 228 with additional credits ) The Two Towers 179 mins 223 mins ( 235 with additional credits ) The Return of the King 200 mins 251 mins ( 263 with additional credits ) Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Fellowship of the Ring 19 December 2001 $315,544,750 $555,985,574 $871,530,324 No. 32 # 76 No. 37 $93,000,000 The Two Towers 18 December 2002 $342,551,365 $583,495,746 $926,047,111 No. 22 # 61 No. 29 $94,000,000 The Return of the King 17 December 2003 $377,845,905 $742,083,616 $1,119,929,521 No. 17 # 52 No. 8 $94,000,000 Total $1,035,942,020 $1,881,564,936 $2,917,506,956 $281,000,000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted ranks based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Public and critical response ( edit ) Unadjusted for inflation , The Lord of the Rings film series is the highest - grossing film trilogy worldwide of all time , higher even than other film franchises such as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather trilogy . The film series grossed a total of $2.91 billion and also tied a record with Ben - Hur and Titanic for the total number of Academy Awards won for a single film , with The Return of the King receiving eleven Oscars . The majority of critics have also praised the series , with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that `` the trilogy will not soon , if ever , find its equal '' . Some were critical of the films ' pacing and length : `` It 's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another '' according to Philadelphia Weekly . On Rotten Tomatoes , the films received approval ratings of 91 % , 95 % , and 93 % respectively . Metacritic , based on its ratings for each film ( 92 , 87 , and 94 respectively ) , features the series within the top ten of the best films of the decade . As of July 2016 , every film is placed in the top 200 of Metacritic 's ' Best Movies of all Time ' list . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the films an average grade of A - , A , and A+ respectively on an A+ to F scale . The series appears in the Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association 's Top 10 Films , Time magazine 's All - Time 100 Movies , and James Berardinelli 's Top 100 . In 2007 , USA Today named the series as the most important films of the past 25 years . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Bringing a cherished book to the big screen ? No sweat . Peter Jackson 's trilogy -- or , as we like to call it , our preciousssss -- exerted its irresistible pull , on advanced Elvish speakers and neophytes alike . '' Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) , ranking it at No. 4 . In another Time magazine list , the series ranks second in `` Best Movies of the Decade '' . Empire magazine voted the films at # 1 on the ' 32 Greatest Film Trilogies ' . In addition , six characters and their respective actors made the list of ' The 100 Greatest Movie Characters ' , also compiled by Empire , with Viggo Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15 , Ian McKellen 's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No. 30 , Ian Holm 's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins ( shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in The Hobbit films ) ranking No. 61 , Andy Serkis ' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66 , Sean Astin 's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77 , and Orlando Bloom 's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94 . Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fellowship of the Ring 91 % ( 8.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 227 reviews ) 92 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Two Towers 95 % ( 8.5 / 10 average rating ) ( 250 reviews ) 87 ( 39 reviews ) The Return of the King 93 % ( 8.7 / 10 average rating ) ( 269 reviews ) 94 ( 41 reviews ) A+ Academy Awards ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards , of which they won 17 , a record for any movie trilogy ( the three nominations for The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug along with the single nomination for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies brings the series ' total to 37 nominations ) . The Fellowship of the Ring earned thirteen nominations , the most of any film at the 74th Academy Awards , winning four . The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated , setting the current Oscar record for the highest clean sweep , and its 11 Academy Awards wins ties the record held by Ben - Hur and Titanic ( though both of those films had additional nominations that they ultimately lost ) . The Return of the King became only the second sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture ( after The Godfather Part II ) and the first fantasy film to receive this honor , though this has been widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire series ( the first two films were also nominated for Best Picture ) . No actors in any of the three films won Oscars , and Ian McKellen was the only actor in the trilogy to receive a nomination , for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring . The Fellowship of the Ring -- Nominations : 13 , Wins : 4 The Two Towers -- Nominations : 6 , Wins : 2 The Return of the King -- Nominations : 11 , Wins : 11 Award Awards Won The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Picture Nominated Nominated Won Director Nominated Won Supporting Actor Nominated Adapted Screenplay Nominated Won Art Direction Nominated Nominated Won Cinematography Won Costume Design Nominated Won Film Editing Nominated Nominated Won Makeup Won Won Original Score Won Won Original Song Nominated Won Sound / Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Won Sound Editing Won Visual Effects Won Won Won As well as Academy Awards , each film in the series won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the MTV Movie Award for Best Movie , and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film . The soundtrack for The Two Towers did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination . This rule was changed in time for The Return of the King to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score . The New York Film Critics Circle awarded The Return of the King its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony , hosted by Andrew Johnston , chair of the organization at that time , who called it `` a masterful piece of filmmaking . '' Reactions to changes in the films from the Books ( edit ) See also : List of original characters in The Lord of the Rings film series The film series provoked both positive and negative reaction from fans and scholars of the novels , and was sometimes seen as changing parts Tolkien felt thematically necessary in terms of characters , themes , events and subtlety . Some fans of the book who disagreed with such changes have released fan edits of the films such as The Lord of the Rings : The Purist Edition , which removed many of the changes to bring them closer to the original . Various changes to characters such as Gandalf , Aragorn , Arwen , Denethor , Faramir , Gimli , and Frodo , when considered together , were seen by some to alter the tone and themes found in the books . Several critics contend that the portrayal of women , especially Arwen , in the films is thematically faithful to ( or compatible with ) Tolkien 's writings despite some differences . Wayne G. Hammond , a Tolkien scholar , said of the first two films that he found them to be `` travesties as adaptations ... faithful only on a basic level of plot '' and that many characters had not been depicted faithfully to their appearance in the novel . Other critics have argued that Tolkien 's characters were weakened and misinterpreted by their portrayal in the films . Changes to events ( such as the Elves participating at the Battle of Helm 's Deep , Faramir taking the hobbits to Osgiliath , and the deletion of the chapter `` The Scouring of the Shire '' ) are also seen as changing Tolkien 's themes . Janet Brennan Croft criticized the films using Tolkien 's own terms `` anticipation '' and `` flattening '' , which she used in critiquing a proposed film script . She contrasts Tolkien 's subtlety with Jackson 's tendency to show `` too much too soon '' . Supporters of the series assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book and that most of the changes were necessary . Many who worked on the series are fans of the book , including Christopher Lee , who ( alone among the cast ) had actually met Tolkien in person , and Boyens once noted that no matter what , it is simply their interpretation of the book . Jackson once said that to simply summarize the story on screen would be a mess , and in his own words , `` Sure , it 's not really The Lord of the Rings ... but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie . '' Other fans also claim that , despite any changes , the films serve as a tribute to the book , appealing to those who have not yet read it , and even leading some to do so . The Movie Guide for The Encyclopedia of Arda ( an online Tolkien encyclopedia ) states that Jackson 's films were exceptional since filming the whole story of The Lord of the Rings was probably impossible . This notion is partially supported by a review published in 2005 that otherwise criticized a lack of `` faithfulness to Tolkien 's spirit and tone . '' Douglas Kellner argues that the conservative community spirit of Tolkien 's Shire is reflected in Jackson 's films as well as the division of the Fellowship into `` squabbling races '' . In a 2006 review , film theorist Kristin Thompson was critical about the fact that film studies were undertaken by literary researchers and about the frequent denigration of Jackson 's work in the collected essays . Legacy ( edit ) They eviscerated the book by making it an action movie for young people aged 15 to 25 , and it seems that The Hobbit will be the same kind of film . ( ... ) Tolkien has become a monster , devoured by his own popularity and absorbed by the absurdity of our time . The chasm between the beauty and seriousness of the work , and what it has become , has gone too far for me . Such commercialisation has reduced the aesthetic and philosophical impact of this creation to nothing . There is only one solution for me : turning my head away . `` '' -- Christopher Tolkien , Le Monde , 9 July 2012 The release of the films saw a surge of interest in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's other works , vastly increasing his impact on popular culture . It was rumored that the Tolkien family became split on the series , with Christopher Tolkien and his son Simon Tolkien feuding over whether or not it was a good idea to adapt . Christopher has since denied these claims , saying , `` My own position is that The Lord of the Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form . The suggestions that have been made that I ' disapprove ' of the films , even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ , are wholly without foundation . '' He added that he had never `` expressed any such feeling '' . In 2012 , however , he described the films as having `` eviscerated '' the book , and criticized the resulting `` commercialisation '' of his father 's work . As a result of the series ' success , Peter Jackson has become a major player in the film business ( sometimes called a mogul ) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas , in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer and Frank Darabont. Jackson has since founded his own film production company , Wingnut Films , as well as Wingnut Interactive , a video game company . He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005 . The film was a critical and box office success , although not as successful as The Lord of the Rings series . Jackson has been called a `` favourite son '' of New Zealand . In 2004 , Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony , playing two hours of the score . Along with the Harry Potter films , the series has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre . Tourism for New Zealand is up , possibly due to its exposure in the series , with the country 's tourism industry waking up to an audience 's familiarity . Air New Zealand painted this Airbus A320 in The Lord of the Rings livery to help promote the films . In December 2002 , The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy : The Exhibition opened at the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . As of 2007 , the exhibition has traveled to seven other cities around the world . A musical adaptation of the book was launched in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 2006 , but it closed after mostly poor reviews . A shortened version opened in London , United Kingdom , in the summer of 2007 . The success of the films has also spawned numerous video games and many other kinds of merchandise . The legacy of The Lord of the Rings is also that of court cases over profits from the trilogy . Sixteen cast members ( Noel Appleby ( de ) , Jed Brophy , Mark Ferguson , Ray Henwood , Bruce Hopkins , William Johnson , Nathaniel Lees , Sarah McLeod , Ian Mune , Paul Norell , Craig Parker , Robert Pollock , Martyn Sanderson , Peter Tait and Stephan Ure ( de ) ) sued over the lack of revenue from merchandise bearing their appearance . The case was resolved out of court in 2008 . The settlement came too late for Appleby , who died of cancer in 2007 . Saul Zaentz also filed a lawsuit in 2004 claiming he had not been paid all of his royalties . The next year , Jackson himself sued the studio over profits from the first film , slowing development of the prequels until late 2007 . The Tolkien Trust filed a lawsuit in February 2008 , for violating Tolkien 's original deal over the rights that they would earn 7.5 % of the gross from any films based on his works . The Trust sought compensation of $150 million . A judge denied them this option , but allowed them to win compensation from the act of the studio ignoring the contract itself . On 8 September 2009 , a settlement of this dispute between the Trust and New Line was announced , clearing a potential obstacle to the making of a new film based on The Hobbit . Video games ( edit ) Numerous video games have been released to supplement the film series . The releases include : The Two Towers , Pinball , The Return of the King , The Third Age , The Third Age ( GBA ) , Tactics , The Battle for Middle - earth , The Battle for Middle - earth II , The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king , The Lord of the Rings Online , Conquest , Aragorn 's Quest , War in the North , Lego The Lord of the Rings , Guardians of Middle - earth , Lego The Hobbit ( video game ) , Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor , and Middle - earth : Shadow of War . The Hobbit ( edit ) Main article : The Hobbit ( film series ) Peter Jackson also directed three films based on Tolkien 's earlier 1937 novel The Hobbit . The first film , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , was released on 12 December 2012 , the second film , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , was released on 13 December 2013 , and the third film , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , was released on 17 December 2014 . Several actors from The Lord of the Rings , including Ian McKellen , Andy Serkis , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood , Ian Holm ( as older Bilbo ) , Christopher Lee , Cate Blanchett and Orlando Bloom reprised their roles . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Book : The Lord of the Rings film series The Hobbit ( film series ) The Hobbit ( 1977 film ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 film ) The Return of the King ( 1980 film ) List of films considered the best List of longest films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Hobbit ' Trilogy Has Cost $561 Million So Far '' . 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Tolkien Trust Sues New Line Cinema for Portion of ' Lord of the Rings ' Profits '' . findlaw.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Viega ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` Tolkien Estate Sues New Line Cinema '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No punitive damages in Rings case '' . BBC News . 26 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Alex Dobuzinskis ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Legal settlement clears way for `` Hobbit '' movie `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 September 2009 . The Hollywood studio behind a film based on ' The Hobbit ' and trustees for author J.R.R. Tolkien 's estate said on Tuesday they had settled a lawsuit that clears the way for what is expected to be a blockbuster movie based on the book . 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Official site of the films The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series The Lord of the Rings Films The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Music The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King `` Aníron '' `` Concerning Hobbits '' `` Into the West '' `` May It Be '' `` A Walking Song '' Production Original characters ( Figwit ) Production design Principal photography Special effects Accolades The Exhibition Gollum : How We Made Movie Magic The Long and Short of It The Hobbit Films An Unexpected Journey The Desolation of Smaug The Battle of the Five Armies Production Original characters Tauriel Music `` I See Fire '' Accolades Video games The Two Towers The Return of the King The Third Age The Third Age ( GBA ) Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth The Battle for Middle - earth II The Battle for Middle - earth II : The Rise of the Witch - king Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Lego The Hobbit Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Middle - earth in film Middle - earth Enterprises Animated films The Hobbit ( 1977 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Live - action films Sagan om ringen ( 1971 ) The Hobbit ( 1985 ) Hobitit ( 1993 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Hobbit An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Fan films The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Book J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Peter Jackson Films directed Bad Taste ( 1987 ) Meet the Feebles ( 1989 ) Braindead ( 1992 ) Heavenly Creatures ( 1994 ) The Frighteners ( 1996 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) The Lovely Bones ( 2009 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Other films The Valley ( 1976 ) Forgotten Silver ( 1995 ) Crossing the Line ( 2008 ) Produced only Valley of the Stereos ( 1992 ) Jack Brown Genius ( 1997 , also writer ) District 9 ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) West of Memphis ( 2012 ) Mortal Engines ( 2018 , also writer ) Companies WingNut Films Weta Workshop Weta Digital Park Road Post Related The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) The Hobbit ( film series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)&oldid=843424415 '' Categories : English - language films The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) Adventure films by series American epic films American films Fictional - language films Film series High fantasy films New Zealand films New Line Cinema films Film series introduced in 2001 2000s fantasy films Films directed by Peter Jackson Films released in separate parts American fantasy adventure films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use British English from January 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 02 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	length of lord of the rings movies extended	[ "To avoid pressure, Jackson hired a different editor for each film. John Gilbert worked on the first film, Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third. Daily rushes would often last up to four hours, with scenes being done throughout 1999–2002 for the rough (4½ hours) assemblies of the films.[15] In total, 1828 km (six million feet) of film[27] was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes (683 minutes) of Extended running time. This was the final area of shaping of the films, when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen, as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes." ]	[ "11 hours and 23 minutes (683 minutes)" ]
4012915103029633334	Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days)	Grandpa ( tell me ' bout the good Ol ' days ) - Wikipedia Grandpa ( tell me ' bout the good Ol ' days ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Grandpa ( Tell Me ' Bout the Good Ol ' Days ) '' Single by The Judds from the album Rockin ' with the Rhythm Released January 1986 Format 7 '' Recorded 1985 Genre Country Length 4 : 15 Label RCA / Curb Songwriter ( s ) Jamie O'Hara Producer ( s ) Brent Maher The Judds singles chronology `` Have Mercy '' ( 1985 ) `` Grandpa ( Tell Me ' Bout the Good Ol ' Days ) '' ( 1986 ) `` Rockin ' with the Rhythm of the Rain '' ( 1986 ) `` Have Mercy '' ( 1985 ) `` Grandpa ( Tell Me ' Bout the Good Ol ' Days ) '' ( 1986 ) `` Rockin ' with the Rhythm of the Rain '' ( 1986 ) `` Grandpa ( Tell Me ' Bout the Good Ol ' Days ) '' is a song written by Jamie O'Hara , and recorded by American country music duo The Judds . It was released in January 1986 as the second single from the album Rockin ' with the Rhythm . The song became The Judds ' sixth No. 1 song on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Chart performance 3 Cover versions 4 References Content ( edit ) `` Grandpa '' -- ( tell me ' bout the good old days - as the song is sometimes known ) -- is a song about the decline and abandonment of traditional values , the hectic lifestyle of the day and how progressivism is n't positive ( `` They call it progress / But I just do n't know '' ) . The main refrain of the song reflects on the narrator as they expresses mournful doubt and discontent that past occurrences of traditional values really happened ( did _____ really ? ? ) , instead of what the singer has experienced during his / her lifetime ; and the narrator wishes he / she could experience those past times now instead of experiencing the traditional values having been abandoned for their negative opposites , such as marriages staying intact for a lifetime , instead of broken marriage vows and broken marriage covenants and rampant infidelity -- fathers maintaining their responsibilities to help raise children , instead of fatherless dysfunctional families with disobedient and disrespectful children that comes from it -- families going to church and having Humility , instead of worshiping the bling of the world -- promises being kept , instead of a lack of Personal Integrity -- and how right and wrong were clearly defined and obeyed , instead of being ignored in order to make other people feel better about themselves . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Cover versions ( edit ) Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Judds -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for The Judds . Preceded by `` Once in a Blue Moon '' by Earl Thomas Conley Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single May 10 , 1986 Succeeded by `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' by Hank Williams , Jr . RPM Country Tracks number - one single May 24 , 1986 ( hide ) The Judds Naomi Judd Wynonna Judd Studio albums Why Not Me Rockin ' with the Rhythm Heartland River of Time Love Can Build a Bridge Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Collectors Series Greatest Hits Volume Two From the Heart : 15 Career Classics The Judds Collection : 1983 - 1990 This Country 's Rockin ' Talk About Love Reflections The Judds : Number One Hits The Essential Judds Spiritual Reflections Greatest Hits : Limited Edition I Will Stand by You : The Essential Collection Christmas and live albums Christmas Time with The Judds Live Studio Sessions Christmas with The Judds and Alabama The Judds in Concert Reunion Live Extended plays Wynonna & Naomi Big Bang Boogie Notable singles `` Had a Dream ( For the Heart ) '' `` Mama He 's Crazy '' `` Why Not Me '' `` Girls ' Night Out '' `` Love Is Alive '' `` Have Mercy '' `` Grandpa ( Tell Me ' Bout the Good Ol ' Days ) '' `` Rockin ' with the Rhythm of the Rain '' `` Cry Myself to Sleep '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` I Know Where I 'm Going '' `` Maybe Your Baby 's Got the Blues '' `` Turn It Loose '' `` Give a Little Love '' `` Change of Heart '' `` Young Love ( Strong Love ) '' `` Let Me Tell You About Love '' `` One Man Woman '' `` Guardian Angels '' `` Born to Be Blue '' `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' `` One Hundred and Two '' `` John Deere Tractor '' `` Stuck in Love '' Related articles Discography RCA Records Curb Records Last Encore Tour The Judds ( TV series ) Naomi & Wynonna : Love Can Build a Bridge This 1985 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grandpa_(Tell_Me_%27Bout_the_Good_Ol%27_Days)&oldid=792638595 '' Categories : 1986 singles 1985 songs The Judds songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Jamie O'Hara ( singer ) RCA Records singles Curb Records singles Song recordings produced by Brent Maher 1985 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 July 2017 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song grandpa by the judds	[ "\"Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days)\" is a song written by Jamie O'Hara, and recorded by American country music duo The Judds. It was released in January 1986 as the second single from the album Rockin' with the Rhythm. The song became The Judds' sixth No. 1 song on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart.[1] Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[2]" ]	[ "Jamie O'Hara" ]
-6467929949439381282	Lucy Fallon	Lucy Fallon - wikipedia Lucy Fallon Jump to : navigation , search Lucy Fallon Lucy Elizabeth Fallon ( 1995 - 11 - 13 ) 13 November 1995 ( age 22 ) Blackpool , Lancashire , England Occupation Actress Years active 2015 -- present Known for Coronation Street ( 2015 -- ) Home town Cleveleys , Lancashire , England Lucy Elizabeth Fallon ( born 13 November 1995 ) is an English actress . She is best known for her award - winning portrayal of Bethany Platt in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Fallon was born in Blackpool , Lancashire , to engineer Andrew Fallon and accountant Angela Fallon ( née Ellis ) . She has two older sisters , Laura and Rachel . Fallon grew up in Cleveleys . She attended Hodgson Academy and then went to Blackpool Sixth Form College , where she achieved distinction star and two distinctions in her BTEC Extended Diploma Performing Arts . From the age of two , she studied singing , dancing and drama at the Barbara Jackson Theatre ArtCentre and since the age of eight , she had private drama classes and studied for LAMDA exams . Fallon declined offers for the Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts and the ArtsEd to study Musical theatre for financial reasons . Before landing her role in Coronation Street , she had several part - time jobs , including working at a bar on Blackpool Pier . At the same time , she appeared as a dancer in the Blackpool Grand Theatre pantomimes . Career ( edit ) On 29 January 2015 , it was announced that Fallon had been cast as fourteen - year - old Bethany Platt in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street . Bethany had previously been played by child actors Mia Cookson and siblings Amy and Emily Walton between 2000 and 2007 . Fallon was nineteen when she was cast as Bethany . Since joining the show her character was involved in numerous high - profile storylines , including the child grooming and sexual exploitation storyline , which received wide media attention and earned Fallon praise . The actress has won the 2017 Inside Soap Award for Best Actress , and the 2018 National Television Award for Serial Drama Performance . Fallon competed in the ITV Christmas special All Star Musicals aired on 24 December 2017 and was voted the winner . Her rendition of `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' from the musical Evita received praise ; Michael Crawford , who coached the show 's contestants , was `` absolutely mesmerised '' by her singing and believed `` we 're going to hear a lot more about '' her . Personal life ( edit ) Fallon was in relationship with Ryan Roberts from 2013 to 2016 . In 2016 , she started dating Tom Leech . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 -- Coronation Street Bethany Platt Regular role 2017 All Star Musicals Herself ; Contestant / Eva Perón Christmas special Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result Ref . 2015 Coronation Street TV Choice Award for Best Newcomer Shortlisted 2015 Inside Soap Award for Best Newcomer Shortlisted 2017 British Soap Award for Best Actress Shortlisted 2017 TV Choice Award for Best Soap Actress Shortlisted 2017 Inside Soap Award for Best Actress Won 2017 Inside Soap Award for Best Partnership ( shared with Colson Smith ) Shortlisted 2017 RTS Award ( North West ) for Best Performance in a Continuing Drama Nominated 2017 Digital Spy Reader Award for Best Soap Actress Second 2018 National Television Award for Serial Drama Performance Won 2018 TRIC Award for Best Soap Actor Nominated 2018 British Soap Award for Best Actress Shortlisted 2018 British Soap Award for Best Female Dramatic Performance Shortlisted 2018 TV Choice Award for Best Soap Actress Longlisted References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street star Lucy Fallon tells of fallout from harrowing Bethany Platt grooming plot '' . Mirror.co.uk. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blackpool 's Lucy to hit the Corrie cobbles '' . Blackpool Gazette. 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Corrie role for Lucy '' . Blackpool Sixth Form College . 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lights , camera , action as Corrie goes live for Lucy and Hayley '' . Blackpool Gazette. 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 10 March 2015 ) . `` Coronation Street newcomer Lucy Fallon : ' Bethany is a wild child ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Emma ( 24 October 2014 ) . `` Tina O'Brien announces her return to Corrie -- and she is bringing a whole lot of baggage with her '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street : Lucy Fallon cast as new Bethany Platt '' . Digital Spy. 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dainty , Sophie ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` Emmerdale wins best soap at the Inside Soap Awards for the third year running '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lazarus , Susanna ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` National Television Awards 2018 : winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Katie ( 24 December 2017 ) . `` Lucy Fallon tipped for West End stardom as she wins All Star Musicals '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Panther , Lewis ; White , Vikki ( 18 March 2017 ) . `` Coronation Street star Lucy Fallon moves in with boyfriend -- one year after leaving childhood sweetheart for him '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` New Corrie star Lucy shines in TV award shortlist '' . Blackpool Gazette. 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed -- the shortlist for the Inside Soap Awards 2015 ! '' . Inside Soap. 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` British Soap Awards 2017 -- full shortlist sees EastEnders miss out in Best Actor Category '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Royal showdown as The Crown battles Victoria at TV Choice Awards '' . The Irish News . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilkelly , Daniel ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` Inside Soap Awards 2017 shortlist revealed -- which Corrie , EastEnders , Emmerdale and Hollyoaks stars are up for prizes ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Awards -- North West 2017 '' . Royal Television Society . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Emmerdale almost achieves clean sweep at the Digital Spy Reader Awards 2017 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Dainty , Sophie ( 13 March 2018 ) . `` Emmerdale triumphs once again with big win at this year 's TRIC Awards '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Coronation Street tops the British Soap Awards 2018 shortlist as the full nominations are revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corrie 's Shayne Ward among contenders at TV Choice Awards '' . The Irish News . 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lucy Fallon on IMDb ( hide ) NTA Outstanding Serial Drama Performance Matt Littler ( 2008 ) Lacey Turner ( 2010 ) Lacey Turner ( 2011 ) Alan Halsall ( 2012 ) Katherine Kelly ( 2013 ) Julie Hesmondhalgh ( 2014 ) Danny Dyer ( 2015 ) Danny Dyer ( 2016 ) Lacey Turner ( 2017 ) Lucy Fallon ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucy_Fallon&oldid=841623982 '' Categories : 1995 births Living people English soap opera actresses English television actresses 21st - century English actresses People from Blackpool Actresses from Lancashire Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list EngvarB from October 2017 Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 00 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old is bethany in coronation street in real life	[ "\n\nLucy Fallon\n\n\nBorn\nLucy Elizabeth Fallon\n(1995-11-13) 13 November 1995 (age 22)\nBlackpool, Lancashire, England\n\n\nOccupation\nActress\n\n\nYears active\n2015–present\n\n\nKnown for\nCoronation Street (2015–)\n\n\nHome town\nCleveleys, Lancashire, England\n\n" ]	[ "22" ]
-6979645576494445920	Women's soccer in the United States	Women 's Soccer in the United States - wikipedia Women 's Soccer in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Women 's soccer in the United States Country United States Governing body U.S. Soccer National team Women 's national team National competitions National Women 's Soccer League International competitions Olympics FIFA Women 's World Cup ( National Team ) CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cup ( National Team ) Women 's soccer in the United States has developed quite differently from men 's soccer . Until the 1970s , organized women 's soccer matches in the United States existed only on a limited basis . The United States is now regarded as one of the top countries in the world for women 's soccer , and FIFA ranked its national team No. 1 in the world after its championship victory in the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . The highest women 's professional soccer league in the United States is the National Women 's Soccer League . The NWSL was established in 2013 as a successor to Women 's Professional Soccer and is run by the United States Soccer Federation ( USSF ) . The league began with eight teams and has since expanded to ten , with the most recent expansion being the Orlando Pride . The NWSL season runs from April to August or September , with each team scheduled for 24 regular season games , 12 each at home and on the road . The NWSL is the third attempt at a women 's professional league in the United States and has been the most resilient , expanding to 10 teams in 2016 and becoming the first to play a fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 National team 3 League system 3.1 History 3.1. 1 Amateur soccer : W - League and WPSL 3.1. 2 Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) 3.1. 3 Post-WUSA 3.1. 4 Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) 3.1. 5 WPSL Elite 3.1. 6 National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) 3.1. 7 Folding of the W - League and creation of United Women 's Soccer 3.2 Tier system 4 Amateur soccer 4.1 USASA National Women 's Open 4.2 USASA National Women 's Amateur 4.3 US Soccer National Amateur Championships 5 Hardships 6 Contributions to the game 7 See also 8 References Early History ( edit ) The first organized women 's soccer league in the United States was the Craig Club Girls Soccer League , which consisted of four teams in St. Louis , Missouri , playing 15 - game seasons in 1950 and 1951 . Women 's soccer in the United States started to gain popularity in the beginning of the 20th century , much later than it appeared in Europe , which had women 's leagues in the 1930s . In the 1970s , Title IX legislation passed in 1972 made gender equality mandatory in education , including collegiate athletics , which led to more organized women 's soccer teams and development . Collegiate soccer created more popularity for the game in the 1980s . However , there were few professional opportunities for women in the United States , and the first national women 's league , the USL W - League , would n't be established until 1995 . National team ( edit ) Main article : United States women 's national soccer team The women 's national team was formed in 1983 , but would n't play its first games until 1985 . In its first years , it played in little more than friendly tournaments , primarily against European teams , as few competitions for women 's national teams yet existed . After the United States was awarded the 1994 FIFA World Cup and the first FIFA Women 's World Cup was announced for 1991 , increased investment in both the men 's and women 's national teams by the USSF led to the United States ' team rapidly improving and winning the first women 's World Cup . The popularity of the team exploded in the aftermath of the US 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup win as a result of penalty kicks in front of a sold - out Rose Bowl . The close win increased the tension , giving the team a more lively reputation as a sport . Since then , the Americans have remained a force in international women 's soccer , having finished third or better in every World Cup , reaching the championship game again in 2011 and winning in 2015 , as well as appearing in five of the six Olympic gold medal games , winning four . The national team also competes in other tournaments , such as the annual Algarve Cup . The primary source of young players for the national team is NCAA college soccer , which feeds players to the U-20 national team and eventually the full senior team . Because the United States often lacked a professional women 's league , interest in the team peaked around major tournaments , and the team historically struggled to maintain interest between tournaments . The United States also faces increasingly competitive European national teams , many of which have well - established women 's leagues in their countries from which to draw players . League system ( edit ) The success of the women 's national team has not always translated into success for women 's professional soccer in the United States . History ( edit ) Amateur Soccer : W - league and WPSL ( edit ) Main articles : USL W - League and Women 's Premier Soccer League Originally called the United States Interregional Women 's League , the USL W - League was formed in 1995 as the first national women 's soccer league , providing a professional outlet for many of the top female soccer players in the country . It also allowed college players the opportunity to play alongside established international players . Starting as the Western Division of the W - League , the Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) broke away and formed its own league in 1997 and had its inaugural season in 1998 . Both the W - League and the WPSL were considered the premier women 's soccer leagues in the United States at the time , but eventually fell to a second - tier level upon the formation of the Women 's United Soccer Association in 2000 . Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) ( edit ) Main article : Women 's United Soccer Association A seemingly viable market for the sport became apparent after the United States women 's national soccer team won the 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Feeding on the momentum of their victory , the twenty national team players , in partnership with John Hendricks of the Discovery Channel , sought out the investors , markets , and players necessary to form the WUSA , an eight - team league , in February 2000 . The league played its first season in April 2001 , and was the world 's first women 's soccer league in which all players were paid professionals . The eight teams included the Atlanta Beat , Boston Breakers , Carolina Courage , New York Power , Philadelphia Charge , San Diego Spirit , San Jose CyberRays ( called Bay Area CyberRays for 2001 season ) , and the Washington Freedom . Team Stadium City Founded Joined WUSA Left Notes Atlanta Beat Herndon Stadium Atlanta 2001 2001 2003 Dissolved then joined WPS in 2009 Boston Breakers Nickerson Field Boston 2000 2001 2003 Dissolved then joined WPS in 2007 Carolina Courage SAS Stadium Cary , North Carolina 2001 2001 2003 Dissolved New York Power Mitchel Athletic Complex Uniondale , New York 2000 2001 2003 Dissolved Philadelphia Charge Villanova Stadium Villanova , Pennsylvania 2000 2001 2003 Dissolved San Diego Spirit Torero Stadium San Diego 2001 2001 2003 Dissolved San Jose CyberRays Spartan Stadium San Jose , California 2001 2001 2003 Dissolved Washington Freedom Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Washington , D.C. 2001 2001 2003 Joined W - League in 2006 The U.S. Soccer Federation approved membership of WUSA as a sanctioned Division I women 's professional soccer league on August 18 , 2000 . WUSA had previously announced plans to begin play in 2001 in eight cities across the country , including : Atlanta , the Bay Area , Boston , New York City , Orlando , Philadelphia , San Diego and Washington , D.C . Led by investor John Hendricks , WUSA had also forged ahead on a cooperation agreement that will see the new league work side - by - side with Major League Soccer to help maximize the market presence and success of both Division I leagues . WUSA played for three full seasons and suspended operations on September 15 , 2003 , shortly after the conclusion of the third season due to financial problems and lack of public interest in the sport . Post-wusa ( edit ) With the Women 's United Soccer Association on hiatus , the Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) and the W - League regained their status as the premier women 's soccer leagues in the United States , and many former WUSA players joined those teams . After the folding of WUSA , the WUSA Reorganization Committee was formed in September 2003 that led to the founding of Women 's Soccer Initiative , Inc . ( WSII ) , whose stated goal was `` promoting and supporting all aspects of women 's soccer in the United States '' , including the founding of a new professional league . Initial plans were to play a scaled - down version of WUSA in 2004 . However , these plans fell through and instead , in June 2004 , the WUSA held two `` WUSA Festivals '' in Los Angeles and Blaine , Minnesota , featuring matches between reconstituted WUSA teams in order to maintain the league in the public eye and sustain interest in women 's professional soccer . A planned full relaunch in 2005 also fell through . In June 2006 , WSII announced the relaunch of the league for the 2008 season . In December 2006 , WSII announced that it reached an agreement with six owner - operators for teams based in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , St. Louis , Washington , D.C. , and a then - unnamed city . In September 2007 , the launch was pushed back from Spring of 2008 to 2009 to avoid clashing with 2007 Women 's World Cup and the 2008 Olympic Games and to ensure that all of the teams were fully prepared for long - term operations . Women 's professional Soccer ( WPS ) ( edit ) Team Stadium City Founded Joined WPS Left Notes Atlanta Beat KSU Soccer Stadium Kennesaw , Georgia 2009 2012 Dissolved Boston Breakers Harvard Stadium Boston 2008 2009 2012 Joined WPSLE in 2012 Chicago Red Stars Toyota Park Bridgeview , Illinois 2007 2009 2011 Joined WPSL in 2011 FC Gold Pride Pioneer Stadium Hayward , California 2008 2009 Dissolved Los Angeles Sol Home Depot Center Carson , California 2007 2009 2012 Dissolved magicJack FAU Soccer Field Boca Raton , Florida 2001 2009 2012 Dissolved Philadelphia Independence Leslie Quick Stadium Chester , Pennsylvania 2009 2012 Dissolved Sky Blue FC Yurcak Field Piscataway , New Jersey 2008 2009 2012 Joined NWSL in 2013 Saint Louis Athletica Anheuser - Busch Soccer Park Fenton , Missouri 2008 2009 Dissolved Western New York Flash Sahlen 's Stadium Rochester , New York 2008 2011 2012 Joined WPSLE in 2012 The new league announced its name and logo on January 17 , 2008 , and was to have its inaugural season in 2009 with seven teams , including the Washington Freedom of the WUSA . The United States national team players allocated 21 players across the seven teams in September 2008 . Also in September , the league held the 2008 WPS International Draft . Unlike WUSA , the WPS attempted a more local approach and slower growth . In addition , the WPS attempted to have a closer relationship with Major League Soccer in order to cut costs . Most teams considered the first season a moderate success , despite many losing more money than planned . However , most teams began to see problems in 2010 . Overall attendance for 2010 was noticeably down from 2009 , teams struggled financially , and the WPS changed leadership by the end of the season . The success of the United States women 's national team at the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup resulted in an upsurge in attendance league - wide as well as interest in new teams for the 2012 season . However , several internal organization struggles , including an ongoing legal battle with magicJack - owner Dan Borislow and a lack of resources invested in the league , led to the suspension of the 2012 season announced in January 2012 . On May 18 , 2012 , the WPS announced that the league had officially ceased operations after three seasons . WPSL Elite ( edit ) By this time , the WPSL and W - League were the two semi-pro leagues in the United States and had sat under WUSA and the WPS until 2012 . Upon the disbandment of the WPS , they once again regained their status as the premier women 's soccer leagues in the United States . In response to the suspension -- and eventual end -- of the WPS , the Women 's Premier Soccer League created the Women 's Premier Soccer League Elite ( WPSL Elite ) to support the sport in the United States . For the 2012 season , the league featured former WPS teams with the Boston Breakers , Chicago Red Stars , and Western New York Flash , in addition to many WPSL teams . Six of the eight teams were considered fully professional . Many members of the USWNT remained unattached for the 2012 season , while others chose to play in the W - League instead of the WPSL Elite . National women 's Soccer league ( NWSL ) ( edit ) Main article : National Women 's Soccer League After the WPS folded in 2012 , the U.S. Soccer Federation announced a round - table discussion of the future of women 's professional soccer in the United States . The meeting resulted in the planning of a new league set to launch in 2013 with 12 to 16 teams from the WPS , the W - League , and the WPSL . In November 2012 , the USSF , Canadian Soccer Association ( CSA ) and the Mexican Football Federation ( FMF ) announced that there would be eight teams in a new women 's professional soccer league to be funded by the USSF . The USSF would fund up to 24 players , the CSA up to 16 , and the FMF a minimum of 12 . Four former WPS teams -- the Western New York Flash , Boston Breakers , Chicago Red Stars , and Sky Blue FC -- were joined by four other teams for the inaugural season in 2012 . One of those teams , the Portland Thorns FC , is affiliated with the MLS Portland Timbers and shares its ownership and facilities . Each NWSL club is allowed a minimum of 18 players on their roster , with a maximum of 20 players allowed at any time during the season . Each team 's roster includes up to three allocated USWNT players , two Mexico women 's national team players , and two Canada women 's national team players via NWSL Player Allocation . Each team also has , as of 2016 , four spots for international players , though these spots can be traded . The rest of the roster must be filled by players from the United States . The Houston Dynamo of MLS stated interest in starting a women 's team in 2013 , and by December 2013 the NWSL approved the new Dynamo - operated team , the Houston Dash , for expansion in 2014 . The addition of the Dash made the NWSL the first top - division professional women 's soccer league in the United States to have nine teams . After the United States women 's national team winning the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , the NWSL announced agreements for its first televised games with Fox Sports 1 during the 2015 season , airing games near the end of the season and during the postseason . The league reached another similar agreement with Fox Sports 1 for the 2016 seasons . The league remained without a season - long broadcast deal , however , and streamed all of its games for free on YouTube . After the media boom of the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , MLS side Orlando City SC showed interest in starting a women 's team for the 2016 season . On October 20 , 2015 , the NWSL and Orlando City SC announced that Orlando would host the Orlando Pride , which started play at the beginning of the 2016 season . With the beginning of the 2016 season , the NWSL became the first professional women 's soccer league to play a fourth season . The 2016 -- 17 offseason saw the league 's first major relocation , with the Western New York Flash selling their NWSL franchise rights to the owner of North Carolina FC , then members of the NASL and now in the USL , who moved the NWSL team to NCFC 's base of the Research Triangle of North Carolina and relaunched it as the North Carolina Courage . Shortly before the start of the 2017 season , the NWSL signed a three - year broadcasting deal with A + E Networks . Under this deal , A + E 's Lifetime channel broadcasts 22 regular - season matches as the NWSL Game of the Week at 4 p.m. Eastern Time on Saturday afternoons , as well the league 's entire postseason . The deal also saw A + E purchase a 25 % stake in the league and receive two seats on the league 's board . The remainder of the league 's games were intended to be exclusively streamed by go90 in the U.S. , but technical issues with that platform led to the NWSL also temporarily streaming these games on its own website . Soon after the end of that season , FC Kansas City folded . The team was partnered with but not owned by MLS side Sporting Kansas City , and media reports indicated that FCKC was the unintended victim of issues that Sporting was facing with its United Soccer League reserve team , Swope Park Rangers . Kansas City 's place in the NWSL was immediately filled by a new franchise to be operated by another MLS club , Real Salt Lake . Team Stadium City Founded Joined NWSL Boston Breakers Jordan Field Boston 2008 2013 Chicago Red Stars Toyota Park Bridgeview , Illinois 2007 2013 Houston Dash BBVA Compass Stadium Houston 2013 2014 North Carolina Courage WakeMed Soccer Park Cary , North Carolina 2017 2017 Orlando Pride Orlando City Stadium Orlando , Florida 2015 2016 Portland Thorns FC Providence Park Portland , Oregon 2012 2013 Seattle Reign FC Memorial Stadium Seattle 2012 2013 Sky Blue FC Yurcak Field Piscataway , New Jersey 2007 2013 Utah Royals FC Rio Tinto Stadium Sandy , Utah 2017 2018 Washington Spirit Maryland SoccerPlex Boyds , Maryland 2012 2013 Notes Jump up ^ Successor to Western New York Flash , founded in 2008 . Jump up ^ First season as North Carolina Courage ; franchise 's first NWSL season was 2013 as the Flash . Folding of the W - league and creation of United women 's Soccer ( edit ) The W - League served as a second - tier development organization and league for women 's soccer in the United States for 21 seasons . However , the W - League announced on November 6 , 2015 , that the league would cease operations ahead of the 2016 season . In response to the folding of the W - League and instability in the WPSL , another second - tier league -- United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) -- was founded as a pro-am women 's soccer league in the United States . The UWS had 11 teams in two conferences for its 2016 inaugural season , with Real Salt Lake Women , New England Mutiny , Lancaster Inferno , and Houston Aces joining from the WPSL and the Long Island Rough Riders , New York Magic , North Jersey Valkyries , Santa Clarita Blue Heat , Colorado Storm , and Colorado Pride joining from the W - League . The league doubled in size for its 2017 season , adding a Midwest Conference to go with its original East and West Conferences . Team Stadium City Founded Joined UWS East Conference Lancaster Inferno Pucillo Field Millersville , Pennsylvania 2008 2015 Long Island Rough Riders Cy Donnelly Stadium South Huntington , New York 2003 2015 New England Mutiny Harmon Smith Stadium Agawam , Massachusetts 1999 2015 New Jersey Copa FC Mercer County Community College Metuchen , New Jersey 2015 2015 New York Magic Mazzella Field New Rochelle , New York 2015 Syracuse Developmental Academy Ted Grant Field Syracuse , New York 2012 2017 TSF Academy Valkyries DePaul Catholic High School Wayne , New Jersey 2009 2015 Western New York Flash TBA Buffalo , New York 2008 2017 Midwest Conference Detroit Sun FC Ultimate Soccer Arenas Pontiac , Michigan 1994 2016 F.C. Indiana Newton Park Lakeville , Indiana 2003 2017 Fort Wayne United SC Hefner Stadium Fort Wayne , Indiana 2016 2017 Grand Rapids FC Grandville High School Grandville , Michigan 2016 2017 Indy Premier SC Trinity Sports Park Noblesville , Indiana 2017 2017 Michigan Legends FC Legacy Center Brighton , Michigan 2017 2017 Toledo Villa FC Northview High School Rossford , Ohio 2017 2017 West Conference Calgary Foothills WFC Glenmore Athletic Park Calgary , Alberta 2015 2017 Colorado Pride Washburn Field Colorado Springs , Colorado 1994 2016 Colorado Storm Sports Authority Field , Adams 12 Five Star Stadium Parker , Colorado 2014 2016 Houston Aces Sorrels Field Houston 2012 2016 Real Salt Lake Women Ute Field Salt Lake City 2008 2016 Santa Clarita Blue Heat Reese Field Santa Clarita , California 2008 2016 So Cal Crush FC TBA Montrose , California 2017 2017 Tier system ( edit ) The U.S. Soccer Federation is heavily involved in the creation and operation of the NWSL , but it did not initially refer to the league as a sanctioned Division I league . U.S. Soccer has now officially labeled the NWSL as a Division I professional league , and has added the league to its Professional Council . Unlike men 's soccer , the USSF has not specifically designated tiers or levels below the NWSL . However , the Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) and United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) act as an unofficial lower division . Tier Leagues / divisions Division I National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) 10 teams Division II Sanctioned through United States Adult Soccer Association ( USASA ) Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) 100 + clubs ( in 15 conferences ) United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) 22 clubs ( in 3 conferences ) Division III United States Adult Soccer Association ( USASA ) 55 state associations in 4 regions See List of USASA affiliated leagues for complete list Amateur Soccer ( edit ) The United States Adult Soccer Association ( USASA ) is a national organization and sanctioning body for amateur soccer in the United States . It consists of 55 state organizations as well as regional and national leagues . The USL 's Premier Development League and the National Premier Soccer League are USASA - affiliated but are designed to promote a higher lever of competition than the state organizations . USASA also sanctions the Women 's Premier Soccer League and United Women 's Soccer league . USASA national women 's Open ( edit ) The USASA National Women 's Open is an American women 's soccer tournament run by USASA . It began in 1996 , and from 2009 -- 2012 it was known as the Women 's Cup . Before the formation of the Women 's Open , the Women 's Amateur was the top national cup competition . Historically , it has been contested only by amateur and semi-pro teams , as teams from professional leagues ( WUSA , WPS , and the NWSL ) are not allowed to enter the competition . However , in 2012 , the Chicago Red Stars -- then a professional club in the WPSL Elite -- entered and won the competition . Similarly , the professional Houston Aces of the WPSL won in 2013 . USASA national women 's Amateur ( edit ) The USASA National Women 's Amateur is an American women 's soccer tournament run by the United States Adult Soccer Association . It began in 1980 and was the top - level national tournament for women 's soccer in the United States until the formation of the Women 's Open in 1996 . It is open to all USASA - affiliated women 's teams . U.S. Soccer national Amateur Championships ( edit ) First held in 2014 , the US Soccer National Amateur Championships are contested between the league winners of WPSL , Open Cup , and Amateur Cup . Hardships ( edit ) High operating and travel costs , the lack of TV rights and sponsorship agreements and corresponding lack of funding for salaries and training and development facilities , and the lack of affiliation with profitable men 's professional clubs have all hampered the growth of professional women 's leagues in the United States . The NWSL , now the longest - lasting professional women 's soccer league in the United States , pays salaries as low as $7,200 per year , an amount that falls beneath every government - recognized poverty line in the United States and is less than an equivalent Federal minimum wage job of 40 hours per week . Its highest - paid players who lack a national team affiliation face a maximum cap of $39,700 and teams are held to a salary cap of $278,000 , while some players join teams under amateur agreements where the players can not be paid even if they take the field or start the game . This is far less than the NWSL 's predecessors , such as the WPS , where the average salary of $32,000 was almost double the NWSL 's maximum average salary of $16,850 . It is also poorly competitive with European leagues , which can readily pay salaries to players of the same talent more than $100,000 per year . The United States women 's national team further highlighted pay issues , both in discrepancy with the men 's national team and in fiscal hardships of low NWSL pay , in 2015 and 2016 . The women 's national team filed action with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission on March 31 , 2016 , claiming they are paid 1 / 4 as much as the men 's team despite generating more revenue for the U.S. Soccer Federation . The women 's team also claimed that they are paid only if they win , and paid less for winning than the men 's team is if they were to lose every game . Also , the women 's team said they are given inferior accommodations , with the men 's team being housed in luxury hotels compared to lower - class housing for the women 's team . In July 2016 during preparations for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games , the women 's national team sold T - shirts to support a NWSL player trust fund operated by the U.S. Women 's National Soccer Team Players Association ( WNTPA ) . Before the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , women 's national team player Abby Wambach and a group of other players file a complaint in Canadian court about the tournament 's artificial turf playing surface . The players argued that the surface was a form of gender - based discrimination since the men 's World Cup games are exclusively played on grass . The players ' group abandoned the complaint before the tournament . United States women 's soccer players have also faced inferior accommodations and facilities to men 's soccer at the professional club level . After a 2016 regular season NWSL game between the Seattle Reign and Western New York Flash was played on a baseball field smaller than league regulations considered acceptable , several prominent current and former players called out the league for allowing the game to be played . Women 's national team goalkeeper Hope Solo , who also plays for the NWSL 's Seattle Reign , published a blog post detailing several other examples of failures in hotels , facilities , and equipment while playing for the NWSL . Another contributing factor is the role of women within American society , which includes relative equality ( especially rejecting hardened gender roles ) for women in the United States relative to many other countries . This is also reflected in official government policies regarding women in athletics , specifically Title IX , which requires college and public school athletics programs to support men 's and women 's athletics equally . By contrast , youth athletics in many countries -- including most European countries , where soccer development is highly competitive -- is focused on sports clubs , not on school - based programs . Thus , outside the United States , laws prohibiting sex discrimination in the educational system could have limited effect on sports programs . Contributions to the game ( edit ) America 's approach to growing the game among women has served as a model for other countries ' development programs for women at all levels . The relative lack of attention -- and in some cases , restrictions -- afforded the women 's game in traditional soccer - playing countries might also have contributed to the United States ' early dominance of the international women 's game . For example , in England , The Football Association prohibited women 's soccer from being played at professional football grounds from 1921 through 1973 . The German Football Association banned women 's soccer from 1955 through 1970 , and Brazil legally prohibited girls and women from playing soccer from 1941 through 1979 . See also ( edit ) Soccer in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Level Playing Field : Why the USA Is So Strong in Women 's Soccer '' . NBC . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Litterer , David ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` Women 's Soccer History in the USA : An Overview '' . The American Soccer History Archives . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Of The U.s. Women 's Soccer Team '' . Livestrong.com. 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World champions USA back on top '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the NWSL '' . National Women 's Soccer League . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jean ( 2007 ) . A Beautiful Game : International Perspectives on Women 's Football . Oxford , England : Berg . p. 59 . ISBN 9781845206741 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dent , Mark ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Thirty Years Before Abby Wambach Was Even Born , These Women Pioneered Soccer in America '' . Slate . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Foudy Shows Women 's Soccer is Alive , Kicking : Future : Former Mission Viejo star hopes her game grows thanks to the popularity of the recent World Cup tournament '' . Articles.latimes.com. 1994 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` SOCCER ; U.S. Women Beat Norway To Capture World Cup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CNN / SI - Inside Game - Michael Lewis - Most agree a pro league is needed , but would it work ? - Friday July 16 , 1999 07 : 27 AM '' . Sports Illustrated . 1999 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` CNN / SI - Women 's World Cup - U.S. women make a mark , leave lingering question - Wednesday July 14 , 1999 01 : 04 AM '' . Sports Illustrated . 1999 - 07 - 14 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2002 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Out of this World '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2000 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( 1999 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Soccer ; 1999 Women 's World Cup : Beautiful Game Takes Flight '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Will U.S. Women 's Soccer Continue To Thrive Under Its New Coach ? '' . Forbes . 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Roenigk , Alyssa ( 31 July 2012 ) . `` U.S. women helping Britain grow '' . ESPN . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Grahame ( 1 April 2001 ) . `` Women Ready to Kick - Start Soccer League of Their Own '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ French , Scott ( 25 March 2003 ) . `` WUSA -- Founding players take pay cuts '' . Soccer America . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WUSA Granted U.S. Soccer Membership as Division I Women 's Professional Soccer League '' . www.ussoccer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cash - strapped WUSA folds after 3 seasons '' . Arizona Daily Sun . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` WSII '' . wsii.typepad.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` SOCCER.COM WUSA -- Women 's United Soccer Association '' . www.soccer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Women 's Pro League Prepares to Blast Back Onto Soccer Scene Fox News '' . Fox News . 2006 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Relaunch of WUSA set for spring 2008 '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's pro soccer team put on hold '' . St. Louis Business Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lauletta , Dan . `` Eight teams to start new women 's pro soccer league in 2013 '' . The Equalizer . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Siemers , Erik ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Timbers name new women 's club Portland Thorns '' . Portland Business Journal . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Roster Rules - National Women 's Soccer League '' . www.nwslsoccer.com . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Dash Officially Announced for NWSL 2014 '' . Dynamo Theory . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Tannenwald , Jonathan ( 14 April 2016 ) . `` Fox Sports 1 's National Women 's Soccer League TV schedule '' . philly.com . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NWSL to live stream 2015 season via YouTube '' . National Women 's Soccer League . 9 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Pride women 's soccer team to join NWSL in 2016 '' . www.baynews9.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Murray , Caitlin ; Koczwara , Kevin ; Goldberg , Jamie ; Megdal , Howard ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` The NWSL kicks off its fourth season , and Portland and Seattle look good '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Football Club enters into agreement to acquire rights to NWSL 's 2016 champions Western New York Flash '' ( Press release ) . North Carolina FC . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NWSL , go90 announce exclusive streaming partnership '' . Black and Red United ( SBNation ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime To Air National Women 's Soccer League Games As A + E Networks Kicks In For Equity Stake '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A + E Networks , National Women 's Soccer League Ink Major Deal '' . Variety . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagey , Keach ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` A + E Networks Buys Stake in National Women 's Soccer League '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Das , Andrew ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` In A&E , Women 's Soccer League Gets an Investor and a Bigger Platform '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NWSL to offer streams on league site , app '' . The Equalizer . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Farley , Richard ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Real Salt Lake team to replace FC Kansas City : What it means for the NWSL '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kassouf , Jeff . `` USL W - League , once top flight , folds after 21 seasons '' . The Equalizer . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul . `` New women 's league plans to launch 12 / 22 / 2015 '' . www.socceramerica.com . Soccer America . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` UWS To Form National Pro-Am Women 's Soccer League In 2016 '' . 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NWSL Announces Allocation of 55 National Team Players to Eight Clubs '' . www.nwslsoccer.com . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Council -- U.S. Soccer '' . www.ussoccer.com . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Premier Leagues '' . United States Adult Soccer Association . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` UWS to Form National Pro-Am Women 's Soccer League in 2016 '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 WOMEN 'S PREMIER SOCCER LEAGUE STANDINGS '' . WPSL . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United Women 's Soccer Teams '' . United Women 's Soccer . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Kevin ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` NWSL has survived longer than any other women 's soccer league . When do players get paid ? '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kassouf , Jeff ( 15 July 2012 ) . `` Lindsey Horan signs reported six - figure deal with PSG '' . The Equalizer . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Wahl , Grant ( 31 March 2016 ) . `` USWNT stars accuse U.S. Soccer of wage discrimination in EEOC filing '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Dure , Beau ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` Tension in the NWSL : can the league and players live together in harmony ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Anne ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Spurred by field flap , NWSL players sound off '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Solo , Hope ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` Time for Change '' . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Fatsis , Stefan ( 1998 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Waking Up to Women 's Soccer '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinxman , Dan ( 2012 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Ex-college coach proposes ending high school sports '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ GEORGE VECSEY ( 15 February 1999 ) . `` SOCCER ; Women 's World Cup : All Come to Look for America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ( 2008 - 08 - 07 ) . `` In Women 's Soccer , U.S. Finds It Ca n't Kick The World Around Anymore '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Morris , Benjamin ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Why Is The U.S. So Good At Women 's Soccer ? '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Women 's Football '' . TheFA.com . The Football Association . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wünsch , Silke ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) . `` The elusive popularity of women 's football '' . DW.com . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Struggle for Female Soccer Equality in Brazil '' . PRI.org. 2013 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Women 's soccer in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Soccer in the United States U.S. Soccer Federation USASA USCS League system History Hall of Fame Awards Clubs Champions Venues ( stadiums by capacity SSS ) Women 's soccer in the United States Men 's national teams Senior ( results players ) U23 U20 U18 U17 Futsal Beach soccer Paralympic Cerebral palsy Women 's national teams Senior U23 U20 U18 U17 Men 's outdoor leagues Professional MLS Playoffs MLS Cup USL NASL Soccer Bowl Proposed : NISA USL Division III Amateur / Semi-pro NPSL PDL APSL CSL EPLWA GCPL SFSFL SoCal UPSL USLPA Women 's outdoor leagues Professional NWSL NWSL Shield Playoffs Amateur / Semi-pro WPSL UWS Men 's indoor leagues MASL M2 PASL WISL Men 's futsal leagues PFL MLF Men 's Cup competitions US Open Cup National Amateur Cup Hank Steinbrecher Cup Women 's Cup competitions SheBelieves Cup Tournament of Nations Women 's Open Men 's college soccer NCAA Championships ( Division I , Division II , Division III ) NAIA Championship Women 's college soccer NCAA Championships ( Division I , Division II , Division III ) NAIA Championship Youth soccer Leagues : AYSO NFHS USYSA U.S. Development Academy Super Y - League Competitions : US Youth Soccer National Championships Jefferson Cup Defunct men 's outdoor leagues AFA ( 1884 -- 1924 ) American Cup ( 1885 -- 1924 ) ALPF ( 1894 ) NAFL ( 1895 -- 98 ) AAFA Cup ( 1912 -- 13 ) ASL ( 1921 -- 33 ) ASL ( 1933 -- 83 ) NASFL ( 1946 -- 47 ) USA ( 1967 ) NPSL ( 1967 ) NASL ( 1968 -- 84 ) USL ( 1984 -- 85 ) LSSA ( 1987 -- 92 ) ASL ( 1988 -- 89 ) WSA ( 1989 ) USL 2nd ( 1990 -- 2010 ) A-League ( 1995 -- 2004 ) USL 1st ( 2005 -- 10 ) D2 Pro League ( 2010 ) PLA ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Defunct women 's outdoor leagues W - League ( 1995 -- 2015 ) WUSA ( 2000 -- 03 ) WPS ( 2007 -- 12 ) WPSL Elite ( 2012 -- 13 ) Defunct men 's indoor leagues NASL ( 1975 -- 76 , 1979 -- 84 ) MISL ( 1978 -- 92 ) NPSL ( 1984 -- 2001 ) CISL ( 1993 -- 97 ) EISL ( 1997 -- 98 ) WISL ( 1998 -- 2001 ) MISL ( 2001 -- 08 ) AISL ( 2003 -- 08 ) XSL ( 2008 -- 09 ) MISL ( 2008 -- 14 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_soccer_in_the_United_States&oldid=817266186 '' Categories : Soccer in the United States Women 's soccer in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 07 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did women's soccer start in the united states	[ "The first organized women's soccer league in the United States was the Craig Club Girls Soccer League, which consisted of four teams in St. Louis, Missouri, playing 15-game seasons in 1950 and 1951.[6][7]" ]	[ "1950" ]
7369835906108229910	Skara Brae	Skara Brae - wikipedia Skara Brae Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a Neolithic settlement . For other uses , see Skara Brae ( disambiguation ) . Skara Brae Skara Brae from the entrance gate Shown within Orkney Islands Location Mainland , Orkney , Scotland , UK Coordinates 59 ° 02 ′ 55 '' N 3 ° 20 ′ 35 '' W / 59.048611 ° N 3.343056 ° W / 59.048611 ; - 3.343056 Type Neolithic settlement History Periods Neolithic Site notes Ownership Historic Scotland Public access Yes UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , ii , iii , iv Designated 1999 ( 23rd session ) Part of Heart of Neolithic Orkney Reference no . 514 State Party Scotland Region Europe and North America Skara Brae / ˈskærə ˈbreɪ / is a stone - built Neolithic settlement , located on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of Mainland , the largest island in the Orkney archipelago of Scotland . Consisting of eight clustered houses , it was occupied from roughly 3180 BC to about 2500 BC . Europe 's most complete Neolithic village , Skara Brae gained UNESCO World Heritage Site status as one of four sites making up `` The Heart of Neolithic Orkney '' . Older than Stonehenge and the Great Pyramids , it has been called the `` Scottish Pompeii '' because of its excellent preservation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery and early exploration 2 Neolithic lifestyle 3 Dating and abandonment 4 Artifacts 5 Related sites in Orkney 6 World Heritage status 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Discovery and early Exploration ( edit ) In the winter of 1850 , a severe storm hit Scotland , causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths . In the Bay of Skaill , the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll known as `` Skerrabra '' . When the storm cleared , local villagers found the outline of a village , consisting of a number of small houses without roofs . William Watt of Skaill , the local laird , began an amateur excavation of the site , but after four houses were uncovered , the work was abandoned in 1868 . The site remained undisturbed until 1913 , when during a single weekend the site was plundered by a party with shovels who took away an unknown quantity of artefacts . In 1924 , another storm swept away part of one of the houses and it was determined the site should be made secure and more seriously investigated . The job was given to University of Edinburgh 's Professor V. Gordon Childe who travelled to Skara Brae for the first time in mid-1927 . Neolithic lifestyle ( edit ) Skara Brae 's people were makers and users of grooved ware , a distinctive style of pottery that appeared in northern Scotland not long before the establishment of the village . The houses used earth sheltering , being sunk into the ground . They were sunk into mounds of pre-existing prehistoric domestic waste known as middens . The midden provided the houses with a stability and also acted as insulation against Orkney 's harsh winter climate . On average , each house measures 40 square metres ( 430 sq ft ) in size with a large square room containing a stone hearth used for heating and cooking . Given the number of homes , it seems likely that no more than fifty people lived in Skara Brae at any given time . Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae It is by no means clear what material the inhabitants burned in their hearths . Gordon Childe was sure that the fuel was peat , but a detailed analysis of vegetation patterns and trends suggests that climatic conditions conducive to the development of thick beds of peat did not develop in this part of Orkney until after Skara Brae was abandoned . Other possible fuels include driftwood and animal dung . There is evidence that dried seaweed may have been used significantly . At some sites in Orkney , investigators have found a glassy , slag - like material called `` kelp '' or `` cramp '' that may be residual burnt seaweed . The dwellings contain a number of stone - built pieces of furniture , including cupboards , dressers , seats , and storage boxes . Each dwelling was entered through a low doorway that had a stone slab door that could be closed `` by a bar that slid in bar - holes cut in the stone door jambs '' . A sophisticated drainage system was incorporated into the village 's design . It included a primitive form of toilet in each dwelling . Seven of the houses have similar furniture , with the beds and dresser in the same places in each house . The dresser stands against the wall opposite the door , and was the first thing seen by anyone entering the dwelling . Each of these houses had the larger bed on the right side of the doorway and the smaller on the left . Lloyd Laing noted that this pattern accorded with Hebridean custom up to the early 20th century suggesting that the husband 's bed was the larger and the wife 's was the smaller . The discovery of beads and paint - pots in some of the smaller beds may support this interpretation . Additional support may come from the recognition that stone boxes lie to the left of most doorways , forcing the person entering the house to turn to the right - hand , `` male '' , side of the dwelling . At the front of each bed lie the stumps of stone pillars that may have supported a canopy of fur ; another link with recent Hebridean style . Evidence of home furnishings One house , called House 8 , has no storage boxes or dresser . It has been divided into something resembling small cubicles . When this house was excavated , fragments of stone , bone and antler were found . It is possible that this building was used as a house to make simple tools such as bone needles or flint axes . The presence of heat - damaged volcanic rocks and what appears to be a flue , support this interpretation . House 8 is distinctive in other ways as well . It is a stand - alone structure not surrounded by midden , instead it is above ground and has walls over 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) thick . It has a `` porch '' protecting the entrance . The site provided the earliest known record of the human flea ( Pulex irritans ) in Europe . The Grooved Ware People who built Skara Brae were primarily pastoralists who raised cattle and sheep . Childe originally believed that the inhabitants did not practice agriculture , but excavations in 1972 unearthed seed grains from a midden suggesting that barley was cultivated . Fish bones and shells are common in the middens indicating that dwellers ate seafood . Limpet shells are common and may have been fish - bait that was kept in stone boxes in the homes . The boxes were formed from thin slabs with joints carefully sealed with clay to render them waterproof . This pastoral lifestyle is in sharp contrast to some of the more exotic interpretations of the culture of the Skara Brae people . Euan MacKie suggested that Skara Brae might be the home of a privileged theocratic class of wise men who engaged in astronomical and magical ceremonies at nearby Ring of Brodgar and the Standing Stones of Stenness . Graham and Anna Ritchie cast doubt on this interpretation noting that there is no archaeological evidence for this claim , although a Neolithic `` low road '' that goes from Skara Brae passes near both these sites and ends at the chambered tomb of Maeshowe . Low roads connect Neolithic ceremonial sites throughout Britain . View over the settlement , showing covering to house No. 7 and proximity to modern shore line . The glass roof has now been replaced by a turf one , as the humidity and heat caused by the glass roof was hindering preservation . Dating and abandonment ( edit ) Originally , Childe believed that the settlement dated from around 500 BC . This interpretation was coming under increasing challenge by the time new excavations in 1972 -- 73 settled the question . Radiocarbon results obtained from samples collected during these excavations indicate that occupation of Skara Brae began about 3180 BC with occupation continuing for about six hundred years . Around 2500 BC , after the climate changed , becoming much colder and wetter , the settlement may have been abandoned by its inhabitants . There are many theories as to why the people of Skara Brae left ; particularly popular interpretations involve a major storm . Evan Hadingham combined evidence from found objects with the storm scenario to imagine a dramatic end to the settlement : As was the case at Pompeii , the inhabitants seem to have been taken by surprise and fled in haste , for many of their prized possessions , such as necklaces made from animal teeth and bone , or pins of walrus ivory , were left behind . The remains of choice meat joints were discovered in some of the beds , presumably forming part of the villagers ' last supper . One woman was in such haste that her necklace broke as she squeezed through the narrow doorway of her home , scattering a stream of beads along the passageway outside as she fled the encroaching sand . Anna Ritchie strongly disagrees with catastrophic interpretations of the village 's abandonment : A popular myth would have the village abandoned during a massive storm that threatened to bury it in sand instantly , but the truth is that its burial was gradual and that it had already been abandoned -- for what reason , no one can tell . The site was farther from the sea than it is today , and it is possible that Skara Brae was built adjacent to a fresh water lagoon protected by dunes . Although the visible buildings give an impression of an organic whole , it is certain that an unknown quantity of additional structures had already been lost to sea erosion before the site 's rediscovery and subsequent protection by a seawall . Uncovered remains are known to exist immediately adjacent to the ancient monument in areas presently covered by fields , and others , of uncertain date , can be seen eroding out of the cliff edge a little to the south of the enclosed area . Artifacts ( edit ) Symbols found at Skara Brae and other Neolithic sites A number of enigmatic carved stone balls have been found at the site and some are on display in the museum . Similar objects have been found throughout northern Scotland . The spiral ornamentation on some of these `` balls '' has been stylistically linked to objects found in the Boyne Valley in Ireland . Similar symbols have been found carved into stone lintels and bed posts . These symbols , sometimes referred to as `` runic writings '' , have been subjected to controversial translations . For example , Castleden suggested that `` colons '' found punctuating vertical and diagonal symbols may represent separations between words . Lumps of red ochre found here and at other Neolithic sites have been interpreted as evidence that body painting may have been practised . Nodules of haematite with highly polished surfaces have been found as well ; the shiny surfaces suggest that the nodules were used to finish leather . Other artefacts excavated on site made of animal , fish , bird , and whalebone , whale and walrus ivory , and killer whale teeth included awls , needles , knives , beads , adzes , shovels , small bowls and , most remarkably , ivory pins up to 25 centimetres ( 9.8 in ) long . These pins are very similar to examples found in passage graves in the Boyne Valley , another piece of evidence suggesting a linkage between the two cultures . So - called Skaill knives were commonly used tools in Skara Brae ; these consist of large flakes knocked off sandstone cobbles . Skaill knives have been found throughout Orkney and Shetland . The 1972 excavations reached layers that had remained waterlogged and had preserved items that otherwise would have been destroyed . These include a twisted skein of Heather , one of a very few known examples of Neolithic rope , and a wooden handle . Related sites in Orkney ( edit ) A comparable , though smaller , site exists at Rinyo on Rousay . Unusually , no Maeshowe - type tombs have been found on Rousay and although there are a large number of Orkney -- Cromarty chambered cairns , these were built by Unstan ware people . Knap of Howar , on the Orkney island of Papa Westray , is a well - preserved Neolithic farmstead . Dating from 3500 BC to 3100 BC , it is similar in design to Skara Brae , but from an earlier period , and it is thought to be the oldest preserved standing building in northern Europe . There is also a site currently under excavation at Links of Noltland on Westray that appears to have similarities to Skara Brae . World Heritage status ( edit ) `` The Heart of Neolithic Orkney '' was inscribed as a World Heritage site in December 1999 . In addition to Skara Brae the site includes Maeshowe , the Ring of Brodgar , the Standing Stones of Stenness and other nearby sites . It is managed by Historic Scotland , whose `` Statement of Significance '' for the site begins : The monuments at the heart of Neolithic Orkney and Skara Brae proclaim the triumphs of the human spirit in early ages and isolated places . They were approximately contemporary with the mastabas of the archaic period of Egypt ( first and second dynasties ) , the brick temples of Sumeria , and the first cities of the Harappa culture in India , and a century or two earlier than the Golden Age of China . Unusually fine for their early date , and with a remarkably rich survival of evidence , these sites stand as a visible symbol of the achievements of early peoples away from the traditional centres of civilisation . In popular culture ( edit ) The 1968 children 's novel The Boy with the Bronze Axe by Kathleen Fidler is set during the last days of Skara Brae . This theme is also adopted by Rosemary Sutcliff in her 1977 novel Shifting Sands , in which the evacuation of the site is portrayed as unhurried , with most of the inhabitants surviving . The Irish Celtic folk group Skara Brae took their name from the settlement . Active between 1970 and 1971 , their only album Skara Brae was released in 1971 , and reissued on CD in 1998 . A stone was unveiled in Skara Brae on 12 April 2008 marking the anniversary of Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becoming the first man to orbit the Earth in 1961 . The video game The Bard 's Tale takes place in Skara Brae . In Kim Stanley Robinson 's 1991 novelette A History of the Twentieth Century , With Illustrations , the main character visits Skara Brae and other Orkney Island neolithic sites as part of a journey he takes to gain perspective on the violent history of the 20th century . In the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , Jones is shown lecturing to his students about the site , where he gives the date as `` 3100 B.C. '' See also ( edit ) Ness of Brodgar Standing Stones of Stenness Maeshowe The Crucible of Iron Age Shetland List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland Timeline of prehistoric Scotland List of oldest buildings in the United Kingdom List of oldest buildings Notes ( edit ) ^ a It is one of four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Scotland , the others being the Old Town and New Town of Edinburgh ; New Lanark in South Lanarkshire ; and St Kilda in the Western Isles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hawkes 1986 , p. 262 ^ Jump up to : Bryson 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Skara Brae : The Discovery of the Village '' . Orkneyjar . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Darvill 1987 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Hedges 1984 , p. 107 ^ Jump up to : Childe 1931 Jump up ^ Keatinge & Dickson 1979 Jump up ^ Fenton 1978 , pp. 206 -- 209 Jump up ^ Childe & Simpson 1952 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Ginenthal , Charles ( 2015 ) . Pillars of the Past Volume Four . Lulu.com . ISBN 9781329747944 . Jump up ^ Laing 1974 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1995 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Childe & Clarke 1983 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Beck et al. 1999 Jump up ^ Clarke & Sharples 1985 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Buckland & Sadler 2003 Jump up ^ Laing 1974 , p. 54 Jump up ^ Childe & Clarke 1983 , p. 10 Jump up ^ MacKie 1977 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1981 , pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Castleden 1987 , p. 117 ^ Jump up to : Childe & Clarke 1983 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Castleden 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Hadingham 1975 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1995 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Clarke & Sharples 1985 , p. 58 Jump up ^ `` Carved - Stone Balls at Skara Brae '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Laing 1982 , p. 137 Jump up ^ Piggott 1954 , p. 329 Jump up ^ Castleden 1987 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Burl 1976 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1995 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Clarke & Sharples 1985 , pp. 78 -- 81 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1981 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1995 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Burl 1979 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Hedges 1984 , p. 215 Jump up ^ `` The Knap o ' Howar , Papay '' . Orkneyjar . Retrieved 5 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Darvill 1987 , p. 105 Jump up ^ `` The Heart of Neolithic Orkney '' . Historic Scotland . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 5 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Bramwell 2009 , pp. 182 - 185 . Jump up ^ Fidler 2005 Jump up ^ Bramwell 2009 , pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Orkney site marks space race date '' . BBC News . 12 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Ross , John ( 12 April 2008 ) . `` Prehistoric honour for first man in space '' . Edinburgh : The Scotsman . Retrieved 21 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A History of the Twentieth Century , with Illustrations '' . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , David ( 2012 ) . Skara Brae . Historic Scotland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84917 - 074 - 1 . Bibliography ( edit ) Beck , Roger B. ; Black , Linda ; Krieger , Larry S. ; Naylor , Phillip C. ; Shabaka , Dahia Ibo ( 1999 ) . World History : Patterns of Interaction . Evanston , IL : McDougal Littell . ISBN 0 - 395 - 87274 - X . Bramwell , Peter ( 2009 ) . Pagan Themes in Modern Children 's Fiction : Green Man , Shamanism , Earth Mysteries . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 21839 - 0 . Bryson , Bill ( 2010 ) . At home : a short history of private life . London ; New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 60827 - 5 . Buckland , Paul C. ; Sadler , Jon P. ( 2003 ) . `` Insects '' . In Edwards , Kevin J. ; Ralston , Ian B.M. Scotland After the Ice Age : Environment , Archaeology and History , 8000 BC -- AD 1000 . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1736 - 1 . Burl , Aubrey ( 1976 ) . The Stone Circles of the British Isles . London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 01972 - 6 . Burl , Aubrey ( 1979 ) . Prehistoric Avebury . London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02368 - 5 . Castleden , Rodney ( 1987 ) . The Stonehenge People . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0968 - 1 . Childe , V. Gordon ( 1931 ) . Skara Brae , a Pictish Village in Orkney . meeting held in London : monograph of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland . Childe , V. Gordon ; Simpson , W. Douglas ( 1952 ) . Illustrated History of Ancient Monuments : Vol . VI Scotland . Edinburgh : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . Childe , V. Gordon ; Clarke , D.V. ( 1983 ) . Skara Brae . Edinburgh : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . ISBN 0 - 11 - 491755 - 8 . Clarke , D.V. ; Sharples , Niall ( 1985 ) . Settlements and Subsistence in the Third Millennium BC , in : Renfrew , Colin ( Ed . ) The Prehistory of Orkney BC 4000 -- 1000 AD . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 85224 - 456 - 8 . Darvill , Timothy ( 1987 ) . Prehistoric Britain . London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03951 - 4 . Fenton , Alexander ( 1978 ) . Northern Isles : Orkney and Shetland . John Donald Publishers Ltd . ISBN 0 - 85976 - 019 - 7 . Fidler , Kathleen ( 2005 ) . The Boy with the Bronze Axe . Edinburgh : Floris Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86315 - 488 - 1 . Hadingham , Evan ( 1975 ) . Circles and Standing Stones : An Illustrated Exploration of the Megalith Mysteries of Early Britain . New York : Walker and Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 0463 - 8 . Hawkes , Jacquetta ( 1986 ) . The Shell Guide to British Archaeology . London : Michael Joseph . ISBN 0 - 7181 - 2448 - 0 . Hedges , John W. ( 1984 ) . Tomb of the Eagles : Death and Life in a Stone Age Tribe . New York : New Amsterdam . ISBN 0 - 941533 - 05 - 0 . Keatinge , T.H. ; Dickson , J.H. ( 1979 ) . `` Mid Flandrian Changes in Vegetation in Mainland Orkney '' . New Phytol. 82 ( 2 ) : 585 -- 612 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8137.1979. tb02684. x . Laing , Lloyd ( 1974 ) . Orkney and Shetland : An Archaeological Guide . Newton Abbott : David and Charles Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 6305 - 0 . Laing , Lloyd & Jennifer ( 1982 ) . The Origins of Britain . London : Paladin . ISBN 0 - 586 - 08370 - 7 . MacKie , Euan ( 1977 ) . Science and Society in Prehistoric Britain . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 70245 - 0 . Piggott , Stuart ( 1954 ) . Neolithic Cultures of the British Isles . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 07781 - 8 . Ritchie , Graham & Anna ( 1981 ) . Scotland : Archaeology and Early History . New York : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27365 - 0 . Ritchie , Anna ( 1995 ) . Prehistoric Orkney . London : B.T. Batsford Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 7593 - 5 . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skara Brae . `` Historic Scotland : Skara Brae Prehistoric Village '' . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . `` Orkneyjar : Skara Brae : The discovery of the village '' . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . `` Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland : Site Record for Skara Brae '' . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . 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3.34306 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skara_Brae&oldid=827536933 '' Categories : 4th - millennium BC architecture in Scotland Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC Archaeological sites in Orkney Prehistoric Orkney Buildings and structures in Orkney Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Scotland Stone Age sites in Scotland World Heritage Sites in Scotland Neolithic settlements Megalithic monuments in Scotland Former populated places in Scotland Historic Scotland properties in Orkney Museums in Orkney Archaeological museums in Scotland History museums in Scotland Neolithic Scotland Semi-subterranean structures 4th - millennium BC establishments Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Afrikaans Asturianu Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 08 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	archipelago that includes neolithic settlement of skara brae	[ "Skara Brae /ˈskærə ˈbreɪ/ is a stone-built Neolithic settlement, located on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of Mainland, the largest island in the Orkney archipelago of Scotland. Consisting of eight clustered houses, it was occupied from roughly 3180 BC to about 2500 BC. Europe's most complete Neolithic village, Skara Brae gained UNESCO World Heritage Site status as one of four sites making up \"The Heart of Neolithic Orkney\".a Older than Stonehenge and the Great Pyramids, it has been called the \"Scottish Pompeii\" because of its excellent preservation.[1]" ]	[ "Orkney" ]
-4423655418918539006	Our Girl	Our Girl - wikipedia Our Girl Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Our Girl Genre Military drama Created by Tony Grounds Written by Tony Grounds Directed by David Drury Anthony Philipson Richard Senior Jan Matthys Luke Snellin Tim Fywell Jon Wright Starring Lacey Turner Michelle Keegan Ben Aldridge Luke Pasqualino Iwan Rheon Kerry Godliman Sean Gallagher Mimi Keene Opening theme `` War Rages On '' by Alex Clare ( Series 1 ) `` Hear You Calling '' by Birdy ( Series 2 ) `` Battlecry '' by Jordan Mackampa ( Series 3 ) Composer ( s ) Ben Foster Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 22 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Yorke Caroline Skinner Producer ( s ) Ken Horn Eric Coulter Location ( s ) Hertfordshire Camp Bastion Army Training Centre , Pirbright South Africa Editor ( s ) Ben Drury Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Studios Distributor RLJ Entertainment Release Original network BBC One Picture format 16 : 9 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 24 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) -- present External links Website www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0260ych Our Girl is a British television military drama series , produced by the BBC . The first series starred Lacey Turner as Molly Dawes , a young woman from a working class background who joins the British Army after deciding her life is going nowhere . A one - off special was broadcast on 24 March 2013 on BBC One , which saw Dawes make the decision to join the army , despite the protests of her protective family . A 5 - episode series was subsequently broadcast , beginning on 21 September 2014 . Iwan Rheon and Ben Aldridge joined the main cast as Private Dylan `` Smurf '' Smith and Captain Charles James respectively . In the second series Michelle Keegan replaced Turner as the show 's lead , playing the new character of Lance Corporal Georgie Lane . Ben Aldridge returned to the cast while newcomers Luke Pasqualino and Royce Pierreson joined the series as Special Forces Officer Elvis Harte and Doctor Jamie Cole respectively . The first two series were filmed in South Africa . Series two began airing on BBC One on 7 September 2016 . For the third series twelve episodes were commissioned , to be shown in three blocks of four episodes , each covering a different mission . Filming for this series took place in Nepal , South Africa and Malaysia . Our Girl : Nepal Tour began broadcasting on 10 October 2017 . Keegan , Pasqualino and Aldridge returned , with Shalom Brune - Franklin and Rudi Dharmalingam joining the cast . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Pilot 1.2 Series One 1.3 Series Two 1.4 Series Three 1.4. 1 Nepal Tour 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Supporting Cast 2.2. 1 2 Section 2.2. 2 Dawes & Lane Families 2.2. 3 Army 2.2. 4 Other 3 Episodes 3.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 3.2 Series 1 ( 2014 ) 3.3 Series 2 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Series 3 ( 2017 ) 4 Broadcast and reception 4.1 International broadcast 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Pilot ( edit ) The one - off 2013 special sees 18 - year - old Molly Dawes ( Lacey Turner ) from the East End of London decide to join the army , deciding her life has no purpose on discovering that her boyfriend has been cheating on her . She initially keeps this decision a secret from her family , which comprised her controlling father Dave ( Sean Gallagher ) and doting mother Belinda ( Kerry Godliman ) , encouraged only by the manager of the recruitment office , Sergeant Lamont ( Paul Fox ) . When the truth is exposed , Dave demands she changes her mind , threatening to disown her from the family if she does not ; leaving Molly to make the heartbreaking decision to step away as she heads off to training camp . Here , Corporal Geddings ( Matthew McNulty ) initially doubts Molly 's strength as a potential soldier , but she strives to prove herself and eventually earns the respect of her peers , even reuniting with her mother Belinda when she visits her to apologise for Dave 's actions . Series One ( edit ) The 2014 TV series picks up over a year after the end of the pilot , after Molly has completed training as a Combat Medical Technician . The series follows Molly 's first deployment to Afghanistan attached to a British Army infantry section based from a small UK / ANA shared FOB somewhere in Helmand . She arrives at Camp Bastion in Afghanistan alongside her new team , 2 Section , who are all males . She is uncomfortable to discover that an ex-flame , Dylan `` Smurf '' Smith ( Iwan Rheon ) is amongst her new section , and sets off on the wrong foot with haughty team leader Captain Charles James ( Ben Aldridge ) , a hailed war hero . On arrival in Afghanistan , Molly fights to prove herself to the men around her while also offering compassion to the locals , including eleven - year - old Afghan girl Bashira ( Becky Eggersglusz ) , giving herself an understanding of what it is like to be a civilian caught up in the Taliban 's war . Series two ( edit ) The 2016 TV series follows another army medic , Lance Corporal Georgie Lane ( Michelle Keegan ) , on a humanitarian tour to Kenya with 2 section , and she quickly gets swept up into the antics of a terrorist group . Georgie 's ex-fiancé is Elvis ( Luke Pasqualino ) , a special forces officer in the Special Air Service . He frequently attempts to regain Georgie 's trust after he jilted her at the altar on their wedding day a few years prior to her tour to Kenya . However , Georgie now has a new boyfriend , Dr. Jamie Cole ( Royce Pierreson ) . Molly is written out with the story that she has returned for a short tour to Afghanistan ( like she does at the end of series one ) . It is briefly mentioned by Captain James that he and Molly are now married . Series three ( edit ) Nepal tour ( edit ) The series follows Georgie ( now a Corporal ) on a humanitarian mission to Nepal after an earthquake , similar to that of 2015 . There 2 Section discover a group responsible for trafficking children , connected to the Taliban , which sends them on a covert mission in the heart of Afghanistan supporting special forces . Captain James struggles with the point of British involvement in Afghanistan , and Elvis ( Luke Pasqualino ) is desperate to get Georgie back . However , she is uninterested and meets a Nepalese engineer , Milan ( Rudi Dharmalingam ) , on the scene . Meanwhile , romance between the two new Privates of 2 Section , Maisie ( Shalom Brune - Franklin ) and Rab ( Harki Bhambra ) , blossoms . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Actor / Actress Character Rank Series Pilot Lacey Turner Molly Dawes - James Private Main Michelle Keegan Georgie Lane Corporal ( formerly Lance Corporal ) Main Ben Aldridge Charles James Captain Main Luke Pasqualino Elvis Harte † Special Forces Officer Main Iwan Rheon Dylan `` Smurf '' Smith † Private Main Royce Pierreson Jamie Cole Doctor ( civilian ) Main Harki Bhambra Rab Kalil Private Main Shalom Brune - Franklin Maisie Richards Private Main Supporting Cast ( edit ) 2 Section ( edit ) Arinze Kene as Corporal `` Eggy '' Kinders ( Series 1 ) Charley Palmer Rothwell as Private `` Baz Vegas '' ( Series 1 ) Ade Oyefeso as Private `` Nude - Nut '' ( Series 1 ) Zubin Varla as Qaseem , interpreter ( Series 1 ) Simon Lennon as Private `` Brains '' ( Series 1 -- present ) Sean Ward as Private `` Fingers '' Stille ( Series 1 -- present ) Lawrence Walker as Private `` Dangleberries '' ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Nick Preston as Private Mike `` Mansfield Mike '' Cheam ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Sean Sagar as Private `` Monk '' Montgomery ( Series 2 -- present ) Rolan Bell as Platoon Sergeant `` Kingy '' King ( Series 2 -- present ) Dawes & Lane Families ( edit ) Kerry Godliman as Belinda Dawes ( Pilot - Series 1 ) Sean Gallagher as Dave Dawes ( Pilot - Series 1 ) Mimi Keene as Jade Dawes ( Pilot - Series 1 ) Sean Gilder as Max Lane ( Series 2 ) Angela Lonsdale as Grace Lane ( Series 2 -- present ) Linzey Cocker as Marie Lane ( Series 2 ) Molly Wright as Lulu Lane ( Series 2 ) Army ( edit ) Matthew McNulty as Corporal Geddings ( Pilot ) Fiona Skinner as Corporal Richards ( Pilot ) Jonas Khan as Captain Azizi , Afghan National Army ( Series 1 , 3 ) Kirsty Averton as Jackie ( Series 1 ) Anthony Oseyemi as Captain Osman , Kenya Army ( Series 2 ) Jed O'Hagan as Special Forces Soldier `` Spunky '' ( Series 2 ) Mark Armstrong as Special Forces Soldier `` Spanner '' ( Series 2 -- present ) Jack Parry Jones as Special Forces Soldier `` Jackson '' ( Series 2 ) Dwane Walcott as Special Forces Soldier `` Peanut '' ( Series 3 ) Ashley Houston as Special Forces Soldier `` Dyno '' ( Series 3 ) Other ( edit ) Becky Eggersglusz as Bashira ( Series 1 ) Michael James as Jason Raynott / Abu Jaseer ( Series 2 ) Yusra Warsama as Nafula ( Series 2 ) Anna Tenta as Kicki ( Series 2 ) Rudi Dharmalingam as Milan ( Series 3 ) Salina Shrestha as Tara ( Series 3 ) Episodes ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Average UK viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 5 21 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 19 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 5.24 5 7 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 6.07 10 October 2017 TBA TBA Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Drury Tony Grounds 24 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 6.31 Molly Dawes decides to change her life for the better and break away from her meaningless life by joining the army . However , the decision is not well received by either of her parents , and , having been forced to sever ties with them , she finds herself facing plain hard graft when it comes to training . However , Molly is determined to prove herself as the best . Series 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Time '' Anthony Philipson Tony Grounds 21 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 5.22 Molly has been training for over a year now , but is still thrown when she is told she is about to be sent to Camp Bastion in Afghanistan . With no time to say goodbye or consider what she is about to travel into , Molly finds herself with immediate adversaries in the forms of her fellow soldier ' Smurf ' , an ex-fling , and her captain , James , who doubts her competence as an army medic . Thrown into a dangerous situation almost immediately , Molly fights not only to prove herself but to save a life . `` Feelings '' Anthony Philipson Tony Grounds 28 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 4.90 Smurf returns to the team following his recovery and immediately notes that Molly is becoming too attached to a local girl , Bashira . However , when Bashira warns her of a possible attack , Molly is left fearing for not only her safety but Bashira 's , knowing that her father will likely punish her . Elsewhere , she finds herself caught between Smurf and Captain James , with Smurf showing an active interest but her true feelings lying with her captain . `` Changes '' Richard Senior Tony Grounds 5 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 4.81 Molly returns home on rest and recuperation but she finds that her life and perspective on the world have changed beyond measure since she has been away . Her family can see that they are growing apart . When she visits fellow squaddie Smurf , they bond over their shared difficulties in this new domesticity and both wish they were back in Afghanistan . As they grow closer , Smurf reveals he has fallen for Molly . Unfortunately her affections lie elsewhere - back in Camp Bastion with Captain James . `` Love '' Richard Senior Tony Grounds 12 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 5.28 The platoon is bored in Camp Bastion , preparing to withdraw from Afghanistan . Emotions ride high as both Captain James and Smurf declare their love for Molly , who worryingly finds herself at the centre of an illicit love triangle that compromises army regulations . Trouble finds Molly one last time as she becomes entangled in a raid against the Taliban - and soon the entire platoon are sent on a final terrifying mission as a consequence . Not one of our three heroes can afford to take their eye off the job , not for a single moment , or disaster will surely strike . James , Smurf and Molly know the rules . But is n't love stronger than army regulations ? 5 `` Heroes '' Anthony Philipson Tony Grounds 19 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 4.92 As she returns home from Afghanistan , difficult questions rain down upon Molly Dawes . Who will live and who will die ? Can she ever pick up the pieces ? Brave choices beckon for Our Girl as she faces her biggest challenge yet : how will she face her own future ? Series 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Lane '' Jan Matthys Tony Grounds 7 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 6.23 Lance Corporal Georgie Lane , an experienced army medic , joins Captain James and 2 Section on a humanitarian tour of Kenya . Despite being desperate to return home to marry her fiance , Dr. Jamie Cole , Georgie jumps straight into action when an IED attack on a refugee camp on the border of Somalia results in multiple casulaties . Georgie meets aid worker Kicki , who runs a charity hospital across the border . When Kicki is later kidnapped by a terrorist group , Georgie 's determination to find her lands her in great danger . `` Going On '' Jan Matthys Tony Grounds 14 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 6.23 Having been taken hostage by the terrorist group , Georgie finally learns of Kicki 's whereabouts . Captain James requests help from a special forces unit to storm the base where Georgie is being held , but is shocked to discover that Elvis is leading the operation . Georgie tries to make an ally out of kindlier Zeki under the nose of her captors , but her plan backfires , leading her into grave danger . With the help of 2 Section , Elvis ' unit mount an attack on the base and manage to bring Georgie to safety , but Kicki is n't so fortunate . `` Look Now '' Jan Matthys Tony Grounds 21 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 6.06 Georgie identifies members of the Al Shabad cell , which allows Special Forces to co-ordinate an air strike on their suspected holding ground . Captain James announces that 2 Section have been granted two days rest before returning home to Britain , but during a beach party , a robbery in a nearby hotel turns into a shootout , forcing Elvis to take dramatic action . An exhausted Georgie ca n't wait to get home to see her family and fiancė Jamie , but unable to hide his feelings any longer , a desperate Elvis is forced to come clean . `` Ready '' Luke Snellin Tony Grounds 28 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 5.79 Georgie continues to make plans for her wedding , but is surprised when Elvis summons her to a private meeting in Whitehall with Special Branch . Intel suggests that radical convert Abu escaped the air strike in Kenya and has reentered the country on a false passport . As Jamie begins to grow increasingly concerned about Georgie 's welfare , he seeks out Captain James for advice . Elvis and his unit are called to assist when intel suggests Abu and his associates are to carry out a series of co-ordinated attacks across Manchester . 5 `` Afterwards '' Luke Snellin Tony Grounds 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 6.03 Georgie and Jamie prepare for their big day , but Georgie is n't able to extinguish the thought of Abu still being free to roam the streets . Georgie decides to contact his ex-girlfriend Saira , in the hope of obtaining information which could lead to his capture . Elvis convinces Georgie that Abu will target her wedding ceremony , forcing her to postpone the wedding until the following day . But just as she prepares to walk down the aisle , Georgie realises who the real target is , and with the help of Elvis , sets about bringing Abu to justice . Series 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Nepal Tour : Episode 1 '' Tim Fywell Tony Grounds October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 6.30 2 Section are deployed on a humanitarian mission to Nepal after an earthquake , where newly promoted Georgie has her patience tested by a new recruit , Private Maisie Richards . `` Nepal Tour : Episode 2 '' Tim Fywell Tony Grounds October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 5.73 When some children , including Tara , are abducted from the village , Georgie leads a rescue mission to Kathmandu , where her relationship with Milan blossoms . `` Nepal Tour : Episode 3 '' Jon Wright Amy Roberts & Loren Mclaughlan October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 5.51 2 Section are in Afghanistan on a covert mission deep in the heart of the country . Georgie and Elvis are thrown together in some extreme circumstances , whilst Maisie begins to suspect something about Captain James ' mate and fellow soldier , Captain Azizi . `` Nepal Tour : Episode 4 '' Jon Wright Tony Grounds October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 5.36 An exhausted 2 Section retreat to Kabul only to be ordered to support Elvis in a final mission to capture Omar . Following Captain Azizi 's death , Captain James struggles to come to terms with the point of British involvement in Afghanistan . Romance between Elvis and Georgie is in the air , but is grounded due to an unexpected complication . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Our Girl was first broadcast on BBC One on 24 March 2013 at 9pm . Based on official overnight figures it gained an audience of 5.34 million viewers . Later figures were 6.31 million viewers . The film has received mixed to positive reviews with Dan Owen of MSN praising Turner 's acting and the moving storyline while criticising some of the characterisation and `` weird shortcuts in the storyline '' . Sarah Crompton of The Telegraph found the film `` compelling '' but argued that `` the depiction of the army -- which became too obviously her surrogate family -- would be better suited to a glossy advertising campaign than a television drama , glamorising both its methods and its personnel . '' Audience reaction on social media website Twitter was overall positive . International broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered in Australia on the ABC on 16 April 2015 . In New Zealand the series premiered on TVNZ on 3 May 2015 . In Sweden the series premiered on SVT on 15 June 2015 and in Finland on Yle on 20 March 2017 . In Germany under the title Eine Frau an der Front ( A woman on the front line ) and in France and Belgium under the title Molly , une femme au combat ( Molly , a woman in battle ) the series premiered on ARTE on 7 April 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC One enlists Lacey Turner for Tony Grounds ' compelling new drama Our Girl '' . BBC Media Centre . 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Studios and Post Production completes post production for upcoming BBC One prime - time drama , Our Girl '' . BBC Studios and Post Production . 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` lacey turner on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Melanie Hancill ( 24 March 2013 ) . `` Lacey Turner Q&A : Our Girl , getting fit and why she 'll never escape Stacey Slater - Mirror Online '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our Girl series 2 confirmed '' . Radio Times . 21 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2017/41/our-girl Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` BBC Dramas ' Luther ' , ' Our Girl ' & ' Peaky Blinders ' Book Guest Stars '' . tvwise.co.uk . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One Picks Up ' Our Girl ' To Series , Orders ' Grey Mates ' Comedy & KFC Documentary Series '' . TVWise.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeth , Becky . `` Michelle Keegan lands lead in BBC army drama Our Girl and says she 's looking forward to the ' challenge ' Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly top 30 programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Alex ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Lacey Turner 's ' Our Girl ' may return as full series , says writer '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30s / Mar 18 - Mar 24 / BBC1 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ( BARB ) . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Owen , Dan ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Our Girl : Lacey Turner superb in BBC army drama '' . MSN TV . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Crompton , Sarah ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Our Girl , BBC One , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Airdate = Our Girl '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our Girl Television New Zealand Entertainment TV One , TV2 '' . Tvnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Our Girl '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Our Girl at BBC Programmes Our Girl ( TV movie ) on IMDb Our Girl ( TV series ) on IMDb Our Girl at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Girl&oldid=818819596 '' Categories : 2013 British television programme debuts 2010s British drama television series BBC high definition programmes BBC television dramas English - language television programs London Borough of Newham Military television series Television shows set in Afghanistan Television shows set in Kenya Television shows set in Nepal Television shows set in London Television shows set in Manchester Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Use dmy dates from March 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter BBC programme ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 19 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played our girl in the first series	[ "The first series starred Lacey Turner as Molly Dawes, a young woman from a working class background who joins the British Army after deciding her life is going nowhere. A one-off special was broadcast on 24 March 2013 on BBC One, which saw Dawes make the decision to join the army, despite the protests of her protective family.[4] A 5-episode series was subsequently broadcast, beginning on 21 September 2014. Iwan Rheon and Ben Aldridge joined the main cast as Private Dylan \"Smurf\" Smith and Captain Charles James respectively." ]	[ "Lacey Turner" ]
7621480629820079310	Red Dawn	Red Dawn - wikipedia Red Dawn Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1984 film . For the 2012 remake , see Red Dawn ( 2012 film ) . For other uses , see Red Dawn ( disambiguation ) . Red Dawn Original theatrical poster by John Alvin Directed by John Milius Produced by Sidney Beckerman Buzz Feitshans Screenplay by John Milius Kevin Reynolds Story by Kevin Reynolds Starring Patrick Swayze C. Thomas Howell Lea Thompson Ben Johnson Harry Dean Stanton Ron O'Neal William Smith Powers Boothe Music by Basil Poledouris Cinematography Ric Waite Edited by Thom Noble Production company United Artists Valkyrie Films Distributed by MGM / UA Entertainment Company Release date August 10 , 1984 ( 1984 - 08 - 10 ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Language English Russian Spanish Budget $17 million Box office $38 million Red Dawn is a 1984 American war film directed by John Milius , filmed in Metrocolor and Panavision , and co-written by Milius and Kevin Reynolds . It stars Patrick Swayze , C. Thomas Howell , Lea Thompson , Ben Johnson , Harry Dean Stanton , Ron O'Neal , William Smith , and Powers Boothe . It was the first film to be released in the US with a PG - 13 rating . The film is set in an alternate history timeline in which the United States is invaded by the Soviet Union and its Cuban and Nicaraguan allies . However , the onset of World War III is in the background and not fully elaborated . The story follows a group of American high school students who resist the occupation with guerrilla warfare , calling themselves Wolverines , after their high school mascot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Shooting 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical 5.3 Later reputation 6 References in the film 7 Music 8 In popular culture 9 Operation Red Dawn 10 Remake 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) The United States has gradually become strategically isolated after several European nations ( except the United Kingdom ) withdraw from NATO . At the same time , the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact partners aggressively expand their sphere of influence . In addition , the Ukrainian wheat harvest fails while a Communist coup d'etat occurs in Mexico . On a September morning , in the small town of Calumet , Colorado , a local high school teacher pauses when he sees Soviet paratroopers landing in a nearby field . The paratroopers open fire when the teacher confronts them . Pandemonium follows as students flee amid heavy gunfire . In downtown Calumet , Cuban and Soviet troops are trying to impose order after a hasty occupation . Cuban Colonel Bella instructs the KGB to go to a local sporting goods store and obtain the records of the store 's gun sales on the ATF 's Form 4473 , which lists citizens who have purchased firearms . Brothers Jed and Matt Eckert , along with their friends Robert , Danny , Daryl , and Aardvark , flee into the wilderness after hastily equipping themselves at a sporting goods store owned by Robert 's father . While on the way to the mountains , they run into a Soviet roadblock , but are saved by an attacking U.S. Army UH - 1 helicopter gunship . After several weeks in the forest , they sneak back into town ; Jed and Matt learn that their father is being held in a re-education camp . They visit the site and speak to him through the fence ; Mr. Eckert orders his sons to avenge his inevitable death . The kids visit the Masons and learn that they are behind enemy lines in `` Occupied America . '' Robert 's father is revealed to have been executed because of the missing inventory from his store . The Masons charge Jed and Matt with taking care of their two granddaughters , Toni and Erica . After killing Soviet soldiers in the woods , the youths begin an armed resistance against the occupation forces , calling themselves `` Wolverines , '' after their high school mascot . The occupation forces initially try reprisal tactics , executing groups of civilians following every Wolverine attack . During one of these mass executions , the fathers of Jed , Matt and Aardvark are killed . Daryl 's father , Mayor Bates , is a collaborator and tries to appease the occupation authorities . Despite the reprisal tactics the occupation forces get nowhere . The Wolverines find a downed pilot , Lt. Col. Andrew Tanner , who informs them of the current state of the war : several American cities , including Washington , D.C. , were destroyed by nuclear strikes ; the Strategic Air Command was crippled by Cuban saboteurs ; and paratroopers were dropped from fake commercial airliners to seize key positions in preparation for subsequent assaults via Mexico and Alaska . The middle third of the U.S. has been taken over , but American counterattacks have halted Soviet advances along the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River and the lines have stabilized . The only remaining U.S. allies , the UK and China , are militarily crippled . Concerned about nuclear fallout , both sides refrain from the further use of nuclear weapons . Tanner assists the Wolverines in organizing raids against the Soviets . Soon after , in a visit to the front line , Tanner and Aardvark are killed in the crossfire of a tank battle . Daryl is caught by the Soviets after being turned in by his collaborating father . Using threats of torture , KGB officers force Daryl to swallow a tracking device , then release him to rejoin the guerrillas . Spetsnaz are sent into the mountains carrying portable radio triangulation equipment , but are ambushed by the Wolverines . The group trace the source of the signal to Daryl , who confesses and pleads for mercy , but is executed by Robert after Jed executes a captured Soviet soldier . The remaining members are ambushed by Mi - 24 helicopter gunships , and Robert and Toni are killed . Jed and Matt attack the Soviet headquarters in Calumet to distract the troops while Danny and Erica escape . The plan works , but Jed and Matt are wounded . Though Colonel Bella comes across the brothers , he is unable to bring himself to kill them and lets them go . Nevertheless , it is implied the brothers die in the park where they spent time as kids . Erica narrates that the U.S. repelled the Soviet invasion some time later . A plaque is seen with Partisan Rock in the background , with each dead ( presumed ) Wolverine 's name inscribed upon it . The rock is fenced off and an American flag flies nearby . The plaque reads : ... In the early days of World War III , guerrillas -- mostly children -- placed the names of their lost upon this rock . They fought here alone and gave up their lives , so `` that this nation shall not perish from the earth . '' Cast ( edit ) Patrick Swayze as Jed Eckert C. Thomas Howell as Robert Morris Lea Thompson as Erica Mason Charlie Sheen as Matt Eckert Darren Dalton as Daryl Bates Jennifer Grey as Toni Mason Brad Savage as Danny Bates Doug Toby as Arturo `` Aardvark '' Mondragon Powers Boothe as Lt. Col. Andrew `` Andy '' Tanner , USAF Ben Johnson as Jack Mason Harry Dean Stanton as Tom Eckert Ron O'Neal as Colonel Ernesto Bella William Smith as Colonel Strelnikov Vladek Sheybal as General Bratchenko Frank McRae as Mr. Teasdale Roy Jenson as Samuel Morris Pepe Serna as Mr. Mondragón Lane Smith as Mayor Bates Judd Omen as Nicaraguan Captain Radames Pera as Sgt . Stepan Gorsky Development ( edit ) The film was originally called Ten Soldiers and was written by Kevin Reynolds . It was set in the near future as a combined force of Russians and Cubans launched an invasion of the Southwestern USA . Ten kids take to the hills when their small town is captured and they turn into a skilled and lethal guerrilla band . The script was shown to MGM where then senior vice-president for production , Peter Bart , who remembers it as a `` sharply written anti-war movie ... a sort of Lord of the Flies . '' He took the project to the head of the studio , Frank Yablans . Bart recalls that things changed when `` the chieftains at MGM got a better idea . Instead of making a poignant little antiwar movie , why not make a teen Rambo and turn the project over to John Milius , a genial and rotund filmmaker who loved war movies and also loved war ? The idea was especially popular with a member of the MGM board of directors , General Alexander Haig , the former Nixon chief of staff , who yearned to supervise the film personally and develop a movie career . '' Milius admits he was enthusiastic about the project : When I was a kid in the early 60s and 50s , even ... I went to high school in Colorado . One of the big things we wanted to be , aside from football players and skiers and everything else -- we wanted to be mountain men . And so we read everything about Jim Pritchard and Jim Carson , all that kind of thing , you know , to be a woodsman . The greatest fantasy of all was that we were going to go up to the mountains and resist the Russians with flint - lock rifles , cap - lock rifles , anyway . Milius says MGM decided to make the film because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan . `` MGM decided we 're going to make this patriotic movie that 's mirroring the situation in Afghanistan , and we 'll release it during the Olympics . '' Milius set about rewriting the script . Some of the changes included a shift in focus from conflict within the group to conflict between the teens and their oppressors , and the acceleration of the ages of some of the characters from early teens to high school age and beyond . Haig took Milius under his wing , bringing him to the Hudson Institute , the conservative think tank founded by Herman Kahn , to develop a plausible scenario . Milius saw the story as a Third World liberation struggle in reverse ; Haig introduced Nicaragua and suggested that , with the collapse of NATO , a left - wing Mexican regime would participate in the Soviet invasion , effectively splitting the U.S. in half . Bart says `` Even Milius was taken aback by Haig 's approach to the project . `` This is going to end up as a jingoistic , flag - waving movie , '' Milius fretted . Meanwhile , despite Haig 's enthusiasm ( or perhaps because of it ) the Department of Defense flatly refused to extend any cooperation whatsoever . As a result , the budget of this once $6 million movie almost tripled . '' Milius later said `` I see this as an anti-war movie in the sense that if both sides could see this , maybe it would n't have to happen . I think it would be good for Americans to see what a war would be like . The film is n't even that violent -- the war shows none of the horrors that could happen in World War III . In fact , everything that happened in the movie happened in World War Two . '' Shooting ( edit ) The movie was filmed in and around the city of Las Vegas , New Mexico . Many of the buildings and structures which appeared in the film , including a historic Fred Harvey Company hotel adjacent to the train depot , the train yard , and a building near downtown , which was repainted with the name of `` Calumet , Colorado '' , are still there today . An old Safeway grocery store was converted to a sound stage and used for several scenes in the movie . Before starting work on the movie , the cast underwent an intensive eight - week military training course . During that time , production crews designed and built special combat vehicles in Newhall , California . Soldier of Fortune reported that the movie 's T - 72 tank was such a precise replica that `` while it was being carted around Los Angeles , two CIA officers followed it to the studio and wanted to know where it had come from '' . Milius says the scene that meant the most to him was when the Wolverines execute the Russian soldier and the mayor 's son , Daryl . The rationale that Jed ( Patrick Swayze 's character ) gives is , `` We live here . '' For me that sort of summed up the anger and fear that followed Sept. 11 . That 's the emotional core of it , is n't it though ? That 's it . We live here . This is what we are . At the time I remember that was a very , very powerful scene ... ( I ) t was extremely ( difficult ) to shoot that . We were way , way up on a place called Johnson 's Mesa . It snowed . The wind was blowing in . It dropped below zero , everybody was getting frostbite , as well as the fact , I remember , everyone had dysentery . So you had the problem of everyone having to rush to various facilities wearing Avirex assault gear ... I remember the power of that scene and that they got into it because of the fact that it was so bitterly cold . And yet it was so beautiful at the same time . Everybody became kind of strongly attached to the place . Powers Boothe later claimed `` Milius cut out the emotional life of its characters . Originally , my character was anti-war , as well as a rightist . I was supposed to be the voice of reason in that movie . But certain cuts negated my character . '' Lea Thompson says the original cut featured a love scene between her and Powers Boothe but it `` was cut out after some previews because of the age difference . And that was the main reason I took the movie - it was such a terrific scene . '' Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Red Dawn was the 20th highest - grossing film of 1984 , opening on August 10 , 1984 in 1,822 theatres and taking in $8,230,381 on its first weekend . Its box office gross is $38,376,497 . Critical ( edit ) Red Dawn received mixed reviews , receiving a score of 50 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 22 reviews . The New York Times reviewer said `` to any sniveling lily - livers who suppose that John Milius ... has already reached the pinnacle of movie - making machismo , a warning : Mr. Milius 's Red Dawn is more rip - roaring than anything he has done before . Here is Mr. Milius at his most alarming , delivering a rootin ' - tootin ' scenario for World War III . '' MGM apologised to Alaska war veterans for the film 's advertising , which claimed that no foreign troops had ever landed on US soil , thereby overlooking the Aleutian Islands Campaign . At the time it was released , Red Dawn was considered the most violent film by the Guinness Book of Records and The National Coalition on Television Violence , with a rate of 134 acts of violence per hour , or 2.23 per minute . The DVD Special Edition ( 2007 ) includes an on - screen `` Carnage Counter '' in a nod to this . A few days after the NCTV survey came out , 35 protestors picketed the MGM / UA building in opposition to the film . John Milius said : What these people really do n't like is that the movie shows violence being perpetrated against Russian and Cuban invaders , which is what the demonstration was all about . My question is , where were all these demonstrators when the Russians shot down that airliner ? Were they cheering ? And what about the people being gassed and yellow - rained in Afghanistan ? ... There 's really no pleasure in outraging these people . I suppose next some extreme right wing organisation will give me an award , which is equally ridiculous . Soon after the Gun Owners of America announced that they were honoring Milius for `` dramatically depicting the importance in our time of the Second Amendment . '' Later reputation ( edit ) National Review Online has named the film No. 15 in its list of `` The Best Conservative Movies . '' Adam Arseneau at the website DVD Verdict opined that the film `` often feels like a Republican wet dream manifested into a surrealistic Orwellian nightmare '' . According to Jesse Walker of Reason , The film outraged liberal critics , but further to the left it had some supporters . In a witty and perceptive piece for The Nation , Andrew Kopkind called it `` the most convincing story about popular resistance to imperial oppression since the inimitable Battle of Algiers , '' adding that he 'd `` take the Wolverines from Colorado over a small circle of friends from Harvard Square in any revolutionary situation I can imagine . '' Libertarian theorist Murray Rothbard argued that the film was `` not so much pro-war as it is anti-State . '' Rothbard gave the film a generally positive review , while expressing some reservations with the story : One big problem with the picture is that there is no sense that successful guerrilla war feeds on itself ; in real life the ranks of the guerrillas would start to swell , and this would defeat the search - and - destroy concept . In Red Dawn , on the other hand , there are only the same half - dozen teenagers , and the inevitable attrition makes the struggle seem hopeless when it need not be . Another problem is that there is no character development through action , so that , except for the leader , all the high school kids seem indistinguishable . As a result , there is no impulse to mourn as each one falls by the wayside . Milius said that : The movie was very successful . It was just roundly hated by the liberal community and critics . I was vilified and excoriated to a degree -- and I was one who was used to being vilified and excoriated for my movies -- but that movie really got their dander up ... You see the tremendous cost of everything . Nobody comes out of it whole or unscarred . The ones that in the end , when they get away , they 're looking down on this vast plain and say , `` We 're free now . '' And he says , `` Free to do what ? '' References in the film ( edit ) The NRA slogan , `` I 'll give you my gun when you take it from my cold , dead fingers '' , is seen on a truck 's bumper sticker as the paratroopers take over Calumet before a dead man 's M1911 pistol is taken from him . The movie being shown to American prisoners at the Soviet camp near Calumet is Alexander Nevsky ( 1938 ) , Sergei Eisenstein 's Soviet anti-Nazi film . It is also playing in the town cinema across from the drugstore . Much of the story is set in the Arapaho National Forest , and a group of Soviet soldiers refer specifically to the Colorado War , which was fought there between the Arapaho and Cheyenne Indian insurgencies and the occupying U.S. government . Music ( edit ) The film 's score was composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris ; it was the first soundtrack album to be released ( on LP and compact disc ) by Intrada Records . The label issued the complete score in 2007 . In popular culture ( edit ) `` Grey Dawn '' is a South Park episode which parodies Red Dawn . In a cutaway scene in the Family Guy episode `` Hell Comes to Quahog , '' Peter Griffin stars in `` Red Dawn : The Musical . '' Homefront , a video game also written by John Milius , is about a Korean invasion of America . The movie has become a big cult success . Milius : It was almost like a Revolutionary War message . It 's the nature of America 's struggle against oppression . But the movie , because it was a rare patriotic movie in a time when that really was n't done very often , I think it really struck a chord . It really struck a chord with people who 've grown up ( with it ) ... They 've told me , `` God , I just love that movie . '' Because everybody , I think , had that fantasy of what would happen if your home was invaded and you would fight the Russians and whatever . Operation Red Dawn ( edit ) Main article : Operation Red Dawn The operation to capture former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was named Operation Red Dawn and its targets were dubbed Wolverine 1 and Wolverine 2 . Army Captain Geoffrey McMurray , who named the mission , said the naming `` was so fitting because it was a patriotic , pro-American movie . '' Milius approved of the naming : `` I was deeply flattered and honored . It 's nice to have a lasting legacy . '' `` I was very proud , '' said Milius . `` I was just thrilled . It 's nice to be liked someplace in the world . I have very strong supporters in the military . '' Remake ( edit ) Main article : Red Dawn ( 2012 film ) The remake takes place in a slightly altered version of the modern day ( c. 2012 ) , with North Korea invading the United States . Milius did not like the remake , and criticised it as `` terrible '' after reading an original script where the villains were Chinese . There was a strange feeling to the whole thing . They were fans of the movie so they put in stuff they thought was neat . It 's all about neat action scenes , and has nothing to do with story ... There 's only one example in 4,000 years of Chinese territorial adventurism , and that was in 1979 , when they invaded Vietnam , and to put it mildly they got their ( butts ) handed to them ... Why would China want us ? They sell us stuff . We 're a market . I would have done it about Mexico . See also ( edit ) 1980s portal Film in the United States portal Culture during the Cold War World War III in popular culture References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Red Dawn ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Patrick ( August 16 , 1984 ) . `` ' RED DAWN ' IS MILIUS ' KIND OF MOVIE : JOHN MILIUS '' . Los Angeles Times . p. i1 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ; Borys Kit ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` ' Red Dawn ' redo lands director , scribe ; MGM will remake the 1984 action drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Richard E. Sincere , Jr . ( October 1984 ) . `` Schoolkids Battle Red Army in Red Dawn '' . Journal of Civil Defense . The American Civil Defense Association : 17 . ^ Jump up to : Bart , Peter ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` First Look : Famous Firings a Tough Ax to Follow '' . Variety . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer , Johnny ( December 28 , 2003 ) . `` Red Dawn 's New Day , an interview with John Milius , the author and director '' . Free Republic . Jump up ^ Shaw , Tony ( 2007 ) . Hollywood 's Cold War . Edinburgh University Press . p. 270 . ISBN 9780748630738 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J. ( November 2012 ) . `` The North Koreans Are Coming ! '' . Film Comment ( 48.6 ed . ) . pp. 52 -- 54 , 56 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dawn Movie Filming Locations '' . The 80s Movies Rewind . Fast-rewind.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baltake , Joe ( July 18 , 1985 ) . `` ACTOR FINDS SUCCESS IN THE WILDS '' . Philadelphia Daily News . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Mann , Roderick ( February 28 , 1987 ) . `` THOMPSON 'S AGE OF DISCONTENT '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dawn '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Review of film at New York Times ^ Jump up to : London , Michael . `` FILM CLIPS : DeLOREAN REJECTS 1ST BID FOR FILM BIOGRAPHY FILM CLIPS : DeLOREAN '' . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 -- Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) September 19 , 1984 : i1 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dawn Condemned As Rife With Violence '' . The New York Times . September 4 , 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Arseneau , Adam ( August 6 , 2007 ) . `` Red Dawn : Collector 's Edition '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( September 13 , 1984 ) . `` ' Red Dawn ' Under Fire : Dateline Hollywood '' . The Washington Post . p . E7 . Jump up ^ London , Michael ( January 2 , 1985 ) . `` OFF - CAMERA HOLLYWOOD HIGHLIGHTS '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Miller , John ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Best Conservative Movies '' . National Review . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Jesse ( January 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Ghost of Rambo '' . Reason . Jump up ^ Murray Rothbard ( July -- August 1984 ) . `` Red Dawn '' . Libertarian Forum . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with John Milius '' The Implied Observer `` . Impliedobserver.wordpress.com . March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( August 10 , 1984 ) . `` Red Dawn ( 1984 ) FILM : ' RED DAWN , ' ON WORLD WAR III '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Prince ( 1992 ) . Visions of Empire : Political Imagery in Contemporary American Film . Praeger . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93662 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Grey Dawn ( Season 7 , Episode 10 ) -- Episode Guide '' . South Park Studios . November 5 , 2003 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dawn : The Musical '' . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` News : Video game set to take place in Montrose ( Montrose , CO ) '' . Montrosepress.com . January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dawn Imitated Art '' . USA Today . December 17 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Original ' Red Dawn ' director takes aim at the remake '' . Los Angeles Times . March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Red Dawn Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Dawn ( 1984 film ) . Red Dawn on IMDb Red Dawn at Rotten Tomatoes Red Dawn at AllMovie Red Dawn at the TCM Movie Database Red Dawn at the American Film Institute Catalog Red Dawn at Box Office Mojo Original script `` Ten Soldiers '' by Kevin Reynolds ( hide ) Films by John Milius Writer and Director Marcello , I 'm So Bored ( 1966 ) Dillinger ( 1973 ) The Wind and the Lion ( 1975 ) Big Wednesday ( 1978 ) Conan the Barbarian ( 1982 ) Red Dawn ( 1984 ) Farewell to the King ( 1989 ) Flight of the Intruder ( 1991 ) Motorcycle Gang ( 1994 ) Rough Riders ( 1997 ) Writer only The Emperor ( 1967 ) The Devil 's 8 ( 1969 ) Evel Knievel ( 1971 ) The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean ( 1972 ) Jeremiah Johnson ( 1972 ) Magnum Force ( 1973 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) Extreme Prejudice ( 1987 ) Geronimo : An American Legend ( 1993 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) Texas Rangers ( 2001 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Dawn&oldid=832939820 '' Categories : 1984 films 1980s action films 1980s adventure films 1980s war films American films American action films American anti-communist propaganda films American coming - of - age films English - language films Cold War films Political films War adventure films Films scored by Basil Poledouris Films directed by John Milius Screenplays by John Milius Films set in Colorado Films set in 1989 Films shot in New Mexico United States Air Force in films United Artists films World War III speculative fiction Invasions in fiction Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 20 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the movie red dawn take place	[ "On a September morning, in the small town of Calumet, Colorado, a local high school teacher pauses when he sees Soviet paratroopers landing in a nearby field. The paratroopers open fire when the teacher confronts them. Pandemonium follows as students flee amid heavy gunfire. In downtown Calumet, Cuban and Soviet troops are trying to impose order after a hasty occupation. Cuban Colonel Bella instructs the KGB to go to a local sporting goods store and obtain the records of the store's gun sales on the ATF's Form 4473, which lists citizens who have purchased firearms." ]	[ "the small town of Calumet, Colorado" ]
6514531923811923780	Epcot International Food & Wine Festival	Epcot International Food & Wine Festival - wikipedia Epcot International Food & Wine Festival Jump to : navigation , search Epcot International Food & Wine Festival Begins August 31 , 2017 Ends November 13 , 2017 Frequency Yearly Venue Epcot Location ( s ) Bay Lake , Florida Country United States Inaugurated 1995 Activity Wine , Food Tasting , Social Events Sponsor Chase Website Official website The Epcot International Food & Wine Festival is an annual food festival at Epcot , in the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida , typically from late September to mid-November . Special kiosks are set up around the World Showcase with food and drinks that reflect various countries . The activities , themes and corporate sponsors have changed over the years since the festival began in 1995 . Admission to the basic festival is included with park admission , but guests must purchase the food and drink separately . Activities have included concerts , books signings and demonstrations . Certain special events require a separate admission pass . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2014 1.1. 1 2014 Eat to the Beat Concert Series 1.2 2015 1.2. 1 2015 Eat to the Beat Concert Series 1.3 2016 1.3. 1 2016 Eat to the Beat Concert Series 1.4 2017 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The miniature train display in the Germany Pavilion was created for the first Epcot International Food and Wine Festival in 1995 . George Kalogridis , president of the Walt Disney World Resort since 2013 , conceived the idea for the festival . On February 15 , 2016 , it was announced that Disney California Adventure would be hosting its own Food & Wine Festival , only on the weekends , during April 2016 , after a five year hiatus . 2014 ( edit ) The Wonders of Life Pavilion being used as the Festival Center during the 2014 Epcot International Food & Wine Festival The Orlando Sentinel reported that the 2014 Epcot International Food & Wine Festival was to include 100,000 dessert portions , 360,000 beer servings , 300,000 wine pours , 1.5 million tapas - size food samplings and visitors from over 25 nations . The event ran from September 19 to November 10 , a total of 53 days , which was the longest in the festival 's 19 - year history . The 2014 booths were Africa , Australia , Belgium , Block & Hans , Brazil , Brewer 's Collection , Canada , China , Craft Beers , Desserts & Champagne , Farm Fresh , Fife & Drum , France , Germany , Greece , Hawai'i , Hops & Barley , Ireland , Italy , Japan , Mexico , Morocco , New Zealand , Patagonia , Poland , Puerto Rico , Refreshment Port , Scotland , Singapore , South Korea , Terra , and the Refreshment Cool Post . 2014 Eat to the Beat Concert series ( edit ) Dennis DeYoung performing during the 2014 Eat to the Beat Concert Series Eat to the Beat is a series of concerts during the festival at the America Gardens Theater . Performers performed three times during the day , at 5 : 30 pm , 6 : 45 pm , and 8 : 00 pm . The performers for the 2014 series were Jo Dee Messina , The Pointer Sisters , The Commodores , Christopher Cross , Hanson , Air Supply , Starship featuring Mickey Thomas , Sugar Ray , Fuel , Sister Hazel , Richard Marx , Billy Ocean , Night Ranger , Smash Mouth , Jim Brickman , Los Lonely Boys , Wilson Phillips , Dennis DeYoung ( original member of STYX ) , 38 Special , Boyz II Men , David Cook , and Big Bad Voodoo Daddy . 2015 ( edit ) The 2015 Epcot International Food & Wine Festival ran from September 25 through November 16 . The 2015 festival saw the additions of new booths including the Cheese Studio , the Wine Studio , Intermissions Café , The Outpost , Chew Lab , and Sustainable Chew , the latter two being inspired by the ABC show The Chew , as well a Dominican Republic booth . Also , the Ocean Spray Cranberry Bog returned for its fourth year after a one - year absence . Two countries did not return from the 2014 lineup , Puerto Rico and Singapore . 2015 Eat to the Beat Concert series ( edit ) The lineup included the return of Dennis DeYoung , Starship with Mickey Thomas , Christopher Cross , The Pointer Sisters , 38 Special , and Air Supply , alongside newcomers Tiffany , Maxi Priest , Everclear , and Chaka Khan . 2016 ( edit ) The 2016 Epcot International Food & Wine Festival runs from September 14 through November 14 . The 2016 festival sees the additions of new booths including the Brewer 's Collection , the Chocolate Studio and the Islands of the Caribbean . Not returning from the 2015 lineup include the booths of Fife & Drum , The Outpost , and Terra . The Wine Studio will combine with the Cheese Studio to become the Wine & Dine Studio , while The Chew Lab and Sustainable Chew will combine to become The Chew Collective . The festival also includes new premium events at some of the Disney resorts for the first time , including events at Disney 's Contemporary Resort , Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa , Disney 's Polynesian Village Resort & Disney 's Yacht Club Resort . 2016 Eat to the Beat Concert series ( edit ) The lineup includes the return of Dennis DeYoung , Starship with Mickey Thomas , Fuel , Sugar Ray , Los Lobos , Wilson Phillips , Blues Traveler , Christopher Cross , 38 Special , Chaka Khan , Billy Ocean , Hanson , Boyz II Men , Sister Hazel , Big Bad Voodoo Daddy , and Air Supply , alongside newcomers Wang Chung , BoDeans , Plain White T 's , Jeffrey Osborne , Toad The Wet Sprocket , Living Colour , Soul Asylum , & Delta Rae . 2017 ( edit ) The 2017 Epcot International Food & Wine Festival will run from August 31 through November 13 . See also ( edit ) Epcot International Flower & Garden Festival Disney California Adventure Food & Wine Festival References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epcot International Food & Wine Festival . Jump up ^ Heather McPherson ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Epcot chefs set a global buffet of eclectic tastes '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeff Houck ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` The Sip : Everywhere a food fest , but Epcot worth the trip '' . Tampa Tribune . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney World Resort World History Digest '' . Walt Disney World News . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Food & Wine Festival , 2011 Edition '' . Yesterland . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak - Peek - Sunday : Epcot 's International Food and Wine Festival '' . Modern Mouse Radio . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Epcot 's Garden Railway Miniature Train '' . Disney Dispatch . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason Garcia ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` George Kalogridis : From clearing tables to Disney World chief '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . From 1995 to 2000 , Kalogridis ran Epcot , Disney World 's second - busiest theme park . He conceived and launched the park 's International Food and Wine Festival to help generate attendance during a typically slow period in the fall . It is now one of Disney World 's largest annual events . Jump up ^ `` Disney California Adventure Food & Wine Festival Coming Weekends in April '' . Disney Parks Blog . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Brandy ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Food fest returns to Disney California Adventure with pricey VIP offerings '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Epcot chefs set global buffet of eclectic tastes for Food and Wine Fest '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Get your taste buds ready ! Epcot food and wine fest begins Sept. 19 '' . Florida Today . Jump up ^ `` Epcot Food and Wine Festival Map '' . wdwinfo.com . WDW Info . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer . `` 2014 Eat to the Beat Concert Lineup Announced for Epcot International Food & Wine Festival '' . disneyparks.disney.go.com/blogs . Disney Parks . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Pam . `` 20th Epcot International Food & Wine Festival Expands for First Time into Future World '' . disneyparksblog.com . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Georgina . `` Are your taste buds ready for Florida fall food festivals ? '' . orlandosentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Global Marketplaces '' . disneyworld.com . Walt Disney World . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eat to the Beat Concert Series '' . Dining at Disney . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Global Marketplaces at the 2016 Epcot International Food & Wine Festival '' . Walt Disney World . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Danny . `` Disney Releases Info For 2016 Epcot Food And Wine Festival : Eat To The Beat Concert Series , Menus , More '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Pam . `` Celebrity Chefs and New Experiences at Walt Disney World Resort Hotels Set for the 2016 Epcot International Food & Wine Festival '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disney Parks . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lim , Victoria . `` Eat to the Beat Lineup Announced for 21st Epcot International Food & Wine Festival '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disney Parks . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lim , Victoria . `` Dates Announced for the 2017 Epcot International Food & Wine Festival '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disney Parks . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Allears.net - Epcot Food and Wine Festival Archive - information back to 1998 Epcot Present and former attractions Future World Innoventions Club Cool Imagination ! ImageWorks Journey Into Imagination With Figment Disney & Pixar Short Film Festival Mission : Space The Land Symbiosis Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable Living with the Land Soarin ' Around the World The Seas with Nemo & Friends Coral Reef Restaurant Turtle Talk with Crush Spaceship Earth Test Track World Showcase The American Adventure Canada O Canada ! China Wonders of China Reflections of China France Impressions de France Les Chefs de France Germany Biergarten Restaurant IllumiNations : Reflections of Earth Italy Tutto Italia Ristorante Via Napoli Pizzeria e Ristorante Japan Teppan Edo Mexico Gran Fiesta Tour Starring The Three Caballeros Morocco Restaurant Marrakesh Norway Frozen Ever After United Kingdom Rose & Crown Pub & Dining Room Annual events Epcot International Flower & Garden Festival Epcot International Food & Wine Festival Future attractions Guardians of the Galaxy ( roller coaster ) Ratatouille : L'Aventure Totalement Toquée de Rémy Walt Disney World Resort Theme parks Magic Kingdom attractions Epcot attractions Disney 's Hollywood Studios attractions Disney 's Animal Kingdom attractions Water parks Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon Disney 's Blizzard Beach Beyond the parks Disney Springs ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Resorts and residential areas Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort Celebration Bonnet Creek Resort Magic Kingdom Contemporary Resort Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground Grand Floridian Resort & Spa Polynesian Village Resort Wilderness Lodge Shades of Green Epcot Caribbean Beach Resort Yacht Club Resort Beach Club Resort BoardWalk Resort Walt Disney World Dolphin Walt Disney World Swan Disney Springs Port Orleans Resort - French Quarter Port Orleans Resort - Riverside Old Key West Resort Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa Animal Kingdom All - Star Movies Resort All - Star Music Resort All - Star Sports Resort Animal Kingdom Lodge Coronado Springs Resort Wide World of Sports Art of Animation Resort Pop Century Resort Unbuilt Disney resorts Asian Resort Mediterranean Resort Persian Resort Venetian Resort Fort Wilderness Junction Transportation Transportation and Ticket Center Walt Disney World Monorail System Disney Skyliner Disney 's Magical Express Events and festivities Resort Disney Weddings Disney 's Wedding Pavilion Magic Music Days Disney World Marathon Weekend Magic Kingdom Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party Epcot Epcot International Flower & Garden Festival Epcot International Food & Wine Festival Retired Events and Former Attractions ABC Super Soap Weekend Discovery Island DisneyQuest Give a Day , Get a Disney Day Happiest Celebration on Earth Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Millennium Celebration Pleasure Island River Country Star Wars Weekends Summer Nightastic ! The Osborne Family Spectacle of Dancing Lights Walt Disney World Speedway Notable people Past leaders Walt Disney Roy O. Disney Joe Fowler Richard Irvine Michael Eisner Thomas O. Staggs Current leaders Bob Iger George Kalogridis Other Imagineering Creative Entertainment Walt Disney World Company Disney Dining Plan MyMagic+ MagicBands Reedy Creek Improvement District Lake Buena Vista Bay Lake Utilidor system Casting Center Team Disney Orlando Incidents at Walt Disney World Walt Disney Parks and Resorts ( The Walt Disney Company ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epcot_International_Food_%26_Wine_Festival&oldid=801797953 '' Categories : Epcot Food and drink festivals in the United States Festivals in Florida Wine festivals in the United States 1995 establishments in Florida Recurring events established in 1995 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 22 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does disney's food and wine festival end	[ "The Epcot International Food & Wine Festival is an annual food festival at Epcot, in the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida, typically from late September to mid-November. Special kiosks are set up around the World Showcase with food and drinks that reflect various countries.[1][2] The activities, themes and corporate sponsors have changed over the years since the festival began in 1995.[3][4]" ]	[ "mid-November" ]
-6389536562208873072	NFL on Thanksgiving Day	NFL on Thanksgiving Day - wikipedia NFL on Thanksgiving Day Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of National Football League games . For the Canadian Football League games , see Thanksgiving Day Classic . For the black college football rivalry , see Turkey Day Classic . The NFL Thanksgiving logo used for 2016 ; the year is updated annually , with the new NFL shield being used for the first time in 2008 . The National Football League ( NFL ) on Thanksgiving Day is a traditional series of games played during the Thanksgiving holiday in the United States . It has been a regular occurrence since the league 's inception in 1920 . Currently , three NFL games are played every Thanksgiving . The first two are hosted by the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys ; a third game , with no fixed opponents , has been played annually since 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Throwback uniforms 1.2 Memorable games 1.3 Home team controversy 2 Game results 2.1 1920 -- 1940 2.2 1945 -- 1959 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1970 -- 2005 2.5 2006 -- present 3 Thanksgiving Day standings 3.1 Notable appearance droughts 3.2 Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams 4 Game MVPs 4.1 Turkey Leg Award ( CBS & FOX ) 4.2 Galloping Gobbler / Game Ball ( FOX ) 4.3 All - Iron Award ( CBS ) 4.4 Prime time games ( NFLN & NBC ) 4.5 Complete list 5 Broadcasting 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) The concept of American football games being played on Thanksgiving Day dates back to 1876 , shortly after the game had been invented , as it was a day that most people had off from work . In that year , the college football teams at Yale and Princeton began an annual tradition of playing each other on Thanksgiving Day . The University of Michigan also made it a tradition to play annual Thanksgiving games , holding 19 such games from 1885 to 1905 . The Thanksgiving Day games between Michigan and the Chicago Maroons in the 1890s have been cited as `` The Beginning of Thanksgiving Day Football . '' In some areas , high - school teams play on Thanksgiving , usually to wrap - up the regular - season . By the time football had become a professional event , playing on Thanksgiving had already become an institution . Records of pro football being played on Thanksgiving date back to as early as the 1890s , with the first pro -- am team , the Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . In 1902 , the `` National '' Football League , a Major League Baseball - backed organization based entirely in Pennsylvania and unrelated to the current NFL , attempted to settle its championship over Thanksgiving weekend ; after the game ended in a tie , eventually all three teams in the league claimed to have won the title . Members of the Ohio League , during its early years , usually placed their marquee matchups on Thanksgiving Day . For instance , in 1905 and 1906 the Latrobe Athletic Association and Canton Bulldogs , considered at the time to be two of the best teams in professional football ( along with the Massillon Tigers ) , played on Thanksgiving . A rigging scandal with the Tigers leading up to the 1906 game led to severe drops in attendance for the Bulldogs and ultimately led to their suspension of operations . During the 1910s , the Ohio League stopped holding Thanksgiving games because many of its players coached high school teams and were unavailable . This was not the case in other regional circuits : in 1919 , the New York Pro Football League featured a Thanksgiving matchup between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons . The game ended in a scoreless tie , leading to a rematch the next Sunday for the league championship . Several other NFL teams played regularly on Thanksgiving in the first eighteen years of the league , including the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals ( 1922 -- 33 ; the Bears played the Lions from 1934 to 1938 while the Cardinals switched to the Green Bay Packers for 1934 and 1935 ) , Frankford Yellow Jackets , Pottsville Maroons , Buffalo All - Americans , Canton Bulldogs ( even after the team moved to Cleveland they played the 1924 Thanksgiving game in Canton ) , and the New York Giants ( 1929 -- 38 , who always played a crosstown rival ) . The first owner of the Lions , George A. Richards , started the tradition of the Thanksgiving Day game as a gimmick to get people to go to Lions football games , and to continue a tradition begun by the city 's previous NFL teams . What differentiated the Lions ' efforts from other teams that played on the holiday was that Richards owned radio station WJR , a major affiliate of the NBC Blue Network ; he was able to negotiate an agreement with NBC to carry his Thanksgiving games live across the network . During the Franksgiving controversy in 1939 and 1940 , the only two teams to play the game were the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles , as both teams were in the same state ( Pennsylvania ) . ( At the time , then - president Franklin Roosevelt wanted to move the holiday for economic reasons and many states were resistant to the move ; half the states recognized the move and the other half did not . This complicated scheduling for Thanksgiving games . Incidentally , the two teams were also exploring the possibility of a merger at the time . ) Because of the looming World War II and the resulting shorter seasons , the NFL did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 1941 , nor did it schedule any in the subsequent years until the war ended in 1945 . When the Thanksgiving games resumed in 1945 , only the Lions ' annual home game would remain on the Thanksgiving holiday . In 1951 , the Packers began a thirteen - season run as the perpetual opponent to the Lions each year through 1963 . The All - America Football Conference and American Football League , both of which would later be absorbed into the NFL , also held Thanksgiving contests , although neither of those leagues had permanent hosts . Likewise , the AFL of 1926 also played two Thanksgiving games in its lone season of existence , while the AFL of 1936 hosted one in its first season , which featured the Cleveland Rams , a future NFL team , and the 1940 -- 41 incarnation of the American Football League played two games in 1940 on the earlier `` Franksgiving '' date . In 1966 , the Dallas Cowboys , who had been founded six years earlier , adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games . It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one ( since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty ) . This is only partly true ; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day . In 1975 and 1977 , at the behest of then - Commissioner Pete Rozelle , the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team ( Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976 ) . Although the Cardinals , at the time known as the `` Cardiac Cards '' due to their propensity for winning very close games , were a modest success at the time , they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys , who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era . This , combined with St. Louis 's consistently weak attendance , a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three - game stretch , and opposition from the Kirkwood -- Webster Groves Turkey Day Game ( a local high school football contest ) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978 ; it was then , after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games , that the Cowboys requested ( and received ) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever . Notwithstanding the aforementioned St. Louis - hosted games in 1975 and 1977 , the two `` traditional '' Thanksgiving Day pro football games since the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger have then been in Detroit and Dallas . Because of TV network commitments in place through the 2013 season , to make sure that both the AFC - carrying network ( NBC from the 1970 merger to 1997 , and CBS since 1998 ) and the NFC - carrying network ( CBS from the 1970 merger to 1993 , and Fox since 1994 ) got at least one game each , one of these games was between NFC opponents , and one featured AFC - NFC opponents . Thus , the AFC could showcase only one team on Thanksgiving , and the AFC team was always the visiting team . Since 2006 , a third NFL game on Thanksgiving has been played at night . It originally aired on the NFL Network as part of its Thursday Night Football package until 2011 ; NBC began carrying the night game in 2012 . The Thanksgiving night game has no fixed opponents or conferences , enabling the league to freely choose whatever marquee match - up to feature on that night . The 2012 changes also allowed both Dallas and Detroit in the future to offer NFC games ( one would be played at night ) , and CBS can offer a game with two AFC teams . In 2014 , the NFL added the cross-flex rule , allowing CBS to televise NFC away games , and Fox to broadcast AFC away games , under select circumstances on Sunday afternoons ; however , this did not cover the Thanksgiving contests . CBS also signed a separate contract to carry Thursday Night Football from the 2014 season onward , which allowed that network to carry games from either conference on Thursdays ; from that year through 2016 , CBS carried all - NFC contests every year on Thanksgiving , and in 2014 and 2015 , no AFC teams played in any of the Thanksgiving games . The NFL 's flexible scheduling rule currently does not apply for Thanksgiving games ; however , the NFL in theory could in the future apply the rule to change start times and networks for the three games . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Since 2001 teams playing on Thanksgiving have worn throwback uniforms on numerous occasions . In some years ( namely 2002 ) , it extended to nearly all games of the weekend , and in some cases also involved classic field logos at the respective stadiums . In 2001 -- 2004 , and again in 2008 , 2010 , and 2017 the Detroit Lions have worn throwback uniforms based on their very early years . From 2001 to 2003 , Dallas chose to represent the 1990s Cowboys dynasty by wearing the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey not seen since 1995 . In 2004 , the team wore uniforms not seen since 1963 . In 2009 , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the AFL , both Dallas and Oakland played in a `` AFL Legacy Game . '' In 2013 , the Cowboys intended to wear their 1960s throwbacks , but chose not to do so after the NFL adopted a new policy requiring players and teams to utilize only one helmet a season to address the league 's new concussion protocol ; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look , the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first time since 1963 . In 2015 , the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white `` Double - Star '' jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league 's `` Color Rush '' , a trial run of specially - designed , monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games . Memorable games ( edit ) 1920 : An urban legend states that the Chicago Tigers and Decatur Staleys challenged each other to a Thanksgiving duel , in Chicago , in the league 's inaugural season , with the loser being relegated out of the league at the end of the season , purportedly explaining why the Tigers were the only NFL team to fold after the 1920 season ( no other team would fold until 1921 ) . The claims of it being a duel are unsubstantiated and no evidence exists that the Tigers were ever officially league members ; nevertheless , the Tigers , after a 27 -- 0 win over the non-league Thorn Tornadoes the next week , never played football again . The Staleys would move to Chicago during the next season , later renaming themselves the Bears . 1921 : In a matchup of two of the league 's best teams , the Staleys lose to the Buffalo All - Americans at home . The Staleys demand a rematch , with Buffalo agreeing to a December match only on the terms of it being considered an off - the - record exhibition game . That later match , which Chicago won , ended up counting despite the All - Americans ' insistence , controversially handing Chicago the championship . 1952 : The Dallas Texans are forced to move their lone remaining home game to the Rubber Bowl in Akron , Ohio as the undercard to a high school football contest . Their opponent for that game , the Chicago Bears , underestimated the then - winless Texans and sent their second string team to the game ; the Texans scored a 27 -- 23 upset over the Bears for their only win of their existence . 1962 : The Lions handed the 10 -- 0 Green Bay Packers their lone defeat of the season . 1964 -- 65 : The 1964 and 1965 AFL contests featured the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers , the two teams that would eventually meet in those years ' American Football League Championship Games . 1974 : Unknown Cowboys backup quarterback Clint Longley took over for an injured Roger Staubach with the team down 16 -- 3 and rallied them to an improbable victory over Washington on two deep passes . 1976 : The Bills offense put forth one of the best and the worst performances in Thanksgiving history . O.J. Simpson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a single game , with 273 . However , Bills backup quarterback Gary Marangi completed only 4 of 21 pass attempts , for 29 yards passing , and a rating of 19.7 . The Lions defeated the Bills 27 - 14 . 1980 : With the Lions and Bears tied 17 - 17 at the end of regulation , the game went to overtime , the first Thanksgiving game to do so ( overtime was not added to the NFL regular season until 1974 ) , and the first overtime game at the Silverdome . Bears running back Dave Williams returned the fifth - quarter opening kickoff 95 yards for a game - winning touchdown , ending the shortest overtime period in NFL history at the time . 1986 : The Lions and the Packers had the highest scoring game in Thanksgiving history . It was the best day of receiver Walter Stanley 's career ; Stanley netted 207 all - purpose yards and three touchdowns , including an 83 - yard punt return to win the game for Green Bay , 44 -- 40 . Stanley had an otherwise undistinguished career in the NFL . 1989 : Known as the `` Bounty Bowl '' , the Eagles crushed the Cowboys by a score of 27 -- 0 . Allegations surfaced that the Eagles had placed a bounty on the Cowboys kicker , thus becoming the first of a string of three bitterly contested games between the two teams , the other two being Bounty Bowl II and the Porkchop Bowl a year later . 1993 : In one of the more famous Thanksgiving Day games in recent history , the Cowboys led the Dolphins 14 -- 13 with just seconds remaining in a rare , snow - filled Texas Stadium . Miami 's Pete Stoyanovich attempted a game winning 40 - yard field goal that was blocked by the Cowboys ' Jimmie Jones . Dick Enberg of NBC proclaimed `` The Cowboys will win . '' Indeed , since the kick landed beyond the line of scrimmage , once the ball stopped moving the play would be declared dead and Dallas would gain possession . However , the ball landed and began spinning on its tip , leading Cowboys lineman Leon Lett to try to gain possession . Lett slipped , fell , and knocked the ball forward . By rule , the ball was live and the Dolphins fell on it at the two yard line . With the recovery , Stoyanovich got a second chance to win the game and hit the much shorter field goal . The Dolphins won 16 -- 14 . 1994 : Troy Aikman was injured and third - string quarterback Jason Garrett was forced to start for Dallas against the Green Bay Packers . The Cowboys won a 42 -- 31 shoot - out against Brett Favre . 1998 : In another controversial Thanksgiving Day game , the Steelers and Lions went to overtime tied 16 -- 16 . Pittsburgh 's Jerome Bettis called the coin toss in the air , but head referee Phil Luckett awarded Detroit the ball after Bettis tried to call both heads and tails at the same time . The Lions went on to kick a field goal on the first possession , winning 19 -- 16 . As a result of the fiasco , team captains are now required to call the coin toss before the coin is tossed , and a later rule change now prevents teams from automatically winning a game by scoring a field goal on the first possession . The day also saw a memorable performance by the Minnesota Vikings in a 46 -- 36 win over the Dallas Cowboys as Vikings rookie Randy Moss caught three touchdowns , all of over 50 yards . 2008 : The 10 -- 1 Titans routed the 0 -- 11 Lions by a score of 47 -- 10 , one of the most lopsided results in history on Thanksgiving . The Lions would go on to finish the season 0 -- 16 . 2011 : The trio of games was lauded as one of the better Thanksgiving Day slates of games in NFL history . The night game between Baltimore and San Francisco pitted head coaches and brothers John and Jim Harbaugh against each other -- a preview of Super Bowl XLVII . 2012 : The prime time contest became infamous for the `` Butt fumble '' , an incident in which Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez ran headfirst into the buttocks of his own offensive lineman . He subsequently fumbled the ball ; it was recovered by New England , who returned it for a touchdown . In the earlier game , one of the NFL 's most infamous rule changes came when former Lions coach Jim Schwartz challenged a play in which Texans running back Justin Forsett 's knee clearly touched the ground before sprinting for an 81 - yard touchdown . Referee Walt Coleman stated that , by rule , scoring plays are automatically reviewed and the play was not challengeable by a coach . Because of the improper attempted challenge , the review was cancelled and Coleman assessed a 15 - yard kickoff penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct . The NFL then passed a new rule that stated that if a coach attempted to challenge a play that is automatically reviewed , the review would continue . It was called the ' Jim Schwartz rule ' . Home team controversy ( edit ) It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades . However , in recent years , other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games . Lamar Hunt , the former owner of the Chiefs ( who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967 -- 69 as an AFL team prior to the merger ) , lobbied heavily in favor of his team hosting a game on the holiday . When the NFL adopted a third , prime time game , the Chiefs were selected as the first team to host such a contest , but the team was not made a permanent host , and Hunt 's death shortly after the 2006 contest ended the lobbying on behalf of that team . The host issue came to a head in 2008 , focusing particularly on the winless Lions . Going into the game , Detroit had lost their last four Thanksgiving games , and opinions amongst the media had suggested removing Detroit and replacing them with a more attractive matchup . The team also required an extension to prevent a local television blackout . The Lions were routed by Tennessee 47 -- 10 , en route to the team 's 0 -- 16 season . NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that the Lions would stay on Thanksgiving for the 2009 season , but kept the issue open to revisit in the future . Conversely , the Dallas Cowboys , who typically represent a larger television draw , have had much fewer public calls to be replaced on Thanksgiving . One issue that has been debated is a perceived unfair advantage of playing at home on Thanksgiving . The advantage is given in the form of an extra day of practice for the home team while the road team has to travel to the game site . This is true for most Thursday games , but with the night games , the visitor can travel to the game site after practice and hold the final walk - thru the following morning . With the introduction of the prime time game , which effectively allows all teams in the league an opportunity to play on Thanksgiving , along with the introduction of year - long Thursday Night Football ensuring all teams have one Thursday game during the regular season ( thus negating any on - field advantages or disadvantages to being selected for Thanksgiving ) , the calls for Detroit and Dallas to be removed have curtailed . Game results ( edit ) ( Winning teams are denoted by boldface type ; tie games are italicized . ) 1920 -- 1940 ( edit ) All three of the generally recognized iterations of the American Football League that played during this era ( AFL I in 1926 , AFL II in 1936 and AFL III in 1940 ) played Thanksgiving games , which are also listed as indicated . Non-NFL team games between league teams and non league teams counted in the 1920 standings . The All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks later joined the league as the Tonawanda Kardex , albeit only for one game . Thanksgiving fell on the final Thursday in November until 1938 and was held on two conflicting days from 1939 to 1941 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 25 , 1920 Canton Bulldogs 0 Akron Pros 7 Decatur Staleys 6 Chicago Tigers 0 Detroit Heralds 0 Dayton Triangles 28 Columbus Panhandles 0 Elyria Athletics * 0 Hammond Pros 0 Chicago Boosters * 27 All - Tonawanda * 14 Rochester Jeffersons Nov. 24 , 1921 Canton Bulldogs 14 Akron Pros 0 Buffalo All - Americans 7 Chicago Staleys 6 Nov. 30 , 1922 Buffalo All - Americans 21 Rochester Jeffersons 0 Chicago Bears 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 Milwaukee Badgers 0 Racine Legion Oorang Indians 18 Columbus Panhandles 6 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 14 Nov. 29 , 1923 Toledo Maroons 0 Canton Bulldogs 28 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears Hammond Pros 0 Green Bay Packers 19 Milwaukee Badgers 16 Racine Legion 0 Nov. 27 , 1924 Buffalo Bisons 0 Akron Pros 22 Chicago Bears 21 Chicago Cardinals 0 Dayton Triangles 7 Frankford Yellowjackets 32 Milwaukee Badgers 10 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Canton ) 53 Green Bay Packers 17 Kansas City Blues 6 Nov. 26 , 1925 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Kansas City Cowboys 17 Cleveland Bulldogs ( at Hartford ) 0 Rock Island Independents 6 Detroit Panthers Green Bay Packers 0 Pottsville Maroons 31 Nov. 25 , 1926 New York Giants 17 Brooklyn Lions 0 Los Angeles Buccaneers 9 Detroit Panthers 6 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 0 Green Bay Packers 14 Frankford Yellowjackets 20 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 8 Akron Pros 0 Canton Bulldogs 0 ( AFL I ) Los Angeles Wildcats 0 Chicago Bulls 0 ( AFL I ) Philadelphia Quakers 13 New York Yankees 10 Nov. 24 , 1927 Chicago Cardinals Chicago Bears 0 Providence Steam Roller 0 Pottsville Maroons 6 Green Bay Packers 17 Frankford Yellowjackets 9 Cleveland Bulldogs 30 New York Yankees 19 Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 29 , 1928 Providence Steam Roller 7 Pottsville Maroons 0 Dayton Triangles 0 Detroit Wolverines 33 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 34 Nov. 28 , 1929 New York Giants 21 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Green Bay Packers 0 Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 Chicago Cardinals 40 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 27 , 1930 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 7 Providence Steam Roller 12 Brooklyn Dodgers 33 Green Bay Packers 25 Frankford Yellowjackets 7 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 6 Nov. 26 , 1931 Green Bay Packers 38 Providence Steam Roller 7 New York Giants 6 Staten Island Stapletons 9 Chicago Cardinals 7 Chicago Bears 18 Nov. 24 , 1932 Green Bay Packers 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 New York Giants 13 Staten Island Stapletons 13 Chicago Cardinals 0 Chicago Bears 24 Nov. 30 , 1933 New York Giants 10 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 22 Chicago Cardinals 6 Nov. 29 , 1934 Green Bay Packers 0 Chicago Cardinals 6 New York Giants 27 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears 19 Detroit Lions 16 Nov. 28 , 1935 Green Bay Packers 7 Chicago Cardinals 9 New York Giants 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions 14 Nov. 26 , 1936 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 13 New York Giants 14 Brooklyn Dodgers 0 ( AFL II ) Cleveland Rams 7 Rochester Tigers 6 Nov. 25 , 1937 Chicago Bears 13 Detroit Lions 0 New York Giants 13 Brooklyn Dodgers 13 Nov. 24 , 1938 Chicago Bears 7 Detroit Lions 14 New York Giants 7 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 23 , 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates 14 Philadelphia Eagles 17 Nov. 21 , 1940 ( AFL III ) New York Yankees 16 Columbus Bullies 17 ( AFL III ) Buffalo Tigers 13 Milwaukee Chiefs 30 Nov. 28 , 1940 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7 1945 -- 1959 ( edit ) No Thanksgiving games were held from 1941 to 1944 due to World War II . Thanksgiving games were played on the fourth Thursday in November from 1945 onward . The All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) also played Thanksgiving games from 1946 to 1949 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 22 , 1945 NFL Cleveland Rams 28 Detroit Lions 21 Nov. 28 , 1946 NFL Boston Yanks 34 Detroit Lions 10 AAFC New York Yankees 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 27 , 1947 NFL Chicago Bears 34 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 27 Los Angeles Dons 17 AAFC San Francisco 49ers 21 Brooklyn Dodgers 7 Nov. 25 , 1948 NFL Chicago Cardinals 28 Detroit Lions 14 AAFC Cleveland Browns 31 Los Angeles Dons 14 AAFC Buffalo Bills 39 Chicago Rockets 35 Nov. 24 , 1949 NFL Chicago Bears 28 Detroit Lions 7 AAFC New York Yankees 17 Los Angeles Dons 16 AAFC Cleveland Browns 14 Chicago Hornets 6 Nov. 23 , 1950 NFL New York Yanks 14 Detroit Lions 49 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Chicago Cardinals 17 Nov. 22 , 1951 NFL Green Bay Packers 35 Detroit Lions 52 Nov. 27 , 1952 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 48 Chicago Bears 23 Dallas Texans ( at Akron , Ohio ) 27 Nov. 26 , 1953 NFL Green Bay Packers 15 Detroit Lions 34 Nov. 25 , 1954 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 28 Nov. 24 , 1955 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 22 , 1956 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 20 Nov. 28 , 1957 NFL Green Bay Packers 6 Detroit Lions 18 Nov. 27 , 1958 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 24 Nov. 26 , 1959 NFL Green Bay Packers 24 Detroit Lions 17 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) The American Football League ( AFL ) also played Thanksgiving Day games during this decade . The Dallas Cowboys started playing their traditional series in 1966 . Season League Visiting Team Score Home Team Score Nov. 24 , 1960 NFL Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 23 AFL Dallas Texans 35 New York Titans 41 Nov. 23 , 1961 NFL Green Bay Packers 17 Detroit Lions 9 AFL Buffalo Bills 14 New York Titans 21 Nov. 22 , 1962 NFL Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 26 AFL New York Titans 46 Denver Broncos 45 Nov. 28 , 1963 NFL Green Bay Packers 13 Detroit Lions 13 AFL Oakland Raiders 26 Denver Broncos 10 Nov. 26 , 1964 NFL Chicago Bears 27 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 27 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 25 , 1965 NFL Baltimore Colts 24 Detroit Lions 24 AFL Buffalo Bills 20 San Diego Chargers 20 Nov. 24 , 1966 NFL San Francisco 49ers 41 Detroit Lions 14 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 26 AFL Buffalo Bills 31 Oakland Raiders 10 Nov. 23 , 1967 NFL Los Angeles Rams 31 Detroit Lions 7 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Dallas Cowboys 46 AFL Oakland Raiders 44 Kansas City Chiefs 22 Denver Broncos 20 San Diego Chargers 24 Nov. 28 , 1968 NFL Philadelphia Eagles 12 Detroit Lions 0 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 29 AFL Buffalo Bills 10 Oakland Raiders 13 Houston Oilers 10 Kansas City Chiefs 24 Nov. 27 , 1969 NFL Minnesota Vikings 27 Detroit Lions 0 San Francisco 49ers 24 Dallas Cowboys 24 AFL Denver Broncos 17 Kansas City Chiefs 31 San Diego Chargers 21 Houston Oilers 17 1970 -- 2005 ( edit ) From 1970 to 2005 , three NFC teams and one AFC team played each Thanksgiving . The two afternoon games were held at Detroit ( 12 : 30 p.m. EST ) and Dallas ( 4 : 15 p.m. EST ) , respectively . Detroit always hosts the `` early '' game because a 12 : 30 p.m. EST kick - off at Dallas would be 11 : 30 a.m. local time ( CST ) , and the NFL avoids starting games before noon locally . The two games rotate annually as intra-conference ( NFC vs. NFC ) and inter-conference ( AFC vs. NFC ) games . This is to satisfy the television contract balance between CBS ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the AFC ) and Fox ( which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the NFC ) . The `` early '' game kicks off at a special time of 12 : 30 p.m. EST as opposed to the typical afternoon start time of 1 p.m. This provides an additional 30 minutes to prevent overlapping of the `` late '' game , and also gave the network time for a pregame show and some additional time for an expanded halftime show ( selected years ) . When Fox carries the `` early '' game , they typically start their pregame coverage ( Fox NFL Sunday ) at 11 : 30 a.m. ( with the addition of Fox NFL Kickoff to the Fox lineup , its pregame will begin at 10 : 30 a.m. for 2015 ) . When CBS carries the `` early '' game , they start their pregame coverage ( The NFL Today ) at 12 : 00 p.m. , due to the fact that their morning parade coverage runs until noon . The network with the 4 : 15 `` late '' game begins pregame coverage at 3 : 30 p.m. EST . Dallas was replaced by the St. Louis Cardinals as a host team in 1975 and 1977 ; Dallas and St. Louis faced each other at Texas Stadium in 1976 . Because of the Missouri Turkey Day Game , the long - established Kirkwood -- Webster Groves high school football game that takes place on Thanksgiving in St. Louis , weak fan support in St. Louis , and general national preference of the Cowboys over the historically weaker Cardinals , the Cardinals ' hosting of the Thanksgiving game was not popular . Dallas returned to hosting the game in 1978 and has hosted since . Likewise , the Rams never played on Thanksgiving while in St. Louis , in part because of the Turkey Day Game and also because the Missouri State High School Activities Association has held its state football championship games on Thanksgiving weekend at The Dome at America 's Center since 1996 . Since the time NFL began its current alignment in 2002 , no team from the AFC North can play a Thanksgiving Day game against the traditional hosts . This is because under the current rotation , the Cowboys and the Lions each play AFC North teams in years that FOX is scheduled to broadcast its Thanksgiving Day game , requiring an NFC opponent . To date , the last game to feature a team currently in the AFC North was the Lions matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1998 . AFC North teams can play in the prime time game , as the Cincinnati Bengals did in 2010 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 26 , 1970 Oakland Raiders 14 Detroit Lions 28 Green Bay Packers Dallas Cowboys 16 Nov. 25 , 1971 Kansas City Chiefs 21 Detroit Lions 32 Los Angeles Rams 21 Dallas Cowboys 28 Nov. 23 , 1972 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 37 San Francisco 49ers 31 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 22 , 1973 Washington Redskins 20 Detroit Lions 0 Miami Dolphins 14 Dallas Cowboys 7 Nov. 28 , 1974 Denver Broncos 31 Detroit Lions 27 Washington Redskins 23 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1975 Los Angeles Rams 20 Detroit Lions 0 Buffalo Bills 32 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 25 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 14 Detroit Lions 27 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Dallas Cowboys 19 Nov. 24 , 1977 Chicago Bears 31 Detroit Lions 14 Miami Dolphins 55 St. Louis Cardinals 14 Nov. 23 , 1978 Denver Broncos 14 Detroit Lions 17 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 37 Nov. 22 , 1979 Chicago Bears 0 Detroit Lions 20 Houston Oilers 30 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 27 , 1980 Chicago Bears 23 Detroit Lions 17 ( OT ) Seattle Seahawks 7 Dallas Cowboys 51 Nov. 26 , 1981 Kansas City Chiefs 10 Detroit Lions 27 Chicago Bears 9 Dallas Cowboys 10 Nov. 25 , 1982 New York Giants 13 Detroit Lions 6 Cleveland Browns 14 Dallas Cowboys 31 Nov. 24 , 1983 Pittsburgh Steelers Detroit Lions 45 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 22 , 1984 Green Bay Packers 28 Detroit Lions 31 New England Patriots 17 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 28 , 1985 New York Jets 20 Detroit Lions 31 St. Louis Cardinals 17 Dallas Cowboys 35 Nov. 27 , 1986 Green Bay Packers 44 Detroit Lions 40 Seattle Seahawks 31 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1987 Kansas City Chiefs 27 Detroit Lions 20 Minnesota Vikings 44 Dallas Cowboys 38 ( OT ) Nov. 24 , 1988 Minnesota Vikings 23 Detroit Lions 0 Houston Oilers 25 Dallas Cowboys 17 Nov. 23 , 1989 Cleveland Browns 10 Detroit Lions 13 Philadelphia Eagles 27 Dallas Cowboys 0 Nov. 22 , 1990 Denver Broncos 27 Detroit Lions 40 Washington Redskins 17 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 28 , 1991 Chicago Bears 6 Detroit Lions 16 Pittsburgh Steelers 10 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 26 , 1992 Houston Oilers 24 Detroit Lions 21 New York Giants Dallas Cowboys 30 Nov. 25 , 1993 Chicago Bears 10 Detroit Lions 6 Miami Dolphins 16 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 24 , 1994 Buffalo Bills 21 Detroit Lions 35 Green Bay Packers 31 Dallas Cowboys 42 Nov. 23 , 1995 Minnesota Vikings 38 Detroit Lions 44 Kansas City Chiefs 12 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 1996 Kansas City Chiefs 28 Detroit Lions 24 Washington Redskins 10 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 27 , 1997 Chicago Bears 20 Detroit Lions 55 Tennessee Oilers 27 Dallas Cowboys 14 Nov. 26 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Detroit Lions 19 ( OT ) Minnesota Vikings 46 Dallas Cowboys 36 Nov. 25 , 1999 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 21 Miami Dolphins 0 Dallas Cowboys 20 Nov. 23 , 2000 New England Patriots 9 Detroit Lions 34 Minnesota Vikings 27 Dallas Cowboys 15 Nov. 22 , 2001 Green Bay Packers 29 Detroit Lions 27 Denver Broncos 26 Dallas Cowboys 24 Nov. 28 , 2002 New England Patriots 20 Detroit Lions 12 Washington Redskins 20 Dallas Cowboys 27 Nov. 27 , 2003 Green Bay Packers 14 Detroit Lions 22 Miami Dolphins 40 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 25 , 2004 Indianapolis Colts 41 Detroit Lions 9 Chicago Bears 7 Dallas Cowboys 21 Nov. 24 , 2005 Atlanta Falcons 27 Detroit Lions 7 Denver Broncos 24 Dallas Cowboys 21 ( OT ) 2006 -- present ( edit ) Since 2006 , three contests have been played on Thanksgiving . In addition to the traditional Detroit and Dallas home afternoon games , a third game is now played in primetime and televised by NFL Network ( 2006 -- 2011 ) or NBC ( since 2012 ) . Current plans call for the various NFL teams ( other than the Lions and Cowboys ) to take turns hosting the night game on a rotation basis . In 2006 , Kansas City hosted the first prime time Thanksgiving game . The game marked a new `` Thanksgiving Tripleheader '' tradition . The Denver / Kansas City game marked the first time more than two games were played on Thanksgiving ( as well as the first all - AFC holiday matchup ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 . Rule changes in the 2012 -- 2022 television contracts permit `` cross flexing '' , whereby selected games can be switched between CBS and FOX , effectively allowing CBS to schedule an NFC vs. NFC matchup on Thanksgiving Day rather than an AFC at NFC game . The 2014 season was the first in which all three games feature NFC vs. NFC opponents under these rules ; the league again scheduled an all - NFC Thanksgiving for 2015 . Season Visiting Team Score Home Team Score OT Nov. 23 , 2006 Miami Dolphins 27 Detroit Lions 10 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 Dallas Cowboys 38 Denver Broncos 10 Kansas City Chiefs 19 Nov. 22 , 2007 Green Bay Packers 37 Detroit Lions 26 New York Jets Dallas Cowboys 34 Indianapolis Colts 31 Atlanta Falcons 13 Nov. 27 , 2008 Tennessee Titans 47 Detroit Lions 10 Seattle Seahawks 9 Dallas Cowboys 34 Arizona Cardinals 20 Philadelphia Eagles 48 Nov. 26 , 2009 Green Bay Packers 34 Detroit Lions 12 Oakland Raiders 7 Dallas Cowboys 24 New York Giants 6 Denver Broncos 26 Nov. 25 , 2010 New England Patriots 45 Detroit Lions 24 New Orleans Saints 30 Dallas Cowboys 27 Cincinnati Bengals 10 New York Jets 26 Nov. 24 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 27 Detroit Lions 15 Miami Dolphins 19 Dallas Cowboys 20 San Francisco 49ers 6 Baltimore Ravens 16 Nov. 22 , 2012 Houston Texans 34 Detroit Lions 31 ( OT ) Washington Redskins 38 Dallas Cowboys 31 New England Patriots 49 New York Jets 19 Nov. 28 , 2013 Green Bay Packers 10 Detroit Lions 40 Oakland Raiders 24 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Baltimore Ravens 22 Nov. 27 , 2014 Chicago Bears 17 Detroit Lions 34 Philadelphia Eagles 33 Dallas Cowboys 10 Seattle Seahawks 19 San Francisco 49ers Nov. 26 , 2015 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Detroit Lions 45 Carolina Panthers 33 Dallas Cowboys 14 Chicago Bears 17 Green Bay Packers 13 Nov. 24 , 2016 Minnesota Vikings 13 Detroit Lions 16 Washington Redskins 26 Dallas Cowboys 31 Pittsburgh Steelers 28 Indianapolis Colts 7 Nov. 23 , 2017 Minnesota Vikings 30 Detroit Lions 23 Los Angeles Chargers 28 Dallas Cowboys 6 New York Giants 10 Washington Redskins 20 Thanksgiving Day standings ( edit ) Of current NFL franchises . This includes American Football League ( AFL ) games ; however , it does not include All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) games . Team Last Game Wins Losses Ties Win % Other names appeared under Baltimore Ravens 2013 0 1.000 Carolina Panthers 2015 0 1.000 Houston Texans 2012 0 1.000 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 Philadelphia Eagles 2015 7 . 875 Minnesota Vikings 2017 6 . 750 Los Angeles Rams . 750 Cleveland Rams ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , does not include 1936 AFL 's Cleveland Rams Miami Dolphins 2011 5 . 714 Tennessee Titans 2008 5 . 714 Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Indianapolis Colts 2016 . 625 Baltimore Colts ( 1953 -- 1983 ) Los Angeles Chargers 2017 . 625 San Diego Chargers ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Dallas Cowboys 2017 30 19 . 622 New York Giants 2017 7 6 . 607 New England Patriots 2012 . 600 Chicago Bears 2015 17 15 . 529 Decatur Staleys ( 1920 ) Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Kansas City Chiefs 2006 5 5 . 500 Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) , does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated NFL Dallas Texans . New York Jets 2012 . 500 New York Titans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) San Francisco 49ers 2014 . 500 Does not include 1 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Seattle Seahawks 2014 . 500 Atlanta Falcons 2007 . 500 Detroit Lions 2017 37 39 . 494 Buffalo Bills 1994 . 438 Does not include 1 -- 0 record of unrelated AAFC team of same name . Oakland Raiders 2013 . 429 Green Bay Packers 2015 14 20 . 417 Denver Broncos 2009 7 . 364 Arizona Cardinals 2008 6 15 . 304 Chicago Cardinals ( 1920 -- 1959 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1960 -- 1987 ) Phoenix Cardinals ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 6 . 250 Washington Redskins 2017 7 . 364 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2006 0 . 000 Cleveland Browns 1989 0 . 000 Does not include 3 -- 0 record when team was a member of the AAFC . Jacksonville Jaguars None 0 0 -- Only active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving . Notable appearance droughts ( edit ) The last currently active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving through 2017 is the Jacksonville Jaguars , who joined the league in 1995 . An idiosyncrasy in the NFL 's current scheduling formula , which has been in effect since 2002 and revised in 2010 , effectively prevents teams from the AFC North from playing the Lions or Cowboys on Thanksgiving , as the formula has the AFC North playing in Dallas or Detroit in years when the other team is slated to play the AFC game on Thanksgiving . These teams can , under the 2014 television contracts , play only in the third ( night ) game ; should cross-flex be expanded to Thursdays or Fox win the Thursday Night contract in 2018 ( either scenario would allow both Fox and CBS to carry AFC games ) , this idiosyncrasy will be eliminated . The Los Angeles Rams have the longest active appearance drought of any team , with their last appearance coming in 1975 . Among current NFL markets , Cleveland has had the longest wait to have a team from its city play on Thanksgiving ; the Browns last appeared in 1989 , several years before being suspended in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , and have not appeared in the game since rejoining the league as an expansion team . Since 2010 , the league has made efforts to end the longest droughts . New Orleans , Cincinnati , Baltimore , Houston , and Carolina all played their first Thanksgiving games during this time frame . San Francisco likewise played their first Thanksgiving game since 1972 in 2011 , and the Los Angeles Chargers , who last played on the holiday in 1969 ( while the team was still an AFL franchise in San Diego ) before actually joining the league , appeared for the first time as an NFL member in 2017 . Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams ( edit ) League teams only , since 1920 . Team Wins Losses Ties Win Pct . Other names appeared under Frankford Yellow Jackets 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1931 ) New York Yankees 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Pottsville Maroons 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1928 ) Boston Yanks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1948 ) Buffalo Bills 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1949 ) , unrelated to current NFL team with this name Dallas Texans 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1952 ) , does not count AFL 's Dallas Texans , which are now the Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Buccaneers 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Oorang Indians 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Rock Island Independents 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1925 ) All - Tonawanda Lumberjacks 0 1.000 Defunct ( 1921 ) Akron Pros . 700 Defunct ( 1926 ) Buffalo Bisons . 500 Buffalo All - Americans ( 1920 -- 1923 ) , Defunct ( 1929 ) Canton Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Cleveland Bulldogs . 500 Defunct ( 1927 ) Dayton Triangles . 500 Defunct ( 1929 ) Kansas City Cowboys . 500 Kansas City Blues ( 1924 ) , Defunct ( 1926 ) Milwaukee Badgers . 500 Defunct ( 1926 ) Brooklyn Lions 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Chicago Tigers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) Detroit Heralds 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1920 ) New York Yanks 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1950 ) Providence Steam Roller 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1931 ) Racine Legion 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Toledo Maroons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1923 ) Brooklyn Dodgers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) Chicago Hornets 0 . 000 Chicago Rockets ( 1946 -- 1948 ) , Defunct ( 1949 ) Columbus Panhandles 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Detroit Panthers 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Hammond Pros 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1926 ) Rochester Jeffersons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1925 ) Los Angeles Dons 0 . 000 Defunct ( 1949 ) * All - America Football Conference team . Game MVPs ( edit ) Since 1989 , informal and sometimes lighthearted Man of the Match awards have been issued by the networks broadcasting the respective games . Running back Emmitt Smith holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVPs with five ( 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1996 and 2002 ) . Voting on the respective awards is typically done informally by the announcing crew themselves , and criteria are loose . Noteworthy statistical accomplishments weigh heavily , and `` group '' awards are common . The announcement of the winner ( s ) , and the presentation of the award is normally done immediately following the game , during post-game network coverage . Turkey Leg award ( CBS & Fox ) ( edit ) In 1989 , John Madden of CBS awarded the first `` Turkey Leg Award '' , for the game 's most valuable player . Pursuant to its name , it was an actual cooked turkey leg , and players typically took a celebratory bite out of the leg for the cameras during post-game interviews . Reggie White of the Eagles was the first recipient . The gesture was seen mostly as a humorous gimmick relating to Madden 's famous multi-legged turkey , cooked and delivered by local restaurant owner Joe Pat Fieseler of Harvey 's Barbecue ( located less than a mile from Texas Stadium ) . Since then , however , the award has gained subtle notoriety . Madden brought the award to FOX in 1994 , and it continued through 2001 . Because of the loose and informal nature of the award , at times it has been awarded to multiple players . On one occasion in 1994 , it was given to players of both teams . Galloping Gobbler / game ball ( Fox ) ( edit ) When John Madden left FOX after 2001 , the network introduced a new award starting in 2002 , named the `` Galloping Gobbler . '' It was represented by a small figurine of a silver turkey wearing a football helmet striking a Heisman - like pose . Much like Cleatus and Digger , the original Galloping Gobbler trophy reflected Fox 's irreverent mascots , and went through several iterations . Unimpressed by its tackiness , 2002 winner Emmitt Smith ( who holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVP awards and had won the Turkey Leg Award four previous times ) famously threw his in a trash can . In 2007 , the kitschy statuette was replaced with a bronze - colored statue of a nondescript turkey holding a football . In 2011 , the trophies were discarded altogether and replaced by an attractive plaque . Unlike the aforementioned `` Turkey Leg Award '' , the `` Galloping Gobbler '' is normally awarded to only one player annually , however in 2016 , co-winners were honored . For 2017 , the Galloping Gobbler was permanently retired , and replaced with the `` Game Ball , '' an stylish , ornate football - shaped trophy , reminiscent of the tradition where game - used balls are typically awarded to players of the game . No one at Fox seemed to notice the first ball awarded has the stripe markings of a college ball . All - Iron award ( CBS ) ( edit ) When the NFL returned to CBS in 1998 , they introduced their own award , the `` All - Iron Award '' , which is , suitably enough , a small silver iron , a reference to Phil Simms ' All - Iron team for toughness . The All - Iron winner also receives a skillet of blackberry cobbler made by Simms ' mother . Through 2006 , the trophy was only awarded to one player annually . Occasionally , it has been issued as a `` group award '' in addition to a single player award . In 2008 , Simms stated it was `` too close to call '' and named four players to the trophy ; he then gave the award to several people every year until 2013 , after which he reverted to a single MVP in 2014 . Simms was removed from the broadcast booth for the 2017 season and no player of the game was chosen that year . Prime time games ( nfln & NBC ) ( edit ) During the time when NFL Network held the broadcast rights the prime time game , from 2007 to 2011 they gave out the `` Pudding Pie Award '' for MVPs . The award was an actual pie . In 2009 , NFL Network gave Brandon Marshall a pumpkin pie rather than the chocolate pudding pie of the previous two years . NBC , which carried Thanksgiving afternoon games through 1997 , did not issue an MVP award during that time . NBC began broadcasting the Thanksgiving prime time game in 2012 , at which point the MVP award was added . The award is currently called the Sunday Night Football on Thanksgiving Night Player of the Game , and is typically awarded to multiple players on the winning team . From 2012 to 2015 , the NBC award was referred to as the `` Madden Thanksgiving Player - of - the - Game '' , honoring John Madden ( who announced NBC games from 2006 to 2008 ) . In the first few years , the award specifically went to players on both offense and defense , but in recent years , defensive players have not necessarily been recognized . The winning players are presented with ceremonial game balls and , as a gesture to Madden , a cooked turkey leg . Complete list ( edit ) CBS Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1989 Reggie White ( Phi ) 1990 Troy Aikman & Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1991 Barry Sanders ( Det ) 1992 Emmitt Smith & Cowboys Offensive line 1993 Richard Dent ( Chi ) CBS All - Iron Award 1998 Stephen Boyd ( Det ) 1999 Dexter Coakley ( Dal ) 2000 Charlie Batch ( Det ) 2001 Mike Anderson ( Den ) 2002 Troy Brown ( NE ) 2003 Jay Fiedler & Chris Chambers ( Mia ) Peyton Manning & Colts Offensive line 2005 Ron Dayne ( Den ) 2006 Joey Harrington ( Mia ) 2007 Tony Romo & Cowboys defense * 2008 Albert Haynesworth ( Ten ) Chris Johnson ( Ten ) Kevin Mawae ( Ten ) LenDale White ( Ten ) 2009 Miles Austin ( Dal ) Tony Romo ( Dal ) Jason Witten ( Dal ) Tom Brady ( NE ) 2011 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2012 Andre Johnson ( Hou ) Matt Schaub ( Hou ) J.J. Watt ( Hou ) 2013 Tony Romo ( Dal ) DeMarco Murray ( Dal ) Lance Dunbar ( Dal ) HM : Matthew McGloin ( Oak ) 2014 Calvin Johnson ( Det ) 2015 Luke Kuechly ( Car ) Jerricho Cotchery ( Car ) Kurt Coleman ( Car ) Cam Newton ( Car ) 2016 Matt Prater ( Det ) Darius Slay ( Det ) Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2017 no award FOX Turkey Leg Award Year MVP ( Team ) 1994 Emmitt Smith & Jason Garrett ( Dal ) Brett Favre & Sterling Sharpe ( GB ) 1995 Herman Moore ( Det ) Brett Perriman ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 1997 Luther Ellis ( Det ) 1998 Randy Moss ( Min ) 1999 Gus Frerotte ( Det ) Greg Hill ( Det ) Johnnie Morton ( Det ) Robert Porcher ( Det ) 2000 Robert Smith ( Min ) Randy Moss ( Min ) Daunte Culpepper ( Min ) Cris Carter ( Min ) 2001 Brett Favre & Ahman Green ( GB ) FOX Galloping Gobbler Award 2002 Emmitt Smith ( Dal ) 2003 Dré Bly ( Det ) Julius Jones ( Dal ) 2005 Michael Vick ( Atl ) 2006 Tony Romo ( Dal ) 2007 Brett Favre ( GB ) 2008 DeMarcus Ware ( Dal ) 2009 Donald Driver ( GB ) Drew Brees ( NO ) 2011 Aaron Rodgers ( GB ) 2012 Robert Griffin III ( Was ) 2013 Reggie Bush ( Det ) 2014 LeSean McCoy ( Phi ) 2015 Matthew Stafford ( Det ) 2016 Dak Prescott & Ezekiel Elliott ( Dal ) FOX Game Ball 2017 Case Keenum ( Min ) NFLN Pudding Pie Award Year MVP ( Team ) 2006 Not given 2007 Reggie Wayne ( Ind ) 2008 Donovan McNabb & Brian Westbrook ( Phi ) 2009 Brandon Marshall ( Den ) Brad Smith & Darrelle Revis ( NYJ ) 2011 Terrell Suggs ( Bal ) NBC Player of the Game 2012 Tom Brady ( NE ) Vince Wilfork ( NE ) Steve Gregory ( NE ) 2013 Jacoby Jones ( Bal ) Justin Tucker ( Bal ) 2014 Russell Wilson ( Sea ) Richard Sherman ( Sea ) 2015 Jay Cutler ( Chi ) Tracy Porter ( Chi ) 2016 Le'Veon Bell ( Pit ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pit ) Antonio Brown ( Pit ) 2017 Kirk Cousins ( Was ) Jamison Crowder ( Was ) Ryan Kerrigan ( Was ) Of the members of the 2007 Cowboys defense , Chris Canty , DeMarcus Ware , Terence Newman and Greg Ellis were particularly noted . In 2017 no official CBS award was handed out , though Phillip Rivers ( Chargers ) was interviewed after the game during post-game coverage . Broadcasting ( edit ) DuMont was the first network to televise Thanksgiving games in 1953 ; CBS took over in 1956 , and in 1965 , the first ever color television broadcast of an NFL game was the Thanksgiving match between the Lions and the Baltimore Colts . Starting in 2012 , all three broadcast networks with NFL rights will carry one game apiece . The first two games are split between CBS and Fox . These games are rotated annually , with CBS getting the 12 : 30 p.m. ( EST ) `` early '' game , and Fox getting the 4 : 25 p.m. `` late '' game in even - numbered years , while Fox likewise gets the `` early '' game and CBS the `` late '' game in odd - numbered years . The third game , with a prime time 8 : 30 p.m. start , is carried by NBC . The NFL may involve the Flexible Scheduling rule in the future to reassign games if the night game has less importance than the Dallas or Detroit game . Westwood One holds national radio broadcast rights to all three games , with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest . ( Under league rules , only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast . ) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks . The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year , with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five . See also ( edit ) American football on Thanksgiving References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Navy vs Michigan st ( NJ ) '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1885 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1887 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1888 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1889 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` 1891 Football Team '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` Football on Thanksgiving : A Brief But Comprehensive History '' . Midwest Sports Fans . November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Thanksgiving Day Tradition '' . Detroit Lions . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jaworowski , Matt ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Timeline : How football became a Thanksgiving tradition . WIVB - TV . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See also : Pennsylvania Keystoners Jump up ^ Scales , Kristi ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Why Do the Cowboys Play on Thanksgiving Day ? '' . 5 Points Blue ( Dallas Cowboys ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McManaman , Bob ( November 22 , 2017 ) . Cardinals , not Cowboys , could have been an NFL Thanksgiving Day staple . azcentral.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces Week 13 flex plan '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` NFL renews lucrative TV deals '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : Flex games can now start in Week 5 '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Thursday , Saturday , and Monday games are not affected . Jump up ^ `` CBS to broadcast eight Thursday night football games in 2014 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Splash of color for Thursday Night teams . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills at Detroit Lions - November 25th , 1976 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1993 - Dolphins @ Cowboys - Leon Lett Opps - YouTube Jump up ^ Miami Dolphins at Dallas Cowboys - November 25th , 1993 Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football Preview : Games , TV Schedule , Point Spreads , Picks and Predictions '' . Midwestsportsfans.com. 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) . `` NFL Thanksgiving games are appealing , for once -- NFL -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bakay , Nick ( 12 November 2008 ) . `` Manly House of Football : Another helping of Lions football for the holiday ? No , thanks ! '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Kulfan , Ted . Annual Lions game is roasted . The Detroit News . 25 November 2008 Jump up ^ Slevin , Peter ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` In Detroit , Tradition Takes a Hike ; Annual Thanksgiving Football Game Offers Little Joy for Troubled City '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Once - beaten Titans dominate winless Lions 47 -- 10 '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Niyo , John ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Turkey game safe ... for now '' . Detroit Free Press . p . C6 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Tom ( 22 March 2009 ) . `` Lions president says NFL will not take away team 's Thanksgiving Day game '' . mlive.com . Jump up ^ Horn , Barry ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Networks vie for Dallas Cowboys ' home opener '' . Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` The best football writer of our time '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` 2014 NFL Schedule : No AFC teams on Thanksgiving Day '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Previewing the 2017 Thanksgiving Day slate '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Imnam , Cam ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` John Madden talks Thanksgiving , his health , Raiders rise , 49ers fall , NFL TV ratings '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Galloping Gobbler : An evolution of greatness '' . Laces Out -- Fox Blog . Fox Sports . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts '' . Sports Geekery . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Thanksgiving Day Football History , Trivia , and Fun Facts - Sports Geekery '' . 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ezekiel Elliott , Dak Prescott win Galloping Gobbler after Thanksgiving win vs. Washington Jump up ^ 2016 Steelers - Colts Game Broadcast on NBC , Post-game coverage : November 24 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Easton - P'burg TV coverage wo n't crash gate '' . The Morning Call . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . As an added bonus , John Madden will return to NBC to open the broadcast and will give his first `` Madden Thanksgiving Player of the - Game '' award Jump up ^ `` Thanksgiving Night Game on NBC New England Patriots vs. New York Jets '' ( Press release ) . NBCUniversal . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turkey Leg Award is the best NFL football on Thanksgiving tradition . SB Nation ( November 24 , 2016 ) . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's `` Turkey Day '' tradition begins `` . NBC Sports History Page . Bibliography ( edit ) 2003 NFL Record and Fact Book ( ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3148 - 5 ) ( for game results through 2002 ) Detroit Lions 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys 2003 , 2004 and 2005 game schedules ( for game results 2003 to 2005 ) External links ( edit ) NFL.com Thanksgiving Page All - Time NFL Thanksgiving Day game results , from the Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Thanksgiving game boxscores Links to related articles Detroit Lions Founded in 1930 Formerly the Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 33 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Headquartered in Allen Park , Michigan Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Stadiums Universal Stadium University of Detroit Stadium Tiger Stadium Pontiac Silverdome Ford Field Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day Paper Lion ( film ) `` What 's Going On '' ( Marvin Gaye song ) Beverly Hills Cop Home Improvement Cheerleaders Lore 1932 Playoff Game Curse of Bobby Layne Mike Utley gives a thumbs up Marty Mornhinweg takes the wind `` Fire Millen '' 0 -- 16 `` Calvin Johnson rule '' Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Notable people William Clay & Martha Firestone Ford Barry Sanders Bobby Layne Glenn Presnell Calvin Johnson Wayne Fontes Division championships ( 4 ) 1935 1991 1993 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1952 1953 1954 1957 League championships ( 4 ) 1935 1952 1953 1957 Media Broadcasters Radio : Radio network Dan Miller Jim Brandstatter Tony Ortiz WJR TV : Television network Matt Shepard Chris Spielman Jennifer Hammond WJBK Fox Sports Detroit Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 88 ) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - 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FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - 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1739635761411338007	Gregorian calendar	Gregorian calendar - wikipedia Gregorian calendar Jump to : navigation , search For the calendar of religious holidays and periods , see Liturgical year . For this year 's Gregorian calendar , see Common year starting on Monday . 2018 in various calendars Gregorian calendar 2018 MMXVIII Ab urbe condita 2771 Armenian calendar 1467 ԹՎ ՌՆԿԷ Assyrian calendar 6768 Bahá'í calendar 174 -- 175 Balinese saka calendar 1939 -- 1940 Bengali calendar 1425 Berber calendar 2968 British Regnal year 66 Eliz. 2 -- 67 Eliz. 2 Buddhist calendar 2562 Burmese calendar 1380 Byzantine calendar 7526 -- 7527 Chinese calendar 丁酉年 ( Fire Rooster ) 4714 or 4654 -- to -- 戊戌年 ( Earth Dog ) 4715 or 4655 Coptic calendar 1734 -- 1735 Discordian calendar 3184 Ethiopian calendar 2010 -- 2011 Hebrew calendar 5778 -- 5779 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 2074 -- 2075 - Shaka Samvat 1939 -- 1940 - Kali Yuga 5118 -- 5119 Holocene calendar 12018 Igbo calendar 1018 -- 1019 Iranian calendar 1396 -- 1397 Islamic calendar 1439 -- 1440 Japanese calendar Heisei 30 ( 平成 30 年 ) Javanese calendar 1951 -- 1952 Juche calendar 107 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 13 days Korean calendar 4351 Minguo calendar ROC 107 民國 107 年 Nanakshahi calendar 550 Thai solar calendar 2561 Tibetan calendar 阴火鸡年 ( female Fire - Rooster ) 2144 or 1763 or 991 -- to -- 阳土狗年 ( male Earth - Dog ) 2145 or 1764 or 992 Unix time 1514764800 -- 1546300799 This box : view talk edit The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar . It is named after Pope Gregory XIII , who introduced it in October 1582 . It was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving an approximately 0.002 % correction in the length of the calendar year . The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices -- particularly the northern vernal equinox , which helps set the date for Easter . Transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church . The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe . Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform , one by one , after a time , at least for civil purposes and for the sake of convenience in international trade . The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece , in 1923 . Many ( but not all ) countries that have traditionally used the Julian calendar , or the Islamic or other religious calendars , have come to adopt the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes . The Gregorian reform contained two parts : a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII 's time , and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church with the Julian calendar to calculate the date of Easter . The reform was a modification of a proposal made by Aloysius Lilius , who proposed to reduce the number of leap years that occur in every four centuries from 100 to 97 , by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common years instead of leap years . Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter , solving a long - standing obstacle to calendar reform . The Gregorian reform modified the Julian calendar 's scheme of leap years as follows : Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year , except for years that are exactly divisible by 100 , but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400 . For example , the years 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 are not leap years , but the year 2000 is . In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days ( 365 days 6 hours ) to 365.2425 days ( 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds ) , a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year , the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths . The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century , when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the year 's position in the leap year cycle . As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox , the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes and the earliest date for Easter was fixed at 22 March . The Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days . To unambiguously specify a date , dual dating or Old Style and New Style dates are sometimes used . Dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date because of differences in the starting date of the year or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates . The `` Old Style '' ( O.S. ) and `` New Style '' ( N.S. ) notations indicate either that the start of the Julian year has ( or has not ) been adjusted to start on 1 January ( even though documents written at the time use a different start of year ) , or that a date conforms to the ( old ) Julian calendar rather than the ( new ) Gregorian . The Gregorian calendar continued to use the previous calendar era ( year - numbering system ) , which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity ( Anno Domini ) , originally calculated in the 6th century by Dionysius Exiguus . This year - numbering system , also known as Dionysian era or Common Era , is the predominant international standard today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Gregorian reform 2.1 Background 2.2 Preparation 2.3 Adoption 3 Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates 4 Beginning of the year 5 Dual dating 5.1 Old Style and New Style dates 6 Proleptic Gregorian calendar 7 Months 8 Weeks 9 Accuracy 9.1 Calendar seasonal error 10 Proposed reforms 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 References 15 External links Description A year is divided into twelve months No . Name Length in days January 31 February 28 ( 29 in leap years ) March 31 April 30 5 May 31 6 June 30 7 July 31 8 August 31 9 September 30 10 October 31 11 November 30 12 December 31 Christopher Clavius ( 1538 -- 1612 ) , one of the main authors of the reform . Pope Gregory XIII in an early 17th - century engraving . The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar . A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days , but as in the Julian calendar , in certain years , a leap year , a leap day is added to February . In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years , but the Gregorian calendar omits a leap day in three of every 400 years . In the Julian calendar , the leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February , and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day . In the modern period , it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month , and 29 February is typically considered as the leap day . Before the 1969 revision of the Roman Calendar , the Roman Catholic Church delayed February feasts after the 23rd by one day in leap years ; Masses celebrated according to the previous calendar still reflect this delay . Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers . The cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days , which equals 400 years . Of these 400 years , 303 are regular years of 365 days and 97 are leap years of 366 days . A mean calendar year is 365 97 / 400 days = 365.2425 days , or 365 days , 5 hours , 49 minutes and 12 seconds . A calendar date is fully specified by the year ( numbered by some scheme beyond the scope of the calendar itself ) , the month ( identified by name or number ) , and the day of the month ( numbered sequentially starting at 1 ) . Although the calendar year currently runs from 1 January to 31 December , at previous times year numbers were based on a different starting point within the calendar ( see the `` beginning of the year '' section below ) . Gregorian reform First page of the papal bull Inter gravissimas Detail of the pope 's tomb by Camillo Rusconi ( completed 1723 ) ; Antonio Lilio is genuflecting before the pope , presenting his printed calendar . The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar . It was instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII , after whom the calendar was named , by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582 . The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church . The error in the Julian calendar ( its assumption that there are exactly 365.25 days in a year ) had led to the date of the equinox according to the calendar drifting from the observed reality , and thus an error had been introduced into the calculation of the date of Easter . Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day , it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria ( see Easter for the issues which arose ) . Background Further information : Computus Because the date of Easter was tied to the Spring Equinox , the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable . The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon ( computed using the Metonic cycle ) that falls on or after the vernal equinox , which they placed on 21 March . However , the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March ( Lady Day ) as the equinox ( until 342 ) , and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon . In the Alexandrian system , since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April . This meant that Easter varied between 22 March and 25 April . In Rome , Easter was not allowed to fall later than 21 April , that being the day of the Parilia or birthday of Rome and a pagan festival . The first day of the Easter moon could fall no earlier than 5 March and no later than 2 April . Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon , whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox . Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day . By the 10th century all churches ( except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire ) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter , which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March , although Bede had already noted its drift in 725 -- it had drifted even further by the 16th century . Worse , the reckoned Moon that was used to compute Easter was fixed to the Julian year by a 19 - year cycle . That approximation built up an error of one day every 310 years , so by the 16th century the lunar calendar was out of phase with the real Moon by four days . European scholars had been well aware of the calendar drift since the early medieval period . Bede , writing in the 8th century , showed that the accumulated error in his day was more than three days . Roger Bacon in c. 1200 estimated the error at seven or eight days . Dante , writing c. 1300 , was aware of the need of a calendar reform . The first attempt to go forward with such a reform was undertaken by Pope Sixtus IV , who in 1475 invited Regiomontanus to the Vatican for this purpose . However , the project was interrupted by the death of Regiomontanus shortly after his arrival in Rome . The increase of astronomical knowledge and the precision of observations towards the end of the 15th century made the question more pressing . Numerous publications over the following decades called for a calendar reform , among them a paper sent to the Vatican by the University of Salamanca in 1515 , but the project was not taken up again until the 1540s , and implemented only under Pope Gregory XIII ( r . 1572 -- 1585 ) . Preparation In 1545 , the Council of Trent authorized Pope Paul III to reform the calendar , requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift . This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter . In 1577 , a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments . Some of these experts , including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto , believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon , rather than using a tabular method , but these recommendations were not adopted . The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) . Lilius 's proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97 , by making three out of four centurial years common instead of leap years . He also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter , solving a long - standing obstacle to calendar reform . Ancient tables provided the sun 's mean longitude . Christopher Clavius , the architect of the Gregorian calendar , noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year . Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies . The Gregorian leap year rule ( 97 leap years in 400 years ) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560 . He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus ( De revolutionibus ) and Reinhold ( Prutenic tables ) . The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days ( the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude ) were 14 , 33 , 9 , 57 ( Alphonsine ) , 14 , 33 , 11 , 12 ( Copernicus ) and 14 , 33 , 9 , 24 ( Reinhold ) . All values are the same to two places ( 14 : 33 ) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year . Thus Pitatus ' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers . Lilius 's proposals had two components . Firstly , he proposed a correction to the length of the year . The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long . As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days , the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year . The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years . Lilius 's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days ( see Accuracy ) . At the time of Gregory 's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea , resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March , and if unreformed it would drift further . Lilius proposed that the 10 - day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years , thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March . Lilius 's work was expanded upon by Christopher Clavius in a closely argued , 800 - page volume . He would later defend his and Lilius 's work against detractors . Clavius 's opinion was that the correction should take place in one move , and it was this advice which prevailed with Gregory . The second component consisted of an approximation which would provide an accurate yet simple , rule - based calendar . Lilius 's formula was a 10 - day correction to revert the drift since the Council of Nicaea , and the imposition of a leap day in only 97 years in 400 rather than in 1 year in 4 . The proposed rule was that years divisible by 100 would be leap years only if they were divisible by 400 as well . The 19 - year cycle used for the lunar calendar was also to be corrected by one day every 300 or 400 years ( 8 times in 2500 years ) along with corrections for the years that are no longer leap years ( i.e. , 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , etc . ) . In fact , a new method for computing the date of Easter was introduced . When the new calendar was put in use , the error accumulated in the 13 centuries since the Council of Nicaea was corrected by a deletion of 10 days . The Julian calendar day Thursday , 4 October 1582 was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar , Friday , 15 October 1582 ( the cycle of weekdays was not affected ) . Adoption Main article : Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Although Gregory 's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church , the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States . The changes that he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar , over which he had no authority . They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect . The bull Inter gravissimas became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582 , but it was not recognised by Protestant Churches , Eastern Orthodox Churches , Oriental Orthodox Churches , and a few others . Consequently , the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged . A month after having decreed the reform , the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio , the brother of Luigi Lilio , the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years . The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti , one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform , notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio ( Con licentia delli Superiori ... et permissu Ant ( onii ) Lilij ) . The papal brief was later revoked , on 20 September 1582 , because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies . On 29 September 1582 , Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar . This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe , as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy . In these territories , as well as in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( ruled by Anna Jagiellon ) and in the Papal States , the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull , with Julian Thursday , 4 October 1582 , being followed by Gregorian Friday , 15 October 1582 . The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication . Many Protestant countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation ; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold . For example , the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly : the Annexe to their Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory 's rules , without actually referring to him . Britain and the British Empire ( including the eastern part of what is now the United States ) adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752 . Sweden followed in 1753 . Prior to 1917 , Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes . The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year ( see Rumi calendar ) . As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of `` escape years '' every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump . From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian , rather than Julian . On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in most other countries . Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1582 : Spain , Portugal , France , Poland , Italy , Catholic Low Countries , Luxemburg , and colonies 1584 : Kingdom of Bohemia 1610 : Prussia 1648 : Alsace 1682 : Strasbourg 1700 : ' Germany ' , Swiss Cantons , Protestant Low Countries , Norway , Denmark 1752 : Great Britain and colonies 1753 : Sweden and Finland 1873 : Japan 1875 : Egypt 1896 : Korea 1912 : China , Albania 1915 : Latvia , Lithuania 1916 : Bulgaria 1918 : USSR , Estonia 1919 : Romania , Yugoslavia 1923 : Greece 1926 : Turkey Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates . Gregorian range Julian range Difference From 15 October 1582 to 28 February 1700 From 5 October 1582 to 18 February 1700 10 days From 1 March 1700 to 28 February 1800 From 19 February 1700 to 17 February 1800 11 days From 1 March 1800 to 28 February 1900 From 18 February 1800 to 16 February 1900 12 days From 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100 From 17 February 1900 to 15 February 2100 13 days From 1 March 2100 to 28 February 2200 From 16 February 2100 to 14 February 2200 14 days Since the introduction of the Gregorian calendar , the difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates has increased by three days every four centuries ( all date ranges are inclusive ) : This section always places the intercalary day on 29 February even though it was always obtained by doubling 24 February ( the bissextum ( twice sixth ) or bissextile day ) until the late Middle Ages . The Gregorian calendar is proleptic before 1582 ( assumed to exist before 1582 ) . The following equation gives the number of days ( actually , dates ) that the Gregorian calendar is ahead of the Julian calendar , called the secular difference between the two calendars . A negative difference means the Julian calendar is ahead of the Gregorian calendar . D = ⌊ Y / 100 ⌋ − ⌊ Y / 400 ⌋ − 2 ( \ displaystyle D = \ left \ lfloor ( Y / 100 ) \ right \ rfloor - \ left \ lfloor ( Y / 400 ) \ right \ rfloor - 2 ) where D ( \ displaystyle D ) is the secular difference and Y ( \ displaystyle Y ) is the year using astronomical year numbering , that is , use ( year BC ) − 1 for BC years . ⌊ x ⌋ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ lfloor ( x ) \ right \ rfloor ) means that if the result of the division is not an integer it is rounded down to the nearest integer . Thus during the 1900s , 1900 / 400 = 4 , while during the − 500s , − 500 / 400 = − 2 . The general rule , in years which are leap years in the Julian calendar but not the Gregorian , is as follows : Up to 28 February in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value . Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into . When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful , when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of 29 February ( Julian ) , to remember that 29 February is discounted . Thus if the calculated value is − 4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is 24 February . Beginning of the year Country Start numbered year on 1 January Adoption of Gregorian calendar Denmark Gradual change from 13th to 16th centuries 1700 Venice 1522 1582 Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic states ) 1544 1583 Spain , Poland , Portugal 1556 1582 Holy Roman Empire ( Protestant states ) 1559 1700 Sweden 1559 1753 France 1564 1582 Southern Netherlands 1576 1582 Lorraine 1579 1682 Dutch Republic 1583 1582 Scotland 1600 1752 Russia 1700 1918 Tuscany 1721 1750 Great Britain and the British Empire except Scotland 1752 1752 The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year , which began on the day when consuls first entered office -- probably 1 May before 222 BC , 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC . The Julian calendar , which began in 45 BC , continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year . Even though the year used for dates changed , the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present . During the Middle Ages , under the influence of the Catholic Church , many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals -- 25 December ( supposed Nativity of Jesus ) , 25 March ( Annunciation ) , or Easter ( France ) , while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September . In common usage , 1 January was regarded as New Year 's Day and celebrated as such , but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March ( Lady Day ) . So , for example , the Parliamentary record lists the execution of Charles I on 30 January as occurring in 1648 ( as the year did not end until 24 March ) , although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649 . Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar . For example , Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 ( this means that 1599 was a short year ) . England , Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 ( so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days ) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March ( O.S. ) , 5 April ( N.S. ) till 1800 , when it moved to 6 April . Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies ( see the section Adoption ) . These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 . In some countries , an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January . For such countries a specific year when a 1 January - year became the norm can be identified . In other countries the customs varied , and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs . Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date , though it is implied by two tables of saint 's days , one labelled 1582 which ends on 31 December , and another for any full year that begins on 1 January . It also specifies its epact relative to 1 January , in contrast with the Julian calendar , which specified it relative to 22 March . The old date was derived from the Greek system : the earlier Supputatio Romana specified it relative to 1 January . Jump up ^ In 1793 France abandoned the Gregorian calendar in favour of the French Republican Calendar . This change was reverted in 1805 . Dual dating Main article : Dual dating During the period between 1582 , when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar , and 1923 , when the last European country adopted it , it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar , for example , `` 10 / 21 February 1750 / 51 '' , where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date . Even before 1582 , the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries . Woolley , writing in his biography of John Dee ( 1527 -- 1608 / 9 ) , notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers `` customarily '' used `` two dates '' on their letters , one OS and one NS . Old Style and New Style dates Main articles : Old Style and New Style dates and Dual dating `` Old Style '' ( OS ) and `` New Style '' ( NS ) are sometimes added to dates to identify which calendar reference system is used for the date given . In Britain and its Colonies , where the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year , and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar , there is some confusion as to what these terms mean . They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January ( NS ) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year ( OS ) ; or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar ( OS ) , formerly in use in many countries , rather than the Gregorian calendar ( NS ) . Proleptic Gregorian calendar Main article : Proleptic Gregorian calendar Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar , which should be used with some caution . For ordinary purposes , the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar , with the year starting on 1 January , and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents . For example , the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin 's Day . Usually , the mapping of new dates onto old dates with a start of year adjustment works well with little confusion for events that happened before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar . But for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752 , there can be considerable confusion between events in continental western Europe and in British domains in English language histories . Events in continental western Europe are usually reported in English language histories as happening under the Gregorian calendar . For example , the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704 . Confusion occurs when an event affects both . For example , William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November 1688 ( Julian calendar ) , after setting sail from the Netherlands on 11 November 1688 ( Gregorian calendar ) . Shakespeare and Cervantes seemingly died on exactly the same date ( 23 April 1616 ) , but Cervantes predeceased Shakespeare by ten days in real time ( as Spain used the Gregorian calendar , but Britain used the Julian calendar ) . This coincidence encouraged UNESCO to make 23 April the World Book and Copyright Day . Astronomers avoid this ambiguity by the use of the Julian day number . For dates before the year 1 , unlike the proleptic Gregorian calendar used in the international standard ISO 8601 , the traditional proleptic Gregorian calendar ( like the Julian calendar ) does not have a year 0 and instead uses the ordinal numbers 1 , 2 , ... both for years AD and BC . Thus the traditional time line is 2 BC , 1 BC , AD 1 , and AD 2 . ISO 8601 uses astronomical year numbering which includes a year 0 and negative numbers before it . Thus the ISO 8601 time line is − 0001 , 0000 , 0001 , and 0002 . Months The Gregorian calendar continued to employ the Julian months , which have Latinate names and irregular numbers of days : January ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iānuārius , `` Month of Janus '' , the Roman god of gates , doorways , beginnings and endings February ( 28 days in common and 29 in leap years ) , from Latin mēnsis Februārius , `` Month of the Februa '' , the Roman festival of purgation and purification , cognate with fever , the Etruscan death god Februus ( `` Purifier '' ) , and the PIE word for sulfur March ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Mārtius , `` Month of Mars '' , the Roman war god April ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Aprīlis , of uncertain meaning but usually derived from some form of the verb aperire ( `` to open '' ) or the name of the goddess Aphrodite May ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Māius , `` Month of Maia '' , a Roman vegetation goddess whose name is cognate with Latin magnus ( `` great '' ) and English major June ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iūnius , `` Month of Juno '' , the Roman goddess of marriage , childbirth , and rule July ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iūlius , `` Month of Julius Caesar '' , the month of Caesar 's birth , instituted in 44 BC as part of his calendrical reforms August ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Augustus , `` Month of Augustus '' , instituted by Augustus in 8 BC in agreement with July and from the occurrence during the month of several important events during his rise to power September ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis september , `` seventh month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC October ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis octōber , `` eighth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC November ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis november , `` ninth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC December ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis december , `` tenth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC Europeans sometimes attempt to remember the number of days in each month by memorizing some form of the traditional verse `` Thirty Days Hath September '' . It appears in Latin , Italian , and French , and belongs to a broad oral tradition but the earliest currently attested form of the poem is the English marginalia inserted into a calendar of saints c. 1425 : Thirti dayes hath novembir April june and Septembir . Of xxviij is but oon And alle the remenaunt xxx and j Thirty days have November , April , June , and September . Of 28 is but one And all the remnant 30 and 1 . The knuckle mnemonic for the days of the months of the year Variations appeared in Mother Goose and continue to be taught at schools . The unhelpfulness of such involved mnemonics has been parodied as `` Thirty days hath September / But all the rest I ca n't remember '' but it has also been called `` probably the only sixteenth - century poem most ordinary citizens know by heart '' . A common nonverbal alternative is the knuckle mnemonic , considering the knuckles of one 's hands as months with 31 days and the lower spaces between them as the months with fewer days . Using two hands , one may start from either pinkie knuckle as January and count across , omitting the space between the index knuckles ( July and August ) . The same procedure can be done using the knuckles of a single hand , returning from the last ( July ) to the first ( August ) and continuing through . A similar mnemonic is to move up a piano keyboard in semitones from an F key , taking the white keys as the longer months and the black keys as the shorter ones . Weeks Main article : Seven - day week In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks . A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday , and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month . Calculating the day of the week is not very simple , because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system . When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country , the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted . For example , in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar 's adoption , Friday , 15 October 1582 , the preceding date was Thursday , 4 October 1582 ( Julian calendar ) . Opinions vary about the numbering of the days of the week . ISO 8601 , in common use worldwide , starts with Monday = 1 ; printed monthly calendar grids often list Mondays in the first ( left ) column of dates and Sundays in the last . Software often starts with Sunday = 0 , which places Sundays in the left column of a monthly calendar page . Accuracy The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years , giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long . This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,030 years with respect to the current value of the mean tropical year . However , because of the precession of the equinoxes , which is not constant , and the movement of the perihelion ( which affects the Earth 's orbital speed ) the error with respect to the astronomical vernal equinox is variable ; using the average interval between vernal equinoxes near 2000 of 365.24237 days implies an error closer to 1 day every 7,700 years . By any criterion , the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar ( average year 365.25 days ) . In the 19th century , Sir John Herschel proposed a modification to the Gregorian calendar with 969 leap days every 4000 years , instead of 970 leap days that the Gregorian calendar would insert over the same period . This would reduce the average year to 365.24225 days . Herschel 's proposal would make the year 4000 , and multiples thereof , common instead of leap . While this modification has often been proposed since , it has never been officially adopted . On time scales of thousands of years , the Gregorian calendar falls behind the astronomical seasons because the slowing down of the Earth 's rotation makes each day slightly longer over time ( see tidal acceleration and leap second ) while the year maintains a more uniform duration . Calendar seasonal error This image shows the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the astronomical seasons . The y - axis is the date in June and the x-axis is Gregorian calendar years . Each point is the date and time of the June solstice in that particular year . The error shifts by about a quarter of a day per year . Centurial years are ordinary years , unless they are divisible by 400 , in which case they are leap years . This causes a correction in the years 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , 2200 , and 2300 . For instance , these corrections cause 23 December 1903 to be the latest December solstice , and 20 December 2096 to be the earliest solstice -- about 2.35 days of variation compared with the seasonal event . Proposed reforms The following are proposed reforms of the Gregorian calendar : Holocene calendar International Fixed Calendar ( also called the International Perpetual calendar ) World Calendar World Season Calendar Leap week calendars Pax Calendar Symmetry454 Hanke -- Henry Permanent Calendar See also Christianity portal Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 Calendar reform Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars Doomsday rule French revolutionary calendar Hebrew calendar Islamic calendar Inter gravissimas in English -- Wikisource Julian day calculation History of calendars List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar per country List of calendars Old Calendarists Greek Old Calendarists Revised Julian calendar ( Milanković ) -- used in Eastern Orthodoxy Precursors of the Gregorian reform Johannes de Sacrobosco , De Anni Ratione ( `` On reckoning the years '' ) , c. 1235 Roger Bacon , Opus Majus ( `` Greater Work '' ) , c. 1267 Notes Jump up ^ The international standard for the representation of dates and times , ISO 8601 , uses the Gregorian calendar . Section 3.2. 1 . Jump up ^ In Great Britain and its colonies , `` Old Style '' typically implies that the date is given in the Julian calendar with the year beginning on 25 March , whereas `` New Style '' implies use of the Gregorian calendar with years beginning 1 January . Jump up ^ The first known occurrence of Common Era in English dates to 1708 . Years before the beginning of the era are abbreviated in English as either BC for `` Before Christ '' , or as BCE for `` Before the Common Era '' . Two era names occur within the bull Inter gravissimas itself , anno Incarnationis dominicæ ( `` in the year of the Incarnation of the Lord '' ) for the year it was signed , and anno à Nativitate Domini nostri Jesu Christi ( `` in the year from the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ '' ) for the year it was printed . Jump up ^ The cycle described applies to the solar , or civil , calendar . If one also considers the ecclesiastical lunar rules , the lunisolar Easter computus cycle repeats only after 5,700,000 years of 2,081,882,250 days in 70,499,183 lunar months , based on an assumed mean lunar month of 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2 49928114 / 70499183 seconds . ( Seidelmann ( 1992 ) , p. 582 ) ( To properly function as an Easter computus , this lunisolar cycle must have the same mean year as the Gregorian solar cycle , and indeed that is exactly the case . ) Jump up ^ The extreme length of the Gregorian Easter computus is due to its being the product of the 19 - year Metonic cycle , the thirty different possible values of the epact , and the least common multiple ( 10,000 ) of the 400 - year and 2,500 - year solar and lunar correction cycles . Jump up ^ The same result is obtained by summing the fractional parts implied by the rule : 365 + 1 / 4 − 1 / 100 + 1 / 400 = 365 + 0.25 − 0.01 + 0.0025 = 365.2425 Jump up ^ The last major Christian region to accept the Alexandrian rules was the Carolingian Empire ( most of Western Europe ) during 780 -- 800 . The last monastery in England to accept the Alexandrian rules did so in 931 , and a few churches in southwest Asia beyond the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire continued to use rules that differed slightly , causing four dates for Easter to differ every 532 years . Jump up ^ 1919 in the regions comprising the former Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro ( present - day Kosovo , Montenegro , Serbia and Macedonia ) . The western and northern regions of what became Yugoslavia were already using the Gregorian calendar . For example , most of Slovenia adopted the Gregorian calendar at the same time as Austria in 1583 . Coastal Croatia , which was at the time ruled by Venice , adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582 . Inland Croatia , ruled by the Habsburgs , adopted it in 1587 along with Hungary . The Gregorian calendar was used in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the 16th century by the Catholic population and was formally adopted for government use in 1878 following occupation by Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ In Scotland the legal start of year had been moved to 1 January in 1600 ( Mike Spathaky. Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar ) . Citations Jump up ^ Introduction to Calendars . United States Naval Observatory . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Calendars Archived 1 April 2004 at the Wayback Machine . by L.E. Doggett . Section 2 . ^ Jump up to : See Wikisource English translation of the ( Latin ) 1582 papal bull Inter gravissimas . Jump up ^ Blegen n.d. ^ Jump up to : Moyer ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Introduction to Calendars. ( 15 May 2013 ) . United States Naval Observatory . Jump up ^ Ziggelaar ( 1983 ) , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Nineteen - Year Cycle of Dionysius Archived 9 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Introduction and first argumentum . Jump up ^ Les canons of Les textes fondateurs du calendrier grégorien ( in Latin ) ( in French ) Jump up ^ Richards , p. 101 Jump up ^ Clause 3.2. 1 ISO 8601 Jump up ^ Walker ( 1945 ) , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Pedersen ( 1983 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ For example , in the Julian calendar , at Rome in 1550 , the March equinox occurred at 11 Mar 6 : 51 AM local mean time . `` Seasons calculator '' , Time and Date AS , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ari Ben - Menahem , Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences vol. 1 ( 2009 ) , p. 863 . Jump up ^ Ziggelaar ( 1983 ) , pp. 211 , 214 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Tabule illustrissimi principis regis alfonsii , Prague 1401 − 4 ( Latin ) . A full set of Alphonsine Tables ( including tables for mean motions , conjunctions of sun and moon , equation of time , spherical astronomy , longitudes and latitudes of cities , star tables , eclipse tables ) . Jump up ^ For an example of the information provided see Jacques Cassini , Tables astronomiques du soleil , de la lune , des planetes , des etoiles fixes , et des satellites de Jupiter et de Saturne , Paris 1740 , available at ( 1 ) ( go forward ten pages to Table III on p. 10 ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer , JLE ( 2014 ) . Tycho Brahe . Cambridge . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 06871 - 0 . He remarks that both the Alphonsine and the Prutenic Tables are several hours wrong with regard to the time of the equinoxes and solstices . Jump up ^ North , J ( 1989 ) . The Universal frame : historical essays in astronomy , natural philosophy and scientific method . London . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 907628 - 95 - 8 . He noted on one occasion that the Alphonsine tables differed from the Prutenic by nineteen hours as to the time of the vernal equinox of 1588 . Jump up ^ Swerdlow ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Meeus and Savoie ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Mezzi , E. , and Vizza , F. , Luigi Lilio Medico Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò , Laruffa Editore , Reggio Calabria , 2010 , p. 14 ; p. 52 , citing as primary references : Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale die Firenze , Magl. 5.10. 5 / a , ASV A.A. , Arm . I ‐ XVII , 5506 , f. 362r . Jump up ^ Kamen , Henry ( 1998 ) . Philip of Spain . Yale University Press . p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` Pragmatica '' on the Ten Days of the Year World Digital Library , the first known South American imprint , produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo , of a four - page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582 , decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar . Jump up ^ 24 Geo. II Ch. 23 , § 3 . Jump up ^ A more extensive list is available at Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens ( 1999 ) , p. 788 . Jump up ^ James Evans , The history and practice of ancient astronomy ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 ) 169 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509539 - 1 . Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to The Astronomical Ephemeris and The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac ( London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1961 ) 417 . Jump up ^ Herluf Nielsen : Kronologi ( 2nd ed. , Dansk Historisk Fællesforening , Copenhagen 1967 ) , pp. 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Le calendrier grégorien en France ( in French ) Jump up ^ Per decree of 16 June 1575 . Hermann Grotefend , `` Osteranfang '' ( Easter beginning ) , Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit ( Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times ) ( 1891 -- 1898 ) ^ Jump up to : Blackburn & Holford - Strevens ( 1999 ) , p. 784 . Jump up ^ John James Bond , Handy - book of rules and tables for verifying dates with the Christian era Scottish decree on pp. xvii -- xviii . Jump up ^ Roscoe Lamont , The reform of the Julian calendar , Popular Astronomy 28 ( 1920 ) 18 -- 32 . Decree of Peter the Great is on pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Dates : Eponymous Years '' . Tyndalehouse.com . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Spathaky Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar : A summary for genealogists Jump up ^ S.I. Seleschnikow : Wieviel Monde hat ein Jahr ? ( Aulis - Verlag , Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1981 , p. 149 ) , which is a German translation of С . И . Селешников : История календаря и хронология ( Издательство `` Наука '' , Moscow 1977 ) . The relevant chapter is available online here : История календаря в России и в СССР ( Calendar history in Russia and the USSR ) . Anno Mundi 7000 lasted from 1 March 1492 to 31 August 1492 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Tuesday 31 December 1661 , The Diary of Samuel Pepys `` I sat down to end my journell for this year , ... '' Jump up ^ Nørby , Toke . The Perpetual Calendar : What about England Version 29 February 2000 Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Journal Volume 8 , 9 June 1660 ( Regicides ) '' . British History Online . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Death warrant of Charles I web page of the UK National Archives . A demonstration of New Style meaning Julian calendar with a start of year adjustment . Jump up ^ Nørby , Toke . The Perpetual Calendar Jump up ^ Benjamin Woolley , The Queen 's Conjurer : The science and magic of Dr. John Dee , adviser to Queen Elizabeth I ( New York : Henry Holt , 2001 ) p. 173 Jump up ^ Spathaky , Mike Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar . `` increasingly parish registers , in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing , for example ' 1733 ' , had another heading at the end of the following December indicating ' 1733 / 4 ' . This showed where the New Style 1734 started even though the Old Style 1733 continued until 24th March ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms . It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745 , for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Old or the New Style reckoning . The date should either be written 20th January 1745 OS ( if indeed it was Old Style ) or as 20th January 1745 / 6 . The hyphen ( 1745 - 6 ) is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time . '' Jump up ^ The October ( November ) Revolution Britannica encyclopaedia , A demonstration of New Style meaning the Gregorian calendar . Jump up ^ Stockton , J.R. Date Miscellany I : The Old and New Styles `` The terms ' Old Style ' and ' New Style ' are now commonly used for both the ' Start of Year ' and ' Leap Year ' ( ( Gregorian calendar ) ) changes ( England & Wales : both in 1752 ; Scotland : 1600 , 1752 ) . I believe that , properly and historically , the ' Styles ' really refer only to the ' Start of Year ' change ( from March 25th to January 1st ) ; and that the ' Leap Year ' change should be described as the change from Julian to Gregorian . '' Jump up ^ `` January , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` February , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Liberman , Anatoly ( 7 March 2007 ) , `` On a Self - Congratulatory Note '' , Oxford Etymologist Archives , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` March , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` April , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ It 's not unusual for month names to be based on natural descriptions but this etymology is sometimes doubted since no other Roman months have such names . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Numa , Ch . xix . Jump up ^ Scullard , Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion , p. 10 . Jump up ^ This derivation was apparently a popular one in ancient Rome , given by Plutarch but rejected by Varro and Cincius . ^ Jump up to : `` May , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` June , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` July , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` August , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : `` September , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` October , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` November , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` December , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Ballew , Pat ( 1 September 2015 ) , `` On This Day in Math '' , Pat 's Blog . Jump up ^ Anianus , Computus Metricus Manualis , Strasbourg . ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Onofri , Francesca Romana ; et al. ( 2012 ) , Italian for Dummies , Berlitz , pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Bond , Otto Ferdinand ; et al. ( 1918 ) , Military Manual of Elementary French , Austin : E.L. Steck , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Misstear , Rachael ( 16 January 2012 ) , `` Welsh Author Digs Deep to Find Medieval Origins of Thirty Days Hath Verse '' , Wales Online , Media Wales . ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Roger ( 30 October 2011 ) , `` The Oldest Rhyme in the Book '' , The Times , London : Times Newspapers . Jump up ^ `` Memorable Mnemonics '' , Today , London : BBC Radio 4 , 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ The Cincinnati Enquirer , Cincinnati , 20 September 1924 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Holland , Norman N. ( 1992 ) , The Critical I , New York : Columbia University Press , p. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Seidelmann ( 1992 ) , pp. 580 -- 581 . Jump up ^ Using value from Richards ( 2013 , p. 587 ) for tropical year in mean solar days , the calculation is 1 / ( 365.2425 - 365.24217 ) Jump up ^ Meeus and Savoie ( 1992 ) , p. 42 Jump up ^ John Herschel , Outlines of Astronomy , 1849 , p. 629 . Jump up ^ Steel , Duncan ( 2000 ) . Marking Time : The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar . John Wiley & Sons . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 29827 - 1 . References Barsoum , Ignatius A. ( 2003 ) . The Scattered Pearls . Piscataway : Georgias Press . Blackburn , B. & Holford - Strevens , L. ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Blackburn , B. & Holford - Strevens , L. ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year : An exploration of calendar customs and time - reckoning , Oxford University Press . Blegen , Carl W. ( n.d. ) . `` An Odd Christmas '' . Posted with an introduction by Natalia Vogeikoff - Brogan on 25 December 2013 . From the Archivist 's Notebook retrieved 1 April 2018 . Borkowski , K.M. , ( 1991 ) . `` The tropical calendar and solar year '' , J. Royal Astronomical Soc. of Canada 85 ( 3 ) : 121 -- 130 . Coyne , G.V. , Hoskin , M.A. , Pedersen , O. ( Eds . ) ( 1983 ) . Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary , 1582 -- 1982 . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Vatican Observatory ( Pontificia Academia Scientarum , Specola Vaticana ) . Duncan , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Calendar : Humanity 's Epic Struggle To Determine A True And Accurate Year . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780380793242 . Gregory XIII. ( 2002 ( 1582 ) ) . Inter Gravissimas ( subscription required ) ( W. Spenser & R.T. Crowley , Trans . ) . International Organization for Standardization . Meeus , J. & Savoie , D. ( 1992 ) . The history of the tropical year . Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 102 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 42 . Morrison , L.V. & Stephenson , F.R. ( 2004 ) . Historical values of the Earth 's clock error ΔT and the calculation of eclipses . Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 35 , Part 3 , No. 120 , pp. 327 -- 336 . Moyer , Gordon ( May 1982 ) . `` The Gregorian Calendar '' . Scientific American , pp. 144 -- 152 . Moyer , Gordon ( 1983 ) . `` Aloisius Lilius and the Compendium Novae Rationis Restituendi Kalendarium '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( 1983 ) , pp. 171 -- 188 . Pattie , T.S. ( 1976 ) `` An unexpected effect of the change in calendar in 1752 '' . British Library Journal . Pedersen , O. ( 1983 ) . `` The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( eds ) , Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Specolo Vaticano , pp. 17 -- 74 . Richards , E.G. ( 1998 ) . Mapping Time : The Calendar and its History . Oxford U. Press . Richards , E.G. ( 2013 ) . `` Calendars '' . In S.E. Urban and P.K. Seidelmann ( eds . ) , Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac ( pp. 585 -- 624 ) . Mill Valley CA : University Science Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 85 - 6 Seidelmann , P.K. ( Ed . ) ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . Sausalito , CA : University Science Books . Swerdlow , N.M. ( 1986 ) . The Length of the Year in the Original Proposal for the Gregorian Calendar . Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 17 , No. 49 , pp. 109 -- 118 . Walker , G.W. `` Easter Intervals '' . Popular Astronomy June 1945 , Vol. 53 , pp. 162 -- 178 , 218 -- 232 . Ziggelaar , A. ( 1983 ) . `` The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( eds ) , Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Specolo Vaticano , pp. 201 -- 239 . External links Gregorian calendar on In Our Time at the BBC . Calendar Converter Inter Gravissimas ( Latin and French plus English ) History of Gregorian Calendar The Perpetual Calendar Gregorian Calendar adoption dates for many countries . 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About Wikipedia	when did the new russian calendar go into effect	[ "\n\nCountry\nStart numbered year\non 1 January\nAdoption of\nGregorian calendar\n\n\nDenmark\nGradual change from\n13th to 16th centuries[31]\n1700\n\n\nVenice\n1522\n1582\n\n\nHoly Roman Empire (Catholic states)\n1544\n1583\n\n\nSpain, Poland, Portugal\n1556\n1582\n\n\nHoly Roman Empire (Protestant states)\n1559\n1700\n\n\nSweden\n1559\n1753\n\n\nFrance\n1564[32]\n1582[n 1]\n\n\nSouthern Netherlands\n1576[33]\n1582\n\n\nLorraine\n1579\n1682\n\n\nDutch Republic\n1583\n1582\n\n\nScotland\n1600[34][35]\n1752\n\n\nRussia\n1700[36]\n1918\n\n\nTuscany\n1721\n1750\n\n\nGreat Britain and the British Empire\nexcept Scotland\n1752[34]\n1752\n\n" ]	[ "1918" ]
-710042703838664106	Maze Runner: The Death Cure	Maze Runner : the Death Cure - wikipedia Maze Runner : the Death Cure Jump to : navigation , search For the book the film is based on , see The Death Cure . Maze Runner : The Death Cure Directed by Wes Ball Produced by Ellen Goldsmith - Vein Wyck Godfrey Marty Bowen Lee Stollman Wes Ball Screenplay by T.S. Nowlin Based on The Death Cure by James Dashner Starring Dylan O'Brien Kaya Scodelario Thomas Brodie - Sangster Ki Hong Lee Giancarlo Esposito Aidan Gillen Barry Pepper Will Poulter Patricia Clarkson Music by John Paesano Cinematography Gyula Pados Edited by Dan Zimmerman Production company Gotham Group Temple Hill Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) ( US ) Country United States Language English Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( also known simply as The Death Cure ) is an upcoming American dystopian science - fiction action thriller film directed by Wes Ball , based on The Death Cure , the final book in The Maze Runner trilogy , written by James Dashner , with a screenplay by T.S. Nowlin . It is the sequel to the 2015 film Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series . Maze Runner : The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17 , 2017 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox , but the studio rescheduled the film for January 26 , 2018 in 3D , 2D and IMAX 3D , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover from his injuries sustained on - set . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) In the conclusion to the Maze Runner trilogy , Thomas leads his group of escaped Gladers on their final and most dangerous mission yet . To save their friends , they must break into the legendary Last City , a WCKD - controlled labyrinth that may turn out to be the deadliest maze of all . Anyone who makes it out alive will get answers to the questions the Gladers have been asking since they first arrived in the maze . Cast ( edit ) Dylan O'Brien as Thomas Kaya Scodelario as Teresa Agnes Thomas Brodie - Sangster as Newt Dexter Darden as Frypan Nathalie Emmanuel as Harriet Giancarlo Esposito as Jorge Aidan Gillen as Janson Walton Goggins as Lawrence Ki Hong Lee as Minho Jacob Lofland as Aris Jones Barry Pepper as Vince Will Poulter as Gally Rosa Salazar as Brenda Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige Production ( edit ) In March 2015 , it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin , who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film , would adapt Maze Runner : The Death Cure . Wes Ball confirmed that , if he returns to direct , the film will not be split into two parts of film . On September 16 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Vancouver . Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con International that filming would begin in February 2016 . On March 18 , 2016 , it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized . James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident . It was said that the producers were `` looking to '' resume filming around mid-May . According to the Directors Guild of Canada 's production list , the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9 , and complete principal photography on July 26 . However , on April 29 , 2016 , production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought . Filming resumed on March 6 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa . In May 2017 , it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence , described as `` an unusual and dangerous character who is part - revolutionary , part - anarchist , and a voice for the voiceless people . '' Principal photography wrapped on June 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 . However , due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries , the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met . On May 27 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12 , 2018 , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover . On April 22 , 2017 , the studio delayed the release date once again , to February 9 , 2018 , in order to allow more time for post-production ; months later , on August 25 , the studio moved the release forward two weeks . The film will premiere on January 26 , 2018 in 3D , 2D , IMAX and IMAX 3D . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner ' Finale ' The Death Cure ' Wo n't Be Split Into Two Movies '' . / Film . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner 3 to begin filming in Vancouver in March '' . Vancity Buzz . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. , Aliza ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : Death Cure ' News And Updates : Filming Confirmed ; Release Date Set On February '' . jobsnhire.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ClevverTV ( @ ClevverTV ) ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` The script for Death Cure is currently being worked on & will begin filming in February # ScorchTrials # ScorchSneakPeek '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Star Dylan O'Brien Injured on Set '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Star Dylan O'Brien Healing Very Well After On - Set Accident , Will Return to Work in About Six Weeks - E ! Online '' . E ! Online . 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan O'Brien's Injuries Force ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Extend Production Shut Down '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure Resumes Filming In February '' . 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Bailey ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wes Ball ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Filming '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Walton Goggins Set For ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Wes Ball ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Thanks to a great cast and crew for a hell of an experience . '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE Set for 2017 Release ; Miraculously Not Being Split into Two Movies '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien's ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Release Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wes Ball ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hey maze fans . Do n't worry . Release date shifted 4 weeks . It 's a good thing . I get four more weeks of vfx finals , sound mixing , editing . '' . Delay . Jump up ^ Anthony , D'Allessandro ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' New Mutants ' & ' Dark Phoenix ' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox 's Slew Of Release Changes & Additions '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave , McNary ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Maze Runner : The Death Cure on IMDb ( hide ) The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Main trilogy The Maze Runner The Scorch Trials The Death Cure Prequels The Kill Order The Fever Code Film series The Maze Runner Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Maze Runner : The Death Cure Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maze_Runner:_The_Death_Cure&oldid=804567945 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s mystery films 2010s science fiction films 2010s teen films 20th Century Fox films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films American sequel films Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Wes Ball Films shot in South Africa IMAX films The Maze Runner Post-apocalyptic films Science fiction adventure films Teen mystery films Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 21 : 04 . About Wikipedia	when does the next maze runner movie come out	[ "Maze Runner: The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17, 2017, in the United States by 20th Century Fox, but the studio rescheduled the film for January 26, 2018 in 3D, 2D and IMAX 3D, allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover from his injuries sustained on-set." ]	[ "January 26, 2018" ]
-4813298446775328537	List of National Football League career passing touchdowns leaders	List of National football League career Passing touchdowns Leaders - wikipedia List of National football League career Passing touchdowns Leaders This is a list of National Football League ( NFL ) quarterbacks by total career regular season passing touchdowns . This list includes all quarterbacks who have thrown for at least 200 career touchdowns . Contents 1 Players with at least 200 passing touchdowns 2 Notes 3 Active players with 160 -- 199 touchdowns 4 Most career touchdown passes including playoff games 5 Historical passing touchdowns leaders 6 See also 7 References Players with at least 200 Passing touchdowns Key Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame * Denotes player who is still active in the NFL Through Week 8 of 2018 season in progress . Peyton Manning has more touchdowns than any other NFL quarterback , with 539 . Rank Player Team ( s ) by season Touchdowns Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts ( 1998 -- 2011 ) Denver Broncos ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 539 Brett Favre Atlanta Falcons ( 1991 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1992 -- 2007 ) New York Jets ( 2008 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 508 Tom Brady New England Patriots ( 2000 -- present ) 504 Drew Brees San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2005 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2006 -- present ) 501 5 Dan Marino Miami Dolphins ( 1983 -- 1999 ) 420 6 Philip Rivers San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( 2004 -- present ) 359 7 Eli Manning New York Giants ( 2004 -- present ) 346 8 Fran Tarkenton Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- 1966 ) , ( 1972 -- 1978 ) New York Giants ( 1967 -- 1971 ) 342 9 Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2004 -- present ) 341 10 Aaron Rodgers Green Bay Packers ( 2005 -- present ) 325 11 John Elway Denver Broncos ( 1983 -- 1998 ) 300 12 Carson Palmer Cincinnati Bengals ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2013 -- 2017 ) 294 13 Warren Moon Houston Oilers ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 291 14 Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts ( 1956 -- 1972 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1973 ) 290 15 Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons ( 2008 -- present ) 275 Vinny Testaverde Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Cleveland Browns ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 1996 -- 1997 ) New York Jets ( 1998 -- 2003 , 2005 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2004 ) New England Patriots ( 2006 ) Carolina Panthers ( 2007 ) 17 Joe Montana San Francisco 49ers ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1993 -- 1994 ) 273 18 Dave Krieg Seattle Seahawks ( 1980 -- 1991 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Detroit Lions ( 1994 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 1995 ) Chicago Bears ( 1996 ) Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 261 19 Sonny Jurgensen Philadelphia Eagles ( 1957 -- 1963 ) Washington Redskins ( 1964 -- 1974 ) 255 20 Dan Fouts San Diego Chargers ( 1973 -- 1987 ) 254 21 Drew Bledsoe New England Patriots ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Buffalo Bills ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 251 22 Tony Romo Dallas Cowboys ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 248 23 Boomer Esiason Cincinnati Bengals ( 1984 -- 1992 , 1997 ) New York Jets ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 1996 ) 247 24 John Hadl San Diego Chargers ( 1962 -- 1972 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Houston Oilers ( 1976 -- 1977 ) 244 25 Len Dawson Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Cleveland Browns ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Dallas Texans ( 1962 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1963 -- 1975 ) 239 26 Jim Kelly Buffalo Bills ( 1986 -- 1996 ) 237 27 George Blanda Chicago Bears ( 1949 , 1950 -- 1958 ) Baltimore Colts ( 1950 ) Houston Oilers ( 1960 -- 1966 ) Oakland Raiders ( 1967 -- 1975 ) 236 28 Donovan McNabb Philadelphia Eagles ( 1999 -- 2009 ) Washington Redskins ( 2010 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2011 ) 234 29 Steve Young Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1985 -- 1986 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1987 -- 1999 ) 232 30 Matthew Stafford Detroit Lions ( 2009 -- present ) 228 31 Jay Cutler Denver Broncos ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Chicago Bears ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Miami Dolphins ( 2017 ) 227 32 John Brodie San Francisco 49ers ( 1957 -- 1973 ) 214 33 Terry Bradshaw Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1970 -- 1983 ) 212 Matt Hasselbeck Green Bay Packers ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Y.A. Tittle Baltimore Colts ( 1950 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1951 -- 1960 ) New York Giants ( 1961 -- 1964 ) 36 Joe Flacco Baltimore Ravens ( 2008 -- present ) 211 37 Jim Hart St. Louis Cardinals ( 1966 -- 1983 ) Washington Redskins ( 1984 ) 209 38 Kerry Collins Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) New Orleans Saints ( 1998 ) New York Giants ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Oakland Raiders ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Tennessee Titans ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Indianapolis Colts ( 2011 ) 208 Kurt Warner St. Louis Rams ( 1998 -- 2003 ) New York Giants ( 2004 ) Arizona Cardinals ( 2005 -- 2009 ) 40 Randall Cunningham Philadelphia Eagles ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2000 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2001 ) 207 41 Jim Everett Los Angeles Rams ( 1986 -- 1993 ) New Orleans Saints ( 1994 -- 1996 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1997 ) 203 42 Roman Gabriel Los Angeles Rams ( 1962 -- 1972 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1973 -- 1977 ) 201 Notes Jump up ^ Hadl was traded during the 1974 season ; he played six games for the Rams and eight for the Packers . Jump up ^ Blanda was traded during the 1950 season ; he played one game for the Colts and eleven games for the Bears . Jump up ^ Tittle 's 30 touchdown passes in the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) are not including in this total , as the NFL does not recognize statistics accumulated in the AAFC . Active players with 160 -- 199 touchdowns Through Week 8 of 2018 season . Alex Smith , 190 Ryan Fitzpatrick , 184 Andy Dalton , 182 Russell Wilson , 174 Cam Newton , 169 Most career touchdown passes including playoff games Bold indicates player active . Peyton Manning , 579 Tom Brady , 575 Brett Favre , 552 Drew Brees , 530 Dan Marino , 452 Historical Passing touchdowns Leaders Fourteen players are recognized as having held outright or tied the record as the NFL 's career passing touchdowns leader . The longest record holder was Fran Tarkenton who held the record for 20 years . Elmer Oliphant was the 1st record holder Benny Friedman held the record 14 years , including all of the 1930 's Fran Tarkenton was the leader 20 years , including all of the 1980 's Reign Player Team ( s ) while leader Career passing touchdowns Season ( s ) 1921 -- 1922 ( 2 years ) Elmer Oliphant Buffalo All - Americans 7 1921 -- 1922 1923 Lou Smyth Canton Bulldogs 8 1923 1924 -- 1928 ( 5 years ) Curly Lambeau Green Bay Packers 14 1924 19 1925 22 1926 23 1927 24 1928 Tied 1928 Red Dunn Green Bay Packers 1929 -- 1942 ( 14 years ) Benny Friedman New York Giants 1929 - 1931 Brooklyn Dodgers 1932 - 1934 40 1929 53 1930 56 1931 61 1932 66 1933 -- 1942 Tied 1940 -- 1942 ( 3 years ) Arnie Herber Green Bay Packers 1940 -- 1942 1943 -- 1961 ( 19 years ) Sammy Baugh Washington Redskins 80 1943 84 1944 95 1945 103 1946 128 1947 150 1948 168 1949 178 1950 185 1951 187 1952 -- 1961 Tied 1961 -- 1962 ( 2 years ) Bobby Layne Pittsburgh Steelers 1961 196 1962 1962 -- 1966 ( 5 years ) Y.A. Tittle New York Giants 1962 232 1963 242 1964 -- 1966 1967 -- 1974 ( 8 years ) Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts ( 1967 -- 1972 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1973 ) 252 1967 254 1968 266 1969 280 1970 283 1971 287 1972 290 1973 -- 1974 1975 -- 1994 ( 20 years ) Fran Tarkenton Minnesota Vikings 291 308 1976 317 1977 342 1978 -- 1994 1995 -- 2006 ( 12 years ) Dan Marino Miami Dolphins 352 1995 369 385 1997 408 1998 420 1999 -- 2006 2007 -- 2013 ( 7 years ) Brett Favre Green Bay Packers ( 2007 ) New York Jets ( 2008 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 442 2007 464 2008 497 2009 508 2010 -- 2013 Since 2014 ( 5 years ) Peyton Manning Denver Broncos 530 2014 539 Since 2015 See also Most wins by a starting quarterback ( NFL ) List of National Football League career passing yards leaders List of National Football League career passing completions leaders List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics List of National Football League playoffs passing touchdowns leaders NFL records ( individual ) References General NFL Passing Leaders -- complete list Pro-football-reference.com enumeration of career passing leaders Footnotes Jump up ^ Pavlick , Ed ( 1980 ) . `` Pro Football Records Should Include the AAFC '' ( PDF ) . The Coffin Corner . Professional Football Researchers Association . 2 ( 7 ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jerry ( 2015 ) . Pass Receiving in Early Pro Football : A History to the 1960s ( illustrated ed . ) . McFarland . p. 137 . ISBN 078649946X . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Y.A. Tittle '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Passing Touchdowns Career Leaders '' . Pro football reference.com. 2018 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Touchdowns Leaders Through 1922 '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Touchdowns Leaders Through 1923 '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Curly Lambeau stats '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dunn stats '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Friedman stats '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Arnie Herber stats '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sammy Baugh stats '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Layne stats '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Tittle stats '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Unitas stats '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Fran Tarkenton stats '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Marino stats '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre stats '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning stats '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . National Football League records and leaders General Super Bowl records Team playoff records Team records Individual records Games played Consecutive games and starts 99 - yard pass play All - purpose yards Scoring Passing Career Touchdowns Regular season Playoffs Yards 5,000 passing yards Completions Passer rating Wins Playoff win -- loss records Consecutive starts Consecutive games with a TD pass Annual Touchdowns Yards Completion percentage Rating Game Touchdowns Perfect passer rating 500 passing yards Rushing Career Touchdowns Yards Attempts Annual Touchdowns Yards 2,000 - yard club 1,000 - yard duos Receiving Career Touchdowns Yards Receptions Annual Touchdowns Yards Receptions Defense Career Sacks Interceptions Annual Sacks Interceptions Special teams Annual Punting yards Punt return yards Kickoff return yards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_career_passing_touchdowns_leaders&oldid=866138055 '' Categories : Lists of National Football League players National Football League records and achievements American football quarterbacks Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 14 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who has the most passing tds in nfl history	[ "\n\n\nRank\n\nPlayer\n\nTeam(s) by season\n\nTouchdowns\n\n\n1\n\nPeyton Manning\n\nIndianapolis Colts (1998–2011)Denver Broncos (2012–2015)\n\n539\n\n\n2\n\nBrett Favre^\n\nAtlanta Falcons (1991)Green Bay Packers (1992–2007)New York Jets (2008)Minnesota Vikings (2009–2010)\n\n508\n\n\n3\n\nTom Brady\n\nNew England Patriots (2000–present)\n\n504\n\n\n4\n\nDrew Brees\n\nSan Diego Chargers (2001–2005)New Orleans Saints (2006–present)\n\n501\n\n\n5\n\nDan Marino^\n\nMiami Dolphins (1983–1999)\n\n420\n\n\n6\n\nPhilip Rivers\n\nSan Diego/Los Angeles Chargers (2004–present)\n\n359\n\n\n7\n\nEli Manning\n\nNew York Giants (2004–present)\n\n346\n\n\n8\n\nFran Tarkenton^\n\nMinnesota Vikings (1961–1966), (1972–1978)New York Giants (1967–1971)\n\n342\n\n\n9\n\nBen Roethlisberger\n\nPittsburgh Steelers (2004–present)\n\n341\n\n\n10\n\nAaron Rodgers\n\nGreen Bay Packers (2005–present)\n\n325\n\n\n11\n\nJohn Elway^\n\nDenver Broncos (1983–1998)\n\n300\n\n\n12\n\nCarson Palmer\n\nCincinnati Bengals (2003–2010)Oakland Raiders (2011–2012)Arizona Cardinals (2013–2017)\n\n294\n\n\n13\n\nWarren Moon^\n\nHouston Oilers (1984–1993)Minnesota Vikings (1994–1996)Seattle Seahawks (1997–1998)Kansas City Chiefs (1999–2000)\n\n291\n\n\n14\n\nJohnny Unitas^\n\nBaltimore Colts (1956–1972)San Diego Chargers (1973)\n\n290\n\n\n15\n\nMatt Ryan\n\nAtlanta Falcons (2008–present)\n\n275\n\n\nVinny Testaverde\n\nTampa Bay Buccaneers (1987–1992)Cleveland Browns (1993–1995)Baltimore Ravens (1996–1997)New York Jets (1998–2003, 2005)Dallas Cowboys (2004)New England Patriots (2006)Carolina Panthers (2007)\n\n\n17\n\nJoe Montana^\n\nSan Francisco 49ers (1979–1992)Kansas City Chiefs (1993–1994)\n\n273\n\n\n18\n\nDave Krieg\n\nSeattle Seahawks (1980–1991)Kansas City Chiefs (1992–1993)Detroit Lions (1994)Arizona Cardinals (1995)Chicago Bears (1996)Tennessee Oilers (1997–1998)\n\n261\n\n\n19\n\nSonny Jurgensen^\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1957–1963)Washington Redskins (1964–1974)\n\n255\n\n\n20\n\nDan Fouts^\n\nSan Diego Chargers (1973–1987)\n\n254\n\n\n21\n\nDrew Bledsoe\n\nNew England Patriots (1993–2001)Buffalo Bills (2002–2004)Dallas Cowboys (2005–2006)\n\n251\n\n\n22\n\nTony Romo\n\nDallas Cowboys (2003–2016)\n\n248\n\n\n23\n\nBoomer Esiason\n\nCincinnati Bengals (1984–1992, 1997)New York Jets (1993–1995)Arizona Cardinals (1996)\n\n247\n\n\n24\n\nJohn Hadl\n\nSan Diego Chargers (1962–1972)Los Angeles Rams (1973–1974[a])Green Bay Packers (1974–1975)Houston Oilers (1976–1977)\n\n244\n\n\n25\n\nLen Dawson^\n\nPittsburgh Steelers (1957–1959)Cleveland Browns (1960–1961)Dallas Texans (1962)Kansas City Chiefs (1963–1975)\n\n239\n\n\n26\n\nJim Kelly^\n\nBuffalo Bills (1986–1996)\n\n237\n\n\n27\n\nGeorge Blanda^\n\nChicago Bears (1949, 1950[b]–1958)Baltimore Colts (1950)Houston Oilers (1960–1966)Oakland Raiders (1967–1975)\n\n236\n\n\n28\n\nDonovan McNabb\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1999–2009)Washington Redskins (2010)Minnesota Vikings (2011)\n\n234\n\n\n29\n\nSteve Young^\n\nTampa Bay Buccaneers (1985–1986)San Francisco 49ers (1987–1999)\n\n232\n\n\n30\n\nMatthew Stafford\n\nDetroit Lions (2009–present)\n\n228\n\n\n31\n\nJay Cutler\n\nDenver Broncos (2006–2008)Chicago Bears (2009–2016)Miami Dolphins (2017)\n\n227\n\n\n32\n\nJohn Brodie\n\nSan Francisco 49ers (1957–1973)\n\n214\n\n\n33\n\nTerry Bradshaw^\n\nPittsburgh Steelers (1970–1983)\n\n212\n\n\nMatt Hasselbeck\n\nGreen Bay Packers (1998–2000)Seattle Seahawks (2001–2010)Tennessee Titans (2011–2012)Indianapolis Colts (2013–2015)\n\n\nY. A. Tittle^[c]\n\nBaltimore Colts (1950)San Francisco 49ers (1951–1960)New York Giants (1961–1964)\n\n\n36\n\nJoe Flacco*\n\nBaltimore Ravens (2008–present)\n\n211\n\n\n37\n\nJim Hart\n\nSt. Louis Cardinals (1966–1983)Washington Redskins (1984)\n\n209\n\n\n38\n\nKerry Collins\n\nCarolina Panthers (1995–1998)New Orleans Saints (1998)New York Giants (1999–2003)Oakland Raiders (2004–2005)Tennessee Titans (2006–2010)Indianapolis Colts (2011)\n\n208\n\n\nKurt Warner^\n\nSt. Louis Rams (1998–2003)New York Giants (2004)Arizona Cardinals (2005–2009)\n\n\n40\n\nRandall Cunningham\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1985–1995)Minnesota Vikings (1997–1999)Dallas Cowboys (2000)Baltimore Ravens (2001)\n\n207\n\n\n41\n\nJim Everett\n\nLos Angeles Rams (1986–1993)New Orleans Saints (1994–1996)San Diego Chargers (1997)\n\n203\n\n\n42\n\nRoman Gabriel\n\nLos Angeles Rams (1962–1972)Philadelphia Eagles (1973–1977)\n\n201\n" ]	[ "Peyton Manning" ]
6912750272129919425	Dreams to Remember: The Otis Redding Anthology	Dreams to Remember : the Otis Redding Anthology - wikipedia Dreams to Remember : the Otis Redding Anthology Jump to : navigation , search Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Anthology Compilation album by Otis Redding Released August 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 18 ) Recorded at Macon , Georgia , Muscle Shoals , Alabama and at Stax Studios , Memphis , Tennessee from 1960 ( 1960 ) to November 22 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 22 ) . Tracks 20 -- 24 on disc 2 recorded live at The Monterey International Pop Festival , Monterey , California on June 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 06 - 17 ) Genre R&B / Soul Label Rhino Producer Gary Stewart , David Gorman , Bill Inglot Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Anthology is a 1998 compilation album by American soul singer - songwriter Otis Redding . Advertised as a stopgap between the greatest hits album Very Best Of and the boxset Otis ! The Definitive Otis Redding , this two - disc album offers most of Redding 's greatest hits , a few album tracks and 5 live recordings taken from The Monterey International Pop Festival . In his review for Allmusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that while the music on the album is superb , it tries to be both a best of and a box set and so fails at both . The album sold in excess of 40,000 copies and was voted 147th on the 500 greatest albums of all time by Rolling Stone . Track listing ( edit ) Disc 1 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Shout Bamalama '' ( performed by Redding , The Pinetoppers ) Otis Redding 1 : 57 2 . `` These Arms of Mine '' Redding 2 : 33 3 . `` That 's What My Heart Needs '' Redding 2 : 40 4 . `` Pain in My Heart '' Naomi Neville 2 : 25 5 . `` Come to Me '' Redding , Phil Walden 2 : 47 6 . `` Security '' Redding 2 : 38 7 . `` Chained and Bound '' Redding 2 : 43 8 . `` Mr. Pitiful '' Steve Cropper , Redding 2 : 40 9 . `` That 's How Strong My Love Is '' Roosevelt Jamison 2 : 25 10 . `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' Jerry Butler , Redding 3 : 15 11 . `` Respect '' Redding 2 : 10 12 . `` Ole Man Trouble '' Redding 2 : 38 13 . `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Sam Cooke 4 : 16 14 . `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' Mick Jagger , Keith Richards 2 : 46 15 . `` Down in the Valley '' Bert Berns , Joseph C. Martin , Marvin Chivian , Soloman Burke 2 : 59 16 . `` Shake '' Cooke 2 : 41 17 . `` My Girl '' Smokey Robinson , Ronald White 2 : 56 18 . `` You Do n't Miss Your Water '' William Bell 2 : 52 19 . `` Cupid '' Cooke 3 : 10 20 . `` I Ca n't Turn You Loose '' Redding 2 : 48 21 . `` Just One More Day '' Steve Cropper , Redding , Robinson 3 : 30 22 . `` My Lover 's Prayer '' Redding 3 : 11 23 . `` Cigarettes and Coffee '' Butler , Thomas , Walker 4 : 00 24 . `` It 's Growing '' Warren Moore , Robinson 2 : 49 25 . `` Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa ( Sad Song ) '' Cropper , Redding 2 : 43 26 . `` Try a Little Tenderness '' James Campbell , Reginald Connelly , Harry M. Woods 3 : 47 Disc 2 No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` You Left the Water Running '' Oscar Frank , Rick Hall , Dan Penn 2 : 47 2 . `` Trick or Treat '' Isaac Hayes , David Porter 3 : 13 3 . `` Tramp '' ( performed by Redding , Carla Thomas ) Lowell Fulson , Jimmy McCracklin 3 : 03 4 . `` Lovey Dovey '' ( performed by Redding , Thomas ) Ahmet Ertegün , Memphis Edward Curtis 2 : 36 5 . `` Let Me Come on Home '' Al Jackson Jr. , Redding , Booker T. Jones 2 : 55 6 . `` I Love You More Than Words Can Say '' Eddie Floyd , Jones 2 : 55 7 . `` Merry Christmas , Baby '' Lou Baxter , Johnny Moore 2 : 29 8 . `` The Glory of Love '' William Hill 2 : 50 9 . `` Tell the Truth '' Lowman Pauling 3 : 13 10 . `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' Zelma Redding , Otis Redding , Joe Rock 3 : 15 11 . `` The Happy Song ( Dum - Dum ) '' Cropper , Redding 2 : 45 12 . `` Hard to Handle '' Allen Jones , Alvertis Isbell , Redding 2 : 20 13 . `` Amen '' Traditional 3 : 06 14 . `` Direct Me '' Cropper , Redding 2 : 19 15 . `` Love Man '' Redding 2 : 18 16 . `` Look at That Girl '' Edward Morris , Sandy Stewart 2 : 38 17 . `` I 'm a Changed Man '' Cropper , Redding 2 : 22 18 . `` The Match Game '' Porter , Redding 2 : 53 19 . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' Cropper , Redding 2 : 49 20 . `` Shake ( live ) '' Cooke 2 : 57 21 . `` Respect ( live ) '' Redding 3 : 00 22 . `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long ( live ) '' Butler , Redding 4 : 08 23 . `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction ( live ) '' Jagger , Richards 3 : 33 24 . `` Try a Little Tenderness ( Live ) '' Campbell , Connelly , Woods 5 : 13 Personnel ( edit ) Otis Redding -- vocals , guitar Carla Thomas -- vocals Booker T. Jones -- guitar , piano , electronic organ Steve Cropper -- guitar , piano , bass Johnny Jenkins -- guitar Charles `` Packy '' Axton -- tenor saxophone Andrew Love -- tenor saxophone Joe Arnold -- tenor saxophone Gilbert Caples -- tenor saxophone Gene Parker -- tenor saxophone Tommie Lee Williams -- tenor saxophone Floyd Newman -- baritone saxophone Wayne Jackson -- trumpet Sammie Coleman -- trumpet Gene `` Bowlegs '' Miller -- trumpet Ben Cauley -- trumpet Isaac Hayes -- piano , organ Lewis Steinberg -- bass Donald `` Duck '' Dunn -- bass Wayne Cochran -- bass Al Jackson , Jr. -- drums Rick Hall -- drums Phil Walden -- tambourine William Bell David Porter -- background vocals The Pinetoppers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Rhino Records online store Archived October 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Anthology reviewed at Allmusic link Jump up ^ Rolling Stone article Otis Redding Studio albums Pain in My Heart The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads Otis Blue The Soul Album Complete & Unbelievable : The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul King & Queen ( duet album w / Carla Thomas ) Posthumous albums The Immortal Otis Redding Love Man Tell the Truth Live albums Live in Europe In Person at the Whisky a Go Go Monterey International Pop Festival Good to Me : Live at the Whisky a Go Go , Vol. 2 Compilation albums The History of Otis Redding The Dock of the Bay The Best of Otis Redding Remember Me The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 1 Otis ! The Definitive Otis Redding The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 2 Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Anthology Singles ( US / UK Top Ten singles ) `` These Arms of Mine '' `` Mr. Pitiful '' `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' `` Respect '' `` Satisfaction '' `` My Lover 's Prayer '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` The Happy Song ( Dum - Dum ) '' `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' ( Live ) . `` You Left the Water Running '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums Shake ! Otis at Monterey Steve Cropper Booker T. & the M.G. 's Carla Thomas Stax Deep Soul Soul `` Otis '' ( song ) Andrew Love Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dreams_to_Remember:_The_Otis_Redding_Anthology&oldid=807260217 '' Categories : 1998 compilation albums Otis Redding albums Compilation albums published posthumously Rhythm and blues compilation albums Rhino Records compilation albums Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 22 : 09 . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song i've got dreams to remember	[ "Dreams to Remember: The Otis Redding Anthology is a 1998 compilation album by American soul singer-songwriter Otis Redding. Advertised as a stopgap between the greatest hits album Very Best Of and the boxset Otis! The Definitive Otis Redding,[2] this two-disc album offers most of Redding's greatest hits, a few album tracks and 5 live recordings taken from The Monterey International Pop Festival. In his review for Allmusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that while the music on the album is superb, it tries to be both a best of and a box set and so fails at both.[3]" ]	[ "Otis Redding" ]
-1372531710172556523	When You Say Nothing at All	When You Say Nothing at All - wikipedia When You Say Nothing at All Jump to : navigation , search `` When You Say Nothing at All '' Single by Keith Whitley from the album Do n't Close Your Eyes B - side `` Lucky Dog '' Released August 1988 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded Genre Country Length 3 : 40 Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Paul Overstreet Don Schlitz Producer ( s ) Garth Fundis , Keith Whitley Keith Whitley singles chronology `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' ( 1988 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1988 ) `` I 'm No Stranger to the Rain '' ( 1989 ) `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' ( 1988 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1988 ) `` I 'm No Stranger to the Rain '' ( 1989 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' is a country song written by Paul Overstreet and Don Schlitz . It is among the best - known hit songs for three different performers : Keith Whitley , who took it to the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart on December 24 , 1988 ; Alison Krauss , whose version was her first solo top - 10 country hit in 1995 ; and Irish pop singer Ronan Keating , whose version was his first solo single and a chart - topper in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Keith Whitley 2.1 Chart performance 3 Alison Krauss version 3.1 Track listing 3.2 Chart performance 3.3 Year - end charts 4 Ronan Keating version 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Charts and certifications 4.2. 1 Weekly charts 4.2. 2 Year - end charts 4.2. 3 Certifications 5 Other covers 6 References 7 External links Origin ( edit ) Overstreet and Schlitz came up with `` When You Say Nothing at All '' at the end of an otherwise unproductive day . Strumming a guitar , trying to write their next song , they were coming up empty . `` As we tried to find another way to say nothing , we came up with the song , '' Overstreet later told author Ace Collins . They thought the song was OK , but nothing special . When Keith Whitley heard it , he loved it , and was not going to let it get away . Earlier , he had recorded another Overstreet - Schlitz composition that became a No. 1 hit for another artist - Randy Travis ' `` On the Other Hand . '' Whitley did not plan to let `` When You Say Nothing at All '' meet the same fate . Keith Whitley ( edit ) RCA released `` When You Say Nothing at All '' as the follow - up single to the title song of Whitley 's Do n't Close Your Eyes album . The former song already had hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart , his first chart - topper after three prior singles made the top 10 . `` When You Say Nothing at All '' entered the Hot Country Singles chart on September 17 , 1988 , at No. 61 , and gradually rose to the top , where it stayed for two weeks at the end of the year . It was the second of five consecutive chart - topping singles for Whitley , who did not live to see the last two , as he died on May 9 , 1989 of alcohol poisoning . `` Keith did a great job singin ' that song , '' co-composer Schlitz told author Tom Roland . `` He truly sang it from the heart . '' In 2004 , Whitley 's original was ranked 12th among CMT 's 100 Greatest Love Songs . It was sung by Sara Evans on the show . As of February 2015 , the song has sold 599,000 digital copies in the US after it became available for download . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Alison Krauss version ( edit ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' Single by Alison Krauss & Union Station from the album Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album & Now That I 've Found You : A Collection B - side `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina '' by Keith Whitley Released 1995 Format 7 '' vinyl single Genre Country Length 4 : 20 Label BNA Songwriter ( s ) Paul Overstreet Don Schlitz Producer ( s ) Randy Scruggs Alison Krauss & Union Station singles chronology `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1995 ) `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1995 ) `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1995 ) `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' ( 1995 ) In 1995 , Alison Krauss covered the song with the group Union Station for a tribute album to Whitley titled Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album . The single release featured `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina , '' one of several previously - unreleased tracks sung by Whitley on the album , as the B - side . After Krauss 's cover began to receive unsolicited airplay , BNA Records , the label that had released the album , issued Krauss ' version to radio in January 1995 . That version , also featured on Krauss ' compilation Now That I 've Found You : A Collection , peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart , and a commercial single reached No. 2 on the same magazine 's Hot Country Singles Sales chart . The single 's B - side was a previously unreleased Whitley song titled `` Charlotte 's in North Carolina '' , which also appeared on the tribute album . Its success , as well as that of the album , caught Krauss by surprise . `` It 's a freak thing , '' she told a Los Angeles Times reporter in March 1995 . `` It 's kinda ticklin ' us all . We have n't had anything really chart before . At all . Is n't it funny though ? We do n't know what 's goin ' on ... The office said , ' Hey , it 's charting , ' and we 're like , ' Huh ? ' '' While Krauss ' version was on the charts , Mike Cromwell , then the production director at WMIL - FM in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , concocted a duet merging elements of Krauss ' version with Whitley 's original hit version . The `` duet '' garnered national attention , and it spread from at least Philadelphia to Albuquerque , and has been heard on radio stations in California as well . This `` duet '' was however never officially serviced to radio and has never been available commercially . Krauss ' recording won the 1995 CMA award for `` Single of the Year '' . The song has been featured a couple of times in the soap opera The Young and the Restless . Krauss ' version was also used in the 1999 motion picture `` The Other Sister '' . The song has sold 468,000 digital downloads as of May 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Charlotte 's In North Carolina '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 91 US Billboard Hot 100 53 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 99 Ronan Keating version ( edit ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' Single by Ronan Keating from the album Ronan , Notting Hill and By Request Released July 26 , 1999 Format CD single , cassette single Recorded 1999 ; Metropolis and the Aquarium ( London , United Kingdom ) Genre Pop adult contemporary Length 4 : 18 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Paul Overstreet Don Schlitz Producer ( s ) Stephen Lipson Ronan Keating singles chronology `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1999 ) `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' ( 2000 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( 1999 ) `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' ( 2000 ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' was released as the debut solo single by Irish singer - songwriter Ronan Keating . The song was recorded in 1999 for the soundtrack to the film Notting Hill and also appeared on Keating 's debut solo album , Ronan . The song was released on July 26 , 1999 , in the United Kingdom . It peaked at number one in the UK , Ireland , and New Zealand . In the UK , the single was certified gold . In 2003 , Keating re-recorded the song as a duet with Mexican singer Paulina Rubio , which was released in Mexico and Latin America ( excluding Brazil ) to promote Keating 's second studio album , Destination . In Brazil , Ronan chose the Brazilian singer Deborah Blando to re-record the song for the 10 Years Of Hits album exclusive for that country ( an exclusive music video was recorded for this version with Deborah ) . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD single # 1 `` When You Say Nothing at All '' -- 4 : 18 `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( acoustic version ) -- 3 : 30 `` This Is Your Song '' -- 4 : 03 `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( music video ) -- 4 : 25 UK CD single # 2 `` When You Say Nothing At All '' -- 4 : 18 `` At The End Of A Perfect Day '' -- 4 : 37 `` I Will Miss You '' -- 3 : 05 UK Cassette single `` When You Say Nothing at All '' -- 4 : 18 `` This Is Your Song '' -- 4 : 03 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 38 Denmark ( IFPI ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 5 France ( SNEP ) 41 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certifications Australia Platinum Norway Gold United Kingdom Platinum Other covers ( edit ) The Italian - Ukrainian - Brazilian singer Deborah Blando recorded `` When You Say Nothing at All '' in English and Portuguese for the Brazilian version of the song , which featured on the Brazilian version of Destination . The single reached the top 10 in the Latin charts . Burmese singer Zaw Paing also made a Burmese version cover . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Collins , Ace ( 1996 ) . The Stories Behind Country Music 's All - Time Greatest 100 Songs . New York : Boulevard . p. 268 . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 072 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Roland , Tom ( 1991 ) . The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits . New York : Billboard . p. 539 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7553 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2005 ) . Top Country Songs 1944 - 2005 . Menomonee Falls , Wis. : Record Research . p. 416 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 165 - 9 . Jump up ^ CMT. `` 100 Greatest Love Songs '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Country Music 's Top 30 Digital Singles : Week of February 19 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Keith Whitley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Horak , Terri ( 1995 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Rounder Goes All Out for Grammy - Nominated Krauss '' . Billboard . Accessed via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( 1995 - 03 - 25 ) . `` A Hit from Country 's Kinfolk / Bluegrass 's most prominent figure makes her way into country music 's Top 10 . Even Alison Krauss ca n't explain it '' . Los Angeles Times . p . F1 . Accessed via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Cave , Kathy ( 1995 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Whitley , Krauss blend grabs national attention '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . p . B8 . Accessed via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : May 3 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 9199 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 19 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alison Krauss Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1995 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Billboard September 25 , 1999 . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ronan Keating : When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- KEATING , RONAN Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Ronan Keating '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ronan Keating -- When You Say Nothing At All '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1999 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje -- Trofeer '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` British Phonographic Industry '' . British Phonographic Industry . 1999 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` A Tender Lie '' by Restless Heart Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Keith Whitley ) December 24 , 1988 -- December 31 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Hold Me '' by K.T. Oslin Preceded by `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' by Ricky Martin UK Singles Chart number one single ( Ronan Keating ) August 1 , 1999 -- August 14 , 1999 Succeeded by `` If I Let You Go '' by Westlife Keith Whitley Studio albums A Hard Act to Follow L.A. to Miami Do n't Close Your Eyes I Wonder Do You Think of Me Kentucky Bluebird Wherever You Are Tonight Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Miami , My Amy '' `` Ten Feet Away '' `` Homecoming ' 63 '' `` Hard Livin ' '' `` Some Old Side Road '' `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` I 'm No Stranger to the Rain '' `` I Wonder Do You Think of Me '' `` It Ai n't Nothin ' '' `` I 'm Over You '' `` ' Til a Tear Becomes a Rose '' ( with Lorrie Morgan ) `` Brotherly Love '' ( with Earl Thomas Conley ) `` Somebody 's Doin ' Me Right '' Related articles `` Hopelessly Yours '' Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album Alison Krauss & Union Station Alison Krauss Barry Bales Ron Block Jerry Douglas Dan Tyminski John Pennell Jeff White Brent Truitt Mike Harman Adam Steffey Tim Stafford Studio albums Different Strokes Too Late to Cry Two Highways I 've Got That Old Feeling Every Time You Say Goodbye I Know Who Holds Tomorrow So Long So Wrong Forget About It New Favorite Lonely Runs Both Ways Paper Airplane Windy City Compilation albums Now That I 've Found You : A Collection Live A Hundred Miles or More : A Collection Essential Alison Krauss With Robert Plant Raising Sand Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Baby Now That I 've Found You '' `` Baby Mine '' `` The Lucky One '' `` Missing You '' `` Please Read the Letter '' `` Rich Woman '' Featured singles `` Teach Your Children '' `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' `` Whiskey Lullaby '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Alison Brown Robert Plant Viktor Krauss Up ! Close and Personal Ronan Keating Discography Studio albums Ronan ( 2000 ) Destination ( 2002 ) Turn It On ( 2003 ) Bring You Home ( 2006 ) Fires ( 2012 ) Time of My Life ( 2016 ) Cover albums Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) Winter Songs ( 2009 ) Duet ( 2010 ) When Ronan Met Burt ( 2011 ) Compilation albums 10 Years of Hits ( 2004 ) Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` In This Life '' `` Lovin ' Each Day '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` I Love It When We Do '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` Lost for Words '' `` She Believes ( In Me ) '' `` Last Thing on My Mind '' `` I Hope You Dance '' `` Father and Son '' `` Baby Can I Hold You '' `` All Over Again '' `` Iris '' `` Time After Time '' `` This Is Your Song '' `` Stay '' `` It 's Only Christmas '' `` Believe Again '' `` What The World Needs Now '' `` Fires '' `` Wasted Light '' Related articles Boyzone Paulina Rubio Studio albums La Chica Dorada 24 Kilates El Tiempo Es Oro Planeta Paulina Paulina Border Girl Pau - Latina Ananda Gran City Pop Brava ! Compilation albums Top Hits I 'm So in Love : Grandes Exitos Mio : Paulina Y Sus Éxitos Paulina Remixes Celebridades Pau Factor Extended plays Gran City Pop : The Remixes Television Pobre Niña Rica La Voz ... México La voz kids The X Factor Jane the Virgin La Apuesta Concerns and Tours Paulina Tour Pau - Latina Tour Amor , Luz y Sonido Tour Gran City Pop Tour Brava ! World Tour PauRubio Tour Related articles Discography Awards Timbiriche Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_You_Say_Nothing_at_All&oldid=832988807 '' Categories : 1988 singles 1995 singles 1999 singles Alison Krauss & Union Station songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles 1988 songs Keith Whitley songs Number - one singles in Italy Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand UK Singles Chart number - one singles Paulina Rubio songs Ronan Keating songs Songs written by Don Schlitz Songs written by Paul Overstreet Boyzone songs Song recordings produced by Garth Fundis Song recordings produced by Stephen Lipson RCA Records singles Polydor Records singles Pop ballads Music videos directed by Xavier Gens Country ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart used with UKchartstats that can not be substituted Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Kiswahili Nederlands Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote when you say nothing at all	[ "\n\n\"When You Say Nothing at All\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Keith Whitley\n\n\nfrom the album Don't Close Your Eyes\n\n\nB-side\n\"Lucky Dog\"\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 1988\n\n\nFormat\n7\" vinyl\n\n\nRecorded\n1988\n\n\nGenre\nCountry\n\n\nLength\n3:40\n\n\nLabel\nRCA Nashville\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nPaul Overstreet\nDon Schlitz\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nGarth Fundis, Keith Whitley\n\n\nKeith Whitley singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Don't Close Your Eyes\"\n(1988)\n\"When You Say Nothing at All\"\n(1988)\n\"I'm No Stranger to the Rain\"\n(1989)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Don't Close Your Eyes\"\n(1988)\n\"When You Say Nothing at All\"\n(1988)\n\"I'm No Stranger to the Rain\"\n(1989)\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"When You Say Nothing at All\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Keith Whitley\n\n\nfrom the album Don't Close Your Eyes\n\n\nB-side\n\"Lucky Dog\"\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 1988\n\n\nFormat\n7\" vinyl\n\n\nRecorded\n1988\n\n\nGenre\nCountry\n\n\nLength\n3:40\n\n\nLabel\nRCA Nashville\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nPaul Overstreet\nDon Schlitz\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nGarth Fundis, Keith Whitley\n\n\nKeith Whitley singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Don't Close Your Eyes\"\n(1988)\n\"When You Say Nothing at All\"\n(1988)\n\"I'm No Stranger to the Rain\"\n(1989)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Don't Close Your Eyes\"\n(1988)\n\"When You Say Nothing at All\"\n(1988)\n\"I'm No Stranger to the Rain\"\n(1989)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Paul Overstreet", "Don Schlitz" ]
-572998211927065214	Ghosts of Mississippi	Ghosts of Mississippi - wikipedia Ghosts of Mississippi Jump to : navigation , search Ghosts of Mississippi Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Reiner Produced by Nicholas Paleologos Rob Reiner Andrew Scheinman Frederick M. Zollo Charles Newirth Jeff Stott Written by Lewis Colick Starring Alec Baldwin Whoopi Goldberg James Woods Craig T. Nelson Lucas Black Virginia Madsen Susanna Thompson Diane Ladd Bill Cobbs William H. Macy Music by Marc Shaiman Cinematography John Seale Edited by Robert Leighton Production company Castle Rock Entertainment Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date December 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 12 - 20 ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $36 million Box office $13,323,144 Ghosts of Mississippi is a 1996 American biographical courtroom drama film directed by Rob Reiner and starring Alec Baldwin , Whoopi Goldberg and James Woods . The plot is based on the true story of the 1994 trial of Byron De La Beckwith , the white supremacist accused of the 1963 assassination of civil rights activist Medgar Evers . James Woods was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role of Byron De La Beckwith . The original music score was composed by Marc Shaiman and the cinematography is by John Seale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Medgar Evers was a black civil rights activist in Mississippi who was murdered by an assassin on June 12 , 1963 . It was suspected that Byron De La Beckwith , a white supremacist , was the murderer . He had been tried twice and both trials ended in hung juries . In 1989 , Evers ' widow Myrlie , who had been trying to bring De La Beckwith to justice for over 25 years , believed she had what it takes to bring him to trial again . Although most of the evidence from the old trial had disappeared , Bobby DeLaughter , an assistant District Attorney , decided to help her despite being warned that it might hurt his political aspirations and despite the strain that it caused in his marriage . DeLaughter becomes primarily involved with bringing De La Beckwith to trial for the third time 30 years later . In 1994 , Byron De La Beckwith was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment , giving justice to the family of Medgar Evers . Cast ( edit ) Alec Baldwin as Bobby DeLaughter Whoopi Goldberg as Myrlie Evers James Woods as Byron De La Beckwith Virginia Madsen as Dixie DeLaughter Susanna Thompson as Peggy Lloyd Craig T. Nelson as Ed Peters Lucas Black as Burt DeLaughter Alexa Vega as Claire DeLaughter William H. Macy as Charlie Crisco Benny Bennett as Lloyd `` Benny '' Bennett ( Himself ) Diane Ladd as Grandma Caroline Moore Margo Martindale as Clara Mayfield Darrell Evers as Himself Yolanda King as Reena Evers Jerry Levine as Jerry Mitchell James Van Evers as Himself Michael O'Keefe as Merrida Coxwell Bill Smitrovich as Jim Kitchens Terry O'Quinn as Judge Hilburn Rex Linn as Martin Scott James Pickens Jr. as Medgar Evers Richard Riehle as Tommy Mayfield Bonnie Bartlett as Billie DeLaughter Brock Peters as Walter Williams Wayne Rogers as Morris Dees Bill Cobbs as Charles Evers Jerry Hardin as Grandpa Barney DeLaughter Jim Harley as Delamar Dennis Music ( edit ) The soundtrack of the film , with a score by Marc Shaiman , featured two versions of the Billy Taylor composition `` I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free '' -- one sung by Dionne Farris and the other by Nina Simone -- as well as numbers by Muddy Waters , Tony Bennett , Robert Johnson and B.B. King . Reception ( edit ) The movie received mixed reviews from critics , with Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 46 % rating . The film was not a theatrical success , making only half of its budget back . See also ( edit ) African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 - 68 ) in popular culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steve McDonald , `` Marc Shaiman : Ghosts of Mississippi '' , AllMusic Review . Jump up ^ `` Ghosts of Mississippi ( 1996 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Ghosts of Mississippi on IMDb Ghosts of Mississippi at AllMovie Ghosts of Mississippi at Rotten Tomatoes Ghosts of Mississippi at Box Office Mojo Ghosts of Mississippi at Virtual History ( hide ) Films directed by Rob Reiner This Is Spinal Tap ( 1984 ) The Sure Thing ( 1985 ) Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) When Harry Met Sally ... ( 1989 ) Misery ( 1990 ) A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) North ( 1994 ) The American President ( 1995 ) Ghosts of Mississippi ( 1996 ) The Story of Us ( 1999 ) Alex & Emma ( 2003 ) Rumor Has It ( 2005 ) The Bucket List ( 2007 ) Flipped ( 2010 ) The Magic of Belle Isle ( 2012 ) And So It Goes ( 2014 ) Being Charlie ( 2015 ) LBJ ( 2016 ) Shock and Awe ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghosts_of_Mississippi&oldid=840177657 '' Categories : 1996 films English - language films 1990s drama films African - American biographical dramas American films American drama films American legal films Courtroom films Films about racism Films about activists Films about lawyers Films about miscarriage of justice Films based on actual events Films directed by Rob Reiner Films scored by Marc Shaiman Films set in Mississippi Films shot in Mississippi African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) in film Castle Rock Entertainment films Columbia Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 06 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the movie ghost of mississippi about	[ "Ghosts of Mississippi is a 1996 American biographical courtroom drama film directed by Rob Reiner and starring Alec Baldwin, Whoopi Goldberg and James Woods. The plot is based on the true story of the 1994 trial of Byron De La Beckwith, the white supremacist accused of the 1963 assassination of civil rights activist Medgar Evers." ]	[ "the true story of the 1994 trial of Byron De La Beckwith, the white supremacist accused of the 1963 assassination of civil rights activist Medgar Evers" ]
6455444515215097254	The Only Living Boy in New York (film)	The Only Living Boy in New York ( film ) - wikipedia The Only Living Boy in New York ( film ) The Only Living Boy in New York Theatrical release poster Directed by Marc Webb Produced by Albert Berger Ron Yerxa Written by Allan Loeb Starring Callum Turner Kate Beckinsale Pierce Brosnan Cynthia Nixon Kiersey Clemons Jeff Bridges Music by Rob Simonsen Cinematography Stuart Dryburgh Edited by Tim Streeto Production company Amazon Studios Big Indie Pictures Bona Fide Productions Distributed by Roadside Attractions Amazon Studios Release date August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $2.1 million The Only Living Boy in New York is a 2017 American drama film directed by Marc Webb and written by Allan Loeb . The film stars Callum Turner , Kate Beckinsale , Pierce Brosnan , Cynthia Nixon , Kiersey Clemons , and Jeff Bridges . The film was released on August 11 , 2017 , by Roadside Attractions and Amazon Studios . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Thomas Webb ( Callum Turner ) is a college graduate who is still trying to figure out what he wants to do with his life and has a one - sided crush on his friend Mimi ( Kiersey Clemons ) . One day , he meets his new neighbour , W.F. ( Jeff Bridges ) , with whom he suddenly feels a connection . Thomas begins to spend time with W.F. and tells him about his life . When Thomas hangs out in a bar with Mimi one day , they see his father , Ethan ( Pierce Brosnan ) together with another woman ( Kate Beckinsale ) . Fearing that the affair would take a toll on his already mentally unstable mother , Judith ( Cynthia Nixon ) , Thomas starts to follow and finally confronts the woman . He is surprised when the other woman , Johanna , actually knows who Thomas is . She tells him that she is a freelance editor working with his father and knows Thomas from his picture in Ethan 's office . After some time following and pleading with her to leave his father , Johanna mentions that Thomas is still a child who does n't know anything , including the fact that he actually wants to sleep with her . Telling this to W.F. , W.F. asks if he really wants to sleep with her and Thomas reluctantly says that he does . When attending a friend 's party , Thomas bumps into Johanna with another man . Having an argument after Thomas makes a crude remark about her , Thomas surprisingly kisses her which ends up with them making out passionately . An affair starts and Thomas begins to fall for Johanna . He tells her that since he was a child , he has aspired to be a writer but Thomas 's dream was crushed when his father told him that his essays were only serviceable . One day , when Thomas looks for W.F. in his apartment , he finds a manuscript titled The Only Living Boy in New York and that W.F. is actually a successful ( although somewhat reclusive ) writer . Thomas shows him his essays , and W.F. tells him that he does have a talent for writing . Thomas invites W.F. to a party at his father 's publishing company to which the writer reluctantly agrees . Thomas goes together with Mimi who begins to show feelings towards him . She asks him if he is having an affair with Johanna , which he denies . Thomas sees W.F. at the party and wants to introduce him to his mother , but W.F. suddenly disappears . Later , W.F. meets with Johanna and warns her not to hurt Thomas . Johanna ends her relationship with Thomas , because Ethan has proposed to her . Angered by this , Thomas confronts his father while Johanna tries to dissuade him . Ethan is angered and leaves the room . Johanna tearfully tells Thomas that she really is in love with Ethan . She tells him that Thomas really does n't know anything , and shows a picture of Thomas in a tennis match , with W.F. captured in the background . Thomas confronts W.F. and he tells him that he was a close friend of his parents . As Ethan is infertile , he and Judith asked W.F. for a favor : to conceive a child with Judith . Spending a drunken night together , W.F. realized that he is in love with Judith , and so he left her . He has always watched Thomas from afar , hoping to connect with his son . Upon returning home , Thomas finds that Ethan has already ended his relationship with Judith . He tells his mother that he 's been in contact with W.F. , and that he knows Judith has been in love with W.F. for 25 years . One year later , Thomas is working in a bookstore , while trying to get his writing published . Ethan comes to the bookstore and the two catch up . Ethan offers to help Thomas using his connections , which Thomas declines . Thomas asks if Ethan is still in contact with Johanna , and he says no but admits he 's lying . Thomas finds Judith at a reading , listening while W.F. reads The Only Living Boy in New York . Thomas watches them and smiles , as his mother has finally found her happiness . Cast ( edit ) Callum Turner as Thomas Webb Kate Beckinsale as Johanna Pierce Brosnan as Ethan Webb Cynthia Nixon as Judith Webb Jeff Bridges as W.F. Gerald Kiersey Clemons as Mimi Pastori Debi Mazar as Anna Bill Camp as Uncle Buster Tate Donovan as George Production ( edit ) On August 15 , 2012 , it was announced Marc Webb would direct the film . On November 4 , 2014 , Miles Teller joined the cast of the film . On September 8 , 2016 , Callum Turner joined the cast of the film to replace Miles Teller . On September 20 , 2016 , Kate Beckinsale joined the cast of the film . On September 23 , 2016 , Pierce Brosnan joined the cast of the film . On September 27 , 2016 , Kiersey Clemons joined the cast of the film . Principal photography began in October 2016 . Release ( edit ) The film was released on August 11 , 2017 , by Roadside Attractions and Amazon Studios . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 33 % based on 84 reviews , and an average rating of 4.5 / 10 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 33 out of 100 , based 23 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers unfavorably compared the film to The Graduate , giving it 1.5 stars out of 4 and saying , `` Even the best actors -- and this coming - of - age movie boasts a handful of them -- ca n't fight this much tin - eared dialogue . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Only Living Boy in New York '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Only Living Boy in New York ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Kroll ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Callum Turner to Star in Marc Webb 's ' Only Living Boy in New York ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Kate Beckinsale Joins ' Only Living Boy in New York ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Amanda N'Duka ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Pierce Brosnan Set To Star In ' The Only Living Boy In New York ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Amazon Taps Roadside To Release ' The Only Living Boy In New York ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Kroll ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Kiersey Clemons to Star in Marc Webb 's Next Film With Callum Turner '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) . `` The Only Living Boy in New York trailer '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 2012 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Marc Webb Attaches To ' The Only Living Boy In New York ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Miles Teller to Star in ' Spider - Man ' Director 's New Indie ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Only Living Boy in New York ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Only Living Boy in New York reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Only Living Boy in New York ' Review : Weak Riff on ' The Graduate ' Is a Waste '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Only Living Boy in New York on IMDb Films directed by Marc Webb 500 Days of Summer ( 2009 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Gifted ( 2017 ) The Only Living Boy in New York ( 2017 ) Amazon Video / Amazon Studios films and documentaries Documentaries Gleason ( 2016 ) Gimme Danger ( 2016 ) I Am Not Your Negro ( 2017 ) City of Ghosts ( 2017 ) Human Flow ( 2017 ) Films Chi - Raq ( 2015 ) Creative Control ( 2016 ) Elvis & Nixon ( 2016 ) Love & Friendship ( 2016 ) The Neon Demon ( 2016 ) Wiener - Dog ( 2016 ) Café Society ( 2016 ) Complete Unknown ( 2016 ) Author : The JT LeRoy Story ( 2016 ) The Dressmaker ( 2016 ) An American Girl Story -- Melody 1963 : Love Has to Win ( 2016 ) An American Girl Story -- Maryellen 1955 : Extraordinary Christmas ( 2016 ) The Handmaiden ( 2016 ) Manchester by the Sea ( 2016 ) Paterson ( 2016 ) The Salesman ( 2016 ) The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) The Wall ( 2017 ) The Big Sick ( 2017 ) Landline ( 2017 ) The Only Living Boy in New York ( 2017 ) Crown Heights ( 2017 ) Brad 's Status ( 2017 ) Wonderstruck ( 2017 ) Last Flag Flying ( 2017 ) Wonder Wheel ( 2017 ) You Were Never Really Here ( 2017 ) Do n't Worry , He Wo n't Get Far on Foot ( 2018 ) Gringo ( 2018 ) Zoe ( 2018 ) Upcoming Life Itself ( 2018 ) Beautiful Boy ( 2018 ) Suspiria ( 2018 ) Peterloo ( 2018 ) Cold War ( 2018 ) The Goldfinch ( 2019 ) A Rainy Day in New York ( TBA ) Radioactive ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Only_Living_Boy_in_New_York_(film)&oldid=850374259 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s drama films American drama films Amazon Studios films Roadside Attractions films Films directed by Marc Webb Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 13 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the only living boy in new york release date	[ "The Only Living Boy in New York\nTheatrical release posterDirected by\nMarc WebbProduced by\nAlbert BergerRon YerxaWritten by\nAllan LoebStarring\nCallum TurnerKate BeckinsalePierce BrosnanCynthia NixonKiersey ClemonsJeff BridgesMusic by\nRob SimonsenCinematography\nStuart DryburghEdited by\nTim StreetoProductioncompany \nAmazon StudiosBig Indie PicturesBona Fide ProductionsDistributed by\nRoadside AttractionsAmazon StudiosRelease date\nAugust 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n88 minutes[1]Country\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBox office\n$2.1 million[2]" ]	[ "August 11, 2017" ]
7823745074461096021	History of Ireland (800–1169)	History of Ireland ( 800 -- 1169 ) - wikipedia History of Ireland ( 800 -- 1169 ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of Ireland Chronology ( show ) Prehistory Protohistory 400 -- 800 800 -- 1169 1169 -- 1536 1536 -- 1691 1691 -- 1801 1801 -- 1923 Timeline of Irish history Peoples and polities ( show ) Gaelic Ireland Lordship of Ireland Kingdom of Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Irish Republic Irish Free State Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland Topics ( show ) Conflicts Clans Kingdoms States Gaelic monarchs British monarchs Economic history History of the Irish language Ireland portal The history of Ireland 800 -- 1169 covers the period in the history of Ireland from the first Viking raids to the Norman invasion . The first two centuries of this period are characterised by Viking raids and the subsequent Norse settlements along the coast . Viking ports were established at Dublin , Wexford , Waterford , Cork and Limerick , which became the first large towns in Ireland . Ireland consisted of many semi-independent túatha , and during the entire period , attempts were made by various factions to gain political control over the whole of the island . For the first two centuries of this period , this was mainly a rivalry between putative High Kings of Ireland from the northern and southern branches of the Uí Néill . The one who came closest to being de facto king over the whole of Ireland , however , was Brian Boru , the first high king in this period not belonging to the Uí Néill . Following Brian 's death at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 , the political situation became more complex with rivalry for high kingship from several clans and dynasties . Brian 's descendants failed to maintain a unified throne , and regional squabbling over territory led indirectly to the invasion of the Normans under Richard de Clare in 1169 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historiography 2 Nature of the written sources 3 Political landscape c. 800 4 First Viking age ( 795 -- 902 ) 4.1 Early Viking raids 4.2 Áed Oirdnide 4.3 Rivalry between north and south 4.4 Intensified raiding and the first Viking settlements in Ireland 4.5 Shifting alliances and struggle for power 4.6 Impact on cultural activity and formation of Irish scholarly diaspora 5 Second Viking age ( 914 -- 980 ) 6 Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and Brian Boru ( 980 -- 1022 ) 7 High kings with opposition ( 1022 onwards ) 8 Reform of the Irish Church 9 Norman invasion 10 Slavery in Ireland 11 See also 12 Notes and references 12.1 Notes 12.2 References 13 External links Historiography ( edit ) Eoin MacNeill , one of the pioneers in modern studies of Irish medieval history Due to the rich amount of written sources , the study of Irish history 800 -- 1169 has , to a large extent , focused on gathering , interpretation and textual criticism of these . Only recently have other sources of historical knowledge received more attention , particularly archaeology . Since the modern excavations of Dublin started in 1961 , followed by similar efforts in Wexford , Waterford and Limerick , great advances have been made in the understanding of the physical character of the towns established during this period . The first part of the period from 800 to 1014 is well - studied ; the `` Viking age '' has attracted the interest of historians for quite some time . The period between 1014 and 1169 has received less attention . In the words of Sean Duffy , this period has -- historiographically speaking -- fallen between two stools . Historians of early medieval Ireland , seeking to conclude their narratives on a high note , have traditionally done so after recounting the death of the famous high - king Brian Bórama ( Boru ) at the battle of Clontarf in 1014 . On the other hand , historians of later medieval Ireland generally choose to begin proceedings with the English invasion of the 1160s . Eleventh - and early twelfth - century Ireland has , therefore , often assumed the character of a snappy epilogue or a lengthy prologue . In trying to interpret the history of early Ireland , one of the most frequently asked questions addressed by historians is how early it is possible to speak of an Irish nation , a natio encompassing the whole island of Ireland . Early poet - historians like Flann Mainistrech constructed a history of a monarchy of all Ireland going back to and beyond St Patrick . Only a hundred years after Mainistrech , Gerald of Wales described the Irish society in his Topographia Hibernica as utterly primitive and savage . At the beginning of modern scholarly interpretation of Irish history , Eoin MacNeill and G.H. Orpen came to opposite conclusions analyzing the same period . Orpen saw an anarchic country still in ' a tribal state ' ; he could see no natio , no wider community in Ireland than the tribe . MacNeill stressed the reality of the high - kingship of Ireland and the existence of many of those institutions of government which Orpen found wanting , and claimed that Irish law had a national character . Nature of the written sources ( edit ) Folio 53 from the Book of Leinster A large body of contemporary and near - contemporary material on early medieval Ireland has survived . From the titles of works mentioned in these sources , it is clear that a great deal of additional material has now been lost . The surviving materials usually exist in the form of much later copies , and it is only from comparison of the various texts that the original documents can be reconstructed . Extant Irish annals are ultimately derived from the now - lost Chronicle of Ireland which was probably being compiled in the midlands of Ireland by around 800 . All include material derived from other sources , or added at a later date . The Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Innisfallen cover most of this period , but have a gap between 1132 and 1155 . The Annals of Clonmacnoise survive only in an eccentric 17th - century English translation , and the Annals of Tigernach for this period are lost with Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh 's abbreviated copy known as the Chronicon Scotorum supplying only part of the missing material . The Annals of the Four Masters are late , and include some material of doubtful origin . While the annals provide a considerable amount of information , they are generally terse , and most focus their attention on the doings of the Uí Néill and of churchmen . In addition to the annals , a large number of genealogies survive , along with geographical and legal texts , poetry , sagas and hagiography . In the 12th century , propaganda text like Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil and Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib were composed . Even though the historical accuracy of these accounts is dubious , the Cogad especially has had a great impact on the interpretation of Irish medieval history until recently . Political landscape c. 800 ( edit ) Further information : Gaelic Ireland and Gaelic kingdoms of Ireland At the end of the 8th century , Ireland was homogeneously Gaelic in terms of society , culture and language . People lived in rural communities , and the only larger settlements were monastic towns of varying sizes . The monasteries played an important part in society , not just with regards to religious and cultural life , but also to economy and politics . Christianization had begun in the 5th century , and by the early 9th century the island was almost entirely Christian . However , the Martyrology of Tallaght ( written sometime in the 8th or 9th century ) hints that paganism had not yet been fully uprooted . Peoples and subdivisions of early Ireland Eoin MacNeill identified the `` oldest certain fact in the political history of Ireland '' as the existence in late prehistory of a pentarchy , probably consisting of the cóiceda or `` fifths '' of the Ulaid ( Ulster ) , the Connachta ( Connacht ) , the Laigin ( Leinster ) , Mumu ( Munster ) and Mide ( Meath ) , although some accounts discount Mide and split Mumu in two . This is not an accurate description of the political landscape c. 800 , but when discussing the political subdivisions of Ireland at this time , it is still useful to refer to this system ; if Laigin and Mide are combined as Leinster , it roughly corresponds with the modern four provinces of Ireland . The Uí Néill , divided in two main branches known as `` Northern Uí Néill '' and `` Southern Uí Néill '' , was the leading dynasty in Ireland . The Northern Uí Néill controlled the north - western part of Ireland , and was divided into two leading branches , the Cenél Conaill in the west and Cenél nEógain , also known as the kingdom of Ailech . Cenél nEógain had become the more powerful of the two in 789 , and had expanded east and southwards , gaining control over the important monastic centre Armagh and the large sub-kingdom of Airgíalla . The traditional kingdom of Ulaid , dominated by Dál Fiatach and Dál nAraidi , was now more or less confined to the area east of the river Bann . The central region of Mide had been dominated by what became known as the `` southern Uí Néill '' since the 7th century . Until the 8th century , the Síl nÁedo Sláine ( also known as the kingdom of Brega ) was pre-eminent , but from 728 the western dynasty of Clann Cholmáin was dominant . In Laigin , Uí Dúnlainge was the dominant dynasty c. 800 . They were closely associated with the large monastery of Kildare . Their main rival for dominance in Leinster , the Uí Cheinnselaig had not been able to claim the title king of Leinster since 728 . The Uí Cheinnselaig now controlled a territory in the south - eastern part of Leinster , and had close links to the monastery of Ferns . The kingdom of Osraige , occupying roughly the same area as the present County Kilkenny and western County Laois , was considered part of Munster until the late ninth century , when it received an independent status under king Cerball mac Dúnlainge . Munster was dominated by the Eóganachta , centred around Cashel and with Emly as ecclesiastical centre . The Dál gCais ( not yet known under this name ) had defeated the Corcu Modruad in 744 and taken control over the area in present County Clare from which they would later rise to dominance , but were not yet a significant power in Munster . The Eóganachta rivalled the Uí Néill in power and influence , and claimed suzerainty over the southern part of Ireland . This claim was in part anchored within the legendary ancient division of the island in Leath Cuinn and Leath Moga , `` Conn 's half '' ( north ) and `` Mug 's half '' ( south ) . During the 7th century the Uí Briúin had emerged in Connacht , and since the first half of the 8th century been the dominant dynasty . Uí Briúin also influenced the kingdom of Breifne on the southern borders of the Northern Uí Néill . First Viking age ( 795 -- 902 ) ( edit ) Early Viking raids ( edit ) See also : Early Scandinavian Dublin § Early Viking raids The early Vikings were a group of people who originated in modern - day Denmark and Norway . In the 700s , pressure on land in Scandinavia had forced many nobles and warriors to seek land elsewhere . Some of these were younger sons , who stood to inherit nothing of their father 's estate . Noblemen with little to lose began to gather together groups of warriors and go down the coast pillaging settlements . `` The wind is fierce tonight it tosses the sea 's white mane I do not fear the coursing of a quiet sea by the fierce warriors of Lothlend '' -- Anonymous poem Is acher in gaíth in - nocht ... The first recorded Viking raid in Irish history occurred in AD 795 when Vikings , possibly from Norway looted the island of Lambay . This was followed by a raid on the coast of Brega in 798 , and raids on the coast of Connacht in 807 . These early Viking raids were generally small in scale and quick . These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two hundred years of intermittent warfare , with waves of Viking raiders plundering monasteries and towns throughout Ireland . Most of the early raiders came from the fjords of western Norway . They are believed to have sailed first to Shetland , then south to Orkney . The Vikings would have then sailed down the Atlantic coast of Scotland , and then over to Ireland . During these early raids the Vikings also travelled to the west coast of Ireland to the Skellig Islands located off the coast of County Kerry . The early raids on Ireland seem to have been aristocratic free enterprise , and named leaders appear in the Irish annals : Saxolb ( Soxulfr ) in 837 , Turges ( Þurgestr ) in 845 , Agonn ( Hákon ) in 847 . Áed Oirdnide ( edit ) Áed Oirdnide of the Cenél nEógain branch of the Northern Uí Néill became King of Tara in 797 , after the death of his predecessor , father - in - law and political rival Donnchad Midi . ( Duncan ) This followed the classic Uí Néill political arrangement , where over-kingship alternated regularly between Cenél nEógain and Clann Cholmáin of the Southern Uí Néill . During his reign he campaigned in Mide , Leinster and Ulaid to assert his authority , though unlike Donnchad ( Duncan ) he did not campaign in Munster . Thomas Charles - Edwards credits Áed for `` the absence of any major Viking attacks on Ireland during his reign after 798 '' . The annals gives no reference , however , to Áed at any time being involved with warfare against Viking raiders . Áed was connected to the monastic community at Armagh , and a supporter of the familia of Patrick . His rivals for supremacy within Uí Néill , the Clann Cholmáin and the Cenél Conaill , had on the other hand supported the familia of Columba . During Áed 's reign the Columban familia , following several Viking raids against Iona , established a new monastery at Kells , a royal site in the possession of Armagh . Byrne states that `` ... the foundation ( of Kells ) marked the resolution of any remaining rivalry between the Columban and Patrician churches ... '' . That the community of Columba in 817 tried to have Áed excommunicated may show that not all rivalry was resolved after all . Rivalry between north and south ( edit ) `` Is he Feidhlimidh in ri dianid opair oenlaithi eitrige Connacht cen cath ocus Midhe do manrath ( Feidlimid is the king For whom a single day 's work is To take the hostages of Connacht without battle And to spoil Mide . ) '' -- Annals of Ulster , 840.4 Fedelmid mac Crimthainn from the Eóganacht Chaisil acceded to the kingship of Munster in 820 , beginning a 130 - year domination by this branch of Eóganachta . Combining military campaigns with manipulation of ecclesiastical affairs , he embarked on a policy of aggressive expansion to counter the growth in power of the Uí Néill . Conchobar mac Donnchada ( Duncan ) succeeded Áed Oirdnide as Uí Néill overking in 819 , and soon found himself challenged by Feidlimid , both by Feidlimid launching raids into Mide and Connacht and by him interfering ( as would be the Uí Néill view ) in the affairs of Armagh . Conchobar and Feidlimid met at Birr in 827 to discuss peace terms , and the very fact that `` the king of Munster could force the high - king to a peace conference is indicative of Feidlimid 's growing power '' . Conchobar was succeeded by Niall Caille in 833 . With Niall , we for the first time see a reference in the annals of a Uí Néill leading an army against the Vikings ; he defeated Viking raiders in Derry the same year . He sought to further expand Uí Néill influence in the south ; in 835 he led an army to Leinster and installed Bran mac Fáeláin as king of Leinster , and also invaded Mide . This brought him into conflict with Feidlimid , however , and in 838 a conference ( rígdál mór -- `` great royal meeting '' ) between Niall and Feidlimid was held . This meeting did not result in any lasting peace though ; in 840 Feidlimid led an army into Mide and encamped at Tara , thereby challenging the Uí Néill also in the north . In 841 , however , Feidlimid was routed in battle by Niall in Leinster . His successors in the south would not be able to challenge the north again to this extent until some 150 years later . Intensified raiding and the first Viking settlements in Ireland ( edit ) See also : Early Scandinavian Dublin § The first Norse settlements in Dublin The Viking raids on Ireland resumed in 821 , and intensified during the following decades . The Vikings were beginning to establish fortified encampments , longports , along the Irish coast and overwintering in Ireland instead of retreating to Scandinavia or British bases . The first known longports were at Linn Dúachaill ( Annagassan ) and Duiblinn ( on the River Liffey , at or near present Dublin ) . They were also moving further inland to attack , often using rivers such as the Shannon , and then retreating to their coastal bases . The raiding parties also increased in size , becoming regular armies -- in 837 the annals report a fleet of sixty longships on the Liffey , carrying 1.500 men . Modern replica of a Viking Knarr . One of the first named Viking leaders was Thorgest ( in Latin Turgesius ) . The Annals of the Four Masters connect him with attacks on Connacht , Mide and the church at Clonmacnoise in 844 . He was captured and drowned in Lough Owel by Máel Sechnaill mac Maíl Ruanaid , King of Mide . In 848 a Norse army was defeated at Sciath Nechtain by Ólchobar mac Cináeda of Munster and Lorcán mac Cellaig of Leinster . For the first time the leader of the Vikings is described as royalty from Lochlann . Máel Sechnaill , now High King , defeated another army at Forrach the same year . These victories form the background of an embassy sent to the Frankish emperor Charles the Bald , reported in the Annales Bertiniani . In 853 Olaf , identified as a `` son of the king of Lochlann '' , came to Ireland . Lochlann has been understood as ( a district of ) present Norway ; it is now considered more plausible that it refers to a Scandinavian colony in the Western Isles of Scotland . Olaf assumed leadership of the Vikings in Ireland , probably in some way shared with his kinsman Ivar , first mentioned in the Irish Annals in 857 . Olaf and Ivar remained active in Ireland and around the Irish Sea for the next two decades . The descendants of Ivar , the Uí Ímair , would be an important political factor for the next two centuries . Shifting alliances and struggle for power ( edit ) A significant new trait from the middle of the 9th century was that the Norse now also entered alliances with various Irish rulers . Cerball mac Dúnlainge had become king of Osraige in 842 . Cerball had defeated Viking raiders in 846 and 847 , but from 858 he is allied with Olaf and Ivar against Máel Sechnaill , campaigning in Leinster and Munster , and in 859 also raiding Máel Sechnaill 's heartlands in Mide , though Cerball had to submit to Máel Sechnaill later the same year . These alliances were by no means permanent . In 860 Cerball was allied with Máel Sechnaill in a campaign against Áed Findliath of the Northern Uí Néill , while Olaf and Ivar has allied themselves with Áed . In 870 , however , Cerball and Áed appeared as allies in Leinster . Máel Sechnaill had more success as high king than his predecessors Niall Caille and Conchobar Donnchada ( Duncan ) in dealing with the south , and forced Munster into submission in 858 and as noted above , Osraige in 859 . He also asserted control over Ulaid , Leinster and Connacht , and was in his obituary in the Annals of Ulster described as ri h - Erenn uile , king of all Ireland . The last years of his reign he had however experienced serious opposition from his Uí Néill kinsmen of Ailech and Brega , allied with the Norse of Dublin . Byrne notes : `` Máel Sechnaill 's unprecedented success in achieving the high - kingship of all Ireland was marred by the chronic complaint of Irish politics : having united the Ulaid , Munster , Osraige , Connacht and Leinster , he was attacked at the end of his reign by a combination of Uí Néill kings . '' Áed Findliath was king of Ailech and the leading king within the Northern Uí Néill . After the death of Máel Sechnaill he is counted in the regal lists as high king , following the established scheme where this alternated between Cenél nEógain in the north and Clann Cholmáin of Mide . His kingship was disputed though , and he did not come close to being an actual king over Ireland . He could count some successes against the Norse , however , most notably burning all the Norse longports in the north in 866 . Áed seems to have used the opportunity while Olaf was involved in warfare in Pictland , presumably bringing a large contingent of the Norse forces in Ireland with him . The Vikings never managed to establish permanent settlements in the north . Ó Corráin observes : `` Ironically , ( Áed Findliath 's ) success may have held back the economic development of the north and ultimately prevented the growth of port towns like those on the east and south coasts , on which the Leinster and Munster kings subsequently depended for much of their wealth . '' The last report of Olaf is when he and Ivar returned to Dublin in 871 from Alba . Ivar died in 873 . In his obituary , the Annals of Ulster call Ivar `` king of the Norsemen of all Ireland and Britain '' . With their disappearance , there were frequent changes of leadership among the Norse in Ireland and a great deal of internecine conflict is reported for the following decades . In 902 Máel Finnia mac Flannacain of Brega and Cerball mac Muirecáin of Leinster joined forces against Dublin , and `` The heathens were driven from Ireland , i.e. from the fortress of Áth Cliath ( Dublin ) '' . A group of Vikings led by Hingamund who were forced out of Ireland were given permission by the Saxons to settle in Wirral , in the north west of England . `` The Three Fragments '' refers to a distinct group of settlers living among these Vikings as `` Irishmen '' : `` Then the King , who was on the point of death , and the Queen sent messengers to the Irishmen who were among the pagans , for there were many Irish among the pagans , to say to the Irishmen , life and health to you from the King of the Saxons , who is in disease , and from his Queen , who has all authority over the Saxons , and they are certain that you are true and trusty friends to them . Therefore you should take their side ; for they did not bestow any greater honour to a Saxon warror or cleric than to each warrior and cleric who came to them from Ireland , because this inimical race of pagans is equally hostile to you also . '' Further evidence of an Irish presence in Wirral comes from the name of the village of Irby in Wirral , which means `` farmstead of the Irishmen '' , and St Bridget 's Church , West Kirby which is known to have been founded by `` Christian Vikings from Ireland '' . Impact on cultural activity and formation of Irish scholarly diaspora ( edit ) Historians debate the consequences that the initial phases of Viking settlement had on scholarship and literary output . Scholarly activity , for which the Irish are famous in the early Medieval period , consisted of the writing of poetry , the production of Christian devotional texts , the development of the science of computus , and the compilation of elaborate law tracts . Patronage for scholars and scholarship came largely from Irish kings who regarded the presence of court scholars as part and parcel of the trappings of kingship , but also as a means of bolstering their own image through praise poetry that such scholars composed and performed . With the advent of the Vikings , patronage ties have been argued to have been loosened , thereby affecting directly the livelihood of Irish scholars . In addition , some kings would have turned their attention to more pressing ( but also more profitable ) pursuits , such as engaging in warfare or alliances with Vikings or other Irish kings , as well as tapping the economic benefits that Viking trade would have brought . While this was happening in Ireland , we observe a more pronounced presence of Irish scholars in Frankish Europe , and especially in circles associated with the Carolingian court . Commonly known as peregrini , Irish scholars such as John Scottus Eriugena and Sedulius Scottus became among the most prominent and influential in ninth - century continental Europe , studying and teaching a range of subjects , from theology to political philosophy . It is tempting to link their presence on the Continent as well as the presence of scores of other Irish learned people with the impact of the Vikings on Ireland , which may have driven such people to seek employment elsewhere . If one accepts this version of events , then the Vikings can be said to have inadvertently been one of the principal catalysts for the spread of Irish culture abroad and the subsequent foundation of Irish centres on the Continent which remained influential for centuries to come . Second Viking age ( 914 -- 980 ) ( edit ) See also : Norse - Gaels Viking wars in Ireland Strangford Loch ( 877 ) Cenn Fuait ( 915 ) Mag Femen ( 917 ) Áth Cliath ( 919 ) Sulcoit ( 968 ) Luimnech ( 968 ) Cathair Cuan ( 977 ) Tara ( 980 ) Glenmama ( 999 ) Clontarf ( 1014 ) After having been forced to leave Dublin in 902 , the descendants of Ivar , now described generically in the annals as the Uí Ímair , remained active around the Irish sea ; reports tell of their activities in Pictland , Strathclyde , Northumbria and Man . In 914 a new Viking fleet appeared in Waterford Harbour , and soon the Uí Ímair followed , again taking control over Viking activities in Ireland . Ragnall arrived with a fleet in Waterford , while Sitric landed at Cenn Fuait ( possibly near Leixlip ) in Leinster . Niall Glúndub had followed Flann Sinna as Uí Néill overking in 916 , and he marched into Munster against Ragnall , but no decisive engagement followed . The men of Leinster under Augaire mac Ailella attacked Sithric but suffered a heavy defeat in the Battle of Confey or Cenn Fuait ( 917 ) . This victory allowed Sithric to re-establish Norse control over Dublin . Ragnall left Ireland again in 918 , and became king of York . With Sithric in Dublin and Ragnall in York , a Dublin - York axis developed which would have influence on both England and Ireland for the next half - century . Map showing the major Norse settlements in Ireland in the 10th Century A new and more intensive period of Viking settlement in Ireland began in 914 . Between 914 and 922 the Norse established Waterford , Cork , Dublin , Wexford and Limerick . Significant excavations in Dublin and Waterford in the 20th century have unearthed much of the Viking heritage of those cities . A large amount of Viking burial stones , called the Rathdown Slabs , have been found in multiple locations across South Dublin . The Vikings founded many other coastal towns , and after several generations of coexistence and intermarriage a group of mixed Irish and Norse ethnic background arose ( often called Norse - Gaels or Hiberno - Norse ) . Norse influence shows in the Norse - derived names of many contemporary Irish kings ( e.g. Magnus , Lochlann or Sitric ) , and in DNA evidence in some residents of these coastal cities to this day . A genetics paper in 2006 by Dr Brian McEvoy found that most men with Irish - Viking surnames carried typically Irish genes . This suggests that Viking settlements may have had a Scandinavian elite but with most of the inhabitants being indigenous Irish . Niall Glúndub marched on Dublin in September 919 , but Sihtric met his forces at the battle of Islandbridge or Áth Cliath and inflicted on him a decisive defeat , with Niall and numerous other Irish leaders among the casualties . Dublin was secured for the Norse , and in 920 Sitric left for York and following Ragnall 's death succeeded him as ruler there in 921 . Their kinsman Gofraid assumed control of Dublin . Gofraid was active as a Viking raider and slaver , but there were signs during his reign that the Norse were not just mere Vikings any more . During a raid at Armagh in 921 Gofraid `` ... spared the prayerhouses ... and the sick from destruction '' , considerations never taken by the raiders of the previous century . Another was the intense campaigns led by Dublin in eastern Ulster from 921 to 927 , which appear to have aimed at conquest in order to create a Scandinavian kingdom like the one on the eastern side of the Irish sea . Dublin 's ambitions in Ulster were halted by a series of defeats inflicted upon the Norse by Muirchertach mac Néill , the son of Niall Glúndub . According to Benjamin Hudson , `` Muirchertach was one of the most successful generals of his day and was described as the ' Hector of the Irish ' '' . In the annals , it is ( Duncan ) Donnchad Donn from Clann Cholmáin who is titled `` high king '' after Niall however , and Muirchertach did not succeed his father as king of Ailech either until 938 . Apart from his victories over the Norse , Muirchertach led campaigns forcing other provincial kingdoms into submission , most notably taking the king of Munster Cellachán Caisil captive in 941 . The same year he led a fleet to the Hebrides , collecting tribute there . When Sihtric died in 927 Gofraid left for York , trying to assume kingship there . He was driven out by Athelstan , and returned to Dublin half a year later . The Vikings of Limerick had taken Dublin in his absence . Gofraid retook the city , but the struggle between Limerick continued well after Gofraid 's death in 934 . He was succeeded by his son , Amlaíb , who inflicted a decisive defeat on Limerick in 937 . The same year Amlaíb went to Northumbria and allied himself with Constantine II of Scotland and Owen I of Strathclyde . Athelstan defeated this coalition at Brunanburh ( 937 ) , but after Athelstan 's death in 939 Amlaíb became king of York . He was joined by a kinsman with the same name , Amlaíb son of Sihtric , known as Amlaíb Cuarán . Congalach mac Máel Mithig , known as Cnogba , succeeded ( Duncan ) Donnchad Donn as Uí Néill overking in 944 ( Muirchertag , who otherwise might have been the obvious successor , had been killed in 943 ) . Congalach was king of Brega and a member of Síl nÁedo Sláine , and the first of this dynasty called `` High King '' since Cináed mac Írgalaig in the early 8th century . In 944 he sacked Dublin , now ruled by Blácaire mac Gofrith . When Amlaíb Cuaran returned to Ireland the next year , he became ruler of Dublin and acted as an ally of Congalach in the struggle against Ruaidrí ua Canannáin , a rival Uí Néill claimant for High Kingship from Cenél Conaill . This alliance did not last long after Ruaidrí 's death in 950 , however , and Congalach was killed in 956 in a battle against an alliance of Dublin and Leinster . He was succeeded by Domnall ua Néill , and in the following decades alliances shifted constantly between the different branches of Uí Néill , Leinster and Dublin . In 980 Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill succeeded Domnall , and the same year he defeated the forces of Dublin at the battle of Tara . Following this victory Máel Sechnaill forced Dublin into submission , and his half - brother , Amlaíbs son Glúniairn , became ruler in Dublin . Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill and Brian Boru ( 980 -- 1022 ) ( edit ) 18th - century engraving of Brian Boru . In Munster , the influence of the Dal gCais had grown under Cennétig mac Lorcáin , and his son Mathgamain was the first non-Eóganachta ruler to be named by the annals as king of Cashel ( i.e. king of Munster ) in historical times . He was killed in 976 , and succeeded by his brother Brian , later famously known as Brian Boru . Brian quickly established himself as the most powerful ruler in Munster , defeating the Norse of Limerick in 977 and the Eóganachta the following year . Having gained control over Munster , he tried to extend his authority by raiding Osraige in 982 and 983 , and also , according to the annals of Innisfallen , entering an alliance with the Norse of Waterford , with the intention of attacking Dublin . There was such an attack , but Brian does not seem to have been involved -- instead it was Domnall Claen of Leinster who was allied with Ivar of Waterford , and they were defeated by Glúniairn and Máel Sechnaill . Máel Sechnaill obviously perceived Brian as a threat , and as early as 982 raided Munster and the territory of the Dal gCais . The next two decades saw more or less constant warfare between them , mostly with Leinster as their battleground . Even if Brian never defeated Máel Sechnaill in battle , Brian 's and Munster 's influence was growing at the expense of Máel Sechnaill and the Southern Uí Néill . In 997 Máel Sechnaill was forced to acknowledge Brian 's authority over the south of Ireland , and they formally divided Ireland according to the traditional scheme of Leath Cuinn and Leath Moga . In the years that followed , the two of them acted as allies in accordance with this agreement . In 999 Brian quelled a revolt against him by the men of Leinster and Dublin at the battle of Glen Mama , and only restored Sigtrygg Silkbeard as ruler of Dublin after he had formally submitted to Brian by handing over hostages . In 1000 , Brian turned against Máel Sechnaill , and by 1002 he had forced Máel Sechnaill to submit to him , and now claimed kingship over the whole of Ireland . In the following decade , there were several campaigns in the north to force the Ulaid and the Northern Uí Néill into submission as well . Even if faced with multiple rebellions , both in the north and in Leinster , by 1011 he had received submission from every major regional king in Ireland , and thus earned the recognition by historians as the first real king of Ireland . During his visit to Armagh in 1005 , he had his secretary add a note to the Book of Armagh where he is proclaimed as Imperator Scottorum ( emperor of the Irish ) . According to Bart Jaski , `` This can be regarded as a claim that he ruled both the Irish and the Norse in Ireland , and may even imply suzerainty over the Gaels of Scotland '' . In his obituary in the Annals of Ulster he is styled as `` over-king of the Irish of Ireland , and of the foreigners and of the Britons , the Augustus of the whole of north - west Europe '' . In 1012 , Flaithbertach Ua Néill revolted against Brian , and the following year Máel Mórda of Leinster and Sigtrygg of Dublin did too . The latter led to the famous battle of Clontarf , where Brian was killed , even if his army was victorious over Máel Mórda , Sigtrygg and their allies . Sigurd Hlodvirsson , Earl of Orkney as well as forces from Man participated on the Dublin / Leinster side , and this may , in conjunction with the propagandistic account of the battle given in the Cogad , have created the still popular myth that what took place at Clontarf Good Friday 1014 was a decisive battle where the Irish defeated Viking invaders and were liberated from oppression ( Duncan ) Donnchadh Ó Corráin was one of the first to publicly debunk this national myth , in his groundbreaking Ireland before the Normans from 1972 : The battle of Clontarf was not a struggle between the Irish and the Norse for the sovereignty of Ireland ; neither was it a great national victory which broke the power of the Norse forever ( long before Clontarf the Norse had become a minor political force in Irish affairs ) . In fact Clontarf was part of the internal struggle for sovereignty and was essentially the revolt of the Leinstermen against the dominance of Brian , a revolt in which their Norse allies played an important but secondary role . -- Donnchadh Ó Corráin Following Brian 's death , Máel Sechnaill resumed as High King , supported by Flaithbertach ua Néill . In Munster , internal strife almost immediately began between Brian 's sons Donnchad and Tadc , and Dúngal Ua Donnchada of Eóganachta also claimed the kingship of the province . Though Donnchad ( Duncan ) eventually was victorious , the descendants of Brian would not be able to make a real claim to kingship over Ireland again until Toirdelbach Ua Briain . In Leinster , the defeat at Clontarf and death of Máel Mórda seriously weakened the Uí Dúnlainge , and opened the way for a new Uí Cheinnselaig dominance in the region . Despite the defeat at Clontarf , Sigtrygg remained ruler of Dublin until 1036 . High kings with opposition ( 1022 onwards ) ( edit ) `` Conchobur clannmin , fo - chen ! Áed , Gairbith , Diarmait durgen , Donnchad , dá Níall cen snim snéid rig na ré sea co roreid . ( Smooth - haired Conchobar , welcome ! Áed , Garbith , hardy Diarmait , Donnchad , two Nialls without swift sorrow , are evidently the kings of this era . ) '' -- From Rédig dam , a Dé do nim , poem by Flann Mainistrech from 1056 ( Duncan ) Donnchad mac Brian styled himself as ' King of Ireland ' after the death of Máel Sechnaill , but failed to gain recognition as such . A glossing of Baile In Scáil lists Flaitbertach Ua Néill as high king , but he proved unable even to control the north of Ireland . Neither was anyone else able to make a recognised claim for kingship over all of Ireland : according to Byrne , `` what distinguished the great interregnum of 1022 -- 72 from other periods in Irish history is that it was recognised as such by contemporary observers '' . Flann Mainistrech had written Ríg Themra tóebaige iar tain , a regnal poem on the Christian ( Uí Néill ) kings of Tara some time between 1014 and 1022 . When he wrote in 1056 he evidently did not know any high king of Ireland , and instead lists a number of kings of the day : ( Duncan ) Conchobar , Áed , Garbith , Diarmait , Donnchad ( Duncan ) and two Nialls . According to Byrne , these are Conchobar Ua Maíl Schechnaill of Mide , Áed Ua Conchobair of Connacht , Garbíth Ua Cathassaig of Brega , Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó of Leinster , Donnchad ( Duncan ) Mac Briain of Munster , Niall mac Máel Sechnaill of Ailech and Niall mac Eochada of Ulaid . The term rí Érenn co fressarba ( `` High kings with opposition '' ) was used from the 12th century . According to Byrne , `` it could be argued that the ' high kings with opposition ' met with opposition precisely because they tried to become kings of Ireland in a real sense . They were not less successful than their predecessors , but only seemed so in the light of the teaching of the schools '' . Following a similar line of reasoning , Byrne suggests that the focus from historians on the decline of the Uí Néill in the 11th century may be a `` tribute to the success of their own propaganda '' . After Brian , the previous Uí Néill monopoly of high kingship as described in poems and chronicles was anyway broken for good . The Cenél nEógain suffered from internal factions , and this allowed the Ulaid , under Niall mac Eochada , to expand their influence . Niall and Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó became allies , and effectively controlled the whole east coast of Ireland . This alliance helped to make it possible for Diarmait to take direct control of Dublin in 1052 . Unlike Máel Sechnaill in 980 or Brian in 999 , he was n't content with just looting the city and expelling the Hiberno - Norse ruler ( Echmarcach mac Ragnaill ) ; in an unprecedented move he assumed the kingship `` of the foreigners '' ( ríge Gall ) himself . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2010 ) Reform of the Irish church ( edit ) St. Malachy was an influential 12th - century reformist ecclesiastic in Ireland . See also : Synod of Rathbreasail and Synod of Kells - Mellifont There were major reforms in the Irish church during the 12th century . These reforms have been generally been interpreted as a reaction to previous secularisation , but could also be seen as a continuous development . The reforms had consequences for , and were influenced by , relations within the church as well as secular politics . Before the 11th century the church in Ireland was monastic , with bishops residing at monasteries and without a permanent diocesan structure . The circumstances surrounding the foundation of the diocese of Dublin early in the century are obscure , but at some point during the reign of Sithric Silkbeard Dúnán became Bishop of Dublin , thus establishing the first proper diocese in Ireland . His successor Gilla Pátraic was consecrated by Lanfranc , Archbishop of Canterbury , and on that occasion Lanfranc sent letters to Toirdelbach Ua Briain and Gofraid urging reforms , in particular regarding the consecration of bishops and the abolition of simony . There is no evidence of Canterbury claiming primacy over the church in Ireland prior to this , and neither Lanfranc nor Anselm ever made direct primatial claims for Canterbury in relation to the Irish church . Toirdelbach appears to have responded favourably to this , and convened a synod in Dublin in 1080 -- the outcome of this synod is not known . Toirdelbach may have seen cooperation with Canterbury as a way to reduce the influence from Armagh , traditionally dominated by Cenél nEógain , within the church in Ireland . Gilla Pátraic 's successors Donngus Ua hAingliu and Samuel Ua hÁingliu were also consecrated in Canterbury , and so was the first bishop of Waterford , Máel Ísu Ua hAinmire in 1096 . The written request for Máel Ísu 's consecration , as preserved in Eadmer 's Historia Novorum , is subscribed by bishops from Munster , Mide , Dublin and Leinster . Gilla Espaic , the first bishop of Limerick , was however not consecrated in Canterbury , but probably by Cellach of Armagh . The first of the four main synods associated with the church reforms of the 12th century took place in Cashel in 1101 , at the instigation of Muirchertach Ua Briain . How many who actually attended this synod is not known , but some of its decrees have been preserved . There is a decree on simony , on prohibition for laymen to become airchinnig ( heads of ecclesiastical establishments ) and finally a decree that defines what relationships are considered to be incestuous . None of these decrees are radical , but they are generally interpreted to be in line with the Gregorian reform . The second synod was the Synod of Rathbreasail . This synod , presided by Gilla Espaic as papal legate and attended by fifty bishops , three hundred priests and over three thousand laymen , marked the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan and parish - based church . It established two provinces , with archbishoprics at Armagh and Cashel , and prominence given to Armagh , making Cellach the primate of the church in Ireland . Each province consisted of twelve territorial dioceses . The see of Dublin was not included , as this was under primacy from Canterbury , but a place was left open for it , in the sense that only eleven dioceses were declared under Cashel . Gilla , Cellach and Cellach 's successor Máel Máedóc Ua Morgair , better known as St. Malachy , drove the reform process onwards . Malachy , in close cooperation with ( Duncan ) Donnchad Ua Cerbaill , king of Fernmag / Airgialla , established the first Irish Cistercian house at Mellifont in 1142 , and also facilitated the first Augustinian community of the Arrouaisian observance . Malachy used these as agencies of monastic reform within the Irish church . Malachy resigned as archbishop of Armagh in 1136 , but was appointed native papal legate to Ireland by Innocent II in 1139 . Maps of dioceses in Ireland as defined by the synod of Kells . From Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd . No formal attempts on getting papal approval for the structure chosen at Rathbreasail are known before Malachy sought pallia for the two incumbent archbishops at Cashel and Armagh during his trip to the Continent in 1139 / 40 . This first bid was unsuccessful , but Malachy was told to reapply after he had gained the agreement of all Ireland . Before undertaking his second trip to the Continent in 1148 , Malachy convened a synod at St Patrick 's Island . The main challenge must have been to reach an accommodation with Dublin , and Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair , presently the most powerful king in Ireland , was eager to increase Connacht influence on the church . The solution reached was to extend the number of metropolitan sees from two to four , with Tuam and Dublin included alongside Cashel and Armagh . Malachy died on his way to meet the pope , but the message was transmitted by other means and papal approval was granted . Pope Eugene III appointed cardinal John Paparo as papal legate , and sent him to Ireland with pallia for the four archbishops . Cardinal Paparo 's first attempt to reach Ireland was stalled when king Stephen refused him safe conduct through England unless he pledged himself to do nothing in Ireland that would injure England 's interests there . This was not acceptable for Paparo , who returned to Rome . It seems likely that this was an attempt by Stephen to prevent Paparo from bringing papal confirmation for an arrangement in Ireland that would finally extinguish Canterbury 's claims in Ireland . In 1151 he returned and this time reached Ireland , his journey being facilitated by David I of Scotland . The Synod of Kells - Mellifont was convened in 1152 , with Paparo presiding as papal legate . The decrees from the synod are no longer extant , but some information is preserved through the Annals of the Four Masters and Geoffrey Keating 's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn . The main result of the synod was the official papal sanctioning of the episcopal structure as created in 1111 and refined in 1148 . Norman invasion ( edit ) Further information : History of Ireland ( 1169 -- 1536 ) Ireland in 1482 The Norman invasion of Ireland was a two - stage process , which began on 1 May 1169 when a force of individual Norman knights led by Raymond Fitzgerald landed near Bannow , County Wexford . This was at the request of Dermot MacMurrough ( Diarmait Mac Murchada ) , the ousted King of Leinster who sought their help in regaining his kingdom . Then on 18 October 1171 , Henry II landed a much bigger force in Waterford to at least ensure his continuing control over the Norman force . In the process he took Dublin and had accepted the fealty of the Irish kings and bishops by 1172 , so creating the `` Lordship of Ireland '' , which formed part of his Angevin Empire . Slavery in Ireland ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Slavery in medieval Europe Gaelic Ireland and Scotland were among the last areas of Christian Europe to give up their institution of slavery . Under Gaelic custom , prisoners of war were routinely taken as slaves . However , ironically , it was during the period that slavery was disappearing across most of western Europe that it was reaching its zenith in Ireland and Scotland ; during the Viking invasions and the subsequent warring between Scandinavians and the native Irish the number of captives taken as slaves drastically increased . The Irish church was vehemently opposed to slavery , and blamed the 1169 Norman invasion on the persistence of the practice , as well as the practices of polygyny and divorce . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of the British Isles Overview ( hide ) United Kingdom England Isle of Wight Isles of Scilly Scotland Shetland Orkney Inner Hebrides Outer Hebrides Wales Anglesey Northern Ireland Ireland Isle of Man ( Mann ) Channel Islands Jersey Guernsey Prehistoric period ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Prehistoric England Prehistoric Scotland Prehistoric Shetland Prehistoric Orkney Prehistoric Wales Prehistoric Ireland Prehistoric Mann Classical period ( show ) Roman Britain Roman Scotland Roman Wales Protohistoric Ireland , Roman Ireland Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period ( show ) Medieval England Early medieval England High medieval England Late medieval England Medieval Scotland Early medieval Scotland High medieval Scotland Late medieval Scotland Medieval Wales Early medieval Wales High medieval Wales Late medieval Wales Medieval Ireland Early medieval Ireland High medieval Ireland Late medieval Ireland Medieval Mann Early modern period ( show ) Early modern Britain Early modern England Early modern Scotland Early modern Wales Early modern Ireland Early modern Mann Late modern period ( show ) United Kingdom ( since 1707 ) Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Post-war period ( political history ) Post-war period ( social history ) Late modern Ireland Late modern Mann Early Scandinavian Dublin Great Ireland History of Ireland Scandinavian Scotland Papar O'Donnell dynasty MacDunleavy ( dynasty ) Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See also McNeill , `` Archaeology '' , `` The 150 years before 1200 have been lost , between the assumptions that life was a continuation of the fifth through eighth - century world and that the incursion of English lords marked a fundamental change throughout Ireland . '' Jump up ^ Ó Cróinín also points out the irony of `` at no time in the historical period did the political division represented by the word cóiced ... have a tangible existence '' Jump up ^ They may not have been as dominant in earlier history as medieval sources tend to claim , according to Ó Corráin , `` The Vikings & Ireland '' they : `` paraded illustrious ancestors and their claim to precedence was expressed in an elaborate mythography that passed for history . '' Jump up ^ Ó Corráin , The Vikings & Ireland , p. 9 . The annals name the site of this attack as Rechru , a name that could mean either modern Lambay Island or Rathlin . Jump up ^ Hudson , Niall Caille . According to Hudson , `` Any agreement made there has not survived , although the report of the meeting from a Munster chronicle with a bias towards the southern prince claims that Niall submitted to Feidlimid , while a contemporary northern chronicle has no report of the proceedings . '' Jump up ^ The first report of Vikings spending the winter in Ireland is from Lough Neagh 840 -- 41 , the first overwintered in Dublin 841 -- 42 . Jump up ^ For a longer discussion on the location on Lochlann , see Ó Corráin , `` The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century '' Jump up ^ AU 902.2 Note that the untranslated text ( 1 ) reads : `` Indarba n - gennti a h - Ere , . í . longport Atha Cliath o Mael Findia m . Flandacain co feraibh Bregh & o Cerball m . Muiricain co Laignibh ... '' , that is `` longport '' , not `` fortress '' . Jump up ^ Grandsons or great grandsons of Ivar , no other patronym was given for these , which makes it difficult trace their lineage . Modern scholarly literature also refer to later descendants as `` of the Uí Ímair '' . However , `` a collective term for all the descendants of Ívarr is lacking in the medieval Irish chronicles '' Downham , `` Viking Kings ... '' , p. 6 . Jump up ^ The identity between the Ragnall of Waterford and Ragnall ( Rögnvald ) of York has been questioned , see Downham , Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland , p. 94 . Jump up ^ The archaeology of the early viking age in Ireland `` The second and more intensive period of settlement was characterised by the establishment of a series of towns . Waterford ( 914 ) , Cork ( c. 915 ) , Dublin ( 917 ) , Wexford ( c. 921 ) and Limerick ( 922 ) . '' Jump up ^ Hudson , `` Muirchertach mac Néill ( d . 943 ) '' , Hudson also notes that `` As a descendant of the kings of Dál Riata , being the great - grandson of the Scottish king Cináed mac Alpin , he may have considered that he had hereditary interests in the region . '' Jump up ^ Quoted from Duffy , `` Ireland , c. 1000 -- c. 1100 '' , p. 288 . After quoting Ó Corráin , Duffy states that : `` ... Few now , beyond the ranks of the purveyors of popular fiction , perpetuate the portrayal of Brian , eliminator of the viking scourge '' -- which may be an overly optimistic assertion from Duffy . Jump up ^ AU 1015.2 : `` Flaithbertach ua Néill went into Mide to assist Mael Sechnaill . '' This seem to contradict Byrne ( p. 864 ) : `` ... since 970 the Northern and Southern Uí Néill were ... irreconcilable foes ... '' Jump up ^ Gilla received a letter from Anselm congratulating him on his elevation to the see of Limerick , and there was no suggestion that Anselm felt Canterbury had been slighted or ought to have been involved . Flanagan , p. 915 . Jump up ^ The see of Waterford however , where the incumbent bishop Máel Ísu Ua hAinmire also had been consecrated in , and taken vows of obedience to , Canterbury , was moved to Lismore , and Máel Ísu chosen as the first archbishop of Cashel . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( ( reflist ) Bibliography Annals of Innisfallen , CELT : Corpus of Electronic Texts , 2000 , retrieved 19 March 2010 Annals of the Four Masters , CELT : Corpus of Electronic Texts , 2002 , retrieved 19 March 2010 Annals of Ulster AD 431 -- 1201 , CELT : Corpus of Electronic Texts , 2003 , retrieved 19 March 2010 Chronicon Scotorum , CELT : Corpus of Electronic Texts , 2003 , retrieved 19 March 2010 Bracken , Damian ( 2004 ) , `` Feidlimid mac Crimthainn ( d . 847 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford : Oxford University Press , retrieved 25 October 2007 Breatnach , Caoimhín ( 2005 ) . `` Historical tales '' . In Seán Duffy . Medieval Ireland . An Encyclopedia . Abingdon and New York . pp. 221 -- 22 . Byrne , Francis John ( 2005 ) , `` Church and politics , c. 750 -- c. 1100 '' , in Ó Cróinín , Dáibhí , Prehistoric and Early Ireland , A New History of Ireland , I , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 654 -- 79 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922665 - 8 Byrne , Francis John ( 2005 ) , `` The Viking Age '' , in Ó Cróinín , Dáibhí , Prehistoric and Early Ireland , A New History of Ireland , I , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 609 -- 34 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 922665 - 2 Byrne , Francis John ( 2005 ) , `` Ireland and her neighbours , c. 1014 -- c. 1072 '' , in Ó Cróinín , Dáibhí , Prehistoric and Early Ireland , A New History of Ireland , I , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 862 -- 98 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 922665 - 2 Charles - Edwards , T.M. ( 2004 ) , `` Áed Oirdnide mac Néill ( d . 819 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford : Oxford University Press , retrieved 6 January 2009 Downham , Clare ( 2007 ) , Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland : The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014 , Edinburgh : Dunedin , ISBN 978 - 1 - 903765 - 89 - 0 Downham , Clare ( 2009 ) . `` '' Hiberno - Norwegians '' and `` Anglo - Danes '' : Anachronistic Ethnicities in Viking Age England '' ( PDF ) . Mediaeval Scandinavia : 139 -- 69 . Retrieved 4 April 2010 . Duffy , Seán ( 1992 ) . `` Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdom of Dublin and Man 1052 - 1171 '' . Ériu ( 43 ) : 93 -- 133 . JSTOR 30007421 . Duffy , Sean ( 2009 ) , `` Ireland , c. 1000 -- c. 1100 '' , in Stafford , Pauline , A Companion to the Early Middle Ages : Britain and Ireland , c. 500 -- c. 1100 , Blackwell Publishing Ltd , pp. 285 -- 302 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0628 - 3 Duffy , Seán ( 2004 ) . `` Brian Bóruma ( Brian Boru ) ( c. 941 -- 1014 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 24 Feb 2010 . Flanagan , Marie Therese ( 2005 ) , `` High - kings with opposition , 1072 -- 1166 '' , in Ó Cróinín , Dáibhí , Prehistoric and Early Ireland , A New History of Ireland , I , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 899 -- 933 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 922665 - 2 Flechner , Roy ; Meeder , Sven , eds. ( 2016 ) , The Irish in Early Medieval Europe : Identity , Culture and Religion , London : Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 9781137430595 Hadley , Dawn ( 2009 ) , `` Viking Raids and Conquest '' , in Stafford , Pauline , A Companion to the Early Middle Ages : Britain and Ireland , c. 500 -- c. 1100 , Blackwell Publishing Ltd , pp. 195 -- 211 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0628 - 3 Holland , Martin ( 2005 ) . `` Cashel , synod of I ( 1101 ) '' . In Seán Duffy . Medieval Ireland . An Encyclopedia . Abingdon and New York . pp. 65 -- 66 . Holland , Martin ( 2005 ) . `` Cashel , synod of II ( 1172 ) '' . In Seán Duffy . Medieval Ireland . An Encyclopedia . Abingdon and New York . pp. 66 -- 67 . Holland , Martin ( 2005 ) . `` Church reform , Twelfth century '' . In Seán Duffy . Medieval Ireland . An Encyclopedia . Abingdon and New York . pp. 83 -- 86 . Holland , Martin ( 2005 ) . `` Gille ( Gilbert ) of Limerick '' . In Seán Duffy . Medieval Ireland . An Encyclopedia . Abingdon and New York . pp. 198 -- 99 . Holland , Martin ( 2005 ) . `` Kells , synod of '' . In Seán Duffy . Medieval Ireland . An Encyclopedia . Abingdon and New York . pp. 247 -- 49 . Hudson , Benjamin T. ( 2004 ) , `` Niall mac Áeda ( Niall Caille ) ( d . 846 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford : Oxford University Press , retrieved 25 October 2007 Hudson , Benjamin T. ( 2004 ) , `` Muirchertach mac Néill ( d . 943 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford : Oxford University Press , retrieved 25 October 2007 Hughes , Kathleen ( 2005 ) , `` The Irish Church , 800 -- c. 1050 '' , in Ó Cróinín , Dáibhí , Prehistoric and Early Ireland , A New History of Ireland , I , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 635 -- 79 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 922665 - 2 Hughes , Kathleen ( 1972 ) , Early Christian Ireland . Introduction to the sources , London and Ithaca NY , pp. 99 -- 159 Jaski , Bart ( 2005 ) . `` Brian Boru ( 926 ( ? ) -- 1014 ) '' . In Seán Duffy . Medieval Ireland . An Encyclopedia . Abingdon and New York . pp. 45 -- 47 . Jaski , Bart ( 2005 ) . `` Kings and kingship '' . In Seán Duffy . Medieval Ireland . An Encyclopedia . Abingdon and New York . pp. 251 -- 54 . Johnston , Elva ( 2013 ) , Literacy and Identity in Early Medieval Ireland , Woodbridge : The Boydell Press , ISBN 9781843838555 McEvoy , Brian , Claire Brady , Laoise T Moore and Daniel G Bradley ; Brady , C ; Moore , L.T. ; Bradley , D.G. ( 2006 ) . `` The scale and nature of Viking settlement in Ireland from Y - chromosome admixture analysis '' . European Journal of Human Genetics . 14 ( 12 ) : 1288 -- 94 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. ejhg. 5201709 . PMID 16957681 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) McNeill , T.E. ( 2005 ) . `` Archaeology '' . In Seán Duffy . Medieval Ireland . An Encyclopedia . Abingdon and New York . pp. 24 -- 26 . Ó Corráin , Donnchadh ( 1978 ) , `` Nationality and Kingship in Pre-Norman Ireland '' , in T.W. Moody , Historical Studies XI : Nationality and the pursuit of national independence , papers read before the Conference held at Trinity College , Dublin , 26 -- 31 May 1975 , Belfast : Appletree Press , retrieved 19 March 2010 Ó Corráin , Donnchadh ( 1998 ) , `` The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century '' ( PDF ) , Peritia , Belgium : Brepols , 12 : 296 -- 339 , ISBN 2 - 503 - 50624 - 0 , retrieved 19 March 2010 Ó Corráin , Donnchadh , Vikings & Ireland ( PDF ) , retrieved 19 March 2010 Ó Corráin , Donnchadh ( 2001 ) , `` The Vikings in Ireland '' , in Larsen , Anne - Christine , The Vikings in Ireland , Roskilde : The Viking Ship Museum , pp. 17 -- 29 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 922665 - 2 Ó Cróinín , Dáibhí ( 2005 ) , `` Ireland 400 -- 800 '' , in Ó Cróinín , Dáibhí , Prehistoric and Early Ireland , A New History of Ireland , I , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 182 -- 234 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922665 - 8 Viking Network Ireland , The archaeology of the early viking age in Ireland , retrieved 19 March 2010 Wallace , Patrick F. ( 2005 ) , `` The archaeology of ireland 's Viking - age towns '' , in Ó Cróinín , Dáibhí , Prehistoric and Early Ireland , A New History of Ireland , I , Oxford : Oxford University Press , pp. 814 -- 41 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922665 - 8 Woolf , Alex ( 2007 ) , From Pictland to Alba , 789 -- 1070 , The New Edinburgh History of Scotland , 2 , Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1234 - 5 External links ( edit ) Treasures of early Irish art , 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D. , an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art ( fully available online as PDF ) , which contains material on this period ( section 4 : pp. 144 -- 86 ) Ireland topics Republic of Ireland topics Northern Ireland topics ( hide ) History Timeline Prehistory Protohistory Early history Gaelic Ireland / Lordship of Ireland 800 -- 1169 1169 -- 1536 Kingdom of Ireland 1536 -- 1691 1691 -- 1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 -- 1923 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1922 Irish Free State ( 1922 -- 1937 ) Ireland ( since 1922 ) Events Battles of Tara / Glenmama / Clontarf Norman invasion Bruce campaign Black Death Tudor conquest Desmond Rebellions Spanish Armada Tyrone 's Rebellion Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster 1641 Rebellion / Confederate War Cromwellian conquest / Settlement of 1652 Williamite War Penal Laws First Great Famine 1798 Rebellion Act of Union ( 1800 ) 1803 Rebellion Tithe War Second Great Famine Land War Fenian Rising Dublin Lock - out Home Rule crisis Easter Rising War of Independence Anglo - Irish Treaty Civil War The Emergency IRA Northern Campaign IRA Border Campaign The Troubles Peace process Economy of the Republic of Ireland Celtic Tiger Post-2008 Irish economic downturn Post-2008 Irish banking crisis Other topics List of conflicts in Ireland List of Irish tribes List of High Kings Gaelic clothing and fashion List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland Geography Natural Climate Coastline Extreme points Fauna Islands Loughs Mountains Rivers list List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland / in Northern Ireland Human Architecture Notable buildings Tallest buildings and structures Cities Counties Demographics of the Republic of Ireland / of Northern Ireland Ports Provinces ROI -- UK border Towns Tourist attractions Transport Politics Ideologies Nationalism Republicanism Ulster loyalism Unionism Republic of Ireland Constitution Economy Education Foreign relations Government local Oireachtas parliament Dáil Éireann ( lower house ) Seanad Éireann ( upper house ) President Northern Ireland Assembly D'Hondt method Economy Education Government local Peace process Culture Cuisine Food List of dishes Barmbrack Boxty Champ Coddle Colcannon Drisheen Goody Skirts and kidneys Soda bread Stew Ulster fry Drinks Coffee Cream Guinness Mist Poitín Whiskey Dance Jig Sean - nós Set dancing Stepdance Festivals Imbolc Saint Patrick 's Day Bealtaine The Twelfth Lúnasa Rose of Tralee Samhain / Halloween Wren Day Languages Hiberno - English Irish Shelta Ulster Scots Literature Annals Fiction Gaeilge Poetry Theatre Triads Music Ballads Céilí Folk music session Instruments Rock music Traditional singing Mythology Cycles Fenian Mythological Ulster Aos Sí Echtrai Immrama Tuatha Dé Danann Legendary creatures People Anglo - Irish Gaels Gaelic Ireland Hiberno - Normans Irish diaspora List of Irish people Travellers Ulster Scots Sport Association football Camogie Gaelic football Gaelic handball Hurling Martial arts Road bowling Rounders Rugby union Symbols Brighid 's Cross Cláirseach County coats of arms Flags N. Ireland flags issue Irish Wolfhound National coat of arms Red Hand Shamrock Other Calendar Homelessness Names Place names in Ireland / outside Ireland Prostitution ( Republic ) / in Northern Ireland Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland / in Northern Ireland Public houses Ireland portal European Middle Ages Architecture Art Cuisine Demography Literature Poetry Medicine Music Philosophy Science Technology Warfare Household Slavery Jump up ^ Wallace , The archaeology ... , pp. 814 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Ireland , c. 1000 -- c. 1100 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ Ó Corráin , `` Nationality and Kingship ... '' Jump up ^ Hughes , Early Christian Ireland , is a general survey of the subject . Jump up ^ Hughes , Early Christian Ireland , chapter 4 , especially pp. 135 -- 37. ; Charles - Edwards , Early Christian Ireland , p. xix. ; Ó Cróinín , `` Ireland 400 -- 800 '' , passim . Jump up ^ Breatnach , `` Historical tales '' Jump up ^ Eoin MacNeill , Phases of Irish History , Dublin , 1920 , pp. 98 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Ó Cróinín , Dáibhi ( 2005 ) Ireland , 400 -- 800 pp. 187 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Ó Corráin , `` The Vikings & Ireland '' , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Woolf , Alex From Pictland to Alba , p. 47 . Woolf `` constructs a plausible narrative '' based on an entry in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle where these early raiders can be identified as originating on the west - coast of Norway . Jump up ^ Byrne , F.J. The Viking age , pp. 609 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ó Corráin , `` The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland ... '' Jump up ^ T.M. Charles - Edwards , ' Áed Oirdnide mac Néill Jump up ^ Byrne , Francis John ( 2005 ) , `` Church and politics '' , p. 663 . Jump up ^ T.M. Charles - Edwards , ' Áed Oirdnide mac Néill , AU 817.8 ^ Jump up to : Bracken , `` Feidlimid mac Crimthainn ... '' Jump up ^ AU 833.4 Jump up ^ AU 835.1 , 835.3 Jump up ^ Ó Corráin , `` The Vikings in Ireland '' , p. 19 . Jump up ^ AU 873.3 , Ó Corráin , `` The Vikings in Ireland '' , p. 19 . Jump up ^ AFM 843.13 Jump up ^ AU 845.8 Jump up ^ AU 848.5 Jump up ^ AU 848.4 Jump up ^ Ó Corráin , `` Vikings & Ireland '' , p. 16 . Jump up ^ AU 853.2 , `` Amhlaim m. righ Laithlinde ... '' Jump up ^ Hadley , Viking Raids and Conquest , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Byrne , `` The Viking Age '' , p. 617 . Jump up ^ AU 866.8 Jump up ^ Ó Corráin , `` Vikings & Ireland '' , p. 20 . Jump up ^ AU 871.2 Jump up ^ 873.3 Imhar , rex Nordmannorum totius Hibernie & Brittanie , uitam finiuit . Jump up ^ Downham , Viking Kings , pp. 17 -- 23 , 137 -- 45 , 238 -- 41 , 246 , 258 -- 59. ; Woolf , `` Pictland to Alba '' , pp. 106 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Irish Migration to Merseyside Jump up ^ St Bridget 's Church West Kirby Jump up ^ Flechner and Meeder ( 2016 ) , The Irish in Early Medieval Europe , pp. 231 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Johnston ( 2013 ) , Literacy and Identity in Early Medieval Ireland , pp. 27 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Flechner and Meeder ( 2016 ) , The Irish in Early Medieval Europe , pp. 179 -- 94 , 231 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Ó Corráin , `` The Vikings in Ireland '' , p. 22 . Jump up ^ hÉailidhe , P. Ó ( 1957 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Rathdown Slabs '' . The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland . 87 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 88 . JSTOR 25509271 . Jump up ^ McEvoy&al. , EJHG article Jump up ^ AU 921.8 , commented by Woolf , From Pictland to Alba , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Ó Corráin , `` The Vikings in Ireland '' , pp. 22 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , `` Muirchertach mac Néill ( d . 943 ) '' ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Brian Bóruma ^ Jump up to : Jaski , Brian Boru Jump up ^ AU 1014.2 , `` ardrí Gaidhel Erenn & Gall & Bretan , August iartair tuaiscirt Eorpa uile '' ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Ireland and her neighbours , pp. 866 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Ireland and her neighbours , p. 865 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Ireland and her neighbours , p. 869 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Ireland and her neighbours , p. 870 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Ireland and her neighbours , pp. 879 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Irishmen and Islesmen , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Hughes , The Irish Church , 800 -- c. 1050 , p. 655 , note 70 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , p. 913 . Jump up ^ Holland , Church reforms Jump up ^ Flanagan , pp. 911 -- 12 Jump up ^ Holland , Cashel , synod of I ( 1101 ) Jump up ^ Holland , Gille ( Gilbert ) of Limerick Jump up ^ Flanagan , p. 923 . Jump up ^ Holland , Church reform Jump up ^ Holland , Synod of Kells , p. 247 . Jump up ^ AFM 1152.4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ireland_(800 -- 1169 ) &oldid = 803220925 '' Categories : Medieval Ireland Early Middle Ages 9th century in Ireland 10th century in Ireland 11th century in Ireland 12th century in Ireland History of Ireland by period Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from March 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Norsk Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 06 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the vikings first land in ireland	[ "The first recorded Viking raid in Irish history occurred in AD 795 when Vikings, possibly from Norway[10] looted the island of Lambay.[note 4] This was followed by a raid on the coast of Brega in 798, and raids on the coast of Connacht in 807.[11] These early Viking raids were generally small in scale and quick." ]	[ "AD 795" ]
5467511784007451106	Billboard 200	Billboard 200 - wikipedia Billboard 200 The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States . It is published weekly by Billboard magazine . It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists . Often , a recording act will be remembered by its `` number ones '' , those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week . The chart is based mostly on sales ( both at retail and digital ) of albums in the United States . The weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991 , but since July 2015 , tracking week begins on Friday ( to coincide with the Global Release Date of the music industry ) and ends on Thursday . A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of that week , four days later . The chart 's streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday . Example : Friday January 1 -- sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 -- sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 -- new chart published , with issue date of Saturday January 16 . New product is released to the American market on Fridays . Digital downloads of albums are also included in Billboard 200 tabulation . Albums that are not licensed for retail sale in the United States ( yet purchased in the U.S. as imports ) are not eligible to chart . A long - standing policy which made titles that are sold exclusively by specific retail outlets ( such as Walmart and Starbucks ) ineligible for charting , was reversed on November 7 , 2007 , and took effect in the issue dated November 17 . Beginning with the December 13 , 2014 issue , Billboard updated the methodology of their album chart to also include on - demand streaming and digital track sales ( as measured by Nielsen SoundScan ) by way of a new algorithm , utilizing data from all of the major on - demand audio subscription and online music sales services in the United States . As of the issue dated June 23 , 2018 , the current number - one album on the Billboard 200 is Come Tomorrow by Dave Matthews Band . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Catalog albums 1.2 Holiday albums 1.3 Nielsen SoundScan 1.4 Incorporation of streaming data and track sales 2 Year - end charts 3 Uses 4 All - Time Billboard 200 achievements ( 1963 -- 2015 ) 4.1 Top 10 albums of All - Time ( 1963 -- 2015 ) 4.2 Top 10 albums artists of All - Time ( 1963 -- 2015 ) 4.3 Artists with the most albums on Billboard 's Top 200 Albums of All - Time ( 1963 -- 2015 ) 5 Artist milestones 5.1 Most number - one albums 5.2 Most number - one albums in a calendar year 5.3 Most consecutive number - one studio albums 5.4 Most consecutive studio albums to debut at number - one 5.5 Most cumulative weeks at number one 5.6 Most top - ten albums 5.7 Most albums in the top 10 simultaneously 5.8 Most albums in the Top 200 simultaneously 6 Album milestones 6.1 Most weeks at number one 6.2 Most weeks on the chart 6.3 Largest jumps to number one 6.4 Largest drops from number one 6.5 Longest climbs to number one in the SoundScan era 6.6 Albums to crown the Billboard 200 by artists who have never appeared on the Hot 100 7 Additional milestones 8 See also 9 Sources 10 References 11 External links History Billboard began an album chart in 1945 . Initially only five positions long , the album chart was not published on a weekly basis , sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated . A biweekly ( though with a few gaps ) , 15 - position Best - Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955 . With the increase in album sales as the early 1950s format wars stabilized into market dominance by 45 RPM singles and long - playing twelve - inch albums , with 78 RPM record and long - playing ten - inch album sales decreasing dramatically , Billboard premiered a weekly Best - Selling Popular Albums chart on March 24 , 1956 . The position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums . The first number - one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte . The chart was renamed to Best - Selling Pop Albums later in 1956 , and then to Best - Selling Pop LPs in 1957 . Beginning on May 25 , 1959 , Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best - Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums ( 30 positions ) and Best - Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums ( 50 positions ) . These were renamed to Stereo Action Charts ( 30 positions ) and Mono Action Charts ( 40 positions ) in 1960 . In January 1961 , they became Action Albums -- Stereophonic ( 15 positions ) and Action Albums -- Monophonic ( 25 positions ) . Three months later , they became Top LPs -- Stereo ( 50 positions ) and Top LPs -- Monaural ( 150 positions ) . On August 17 , 1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150 - position chart called Top LPs . On April 1 , 1967 , the chart was expanded to 175 positions , then finally to 200 positions on May 13 , 1967 . In February 1972 , the album chart 's title was changed to Top LPs & Tape ; in 1984 , it was retitled Top 200 Albums ; in 1985 , it was retitled again to Top Pop Albums ; in 1991 , it became The Billboard 200 Top Albums ; and it was given its current title of The Billboard 200 on March 14 , 1992 . Catalog albums In 1960 , Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles . These Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums , and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts . Mono albums were moved to the Essential Inventory -- Mono chart ( 25 positions ) after spending 40 weeks on the Mono Action Chart , and stereo albums were moved to the Essential Inventory -- Stereo chart ( 20 positions ) after 20 weeks on the Stereo Action Chart . In January 1961 , the Action Charts became Action Albums -- Monophonic ( 24 positions ) , and Action Albums -- Stereophonic ( 15 positions ) . Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks , then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles , with no numerical ranking . This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963 . In 1982 , Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart ( alternatively titled Midline LPs ) which ranked older or mid-priced titles . The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly ( and later tri-weekly ) basis . On May 25 , 1991 , Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart . The criteria for this chart were albums that were more than 18 months old and had fallen below position 100 on the Billboard 200 . An album needed not have charted on the Billboard 200 at all to qualify for catalog status . Starting with the issue dated December 5 , 2009 , however , the catalog limitations which removed albums over 18 months old , that have dropped below position 100 and have no currently - running single , from the Billboard 200 was lifted , turning the chart into an all - inclusive list of the 200 highest - selling albums in the country ( essentially changing Top Comprehensive Albums into the Billboard 200 ) . A new chart that keeps the previous criteria for the Billboard 200 ( dubbed Top Current Albums ) was also introduced in the same issue . Holiday albums Billboard has adjusted its policies for Christmas and holiday albums several times . The albums were eligible for the main album charts until 1963 , when a Christmas Albums list was created . Albums appearing here were not listed on the Top LPs chart . In 1974 , this rule was reverted and holiday albums again appeared within the main list . In 1983 , the Christmas Albums chart was resurrected , but a title 's appearance here did not disqualify it from appearing on the Top Pop Albums chart . In 1994 the chart was retitled Top Holiday Albums . As of 2009 the chart holds 50 positions and is run for several weeks during the end - of - calendar - year holiday season . Its current policy allows holiday albums to concurrently chart on the Top Holiday Albums list and the Billboard 200 . Nielsen SoundScan Since May 25 , 1991 , the Billboard 200 's positions have been derived from Nielsen SoundScan sales data , as of 2008 contributed by approximately 14,000 music sellers . Because these numbers are supplied by a subset of sellers rather than record labels , it is common for these numbers to be substantially lower than those reported by the Recording Industry Association of America when Gold , Platinum and Diamond album awards are announced ( RIAA awards reflect wholesale shipments , not retail sales ) . Incorporation of streaming data and track sales See also : album - equivalent unit Beginning with the December 13 , 2014 issue , Billboard updated the methodology of its album chart again , changing from a `` pure sales - based ranking '' to one measuring `` multi-metric consumption '' . With this overhaul , the Billboard 200 includes on - demand streaming and digital track sales ( as measured by Nielsen SoundScan ) by way of a new algorithm , utilizing data from all of the major on - demand audio subscription services including Spotify , Beats Music , Google Play and Xbox Music . Under the new methodology , ten track sales or 1,500 song streams from an album are treated as equivalent to one purchase of the album . Billboard will continue to publish a pure album sales chart , called Top Album Sales , that maintains the traditional Billboard 200 methodology , based exclusively on SoundScan 's sales data . Year - end charts Billboard 's `` chart year '' runs from the first week of December to the final week in November . This altered calendar allows for Billboard to calculate year - end charts and release them in time for its final print issue in the last week of December . Prior to Nielsen SoundScan , year - end charts were calculated by an inverse - point system based solely on an album 's performance on the Billboard 200 ( for example , an album would be given one point for a week spent at position 200 , two points for a week spent at position 199 ... up to 200 points for each week spent at number one ) . Other factors including the total weeks on the chart and at its peak position were calculated into an album 's year - end total . After Billboard began obtaining sales information from Nielsen SoundScan , the year - end charts are now calculated by a very straightforward cumulative total of yearlong sales . This gives a more accurate picture of any given year 's best - selling albums , as a title that hypothetically spent nine weeks at number one in March could possibly have sold fewer copies than one spending six weeks at number three in January . Albums at the peak of their popularity at the time of the November / December chart - year cutoff many times end up ranked lower than one would expect on a year - end tally , yet are ranked on the following year 's chart as well , as their cumulative points are split between the two chart - years . Uses The Billboard 200 can be helpful to radio stations as an indication of the types of music listeners are interested in hearing . Retailers can also find it useful as a way to determine which recordings should be given the most prominent display in a store . Other outlets , such as airline music services , also employ the Billboard charts to determine their programming . All - time Billboard 200 achievements ( 1963 -- 2015 ) In 2015 , Billboard magazine compiled a ranking of the 100 best - performing albums on the chart over the 52 years , along with the best - performing artists . Shown below are the top 10 albums and top 10 artists over the 52 - year period of the Billboard 200 , through October 2015 . Also shown are the artists placing the most albums on the overall `` all - time '' top 100 album list . Top 10 albums of All - Time ( 1963 -- 2015 ) Rank Album Year released Artist ( s ) Peak and duration 21 2011 Adele # 1 for 24 weeks The Sound of Music 1965 Soundtrack # 1 for 2 weeks Thriller Michael Jackson # 1 for 37 weeks Fearless 2008 Taylor Swift # 1 for 11 weeks 5 Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Bruce Springsteen # 1 for 7 weeks 6 Ropin ' the Wind 1991 Garth Brooks # 1 for 18 weeks 7 Jagged Little Pill 1995 Alanis Morissette # 1 for 12 weeks 8 Doctor Zhivago 1966 Soundtrack # 1 for 1 week 9 All the Right Reasons 2005 Nickelback # 1 for 1 week 10 Tapestry 1971 Carole King # 1 for 15 weeks Source : Top 10 albums artists of All - Time ( 1963 -- 2015 ) Rank Artist The Beatles The Rolling Stones Barbra Streisand Garth Brooks 5 Elton John 6 Mariah Carey 7 Herb Alpert 8 Taylor Swift 9 Chicago 10 Michael Jackson Source : Artists with the most albums on Billboard 's Top 200 Albums of All - Time ( 1963 -- 2015 ) Number of albums Artist Albums ( ranking ) 5 Taylor Swift Fearless ( 4 ) , Taylor Swift ( 18 ) , 1989 ( 64 ) , Red ( 140 ) , Reputation ( 177 ) The Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 54 ) , A Hard Day 's Night ( 105 ) , 1 ( 131 ) , Abbey Road ( 135 ) , Meet the Beatles ! ( 187 ) Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II ( 146 ) , Houses of the Holy ( 185 ) , Led Zeppelin IV ( 194 ) , In Through the Out Door ( 198 ) Michael Jackson Thriller ( 3 ) , Bad ( 138 ) , Off the Wall ( 149 ) Nickelback All the Right Reasons ( 9 ) , Silver Side Up ( 162 ) , Dark Horse ( 182 ) Whitney Houston Whitney Houston ( 11 ) , The Bodyguard ( 23 ) , Whitney ( 159 ) Herb Alpert Whipped Cream & Other Delights ( 13 ) , Going Places ( 44 ) , What Now My Love ( 170 ) Elton John Goodbye Yellow Brick Road ( 39 ) , Honky Château ( 145 ) , Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy ( 175 ) Mariah Carey Mariah Carey ( 50 ) , The Emancipation of Mimi ( 52 ) , Music Box ( 87 ) Janet Jackson Control ( 72 ) , Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 94 ) , Janet ( 119 ) Garth Brooks Ropin ' the Wind ( 6 ) , No Fences ( 29 ) Fleetwood Mac Rumours ( 15 ) , Fleetwood Mac ( 74 ) Celine Dion Falling into You ( 21 ) , Let 's Talk About Love ( 164 ) Pink Floyd The Dark Side of the Moon ( 31 ) , The Wall ( 92 ) Creed Human Clay ( 34 ) , Weathered ( 181 ) Santana Supernatural ( 36 ) , Abraxas ( 114 ) Backstreet Boys Backstreet Boys ( 42 ) , Millennium ( 70 ) Eminem The Eminem Show ( 56 ) , Recovery ( 93 ) Boyz II Men II ( 61 ) , Cooleyhighharmony ( 129 ) Green Day American Idiot ( 73 ) , Dookie ( 172 ) Nelly Country Grammar ( 85 ) , Nellyville ( 174 ) John Denver John Denver 's Greatest Hits ( 86 ) , Back Home Again ( 193 ) Chicago Chicago II ( 89 ) , Chicago V ( 165 ) The Black Eyed Peas The E.N.D ( 96 ) , Monkey Business ( 134 ) Justin Timberlake FutureSex / LoveSounds ( 97 ) , The 20 / 20 Experience ( 200 ) Mumford & Sons Sigh No More ( 106 ) , Babel ( 116 ) Alicia Keys Songs in A Minor ( 107 ) , As I Am ( 128 ) NSYNC No Strings Attached ( 111 ) , NSYNC ( 137 ) The Monkees The Monkees ( 132 ) , More of the Monkees ( 156 ) Eagles The Long Run ( 148 ) , One of These Nights ( 155 ) Billy Joel Glass Houses ( 168 ) , 52nd Street ( 191 ) Source : Artist milestones Most number - one albums Albums Artist Source 19 The Beatles 14 Jay - Z 11 Barbra Streisand Bruce Springsteen 10 Elvis Presley Most number - one albums in a calendar year Albums Artist Year Source The Monkees 1967 The Beatles 1964 Glee Cast Most consecutive number - one studio albums Number Act Source 11 Jay - Z 8 The Beatles The Rolling Stones 7 Eminem Kanye West Elton John Dave Matthews Band Most consecutive studio albums to debut at number - one Number Act Source 11 Jay - Z 7 Eminem Kanye West Dave Matthews Band 6 Metallica Beyoncé Most cumulative weeks at number one List of the ten acts with the most weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 since Aug. 17 , 1963 . Sources : The Beatles ( 132 ) Garth Brooks ( 52 ) Michael Jackson ( 51 ) Whitney Houston ( 46 ) Elton John ( 39 ) ( tie ) Taylor Swift ( 39 ) ( tie ) Fleetwood Mac ( 38 ) ( tie ) The Rolling Stones ( 38 ) ( tie ) The Monkees ( 37 ) Prince ( 34 ) ( tie ) Adele ( 34 ) ( tie ) Most Top - ten albums The following artists are the only ones with 30 or more top - ten albums : The Rolling Stones ( 37 ) Barbra Streisand ( 34 ) Frank Sinatra ( 32 ) ( tie ) The Beatles ( 32 ) ( tie ) Most albums in the top 10 simultaneously Prince ( 5 ) 2016 The Kingston Trio ( 4 for 5 consecutive weeks ) 1959 Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass ( 4 ) 1966 Peter , Paul & Mary ( 3 ) 1963 Whitney Houston ( 3 ) 2012 Led Zeppelin ( 3 ) 2014 Most albums in the Top 200 simultaneously Prince ( 19 ) 2016 The Beatles ( 13 ) 2014 Whitney Houston ( 10 ) 2012 David Bowie ( 10 ) 2016 Led Zeppelin ( 9 ) 1979 Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young ( 8 ) 1971 Linkin Park ( 8 ) 2017 The Monkees ( 7 ) 1986 Pearl Jam ( 7 ) 2001 Album Milestones Most weeks at number one Weeks Album Artist Year ( s ) Source 54 West Side Story † Soundtrack 1962 - 63 37 Thriller Michael Jackson 1983 -- 84 31 Rumours Fleetwood Mac 1977 -- 78 South Pacific ‡ Soundtrack 1958 -- 59 Calypso Harry Belafonte 1956 -- 57 24 21 Adele 2011 -- 12 Purple Rain Prince and the Revolution / Soundtrack 1984 -- 85 Saturday Night Fever : The Original Movie Sound Track Bee Gees / Soundtrack 1978 21 Please Hammer , Do n't Hurt ' Em MC Hammer 1990 20 The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album Whitney Houston / Soundtrack 1992 -- 93 Blue Hawaii ɤ Elvis Presley / Soundtrack 1961 -- 62 † The West Side Story Soundtrack ran for 53 weeks at number one on the stereo album chart ; it was number one for twelve weeks on the mono album chart . ‡ The South Pacific Soundtrack ran for 28 weeks at number one on the stereo album chart ; it was number one for three weeks on the mono album chart . ɤ This is the Blue Hawaii album 's run on the mono album chart ; it was number one for four weeks on the stereo album chart . Most weeks on the chart Note that totals are for the main albums chart only , catalog chart totals are not factored in . Weeks Artist Album Source 937 The Dark Side of the Moon Pink Floyd 526 Legend Bob Marley and the Wailers 516 Journey 's Greatest Hits Journey 490 † Johnny 's Greatest Hits Johnny Mathis 487 Metallica Metallica 480 † My Fair Lady Original Cast Recording 439 Greatest Hits Guns N ' Roses 399 Nevermind Nirvana 397 Curtain Call : The Hits Eminem 379 Doo - Wops & Hooligans Bruno Mars 373 21 Adele 371 Chronicle : The 20 Greatest Hits Creedence Clearwater Revival 354 The Eminem Show Eminem 333 Thriller Michael Jackson 331 Highlights from the Phantom of the Opera Original Cast Recording 321 The Beatles 318 Tapestry Carole King 312 Recovery Eminem Back in Black AC / DC 311 Born to Die Lana Del Rey † Pre-Billboard 200 and Billboard 200 Largest jumps to number one ( 176 -- 1 ) Life After Death -- The Notorious B.I.G. ( April 12 , 1997 ) ( 173 -- 1 ) Vitalogy -- Pearl Jam ( December 24 , 1994 ) ( 156 -- 1 ) In Rainbows -- Radiohead ( January 19 , 2008 ) ( 137 -- 1 ) Ghetto D -- Master P ( September 20 , 1997 ) ( 122 -- 1 ) More of The Monkees -- The Monkees ( February 11 , 1967 ) ( 112 -- 1 ) MP da Last Don -- Master P ( June 20 , 1998 ) ( 98 -- 1 ) Beatles ' 65 -- The Beatles ( January 9 , 1965 ) ( 61 -- 1 ) Help ! -- The Beatles ( September 11 , 1965 ) ( 60 -- 1 ) Rubber Soul -- The Beatles ( January 8 , 1966 ) ( 53 -- 1 ) Ballad of the Green Berets -- Barry Sadler ( March 12 , 1966 ) Largest drops from number one ( 1 -- 169 ) This House Is Not for Sale -- Bon Jovi ( March 17 , 2018 ) ( 1 -- 97 ) Science Fiction -- Brand New ( September 16 , 2017 ) ( 1 -- 62 ) Boarding House Reach -- Jack White ( April 14 , 2018 ) ( 1 -- 59 ) Wonderful Wonderful -- The Killers ( October 21 , 2017 ) ( 1 -- 56 ) American Dream -- LCD Soundsystem ( September 30 , 2017 ) ( 1 -- 43 ) This House Is Not for Sale -- Bon Jovi ( December 3 , 2016 ) ( 1 -- 41 ) A Pentatonix Christmas -- Pentatonix ( January 21 , 2017 ) ( 1 -- 38 ) Everything Now -- Arcade Fire ( August 26 , 2017 ) ( 1 -- 37 ) Light Grenades -- Incubus ( December 23 , 2006 ) ( 1 -- 30 ) One More Light -- Linkin Park ( June 17 , 2017 ) ; Mania -- Fall Out Boy ( February 10 , 2018 ) Longest climbs to number one in the SoundScan era Source : Weeks to No. 1 Artist Album Date Reached No. 1 63 Various O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack March 23 , 2002 52 Live Throwing Copper May 6 , 1995 49 No Doubt Tragic Kingdom Dec. 21 , 1996 46 Norah Jones Come Away with Me Jan. 25 , 2003 44 Hootie & The Blowfish Cracked Rear View May 27 , 1995 40 Prince The Very Best of Prince May 7 , 2016 31 Toni Braxton Toni Braxton Feb. 26 , 1994 28 Celine Dion Falling into You Oct. 5 , 1996 27 Eric Clapton Unplugged March 13 , 1993 26 Shaggy Hotshot Feb. 17 , 2001 Forever Your Girl by Paula Abdul spent 64 consecutive weeks on the Billboard 200 before hitting number one in 1989 , making it the longest time for an album to reach the number - one spot . Albums to crown the Billboard 200 by artists who have never appeared on the Hot 100 Artist Album Year Source Van Cliburn Tchaikovsky : Piano Concerto No. 1 1958 Bob Newhart The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart 1960 Bob Newhart The Button - Down Mind Strikes Back ! 1961 Judy Garland Judy at Carnegie Hall 1961 Vaughn Meader The First Family 1962 Frank Fontaine Songs I Sing on the Jackie Gleason Show 1963 Blind Faith Blind Faith 1969 Pantera Far Beyond Driven 1994 Bob Carlisle Butterfly Kisses ( Shades of Grace ) 1997 Il Divo Ancora 2006 Slipknot All Hope Is Gone 2008 Vampire Weekend Contra The Decemberists The King Is Dead 2011 Amos Lee Mission Bell 2011 Vampire Weekend Modern Vampires of the City 2013 Lecrae Anomaly 2014 Slipknot . 5 : The Gray Chapter 2014 Brand New Science Fiction 2017 LCD Soundsystem American Dream 2017 Note : Newhart , Meader , and Fontaine 's albums were all # 1 on the mono chart , but not on the stereo chart . Additional Milestones This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Barbra Streisand is the only artist to have number 1 albums in 6 decades . Her first was the 1964 album People and her most recent was the 2016 album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway , with a few weeks shy of 52 years between the two hitting number 1 . The first album to debut at number one was Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy by Elton John . John repeated the same feat with the album Rock of the Westies -- the second album to debut at number one -- making John the first artist to have two consecutive studio albums debut at number one . Whitney Houston 's second album Whitney was the first album by a female artist to debut at number one . In the early 1960s , Bob Newhart had the accomplishment of having the number - one and number - two albums simultaneously on the Billboard albums chart , with The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart and The Button - Down Mind Strikes Back ! This feat was equaled by The Beatles multiple times . They did this twice in 1964 with Meet The Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles , and then with A Hard Day 's Night and Something New , followed in 1969 with the album The Beatles ( commonly known as The White Album ) and the soundtrack for the film Yellow Submarine . In 1991 , Guns N ' Roses held the top two with Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II , in 2004 , Nelly 's Suit and Sweat and in 2017 , Future 's Future and HNDRXX . As a musician , Paul McCartney has the most number - one albums , with 25 . This includes 19 albums from his work with The Beatles ( referenced earlier in this article ) , 2 solo albums , and 4 albums as a part of his 1970s group Wings . John Lennon is in second place with 22 , including 19 albums with The Beatles , 2 solo albums , and 1 album credited to him and his wife Yoko Ono . George Harrison had 19 number - one albums with The Beatles and 2 as a solo artist . McCartney also has the most top 10 albums , with 50 . This includes 32 with The Beatles ( referenced earlier in this article ) , 7 albums with the group Wings , 1 album credited to him and his first wife Linda McCartney , and 10 solo albums . The Sound of Music set the record of 109 consecutive weeks in the top 10 from May 1 , 1965 to July 16 , 1966 , but only spent 2 weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 . As of 2008 , Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon has been on the charts for over 1,630 weeks , or approximately 31 years . The album spent a record 937 weeks on the Billboard 200 . The other weeks were spent on the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart . Its closest rival is Bob Marley 's Legend , checking in at over 975 weeks ( Billboard 200 and Top Pop Catalog Albums combined ) . Tapestry by Carole King holds the record for most consecutive weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 for any one album by a female solo artist with 15 weeks . The only EPs to reach number one on the chart are Alice in Chains 's Jar of Flies in 1994 , Linkin Park and Jay - Z 's collaboration EP , Collision Course in 2004 , the cast of the television series Glee with Glee : The Music , The Power of Madonna and Glee : The Music , Journey to Regionals in 2010 , and Bad Meets Evil 's Hell : The Sequel in 2011 . In 2001 , Britney Spears became the first female artist in the chart 's history to have her first three albums debut at number one . She broke this record two years later with a fourth number - one debut . With the number - one debut of her Circus album in 2008 , Spears also became the youngest female artist in history to have five number - one albums . She later beat the record when her 7th studio album , Femme Fatale debuted at number one on April , 2011 . The first UK solo artist to debut at number one with a debut album is Leona Lewis on April 26 , 2008 with the album Spirit . The first UK group to debut at number one with a debut album is One Direction on March 31 , 2012 with the album Up All Night . Oldest male to debut at number one : Tony Bennett on October 8 , 2011 ( 85 years , 66 days old ) with the album Duets II . He was born August 3 , 1926 . Later , he surpassed his own record when his collaborative album with Lady Gaga , Cheek to Cheek debuted at number one on October 11 , 2014 ( 88 years , 69 days old ) . Oldest female to debut at number one : Barbra Streisand on September 17 , 2016 ( 74 years , 146 days old ) with the album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway . She was born April 24 , 1942 . The issue dated July 11 , 2009 was the first time any catalog album outsold the number - one album on the Billboard 200 . Three of Michael Jackson 's albums ( Number Ones , The Essential Michael Jackson and Thriller ) claimed positions 1 - 3 respectively on Top Pop Catalog Albums and Top Comprehensive Albums in the week following Jackson 's death . In 2012 , Adam Lambert became the first openly gay musician to debut at No. 1 with his album Trespassing . There have been 23 albums released on an independent label to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200 . Jackie Gleason , at least for a time , held the record for the most albums to top the Billboard 200 without charting any songs in the top 40 of the Hot 100 ; three of Gleason 's mood music albums topped the Billboard 200 in the mid-1950s . As of December 18 , 2013 , Beyoncé became the only female artist to have her first 5 studio albums debut at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart , following the release of her self - titled album Beyoncé . One Direction became the first group in history to debut at No. 1 with its first three albums when Midnight Memories debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 dated December 14 , 2013 . They later became the first group to debut at No. 1 with their first four albums when Four debuted atop the chart on November 26 , 2014 . Led Zeppelin hold the record for the longest gap between an album returning to the Top 10 . Led Zeppelin first hit the Top 10 on the Billboard Top LP 's chart for the week ending May 17 , 1969 and returned 45 years and 35 days later at No. 7 , on the Billboard 200 , for the week ending June 21 , 2014 . On May 1 , 2016 , Beyoncé broke the record she previously set in 2013 , by becoming the only female artist to have her first 6 studio albums debut at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart , following the release of her sixth studio album Lemonade . Beyoncé also becomes the first and only artist in Billboard chart history to have all of her studio albums debut at No. 1 , breaking a tied record with DMX . On May 22 , 2016 , Coloring Book by Chance the Rapper became the first streaming - only album to chart on the Billboard 200 , debuting at No. 8 , with the album being streamed 57.3 million times in its first week , which was equivalent to 38,000 units sold . On March 18 , 2017 , Future made history by achieving back - to - back No. 1 album debuts in successive weeks with Future and HNDRXX for the first time in the chart 's history . On June 2 , 2018 , BTS became the first Korean artist to reach No. 1 with their album Love Yourself : Tear . See also List of Billboard 200 number - one albums Sources Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Albums , 6th edition , ISBN 0 - 89820 - 166 - 7 Whitburn , Joel ( 1991 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Albums ( Revised and enlarged 2nd ed . ) . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7534 - 6 . 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-2306335358726575193	The Star-Spangled Banner	The Star - Spangled Banner - wikipedia The Star - Spangled Banner Jump to : navigation , search `` Star - Spangled Banner '' redirects here . For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry , see Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . For the present flag , see Flag of the United States . The Star - Spangled Banner The earliest surviving sheet music of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , from 1814 . National anthem of the United States Lyrics Francis Scott Key , 1814 Music John Stafford Smith , c. 1773 Adopted March 4 , 1931 ; 86 years ago ( 1931 - 03 - 04 ) Audio sample `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' instrumental file help `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States of America . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large American flag , the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory . The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known American patriotic song . With a range of 19 semitones , it is known for being difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the United Kingdom national anthem , also served as a de facto anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , as well as `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Modern history 2.1 Performances 2.2 200th anniversary celebrations 2.3 Adaptations 3 Lyrics 3.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 3.2 Alternative lyrics 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute 6.2 2016 protests 6.3 NAACP call to remove the national anthem 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history ( edit ) Francis Scott Key 's lyrics ( edit ) Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers . Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when Britain and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . '' John Stafford Smith 's music ( edit ) Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased and its first public performance took place in October when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . National anthem ( edit ) Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as July 4th celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the US Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Modern history ( edit ) Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States , as well as other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations ( edit ) The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States . A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations ( edit ) See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward , she attempted a gesture of ballplayers by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . Lyrics ( edit ) O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics ( edit ) In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era . When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics ( edit ) In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . References in film , television , literature ( edit ) Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled `` The Song of a Nation '' from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law ( edit ) Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932 , there was no prescription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . ( The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem , but not if the flag was not present . ) On December 23 , 1942 , the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played . That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegiance versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform . The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of the law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute ( edit ) Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 - meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests ( edit ) Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , in response to police brutality in America , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . NAACP call to remove the National anthem ( edit ) In November 2017 , the California Chapter of the NAACP called on Congress to remove The Star - Spangled Banner as the national anthem . Alice Huffman , California NAACP president said : `` it 's racist ; it does n't represent our community , it 's anti-black . '' The third stanza of the anthem , which is rarely sung and few know , contains the words , `` No refuge could save the hireling and slave , From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : '' , which some interpret as racist . The organization was still seeking a representative to sponsor the legislation in Congress at the time of their announcement . Translations ( edit ) As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media ( edit ) The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1944 ) Play media ( 1940 ) See also ( edit ) In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off Music portal United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My country ' tis of thee ( Song Collection ) '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Lois Leo ( 1990 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 167 - 2 . Jump up ^ British Rockets at the US National Park Service , Fort McHenry National Monument , and Historic Shrine . Retrieved February 2008 . Archived April 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` When the Warrior Returns - Key '' . Potw.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Robin ( 1988 ) . The Overthrdow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 . pp. 288 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Clague ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' critics miss the point '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know : The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery '' . Theintercept.com. 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Is the National Anthem Racist ? Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick '' . The New York Times . 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' and Slavery '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clague , Mark , and Jamie Vander Broek . `` Banner moments : the national anthem in American life '' . University of Michigan , 2014 . 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oratorio Society of New York - Star Spangled Banner '' . Oratoriosocietyofny.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Manuscript for `` The Star Spangled Banner '' Antiques Roadshow `` . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Plaque , Fort Meade , erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Ray ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Star - Spangled Banner : an American anthem with a very British beginning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series : A Tradition is Born '' . Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News - Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A-Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA TODAY Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1986 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2004 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Jump up ^ `` Public Laws , June 22 , 1942 '' . June 22 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Congress , 2nd session '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public law , July 7 , 1976 '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- United States Code '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code '' . Uscode.house.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Circle School v. Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National anthem lyrics prompt California NAACP to call for replacing song '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : The Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links ( edit ) `` New book reveals the dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had a complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . '' NPR 's `` Hear and Now , '' July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By WILLIAM ROBIN JUNE 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio ( edit ) The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( U.S. ) Cook Islands ( N.Z. ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( U.S. ) Hawaii ( U.S. ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( N.Z. ) Northern Mariana Islands ( U.S. ) Pitcairn Islands ( U.K. ) Tokelau ( N.Z. ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( U.S. ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Other Books Opposition in United States War of 1812 Bicentennial Related Tecumseh 's War Creek War Portal National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` The Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park VIAF : 186293289 LCCN : n50081577 GND : 4756592 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=826647151 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Songs based on actual events Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the star spangled banner made our national anthem	[ "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889, and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301), which was signed by President Herbert Hoover." ]	[ "March 3, 1931" ]
5779451933987464016	B cell	B cell - wikipedia B cell This article is about the immune system cell . For the electrical cell , see Battery ( vacuum tube ) . For β - cell of pancreas , see beta cell . Basic B cell function : bind to an antigen , receive help from a cognate helper T cell , and differentiate into a plasma cell that secretes large amounts of antibodies 3D rendering of a B cell B cells , also known as B lymphocytes , are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype . They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies . Additionally , B cells present antigen ( they are also classified as professional antigen - presenting cells ( APCs ) ) and secrete cytokines . In mammals , B cells mature in the bone marrow , which is at the core of most bones . In birds , B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricius , a lymphoid organ . ( The `` B '' from B cells comes from the name of this organ , where it was first discovered by Chang and Glick , and not from bone marrow as commonly believed . ) B cells , unlike the other two classes of lymphocytes , T cells and natural killer cells , express B cell receptors ( BCRs ) on their cell membrane . BCRs allow the B cell to bind to a specific antigen , against which it will initiate an antibody response . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Activation 2.1 T cell - dependent activation 2.2 T cell - independent activation 2.3 Memory B cell activation 3 B cell types 4 B cell - related pathology 5 Epigenetic 6 References Development ( edit ) B cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells ( HSCs ) that originate from bone marrow . HSCs first differentiate into multipotent progenitor ( MPP ) cells , then common lymphoid progenitor ( CLP ) cells . From here , their development into B cells occurs in several stages ( shown in image to the right ) , each marked by various gene expression patterns and immunoglobulin H chain and L chain gene loci arrangements , the latter due to B cells undergoing V ( D ) J recombination as they develop . Early B cell development : from stem cell to immature B cell B cells undergo two types of selection while developing in the bone marrow to ensure proper development . Positive selection occurs through antigen - independent signaling involving both the pre-BCR and the BCR . If these receptors do not bind to their ligand , B cells do not receive the proper signals and cease to develop . Negative selection occurs through the binding of self - antigen with the BCR ; If the BCR can bind strongly to self - antigen , then the B cell undergoes one of four fates : clonal deletion , receptor editing , anergy , or ignorance ( B cell ignores signal and continues development ) . This negative selection process leads to a state of central tolerance , in which the mature B cells do n't bind with self antigens present in the bone marrow . To complete development , immature B cells migrate from the bone marrow into the spleen as transitional B cells , passing through two transitional stages : T1 and T2 . Throughout their migration to the spleen and after spleen entry , they are considered T1 B cells . Within the spleen , T1 B cells transition to T2 B cells . T2 B cells differentiate into either follicular ( FO ) B cells or marginal zone ( MZ ) B cells depending on signals received through the BCR and other receptors . Once differentiated , they are now considered mature B cells , or naive B cells . Transitional B cell development : from immature B cell to MZ B cell or mature ( FO ) B cell While immature and during the T1 phase , B cells express BCR of class IgG , but BCR expression changes to the classes IgM and IgD after transition into the T2 phase and while mature up to activation . Activation ( edit ) B cell activation occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs ( SLOs ) , such as the spleen and lymph nodes . After B cells mature in the bone marrow , they migrate through the blood to SLOs , which receive a constant supply of antigen through circulating lymph . At the SLO , B cell activation begins when the B cell binds to an antigen via its BCR . Of the three B cell subsets , FO B cells preferentially undergo T cell - dependent activation while MZ B cells and B1 B cells preferentially undergo T cell - independent activation . B cell activation : from immature B cell to plasma cell or memory B cell B cell activation is enhanced through the activity of CD21 , a surface receptor in complex with surface proteins CD19 and CD81 ( all three are collectively known as the B cell coreceptor complex ) . When a BCR binds an antigen tagged with a fragment of the C3 complement protein , CD21 binds the C3 fragment , co-ligates with the bound BCR , and signals are transduced through CD19 and CD81 to lower the activation threshold of the cell . T cell - dependent activation ( edit ) Antigens that activate B cells with the help of T - cell are known as T cell - dependent ( TD ) antigens and include foreign proteins . They are named as such because they are unable to induce a humoral response in organisms that lack T cells . B cell response to these antigens takes multiple days , though antibodies generated have a higher affinity and are more functionally versatile than those generated from T cell - independent activation . Once a BCR binds a TD antigen , the antigen is taken up into the B cell through receptor - mediated endocytosis , degraded , and presented to T cells as peptide pieces in complex with MHC - II molecules on the cell membrane . T helper ( T ) cells , typically follicular T helper ( T ) cells , that were activated with the same antigen recognize and bind these MHC - II - peptide complexes through their T cell receptor ( TCR ) . Following TCR - MHC - II - peptide binding , T cells express the surface protein CD40L as well as cytokines such as IL - 4 and IL - 21 . CD40L serves as a necessary co-stimulatory factor for B cell activation by binding the B cell surface receptor CD40 , which promotes B cell proliferation , immunoglobulin class switching , and somatic hypermutation as well as sustains T cell growth and differentiation . T cell - derived cytokines bound by B cell cytokine receptors also promote B cell proliferation , immunoglobulin class switching , and somatic hypermutation as well as guide differentiation . After B cells receive these signals , they are considered activated . Now activated , B cells participate in a two - step differentiation process that yields both short - lived plasmablasts for immediate protection and long - lived plasma cells and memory B cells for persistent protection . The first step , known as the extrafollicular response , occurs outside lymphoid follicles but still in the SLO . During this step activated B cells proliferate , may undergo immunoglobulin class switching , and differentiate into plasmablasts that produce early , weak antibodies mostly of class IgM . The second step consists of activated B cells entering a lymphoid follicle and forming a germinal center ( GC ) , which is a specialized microenvironment where B cells undergo extensive proliferation , immunoglobulin class switching , and affinity maturation directed by somatic hypermutation . These processes are facilitated by T cells within the GC and generate both high - affinity memory B cells and long - lived plasma cells . Resultant plasma cells secrete large amounts of antibody and either stay within the SLO or , more preferentially , migrate to bone marrow . T cell - independent activation ( edit ) Main article : T independent antigen ( TI ) Antigens that activate B cells without T cell help are known as T cell - independent ( TI ) antigens and include foreign polysaccharides and unmethylated CpG DNA . They are named as such because they are able to induce a humoral response in organisms that lack T cells . B cell response to these antigens is rapid , though antibodies generated tend to have lower affinity and are less functionally versatile than those generated from T cell - dependent activation . As with TD antigens , B cells activated by TI antigens need additional signals to complete activation , but instead of receiving them from T cells , they are provided either by recognition and binding of a common microbial constituent to toll - like receptors ( TLRs ) or by extensive crosslinking of BCRs to repeated epitopes on a bacterial cell . B cells activated by TI antigens go on to proliferate outside lymphoid follicles but still in SLOs ( GCs do not form ) , possibly undergo immunoglobulin class switching , and differentiate into short - lived plasmablasts that produce early , weak antibodies mostly of class IgM , but also some populations of long - lived plasma cells . Memory B cell activation ( edit ) Memory B cell activation begins with the detection and binding of their target antigen , which is shared by their parent B cell . Some memory B cells can be activated without T cell help , such as certain virus - specific memory B cells , but others need T cell help . Upon antigen binding , the memory B cell takes up the antigen through receptor - mediated endocytosis , degrades it , and presents it to T cells as peptide pieces in complex with MHC - II molecules on the cell membrane . Memory T helper ( T ) cells , typically memory follicular T helper ( T ) cells , that were derived from T cells activated with the same antigen recognize and bind these MHC - II - peptide complexes through their TCR . Following TCR - MHC - II - peptide binding and the relay of other signals from the memory T cell , the memory B cell is activated and differentiates either into plasmablasts and plasma cells via an extrafollicular response or enter a germinal center reaction where they generate plasma cells and more memory B cells . It is unclear whether the memory B cells undergo further affinity maturation within these secondary GCs . B cell types ( edit ) Plasmablast - A short - lived , proliferating antibody - secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation . Plasmablasts are generated early in an infection and their antibodies tend to have a weaker affinity towards their target antigen compared to plasma cell . Plasmablasts can result from T cell - independent activation of B cells or the extrafollicular response from T cell - dependent activation of B cells . Plasma cell - A long - lived , non-proliferating antibody - secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation . There is evidence that B cells first differentiate into a plasmablast - like cell , then differentiate into a plasma cell . Plasma cells are generated later in an infection and , compared to plasmablasts , have antibodies with a higher affinity towards their target antigen due to affinity maturation in the germinal center ( GC ) and produce more antibodies . Plasma cells typically result from the germinal center reaction from T cell - dependent activation of B cells , however they can also result from T cell - independent activation of B cells . Lymphoplasmacytoid cell - A cell with a mixture of B lymphocyte and plasma cell morphological features that is thought to be closely related to or a subtype of plasma cells . This cell type is found in pre-malignant and malignant plasma cell dyscrasias that are associated with the secretion of IgM monoclonal proteins ; these dyscrasias include IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and Waldenström 's macroglobulinemia . Memory B cell - Dormant B cell arising from B cell differentiation . Their function is to circulate through the body and initiate a stronger , more rapid antibody response ( known as the anamnestic secondary antibody response ) if they detect the antigen that had activated their parent B cell ( memory B cells and their parent B cells share the same BCR , thus they detect the same antigen ) . Memory B cells can be generated from T cell - dependent activation through both the extrafollicular response and the germinal center reaction as well as from T cell - independent activation of B1 cells . Follicular ( FO ) B Cell ( also known as a B - 2 cell ) - Most common type of B cell and , when not circulating through the blood , is found mainly in the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs ( SLOs ) . They are responsible for generating the majority of high - affinity antibodies during an infection . Marginal zone ( MZ ) B cell - Found mainly in the marginal zone of the spleen and serves as a first line of defense against blood - borne pathogens , as the marginal zone receives large amounts of blood from the general circulation . They can undergo both T cell - independent and T cell - dependent activation , but preferentially undergo T cell - independent activation . B - 1 cell - Arises from a developmental pathway different from FO B cells and MZ B cells . In mice , they predominantly populate the peritoneal cavity and pleural cavity , generate natural antibodies ( antibodies produced without infection ) , defend against mucosal pathogens , and primarily exhibit T cell - independent activation . A true homologue of mouse B - 1 cells has not been discovered in humans , though various cell populations similar to B - 1 cells have been described . B - 2 cell - FO B cells and MZ B cells . Regulatory B ( Breg ) cell - An immunosuppressive B cell type that stops the expansion of pathogenic , pro-inflammatory lymphocytes through the secretion of IL - 10 , IL - 35 , and TGF - β . Also , it promotes the generation of regulatory T ( Treg ) cells by directly interacting with T cells to skew their differentiation towards Tregs . No common Breg cell identity has been described and many Breg cell subsets sharing regulatory functions have been found in both mice and humans . It is currently unknown if Breg cell subsets are developmentally linked and how exactly differentiation into a Breg cell occurs . There is evidence showing that nearly all B cell types can differentiate into a Breg cell through mechanisms involving inflammatory signals and BCR recognition . B cell - related pathology ( edit ) Autoimmune disease can result from abnormal B cell recognition of self - antigens followed by the production of autoantibodies . Autoimmune diseases where disease activity is correlated with B cell activity include scleroderma , multiple sclerosis , systemic lupus erythematosus , type 1 diabetes , and rheumatoid arthritis . Malignant transformation of B cells and their precursors can cause a host of cancers , including chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL ) , acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) , hairy cell leukemia , follicular lymphoma , non-Hodgkin's lymphoma , Hodgkin 's lymphoma , and plasma cell malignancies such as multiple myeloma , Waldenström 's macroglobulinemia , and certain forms of amyloidosis . Epigenetic ( edit ) A study that investigated the methylome of B cells along their differentiation cycle , using whole - genome bisulfite sequencing ( WGBS ) , showed that there is a hypomethylation from the earliest stages to the most differentiated stages . The largest methylation difference is between the stages of germinal center B cells and memory B cells . Furthermore , this study showed that there is a similarity between B cell tumors and long - lived B cells in their DNA methylation signatures . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Janeway 's Immunobiology ( 8th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 9780815342434 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Max D. ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The early history of B cells '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3801 . PMID 25656707 . ^ Jump up to : Kondo , Motonari ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Lymphoid and myeloid lineage commitment in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors '' . Immunological Reviews . 238 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 46 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 065X. 2010.00963. x . ISSN 1600 - 065X . PMC 2975965 . PMID 20969583 . ^ Jump up to : Pelanda , Roberta ; Torres , Raul M. ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Central B - Cell Tolerance : Where Selection Begins '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 4 ( 4 ) : a007146 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a007146 . ISSN 1943 - 0264 . PMC 3312675 . PMID 22378602 . ^ Jump up to : Martensson , Inga - Lill ; Almqvist , Nina ; Grimsholm , Ola ; Bernardi , Angelina ( 2010 ) . `` The pre-B cell receptor checkpoint '' . FEBS Letters. 584 ( 12 ) : 2572 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. febslet. 2010.04. 057 . PMID 20420836 . ^ Jump up to : LeBien , Tucker W. ; Tedder , Thomas F. ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) . `` B lymphocytes : how they develop and function '' . Blood . 112 ( 5 ) : 1570 -- 1580 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2008 - 02 - 078071 . ISSN 0006 - 4971 . PMC 2518873 . PMID 18725575 . Jump up ^ Loder , By Florienne ; Mutschler , Bettina ; Ray , Robert J. ; Paige , Christopher J. ; Sideras , Paschalis ; Torres , Raul ; Lamers , Marinus C. ; Carsetti , Rita ( 1999 - 07 - 01 ) . `` B Cell Development in the Spleen Takes Place in Discrete Steps and Is Determined by the Quality of B Cell Receptor -- Derived Signals '' . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 190 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 90 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 190.1. 75 . ISSN 0022 - 1007 . PMC 2195560 . PMID 10429672 . ^ Jump up to : Chung , James B. ; Silverman , Michael ; Monroe , John G. ( 2003 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Transitional B cells : step by step towards immune competence '' . Trends in Immunology. 24 ( 6 ) : 342 -- 348 . doi : 10.1016 / S1471 - 4906 ( 03 ) 00119 - 4 . ISSN 1471 - 4906 . Jump up ^ Cerutti , Andrea ; Cols , Montserrat ; Puga , Irene ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Marginal zone B cells : virtues of innate - like antibody - producing lymphocytes '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 13 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 32 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3383 . PMC 3652659 . PMID 23348416 . Jump up ^ Harwood , Naomi E. ; Batista , Facundo D. ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Early Events in B Cell Activation '' . Annual Review of Immunology. 28 ( 1 ) : 185 -- 210 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - immunol - 030409 - 101216 . PMID 20192804 . 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PMID 22885687 . Jump up ^ Zabel , Mark D. ; Weis , John H. ( 2001 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Cell - specific regulation of the CD21 gene '' . International Immunopharmacology . Unraveling Mechanisms and Discovering Novel Roles for Complement. 1 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 493 . doi : 10.1016 / S1567 - 5769 ( 00 ) 00046 - 1 . PMID 11367532 . Jump up ^ Blum , Janice S. ; Wearsch , Pamela A. ; Cresswell , Peter ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Pathways of Antigen Processing '' . Annual Review of Immunology. 31 ( 1 ) : 443 -- 473 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - immunol - 032712 - 095910 . PMC 4026165 . PMID 23298205 . ^ Jump up to : Crotty , Shane ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A brief history of T cell help to B cells '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 ( 3 ) : 185 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3803 . PMC 4414089 . PMID 25677493 . Jump up ^ MacLennan , Ian C.M. ; Toellner , Kai - Michael ; Cunningham , Adam F. ; Serre , Karine ; Sze , Daniel M. - Y. ; Zúñiga , Elina ; Cook , Matthew C. ; Vinuesa , Carola G. ( 2003 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Extrafollicular antibody responses '' . Immunological Reviews . 194 : 8 -- 18 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 065x. 2003.00058. x . ISSN 0105 - 2896 . PMID 12846803 . ^ Jump up to : Shlomchik , Mark J. ; Weisel , Florian ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells '' . Immunological Reviews . 247 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 63 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 065X. 2012.01124. x . ISSN 1600 - 065X . PMID 22500831 . ^ Jump up to : Bortnick , Alexandra ; Chernova , Irene ; Quinn , William J. ; Mugnier , Monica ; Cancro , Michael P. ; Allman , David ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Long - Lived Bone Marrow Plasma Cells Are Induced Early in Response to T Cell - Independent or T Cell - Dependent Antigens '' . The Journal of Immunology. 188 ( 11 ) : 5389 -- 5396 . doi : 10.4049 / jimmunol. 1102808 . ISSN 0022 - 1767 . PMC 4341991 . PMID 22529295 . ^ Jump up to : McHeyzer - Williams , Michael ; Okitsu , Shinji ; Wang , Nathaniel ; McHeyzer - Williams , Louise ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Molecular programming of B cell memory '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 12 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 34 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3128 . PMC 3947622 . PMID 22158414 . ^ Jump up to : Kurosaki , Tomohiro ; Kometani , Kohei ; Ise , Wataru ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Memory B cells '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 ( 3 ) : 149 . doi : 10.1038 / nri3802 . PMID 25677494 . Jump up ^ Ribourtout B , Zandecki M ( 2015 ) . `` Plasma cell morphology in multiple myeloma and related disorders '' . Morphologie : Bulletin De l'Association Des Anatomistes. 99 ( 325 ) : 38 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. morpho. 2015.02. 001 . PMID 25899140 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Shiv ; Cariappa , Annaiah ; Moran , Stewart T. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Marginal Zone B Cells '' . Annual Review of Immunology. 23 ( 1 ) : 161 -- 196 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. immunol. 23.021704. 115728 . PMID 15771569 . ^ Jump up to : Baumgarth , Nicole ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The double life of a B - 1 cell : self - reactivity selects for protective effector functions '' . Nature Reviews Immunology. 11 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 46 . doi : 10.1038 / nri2901 . PMID 21151033 . ^ Jump up to : Rosser , Elizabeth C. ; Mauri , Claudia ( 2015 ) . `` Regulatory B Cells : Origin , Phenotype , and Function '' . Immunity. 42 ( 4 ) : 607 -- 612 . doi : 10.1016 / j. immuni. 2015.04. 005 . ISSN 1074 - 7613 . PMID 25902480 . ^ Jump up to : Yanaba , Koichi ; Bouaziz , Jean - David ; Matsushita , Takashi ; Magro , Cynthia M. ; St. Clair , E. William ; Tedder , Thomas F. ( 2008 - 06 - 01 ) . `` B - lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease '' . Immunological Reviews . 223 ( 1 ) : 284 -- 299 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 065X. 2008.00646. x . ISSN 1600 - 065X . Jump up ^ III , Arthur L. Shaffer ; Young , Ryan M. ; Staudt , Louis M. ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Pathogenesis of Human B Cell Lymphomas '' . Annual Review of Immunology. 30 ( 1 ) : 565 -- 610 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - immunol - 020711 - 075027 . PMID 22224767 . Jump up ^ Castillo JJ ( 2016 ) . `` Plasma Cell Disorders '' . Primary Care . 43 ( 4 ) : 677 -- 691 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pop. 2016.07. 002 . PMID 27866585 . Jump up ^ Kulis , Marta ; Merkel , Angelika ; Heath , Simon ; Queirós , Ana C. ; Schuyler , Ronald P. ; Castellano , Giancarlo ; Beekman , Renée ; Raineri , Emanuele ; Esteve , Anna ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Whole - genome fingerprint of the DNA methylome during human B cell differentiation '' . Nature Genetics . 47 ( 7 ) : 746 -- 756 . doi : 10.1038 / ng. 3291 . ISSN 1061 - 4036 . PMID 26053498 . Lymphocytes B cells Plasma Memory Follicular Marginal zone Naïve Pre-B Thymocyte T cells αβ ( Cytotoxic CD8 Helper CD4 / T / T 3 / T 17 / Regulatory ) γδ Naïve Natural killer T cell NK cells Cytokine - induced killer cell Lymphokine - activated killer cell Null cell Lymphopoiesis Hematopoietic stem cell Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte Immunology : lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement Lymphoid Antigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation / Professional APCs : Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen Antibodies Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope Immunity vs . tolerance action : Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity inaction : Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V ( D ) J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC / HLA Lymphocytes Cellular T cell Humoral B cell NK cell Substances Cytokines Opsonin Cytolysin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B_cell&oldid=844091829 '' Categories : Lymphocytes Human cells Immunology Immune system Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018 , at 15 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the differentiated b cells that produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies are called	[ "B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.[1] They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system by secreting antibodies.[1] Additionally, B cells present antigen (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.[1]\nIn mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones.[2] In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricius, a lymphoid organ. (The \"B\" from B cells comes from the name of this organ, where it was first discovered by Chang and Glick,[2] and not from bone marrow as commonly believed.)\n" ]	[ "B lymphocytes" ]
-3639752203673561241	Puppy Dog Pals	Puppy Dog Pals - wikipedia Puppy Dog Pals Jump to : navigation , search Puppy Dog Pals Genre Adventure Musical Slice of life Created by Harland Williams Directed by Scott Bern Trevor Wall Voices of Issac Ryan Brown Harland Williams Jessica DiCicco Sam Lavagnino Tom Kenny Theme music composer Andy Bean Opening theme `` Main Title Theme '' by Andy Bean Ending theme `` Main Title Theme '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Andy Bean Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sean Coyle Richard Marlis Carmen Italia Producer ( s ) Harland Williams Running time 24 minutes Production company ( s ) DQ Entertainment Snowball Studios Wild Canary Animation Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Disney Junior Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) -- present External links Website disneyjunior.disney.com/puppy-dog-pals Puppy Dog Pals ( previously titled Puppy Dog Tails ) is an American computer - animated children 's television series created by Harland Williams . The series debuted on Disney Junior and Disney Channel in the United States on April 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Puppy Dog Pals is about brothers Bingo and Rolly , two pug puppies who have fun travelling around their neighborhood when their owner Bob leaves home . They also have a cat sister named Hissy , and a robot dog named ARF . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bingo ( voiced by Issac Ryan Brown ) is a black dog with a blue collar . He is the leader of the two and is Rolly 's older brother . Rolly ( voiced by Sam Lavagnino ) is a light brown pup with a red collar . He is n't as smart as Bingo , and is very silly . He is Bingo 's younger brother . In `` Bob Loves Mona '' , he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find . Bob ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the owner of Bingo , Rolly , Hissy , and A.R.F. He works as an inventor . Hissy ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is a sarcastic purple cat . In some episodes , she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions . These episodes are : `` A Pyramaid Scheme '' , `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , `` Bob Loves Mona , `` Puzzling Pugs '' , `` A Seat at the Theatre '' , and `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' , but only Collared up on Puzzling Pugs and Return to the Pumpkin Patch . She is the first and currently only female character to sing . A.R.F. ( fully known as Auto - Doggy Robotic Friend ; voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a robotic dog that Bob invented . He first appears in the episode `` A.R.F. '' . Later in the series , he is updated by Bob in `` Go , Dog , Go ! '' Recurring ( edit ) Cupcake ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly . She is the main antagonist of the series . Rufus ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake . He can not speak much except growl and mutter . He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times , but in `` Haunted Howl - O - Ween '' , he helped them instead . Baseball Announcer ( voiced by Bob Uecker ) is the announcer at the baseball game in the episode `` Take Me to The Pug Game '' . Captain Dog ( voiced by Patrick Warburton ) is the star of the pups ' favorite television show . Frank Exposition ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is a man that is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly 's missions . In `` A Pyramid Scheme '' he gets tangled in ribbons , which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy . Esther Exposition ( voiced by Cheri Oteri ) is Frank 's wife . In `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy . Daisy ( voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown ) is a kind German Shepherd . She first appeared in `` History Mystery '' . She appeared again in `` A Very Pug Christmas '' . Bulworth ( voiced by Huey Lewis ) is the junkyard dog . Hedgie the Hedgehog ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) is a hedgehog who first appeared in `` Winter Wonder Pug '' . The Go - Long Retriever ( Voiced by Harland Williams ) is the toy stick and one of Bob 's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of . Its only phrase is `` Play fetch with me ! '' Johnathan ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's wisecracking seagull friend . Cagey ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's guinea pig friend who used to live at the Pet Store , but is now Chloe 's pet . Crumpet ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is the royal dog . Whaley ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped jump over the other side of the wall . Dallie ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a dalmatian . Jackie ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is an orange collie with a magenta bandanna . Nelly ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is a bluebird who appears in `` Polly Wants A Pug '' . She appears again in `` Winter Wonder - Pug '' . Snowflake ( meows provided by Alanna Ubach ) is a kitten who becomes friends with Hissy . Miss Mudge ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is Snowflake 's owner . Guard Dog ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth . Chloe ( voiced by Emma Shannon ) is a little girl who is Bob 's neighbor . Chloe 's Mom ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is Chloe 's mom . Bob 's Mom ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is an old lady who appears in two episodes : `` Special Delivery '' and `` Your Royal Pug - Ness '' . Bizzy the Beaver ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a beaver who lives in the forest . Strider the Sheepdog ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a fast - talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes , `` Counting Sheep '' and `` Rhapsody in Pug '' . Shockero ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a lavender Scotty dog . Bark Knight ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Captain Dog 's sidekick . Titus ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a leopard who now owns Hissy 's squeaky toy . Harriet ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a smart African elephant . Barry ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a giraffe who let Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy ride on his head . Quinty Mcsquinty ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is an old basset hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol ' Snapper . Ol ' Snapper ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a turtle mistaken as a monster . Baby ( barks provided by Jessica DiCocco ) is a huge Great Dane puppy . Queen Kazoo ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is the star of Bob 's favorite play . Baboo ( voiced by Gary Anothony Williams ) is Queen Kazoo 's dog . Charlie ( voiced by Jackson Dollinger ) is an official - unofficial pumpkin patch crow . Orby ( voiced by Jet Jurgensmeyer ) is a chameleon who Bingo and Rolly thought was an alien . Daisy 's Puppies ( Voiced by Serenity Brown and Ryder Cohen ) are the puppies who now play with Daisy 's old toy . Their names are Dash & Duke . They appeared in `` History Mystery '' and `` A Very Pug Christmas '' . Scooter ( Voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is a dog who kinda looks like Daisy . Newf ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a big gentle dog . Todd ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is Orby 's owner . Funny ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is a brown bunny who tells funny jokes . Single Squirrel ( Voiced by Tom Green ) is a Squirrel who Bingo & Rolly bury nuts for winter . Olivia is Bob 's pet fish . Her first appearance was in `` A Very Pug Christmas '' . Santa Claus ( voiced by Henry Winkler ) Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboards by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a `` Hawaii Pug - Oh '' Scott Bern Harland Williams Paul Cohen April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 When Bob says he 'd love to feel the sand on his toes , pug puppy brothers Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to Hawaii . 1b `` A.R.F. '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley James Gibson April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 Bob introduces the pups to A.R.F. , a robotic dog that is programmed to clean up their messes . 2a `` The French Toast Connection '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Kris Wimberly April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 1.36 Bingo and Rolly travel to France to get Bob some french toast . 2b `` Take Me Out to the Pug Game '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Doris Umschaden April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 1.36 The pugs chase Bob 's prized baseball across the city . 3a `` The Go - Long Retriever '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 0.99 Bingo and Rolly try to get away from a self - fetching stick that begins chasing them . 3b `` Pot O ' Pugs '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 0.99 After Bob says he needs a pot of gold , the pups search for one at the end of a rainbow . 4a `` A Pyramid Scheme '' Trevor Wall Jeff Rothpan Julia Briemle April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 1.05 Bongo and Rolly travel to Egypt to find the Great Pyramids . 4b `` Special Delivery '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 1.05 The pugs try to deliver a Mother 's Day card for Bob . 5a `` Design - A-Dog '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Paul Cohen April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA 0.91 Bingo and Rolly accidentally chew Bob 's childhood toy . 5b `` Ice , Ice Puggy '' Trevor Wall Darrin Rose James Gibson April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA 0.91 When Bob 's ice maker breaks , the pugs go to Antarctica to get him ice . 6a `` Free Whaley '' Trevor Wall Sean Tweedley Julia Briemle May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 106 1.05 Bingo and Rolly help a baby whale that has been separated from her family . 6b `` Putting It Together '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Otis Brayboy May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 106 1.05 The pugs retrace their steps to remember where they buried Bob 's unicycle . 7a `` Hissy 's Big Day '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller Julia Briemle May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 107 1.05 After Hissy has had a bad morning , Bingo and Rolly try to make her feel better by taking her to their favorite places . 7b `` Go , Dog . Go ! '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 107 1.05 The reprogrammed A.R.F. takes the pugs where they want to go but the pugs learn that the robotic dog is n't programmed to bring them back . 8a `` Pigs and Pugs '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen & Alfred Gimeno May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 108 1.04 Bob mistakes a mud - covered pig for Rolly and accidentally leaves him behind on the farm . 8b `` Bob Loves Mona '' Scott Bern Joe Ansolabehere ( story ) Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 108 1.04 The pugs travel to the Great Wall of China to search for the missing Mona Lisa . 9a `` Do n't Rain on my Pug - rade '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Arthur Valencia June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 109 1.59 When Bob ca n't leave his house to watch a parade , the pups enlist a family of ducks to march past the house . 9b `` Their Royal Pug - ness '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 109 1.59 Bingo and Rolly head to England to learn how to treat a queen . 10a `` Scuba - Doggies '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton ( story ) Bob Smiley Rudi Bloss June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 110 1.25 An underwater adventure to get a package . 10b `` Walking the Bob '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Bill Breneisen June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 110 1.25 The Pups lead a blurry - visioned Bob home . 11a `` Hissy 's Kitty '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 111 1.21 When Bob brings home a lost kitty , Bingo and Rolly try find her a home . 11b `` Polly Wants a Pug '' Scott Bern Michael Olson & Bob Smiley Julia Briemle & Doris Umschaden July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 111 1.21 While in Florida , Bingo and Rolly search for an old friend of Bob 's . 12a `` Leave it to Beavers '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Julia Briemle July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 112 1.35 Bingo and Rolly try to build a dam to protect their doghouse from a rainstorm . 12b `` Counting Sheep '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 112 1.35 When Bob says he 'll count sheep to sleep , the pugs herd a flock of sheep into the backyard to help . 13a `` Captain Rolly '' Scott Bern Brian Hall Rudi Bloss July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 113 1.20 The pugs attend the Captain Dog fan party . 13b `` The Coolest Dogs in Town '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 113 1.20 A.R.F takes Bingo and Rolly places to get cool . 14a `` Puzzling Pugs '' Stephanie Arnett Harland Williams & Michael Olson ( story ) Ashley Lenz August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) TBA 1.25 Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy find a leopard for Bob 's puzzle after A.R.F tears it up . 14b `` Rhapsody in Pug '' Scott Bern Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) TBA 1.25 Bingo and Rolly go to a concert . 15a `` The Legend of Ol ' Snapper '' Trevor Wall Sean Coyle Julia Briemle August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 0.84 Bob 's fishing pole is stolen by a legendary creature . 15b `` Adventures in Puppy - Sitting '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 0.84 The pugs are tasked to babysit a big dog that causes trouble around the town . 16a `` Bye Bye , Butterfly '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton & Harland Williams Ed Baker September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA 0.63 Bingo and Rolly help a butterfly find a way back to her family . 16b `` A Seat at the Theatre '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA 0.63 Bingo and Rolly try to take a seat to Bob 's favorite play and try not to wake up Hissy at the same time . 17a `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley ( story ) Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA 0.97 Bingo , Rolly and Hissy go to a pumpkin patch to find Bingo 's collar after he loses it in the maze . 17b `` Haunted Howl - oween '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen ( story ) Jessica Carleton Ashley Lenz October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA 0.97 Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to find Chloe 's Halloween Costume . 18a `` Close Encounters of a Pug Kind '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA 0.84 The pups go to a gathering of UFO enthusiasts to find someone from space and mistake a lost Chameleon for an alien . 18b `` History Mystery '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Otis Brayboy October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA 0.84 When the pups find a doggie toy that is n't theirs , they go on a mission to find its original owner . 19a `` Art for Pug 's Sake '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Kris Wimberly November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) TBA 0.94 The pugs try to hang something of Bob 's at a famous Italian art museum . 19b `` Winter Wonderpug '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) TBA 0.94 Bingo and Rolly look for the first snowflake of the season while helping other animals prepare for winter . 20a `` A Very Pug Christmas '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton & Brian Hall ( story ) Roger Dondis December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) TBA 1.03 On Christmas Eve , Bingo and Rolly help Santa search for Bob 's Christmas present when it goes missing in the sleigh . 20b `` The Latke Kerfuffle '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) TBA 1.03 Bingo and Rolly help Bob make latkes for the neighbor 's Hanukkah party . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Puppy Dog Pals -- Fact Sheet '' . Disney Junior Press . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mercedes Milligan ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Junior Announces ' Vampirina , ' ' Puppy Dog Tails ' '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puppy Dog Pals ' To Premiere April 14 on Disney Channel '' . Animation World Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Disney Junior Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puppy Dog Pals Episode Guide '' Screener . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals &Network Finals : 5.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 16 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 23 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 7 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 14 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 28 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( Aug 11 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 8 - 11 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-22-2017.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-1-2017.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-13-2017.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-11-10-2017.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-12-1-2017.html External links ( edit ) USA portal Television portal Puppy Dog Pals on IMDb Puppy Dog Pals on Disney Junior Puppy Dog Pals on WATCH Disney Junior ( hide ) Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Special Agent Oso Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! 25 Days of Christmas Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puppy_Dog_Pals&oldid=816066296 '' Categories : 2010s American animated television series 2017 American television series debuts American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated fantasy television series Animated duos Animated musical television series Computer - animated television series Disney Junior shows English - language television programs Fictional cats Fictional dogs Preschool education television series Television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Magyar Polski Română Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 01 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays bingo and rolly in puppy dog pals	[ "\nBingo (voiced by Issac Ryan Brown) is a black dog with a blue collar. He is the leader of the two and is Rolly's older brother.\nRolly (voiced by Sam Lavagnino) is a light brown pup with a red collar. He isn't as smart as Bingo, and is very silly. He is Bingo's younger brother. In \"Bob Loves Mona\", he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find.\nBob (voiced by Harland Williams) is the owner of Bingo, Rolly, Hissy, and A.R.F. He works as an inventor.\nHissy (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is a sarcastic purple cat. In some episodes, she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions. These episodes are: \"A Pyramaid Scheme\", \"Hissy's Big Day\", \"Bob Loves Mona, \"Puzzling Pugs\", \"A Seat at the Theatre\", and \"Return to the Pumpkin Patch\", but only Collared up on Puzzling Pugs and Return to the Pumpkin Patch. She is the first and currently only female character to sing.\nA.R.F. (fully known as Auto-Doggy Robotic Friend; voiced by Tom Kenny) is a robotic dog that Bob invented. He first appears in the episode \"A.R.F.\". Later in the series, he is updated by Bob in \"Go, Dog, Go!\"\n", "\nBingo (voiced by Issac Ryan Brown) is a black dog with a blue collar. He is the leader of the two and is Rolly's older brother.\nRolly (voiced by Sam Lavagnino) is a light brown pup with a red collar. He isn't as smart as Bingo, and is very silly. He is Bingo's younger brother. In \"Bob Loves Mona\", he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find.\nBob (voiced by Harland Williams) is the owner of Bingo, Rolly, Hissy, and A.R.F. He works as an inventor.\nHissy (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is a sarcastic purple cat. In some episodes, she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions. These episodes are: \"A Pyramaid Scheme\", \"Hissy's Big Day\", \"Bob Loves Mona, \"Puzzling Pugs\", \"A Seat at the Theatre\", and \"Return to the Pumpkin Patch\", but only Collared up on Puzzling Pugs and Return to the Pumpkin Patch. She is the first and currently only female character to sing.\nA.R.F. (fully known as Auto-Doggy Robotic Friend; voiced by Tom Kenny) is a robotic dog that Bob invented. He first appears in the episode \"A.R.F.\". Later in the series, he is updated by Bob in \"Go, Dog, Go!\"\n" ]	[ "Issac Ryan Brown", "Sam Lavagnino" ]
1315400887457436833	Diversity Immigrant Visa	Diversity Immigrant Visa - Wikipedia Diversity Immigrant Visa Jump to : navigation , search New immigrants to the United States ( 2012 -- 2016 ) , in family and employment categories , by country of birth . > 100,000 50,000 -- 100,000 20,000 -- 50,000 10,000 -- 20,000 5,000 -- 10,000 < 5,000 United States and its territories The Diversity Immigrant Visa program , also known as the green card lottery , is a United States government lottery program for receiving a United States Permanent Resident Card . The Immigration Act of 1990 established the current and permanent Diversity Visa ( DV ) program . The lottery is administered by the Department of State and conducted under the Immigration and Nationality Act ( INA ) . It makes available 50,000 immigrant visas annually and aims to diversify the immigrant population in the United States , by selecting applicants from countries with low numbers of immigrants in the previous five years . As of 2017 , around 20 million people apply for the lottery each year . Many fraudulent schemes purport to increase the likelihood of winning in the lottery , but in fact the only way to apply and win is to enter one 's data into the State Department 's website , free of charge . Attempts have been made to end the program since 2005 . In 2017 , it received widespread attention after eight people were killed in a terrorist attack by a recipient of a diversity immigrant visa . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Legislative and administrative history 1.2 Criticism and repeal efforts 2 Process 2.1 Requirements 2.2 Geographical distribution 2.3 Ineligible countries 2.4 Exemptions 2.5 Changes 3 Statistics 4 Fraud 5 Impact 5.1 Economic 5.2 Security 6 External links 7 References History Legislative and administrative history Starting in 1986 , the United States established several temporary immigrant visa programs outside of the usual immigration preferences ( family members or by employment ) . The first program was NP - 5 , run from 1987 - 89 , where a limited number of visas was issued on a first - come , first - served basis . The second program was OP - 1 , run through a lottery from 1989 - 91 and available for natives of countries with low levels of recent immigration to the United States . The third program , AA - 1 , from 1992 - 94 , was available for natives from a select group of countries that had been `` adversely affected '' by earlier immigration laws . Intentionally and in practice , people from Ireland and Northern Ireland benefited disproportionately from these programs . They were also known as the Donnelly , Berman and Morrison visas , respectively , after the sponsoring congressmen . The Government of Ireland has actively supported the various lottery bills and similar legislation since their inception . The Donnelly visa benefited `` several thousand Irish '' ( almost 4,000 ) and the Berman visa had some 500 Irish beneficiaries . Under the three - year Morrison program ( 1992 - 94 ) , by far the largest in size , those born in Ireland or Northern Ireland received a set - aside of 40 % of all diversity visas , for a total of 48,000 set aside visas out of 120,000 . Natives or citizens of Poland , via the sheer volume of applicants , received the second largest number of visas . The United Kingdom came in a distant third with some 6,000 visas in the Morrison program , the last in which natives of the United Kingdom or its territories ( except Hong Kong and Northern Ireland ) were eligible to participate . The Immigration Act of 1990 was passed with bipartisan support and signed by President George H.W. Bush . The legislation established the current and permanent Diversity Visa ( DV ) program , where 55,000 immigrant visas ( later reduced to 50,000 ) are available in an annual lottery . The lottery aims to diversify the immigrant population in the United States , by selecting applicants mostly from countries with low numbers of immigrants to the United States in the previous five years . Starting in fiscal year 1999 , 5,000 of the visas from the DV program are reserved for use by the NACARA program , so the number of immigrant visas available in the lottery was reduced to 50,000 . The first DV lottery , for fiscal year 1995 , was named DV - 1 . For fiscal years 1996 to 1999 , the name was in the format DV - YY , where YY was the last two digits of the year . Since fiscal year 2000 the lotteries have been named in the format DV - YYYY , with the full year number . The year in the name refers to the fiscal year when the immigrant visas will be given , which starts in October of the previous calendar year , and the entry period for the lottery occurs almost a year earlier . Therefore , there is a two - year difference between the lottery name and its entry period . For example , for DV - 2017 ( fiscal year starting in October 2016 ) , the entry period was in 2015 . Initially , the DV lottery was administered entirely by mail , and only winners were notified . The entry form moved to an online system starting in DV - 2005 , but still only winners were notified , by mail . Starting in DV - 2010 , all applicants are able to verify online whether they were selected . Notification of winners also by mail continued until DV - 2011 , but since DV - 2012 it is done exclusively online . Criticism and repeal efforts Criticism of the program has focused on instances of fraud , racism and the random nature of the lottery , as well as criminal or terrorist actions perpetrated by certain lottery winners . In 2002 , Hesham Mohamed Hadayet , an Egyptian immigrant who maintained residency in United States through his wife 's diversity visa , killed two people and injured four others at Los Angeles International Airport . This led to criticism of the lottery as a security threat . Several attempts have been made to eliminate the lottery . In December 2005 , the United States House of Representatives voted 273 -- 148 to add an amendment to the border enforcement bill H.R. 4437 abolishing the DV . Opponents of the lottery said it was susceptible to fraud and was a way for terrorists to enter the country . The Senate never passed the bill . In March 2007 , Congressman Bob Goodlatte ( R - VA ) introduced H.R. 1430 , which would eliminate the Diversity Visa program . In June 2007 , the U.S. House passed H.R. 2764 to eliminate funding for the program , and the Senate did likewise in September . However , the final version of this bill with amendments , signed into law on December 26 , 2007 , did not include the removal of funds for the program . Although H.R. 2764 was an appropriation bill and could only cut funds for the lottery during one fiscal year , this was the first time that both the House and the Senate passed a bill to halt the Diversity Visa program. H.R. 2764 Rep. Goodlatte reintroduced his Security and Fairness Enhancement for America Act ( formerly H.R. 1430 , now H.R. 2305 ) on May 7 , 2009 . The bill would have amended the Immigration and Nationality Act to eliminate the diversity immigrant program completely , but did not pass . Rep. Sheila Jackson - Lee ( D - TX ) introduced the Save America Comprehensive Immigration Act of 2009 ( H.R. 264 ) on January 7 , 2009 . The bill would have doubled the number of diversity visas available to 110,000 yearly . This bill did not pass . Had it passed , the Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 would have abolished the program in fiscal year 2015 . A comprehensive analysis of DV lottery issues was prepared in 2011 by Congressional Research Service . In 2013 , the so - called `` Gang of Eight '' - a bi-partisan group of eight United States Senators - introduced a bill that would have comprehensively reformed the immigration system . The bill would have repealed the Diversity Immigrant Visa program . The legislation passed the Senate , but was defeated in the Republican - controlled House of Representatives amid Republican opposition . In 2017 , Sayfullo Habibullaevich Saipov , who had immigrated from Uzbekistan on a diversity visa in 2010 , killed eight and injured eleven when he drove his truck down a bike path in Lower Manhattan . In response , President Donald Trump , who had earlier called for a return to a `` merit - based '' immigration system , called for an end to the program . Following Trump 's call to end the program , White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders , indicated that diversity visa lottery recipients lack thorough vetting , something Politifact rated as false , noting that all recipients of the visa undergo background checks , security screenings , and interviews by consular officers before arrival in the U.S. The uncle of Akayed Ullah , the man who set off a dud bomb on a New York City subway platform in 2017 , won a diversity lottery , which enabled him to bring his nephew to the United States under the family reunification provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . Process Requirements To enter the lottery , applicants must have been born in an eligible country . If selected , to qualify for the immigrant visa , they must have completed at least a high school education or at least two years of work experience in an occupation which requires at least two other years of training or experience . They must also satisfy general immigration requirements , such as means of support , no criminal background , and good health . Eligibility is determined by the applicant 's country of birth , with two exceptions : the applicant may claim the spouse 's country of birth instead if desired , or a parent 's country of birth if neither parent was born in the applicant 's country of birth and did not legally reside there when the applicant was born . The applicant 's country of residence or nationality is irrelevant to the lottery . Each year , the Department of State publishes new instructions for applicants . Regions and eligible countries for the Diversity Visa lottery Geographical distribution The visas are distributed among six regions : Africa , Asia , Europe ( Turkey , Cyprus and all countries in the former Soviet Union are allocated to Europe , even though some of them are geographically entirely in Asia ) , Latin America ( Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean and South America ) , North America ( consisting only of Canada and the Bahamas ) , and Oceania . Dependent territories are treated as part of their respective sovereign countries , and disputed territories are allocated as recognized by the United States . For example , Bermuda is treated as part of the United Kingdom under Europe , the Gaza Strip is considered part of Egypt under Africa , and the West Bank is considered part of Jordan under Asia . However , there are some exceptions : Northern Ireland , Hong Kong and Taiwan are treated as separate countries , and Macau is considered part of Portugal under Europe ( even after its sovereignty returned to China in 1999 ) . Each region that sent more than one sixth of the total number of immigrants to the United States in the previous five years is considered a `` high - admission region '' ( currently Latin America and Asia ) , and each region that sent less than one sixth is a `` low - admission region '' ( currently North America , Europe , Africa and Oceania ) . The proportion of diversity visas given to the low - admission group is set as the proportion of recent immigrants from the high - admission group ( currently about 80 % ) , and vice versa . Among regions of the same group , the diversity visas are allocated proportionally to their population , excluding ineligible countries ( those that sent more than 50,000 immigrants in the previous five years ) . Within each region , the visas are not allocated among individual countries . All applicants from the same region are selected randomly as a whole , for the number of visas allocated for that region , but with the limitation that no single country may receive more than 7 % of the total diversity visas ( 3,500 ) . Although only 50,000 diversity visas are available each year , the lottery selects about 100,000 applicants . The reason for the larger selection is to ensure that all 50,000 diversity visas are eventually given each year , as some applicants are expected to fail general immigration requirements or may decide to withdraw and not to continue the process . As a result , some lottery winners who have received notifications might not obtain visas . It is also possible that some visas remain available after all initially selected applicants are reviewed . In this case , additional applicants are selected later . For this reason , applicants who were not initially selected in the lottery should keep checking their status online periodically , until the end of the respective fiscal year . Ineligible countries Those born in any territory that has sent more than 50,000 immigrants to the United States in the previous five years are not eligible to receive a diversity visa . For DV - 2019 ( the most recent lottery , with entry period in 2017 ) , natives of the following nations are ineligible : Bangladesh , Brazil , Canada , China ( mainland - born ) , Colombia , Dominican Republic , El Salvador , Haiti , India , Jamaica , Mexico , Nigeria , Pakistan , Peru , Philippines , South Korea , United Kingdom and its dependent territories ( except Northern Ireland ) , and Vietnam . Exemptions The term 50,000 `` immigrants '' refers only to people who immigrated via the family - sponsored , employment , or immediate relatives of U.S. citizen categories , and does not include other categories such as refugees , asylum seekers , NACARA beneficiaries , or previous diversity immigrants . For this reason that Cuba , Iraq , Myanmar , Ethiopia , Iran , Nepal , Guatemala , Egypt and Ecuador are not on the ineligible list as of 2017 , despite sending over 50,000 immigrants in the previous five years . Northern Ireland , due to lobbying by Irish Americans , has a special exemption , as does Hong Kong , with those born in either jurisdiction being eligible to enter the lottery despite both China and the United Kingdom being ineligible . Changes The first program was in fiscal year 1995 , and the following 12 countries were ineligible from the start : Canada , China ( mainland ) , Dominican Republic , El Salvador , India , Jamaica , Mexico , Philippines , South Korea , Taiwan , United Kingdom and its dependent territories ( except Northern Ireland and Hong Kong ) , and Vietnam . Since then , Bangladesh , Brazil , Colombia , Haiti , Nigeria , Pakistan and Peru have been added to the ineligible list and are currently on it , Taiwan has been removed from it , and Ecuador , Guatemala , Poland and Russia have all been both on and off the ineligible list , reflecting shifting levels of immigration from these countries . Macau was ineligible as part of China only for DV - 2002 , whose entry period ( October 2000 ) was after the transfer of sovereignty of Macau from Portugal to China ( December 1999 ) but before enactment of the Macau Policy Act ( December 2000 ) , which specified that U.S. law would treat Macau as it did before the transfer . Of the eight most populous countries in the world , all are ineligible except Indonesia . Of the next 11 most populous countries , eight are eligible , of which six are among the heaviest users of the lottery ( Russia , Egypt , Ethiopia , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Iran and Turkey ) ; each of these countries was assigned close to the maximum possible ~ 4,500 openings for DV - 2018 ( along with Albania , Nepal , Ukraine and Uzbekistan ) . Historical eligibility for the Diversity Immigrant Visa lottery Country Fiscal year 1995 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Bangladesh Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No Brazil Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No Canada No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No China No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Colombia Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Dominican Republic No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Ecuador Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes El Salvador No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Guatemala Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Haiti Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No India No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Jamaica No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Mexico No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Nigeria Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Pakistan Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Peru Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No Philippines No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Poland Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Russia Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes South Korea No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Taiwan No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes United Kingdom No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Vietnam No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Others Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Statistics Applicants ( including dependents ) Region DV - 2007 DV - 2008 DV - 2009 DV - 2010 DV - 2011 DV - 2012 DV - 2013 DV - 2014 DV - 2015 DV - 2016 DV - 2017 DV - 2018 Africa 3,901,066 4,150,726 4,372,522 5,105,274 5,812,139 6,304,186 6,783,699 7,500,487 6,586,260 N / A N / A N / A Asia 2,732,805 3,506,073 6,401,172 6,175,452 7,870,896 10,102,185 1,863,169 2,384,168 2,720,578 N / A N / A N / A Europe 1,910,410 2,120,916 2,174,715 2,154,567 2,593,074 3,022,506 3,512,521 4,434,266 4,731,913 N / A N / A N / A Latin America 489,144 243,694 192,447 126,168 193,932 200,712 377,386 266,272 315,667 N / A N / A N / A North America 1,968 2,647 3,193 2,624 3,793 3,717 3,356 3,657 3,585 N / A N / A N / A Oceania 34,834 40,260 40,964 33,743 37,674 38,962 37,224 45,120 39,884 N / A N / A N / A Total 9,070,227 10,064,316 13,185,013 13,597,828 16,511,508 19,672,268 12,577,355 14,633,970 14,397,887 17,573,350 19,344,586 23,088,613 Selected applicants ( including dependents ) Region DV - 2007 DV - 2008 DV - 2009 DV - 2010 DV - 2011 DV - 2012 DV - 2013 DV - 2014 DV - 2015 DV - 2016 DV - 2017 DV - 2018 Africa 43,998 52,823 53,979 54,003 51,004 50,000 52,080 61,942 58,000 45,034 38,500 49,392 Asia 11,929 14,142 14,002 15,001 14,999 15,002 16,045 23,270 20,002 15,002 13,499 15,997 Europe 21,939 26,150 27,921 29,803 30,999 31,001 33,088 46,589 40,000 27,011 28,500 41,706 Latin America 3,097 1,845 1,893 1,982 2,001 2,002 2,206 4,620 3,999 3,000 1,951 4,995 North America 12 17 12 18 18 15 16 23 14 16 10 15 Oceania 1,398 1,713 1,801 1,803 1,600 2,001 2,193 4,215 3,499 1,500 1,450 3,863 Total 82,373 96,690 99,608 102,610 100,621 100,021 105,628 140,659 125,514 91,563 83,910 115,968 Proportion of applicants who were selected Region DV - 2007 DV - 2008 DV - 2009 DV - 2010 DV - 2011 DV - 2012 DV - 2013 DV - 2014 DV - 2015 DV - 2016 DV - 2017 DV - 2018 Africa 1.13 % 1.27 % 1.23 % 1.06 % 0.88 % 0.79 % 0.77 % 0.83 % 0.88 % N / A N / A N / A Asia 0.44 % 0.40 % 0.22 % 0.24 % 0.19 % 0.15 % 0.86 % 0.98 % 0.74 % N / A N / A N / A Europe 1.15 % 1.23 % 1.28 % 1.38 % 1.20 % 1.03 % 0.94 % 1.05 % 0.85 % N / A N / A N / A Latin America 0.63 % 0.76 % 0.98 % 1.57 % 1.03 % 1.00 % 0.58 % 1.74 % 1.27 % N / A N / A N / A North America 0.61 % 0.64 % 0.38 % 0.69 % 0.47 % 0.40 % 0.48 % 0.63 % 0.39 % N / A N / A N / A Oceania 4.01 % 4.25 % 4.40 % 5.34 % 4.25 % 5.14 % 5.89 % 9.34 % 8.77 % N / A N / A N / A Total 0.91 % 0.96 % 0.76 % 0.75 % 0.61 % 0.51 % 0.84 % 0.96 % 0.87 % 0.52 % 0.43 % 0.50 % Fraud There is no charge to enter the Diversity Visa lottery , and the only way to do so is by completing and sending the electronic form available at the U.S. Department of State website during the registration period . However , there are numerous companies and websites that charge a fee in order to complete the form for the applicant . The Department of State and the Federal Trade Commission have warned that some of these businesses falsely claim to increase someone 's chances of winning the lottery , or that they are affiliated with the U.S. government . There have also been numerous cases of fraudulent emails and letters which falsely claim to have been sent by the Department of State and that the recipient has been granted a Permanent Resident Card . These messages prompt the recipients to transfer a `` visa processing fee '' as a prerequisite for obtaining a `` guaranteed '' green card . The messages are sometimes sent to people who never participated in the lottery and can look trustworthy as they contain the recipient 's exact name and contact details and what appears to be a legal notice . The Department of State has issued a warning against the scammers . It notes that any email claiming the recipient to be a winner of the lottery is fake because the Department has never notified and will not notify winners by email . The Department has urged recipients of such messages to notify the Internet Crime Complaint Center about the scam . The office of inspector general has identified multiple problems with DV lottery in several countries , including Ukraine , Ghana , Albania in embassy inspection reports . According to testimony from Stephen A. Edson before the House Judiciary Committee , `` in Bangladesh , for example , one agent is reported to have enrolled an entire phone book so that he could then either extort money from winning applicants who had never entered the program to begin with or sell their winning slots to others . '' Impact Economic According to Dartmouth economist Ethan Lewis , ending the diversity lottery program would likely have an adverse economic impact on Americans . There is no support in the economics for the assertion that immigrants suppress wages and take jobs from Americans ; to the contrary , research by Lewis and several other economists of migration shows that diverse and low - skilled immigrants lift the wages of native - born workers , as those immigrants are less substitutable to native - born workers . Charles Kenny , an economist at the Center for Global Development , noted that research by Harvard economist Alberto Alesina found that countries with a higher share of foreign - born populations tended to have more innovation and higher incomes . Security In 2004 , the State Department 's deputy inspector general warned that there were security risks to granting visas to winners from countries with ties to terrorism . A 2007 Government Accountability Office report however found no evidence that recipients of diversity visas posed a threat . According to PolitiFact , `` there is at least one documented example of an individual who migrated through the diversity visa system and was later arrested on terrorism - related charges . But it is unclear that the diversity lottery has historically been used as a strategic entry point for terrorists . '' Experts on immigration note that the chances of winning the lottery are low and those who do win the lottery still have to undergo background checks and vetting , which makes the diversity lottery program a poor choice for immigrants considering launching terrorist attacks in the United States . According to the Cato Institute , immigrants from the countries with the highest percentage of diversity visas have vastly lower incarceration rates than native - born Americans . External links Official website Electronic Diversity Visa Lottery website of the Department of State References Jump up ^ `` The Irish Roots of the Diversity Visa Lottery '' . Politico.com . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Priscilla . `` The Diversity Visa Program Was Created to Help Irish Immigrants '' . Theatlantic.com . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Green card lottery invented to help the Irish - under Trump , its luck may have run out '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seeking reform in an era of walls , bars and bans -- Irish Echo '' . Irishecho.com . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Happened ? '' . Irishabroad.com . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : DV Lottery Timeline , preceden.com ; accessed November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Immigrants to get visas by lottery '' , The New York Times , March 1 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` For illegal Irish immigrants , a time to test that luck '' , The New York Times , March 17 , 1989 . ^ Jump up to : Linda Dowling Almeida Irish Immigrants in New York City , 1945 -- 1995 , Indiana University Press , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Was Diversity Visa program ... '' @ politifact . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ 9 FAM 502.6 , U.S. Department of State ; accessed November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diversity Immigrant Visa Lottery ( DV - 1 ) Results , United States Department of State , October 19 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Diversity Immigrant Visa Lottery ( DV - 96 ) Results , United States Department of State . Jump up ^ Diversity Immigrant Visa Lottery ( DV - 97 ) Results , United States Department of State , September 13 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Diversity Immigrant Visa Lottery ( DV - 98 ) Results , United States Department of State , September 10 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Diversity Immigrant Visa Lottery ( DV - 99 ) Results , United States Department of State , May 6 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Diversity Immigrant Visa Lottery ( DV - 2000 ) Results , United States Department of State , May 24 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Instructions for the 2017 Diversity Immigrant Visa Program ( DV - 2017 ) , United States Department of State . Jump up ^ Department of State Announces Diversity Visa Lottery ( DV - 2010 ) Registration , United States Department of State , November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Instructions for the 2012 Diversity Immigrant Visa Program ( DV - 2012 ) , United States Department of State ; accessed November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm a White Immigrant and I Benefited From a Racist Visa Lottery '' . Time.com . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Amber ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` A one in a million chance at a better life : will the US green card lottery survive ? '' . Theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` High - skill bill hits Diversity Visas '' . Politico . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ RAMIREZ , EDDY ( 10 October 2002 ) . `` Panel Probes LAX Gunman '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 5 November 2017 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Diversity Visa program : What you need to know '' . Fox News . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sacchetti , Maria ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's what you need to know about the Diversity Visa Lottery Program '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suspect entered US via Diversity Visa program '' . Houston Chronicle . Associated Press . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 30 November 2012 ) . `` The Diversity Lottery Do We Need It ? '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Diversity Visa program : What you need to know '' . foxnews.com . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VOA News Archived November 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Save America Comprehensive Immigration Act of 2009 ( H.R. 264 ) : Title X -- Diversity Visas '' . United States House of Representatives . THOMAS . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ FAS FAQ , fas.org ; accessed November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYC terror attack : Sayfullo Saipov was here on diversity visa , Trump says . What is that ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Benjamin ; Rashbaum , William K. ; Baker , Al ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` Terror Attack Kills 8 and Injures 11 in Manhattan '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Naylor , Brian . `` FACT CHECK : Trump Points Blame At Chuck Schumer After N.Y. Terror Attack '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Kopan , Octavio Blanco and Tal . `` Trump 's merit - based immigration system : Who would get in ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Trump : Suspect Entered U.S. in ' Diversity Visa Lottery ' , Blames Schumer '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tal Kopan ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` What is the Diversity Visa lottery ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Derek ; Schmidt , Samantha ; Lac , J. Freedom du ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` ' A Chuck Schumer beauty ' : Trump calls for end to Diversity Visa program '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Miriam Valverde ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Diversity visa applicants are vetted , despite contrary claim from White House press secretary '' . PolitiFact . Jump up ^ Robbins , Liz ( 12 December 2017 ) . `` Terror Suspects Become Ammunition in War Over Immigration '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diversity Visa - Submit an Entry '' . travel.state.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE 2019 DIVERSITY IMMIGRANT VISA PROGRAM ( DV - 2019 ) ^ Jump up to : Immigration and Nationality Act 203 ( c ) , United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ; accessed November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. Lawful Permanent Residents : 2016 , United States Citizenship and Immigration Services , December 2017 ; accessed December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Visa Bulletin for July 2017 , United States Department of State , June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ If You Are Selected , United States Department of State ; accessed November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Instructions for the 2019 Diversity Immigrant Visa Program ( DV - 2019 ) , United States Department of State ; accessed December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Immigration Statistics , United States Department of Homeland Security ; accessed December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Registration for the Diversity Immigrant ( DV - 1 ) Visa Program , Federal Register , 11 April 1994 . Jump up ^ Registration for the Diversity Immigrant ( DV - 2002 ) Visa Program , Federal Register , 31 July 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Diversity Visa Program Statistics , United States Department of State . ^ Jump up to : Visa Bulletin For June 2015 , United States Department of State , May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Visa Bulletin For July 2016 , United States Department of State , June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Diversity Visa Lottery Scams , U.S. Federal Trade Commission . Jump up ^ `` Department of State warning of scam emails '' . Travel.state.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report of Inspection , Embassy of Ukraine , Kyiv , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Oig.state.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report of Inspection , Embassy of Ghana , Accra , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Oig.state.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report of Inspection , Embassy of Albania , Tirana , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Oig.state.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Stephen A Edson Before the House Judiciary Committee , Subcommittee on Immigration Policy and Enforcement Hearing on the Diversity Visa Program '' ( PDF ) . Judiciary.house.gov . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Ethan . `` US should n't give up benefits of ' green card lottery ' over low risk of terrorism '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Ca n't Afford to Scrap the Visa Lottery '' . Bloomberg.com. 2013 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Miriam ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Diversity Visa Lottery : Inside the Program That Admitted a Terror Suspect '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is the diversity visa program a tool for terrorists ? '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Diversity Visa : Demographics , Criminality , and Terrorism Risk '' . Cato Institute . 2017 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . ( hide ) Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Supreme Court cases United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ( 1923 ) United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting ( 2011 ) Related issues and events Economic impact Eugenics in the United States Guest worker program Human trafficking Human smuggling Coyotaje Immigration reform Immigration reduction Mexico -- United States barrier Labor shortage March for America Illegal immigrant population Reverse immigration 2006 protests Unaccompanied minors from Central America List of people deported from the United States Geography Mexico -- United States border Canada -- United States border United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints Proposed legislation DREAM Act ( 2001 -- 2010 ) H.R. 4437 ( 2005 ) McCain -- Kennedy ( 2005 ) SKIL ( 2006 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 STRIVE Act ( 2007 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 Uniting American Families Act ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 SAFE Act ( 2015 ) RAISE Act ( 2017 ) Immigration stations and points of entry Angel Island Castle Garden East Boston Ellis Island Sullivan 's Island Washington Avenue Operations `` Wetback '' ( 1954 ) `` Peter Pan '' ( 1960 -- 1962 ) `` Babylift '' ( 1975 ) `` Gatekeeper '' ( 1994 ) `` Endgame '' ( 2003 -- 2012 ) `` Front Line '' ( 2004 -- 2005 ) `` Streamline '' ( 2005 -- present ) `` Return to Sender '' ( 2006 -- 2007 ) `` Jump Start '' ( 2006 -- 2008 ) State legislation California DREAM Act ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Arizona SB 1070 ( 2010 ) Alabama HB 56 ( 2011 ) Non-governmental organizations Arizona Border Recon Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform National Immigration Forum Center for Community Change We Are America Alliance CASA of Maryland Mexica Movement Mexicans Without Borders Federation for American Immigration Reform Minuteman Project Minuteman Civil Defense Corps California Coalition for Immigration Reform Save Our State Center for Immigration Studies National Korean American Service & Education Consortium ( NAKASEC ) NumbersUSA Negative Population Growth Migration Policy Institute Utah Compact Center for Migration Studies of New York Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diversity_Immigrant_Visa&oldid=820666890 '' Categories : Visa policy of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski עברית Polski Română Русский Shqip Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 22 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who signed the diversity visa lottery program into law	[ "The Immigration Act of 1990 was passed with bipartisan support and signed by President George H. W. Bush.[10] The legislation established the current and permanent Diversity Visa (DV) program, where 55,000 immigrant visas (later reduced to 50,000) are available in an annual lottery. The lottery aims to diversify the immigrant population in the United States, by selecting applicants mostly from countries with low numbers of immigrants to the United States in the previous five years.[9] Starting in fiscal year 1999, 5,000 of the visas from the DV program are reserved for use by the NACARA program, so the number of immigrant visas available in the lottery was reduced to 50,000.[11]" ]	[ "President George H. W. Bush" ]
-4525585106014568997	Keratin	Keratin - wikipedia Keratin Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with carotene , kerosene , chitin , creatine , keratan sulphate , or collagen . Microscopy of keratin filaments inside cells . Keratin ( / ˈkɛrətɪn / ) is one of a family of fibrous structural proteins . It is the key structural material making up hair , horns , claws , hooves , and the outer layer of human skin . Keratin is also the protein that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress . Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents . Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments , which are tough and form strong unmineralized epidermal appendages found in reptiles , birds , amphibians , and mammals . The only other biological matter known to approximate the toughness of keratinized tissue is chitin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Examples of occurrence 3 Genes 4 Protein structure 4.1 Disulfide bridges 4.2 Filament formation 4.3 Pairing 5 Cornification 6 Silk 7 Clinical significance 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) Keratin derives from Greek κερατίνη from Greek keras ( κέρας ) ( genitive keratos , κέρατος ) meaning `` horn '' originating from the Proto - Indo - European * ḱer - of the same meaning . It is composed of `` horn like '' , i.e. , kerato , to which the chemical suffix - in is appended . The Greek keras ( or keros ) is used in many animal names , e.g. Rhinoceros , meaning `` nose with a horn '' . Examples of occurrence ( edit ) Horns such as those of the impala are made up of keratin covering a core of live bone . Keratin filaments are abundant in keratinocytes in the cornified layer of the epidermis ; these are proteins which have undergone keratinization . In addition , keratin filaments are present in epithelial cells in general . For example , mouse thymic epithelial cells ( TECs ) are known to react with antibodies for keratin 5 , keratin 8 , and keratin 14 . These antibodies are used as fluorescent markers to distinguish subsets of TECs in genetic studies of the thymus . the α - keratins are found in all vertebrates . They form the hair ( including wool ) , stratum corneum , horns , nails , claws and hooves of mammals and the hagfish slime threads . the harder β - keratins are found only in the sauropsids , that is all living reptiles and birds . They are found in the nails , scales , and claws of reptiles , some reptile shells ( Testudines , such as tortoise , turtle , terrapin ) , and in the feathers , beaks , and claws of birds . ( These keratins are formed primarily in beta sheets . However , beta sheets are also found in α - keratins . ) Additionally , the baleen plates of filter - feeding whales are made of keratin . Keratins ( also described as cytokeratins ) are polymers of type I and type II intermediate filaments , which have only been found in the genomes of chordates ( vertebrates , Amphioxus , urochordates ) . Nematodes and many other non-chordate animals seem to only have type VI intermediate filaments , lamins , which have a long rod domain ( vs. a short rod domain for the keratins ) . Genes ( edit ) The neutral - basic keratins are found on chromosome 12 ( 12q13. 13 ) . While the acidic keratins are found on chromosome 17 ( 17q21. 2 ) . The human genome encodes 54 functional keratin genes which are located in two clusters on chromosomes 12 and 17 . This suggests that they have originated from a series of gene duplications on these chromosomes . The keratins include the following proteins of which KRT23 , KRT24 , KRT25 , KRT26 , KRT27 , KRT28 , KRT31 , KRT32 , KRT33A , KRT33B , KRT34 , KRT35 , KRT36 , KRT37 , KRT38 , KRT39 , KRT40 , KRT71 , KRT72 , KRT73 , KRT74 , KRT75 , KRT76 , KRT77 , KRT78 , KRT79 , KRT8 , KRT80 , KRT81 , KRT82 , KRT83 , KRT84 , KRT85 and KRT86 have been used to describe keratins past 20 . Protein sequence alignment of human Keratin 1 , 2A , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6A , 7 , and 8 ( KRT1 -- KRT8 ) . Only the first rod domain is shown above . Alignment was created using Clustal Omega . Protein structure ( edit ) The first sequences of keratins were determined by Hanukoglu and Fuchs . These sequences revealed that there are two distinct but homologous keratin families which were named as Type I keratin and Type II keratins . By analysis of the primary structures of these keratins and other intermediate filament proteins , Hanukoglu and Fuchs suggested a model that keratins and intermediate filament proteins contain a central ~ 310 residue domain with four segments in α - helical conformation that are separated by three short linker segments predicted to be in beta - turn conformation . This model has been confirmed by the determination of the crystal structure of a helical domain of keratins . Keratin ( high molecular weight ) in bile duct cell and oval cells of horse liver . Fibrous keratin molecules supercoil to form a very stable , left - handed superhelical motif to multimerise , forming filaments consisting of multiple copies of the keratin monomer . The major force that keeps the coiled - coil structure is hydrophobic interactions between apolar residues along the keratins helical segments . Limited interior space is the reason why the triple helix of the ( unrelated ) structural protein collagen , found in skin , cartilage and bone , likewise has a high percentage of glycine . The connective tissue protein elastin also has a high percentage of both glycine and alanine . Silk fibroin , considered a β - keratin , can have these two as 75 -- 80 % of the total , with 10 -- 15 % serine , with the rest having bulky side groups . The chains are antiparallel , with an alternating C → N orientation . A preponderance of amino acids with small , nonreactive side groups is characteristic for structural proteins , for which H - bonded close packing is more important than chemical specificity . Disulfide bridges ( edit ) In addition to intra - and intermolecular hydrogen bonds , the distinguishing feature of keratins is the presence of large amounts of the sulfur - containing amino acid cysteine , required for the disulfide bridges that confer additional strength and rigidity by permanent , thermally stable crosslinking -- in much the same way that non-protein sulfur bridges stabilize vulcanized rubber . Human hair is approximately 14 % cysteine . The pungent smells of burning hair and skin are due to the volatile sulfur compounds formed . Extensive disulfide bonding contributes to the insolubility of keratins , except in a small number of solvents such as dissociating or reducing agents . The more flexible and elastic keratins of hair have fewer interchain disulfide bridges than the keratins in mammalian fingernails , hooves and claws ( homologous structures ) , which are harder and more like their analogs in other vertebrate classes . Hair and other α - keratins consist of α - helically coiled single protein strands ( with regular intra-chain H - bonding ) , which are then further twisted into superhelical ropes that may be further coiled . The β - keratins of reptiles and birds have β - pleated sheets twisted together , then stabilized and hardened by disulfide bridges . Filament formation ( edit ) It was theorized that keratins are combined into ' hard ' and ' soft , ' or ' cytokeratins ' and ' other keratins ' . That model is now understood to be correct . A new nuclear addition in 2006 to describe keratins takes this into account . Keratin filaments are intermediate filaments . Like all intermediate filaments , keratin proteins form filamentous polymers in a series of assembly steps beginning with dimerization ; dimers assemble into tetramers and octamers and eventually , if the current hypothesis holds , into unit - length - filaments ( ULF ) capable of annealing end - to - end into long filaments . Pairing ( edit ) A ( neutral - basic ) B ( acidic ) Occurrence keratin 1 , keratin 2 keratin 9 , keratin 10 stratum corneum , keratinocytes keratin 3 keratin 12 cornea keratin 4 keratin 13 stratified epithelium keratin 5 keratin 14 , keratin 15 stratified epithelium keratin 6 keratin 16 , keratin 17 squamous epithelium keratin 7 keratin 19 ductal epithelia keratin 8 keratin 18 , keratin 20 simple epithelium Cornification ( edit ) Cornification is the process of forming an epidermal barrier in stratified squamous epithelial tissue . At the cellular level , cornification is characterised by : production of keratin production of small proline - rich ( SPRR ) proteins and transglutaminase which eventually form a cornified cell envelope beneath the plasma membrane terminal differentiation loss of nuclei and organelles , in the final stages of cornification Metabolism ceases , and the cells are almost completely filled by keratin . During the process of epithelial differentiation , cells become cornified as keratin protein is incorporated into longer keratin intermediate filaments . Eventually the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles disappear , metabolism ceases and cells undergo a programmed death as they become fully keratinized . In many other cell types , such as cells of the dermis , keratin filaments and other intermediate filaments function as part of the cytoskeleton to mechanically stabilize the cell against physical stress . It does this through connections to desmosomes , cell - cell junctional plaques , and hemidesmosomes , cell - basement membrane adhesive structures . Cells in the epidermis contain a structural matrix of keratin , which makes this outermost layer of the skin almost waterproof , and along with collagen and elastin , gives skin its strength . Rubbing and pressure cause thickening of the outer , cornified layer of the epidermis and form protective calluses , which is useful for athletes and on the fingertips of musicians who play stringed instruments . Keratinized epidermal cells are constantly shed and replaced . These hard , integumentary structures are formed by intercellular cementing of fibers formed from the dead , cornified cells generated by specialized beds deep within the skin . Hair grows continuously and feathers moult and regenerate . The constituent proteins may be phylogenetically homologous but differ somewhat in chemical structure and supermolecular organization . The evolutionary relationships are complex and only partially known . Multiple genes have been identified for the β - keratins in feathers , and this is probably characteristic of all keratins . Silk ( edit ) The silk fibroins produced by insects and spiders are often classified as keratins , though it is unclear whether they are phylogenetically related to vertebrate keratins . Silk found in insect pupae , and in spider webs and egg casings , also has twisted β - pleated sheets incorporated into fibers wound into larger supermolecular aggregates . The structure of the spinnerets on spiders ' tails , and the contributions of their interior glands , provide remarkable control of fast extrusion . Spider silk is typically about 1 to 2 micrometres ( μm ) thick , compared with about 60 μm for human hair , and more for some mammals . The biologically and commercially useful properties of silk fibers depend on the organization of multiple adjacent protein chains into hard , crystalline regions of varying size , alternating with flexible , amorphous regions where the chains are randomly coiled . A somewhat analogous situation occurs with synthetic polymers such as nylon , developed as a silk substitute . Silk from the hornet cocoon contains doublets about 10 μm across , with cores and coating , and may be arranged in up to 10 layers , also in plaques of variable shape . Adult hornets also use silk as a glue , as do spiders . Clinical significance ( edit ) Some infectious fungi , such as those that cause athlete 's foot and ringworm ( i.e. the dermatophytes ) , or Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Chytrid fungus ) , feed on keratin . Diseases caused by mutations in the keratin genes include : Epidermolysis bullosa simplex Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis Steatocystoma multiplex Keratosis pharyngis Rhabdoid cell formation in Large cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype Keratin expression is helpful in determining epithelial origin in anaplastic cancers . Tumors that express keratin include carcinomas , thymomas , sarcomas and trophoblastic neoplasms . Furthermore , the precise expression pattern of keratin subtypes allows prediction of the origin of the primary tumor when assessing metastases . For example , hepatocellular carcinomas typically expresse K8 and K18 , and cholangiocarcinomas express K7 , K8 and K18 , while metastases of colorectal carcinomas express K20 , but not K7 . Keratin is highly resistant to digestive acids if it is ingested ( Trichophagia ) . Because of this , cats ( which groom themselves with their tongues ) regularly ingest hair which will eventually result in the gradual formation of a hairball that is occasionally vomited when it becomes too big . Rapunzel syndrome is an extremely rare but potentially fatal intestinal condition in humans that is caused by Tricophagia . See also ( edit ) List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins List of keratins expressed in the human integumentary system List of keratins References ( edit ) Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition , 1989 as / ˈkɛrətɪn / Jump up ^ Entry `` keratin '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Jump up ^ Fraser , R.D.B. ( 1972 ) . Keratins : Their composition , structure and biosynthesis . Bannerstone House : Charles C Thomas . pp. 3 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 398 - 02283 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Bin ( 2016 ) . `` Keratin : Structure , mechanical properties , occurrence in biological organisms , and efforts at bioinspiration '' . Progress in Materials Science . 76 : 229 -- 318 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pmatsci. 2015.06. 001 . Jump up ^ `` Keratin '' . Webster 's Online Dictionary . Jump up ^ Vincent , Julian F.V ; Wegst , Ulrike G.K ( July 2004 ) . `` Design and mechanical properties of insect cuticle '' . Arthropod Structure & Development . 33 ( 3 ) : 187 -- 199 . doi : 10.1016 / j. asd. 2004.05. 006 . Jump up ^ Tombolato , Luca ; Novitskaya , Ekaterina E. ; Chen , Po - Yu ; Sheppard , Fred A. ; McKittrick , Joanna ( February 2010 ) . `` Microstructure , elastic properties and deformation mechanisms of horn keratin '' . Acta Biomaterialia. 6 ( 2 ) : 319 -- 330 . doi : 10.1016 / j. actbio. 2009.06. 033 . PMID 19577667 . Jump up ^ `` Keratin '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . `` Horn '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` kerato - '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . `` Horn '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` - in / - ine chemical suffix '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Hickman , Cleveland Pendleton ; Roberts , Larry S. ; Larson , Allan L. ( 2003 ) . Integrated principles of zoology . Dubuque , IA : McGraw - Hill . p. 538 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 243940 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kreplak , L. ; Doucet , J. ; Dumas , P. ; Briki , F. ( July 2004 ) . `` New Aspects of the α - Helix to β - Sheet Transition in Stretched Hard α - Keratin Fibers '' . Biophysical Journal . 87 ( 1 ) : 640 -- 647 . doi : 10.1529 / biophysj. 103.036749 . PMC 1304386 . PMID 15240497 . Jump up ^ Moll , Roland ; Divo , Markus ; Langbein , Lutz ( 2008 - 05 - 07 ) . `` The human keratins : biology and pathology '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 129 ( 6 ) : 705 -- 733 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 008 - 0435 - 6 . ISSN 0948 - 6143 . ^ Jump up to : Schweizer J , Bowden PE , Coulombe PA , et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins '' . J. Cell Biol. 174 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 74 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 200603161 . PMC 2064177 . PMID 16831889 . Jump up ^ Hanukoglu , I. ; Fuchs , E. ( Nov 1982 ) . `` The cDNA sequence of a human epidermal keratin : divergence of sequence but conservation of structure among intermediate filament proteins '' . Cell. 31 ( 1 ) : 243 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 82 ) 90424 - X . PMID 6186381 . ^ Jump up to : Hanukoglu , I. ; Fuchs , E. ( Jul 1983 ) . `` The cDNA sequence of a Type II cytoskeletal keratin reveals constant and variable structural domains among keratins '' . Cell. 33 ( 3 ) : 915 -- 24 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 83 ) 90034 - X . PMID 6191871 . Jump up ^ Lee , CH. ; Kim , MS. ; Chung , BM. ; Leahy , DJ. ; Coulombe , PA . ( Jul 2012 ) . `` Structural basis for heteromeric assembly and perinuclear organization of keratin filaments '' . Nat Struct Mol Biol. 19 ( 7 ) : 707 -- 15 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 2330 . PMC 3864793 . PMID 22705788 . Jump up ^ Voet , Donald ; Voet , Judith ; Pratt , Charlotte . `` Proteins : Three - Dimensional Structure '' ( PDF ) . Fundamentals of Biochemistry . p. 158 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Fibrous proteins are characterized by a single type of secondary structure : a keratin is a left - handed coil of two a helices Jump up ^ Hanukoglu I , Ezra L ( Jan 2014 ) . `` Proteopedia : Coiled - coil structure of keratins '' . Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 42 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 94 . doi : 10.1002 / bmb. 20746 . PMID 24265184 . Jump up ^ `` Secondary Protein '' . Elmhurst.edu . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` What is Keratin ? '' . WiseGEEK . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia . `` Spiders -- Silk structure '' . Amonline.net.au . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Shiratsuchi H , Saito T , Sakamoto A , et al. ( February 2002 ) . `` Mutation analysis of human cytokeratin 8 gene in malignant rhabdoid tumor : a possible association with intracytoplasmic inclusion body formation '' . Mod . Pathol. 15 ( 2 ) : 146 -- 53 . doi : 10.1038 / modpathol. 3880506 . PMID 11850543 . Jump up ^ Itakura E , Tamiya S , Morita K , et al. ( September 2001 ) . `` Subcellular distribution of cytokeratin and vimentin in malignant rhabdoid tumor : three - dimensional imaging with confocal laser scanning microscopy and double immunofluorescence '' . Mod . Pathol. 14 ( 9 ) : 854 -- 61 . doi : 10.1038 / modpathol. 3880401 . PMID 11557780 . Jump up ^ Omary MB , Ku NO , Strnad P , Hanada S ( July 2009 ) . `` Toward unraveling the complexity of simple epithelial keratins in human disease '' . J. Clin. Invest . 119 ( 7 ) : 1794 -- 805 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI37762 . PMC 2701867 . PMID 19587454 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Keratin . Composition and β - sheet structure of silk Hair - Science. com 's entry on the microscopic elements of hair Proteopedia page on keratins Protein : scleroproteins Extracellular matrix Collagen Fibril forming type I COL1A1 COL1A2 type II ( COL2A1 ) type III type V COL5A1 COL5A2 COL5A3 COL24A1 COL26A1 Other FACIT : type IX COL9A1 COL9A2 COL9A3 type XII ( COL12A1 ) COL14A1 COL16A1 COL19A1 COL20A1 COL21A1 COL22A1 basement membrane : type IV COL4A1 COL4A2 COL4A3 COL4A4 COL4A5 COL4A6 multiplexin : COL15A1 type XVIII COL18A1 Endostatin transmembrane : COL13A1 COL17A1 COL23A1 COL25A1 other : type VI COL6A1 COL6A2 COL6A3 COL6A5 type VII ( COL7A1 ) type VIII COL8A1 COL8A2 type X ( COL10A1 ) type XI COL11A1 COL11A2 COL27A1 COL28A1 Enzymes Prolyl hydroxylase / Lysyl hydroxylase Cartilage associated protein / Leprecan ADAMTS2 Procollagen peptidase Lysyl oxidase Laminin alpha LAMA1 LAMA2 LAMA3 LAMA4 LAMA5 beta LAMB1 LAMB2 LAMB3 LAMB4 gamma LAMC1 LAMC2 LAMC3 Other ALCAM Elastin Tropoelastin Vitronectin FRAS1 FREM2 Decorin FAM20C ECM1 Matrix gla protein Tectorin TECTA TECTB Other Keratin / Cytokeratin Gelatin Reticulin Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein Proteins of the cytoskeleton Human Microfilaments and ABPs Myofilament Actins A1 A2 C1 G1 G2 Myosins MYO1A MYO1B MYO1C MYO1D MYO1E MYO1F MYO1G MYO1H ) II MYH1 MYH2 MYH3 MYH4 MYH6 MYH7 MYH7B MYH8 MYH9 MYH10 MYH11 MYH13 MYH14 MYH15 MYH16 III MYO3A MYO3B V MYO5A MYO5B MYO5C VI MYO6 VII MYO7A MYO7B IX MYO9A MYO9B X MYO10 XV MYO15A XVIII MYO18A MYO18B LC MYL1 MYL2 MYL3 MYL4 MYL5 MYL6 MYL6B MYL7 MYL9 MYLIP MYLK MYLK2 MYLL1 Other Tropomodulin Troponin Tropomyosin Actinin Arp2 / 3 complex actin depolymerizing factors Cofilin Destrin Gelsolin Profilin Titin Other Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome protein Fibrillin Filamin FLNA FLNB FLNC Espin TRIOBP Intermediate filaments Type 1 / 2 ( Keratin , Cytokeratin ) Epithelial keratins ( soft alpha - keratins ) type I / chromosome 17 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 chromosome 12 18 none 21 type II / chromosome 12 2A 5 6A 6B 7 8 9 Hair keratins ( hard alpha - keratins ) type I / chromosome 17 31 32 33A 33B 34 35 36 37 38 type II / chromosome 12 81 82 83 84 85 86 Ungrouped alpha chromosome 17 23 24 25 26 27 28 39 40 chromosome 12 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Not alpha Beta - keratin Type 3 Desmin GFAP Peripherin Vimentin Type 4 Internexin Nestin Neurofilament NEFL NEFM NEFH Synemin Syncoilin Type 5 Nuclear lamins : A / C B1 B2 Microtubules and MAPs Kinesins KIF1A KIF1B KIF2A KIF2C KIF3B KIF3C KIF4A KIF4B KIF5A KIF5B KIF5C KIF6 KIF7 KIF9 KIF11 KIF12 KIF13A KIF13B KIF14 KIF15 KIF16B KIF17 KIF18A KIF18B KIF19 KIF20A KIF20B KIF21A KIF21B KIF22 KIF23 KIF24 KIF25 KIF26A KIF26B KIF27 KIFC1 KIFC2 KIFC3 Dyneins axonemal : DNAH1 DNAH2 DNAH3 DNAH5 DNAH6 DNAH7 DNAH8 DNAH9 DNAH10 DNAH11 DNAH12 DNAH13 DNAH14 DNAH17 DNAI1 DNAI2 DNALI1 DNAL1 DNAL4 cytoplasmic : DYNC1H1 DYNC2H1 DYNC1I1 DYNC1I2 DYNC1LI1 DYNC1LI2 DYNC2LI1 DYNLL1 DYNLL2 DYNLRB1 DYNLRB2 DYNLT1 DYNLT3 Other Tau protein Dynactin DCTN1 Tubulins TUBA1A TUBA1B TUBA1C TUBA3C TUBA3D TUBA3E TUBA4A TUBA8 Stathmin Tektin TEKT1 TEKT2 TEKT3 TEKT4 TEKT5 Dynamin DNM1 DNM2 DNM3 Catenins Alpha catenin Beta catenin APC Plakoglobin ( gamma catenin ) Delta catenin GAN Membrane Dystrophin Dystroglycan Utrophin Ankyrin ANK1 ANK2 ANK3 Spectrin SPTA1 SPTAN1 SPTB SPTBN1 SPTBN2 SPTBN4 SPTBN5 Other Plakins Corneodesmosin Desmoplakin Dystonin Envoplakin MACF1 Periplakin Plectin Talin TLN1 Vinculin Plakophilin PKP1 PKP2 Nonhuman Major sperm proteins Prokaryotic cytoskeleton Crescentin FtsZ MreB See also : cytoskeletal defects NDL : 00576167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keratin&oldid=816119988 '' Categories : Keratins Cytoskeleton Skin anatomy Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 11 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the role of keratin in the skin	[ "Keratin (/ˈkɛrətɪn/[1][2]) is one of a family of fibrous structural proteins. It is the key structural material making up hair, horns, claws, hooves, and the outer layer of human skin. Keratin is also the protein that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents. Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments, which are tough and form strong unmineralized epidermal appendages found in reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals.[3][4] The only other biological matter known to approximate the toughness of keratinized tissue is chitin.[5][6][7]" ]	[ "outer layer" ]
-705227102320000462	A Mighty Fortress Is Our God	A mighty Fortress is our God - wikipedia A mighty Fortress is our God Jump to : navigation , search `` Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott '' Hymn by Martin Luther `` Ein feste Burg '' with Luther 's signature Written c. 1529 ( 1529 ) Text by Martin Luther Language German Based on Psalm 46 Melody `` Ein feste Burg '' by Martin Luther Published c. 1531 ( 1531 ) ( extant ) Audio ( help info ) `` A Mighty Fortress Is Our God '' Written 1853 ( 1853 ) Text by Frederick H. Hedge ( translator ) `` A Mighty Fortress Is Our God '' ( German : `` Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott '' ) is one of the best known hymns by the reformer Martin Luther , a prolific hymnodist . Luther wrote the words and composed the melody sometime between 1527 and 1529 . It has been translated into English at least seventy times and also into many other languages . The words are a paraphrase of Psalm 46 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics 3 Tune 4 Reception 4.1 English translations 4.2 Compositions based on the hymn 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links 8.1 Other versions History ( edit ) Rare early print `` A Mighty Fortress '' is one of the best loved hymns of the Lutheran tradition and among Protestants more generally . It has been called the `` Battle Hymn of the Reformation '' for the effect it had in increasing the support for the Reformers ' cause . John Julian records four theories of its origin : Heinrich Heine : `` Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott '' was sung by Luther and his companions as they entered Worms on 16 April 1521 for the Diet ; K.F.T. Schneider : it was a tribute to Luther 's friend Leonhard Kaiser , who was executed on 16 August 1527 ; Jean - Henri Merle d'Aubigné : it was sung by the German Lutheran princes as they entered Augsburg for the Diet in 1530 at which the Augsburg Confession was presented ; and the view that it was composed in connection with the 1529 Diet of Speyer at which the German Lutheran princes lodged their protest to Holy Roman Emperor Emperor Charles V , who wanted to enforce his 1521 Edict of Worms . Alternatively , John M. Merriman writes that the hymn `` began as a martial song to inspire soldiers against the Ottoman forces '' during the Ottoman wars in Europe . The earliest extant hymnal in which it appears is that of Andrew Rauscher ( 1531 ) , but it is supposed to have been in Joseph Klug 's Wittenberg hymnal of 1529 , of which no copy exists . Its title was Der xxxxvi . Psalm . Deus noster refugium et virtus . Before that it is supposed to have appeared in the Hans Weiss Wittenberg hymnal of 1528 , also lost . This evidence would support its being written in 1527 -- 1529 , since Luther 's hymns were printed shortly after they were written . The song was used like an anthem by Sweden during the Thirty Years ' War . Lyrics ( edit ) `` Ein feste Burg '' in the hymnal by Johann Spangenberg ( de ) , Magdeburg , 1545 German lyrics with Hedge translation : Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott , ein gute Wehr und Waffen . Er hilft uns frei aus aller Not , die uns jetzt hat betroffen . Der alt böse Feind mit Ernst er 's jetzt meint , groß Macht und viel List sein grausam Rüstung ist , auf Erd ist nicht seins gleichen . Mit unsrer Macht ist nichts getan , wir sind gar bald verloren ; es streit ' für uns der rechte Mann , den Gott hat selbst erkoren . Fragst du , wer der ist ? Er heißt Jesus Christ , der Herr Zebaoth , und ist kein andrer Gott , das Feld muss er behalten . Und wenn die Welt voll Teufel wär und wollt uns gar verschlingen , so fürchten wir uns nicht so sehr , es soll uns doch gelingen . Der Fürst dieser Welt , wie sau'r er sich stellt , tut er uns doch nicht ; das macht , er ist gericht ' : ein Wörtlein kann ihn fällen . Das Wort sie sollen lassen stahn und kein ' Dank dazu haben ; er ist bei uns wohl auf dem Plan mit seinem Geist und Gaben . Nehmen sie den Leib , Gut , Ehr , Kind und Weib : lass fahren dahin , sie haben 's kein ' Gewinn , das Reich muss uns doch bleiben . A mighty fortress is our God , A bulwark never failing : Our helper He , amid the flood Of mortal ills prevailing . For still our ancient foe Doth seek to work his woe ; His craft and power are great , And armed with cruel hate , On earth is not his equal . Did we in our own strength confide , Our striving would be losing ; Were not the right Man on our side , The Man of God 's own choosing . Dost ask who that may be ? Christ Jesus , it is he ; Lord Sabaoth is his name , From age to age the same , And He must win the battle . And though this world , with devils filled , Should threaten to undo us , We will not fear , for God hath willed His truth to triumph through us . The Prince of Darkness grim , -- We tremble not for him ; His rage we can endure , For lo ! His doom is sure , -- One little word shall fell him . That word above all earthly powers -- No thanks to them -- abideth ; The Spirit and the gifts are ours Through him who with us sideth . Let goods and kindred go , This mortal life also : The body they may kill : God 's truth abideth still , His kingdom is for ever . Tune ( edit ) `` A Mighty Fortress '' , rhythmic tune `` A Mighty Fortress '' , isometric tune Luther composed the melody , named `` Ein feste Burg '' from the text 's first line , in meter 87.87. 55.56. 7 . This is sometimes denoted `` rhythmic tune '' to distinguish it from the later isometric variant , in 87.87. 66.66. 7 - meter , which is more widely known and used in Christendom . In 1906 Edouard Rœhrich wrote , `` The authentic form of this melody differs very much from that which one sings in most Protestant churches and figures in ( Giacomo Meyerbeer 's ) The Huguenots ... The original melody is extremely rhythmic , by the way it bends to all the nuances of the text ... '' While 19th - century musicologists disputed Luther 's authorship of the music to the hymn , that opinion has been modified by more recent research ; it is now the consensus view of musical scholars that Luther did indeed compose the famous tune to go with the words . Reception ( edit ) Tradition states that the sixth Lutheran King of Sweden , Gustavus Adolphus , had it played as his forces went to battle in the Thirty Years ' War . The hymn had been translated into Swedish already in 1536 , presumably by Olaus Petri , with the incipit , `` Vår Gud är oss en väldig borg '' . In the late 19th century the song also became an anthem of the early Swedish socialist movement . The hymn 's enduring popularity in Western Christendom has breached boundaries set in the Reformation as it is now a suggested hymn for Catholic Masses . It currently appears in the second edition of the Catholic Book of Worship , published by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops , though its adoption is not without controversy . In Germany , `` Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott '' was historically also used as a patriotic paean , which is why it was regularly sung at nationalistic events such as the Wartburg Festival in 1817 . This patriotic undertone of the hymn emanates from its importance for the Reformation in general , which was regarded by the Protestants not only as a religious but as a national movement delivering Germany from Roman oppression . Furthermore , the last line of the fourth stanza of the German text reads : `` Das Reich muss uns doch bleiben '' , which is generally translated into English as `` The Kingdom must remain ours '' whilst it may also be interpreted as meaning : the Holy Roman Empire must remain with the Germans . English translations ( edit ) The first English translation is by Myles Coverdale in 1539 with the title , `` Oure God is a defence and towre '' . The first English translation in `` common usage '' was `` God is our Refuge in Distress , Our strong Defence '' in J.C. Jacobi 's Psal . Ger. , 1722 , p. 83 . An English version less literal in translation but more popular among Protestant denominations outside Lutheranism is `` A mighty fortress is our God , a bulwark never failing '' , translated by Frederick H. Hedge in 1853 ; this version is the one included in the United Methodist Hymnal . Another popular English translation is by Thomas Carlyle and begins `` A safe stronghold our God is still '' . Most North American Lutheran churches have not historically used either the Hedge or Carlyle translations . Traditionally , the most commonly used translation in Lutheran congregations is a composite translation from the 1868 Pennsylvania Lutheran Church Book ( `` A mighty fortress is our God , a trusty shield and weapon '' ) . In more recent years a new translation completed for the 1978 Lutheran Book of Worship ( `` A mighty fortress is our God , a sword and shield victorious '' ) has also gained significant popularity . Compositions based on the hymn ( edit ) `` A Mighty Fortress '' sung in English `` A Mighty Fortress is Our God '' -- F.H. Hedge ( English ) translation `` Ein feste Burg '' sung in German The German text of `` Ein feste Burg '' sung to the isometric , more widely known arrangement of its traditional melody . Problems playing these files ? See media help . The hymn has been used by numerous composers , including Johann Sebastian Bach as the source for his chorale cantata Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott , BWV 80 . Bach set the tune twice in his Choralgesänge ( Choral Hymns ) , BWV 302 and BWV 303 ( for four voices ) . He used strains of the tune in his Christmas Oratorio . There is a version for organ , Chorale Prelude BWV 720 , written by Bach for the organ at Divi Blasii , Muhlhausen . Two orchestrations of Bach 's settings were made by conductors Leopold Stokowski and Walter Damrosch . Dieterich Buxtehude also wrote an organ chorale setting ( BuxWV 184 ) , as did Johann Pachelbel . George Frideric Handel used the melody in his Solomon , which is probably wrong attribution . And Georg Philipp Telemann also made a choral arrangement of this hymn . Felix Mendelssohn used it as the theme for the fourth and final movement of his Symphony No. 5 , Op. 107 ( 1830 ) , which he named Reformation in honor of the Reformation started by Luther . Joachim Raff wrote an Overture ( for orchestra ) , Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott , Op. 127 . Giacomo Meyerbeer quoted it in his five - act grand opera Les Huguenots ( 1836 ) , and Richard Wagner used it as a `` motive '' in his `` Kaisermarsch '' ( `` Emperor 's March '' ) , which was composed to commemorate the return of Kaiser Wilhelm I from the Franco - Prussian War in 1871 . Two organ settings were written by Max Reger ; his chorale fantasia Ein ' feste Burg ist unser Gott , Op. 27 , and a much shorter chorale prelude as No. 6 of his 52 Chorale Preludes , Op. 67 , in 1902 . Claude Debussy quoted the theme in his suite for piano duet , En blanc et noir . Alexander Glazunov quoted the melody in his Finnish Fantasy , Op. 88 , along with several Finnish folk tunes . Ralph Vaughan Williams used the tune in his score for the film 49th Parallel , used most obviously when the German U-boat surfaces in Hudson Bay shortly after the beginning of the film . Flor Peeters wrote an organ chorale setting `` Ein feste Burg '' as part of his Ten Chorale Preludes , Op. 69 , published in 1949 . More recently it has been used by band composers to great effect in pieces such as Psalm 46 by John Zdechlik and The Holy War by Ray Steadman - Allen . The hymn also features in Luther , an opera by Kari Tikka that premiered in 2000 . See also ( edit ) List of hymns by Martin Luther References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Julian , John , ed. , A Dictionary of Hymnology : Setting forth the Origin and History of Christian Hymns of all Ages and Nations , Second revised edition , 2 vols. , n.p. , 1907 , reprint , New York : Dover Publications , Inc. , 1957 , 1 : 322 -- 25 Jump up ^ W.G. Polack , The Handbook to the Lutheran Hymnal , Third and Revised Edition ( St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1958 ) , 193 , No. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Marilyn Kay Stulken , Hymnal Companion to the Lutheran Book of Worship ( Philadelphia : Fortress Press , 1981 ) , 307 -- 08 , nos. 228 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Merriman , John ( 2010 ) . A History of Modern Europe : From the Renaissance to the Age of Napoleon . 1 ( 3 ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93384 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jaroslav Pelikan and Helmut Lehmann , eds. , Luther 's Works , 55 vols . ( St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House ; Minneapolis : Fortress Press , 1957 -- 1986 ) , 53 : 283 . Jump up ^ Charles Seymour Robinson ( editor ) . Psalms & Hymns , & Spiritual Songs : A Manual of Worship for The Church of Christ . A. S. Barnes , 1876 , p. 165 Jump up ^ Cf . The Commission on Worship of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod , Lutheran Worship , ( St. Louis : CPH , 1982 ) , 992 , 997 . Jump up ^ E. Rœhrich , Les Origines du Choral Luthérien . ( Paris : Librairie Fischbacher , 1906 ) , 23 ( italics original ) : `` La forme authentique de cette mélodie diffère beaucoup de celle qu'on chante dans la plupart des Églises protestantes et qui figure dans les Huguenots '' ... La mélodie originelle est puissamment rythmée , de manière à se plier à toutes les nuances du texte ... '' Jump up ^ Psalmer och sånger ( Örebro : Libris ; Stockholm : Verbum , 1987 ) , Item 237 , which uses Johan Olof Wallin 's 1816 revision of the translation attributed to Petri . The first line is `` Vår Gud är oss en väldig borg . '' Jump up ^ Cantica Nova Jump up ^ `` Lutherchoral ' Ein feste Burg ' -- Religion , Nation , Krieg '' ( in German ) . Luther2017 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ James R. Payton Jr. , Getting the Reformation Wrong . Correcting Some Misunderstandings , page 82 . Jump up ^ Not in Handels Solomon ( 1749 ) : J.E. Gardiner , in his liner notes to his 1984 recording of the oratorio , stated the usage of the melody in No. 56 , the double chorus `` Praise the Lord '' . It is however another melody by Martin Luther : a passage from the Sanctus of the German Mass ( Deutsche Messe ) `` Holy is God , the Lord Zebaoth '' ( `` Heilig ist Gott , der Herre Zabaoth '' ) See also `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Luther : An opera about a man between God and the Devil -- Composed by Kari Tikka Jump up ^ Volker Tarnow . `` Luther lebt : Deutsche Momente '' in Die Welt , 5 October 2004 Bibliography ( edit ) Commission on Worship of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod . Lutheran Worship . St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1982 . ISBN Julian , John , ed . A Dictionary of Hymnology : Setting forth the Origin and History of Christian Hymns of all Ages and Nations . Second revised edition . 2 vols . n.p. , 1907 . Reprint , New York : Dover Publications , Inc. , 1957 . Pelikan , Jaroslav and Lehmann , Helmut , eds . Luther 's Works . Vol. 53 , Liturgy and Hymns . St. Louis , Concordia Publishing House , 1965 . ISBN 0 - 8006 - 0353 - 2 . Polack , W.G. The Handbook to the Lutheran Hymnal . St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1942 . Rœhrich , E. Les Origines du Choral Luthérien . Paris : Librairie Fischbacher , 1906 . Stulken , Marilyn Kay . Hymnal Companion to the Lutheran Book of Worship . Philadelphia : Fortress Press , 1981 . External links ( edit ) German Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott Wikisource has original text related to this article : F.H. Hedge translation Wikisource has original text related to this article : 1868 Pennsylvania Lutheran Church Book Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott . `` Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott '' ( Martin Luther ) : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Lyrics , Music , and MIDI file at Cyber Hymnal Version by Thomas Carlyle Psalm 46 in the King James version Psalms 46 -- 50 in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer translation ( Coverdale ) `` Ein feste Burg '' sung by Austria 's Daniela Stieb ( in German ) A Mighty Fortress is Our God public domain audiobook at LibriVox Other versions ( edit ) Catherine Winkworth Contemporary version / adaptation based on Juan Bautista Cabrera 's classic Spanish translation Martin Luther Works ( hymns ) Ninety - five Theses ( 1517 ) Sermon on Indulgences and Grace ( 1518 ) To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation ( 1520 ) On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church ( 1520 ) On the Freedom of a Christian ( 1520 ) Against Henry , King of the English ( 1522 ) Luther Bible ( 1522 , 1534 ) The Adoration of the Sacrament ( 1523 ) Formula missae ( 1523 ) Hymns First Lutheran hymnal ( 1524 ) Erfurt Enchiridion ( 1524 ) Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn ( 1524 ) Against the Murderous , Thieving Hordes of Peasants ( 1525 ) On the Bondage of the Will ( 1525 ) The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ -- Against the Fanatics ( 1526 ) Deutsche Messe ( 1526 ) Confession Concerning Christ 's Supper ( 1528 ) On War Against the Turk ( 1529 ) Small Catechism ( 1529 ) Large Catechism ( 1529 ) `` Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott '' ( 1529 ) Smalcald Articles ( 1537 ) On the Councils and the Church ( 1539 ) `` Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam '' ( 1543 ) On the Jews and Their Lies ( 1543 ) Vom Schem Hamphoras ( 1543 ) List of hymns by Martin Luther Luther 's Table Talk ( 1566 ) Weimar edition of Luther 's works Topics and events Reformation Lutheranism Heidelberg Disputation , 1518 Leipzig Debate , 1519 Exsurge Domine , 1520 Diet of Worms , 1521 Decet Romanum Pontificem , 1521 Marburg Colloquy , 1529 Augsburg Confession , 1530 Luther 's canon Theology of Martin Luther Theology of the Cross Universal priesthood Sola scriptura Two kingdoms Law and Gospel Marian theology Eucharist in Lutheranism Sacramental union Words of Institution Antisemitism Propaganda during the Reformation Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo ( 1537 edition ) People Hans and Margarethe Luther ( parents ) Katharina von Bora ( wife ) Magdalena Luther ( daughter ) Paul Luther ( son ) Albert of Brandenburg Bartholomaeus Arnoldi Erasmus Georg Rörer Johann Cochlaeus Johann von Staupitz Justus Jonas Karl von Miltitz Andreas Karlstadt Philip Melanchthon Pope Leo X Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor Frederick the Wise Luther sites All Saints ' Church , Wittenberg Lutherhaus Lutherstädte Martin Luther 's Birth House Martin Luther 's Death House Melanchthonhaus ( Wittenberg ) St. Augustine 's Monastery Veste Coburg ( Fortress ) Wartburg Castle Film and theatre Martin Luther ( 1923 film ) Luther ( 1928 film ) Luther ( 1964 film ) Martin Luther ( 1953 film ) Luther ( 1973 film ) Martin Luther , Heretic ( 1983 film ) Luther ( 2003 film ) Luther ( 1961 play ) Related Martin Luther bibliography Book : Martin Luther Luther rose Theologia Germanica Lutheran hymns `` Ach Gott , vom Himmel sieh darein '' `` Ach Gott , wie manches Herzeleid '' `` Ach lieben Christen seid getrost '' `` Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr '' `` Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir '' `` Befiehl du deine Wege '' `` Christ lag in Todesbanden '' `` Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam '' `` Christe , du Lamm Gottes '' `` Christum wir sollen loben schon '' `` Die beste Zeit im Jahr ist mein '' `` Die güldne Sonne voll Freud und Wonne '' `` Dies sind die heilgen zehn Gebot '' `` Du meine Seele singe '' `` Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott '' `` Ein Lämmlein geht und trägt die Schuld '' `` Erhalt uns , Herr , bei deinem Wort '' `` Es ist das Heil uns kommen her '' `` Es ist genug '' `` Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl '' `` Es woll uns Gott genädig sein '' `` Geh aus , mein Herz , und suche Freud '' `` Gelobet seist du , Jesu Christ '' `` God 's Word Is Our Great Heritage '' `` Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet '' `` Herr Christ , der einig Gotts Sohn '' `` Herr Gott , dich loben wir '' `` Herr Jesu Christ , dich zu uns wend '' `` Herr Jesu Christ , wahr Mensch und Gott '' `` Herzlich lieb hab ich dich , o Herr '' `` Herzlich tut mich verlangen '' `` Herzliebster Jesu '' `` Ich hab in Gottes Herz und Sinn '' `` Ich singe dir mit Herz und Mund '' `` Ich steh an deiner Krippen hier '' `` Jerusalem , du hochgebaute Stadt '' `` Jesus Christus , unser Heiland , der den Tod ... '' `` Jesus Christus , unser Heiland , der von uns ... '' `` Komm , Gott Schöpfer , Heiliger Geist '' `` Komm , Heiliger Geist , Herre Gott '' `` Macht hoch die Tür '' `` Meinen Jesum laß ich nicht '' `` Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin '' `` Mitten wir im Leben sind '' `` Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist '' `` Nun danket alle Gott '' `` Nun freut euch , lieben Christen g'mein '' `` Nun komm , der Heiden Heiland '' `` Nun lasst uns den Leib begraben '' `` Nun laßt uns Gott dem Herren '' `` Nun lob , mein Seel , den Herren '' `` O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden '' `` O Lamm Gottes , unschuldig '' `` O Mensch , bewein dein Sünde groß '' `` O Welt , sieh hier dein Leben '' `` Schmücke dich , o liebe Seele '' `` Sie ist mir lieb , die werte Magd '' `` Straf mich nicht in deinem Zorn '' `` Such , wer da will , ein ander Ziel '' `` Valet will ich dir geben '' `` Vater unser im Himmelreich '' `` Vom Himmel hoch , da komm ich her '' `` Wachet auf , ruft uns die Stimme '' `` Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit '' `` Warum betrübst du dich , mein Herz '' `` Warum sollt ich mich denn grämen '' `` Was willst du dich betrüben '' `` Wer nur den lieben Gott läßt walten '' `` Wer weiß , wie nahe mir mein Ende '' `` Werde munter , mein Gemüte '' `` Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern '' `` Wie soll ich dich empfangen '' `` Wir glauben all an einen Gott '' `` Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält '' Lutheran chorale List of hymns by Martin Luther Passion Hymns Hymn of the day Christian music portal Lutheranism portal GND : 4327122 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God&oldid=817571959 '' Categories : 16th century in music German Christian hymns Lutheran hymns Hymn tunes Works by Martin Luther German patriotic songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from April 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Frysk Italiano Magyar 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 06 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who composed a mighty fortress is our god	[ "\"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God\" (German: \"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott\") is one of the best known hymns by the reformer Martin Luther, a prolific hymnodist. Luther wrote the words and composed the melody sometime between 1527 and 1529.[1] It has been translated into English at least seventy times and also into many other languages.[1][2] The words are a paraphrase of Psalm 46.[3]" ]	[ "Martin Luther" ]
-4278955262505816193	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when has england won the football world cup	[ "England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments.[a] They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).[b]\n" ]	[ "1966" ]
-7928987428509069980	Man with a Plan (TV series)	Man with a Plan ( TV series ) - wikipedia Man with a Plan ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Man with a Plan Genre Sitcom Created by Jackie Filgo and Jeff Filgo Starring Matt LeBlanc Liza Snyder Jessica Chaffin Matt Cook Grace Kaufman Hala Finley Matthew McCann Diana - Maria Riva Kevin Nealon Stacy Keach Composer ( s ) John Kimbrough Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 37 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jackie Filgo Jeff Filgo Matt LeBlanc Michael Rotenberg Troy Zien Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Double Double Bonus Entertainment 3 Arts Entertainment CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release October 24 , 2016 -- present Man with a Plan is an American sitcom series created by Jackie and Jeff Filgo and starring Matt LeBlanc . It was ordered to series on May 13 , 2016 , for the CBS 2016 -- 2017 television season . The series premiered on October 24 , 2016 . On November 14 , 2016 , CBS picked up the series for a full season of 19 episodes . On January 6 , 2017 , CBS ordered three additional episodes , increasing the first season order to 22 . On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a second season which premiered on November 13 , 2017 . On November 27 , 2017 , CBS ordered eight additional episodes for the second season , bringing the total to 21 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Episodes 4.1 Series overview 4.2 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 5 Reception 5.1 Seasonal ratings 6 Ratings 6.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 6.2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) An old - school father encounters the modern challenges of parenting three school - aged children , marriage and running a contracting business with his brother after his supportive wife returns to work . He also has to deal with his overbearing parents . The series is set in suburban Pittsburgh . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Matt LeBlanc as Adam Burns : The patriarch of the Burns household . Along with his brother , Don , he owns Burns Brothers Construction . Liza Snyder as Andi Burns : The matriarch of the Burns household . As the series started , Andi went back to work as a medical lab technician . Grace Kaufman as Kate Burns : The eldest Burns child . At the start of the series , Kate is 13 - years - old . She is the sassy , rebellious child , who is often embarrassed by her parents . She 's now 15 in season 2 . Hala Finley as Emme Burns : The youngest child in the Burns family , who is 5 - years - old at the start of the series . Emme is the younger , innocent child , who often knows her parents will never let her get away with a lot . She is 6 - years old as of season 2 . Matthew McCann as Teddy Burns : The middle child in the Burns family , who is 12 - years - old at the start of the series . Teddy is a very dimwitted child , whose intelligence is often ridiculed by the other characters , including his parents . Adam states that Teddy has his Uncle Don 's intelligence . Jessica Chaffin as Marie Faldonado ( episodes 1 -- 13 ) : One of Adam 's fellow room parents , who is a promiscuous divorcee with children in both Emme and Kate 's classes . After episode thirteen , Marie is never seen or mentioned again . Matt Cook as Lowell : The other room parent and the Burns ' friend . Lowell is a stay - at - home dad who relies on statistics and experts to help parent his children . In `` The Three Amigos '' , he begins working with Adam and Don as their tech specialist after helping them land a lucrative job with a video presentation he created . Diana - Maria Riva as Mrs. Rodriguez ( season 1 ) : Emme 's kindergarten teacher and Adam 's enemy . Kevin Nealon as Don Burns : Adam 's older brother , who co-owns Burns Brothers Construction alongside Adam . It is mentioned in `` The Three Amigos '' that Don handles sales for the business . He is very dim - witted like his nephew Teddy . He is married to Marcy , and together they have a son , Mikey , who is an ex-convict . Stacy Keach as Joe Burns ( season 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) : Adam and Don 's father , who moved his camper into Adam and Andi 's driveway . Recurring ( edit ) Kali Rocha as Marcy Burns , Don 's wife . Swoosie Kurtz as Beverly Burns , Adam and Don 's mother . Sherri Shepherd as Joy , the Burns ' neighbor who is also the building inspector on Adam 's job site . Tim Meadows as Rudy , the Burns ' neighbor and Joy 's husband . Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) On May 13 , 2016 , it was reported that Jenna Fischer , who was originally cast to play the female lead opposite LeBlanc in the series , had exited and her role would be recast . On August 1 , it was announced Liza Snyder would replace Fischer in the role . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 21 November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' James Burrows Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 7.42 When her youngest child Emme starts kindergarten , Andi Burns goes back to work , forcing Adam , her contractor husband , to spend more time at home taking care of their three kids . Adam is clearly out of his element , while the kids want their mom back after spending only one day with their father . `` Two Tickets to Paradise '' James Burrows Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) 5.95 When a vendor gives Adam two tickets to a Pittsburgh Steelers game , he offers to take his brother and business partner Don as a thank - you for Don covering him at work while he tends to the kids . Andi later sees the tickets and assumes Adam is taking her to celebrate the anniversary of their first date , which was also at a Steelers game , causing Adam to have to decide whom to disappoint . `` The Puppet Theater '' James Burrows Alex Herschlag November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 6.26 When Mrs. Rodriguez accuses Adam of slacking in his role as Room Parent because he does n't have time to make puppets for Teacher Appreciation Day , Adam threatens to transfer Emme into the other kindergarten class . This does n't sit well with Andi , who considers Mrs. Rodriguez a superior teacher and says she had to do a lot of `` butt kissing '' to get Emme into her class . `` Un-Dressed '' Pamela Fryman Jordan Reddout & Gus Hickey November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 6.18 After repeatedly being forced out of the house by Andi and the kids , Adam and Don want to turn the garage into a `` man cave '' , but there 's a problem -- boxes and boxes of junk that Andi refuses to get rid of because they represent family memories . 5 5 `` Thanksgiving '' James Burrows Mark Gross November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 5.98 Adam brings Emme 's lunch to school and catches Andi secretly meeting with Mrs. Rodriguez about an upcoming Thanksgiving meal for 30 at the school . Andi tells Adam she did n't think he could handle this task , which hurts Adam enough that he wants to prove her wrong . 6 6 `` Holey War '' James Burrows Tommy Johnagin December 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) 6.18 When the kids put a hole in the wall with their rowdy play , Adam 's and Andi 's different approaches to parenting are put to the test . Each tries to get the kids to turn on each other and identify the culprit , but the resolve of their children is surprisingly strong . 7 7 `` Winter Has Come '' James Burrows Farhan Arshad December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) 6.62 To get out of his usual Christmas chores , Adam convinces Andi 's parents to host a family Christmas at their home in Virginia Beach . He orders all of the kids ' gifts online and has them delivered to Virginia Beach , but his plan backfires when they get snowed in on the day of their trip . Forced to improvise , Adam has to pull off a `` Christmas miracle '' to avoid disappointing the kids and angering Andi . 8 8 `` Adam Steps Up '' Pamela Fryman Gregg Mettler December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) 6.17 Andi tries to take Emme and Teddy to the zoo , but gets stuck in traffic for hours . This causes Adam to have to deal with Kate getting her first period without Andi 's help . 9 9 `` What About Bob ? '' Pamela Fryman Tommy Johnagin January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 6.55 After Andi confesses that one of her new work friends is a man named Bob ( Gary Anthony Williams ) , she is surprised and a little hurt when Adam does n't exhibit his usual jealousy . She then tells fake stories to enhance Bob 's charm and talents , not knowing that Adam was jealous all along and was just trying to hide it . 10 10 `` A Dinner Gone Wrong '' Pamela Fryman Mark Gross January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 7.70 The Burns ' plans for a couples trip to Las Vegas with Don and Marcy are put in jeopardy when Andi realizes that Marcy is the girl who teased her and gave her an unflattering nickname back in high school . Meanwhile , Teddy stops hanging out with the few friends he has in school to spend all of his free time with his online gaming buddies , making his parents concerned . 11 11 `` The Talk '' Pamela Fryman Alex Herschlag January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 7.69 When Andi and Adam find a topless woman 's photo on Teddy 's tablet , Andi makes Adam have `` the talk '' with his son , saying she took care of it with Kate . After an uncomfortable talk that shocks Teddy , Adam learns that the newly body - conscious Kate was the one looking at the topless photo out of curiosity , and that Kate learned about sex from a school health class , not from Andi . 12 12 `` The Three Amigos '' Phill Lewis Jordan Reddout & Gus Hickey February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 7.25 Adam is less than thrilled when Andi invites Lowell over to watch the hockey game with him and Don , but Adam 's attitude changes when he learns Lowell can make a killer multimedia presentation for a construction client the Burns Brothers are trying to woo . Don takes this as a slap in the face , given that he 's always handled sales his own way . Elsewhere , Mrs. Rodriguez confesses to Andi that she had an erotic dream about Adam . 13 13 `` Valentine 's Day '' James Burrows Gregg Mettler February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 7.20 Adam has every detail for a fancy Valentine 's Day dinner with Andi planned out , except getting a babysitter . After striking out with Marie and Lowell , Kate reminds her dad that she 's 13 and can babysit . This pleases Adam , but Andi is n't so sure that Kate is ready . After Andi reluctantly agrees , she and Adam go to the restaurant and find that Don has stolen Adam 's reservation . 14 14 `` Kate 's First Date '' Pamela Fryman Farhan Arshad February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 6.75 Kate is excited about going on her first date with a classmate named Royce , something that Andi approved without consulting Adam . After Adam checks Royce 's Instagram page and sees that he may be a bit of a `` player '' , he tries to scare the boy away . Meanwhile , Don ca n't think of a good gift for Marcy 's birthday , so he seeks help from Lowell . 15 15 `` Assisted Living '' Pamela Fryman Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 6.61 Adam 's parents , Joe ( Stacy Keach ) and Bev ( Swoosie Kurtz ) , stop by in their motor home for a visit . After Joe learns that Adam is now taking care of the kids , he and Bev propose they stay to help , and they begin to live in the Burns ' driveway . 16 16 `` The A Team '' Pamela Fryman Alex Herschlag March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 6.34 Andi and Adam have Lowell and his wife Jen over for dinner , fully expecting Jen to be as lame as Lowell is , but Jen ( Jenna Dewan Tatum ) turns out to be pretty and interesting . Later , after Jen and Lowell appear to make up an excuse to leave , Andi and Adam start to think it is themselves who have become the lame couple . 17 17 `` Doctor No '' Pamela Fryman Gregg Mettler March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 5.32 When Adam discovers that Joe has n't been to the doctor in almost ten years , he urges his father to make an appointment . Andi soon also discovers that the doctor Adam says he 's been going to annually retired five years ago . Joe , Adam and Don all get checkups with a new doctor , and the result is that Joe needs a colonoscopy . Meanwhile , Bev takes advantage of Lowell 's kind nature by asking him to drive her everywhere . 18 18 `` The Blame Game '' James Burrows Tommy Johnagin April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 5.33 Adam and Don learn their wives do n't get as mad at their screw - ups if they simply blame them on each other . Things take a turn for the worse for Adam when Andi finds out their scheme , especially because it dredges up baggage from their past . 19 19 `` Spring Fling '' Pamela Fryman Story by : Mark Gross April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 5.42 A problem arises when Lisa ( Christine Woods ) , the mall construction client , tells Adam that Don is n't professional enough to attend an upcoming meeting with HR and executives , causing Adam to try to find a way to let his brother down easy . With Adam busy , Andi offers to take some time off and be room parent for a while , mainly because she wants to schmooze Mrs. Rodriguez into recommending Emme for the `` good '' first grade class . Andi regrets this when Mrs. Rodriguez asks her to organize the entire Spring Fling for the kindergarteners . 20 20 `` Dirty Money '' James Burrows Story by : Farhan Arshad Teleplay by : Jordan Reddout & Gus Hickey May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 5.36 Adam and Andi regret accepting a loan from Joe after he uses it as an excuse to insert himself into their lives . Bev and Marcy battle over who should host Don 's birthday party . Meanwhile , Don panics when he learns from Lowell that Marcy donated his old laptop to the library . 21 21 `` Operation False Freedom '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 5.16 Convinced that Kate lied to them about going to the library , but unable to prove it , Adam and Andi activate the GPS tracker on her phone . Kate discovers their ploy and throws them off her trail by planting the phone in Don 's pocket . Andi and Adam find Kate innocently hanging out with friends at a coffee shop . While still mad that she deceived them , the two agree that Kate should have more freedom now that she 's turned 14 . 22 22 `` Buzzer Beater '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Gregg Mettler May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 5.73 Upon seeing Don and Marcy with their new granddaughter , Andi gets the itch to have another child . Adam insists they are too old , but after Emme refuses to kiss him when he drops her off at kindergarten , he also gets on board . When they later see Don and Marcy completely frazzled from spending a couple days with an infant , Adam and Andi regret their decision and have to sweat out the results of a pregnancy test . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` The Silver Fox '' Andy Cadiff Mark Gross November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 5.38 To give Kate a break from babysitting , Andi hires a young volunteer from her hospital named Sophia ( Victoria Justice ) to watch the kids . While Adam worries that Sophia will become attracted to a `` silver fox '' like himself , Andi is more jealous that Kate goes to Sophia for advice . Sophia later tells Adam she has the hots for him , but when he tells Andi , she does n't believe him . 24 `` Andi 's Boyfriend '' Andy Cadiff Tommy Johnagin November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 5.44 Adam gets a visit from Pastor Carl ( Jonathan Adams ) , who is making amends for a past gambling addiction . Pastor Carl says he gambled away money that he was supposed to use to renew his license to wed people , meaning Adam and Andi are not legally married . Making matters worse , Pastor Carl was not Andi 's first choice , but the frugal Adam hired him because he was cheaper . Adam tries to set up a renewal of vows with a licensed official , without telling Andi about Carl . 25 `` The Parents Strike Back '' Andy Cadiff Rob Des Hotel November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 5.70 Frustrated by the messes in their kids ' bedrooms , Adam and Andi decide to withhold allowances until the rooms are cleaner . Kate convinces her younger siblings they can break their parents by just letting the filth build up even more , so the kids tell mom and dad they are on strike . Taking a tip from Joe , Adam and Andi decide to retaliate by making things as miserable as possible for their children . 26 `` Into the Weeds '' Gail Mancuso Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 6.42 When Adam finds out that a boy Kate is dating was caught by his mother possessing marijuana , he wants to be strict with Kate while Andi opts for a more relaxed approach . Adam learns that Joe , who was always strict with him and Don about drugs , has a pot prescription for his arthritis . Things get interesting when Adam unknowingly eats some of Joe 's `` special '' gummy candy . 27 5 `` Battle of the Sexists '' Andy Cadiff Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) 5.70 Andi accuses Adam and Don of being sexist when they only interview male candidates for a shop foreman position on the mall project . Adam soon hires a female named Zara ( Lilah Richcreek ) , partly to please Andi but also because she is the most qualified for the job . Andi regrets her accusation against Adam when Don recognizes the pretty new shop foreman as a former dancer at a strip club . Meanwhile , Adam and Andi fight the school to allow Kate to play on the boys soccer team . 28 6 `` Adam Gets Neighborly '' Victor Gonzalez Tommy Johnagin & Farhan Arshad December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 5.61 After Adam has alienated most of the neighbors , Andi suggests they start fresh with new neighbors Joy ( Sherri Shepherd ) and Rudy ( Tim Meadows ) , who have just moved in . But there 's a problem : Adam has already gotten on the bad side of Joy , a building inspector , when she visited his job site . 29 7 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Victor Gonzalez Gregg Mettler January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 6.68 Adam and Andi experience money problems with Teddy needing glasses and Kate needing braces . The two make a budget and decide to give up some luxuries , mainly Adam 's cable sports subscription , which has Don , Joe and Lowell upset because they are always at the house watching games . Adam later forces Andi to give up her expensive hairdresser , after Joe discovers she had it listed as a necessity , not a luxury . 30 8 `` Lice Lice Baby '' Gail Mancuso Farhan Arshad January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 6.74 Adam worries about how Lisa , his boss at the mall job site , will react when he has to bring Teddy and Emme to work . He gets even more worried when the Burns kids are diagnosed with lice , and he later sees Lisa scratching her head at an awards banquet . Meanwhile , Andi realizes how distant she 's become from her kids when she is the only family member to not catch lice from them . 31 9 `` The Gunfight '' Andy Cardiff Gregg Mettler January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) 6.64 Joe and Beverly prepare to watch the kids for a few days so that Adam and Andi can take a much - needed trip to Las Vegas . Andi worries a bit when Joe says he plans to teach Teddy to shoot Adam 's old BB gun , then wants to pull the plug on the vacation when she learns that Joe also has real guns in the house . Joe and Adam take Andi to a shooting range to show her that guns are okay in responsible hands , but then it 's Adam who worries when he sees Joe mistake his gun for his cellphone . Elsewhere , Don brings the BB gun to Lowell 's house to help eradicate the woodchuck that is eating Lowell 's tomatoes , but he ends up shooting Lowell . 32 10 `` Adam 's Turtle - y Awesome Valentine 's Day '' Gail Mancuso Jessica Runck February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 6.46 When Andi convinces Adam that she does not want to exchange gifts for Valentine 's Day , Adam takes the gold necklace with pictures of their three children that he 'd already bought for Andi and gives it to Beverly . Unknown to Adam , Andi had just discovered the hidden necklace moments before Adam 's decision , and she is now looking forward to receiving it . Beverly is so giddy about the necklace that Adam is stuck with a difficult decision . 33 11 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Breakfast , Lunch and Dinner '' Victor Gonzalez Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 5.92 When Adam gets tired of constantly having to accompany Beverly at bingo , he suggests to Andi that she get his mom a job as a hospital volunteer . Beverly loves the job , only to make Joe feel lonely . To compensate for his loneliness , Joe starts spending his time with Adam and Andi and expects them to wait on him like Beverly used to do . 34 12 `` Everybody 's a Winner '' Joanna Kerns Mark Gross March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 5.90 When a senior asks Kate to the spring dance at school , Adam is staunchly against it while Andi says Kate is mature enough to let her go . While discussing the issue with Joe , Lowell and Don , Adam learns Joe 's `` silent negotiation '' technique . Adam tries it on Andi and , sure enough , she talks herself into realizing it 's a bad idea to let Kate go on the date . But neighbor Joy soon tips off Andi to what Adam did , because her husband uses it on her , and she gives Andi a way to fight back . 35 13 `` The Party Planner '' Ben Weiss Rob DesHotel March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 6.35 Following several years of failed , uninspired gifts for Andi 's birthday , Adam decides to throw her a party with their family members , as well as Lowell and his wife Jen . When Don and Marcy pass on the party because of Marcy 's previous engagement , Adam replaces them with Joy and Rudy , despite Andi 's protest that they should reschedule . While Adam insists that he can handle planning the party , Don and Marcy meet Joy and Rudy at a grocery store , throwing a wrench into Adam 's scheme . 36 14 `` March Madness '' Victor Gonzalez Tommy Johnagin March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 5.45 When their schedules do n't line up and they realize the kids will be alone for two hours after school , Adam and Andi hire Rudy to install security cameras inside and outside the house . Adam and Andi inadvertently make a sex tape , which inspires them to make another . The two then go on a wild chase for the tablet that has the footage when Beverly borrows it because hers broke down , then gives it to Don to give back to Adam . The tablet is subsequently picked up by Lowell , who mistook it for his own when he was at Don 's house . 37 15 `` Out With The In - Laws '' Victor Gonzalez Jackie Filgo & Jeff Filgo March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 5.44 Adam and Andi think they can finally be happily alone for a holiday when their feuding parents each back out of coming to the house on Easter Sunday because the other set of parents will be there . But the plans are threatened when Joe and Bev scheme to take the kids to Disney World for the holiday , while Andi 's parents ( Dan Lauria and Nancy Lenehan ) arrive a day early to claim `` Easter Eve '' for themselves . 38 16 `` April Fools '' Pamela Fryman Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) TBD 39 17 `` King for a Day '' TBA TBA April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Man with a Plan has received generally negative reviews from critics . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 21 % , based on 28 reviews , with an average rating of 3.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Man with a Plan 's flawed , unimaginative writing fails to properly showcase the charm of its unfortunately underperforming lead . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the series has a score 36 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Seasonal ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30 pm 22 October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 7.42 May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 5.73 2016 -- 17 47 7.41 1.5 21 November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 5.38 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 24 , 2016 1.6 / 5 7.42 `` Two Tickets to Paradise '' October 31 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.95 `` The Puppet Theatre '' November 7 , 2016 1.4 / 4 6.26 `` Un-Dressed '' November 14 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.18 5 `` Thanksgiving '' November 21 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.98 6 `` Holey War '' December 5 , 2016 1.2 / 4 6.18 7 `` Winter Has Come '' December 12 , 2016 1.2 / 4 6.62 8 `` Adam Steps Up '' December 19 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.17 9 `` What About Bob ? '' January 2 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.55 10 `` A Dinner Gone Wrong '' January 16 , 2017 1.5 / 5 7.70 11 `` The Talk '' January 23 , 2017 1.6 / 5 7.69 12 `` The Three Amigos '' February 6 , 2017 1.4 / 5 7.25 13 `` Valentine 's Day '' February 13 , 2017 1.4 / 5 7.20 14 `` Kate 's First Date '' February 20 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.75 15 `` Assisted Living '' February 27 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.62 16 `` The A Team '' March 13 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.34 17 `` Doctor No '' March 20 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.32 18 `` The Blame Game '' April 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.33 19 `` Spring Fling '' April 17 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.42 20 `` Dirty Money '' May 1 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.36 21 `` Operation False Freedom '' May 8 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.16 22 `` Buzzer Beater '' May 15 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.73 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` The Silver Fox '' November 13 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.38 `` Andi 's Boyfriend '' November 20 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.44 `` The Parents Strike Back '' November 27 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.70 `` Into the Weeds '' December 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.42 5 `` Battle of the Sexists '' December 11 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.70 6 `` Adam Gets Neighborly '' December 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.61 7 `` We Can Be Heroes '' January 15 , 2018 1.2 / 5 6.68 8 `` Lice Lice Baby '' January 22 , 2018 1.2 / 4 6.74 9 `` The Gunfight '' January 29 , 2018 1.1 / 4 6.64 10 `` Adam 's Turtle - y Awesome Valentine 's Day '' February 5 , 2018 1.1 / 4 6.46 11 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Breakfast , Lunch and Dinner '' February 26 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.92 12 `` Everybody 's a Winner '' March 5 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.90 13 `` The Party Planner '' March 12 , 2018 1.0 / 4 6.35 14 `` March Madness '' March 19 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.45 15 `` Out With the In - Laws '' March 26 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.44 See also ( edit ) Kevin Can Wait , another CBS sitcom often compared and partnered with Man with a Plan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Training Day ' , ' Bull ' , ' MacGyver ' , ' The Great Indoors ' , Matt LeBlanc Comedy & Jason Katims Drama Picked Up By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2016 Premiere Dates , Slates JonBenet Ramsey Limited Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Orders More Episodes Of ' Man With A Plan ' , ' The Great Indoors ' & ' Code Black ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Freshman Comedies ' Kevin Can Wait ' , ' The Great Indoors ' & ' Man With A Plan ' Get More Episodes At CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Me , Myself & I Essentially Cancelled at CBS ; Man With a Plan Called Off Bench '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Man With a Plan , Superior Donuts Get Full - Season Orders at CBS '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.com/shows/man-with-a-plan/about/ Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Matt LeBlanc CBS Series ' Man With A Plan ' : Jenna Fischer Exits In Recasting '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man with a Plan : Liza Snyder Joins Matt LeBlanc Sitcom - canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Man With a Plan , Superior Donuts Get Full - Season Orders at CBS '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust up , ' Christmas Light Fight ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless ' and ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' finale adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jimmy Kimmel Live 's ' ' Bachelor ' special adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Howie Mandel Comedy Gala ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor ' finale down from 2016 : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' The Year in Memoriam , ' ' Popstar 's Best of 2017 ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # MWP216 ) `` April Fools '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - man with a plan on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man With a Plan : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man With a Plan - Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . 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My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_with_a_Plan_(TV_series)&oldid=832969489 '' Categories : 2010s American sitcoms 2016 American television series debuts CBS network shows American television sitcoms Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by CBS Television Studios English - language television programs Television shows set in Pittsburgh Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 23 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is adam's mom on man with a plan	[ "\nKali Rocha as Marcy Burns, Don's wife.\nSwoosie Kurtz as Beverly Burns, Adam and Don's mother.\nSherri Shepherd as Joy, the Burns' neighbor who is also the building inspector on Adam's job site.\nTim Meadows as Rudy, the Burns' neighbor and Joy's husband.\n" ]	[ "Swoosie Kurtz" ]
6200290358381112208	History of the United States (1865–1918)	History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) - wikipedia History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal The history of the United States from 1865 until 1918 covers the Reconstruction Era , the Gilded Age , and the Progressive Era , and includes the rise of industrialization and the resulting surge of immigration in the United States . This article focuses on political , economic , and diplomatic history . This period of rapid economic growth and soaring prosperity in the North and the West ( but not in the South ) saw the U.S. become the world 's dominant economic , industrial , and agricultural power . The average annual income ( after inflation ) of non-farm workers grew by 75 % from 1865 to 1900 , and then grew another 33 % by 1918 . With a decisive victory in 1865 over Southern secessionists in the Civil War , the United States became a united and powerful nation with a strong national government . Reconstruction brought the end of legalized slavery plus citizenship for the former slaves , but their new - found political power was rolled back within a decade , and they became second - class citizens under a `` Jim Crow '' system of deeply pervasive segregation that would stand for the next 80 -- 90 years . Politically , during the Third Party System and Fourth Party System the nation was mostly dominated by Republicans ( except for two Democratic presidents ) . After 1900 and the assassination of President William McKinley , the Progressive Era brought political , business , and social reforms ( e.g. , new roles for and government expansion of education , higher status for women , a curtailment of corporate excesses , and modernization of many areas of government and society ) . The Progressives worked through new middle - class organizations to fight against the corruption and behind - the - scenes power of entrenched , state political party organizations and big - city `` machines '' . They demanded -- and won -- women 's right to vote , and the nationwide prohibition of alcohol 1920 - 1933 . In an unprecedented wave of European immigration , 27.5 million new arrivals between 1865 and 1918 provided the labor base necessary for the expansion of industry and agriculture , as well as the population base for most of fast - growing urban America . By the late nineteenth century , the United States had become a leading global industrial power , building on new technologies ( such as the telegraph and steel ) , an expanding railroad network , and abundant natural resources such as coal , timber , oil , and farmland , to usher in the Second Industrial Revolution . There were also two very important wars . The U.S. easily defeated Spain in 1898 , which unexpectedly brought a small empire . Cuba quickly was given independence , as well as the Philippines ( in 1946 ) . Puerto Rico ( and some smaller islands ) became permanent U.S. possessions , as did Alaska ( added by purchase in 1867 ) . The independent Republic of Hawaii voluntarily joined the U.S. as a territory in 1898 . The United States tried and failed to broker a peace settlement for World War I , then entered the war after Germany launched a submarine campaign against U.S. merchant ships that were supplying Germany 's enemy countries . The publicly stated goals were to uphold American honor , crush German militarism , and reshape the postwar world . After a slow mobilization , the U.S. helped bring about a decisive Allied Forces victory by supplying badly needed financing , food , and millions of fresh and eager soldiers . Contents 1 Reconstruction Era 2 The West 2.1 American Indian assimilation 2.2 Farming 2.3 Family life 3 Industrialization 3.1 Labor and management 3.2 Labor organization 4 Gilded Age 5 Social history 5.1 Immigration 5.2 Religion 5.3 Nadir of race relations 5.4 Populism 6 Women 's Suffrage 7 Foreign policy 7.1 War with Spain 7.2 Philippines 7.3 Latin America 8 Progressive Era 8.1 Roosevelt 's Presidency 8.2 President Taft 8.3 President Wilson 9 World War I 9.1 Entry 9.2 Germania 9.3 Patriotism 9.4 Draft 9.5 Economic confusion in 1917 9.6 Women 9.7 Labor 9.8 Over there 9.9 Treaty 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 12.1 Reconstruction : 1863 -- 1877 12.2 Gilded Age : 1877 -- 1900 12.3 Progressive Era 12.4 World Affairs and World War I 12.5 Primary sources 13 External links Reconstruction Era ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era Reconstruction gave black farmers , businessmen and soldiers the right to vote for the first time in 1867 , as celebrated by Harper 's Weekly on its front cover , Nov. 16 , 1867 . Reconstruction was the period from 1863 to 1877 , in which the federal government temporarily took control -- one by one -- of the Southern states of the Confederacy . Before his assassination in April 1865 , President Abraham Lincoln had announced moderate plans for reconstruction to re-integrate the former Confederates as fast as possible . Lincoln set up the Freedmen 's Bureau in March 1865 , to aid former slaves in finding education , health care , and employment . The final abolition of slavery was achieved by the Thirteenth Amendment , ratified in December 1865 . However , Lincoln was opposed by the Radical Republicans within his own party who feared that the former Confederates would never truly give up on slavery and Confederate nationalism , and would always try to reinstate them behind - the - scenes . As a result , the Radical Republicans tried to impose legal restrictions that would strip most ex-rebels ' rights to vote and hold elected office . The Radicals were opposed by Lincoln 's Vice President and successor , Tennessee Democrat Andrew Johnson . However , the Radicals won the critical elections of 1866 , winning enough seats in Congress to override President Johnson 's vetoes of such legislation . They even successfully impeached President Johnson ( in the House of Representatives ) , and almost removed him from office ( in the Senate ) in 1868 . Meanwhile , they gave the South 's `` freedmen '' new constitutional and federal legal protections . The Radicals ' reconstruction plans took effect in 1867 under the supervision of the U.S. Army , allowing a Republican coalition of Freedmen , Scalawags ( sympathetic local whites ) , and Carpetbaggers ( recent arrivals from the North ) , to take control of Southern state governments . They ratified the Fourteenth Amendment , giving enormous new powers to the federal courts to deal with justice at the state level . These state governments borrowed heavily to build railroads and public schools , increasing taxation rates . The backlash of increasingly fierce opposition to these policies drove most of the Scalawags out of the Republican Party and into the Democratic Party . President Ulysses S. Grant enforced civil rights protections for African - Americans that were being challenged in South Carolina , Mississippi , and Louisiana . The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870 giving African - Americans the right to vote in American elections . U.S. Representative Stevens was one of the major policymakers regarding Reconstruction , and obtained a House vote of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson . Hans Trefousse , his leading biographer , concludes that Stevens `` was one of the most influential representatives ever to serve in Congress . ( He dominated ) the House with his wit , knowledge of parliamentary law , and sheer willpower , even though he was often unable to prevail . '' Reconstruction ended at different times in each state , the last in 1877 , when Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the contentious presidential election of 1876 over his opponent , Samuel J. Tilden . To deal with disputed electoral votes , Congress set up an Electoral Commission . It awarded the disputed votes to Hayes . The white South accepted the `` Compromise of 1877 '' knowing that Hayes proposed to end Army control over the remaining three state governments in Republican hands . White Northerners accepted that the Civil War was over and that Southern whites posed no threat to the nation . The end of Reconstruction marked the end of the brief period of civil rights and civil liberties for African Americans in the South , where most lived . Reconstruction caused permanent resentment , distrust , and cynicism among white Southerners toward the federal government , and helped create the `` Solid South , '' which typically voted for the ( then - ) socially conservative Democrats for all local , state , and national offices . White supremacists created a segregated society through `` Jim Crow Laws '' that made blacks second - class citizens with very little political power or public voice . The white elites ( called the `` Redeemers '' -- the southern wing of the `` Bourbon Democrats '' ) were in firm political and economic control of the south until the rise of the Populist movement in the 1890s . Local law enforcement was weak in rural areas , allowing outraged mobs to use lynching to redress alleged - but - often - unproven crimes charged to blacks . Historians ' interpretations of the Radical Republicans have dramatically shifted over the years , from the pre-1950 view of them as tools of big business motivated by partisanship and hatred of the white South , to the perspective of the neoabolitionists of the 1950s and afterwards , who applauded their efforts to give equal rights to the freed slaves . In the South itself the interpretation of the tumultuous 1860s differed sharply by race . Americans often interpreted great events in religious terms . Historian Wilson Fallin contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and Reconstruction in white versus black using Baptist sermons in Alabama . White preachers expressed the view that : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict Biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black preachers interpreted the Civil War , emancipation and Reconstruction as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help them ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Historians in the 21st century typically consider Reconstruction to be a failure , but they `` disagree on what caused Reconstruction to fail , focusing on whether it went too far , too fast or did not go far enough . '' However , historian Mark Summers in 2014 sees a positive outcome : if we see Reconstruction 's purpose as making sure that the main goals of the war would be filled , of a Union held together forever , of a North and South able to work together , of slavery extirpated , and sectional rivalries confined , of a permanent banishment of the fear of vaunting appeals to state sovereignty , backed by armed force , then Reconstruction looks like what in that respect it was , a lasting and unappreciated success . The West ( edit ) Main article : American Frontier In 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad opened up the far west mining and ranching regions . Travel from New York to San Francisco now took six days instead of six months . After the Civil War , many from the East Coast and Europe were lured west by reports from relatives and by extensive advertising campaigns promising `` the Best Prairie Lands '' , `` Low Prices '' , `` Large Discounts For Cash '' , and `` Better Terms Than Ever ! '' . The new railroads provided the opportunity for migrants to go out and take a look , with special family tickets , the cost of which could be applied to land purchases offered by the railroads . Farming the plains was indeed more difficult than back east . Water management was more critical , lightning fires were more prevalent , the weather was more extreme , rainfall was less predictable . The fearful stayed home . The actual migrants looked beyond fears of the unknown . Their chief motivation to move west was to find a better economic life than the one they had . Farmers sought larger , cheaper and more fertile land ; merchants and tradesmen sought new customers and new leadership opportunities . Laborers wanted higher paying work and better conditions . With the Homestead Act providing free land to citizens and the railroads selling cheap lands to European farmers , the settlement of the Great Plains was swiftly accomplished , and the frontier had virtually ended by 1890 . Temporary quarters for Volga Germans in central Kansas , 1875 American Indian assimilation ( edit ) Expansion into the plains and mountains by miners , ranchers and settlers led to conflict with some of the regional Indian tribes . The government insisted the American Indians either move into the general society and become assimilated , or remain on assigned reservations , and used force to keep them there . The violence petered out in the 1880s and practically ceased after 1890 . By 1880 the buffalo herds , a foundation for the hunting economy , had disappeared . American Indians had the choice of living on reservations , but some tribes refused to live there . Here food , supplies , education and medical care was provided by the federal government , or living on their own in society and earning wages , typically as a cowboy on a ranch , or manual worker in town . Reformers wanted to give as many American Indians as possible the opportunity to own and operate their own farms and ranches , and the issue was how to give individual Indians land owned by the tribe . To assimilate the Indians into American society , reformers set up training programs and schools , such as the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle , Pennsylvania , that produced many prominent Indian leaders . The anti-assimilation traditionalists on the reservations , however , resisted integration . The reformers decided the solution was to allow Indians still on reservations to own land as individuals . The Dawes Act of 1887 was an effort to integrate American Indians into the mainstream ; the majority accepted integration and were absorbed into American society , leaving a trace of American Indian ancestry in millions of American families . Those who refused to assimilate remained in poverty on the reservations , supported by Federal food , medicine and schooling . In 1934 , U.S. policy was reversed again by the Indian Reorganization Act which attempted to protect tribal and communal life on the reservations . Farming ( edit ) Map of the United States , 1870 -- 80 . Orange indicates statehood , light blue territories , and green unorganized territories Main article : History of agriculture in the United States § Railroad Age : 1860 -- 1910 Grange poster hailing the yeoman farmer , 1873 . A dramatic expansion in farming took place . The number of farms tripled from 2.0 million in 1860 to 6.0 million in 1905 . The number of people living on farms grew from about 10 million in 1860 to 22 million in 1880 to 31 million in 1905 . The value of farms soared from $8.0 billion in 1860 to $30 billion in 1906 . The federal government issued 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) tracts virtually free to settlers under the Homestead Act of 1862 . Even larger numbers purchased lands at very low interest from the new railroads , which were trying to create markets . The railroads advertised heavily in Europe and brought over , at low fares , hundreds of thousands of farmers from Germany , Scandinavia and Britain . Despite their remarkable progress and general prosperity , 19th - century U.S. farmers experienced recurring cycles of hardship , caused primarily by falling world prices for cotton and wheat . Along with the mechanical improvements which greatly increased yield per unit area , the amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the second half of the century , as the railroads opened up new areas of the West for settlement . The wheat farmers enjoyed abundant output and good years from 1876 to 1881 when bad European harvests kept the world price high . They then suffered from a slump in the 1880s when conditions in Europe improved . The farther west the settlers went , the more dependent they became on the monopolistic railroads to move their goods to market , and the more inclined they were to protest , as in the Populist movement of the 1890s . Wheat farmers blamed local grain elevator owners ( who purchased their crop ) , railroads and eastern bankers for the low prices . The first organized effort to address general agricultural problems was the Grange movement that reached out to farmers . It grew to 20,000 chapters and 1.5 million members . The Granges set up their own marketing systems , stores , processing plants , factories and cooperatives . Most went bankrupt . The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s . A few Midwestern states passed `` Granger Laws '' , limiting railroad and warehouse fees . Family life ( edit ) Few single men attempted to operate a farm ; farmers clearly understood the need for a hard - working wife , and numerous children , to handle the many chores , including child - rearing , feeding and clothing the family , managing the housework , and feeding the hired hands . During the early years of settlement , farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors . After a generation or so , women increasingly left the fields , thus redefining their roles within the family . New conveniences such as sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles . This was further supported by the scientific housekeeping movement , promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents , as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning , advice columns for women in the farm papers , and home economics courses in the schools . Although the eastern image of farm life on the prairies emphasizes the isolation of the lonely farmer and farm life , in reality rural folk created a rich social life for themselves . For example , many joined a local branch of the Grange ; a majority had ties to local churches . It was popular to organize activities that combined practical work , abundant food , and simple entertainment such as barn raisings , corn huskings , and quilting bees , . One could keep busy with scheduled Grange meetings , church services , and school functions . The womenfolk organized shared meals and potluck events , as well as extended visits between families . Childhood on the American frontier is contested territory . One group of scholars argues the rural environment was salubrious for it allowed children to break loose from urban hierarchies of age and gender , promoted family interdependence , and in the end produced children who were more self - reliant , mobile , adaptable , responsible , independent and more in touch with nature than their urban or eastern counterparts . However other historians offer a grim portrait of loneliness , privation , abuse , and demanding physical labor from an early age . Industrialization ( edit ) Main article : United States technological and industrial history Blast furnace at Edgar Thomson Steel Works near Pittsburgh , 1915 From 1865 to about 1913 , the U.S. grew to become the world 's leading industrial nation . Land and labor , the diversity of climate , the ample presence of railroads ( as well as navigable rivers ) , and the natural resources all fostered the cheap extraction of energy , fast transport , and the availability of capital that powered this Second Industrial Revolution . The average annual income ( after inflation ) of non-farm workers grew by 75 % from 1865 to 1900 , and then grew another 33 % by 1918 . Where the First Industrial Revolution shifted production from artisans to factories , the Second Industrial Revolution pioneered an expansion in organization , coordination , and the scale of industry , spurred on by technology and transportation advancements . Railroads opened the West , creating farms , towns , and markets where none had existed . The First Transcontinental Railroad , built by nationally oriented entrepreneurs with British money and Irish and Chinese labor , provided access to previously remote expanses of land . Railway construction boosted opportunities for capital , credit , and would - be farmers . New technologies in iron and steel manufacturing , such as the Bessemer process and open - hearth furnace , combined with similar innovations in chemistry and other sciences to vastly improve productivity . New communication tools , such as the telegraph and telephone allowed corporate managers to coordinate across great distances . Innovations also occurred in how work was organized , typified by Frederick Winslow Taylor 's ideas of scientific management . To finance the larger - scale enterprises required during this era , the corporation emerged as the dominant form of business organization . Corporations expanded by merging , creating single firms out of competing firms known as `` trusts '' ( a form of monopoly ) . High tariffs sheltered U.S. factories and workers from foreign competition , especially in the woolen industry . Federal railroad land grants enriched investors , farmers and railroad workers , and created hundreds of towns and cities . Business often went to court to stop labor from organizing into unions or from organizing strikes . Powerful industrialists , such as Andrew Carnegie , John D. Rockefeller and Jay Gould , known collectively by their critics as `` robber barons '' , held great wealth and power , so much so that in 1888 Rutherford B. Hayes noted in his diary that the United States ceased being a government for the people and had been replaced by a `` government of the corporation , by the corporation , and for the corporation . '' In a context of cutthroat competition for wealth accumulation , the skilled labor of artisans gave way to well - paid skilled workers and engineers , as the nation deepened its technological base . Meanwhile , a steady stream of immigrants encouraged the availability of cheap labor , especially in mining and manufacturing . Labor and management ( edit ) In the fast - growing industrial sector , wages were about double the level in Europe , but the work was harder with less leisure . Economic depressions swept the nation in 1873 -- 75 and 1893 -- 97 , with low prices for farm goods and heavy unemployment in factories and mines . Full prosperity returned in 1897 and continued ( with minor dips ) to 1920 . The pool of unskilled labor was constantly growing , as unprecedented numbers of immigrants -- 27.5 million between 1865 and 1918 -- entered the U.S. Most were young men eager for work . The rapid growth of engineering and the need to master the new technology created a heavy demand for engineers , technicians , and skilled workers . Before 1874 , when Massachusetts passed the nation 's first legislation limiting the number of hours women and child factory workers could perform to 10 hours a day , virtually no labor legislation existed in the country . Child labor reached a peak around 1900 and then declined ( except in Southern textile mills ) as compulsory education laws kept children in school . It was finally ended in the 1930s . Labor organization ( edit ) Main articles : Labor history of the United States and American Federation of Labor Part of a series on Socialism in the United States History of the American Left ( show ) Utopian socialism New Harmony Brook Farm Oneida Community Icarians Bishop Hill Commune Progressive Era St. Louis Commune 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike Labor unionisation Women 's suffrage Haymarket affair May Day Green Corn Rebellion Catholic Worker Movement Repression and persecution Espionage Act of 1917 First Red Scare American Defense Society American Protective League Seattle General Strike Communist Party USA and African Americans Communism in the Labor Movement 1919 -- 37 Communism in the Labor Movement 1937 -- 50 McCarthyism Smith Act / Smith Act trials John Birch Society Civil rights / anti-War movements COINTELPRO New Left Great Society War on Poverty Poor People 's Campaign Black Power movement Active parties ( show ) American Party of Labor Black Riders Liberation Party Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism ( CDCS ) Communist Party USA Democratic Socialists of America Freedom Road Socialist Organization Freedom Socialist Party Industrial Workers of the World International Socialist Organization Legal Marijuana Now Party New Afrikan Black Panther Party New Students for a Democratic Society Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Revolutionary Communist Party Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Party Socialist Organizer Socialist Party Socialist Workers Party Spartacist League Workers World Party World Socialist Party of the United States Defunct parties ( show ) American Labor Party American Workers Party Black Panther Party Communist League of America Communist Workers ' Party Democratic Socialist Federation Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Farmer -- Labor Party Maoist Internationalist Movement New American Movement Proletarian Party of America Puerto Rican Socialist Party Social Democracy of America Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Social Democrats , USA Socialist Labor Party of America Socialist Party of America Students for a Democratic Society Weather Underground White Panther Party Workers Party of the United States Youth International Party Literature ( show ) The Jungle Appeal to Reason International Socialist Review Looking Backward The Other America Daily Worker Monthly Review Voluntary Socialism Monopoly Capital Related topics ( show ) American Left Anarchism Anarchism in the United States Socialism Utopian socialism Scientific socialism Marxism Marxism -- Leninism Labor history Labor unions Libertarian socialism Labor laws Minimum wage Socialism portal United States portal The first major effort to organize workers ' groups on a nationwide basis appeared with The Noble Order of the Knights of Labor in 1869 . Originally a secret , ritualistic society organized by Philadelphia garment workers , it was open to all workers , including African Americans , women , and farmers . The Knights grew slowly until they succeeded in facing down the great railroad baron , Jay Gould , in an 1885 strike . Within a year , they added 500,000 workers to their rolls , far more than the thin leadership structure of the Knights could handle . The Knights of Labor soon fell into decline , and their place in the labor movement was gradually taken by the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) . Rather than open its membership to all , the AFL , under former cigar - makers union official Samuel Gompers , focused on skilled workers . His objectives were `` pure and simple '' : increasing wages , reducing hours , and improving working conditions . As such , Gompers helped turn the labor movement away from the socialist views earlier labor leaders had espoused . The AFL would gradually become a respected organization in the U.S. , although it would have nothing to do with unskilled laborers . In times of economic depression , layoffs and wage cuts angered the workers , leading to violent labor conflicts in 1877 and 1894 . In the Great Railroad Strike in 1877 , railroad workers across the nation went on strike in response to a 10 - percent pay cut . Attempts to break the strike led to bloody uprisings in several cities . The Haymarket Riot took place in 1886 , when an anarchist allegedly threw a bomb at police dispersing a strike rally at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in Chicago . At its peak , the Knights claimed 700,000 members . By 1890 , membership had plummeted to fewer than 100,000 , then faded away . The killing of policemen greatly embarrassed the Knights of Labor , which was not involved with the bomb but which took much of the blame . In the riots of 1892 at Carnegie 's steel works in Homestead , Pennsylvania , a group of 300 Pinkerton detectives , whom the company had hired to break a bitter strike by the Amalgamated Association of Iron , Steel and Tin Workers , were fired upon by strikers and 10 were killed . As a result , the National Guard was called in to guard the plant ; non-union workers were hired and the strike broken . The Homestead plant completely barred unions until 1937 . Two years later , wage cuts at the Pullman Palace Car Company , just outside Chicago , led to a strike , which , with the support of the American Railway Union , soon brought the nation 's railway industry to a halt . The shutdown of rail traffic meant the virtual shutdown of the entire national economy , and President Grover Cleveland acted vigorously . He secured injunctions in federal court , which Eugene Debs and the other strike leaders ignored . Cleveland then sent in the Army to stop the rioting and get the trains moving . The strike collapsed , as did the ARU . The 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire killed 146 garment workers . The most militant working class organization of the 1905 -- 1920 era was the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) , formed largely in response to abysmal labor conditions ( in 1904 , the year before its founding , 27,000 workers were killed on the job ) and discrimination against women , minorities , and unskilled laborers by other unions , particularly the AFL . The `` Wobblies , '' as they were commonly known , gained particular prominence from their incendiary and revolutionary rhetoric . Openly calling for class warfare , direct action , workplace democracy and `` One Big Union '' for all workers regardless of sex , race or skills , the Wobblies gained many adherents after they won a difficult 1912 textile strike ( commonly known as the `` Bread and Roses '' strike ) in Lawrence , Massachusetts . They proved ineffective in managing peaceful labor relations and members dropped away . But according to historian Howard Zinn , `` the IWW became a threat to the capitalist class , exactly when capitalist growth was enormous and profits huge . '' The IWW strongly opposed the 1917 -- 18 war effort and faced a campaign of repression from the federal government . More than a few Wobblies , such as Frank Little , were beaten or lynched by mobs or died in American jails . The union exists to this day and has been involved in various labor disputes throughout the 2000s . Gilded Age ( edit ) Main article : Gilded Age The `` Gilded Age '' that was enjoyed by the topmost percentiles of American society after the recovery from the Panic of 1873 floated on the surface of the newly industrialized economy of the Second Industrial Revolution . It was further fueled by a period of wealth transfer that catalyzed dramatic social changes . It created for the first time a class of the super-rich `` captains of industry '' , the `` robber barons '' whose network of business , social and family connections ruled a largely White Anglo - Saxon Protestant social world that possessed clearly defined boundaries . The term `` Gilded Age '' was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book , The Gilded Age : A Tale of Today , employing the ironic difference between a `` gilded '' and a Golden Age . With the end of Reconstruction , there were few major political issues at stake and the 1880 presidential election was the quietest in a long time . James Garfield , the Republican candidate , won a very close election , but a few months into his administration was shot by a disgruntled public office seeker . Garfield was succeeded by his VP Chester Arthur . Reformers , especially the `` Mugwumps '' complained that powerful parties made for corruption during the Gilded Age or `` Third Party System '' . Voter enthusiasm and turnout during the period 1872 -- 1892 was very high , often reaching practically all men . The major issues involved modernization , money , railroads , corruption , and prohibition . National elections , and many state elections , were very close . The 1884 presidential election saw a mudslinging campaign in which Republican James G. Blaine was defeated by Democrat Grover Cleveland , a reformer . During Cleveland 's presidency , he pushed to have congress cut tariff duties . He also expanded civil services and vetoed many private pension bills . Many people were worried that these issues would hurt his chances in the 1888 election . When they expressed these concerns to Cleveland , he said `` What is the use of being elected or reelected , unless you stand for something ? '' The dominant social class of the Northeast possessed the confidence to proclaim an `` American Renaissance '' , which could be identified in the rush of new public institutions that marked the period -- hospitals , museums , colleges , opera houses , libraries , orchestras -- and by the Beaux - Arts architectural idiom in which they splendidly stood forth , after Chicago hosted the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 . Social History ( edit ) Urbanization ( the rapid growth of cities ) went hand in hand with industrialization ( the growth of factories and railroads ) , as well as expansion of farming . The rapid growth was made possible by high levels of immigration . Immigration ( edit ) The Sunday magazine of the New York World appealed to Immigrants with this 1906 cover page celebrating their arrival at Ellis Island From 1865 through 1918 an unprecedented and diverse stream of immigrants arrived in the United States , 27.5 million in total . In all , 24.4 million ( 89 % ) came from Europe , including 2.9 million from Britain , 2.2 million from Ireland , 2.1 million from Scandinavia , 3.8 million from Germany , 4.1 million from Italy , 7.8 million from Russia and other parts of eastern and central Europe . Another 1.7 million came from Canada . Most came through the port of New York City , and from 1892 , through the immigration station on Ellis Island , but various ethnic groups settled in different locations . New York and other large cities of the East Coast became home to large Jewish , Irish , and Italian populations , while many Germans and Central Europeans moved to the Midwest , obtaining jobs in industry and mining . At the same time , about one million French Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England . Immigrants were pushed out of their homelands by poverty or religious threats , and pulled to America by jobs , farmland and kin connections . They found economic opportunity at factories , mines and construction sites , and found farm opportunities in the Plains states . While most immigrants were welcomed , Asians were not . Many Chinese had been brought to the west coast to construct railroads , but unlike European immigrants , they were seen as being part of an entirely alien culture . After intense anti-Chinese agitation in California and the west , Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 . An informal agreement in 1907 , the Gentlemen 's Agreement , stopped Japanese immigration . Some immigrants stayed temporarily in the U.S. then returned home , often with savings that made them relatively prosperous . Most , however , permanently left their native lands and stayed in hope of finding a better life in the New World . This desire for freedom and prosperity led to the famous term , the American Dream . Religion ( edit ) The Third Great Awakening was a period of renewal in evangelical Protestantism from the late 1850s to the 1900s . It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong sense of social activism . It gathered strength from the postmillennial theology that the Second Coming of Christ would come after mankind had reformed the entire earth . A major component was the Social Gospel Movement , which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening , as did the worldwide missionary movement . New groupings emerged , such as the Holiness movement and Nazarene movements , and Christian Science . At the same time , the Catholic Church grew rapidly , with a base in the German , Irish , Polish , and Italian immigrant communities , and a leadership drawn from the Irish . The Catholics were largely working class and concentrated in the industrial cities and mining towns , where they built churches , parochial schools , and charitable institutions , as well as colleges . The Jewish community grew rapidly , especially from the new arrivals from Eastern Europe who settled chiefly in New York City . They avoided the Reform synagogues of the older German Jews and instead formed Orthodox and Conservative synagogues . Nadir of race relations ( edit ) Main article : Nadir of American race relations The mob - style lynching of Will James , Cairo , Illinois , 1909 . Starting in the end of the 1870s , African Americans lost many of the civil rights obtained during Reconstruction and became increasingly subject to racial discrimination . Increased racist violence , including lynchings and race riots , lead to a strong deterioration of living conditions of African Americans in the Southern states . Jim Crow laws were established after the Compromise of 1877 . Many decided to flee for the Midwest as early as 1879 , an exile which was intensified during the Great Migration that began before World War I . In 1896 , the U.S. Supreme Court effectively upheld the Jim Crow system of racial segregation by its `` separate but equal '' doctrine . D.W. Griffith 's The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) , the first great American film , made heroes of the KKK in Reconstruction . Populism ( edit ) By 1880 , the Granger movement began to decline and was replaced by the Farmers ' Alliance . From the beginning , the Farmers ' Alliance were political organizations with elaborate economic programs . According to one early platform , its purpose was to `` unite the farmers of America for their protection against class legislation and the encroachments of concentrated capital . '' Their program also called for the regulation -- if not the outright nationalization -- of the railroads ; currency inflation to provide debt relief ; the lowering of the tariff ; and the establishment of government - owned storehouses and low - interest lending facilities . These were known as the Ocala Demands . During the late 1880s , a series of droughts devastated the West . Western Kansas lost half its population during a four - year span . By 1890 , the level of agrarian distress was at an all - time high . Mary Elizabeth Lease , a noted populist writer and agitator , told farmers that they needed to `` raise less corn and more hell '' . Working with sympathetic Democrats in the South and small third parties in the West , the Farmer 's Alliance made a push for political power . From these elements , a new political party , known as the Populist Party , emerged . The elections of 1890 brought the new party into coalitions that controlled parts of state government in a dozen Southern and Western states and sent a score of Populist senators and representatives to Congress . Its first convention was in 1892 , when delegates from farm , labor and reform organizations met in Omaha , Nebraska , determined at last to make their mark on a U.S. political system that they viewed as hopelessly corrupted by the monied interests of the industrial and commercial trusts . The pragmatic portion of the Populist platform focused on issues of land , railroads and money , including the unlimited coinage of silver . The Populists showed impressive strength in the West and South in the 1892 elections , and their candidate for President polled more than a million votes . It was the currency question , however , pitting advocates of silver against those who favored gold , that soon overshadowed all other issues . Agrarian spokesmen in the West and South demanded a return to the unlimited coinage of silver . Convinced that their troubles stemmed from a shortage of money in circulation , they argued that increasing the volume of money would indirectly raise prices for farm products and drive up industrial wages , thus allowing debts to be paid with inflated dollars . Conservative groups and the financial classes , on the other hand , believed that such a policy would be disastrous , and they insisted that inflation , once begun , could not be stopped . Railroad bonds , the most important financial instrument of the time , were payable in gold . If fares and freight rates were set in half - price silver dollars , railroads would go bankrupt in weeks , throwing hundreds of thousands of men out of work and destroying the industrial economy . Only the gold standard , they said , offered stability . The financial Panic of 1893 heightened the tension of this debate . Bank failures abounded in the South and Midwest ; unemployment soared and crop prices fell badly . The crisis , and President Cleveland 's inability to solve it , nearly broke the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party , which supported silver and free trade , absorbed the remnants of the Populist movement as the presidential elections of 1896 neared . The Democratic convention that year was witness to one of the most famous speeches in U.S. political history . Pleading with the convention not to `` crucify mankind on a cross of gold '' , William Jennings Bryan , the young Nebraskan champion of silver , won the Democrats ' presidential nomination . The remaining Populists also endorsed Bryan , hoping to retain some influence by having a voice inside the Bryan movement . Despite carrying the South and all the West except California and Oregon , Bryan lost the more populated , industrial North and East -- and the election -- to the Republican William McKinley with his campaign slogan `` A Full Dinner Pail '' . In 1897 the economy began to improve , mostly from restored business confidence . Silverites -- who did not realize that most transactions were handled by bank checks , not sacks of gold -- believed the new prosperity was spurred by the discovery of gold in the Yukon . In 1898 , the Spanish -- American War drew the nation 's attention further away from Populist issues . If the movement was dead , however , its ideas were not . Once the Populists supported an idea , it became so tainted that the vast majority of American politicians rejected it ; only years later , after the taint had been forgotten , was it possible to achieve Populist reforms , such as the direct popular election of Senators in 1914 . Women 's Suffrage ( edit ) Further information : Women 's suffrage in the United States Alice Paul stands victorious before the Women 's Suffrage Amendment 's ratification banner . The women 's suffrage movement began with the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention ; many of the activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement . The movement reorganized after the Civil War , gaining experienced campaigners , many of whom had worked for prohibition in the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights , though women had made significant legal victories , gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody . Around 1912 , the movement , which had grown sluggish , began to reawaken . This put an emphasis on its demands for equality and arguing that the corruption of American politics demanded purification by women because men could no longer do their job . Protests became increasingly common as suffragette Alice Paul led parades through the capitol and major cities . Paul split from the large National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) , which favored a more moderate approach and supported the Democratic Party and Woodrow Wilson , led by Carrie Chapman Catt , and formed the more militant National Woman 's Party . Suffragists were arrested during their `` Silent Sentinels '' pickets at the White House , the first time such a tactic was used , and were taken as political prisoners . Finally , the suffragettes were ordered released from prison , and Wilson urged Congress to pass a Constitutional amendment enfranchising women . The old anti-suffragist argument that only men could fight a war , and therefore only men deserved the franchise , was refuted by the enthusiastic participation of tens of thousands of American women on the home front in World War I. Across the world , grateful nations gave women the right to vote . Furthermore , most of the Western states had already given women the right to vote in state and national elections , and the representatives from those states , including the first voting woman Jeannette Rankin of Montana , demonstrated that Women 's Suffrage was a success . The main resistance came from the south , where white leaders were worried about the threat of black women voting . Nevertheless , Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919 . It became constitutional law on August 26 , 1920 , after ratification by the 36th required state . Foreign policy ( edit ) Republican campaign poster , 1900 , compares prosperity now with depression in 1896 , and stresses humanitarian foreign policy With the landslide election victory of William McKinley , who had risen to national prominence six years earlier with the passage of the McKinley Tariff of 1890 , a high tariff was passed in 1897 and a decade of rapid economic growth and prosperity ensued , building national self - confidence . McKinley brought in a new governing philosophy , one that dominated the 20th century , in which politics was the arena in which compromises among interest groups were worked out for the national benefit . His system of politics emphasized economic growth , prosperity for all , and pluralism that provided benefits for every group . He rejected programs such as prohibition and immigration restriction that were designed to hurt an enemy . He felt parties had the duty to enact the people 's will and educate them to new ideas . War with Spain ( edit ) Main article : Spanish -- American War Post-Spanish -- American War map of `` Greater America , '' including Cuba and the Philippines . Spain had once controlled a vast colonial empire , but by the second half of the 19th century only Cuba , Puerto Rico , the Philippines , and some African possessions remained . The Cubans had been in a state of rebellion since the 1870s , and American newspapers , particularly New York City papers of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer , printed sensationalized `` Yellow Journalism '' stories about Spanish atrocities in Cuba . However , these lurid stories reached only a small fraction of voters ; most read sober accounts of Spanish atrocities , and they called for intervention . On February 15 , 1898 , the battleship USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor . Although it was unclear precisely what caused the blast , many Americans believed it to be the work of a Spanish mine , an attitude encouraged by the yellow journalism of Hearst and Pulitzer . The military was rapidly mobilized as the U.S. prepared to intervene in the Cuban revolt . It was made clear that no attempt at annexation of Cuba would be made and that the island 's independence would be guaranteed . Spain considered this a wanton intervention in its internal affairs and severed diplomatic relations . War was declared on April 25 . The Spanish were quickly defeated , and Theodore Roosevelt 's Rough Riders gained fame in Cuba . Meanwhile , Commodore George Dewey 's fleet crushed the Spanish in the faraway Philippines . Spain capitulated , ending the three - month - long war and recognizing Cuba 's independence . Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines were ceded to the United States . Although U.S. capital investments within the Philippines and Puerto Rico were small , some politicians hoped they would be strategic outposts for expanding trade with Latin America and Asia , particularly China . That never happened and after 1903 American attention turned to the Panama Canal as the key to opening new trade routes . The Spanish -- American War thus began the active , globally oriented American foreign policy that continues to the present day . Philippines ( edit ) Main articles : Philippine -- American War and History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) The U.S. acquired the Philippines from Spain on December 10 , 1898 via the Treaty of Paris , which ended the Spanish -- American War . However , Philippine revolutionaries led by Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence and in 1899 began fighting the U.S. troops . The Philippine -- American War ended in 1901 after Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the U.S. Likewise the other insurgents accepted American rule and peace prevailed , except in some remote islands under Muslim control . Roosevelt continued the McKinley policies of removing the Catholic friars ( with compensation to the Pope ) , upgrading the infrastructure , introducing public health programs , and launching a program of economic and social modernization . The enthusiasm shown in 1898 -- 99 for colonies cooled off , and Roosevelt saw the islands as `` our heel of Achilles . '' He told Taft in 1907 , `` I should be glad to see the islands made independent , with perhaps some kind of international guarantee for the preservation of order , or with some warning on our part that if they did not keep order we would have to interfere again . '' By then the President and his foreign policy advisers turned away from Asian issues to concentrate on Latin America , and Roosevelt redirected Philippine policy to prepare the islands to become the first Western colony in Asia to achieve self - government . The Filipinos fought side by side with the Americans when the Japanese invaded in 1941 , and aided the American re-conquest of the islands in 1944 -- 45 ; independence came in 1946 . Latin America ( edit ) Main articles : Banana Wars and Latin America -- United States relations The U.S. demanded Spain stop its oppressive policies in Cuba ; public opinion ( overruling McKinley ) led to the short , successful Spanish -- American War in 1898 . The U.S. permanently took over Puerto Rico , and temporarily held Cuba . Attention increasingly focused on the Caribbean as the rapid growth of the Pacific states , especially California , revealed the need for a canal across to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . Plans for one in Nicaragua fell through but under Roosevelt 's leadership the U.S. built a canal through Panama , after finding a public health solution to the deadly disease environment . The Panama Canal opened in 1914 . In 1904 , Roosevelt announced his `` Corollary '' to the Monroe Doctrine , stating that the United States would intervene in cases where Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable in the interest of bringing democracy and financial stability to them . The U.S. made numerous interventions , mostly to stabilize the shaky governments and permit the nations to develop their economies . The intervention policy ended in the 1930s and was replaced by the Good Neighbor policy . In 1909 , Nicaraguan President José Santos Zelaya resigned after the triumph of U.S. - backed rebels . This was followed up by the 1912 -- 1933 U.S. occupation of Nicaragua . The U.S. military occupation of Haiti , in 1915 , followed the mob execution of Haiti 's leader but even more important was the threat of a possible German takeover of the island . Germans controlled 80 % of the economy by 1914 and they were bankrolling revolutions that kept the country in political turmoil . The conquest resulted in a 19 - year - long United States occupation of Haiti . Haiti was an exotic locale that suggested black racial themes to numerous American writers including Eugene O'Neill , James Weldon Johnson , Langston Hughes , Zora Neale Hurston and Orson Welles . Limited American intervention occurred in Mexico as that country fell into a long period of anarchy and civil war starting in 1910 . In April 1914 , U.S. troops occupied the Mexican port of Veracruz following the Tampico Incident ; the reason for the intervention was Woodrow Wilson 's desire to overthrow the Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta . In March 1916 , Pancho Villa led 1,500 Mexican raiders in a cross-border attack against Columbus , New Mexico , attacked a U.S. Cavalry detachment , seized 100 horses and mules , burned the town , and killed 17 of its residents . President Woodrow Wilson responded by sending 12,000 troops , under Gen. John J. Pershing , into Mexico to pursue Villa . The Pancho Villa Expedition to capture Villa failed in its objectives and was withdrawn in January 1917 . In 1916 , the U.S. occupied the Dominican Republic . Progressive Era ( edit ) Child laborer , Newberry , South Carolina . 1908 . See also : Progressive Era A new spirit of the times , known as `` Progressivism '' , arose in the 1890s and into the 1920s ( although some historians date the ending with World War I ) . The presidential election of 1900 gave the U.S. a chance to pass judgment on the McKinley Administration , especially its foreign policy . Meeting at Philadelphia , the Republicans expressed jubilation over the successful outcome of the war with Spain , the restoration of prosperity , and the effort to obtain new markets through the Open Door Policy . The 1900 election was mostly a repeat of 1896 except for imperialism being added as a new issue ( Hawaii had been annexed in 1898 ) . William Jennings Bryan added anti-imperialism to his tired - out free silver rhetoric , but he was defeated in the face of peace , prosperity and national optimism . President McKinley was enjoying great popularity as he began his second term , but it would be cut short . In September 1901 , while attending an exposition in Buffalo , New York , McKinley was shot by an anarchist . He was the third President to be assassinated , all since the Civil War . Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency . Political corruption was a central issue , which reformers hoped to solve through civil service reforms at the national , state , and local level , replacing political hacks with professional technocrats . The 1883 Civil Service Reform Act ( or Pendleton Act ) , which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so - called `` spoils system '' , permitted the professionalization and rationalization of the federal administration . However , local and municipal government remained in the hands of often - corrupt politicians , political machines , and their local `` bosses '' . Henceforth , the spoils system survived much longer in many states , counties , and municipalities , such as the Tammany Hall ring , which survived well into the 1930s when New York City reformed its own civil service . Illinois modernized its bureaucracy in 1917 under Frank Lowden , but Chicago held out against civil service reform until the 1970s . Many self - styled progressives saw their work as a crusade against urban political bosses and corrupt `` robber barons '' . There were increased demands for effective regulation of business , a revived commitment to public service , and an expansion of the scope of government to ensure the welfare and interests of the country as the groups pressing these demands saw fit . Almost all the notable figures of the period , whether in politics , philosophy , scholarship , or literature , were connected at least in part with the reform movement . Trenchant articles dealing with trusts , high finance , impure foods , and abusive railroad practices began to appear in the daily newspapers and in such popular magazines as McClure 's and Collier 's . Their authors , such as the journalist Ida M. Tarbell , who crusaded against the Standard Oil Trust , became known as `` Muckrakers '' . In his novel , The Jungle , Upton Sinclair exposed unsanitary conditions in the Chicago meat packing houses and the grip of the beef trust on the nation 's meat supply . The hammering impact of Progressive Era writers bolstered aims of certain sectors of the population , especially a middle class caught between political machines and big corporations , to take political action . Many states enacted laws to improve the conditions under which people lived and worked . At the urging of such prominent social critics as Jane Addams , child labor laws were strengthened and new ones adopted , raising age limits , shortening work hours , restricting night work , and requiring school attendance . By the early 20th century , most of the larger cities and more than half the states had established an eight - hour day on public works . Equally important were the Workers ' Compensation Laws , which made employers legally responsible for injuries sustained by employees at work . New revenue laws were also enacted , which , by taxing inheritances , laid the groundwork for the contemporary Federal income tax . Roosevelt 's presidency ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt , a progressive Republican , called for a `` Square Deal '' , and initiated a policy of increased Federal supervision in the enforcement of antitrust laws . Later , extension of government supervision over the railroads prompted the passage of major regulatory bills . One of the bills made published rates the lawful standard , and shippers equally liable with railroads for rebates . Following Roosevelt 's landslide victory in the 1904 election he called for still more drastic railroad regulation , and in June 1906 , Congress passed the Hepburn Act . This gave the Interstate Commerce Commission real authority in regulating rates , extended the jurisdiction of the commission , and forced the railroads to surrender their interlocking interests in steamship lines and coal companies . Roosevelt held many meetings , and opened public hearings , in a successful effort to find a compromise for the Coal Strike of 1902 , which threatened the fuel supplies of urban America . Meanwhile , Congress had created a new Cabinet Department of Commerce and Labor . Cartoonist admires the strict TR who teaches the childish coal barons a lesson ; they raised the pay rates for minors , but did not recognize the union . By Charles Lederer Conservation of the nation 's natural resources and beautiful places was a very high priority for Roosevelt , and he raised the national visibility of the issue . The President called for a far - reaching and integrated program of conservation , reclamation and irrigation as early as 1901 in his first annual message to Congress . Whereas his predecessors had set aside 46 million acres ( 188,000 km2 ) of timberland for preservation and parks , Roosevelt increased the area to 146 million acres ( 592,000 km2 ) and began systematic efforts to prevent forest fires and to retimber denuded tracts . His appointment of his friend Gifford Pinchot as chief forester resulted in vigorous new scientific management of public lands . TR added 50 wildlife refuges , 5 new national parks , and initiated the system of designating National Monuments , such as the Devils Tower National Monument . President Taft ( edit ) Main article : William Howard Taft Roosevelt 's popularity was at its peak as the campaign of 1908 neared , but he was unwilling to break the tradition by which no President had held office for more than two terms . Instead , he supported William Howard Taft . On the Democratic side , William Jennings Bryan ran for a third time , but managed to carry only the South . Taft , a former judge , first colonial governor of the U.S. - held Philippines and administrator of the Panama Canal , made some progress with his Dollar Diplomacy . Taft continued the prosecution of trusts , further strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission , established a postal savings bank and a parcel post system , expanded the civil service , and sponsored the enactment of two amendments to the United States Constitution . The 16th Amendment authorized a federal income tax , while the 17th Amendment , ratified in 1913 , mandated the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people , replacing the prior system established in the original Constitution , in which they were selected by state legislatures . Yet balanced against these achievements were : Taft 's acceptance of a tariff with protective schedules that outraged progressive opinion ; his opposition to the entry of the state of Arizona into the Union because of its progressive constitution ; and his growing reliance on the conservative wing of his party . By 1910 , the Republican Party was divided , and an overwhelming vote swept the Democrats back into control of Congress . President Wilson ( edit ) Main article : Woodrow Wilson Two years later , Woodrow Wilson , the Democratic , progressive governor of the state of New Jersey , campaigned against Taft , the Republican candidate , and against Roosevelt who was appalled by his successor 's policies and thus broke his earlier pledge to not run for a third term . As the Republicans would not nominate him , he ran as a third - party Progressive candidate , but the ticket became widely known as the Bull Moose Party . The election was mainly a contest between Roosevelt and Wilson , Taft receiving little attention and carrying just eight electoral votes . Wilson , in a spirited campaign , defeated both rivals . Under his leadership , the new Congress enacted one of the most notable legislative programs in American history . Its first task was tariff revision . `` The tariff duties must be altered , '' Wilson said . `` We must abolish everything that bears any semblance of privilege . '' The Underwood Tariff in 1913 provided substantial rate reductions on imported raw materials and foodstuffs , cotton and woolen goods , iron and steel , and removed the duties from more than a hundred other items . Although the act retained many protective features , it was a genuine attempt to lower the cost of living for American workers . The second item on the Democratic program was a reorganization of the banking and currency system . `` Control , '' said Wilson , `` must be public , not private , must be vested in the government itself , so that the banks may be the instruments , not the masters , of business and of individual enterprise and initiative . '' Passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was one of Wilson 's most enduring legislative accomplishments , for he successfully negotiated a compromise between Wall Street and the agrarians . The plan built on ideas developed by Senator Nelson Aldrich , who discovered the European nations had more efficient central banks that helped their internal business and international trade . The new organization divided the country into 12 districts , with a Federal Reserve Bank in each , all supervised by a Federal Reserve Board . These banks were owned by local banks and served as depositories for the cash reserves of member banks . Until the Federal Reserve Act , the U.S. government had left control of its money supply largely to unregulated private banks . While the official medium of exchange was gold coins , most loans and payments were carried out with bank notes , backed by the promise of redemption in gold . The trouble with this system was that the banks were tempted to reach beyond their cash reserves , prompting periodic panics during which fearful depositors raced to turn their bank paper into coin . With the passage of the act , greater flexibility in the money supply was assured , and provision was made for issuing federal reserve notes -- paper dollars -- to meet business demands . The Fed opened in 1914 and played a central role in funding the World War . After 1914 , issues of money and banking faded away from the political agenda . To resolve the long - standing dispute over trusts , the Wilson Administration dropped the `` trust - busting '' legal strategies of Roosevelt and Taft and relied on the new Federal Trade Commission to issue orders prohibiting `` unfair methods of competition '' by business concerns in interstate trade . In addition a second law , the Clayton Antitrust Act , forbade many corporate practices that had thus far escaped specific condemnation -- interlocking directorates , price discrimination among purchasers , use of the injunction in labor disputes and ownership by one corporation of stock in similar enterprises . After 1914 the trust issue faded away from politics . The Adamson Act of 1916 established an eight - hour day for railroad labor and solidified the ties between the labor unions and the Democratic Party . The record of achievement won Wilson a firm place in American history as one of the nation 's foremost liberal reformers . Wilson 's domestic reputation would soon be overshadowed by his record as a wartime President who led his country to victory but could not hold the support of his people for the peace that followed . World War I ( edit ) Main articles : United States in World War I , United States home front during World War I , American Expeditionary Force , and Aftermath of World War I Woodrow Wilson . Entry ( edit ) Main article : American entry into World War I Firmly maintaining neutrality when World War I began in Europe in 1914 , the United States helped supply the Allies , but could not ship anything to Germany because of the British blockade . Sympathies among many politically and culturally influential Americans had favored the British cause from the start of the war , as typified by industrialist Samuel Insull , born in London , who helped young Americans enlist in British or Canadian forces . On the other hand , especially in the Midwest , many Irish Americans and German Americans opposed any American involvement , the Irish because they hated the British , and the Germans because they feared they would come under personal attack . The suffragist movement included many pacifists , and most churches opposed the war . German efforts to use their submarines ( `` U-boats '' ) to blockade Britain resulted in the deaths of American travelers and sailors , and attacks on passenger liners caused public outrage . Most notable was torpedoing without warning the passenger liner Lusitania in 1915 . Germany promised not to repeat ; however it reversed position in early 1917 , believing that unrestricted U-boat warfare against all ships headed to Britain would win the war , albeit at the cost of American entry . When Americans read the text of the German offer to Mexico , known as the Zimmermann Telegram , they saw an offer for Mexico to go to war with Germany against the United States , with German funding , with the promise of the return of the lost territories of Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas . On Apr 1 , 1917 , Wilson called for war , emphasizing that the U.S. had to fight to maintain its honor and to have a decisive voice in shaping the new postwar world . Congress voted on April 6 , 1917 to declare war , but it was far from unanimous . Germania ( edit ) See also : German Americans § World War I anti-German sentiment German Americans were sometimes accused of being too sympathetic to the German Empire . Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced `` hyphenated Americanism '' , insisting that dual loyalties were impossible in wartime . A small minority came out for Germany , or ridiculed the British . About 1 % of the 480,000 enemy aliens of German birth were imprisoned in 1917 -- 18 . The allegations included spying for Germany , or endorsing the German war effort . Thousands were forced to buy war bonds to show their loyalty . One person was killed by a mob ; in Collinsville , Illinois , German - born Robert Prager was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched . The war saw a phobia of anything German engulf the nation . Sauerkraut was rechristened `` liberty cabbage '' , for example . Patriotism ( edit ) The Wilson Administration created the Committee on Public Information ( CPI ) to control war information and provide pro-war propaganda . The private American Protective League , working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation , was one of many private right - wing `` patriotic associations '' that sprang up to support the war and at the same time fight labor unions and various left - wing and anti-war organizations . The U.S. Congress passed , and Wilson signed , the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 . The Sedition Act criminalized any expression of opinion that used `` disloyal , profane , scurrilous or abusive language '' about the U.S. government , flag or armed forces . Government police action , private vigilante groups and public war hysteria compromised the civil liberties of many Americans who disagreed with Wilson 's policies . Draft ( edit ) Navy poster by Howard Chandler Christy The United States was remarkably unprepared for war in 1917 , since it had not fought a major conflict since 1865 . The military was small by modern standards and used out - dated weapons . A hasty expansion and modernization of the armed forces was thus launched . The draft began in spring 1917 but volunteers were also accepted . Four million men and thousands of women joined the services for the duration . Economic confusion in 1917 ( edit ) In terms of munitions production , the 15 months after April 1917 involved an amazing parade of mistakes , misguided enthusiasm , and confusion . Americans were willing enough , but they did not know their proper role . Washington was unable to figure out what to do when , or even to decide who was in charge . Typical of the confusion was the coal shortage that hit in December 1917 . Because coal was by far the major source of energy and heat a grave crisis ensued . There was in fact plenty of coal being mined , but 44,000 loaded freight and coal cars were tied up in horrendous traffic jams in the rail yards of the East Coast . Two hundred ships were waiting in New York harbor for cargo that was delayed by the mess . The solution included nationalizing the coal mines and the railroads for the duration , shutting down factories one day a week to save fuel , and enforcing a strict system of priorities . Only in March 1918 did Washington finally take control of the crisis Women ( edit ) The war saw many women taking what were traditionally men 's jobs for the first time . Many worked on the assembly lines of factories , producing tanks , trucks and munitions . For the first time , department stores employed African American women as elevator operators and cafeteria waitresses . The Food Administration helped housewives prepare nutritious meals with less waste and with optimum use of the foods available . Most important , the morale of the women remained high , as millions joined the Red Cross as volunteers to help soldiers and their families . With rare exceptions , the women did not protest the draft . Labor ( edit ) Samuel Gompers , head of the AFL , and nearly all labor unions were strong supporters of the war effort . They minimized strikes as wages soared and full employment was reached . The AFL unions strongly encouraged their young men to enlist in the military , and fiercely opposed efforts to reduce recruiting and slow war production by the anti-war labor union called the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) and also left - wing Socialists . President Wilson appointed Gompers to the powerful Council of National Defense , where he set up the War Committee on Labor . The AFL membership soared to 2.4 million in 1917 . In 1919 , the Union tried to make their gains permanent and called a series of major strikes in meat , steel and other industries . The strikes , all of which failed , forced unions back to their position around 1910 . Anti-war socialists controlled the IWW , which fought against the war effort and was in turn shut down by legal action by the federal government . Over there ( edit ) On the battlefields of France in spring 1918 , the fresh American troops were enthusiastically welcomed by the war - weary Allied armies in the summer of 1918 . They arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , at a time that the Germans were unable to replace their losses . After the Allies turned back the powerful final German offensive ( Spring Offensive ) , the Americans played a central role in the Allied final offensive ( Hundred Days Offensive ) . Victory over Germany was achieved on November 11 , 1918 . Using questionnaires filled out by doughboys as they left the Army , Gutièrrez reported they were not cynical or disillusioned . They fought `` for honor , manhood , comrades , and adventure , but especially for duty . '' Treaty ( edit ) Britain , France and Italy imposed severe economic penalties on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles ; instead , the United States signed separate peace treaties with Germany and her allies . The Senate also refused to enter the newly created League of Nations on Wilson 's terms , and Wilson rejected the Senate 's compromise proposal . See also ( edit ) Thomas Alva Edison Turn of the century History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Timeline of United States history ( 1860 -- 1899 ) Timeline of United States history ( 1900 -- 1929 ) Presidency of Abraham Lincoln Presidency of Andrew Johnson Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes Presidency of James A. Garfield Presidency of Chester A. Arthur Presidency of Grover Cleveland Presidency of Benjamin Harrison Presidency of William McKinley Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt Presidency of William Howard Taft Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series D726 and D736 pp 164 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series C89 Jump up ^ `` The First Vote '' by William Waud , Harpers Weekly Nov. 16 , 1867 Jump up ^ William C. Harris , With Charity for All : Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Hans L. Trefousse ( 1991 ) . Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction . Greenwood . p. 214 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) pp 217 -- 37 Jump up ^ Peskin , Allan ( 1973 ) . `` Was There a Compromise of 1877 '' . Journal of American History . 60 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 75 . JSTOR 2936329 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 1954 ) pp 67 -- 111 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Origins of the New South , 1877 -- 1913 ( 1951 ) pp 205 -- 34 Jump up ^ Vernon Burton , `` Civil War and Reconstruction , '' in William L. Barney , ed. , A Companion to 19th - century America ( 2006 ) , pp. 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr. , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) pp 52 - 53 Jump up ^ Timothy J. Lynch , ed. ( 2013 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History . pp. 204 -- 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Eric Foner argued in 2015 , `` Today , scholars believe that if the era was ' tragic , ' it was not because Reconstruction was attempted but because it failed . '' Eric Foner , `` Why Reconstruction Matters , '' New York Times March 28 , 2015 Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers ( 2014 ) . The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction . U. North Carolina Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose , Nothing Like It In The World ; The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863 -- 1869 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge , Westward Expansion ( 5th ed. 1982 ) ch 32 Jump up ^ Robert M. Utley , and Wilcomb E. Washburn , Indian Wars ( 1987 ) pp 220 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Francis Paul Prucha , The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians ( 1986 ) pp 181 -- 241 , 311 -- 25 Jump up ^ Fred A. Shannon , The Farmer 's Last Frontier : Agriculture , 1860 -- 1897 ( 1945 ) complete text online Jump up ^ Historical Statistics ( 1975 ) p. 437 series K1 - K16 Jump up ^ William Clark , Farms and Farmers : The Story of American Agriculture ( 1970 ) p. 205 Jump up ^ Shannon , Farmer 's Last Frontier : Agriculture , 1860 -- 1897 ( 1945 ) , ch 1 Jump up ^ Elwyn B. Robinson , History of North Dakota ( 1982 ) p 203 Jump up ^ D. Sven Nordin , Rich Harvest : A History of the Grange , 1867 -- 1900 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Deborah Fink , Agrarian Women : Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska , 1880 -- 1940 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Chad Montrie , `` ' Men Alone Cannot Settle a Country : ' Domesticating Nature in the Kansas - Nebraska Grasslands , '' Great Plains Quarterly , ( 2005 ) 25 # 4 pp. 245 -- 258 Jump up ^ Karl Ronning , `` Quilting in Webster County , Nebraska , 1880 -- 1920 , '' Uncoverings , ( 1992 ) Vol. 13 , pp 169 -- 191 Jump up ^ Nathan B. Sanderson , `` More Than a Potluck , '' Nebraska History , ( 2008 ) 89 # 3 pp. 120 -- 131 Jump up ^ Katherine Harris , Long Vistas : Women and Families on Colorado Homesteads ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Elliott West , Growing Up with the Country : Childhood on the Far Western Frontier ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Hampsten , Settlers ' Children : Growing Up on the Great Plains ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Lillian Schlissel , Byrd Gibbens and Elizabeth Hampsten , Far from Home : Families of the Westward Journey ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Edward C. Kirkland , Industry Comes of Age , Business , Labor , and Public Policy 1860 -- 1897 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series D726 and D736 pp 164 -- 5 . The data is in constant 1914 dollars , taking out the effects of deflation and inflation , and takes unemployment into account . Jump up ^ Albro Martin , Railroads Triumphant : The Growth , Rejection , and Rebirth of a Vital American Force ( 1992 ) pp 270 -- 319 Jump up ^ Robert Kanigel , One Best Way : Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency ( 2005 ) pp 540 -- 69 Jump up ^ Larry Schweikart , The Entrepreneurial Adventure : A History of Business in the United States ( 1999 ) ch 14 Jump up ^ Melvyn Dubofsky and Foster Rhea Dulles , Labor in America : A History ( 2010 ) pp 114 -- 65 Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burton W. Folsom and Forrest McDonald , The Myth of the Robber Barons : A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America ( 1991 ) pp 44 -- 67 Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Charles ( 1956 ) . `` The Depression of the Nineties '' . Journal of Economic History . 16 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 164 . JSTOR 2114113 . Jump up ^ Dubofsky , Melvyn ; Dulles , Foster Rhea ( 2004 ) . Labor in America : A History ( 7th ed . ) . Harlan Davidson . pp. 166 -- 207 . ISBN 0 - 88295 - 998 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hindman , Hugh D. ( 2002 ) . Child Labor : An American History . Armonk , NY : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0935 - 5 . Jump up ^ Fink , Leon ( 1988 ) . `` The New Labor History and the Powers of Historical Pessimism : Consensus , Hegemony , and the Case of the Knights of Labor '' . Journal of American History . 75 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 136 . JSTOR 1889657 . Jump up ^ Philip Taft , The A.F. of L. in the time of Gompers ( 1957 ) ch 1 = 1 Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 p. 272 : `` But to this day it has not been discovered who threw the bomb . '' Jump up ^ Robert E. Weir , Beyond Labor 's Veil : The Culture of the Knights of Labor ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Smith , Carl S. ( 1995 ) . Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief : The Great Chicago Fire , the Haymarket Bomb , and the Model Town of Pullman . University of Chicago Press . pp. 101 -- 175 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76416 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krause , Paul ( 1992 ) . The Battle for Homestead , 1880 -- 1892 : Politics , Culture and Steel . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 3702 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , Almont ( 1942 ) . The Pullman Strike the Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval . Jump up ^ Wish , Harvey ( 1939 ) . `` The Pullman Strike : A Study in Industrial Warfare '' . Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society . 32 ( 3 ) : 288 -- 312 . JSTOR 40187904 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 p. 327 Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 p. 329 Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 p. 330 Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 p. 331 Jump up ^ McCartin , Joseph A. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Power , politics , and ' pessimism of the intelligence '' . Labor History . 40 ( 3 ) : 345 -- 369 . doi : 10.1080 / 00236719912331387682 . An evaluation of the standard history by Dubofsky , Melvyn ( 1969 ) . We Shall Be All : A History of the IWW , The Industrial Workers of the World . Jump up ^ Chester , Eric Thomas ( 2014 ) . The Wobblies in Their Heyday : The Rise and Destruction of the Industrial Workers of the World during the World War I Era . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 144083301X . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 pp. 331 - 338 Jump up ^ Staughton Lynd ( December 6 , 2014 ) . Wobblies Past and Present . Jacobin . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nick Rahaim ( December 8 , 2014 ) . My Whole Foods nightmare : How a full - time job there left me in poverty . Salon.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan , ed . The Gilded Age : A Reappraisal ( 1970 ) ; Allan Nevins , The Emergence of Modern America , 1865 -- 1878 ( 1933 ) Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan , From Hayes to McKinley : National Party Politics , 1877 -- 1896 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Charles W. Calhoun , ed . The Gilded Age : Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) Jump up ^ John A. Garraty , The New Commonwealth , 1877 -- 1890 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The Emergence , of Modern America , 1865 -- 1878 ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series C89 - C119 , pp 105 -- 9 Jump up ^ Stephan Thernstrom , ed. , Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) covers the history of all the main groups Jump up ^ Thomas Archdeacon , Becoming American ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 731 -- 872 Jump up ^ Mark A. Noll , A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada ( 1992 ) pp 286 -- 310 Jump up ^ Robert William Fogel , The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Charles R. Morris , American Catholic : The Saints and Sinners Who Built America 's Most Powerful Church ( 1998 ) pp 141 -- 95 Jump up ^ Hasia R. Diner , The Jews of the United States , 1654 -- 2000 ( 2004 ) pp 71 -- 111 Jump up ^ Rayford Logan , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson , ( Da Capo Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Melvyn Stokes , D.W. Griffith 's The Birth of a Nation : A History of `` The Most Controversial Motion Picture of All Time ( Oxford University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ John D. Hicks , Populist Revolt : A History of the Farmers ' Alliance and the People 's Party ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Rebecca J. Mead , How the Vote Was Won : Woman Suffrage in the Western United States , 1868 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Glenda Riley , Inventing the American Woman : An Inclusive History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Women 's Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Katherine H. Adams and Michael L. Keene , Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Frost - Knappman and Kathryn Cullen - Dupont , Women 's Suffrage in America ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Dobson , John M. ( 1988 ) . Reticent Expansionism : The Foreign Policy of William McKinley . Pittsburgh : Duquesne University Press . ISBN 0 - 8207 - 0202 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morgan , H. Wayne ( 1966 ) . `` William McKinley as a Political Leader '' . Review of Politics . 28 ( 4 ) : 417 -- 432 . doi : 10.1017 / s0034670500013188 . JSTOR 1405280 . Jump up ^ May , Ernest ( 1961 ) . Imperial Democracy : The Emergence of America as a Great Power . Jump up ^ Gould , Lewis ( 1982 ) . The Spanish -- American War and President McKinley . Lawrence : University of Kansas Press . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0227 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 1992 ) . Bound to Empire : The United States and the Philippines . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507104 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wertheim , Stephen ( 2009 ) . `` Reluctant Liberator : Theodore Roosevelt 's Philosophy of Self - Government and Preparation for Philippine Independence '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 39 ( 3 ) : 494 -- 518 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2009. 03688. x . Jump up ^ Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) . In Our Image : America 's Empire in the Philippines . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54975 - 9 . Jump up ^ David G. McCullough , The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 -- 1914 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Frederick W. Marks III , Velvet on Iron : The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Mary A. Renda , Taking Haiti : Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism , 1915 -- 1940 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Eileen Welsome , The General and the Jaguar : Pershing 's Hunt for Pancho Villa : A True Story of Revolution and Revenge ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Gould , Lewis L. ( 2000 ) . America in the Progressive Era , 1890 -- 1914 . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 35671 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Thomas A. ( 1937 ) . `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 A Mandate on Imperialism ? '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 24 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 52 . JSTOR 1891336 . Jump up ^ Gould , Lewis L. ( 1980 ) . The Presidency of William McKinley . Lawrence : Regents Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0206 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kingseed , Wyatt ( 2001 ) . `` The Assassination of William McKinley '' . American History . 36 ( 4 ) : 22 -- 29 . Online at EBSCO . Jump up ^ Scott , James C. ( 1969 ) . `` Corruption , Machine Politics , and Political Change '' . American Political Science Review . 63 ( 4 ) : 1142 -- 1158 . JSTOR 1955076 . Jump up ^ John D. Buenker , John C. Burnham , and Robert M. Crunden , Progressivism ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , Theodore Roosevelt ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley , The Wilderness Warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America ( 2009 ) ch 15 Jump up ^ Douglas G. Brinkley , The Wilderness Warrior : Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Paolo Coletta , The Presidency of William Howard Taft ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era : 1910 -- 1917 ( 1954 ) , pp 43 -- 53 , 258 - 259 Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era : 1910 -- 1917 ( 1954 ) , pp 67 -- 73 Jump up ^ Smith , John S. ( 1962 ) . `` Organized Labor and Government in the Wilson Era : 1913 -- 1921 : Some Conclusions '' . Labor History . 3 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 286 . doi : 10.1080 / 00236566208583906 . Jump up ^ For detailed coverage of Wilson 's speech see NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes Jump up ^ John M. Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ The War Department : Keeper of Our Nation 's Enemy Aliens During World War I by Mitchel Yockelson . Presented to the Society for Military History Annual Meeting , April 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Rope ! Anti-German Violence in World War I - era Wisconsin '' , History Matters , George Mason University , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ( Summer 1969 ) , `` The Prager Affair : A Study in Wartime Hysteria '' , Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society : 126 -- 127 Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German Americans During World War I ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Ronald Schaffer , The United States in World War I ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ John W. Chambers , II , To Raise an Army : The Draft Comes to Modern America ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Over Here 113 - 25 Jump up ^ Lettie Gavin , American Women in World War I : They Also Served ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Philip Taft , The A.F.L. in the time of Gompers ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Edward A. : Gutièrrez , Doughboys on the Great War : How American Soldiers Viewed Their Military Experience ( 2014 ) Further reading ( edit ) Carnes , Mark C. , and John A. Garraty , The American Nation : A History of the United States ( 14th ed. 2011 ) ; university and AP textbook Hamby , Alonzo L. ( 2010 ) . Outline of U.S. History . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 08 . Divine , Robert A. et al. America Past and Present ( 8th ed. 2011 ) , university textbook Foner , Eric . Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 3rd ed. 2011 ) , university textbook Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2012 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the Republic ( 15th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . , university textbook Lynch , Timothy J. ed. ( 2013 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History , 2 vol . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Tindall , George B. , and David E. Shi . America : A Narrative History ( 8th ed. 2009 ) , university textbook Reconstruction : 1863 -- 1877 ( edit ) See Reconstruction Bibliography for much longer guide . Fleming , Walter Lynwood , The Sequel of Appomattox , A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States ( 1918 ) short survey from Dunning School Foner , Eric and Mahoney , Olivia . America 's Reconstruction : People and Politics After the Civil War . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2234 - 3 , short well - illustrated survey Foner , Eric . A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) excerpt and text search Foner , Eric . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) , highly detailed history of Reconstruction emphasizing Black and abolitionist perspective Hamilton , Peter Joseph . The Reconstruction Period ( 1906 ) , history of era using Dunning School 570 pp ; chapter on each state Nevins , Allan . The Emergence of Modern America 1865 -- 1878 ( 1927 ) Stalcup , Brenda . ed . Reconstruction : Opposing Viewpoints ( 1995 ) . Text uses primary documents to present opposing viewpoints . Summers , Mark Wahlgren . The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) text search Gilded Age : 1877 -- 1900 ( edit ) Main article : Gilded Age § References Buenker , John D. and Joseph Buenker , eds . Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . ( 3 vol 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 8051 - 3 ; 900 essays by 200 scholars Cherny , Robert W. American Politics in the Gilded Age , 1868 -- 1900 ( 1997 ) online edition Dewey , Davis R. National Problems : 1880 -- 1897 ( 1907 ) Edwards , Rebecca . New Spirits : Americans in the Gilded Age , 1865 -- 1905 ( 2005 ) ; 304pp excerpt and text search Faulkner , Harold U. ; Politics , Reform , and Expansion , 1890 -- 1900 ( 1959 ) , scholarly survey , strong on economic and political history online edition Fine , Sidney . Laissez Faire and the General - Welfare State : A Study of Conflict in American Thought , 1865 -- 1901 . University of Michigan Press , 1956 . Ford , Henry Jones . The Cleveland Era : A Chronicle of the New Order in Politics ( 1921 ) , short overview online Garraty , John A . The New Commonwealth , 1877 -- 1890 , 1968 scholarly survey , strong on economic and political history Hoffmann , Charles . `` The depression of the nineties . '' Journal of Economic History 16 # 2 ( 1956 ) : 137 - 164 . in JSTOR Hoffmann , Charles . Depression of the nineties ; an economic history ( 1970_ Jensen , Richard . `` Democracy , Republicanism and Efficiency : The Values of American Politics , 1885 -- 1930 , '' in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds , Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 ( U of Kansas Press , 2001 ) pp 149 -- 180 ; online version Kirkland , Edward C. Industry Comes of Age , Business , Labor , and Public Policy 1860 -- 1897 ( 1961 ) , standard survey Kleppner ; Paul . The Third Electoral System 1853 -- 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures U of North Carolina Press , ( 1979 ) online version Morgan , H. Wayne ed . The Gilded Age : A Reappraisal Syracuse University Press 1970 . interpretive essays Morgan , H. Wayne , From Hayes to McKinley : National Party Politics , 1877 -- 1896 ( 1969 ) Nevins , Allan . John D. Rockefeller : The Heroic Age of American Enterprise ( 1940 ) ; 710pp ; favorable scholarly biography ; online Nevins , Allan . The Emergence of Modern America , 1865 -- 1878 ( 1933 ) ISBN 0 - 403 - 01127 - 2 , social history Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson . A History of the United States since the Civil War . Volume V , 1888 -- 1901 ( Macmillan , 1937 ) . 791pp ; comprehensive old - fashioned political history Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 : 1877 - 1896 ( 1919 ) online complete ; old , factual and heavily political , by winner of Pulitzer Prize Shannon , Fred A . The farmer 's last frontier : agriculture , 1860 -- 1897 ( 1945 ) complete text online Smythe , Ted Curtis ; The Gilded Age Press , 1865 -- 1900 Praeger. 2003 . Woman suffrage parade in Washington March 3 , 1913 , the day before the inauguration of President Woodrow Wilson Progressive Era ( edit ) Buenker , John D. and Joseph Buenker , eds . Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . ( 3 vol 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 7656 - 8051 - 3 ; 900 essays by 200 scholars Buenker , John D. , John C. Burnham , and Robert M. Crunden . Progressivism ( 1986 ) Buenker , John D. Dictionary of the Progressive Era ( 1980 ) Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Diner , Steven J. A Very Different Age : Americans of the Progressive Era ( 1998 ) Dirck , Brian R. ( 2007 ) , The executive branch of federal government : people , process , and politics , 107 , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 791 - 3 Gould , Lewis L. America in the Progressive Era , 1890 -- 1914 '' ( 2000 ) Gould , Lewis L. ed. , The Progressive Era ( 1974 ) , essays by scholars Hays , Samuel P . The Response to Industrialism , 1885 -- 1914 ( 1957 ) , Hofstadter , Richard The Age of Reform ( 1954 ) , Pulitzer Prize Jensen , Richard . `` Democracy , Republicanism and Efficiency : The Values of American Politics , 1885 -- 1930 , '' in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds , Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 ( U of Kansas Press , 2001 ) pp 149 -- 180 ; online version Kennedy , David M. ed. , Progressivism : The Critical Issues ( 1971 ) , readings Mann , Arthur . ed. , The Progressive Era ( 1975 ) , readings McGerr , Michael . A Fierce Discontent : The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America , 1870 -- 1920 ( 2003 ) Mowry , George . The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 . survey by leading scholar Pease , Otis , ed . The Progressive Years : The Spirit and Achievement of American Reform ( 1962 ) , primary documents Thelen , David P. `` Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism , '' Journal of American History 56 ( 1969 ) , 323 - 341 in JSTOR Walworth , Arthur ( 1958 ) . Woodrow Wilson , Volume I , Volume II . Longmans , Green . ; 904pp ; full scale scholarly biography ; winner of Pulitzer Prize ; online free ; 2nd ed. 1965 Wiebe , Robert . The Search For Order , 1877 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) , influential interpretation World affairs and World War I ( edit ) Beale Howard K. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power ( 1956 ) . Beaver , Daniel R. Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort , 1917 -- 1919 ( 1966 ) Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) Hallas , James H. Doughboy War : The American Expeditionary Force in World War I ( 2000 ) Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 - 468 . Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) , covers politics & economics & society May , Ernest R . The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) Meyer G.J. The World Remade : America In World War I ( 2017 ) , popular survey , 672pp Slosson , Preston William . The Great Crusade and after , 1914 -- 1928 ( 1930 ) , social and cultural history Venzon , Anne ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Link , William A. , and Susannah J. Link , eds . The Gilded Age and Progressive Era : A Documentary Reader ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : US History Photographs of prominent politicians , 1861 - 1922 ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright Fordham University Links on American Imperialism The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Shapell Manuscript Foundation History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Years in the United States ( 1776 -- present ) 18th century 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 19th century 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Powers Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Ableism affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_(1865 -- 1918 ) &oldid = 865280395 '' Categories : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) 1860s in the United States 1870s in the United States 1880s in the United States 1890s in the United States 1900s in the United States 1910s in the United States Progressive Era in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 22 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which action marked the end of reconstruction in the united states	[ "Reconstruction ended at different times in each state, the last in 1877, when Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the contentious presidential election of 1876 over his opponent, Samuel J. Tilden. To deal with disputed electoral votes, Congress set up an Electoral Commission. It awarded the disputed votes to Hayes. The white South accepted the \"Compromise of 1877\" knowing that Hayes proposed to end Army control over the remaining three state governments in Republican hands. White Northerners accepted that the Civil War was over and that Southern whites posed no threat to the nation.[6][7]\n" ]	[ "Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the contentious presidential election of 1876 over his opponent, Samuel J. Tilden" ]
-3724353404117282602	2016 Chinese Taipei Open Grand Prix Gold	2016 Chinese Taipei Open Grand Prix Gold - wikipedia 2016 Chinese Taipei Open Grand Prix Gold Jump to : navigation , search 2016 Chinese Taipei Open Grand Prix Gold Tournament details Dates 28 June -- 3 July 2016 Level Grand Prix Gold Total prize money US $ 200,000 Venue Taipei Arena Location Taipei , Chinese Taipei Champions Men 's Singles Chou Tien - chen Women 's Singles Tai Tzu - ying Men 's Doubles Li Junhui Liu Yuchen Women 's Doubles Huang Dongping Zhong Qianxin Mixed Doubles Zheng Siwei Chen Qingchen ← 2015 2017 → The 2016 Chinese Taipei Open Grand Prix Gold , parallel with the 2016 Canada Open Grand Prix , is the eighth / ninth Grand Prix 's badminton tournament of the 2016 BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold . The tournament will be held at the Taipei Arena in Taipei , Chinese Taipei on 28 June -- 3 July 2016 and has a total purse of $200,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 's singles 1.1 Seeds 1.2 Finals 1.3 Top half 1.3. 1 Section 1 1.3. 2 Section 2 1.3. 3 Section 3 1.3. 4 Section 4 1.4 Bottom half 1.4. 1 Section 5 1.4. 2 Section 6 1.4. 3 Section 7 1.4. 4 Section 8 2 Women 's singles 2.1 Seeds 2.2 Finals 2.3 Top half 2.3. 1 Section 1 2.3. 2 Section 2 2.4 Bottom half 2.4. 1 Section 3 2.4. 2 Section 4 3 Men 's doubles 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 3 3.4. 2 Section 4 4 Women 's doubles 4.1 Seeds 4.2 Finals 4.3 Top half 4.3. 1 Section 1 4.3. 2 Section 2 4.4 Bottom half 4.4. 1 Section 3 4.4. 2 Section 4 5 Mixed doubles 5.1 Seeds 5.2 Finals 5.3 Top half 5.3. 1 Section 1 5.3. 2 Section 2 5.4 Bottom half 5.4. 1 Section 3 5.4. 2 Section 4 6 References Men 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Chen Long ( Withdrew ) Lee Chong Wei ( Withdrew ) Lin Dan ( Withdrew ) Tian Houwei ( Third Round ) Chou Tien - chen ( Champion ) Ng Ka Long ( Third Round ) Hu Yun ( First Round ) Wei Nan ( Quarterfinal ) Boonsak Ponsana ( Third Round ) Wong Wing Ki ( Quarterfinal ) Hsu Jen - hao ( First Round ) Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk ( Semifinal ) Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin ( Semifinal ) Sony Dwi Kuncoro ( First Round ) Sameer Verma ( First Round ) Wang Tzu - wei ( Second Round ) Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 13 Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin 21 21 Khosit Phetpradab 17 18 13 Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin 16 10 5 Chou Tien - chen 21 21 10 Wong Wing Ki 21 22 18 5 Chou Tien - chen 19 24 21 5 Chou Tien - chen 21 21 Qiao Bin 18 17 8 Wei Nan 21 13 17 12 Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk 18 21 21 12 Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk 11 16 Qiao Bin 21 21 Qiao Bin 21 21 Lin Yu - hsien 11 18 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round PFQ Kuo C-h 12 19 Liew D 21 21 Liew D 21 21 Shih K-c 18 14 Shih K-c 13 21 21 J Maliekal 21 18 17 Liew D 21 21 21 13 IZ Zainuddin 23 19 23 13 IZ Zainuddin 21 21 FA Kholik 19 11 13 IZ Zainuddin 21 21 Derek Wong ZL 10 14 Derek Wong ZL 21 21 Q8 Lu C-y 16 19 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round 7 Hu Y 13 8 S Dey 21 21 S Dey 8 10 V Malkov 21 21 Q7 Lo C-y 17 17 V Malkov 21 21 V Malkov 21 16 10 K Phetpradab 7 21 21 16 Wang T-w 21 21 MB Pangisthu 12 9 16 Wang T-w 16 21 17 K Phetpradab 21 19 21 Yang Y-h 9 17 K Phetpradab 21 21 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Tian HW 21 21 KH Wibowo 8 7 Tian HW 21 21 Tan CS 12 10 Tan CS 21 21 PFQ M Narongrit 19 17 Tian HW 18 10 10 Wong WK 21 21 10 Wong WK 21 21 Chiang JS 8 10 Wong WK 21 21 Hsu J-t 11 8 A Namkul 20 21 16 Hsu J-t 22 10 21 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round 5 Chou T-c 21 21 FI Hadmadi 12 8 5 Chou T-c 21 21 Goh GC 14 18 Cheng P-w 22 19 19 Goh GC 20 21 21 5 Chou T-c 21 21 9 B Ponsana 16 11 9 B Ponsana 21 21 Seo S-j 18 18 9 B Ponsana 21 21 Huang YX 14 18 Chong WF 17 13 Huang YX 21 21 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round K Dharmamer 11 9 Shi YQ 21 21 Shi YQ 21 21 Q6 Chu H-c 14 9 Q6 Chu H-c w / o 15 S Verma Shi YQ 19 21 19 8 Wei N 21 6 21 Q1 Lee CW 9 14 Lee CY 21 21 Lee CY 21 14 17 8 Wei N 14 21 21 S Jaiswal 21 20 15 8 Wei N 19 22 21 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Lu C-h 10 11 A Yelegar 21 21 A Yelegar 18 17 12 T Saensomboonsuk 21 21 Lee C-h 17 20 12 T Saensomboonsuk 21 22 12 T Saensomboonsuk 12 21 21 Q5 Hsueh H-y 21 17 14 Q2 Teng S-h 14 15 Goh SH 21 21 Goh SH 15 16 Q5 Hsueh H-y 21 21 Q5 Hsueh H-y 21 21 PFQ Ha Y-w 14 17 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Yang C-h 21 21 Q3 Liang H-c 16 16 Yang C-h 12 7 Qiao B 21 21 Qiao B 21 21 11 Hsu J-h 16 14 Qiao B 21 21 6 Ng KL 12 10 MA Abdul Latif 21 21 Chi Y-j 18 17 MA Abdul Latif 17 8 6 Ng KL 21 21 S Varma 16 21 15 6 Ng KL 21 11 21 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Heo K-h 18 21 21 A Marteen 21 13 11 Heo K-h 17 15 Lin Y-h 21 21 Lin Y-h 17 21 21 14 SD Kuncoro 21 8 18 Lin Y-h 18 21 21 PFQ Yang C-c 21 14 17 Q4 Tan TH Lin C-h Q4 Tan TH 10 11 PFQ Yang C-c 21 21 Kim D-h 19 23 17 PFQ Yang C-c 21 21 21 Women 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Wang Shixian ( Final ) Tai Tzu - ying ( Champion ) Sun Yu ( Quarterfinal ) He Bingjiao ( Semifinal ) Porntip Buranaprasertsuk ( First Round ) Busanan Ongbamrungphan ( Second Round ) Pai Yu - po ( Second Round ) Nichaon Jindapon ( Semifinal ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Wang Shixian 21 17 21 He Bingjiao 18 21 18 Wang Shixian 21 6 Tai Tzu - ying 23 21 8 Nichaon Jindapon 15 14 Tai Tzu - ying 21 21 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Wang SX 21 21 Q4 Hung S-h 14 16 Wang SX 21 19 21 Q3 Kim N-y 11 21 12 PFQ J Tam 10 10 Q3 Kim N-y 21 21 Wang SX 21 21 Chen YF 15 9 6 B Ongbumrungpan 21 18 21 Chiang M-h 12 21 11 6 B Ongbumrungpan 18 18 Chen YF 21 21 Chen YF 21 21 Fitriani 14 16 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals He BJ 21 23 21 Chen H-h 19 25 10 He BJ 19 21 21 Yip PY 21 18 14 Yip PY 21 21 Kim H-m 19 14 He BJ 8 21 21 P Chochuwong 21 14 8 7 Pai Y-p 21 21 S Katethong 16 7 7 Pai Y-p 21 20 18 P Chochuwong 14 22 21 Q2 Jhou S-j 19 21 18 P Chochuwong 21 16 21 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals DD Ayustine 21 0 Lee C-h 7 0 DD Ayustine 12 10 8 N Jindapon 21 21 Liang XY 18 15 8 N Jindapon 21 21 8 N Jindapon 21 21 Sun Y 19 19 P.C. Thulasi 21 15 18 H Ramadini 17 21 21 H Ramadini 5 6 Sun Y 21 21 Wendy Chen H-y 9 16 Sun Y 21 21 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Sung S-y 13 8 Ho YM 21 21 Ho YM 21 8 21 Lee J-m 18 21 18 Lee J-m 21 21 5 P Buranaprasertsuk 15 12 Ho YM 9 12 Tai T-y 21 21 Hsu Y-c 17 16 Q1 Gao FJ 21 21 Q1 Gao FJ 15 11 Tai T-y 21 21 Cheung NY 11 11 Tai T-y 21 21 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Li Junhui / Liu Yuchen ( Champion ) Goh V Shem / Tan Wee Kiong ( Quarterfinal ) Lee Sheng - mu / Tsai Chia - hsin ( Semifinal ) Chen Hung - ling / Wang Chi - lin ( Final ) Huang Kaixiang / Zheng Siwei ( Semifinal ) Bodin Issara / Nipitphon Puangpuapech ( Quarterfinal ) Lee Jhe - huei / Lee Yang ( First Round ) Hendra Aprida Gunawan / Markis Kido ( First Round ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Li Junhui Liu Yuchen 21 21 Lee Sheng - mu Tsai Chia - hsin 15 19 Li Junhui Liu Yuchen 21 17 24 Chen Hung - ling Wang Chi - lin 17 21 22 Chen Hung - ling Wang Chi - lin 21 21 21 5 Huang Kaixiang Zheng Siwei 15 23 16 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Li JH Liu YC 23 21 Liao K-h Lu C-p 21 16 Li JH Liu YC 21 21 Q2 Lim KW Ong JG 17 19 Q2 Lim KW Ong JG 21 21 S Anugritayawon C Charoenkitamorn 10 15 Li JH Liu YC 19 21 21 Hardianto KA Haryanto 21 5 13 7 Lee J-h Lee Y 14 19 Hardianto KA Haryanto 21 21 Hardianto KA Haryanto 21 21 Liu W-c Yang P-h 13 19 Liu W-c Yang P-h 21 15 21 Chung E-s Kim D-e 16 21 17 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Lee S-m Tsai C-h 19 21 21 Chan TK Law CH 21 9 16 Lee S-m Tsai C-h 21 25 W Nayaka H Faisal 13 23 Q1 NMA Ayub J Singh 12 12 W Nayaka H Faisal 21 21 Lee S-m Tsai C-h 21 16 21 6 B Issara N Puangpuapech 17 21 15 6 B Issara N Puangpuapech 21 21 Q3 Chung Y Tan CH 15 16 6 B Issara N Puangpuapech 21 19 21 Hoon TH Teo KS 15 21 16 Hoon TH Teo KS 21 22 Lin S-k Lu C-y 15 20 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals F Alfian MR Ardianto 21 23 Q4 Bae K-y Kim D-y 17 21 F Alfian MR Ardianto 21 21 Liao M-c Tseng M-h 17 19 Liao M-c Tseng M-h 21 16 8 HA Gunawan M Kido 18 13 F Alfian MR Ardianto 23 20 Chen H-l Wang C-l 25 22 N Singrueang P Thongnuam 9 Choi S-g Kim J-h 21 10 Choi S-g Kim J-h 20 18 Chen H-l Wang C-l 22 21 W Ampunsuwan T Isriyanet 11 12 Chen H-l Wang C-l 21 21 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Su C-h Yang P-h 21 21 Or CC Tang CM 15 19 Su C-h Yang P-h 20 18 5 Huang KX Zheng SW 22 21 Chang K-c Liang J-w 14 23 15 5 Huang KX Zheng SW 21 21 21 5 Huang KX Zheng SW 21 21 Goh VS Tan WK 14 19 Ong YS Teo EY 21 21 Hantoro YR Sugiarto 10 8 Ong YS Teo EY 19 18 Goh VS Tan WK 21 21 Lin C-y Wu H-l 13 21 17 Goh VS Tan WK 21 16 21 Women 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Luo Ying / Luo Yu ( Final ) Chen Qingchen / Jia Yifan ( Semifinal ) Jongkolphan Kititharakul / Rawinda Prajongjai ( Second Round ) Vivian Hoo Kah Mun / Woon Khe Wei ( Second Round ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Luo Ying Luo Yu 22 21 Chayanit Chaladchalam Phataimas Muenwong 20 19 Luo Ying Luo Yu 18 16 Huang Dongping Zhong Qianxin 21 21 Huang Dongping Zhong Qianxin 21 21 Chen Qingchen Jia Yifan 16 18 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Luo Y Luo Y BYE Luo Y Luo Y w / o Chae Y-j Kim J-w Chae Y-j Kim J-w w / o AS Awanda NK Mahadewi Istirani Luo Y Luo Y 21 21 Kim H-r Yoo H-w 17 15 Kim H-r Yoo H-w 21 21 Ng WY Yuen SY 8 10 Kim H-r Yoo H-w 19 21 21 Chang Y-h Kuo Y-w 21 10 5 N Herloardjo RS Putri 13 11 Chang Y-h Kuo Y-w 21 21 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Vivian Hoo KM Woon KW BYE Vivian Hoo KM Woon KW 21 14 14 C Chaladchalam P Muenwong 17 21 21 Hsieh P-c Wu T-j 17 16 C Chaladchalam P Muenwong 21 21 C Chaladchalam P Muenwong 21 21 Lin T-y Chen S-y 16 17 Hu L-f Lee C-c 21 21 Kuan CL Ng WC 11 7 Hu L-f Lee C-c 14 13 Lin T-y Chen S-y 21 21 S Chueboca C Korepap 17 10 Lin T-y Chen S-y 21 21 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals TR Nuraidah RA Pradipta 21 21 Cheung YM Fan KY 13 10 TR Nuraidah RA Pradipta 22 21 Ng TY Yeung NT 20 17 Chen H-h Huang M-c 11 17 Ng TY Yeung NT 21 21 TR Nuraidah RA Pradipta 10 21 17 Huang DP Zhong QX 21 16 21 Wu F-c Chiang K-h 12 10 Huang DP Zhong QX 21 21 Huang DP Zhong QX 21 21 J Kititharakul R Prajongjai 17 19 BYE J Kititharakul R Prajongjai Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Hsu Y-c Pai Y-p 19 21 12 Chow MK Lee MY 21 13 21 Chow MK Lee MY 10 11 Go A-r Kong H-y 21 21 Go A-r Kong H-y 19 21 22 Lin W-c Lin X-m 21 14 20 Go A-r Kong H-y 16 11 Chen QC Jia YF 21 21 Cheng C-y Cheng Y-c 12 13 DD Haris RE Putri Sari 21 21 DD Haris RE Putri Sari 11 9 Chen QC Jia YF 21 21 BYE Chen QC Jia YF Mixed doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Chan Peng Soon / Goh Liu Ying ( Quarterfinal ) Lee Chun Hei / Chau Hoi Wah ( Quarterfinal ) Bodin Issara / Savitree Amitrapai ( First Round ) Ronald Alexander / Melati Daeva Oktaviani ( Second Round ) Zheng Siwei / Chen Qingchen ( Champion ) Huang Kaixiang / Huang Dongping ( First Round ) Liao Min - chun / Chen Hsiao - huan ( First Round ) Kim Dae - eun / Go Ah - ra ( Quarterfinal ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final 5 Zheng Siwei Chen Qingchen 21 21 Hafiz Faisal Shella Devi Aulia 14 13 5 Zheng Siwei Chen Qingchen 21 21 Tan Kian Meng Lai Pei Jing 13 16 Riky Widianto Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja 17 20 Tan Kian Meng Lai Pei Jing 21 22 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Chan PS Goh LY 21 21 Tang CM Tse YS 13 14 Chan PS Goh LY 21 21 AE Prasetya A Saufika 15 17 Liu YC Jia YF 18 21 16 AE Prasetya A Saufika 21 19 21 Chan PS Goh LY 21 17 12 5 Zheng SW Chen QC 12 21 21 5 Zheng SW Chen QC 21 21 Yeung SC Yeung NT 11 9 5 Zheng SW Chen QC 21 21 Yang P-h Yang C-t 10 13 Yang P-h Yang C-t 21 21 A Firmansyah RS Putri 12 14 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals R Alexander MD Oktaviani 21 14 21 Lee Y Kuo Y-w 16 21 15 R Alexander MD Oktaviani 21 17 13 H Faisal SD Aulia 10 21 21 P Thongnuam N Saengchote 11 18 H Faisal SD Aulia 21 21 H Faisal SD Aulia 21 21 8 Kim D-e Go A-r 14 14 8 Kim D-e Go A-r 21 24 Chang K-c Chang H-t 16 22 8 Kim D-e Go A-r 21 21 Lin C-y Wu T-j 11 19 Q2 N Puangpuapech J Kititharakul 15 10 Lin C-y Wu T-j 21 21 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Chen H-l Hu L-f 11 21 21 Q4 Tam CH Ng TY 21 17 17 Chen H-l Hu L-f 10 11 R Widianto GE Widjaja 21 21 R Widianto GE Widjaja 23 21 7 Liao M-c Chen H-h 21 18 R Widianto GE Widjaja 21 21 Lee J-h Hsieh P-c 11 18 Lee J-h Hsieh P-c 21 21 Li KH Ng WY 8 17 Lee J-h Hsieh P-c 21 21 Bae K-y Yoo H-w 14 16 Bae K-y Yoo H-w 21 21 B Issara S Amitrapai 19 15 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals H Rumengan N Herloardjo 11 10 Q1 Wang C-l Cheng C-y 21 21 Q1 Wang C-l Cheng C-y 18 21 15 Tan KM Lai PJ 21 14 21 Tan KM Lai PJ 21 21 6 Huang KX Huang DP 12 19 Tan KM Lai PJ 19 21 21 Lee CH Chau HW 21 19 7 Chung E-s Kim H-r 19 17 Li JH Zhong QX 21 21 Li JH Zhong QX 12 9 Lee CH Chau HW 21 21 Q3 Lu C-y Huang M-c 17 19 Lee CH Chau HW 21 21 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chinese Taipei Open 2016 '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Preceded by 2016 China Masters Grand Prix Gold BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold 2016 BWF Season Succeeded by 2016 U.S. Open Grand Prix Gold 2016 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix Malaysia India Thailand Masters Germany Switzerland New Zealand China Chinese Taipei Gold Canada U.S. Gold Vietnam Brazil Indonesia Thailand Open Russia Chinese Taipei Netherlands Bitburger Scotland Macau Korea Italics denotes Gold event Chinese Taipei Open 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Chinese_Taipei_Open_Grand_Prix_Gold&oldid=827555519 '' Categories : Chinese Taipei Open BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix 2016 in badminton 2016 in Taiwanese sport Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 11 : 19 . About Wikipedia	who has won the 2016 chinese taipei men's singles badminton tournament	[ "\n2016 Chinese Taipei\nOpen Grand Prix Gold\n\nTournament details\n\n\nDates\n28 June – 3 July 2016\n\n\nLevel\nGrand Prix Gold\n\n\nTotal prize money\nUS$200,000\n\n\nVenue\nTaipei Arena\n\n\nLocation\nTaipei, Chinese Taipei\n\n\nChampions\n\n\nMen's Singles\n Chou Tien-chen\n\n\nWomen's Singles\n Tai Tzu-ying\n\n\nMen's Doubles\n Li Junhui\n Liu Yuchen\n\n\nWomen's Doubles\n Huang Dongping\n Zhong Qianxin\n\n\nMixed Doubles\n Zheng Siwei\n Chen Qingchen\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2015\n2017 →\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Chou Tien-chen" ]
662635046808846853	History of the United States dollar	History of the United States dollar - wikipedia History of the United States dollar Jump to : navigation , search The history of the United States Dollar refers to more than 240 years since the Continental Congress of the United States authorized the issuance of Continental Currency in 1775 . On April 2 , 1792 , the United States Congress created the United States dollar as the country 's standard unit of money . The term dollar had already been in common usage since the colonial period when it referred to eight - real coin ( Spanish dollar ) used by the Spanish throughout New Spain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Early history 3 Gold standard 3.1 The Gold Reserve Act 3.2 U.S. dollar value vs. gold value 4 Silver standard 5 Use as international reserve currency 5.1 History 5.2 Impact 6 United States Notes 7 Fiat standard 8 Color and design 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) 2 dollars , first November 1862 This $50 Continental Currency note ( from 1778 ) was designed by Francis Hopkinson . The unfinished pyramid design was a precursor to the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States . By the end of 1778 , Continental Currency retained only between ⁄ to ⁄ of its original face value . By 1780 , Continental bills -- or Continentals -- were worth just ⁄ of their face value . Congress tried to reform the currency by removing the old bills from circulation and issuing new ones , but this met with little to no success . By May 1781 , Continentals had become so worthless they ceased to circulate as money . Benjamin Franklin noted that the depreciation of the currency had , in effect , acted as a tax to pay for the war . In the 1790s , after the ratification of the United States Constitution , Continentals could be exchanged for treasury bonds at 1 % of face value . Congress appointed Robert Morris to be Superintendent of Finance of the United States following the collapse of Continental currency . In 1782 , Morris advocated the creation of the first financial institution chartered by the United States . The Bank of North America was funded in part by specie loaned to the United States by France . Morris helped finance the final stages of the war by issuing notes in his name , backed by his own money . The Bank of North America also issued notes convertible into specie . On July 6 , 1785 , the Continental Congress of the United States authorized the issuance of a new currency , the US dollar . However , runaway inflation and the collapse of the Continental currency prompted delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to include the gold and silver clause in the United States Constitution , preventing individual States from issuing their own bills of credit . Article One states they were prohibited to `` make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts . '' Some people use this clause to argue that federal paper money is unconstitutional . The United States Mint was created by Congress following the passing of the Coinage Act of 1792 . It was primarily tasked with producing and circulating coinage . The first Mint building was in Philadelphia , then the capital of the United States . The Mint was originally placed within the Department of State , until the Coinage Act of 1873 when it became part of the Department of the Treasury ( in 1981 it was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States ) . The Mint had the authority to convert any precious metals into standard coinage for anyone 's account with no seigniorage charge beyond refining costs . Early History ( edit ) A 1795 Flowing Hair Dollar An 1804 Silver dollar . After the creation of the U.S. dollar , the fledgling American administration of President George Washington turned its attention to monetary issues again in the early 1790s under the leadership of Alexander Hamilton , the Secretary of the Treasury at the time . Congress acted on Hamilton 's recommendations in the Coinage Act of 1792 , which established the dollar as the basic unit of account for the United States . The word dollar is derived from Low Saxon cognate of the High German Thaler . The most commonly circulated and readily available currency , used by common Americans , at this time , was the Spanish Peso , also known as the `` Spanish milled dollar '' , which was valued for its high silver content . In the early 19th century , gold rose in relation to silver , resulting in the removal from commerce of nearly all gold coins , and their subsequent melting . Therefore , in the Coinage Act of 1834 , the 15 : 1 ratio of silver to gold was changed to a 16 : 1 ratio by reducing the weight of the nation 's gold coinage . This created a new U.S. dollar that was backed by 1.50 g ( 23.22 grains ) of gold . However , the previous dollar had been represented by 1.60 g ( 24.75 grains ) of gold . The result of this revaluation , which was the first devaluation of the U.S. dollar , was that the value in gold of the dollar was reduced by 6 % . Moreover , for a time , both gold and silver coins were useful in commerce . In 1853 , the weights of U.S. silver coins ( except the dollar itself , which was rarely used ) were reduced . This had the effect of placing the nation effectively ( although not officially ) on the gold standard . The retained weight in the dollar coin was a nod to bimetallism , although it had the effect of further driving the silver dollar coin from commerce . Foreign coins , including the Spanish dollar , were also , widely used , as legal tender , until 1857 . With the enactment of the National Banking Act of 1863 , during the American Civil War and its later versions that taxed states ' bonds and currency out of existence , the dollar became the sole currency of the United States and remains so today . During the 19th century the dollar was less accepted around the world than the British pound . Nellie Bly carried Bank of England notes on her 1889 - 1890 trip around the world in 72 days ; she also brought some dollars , Bly wrote , `` to use at different ports as a test to see if American money was known outside of America '' . Traveling east from New York , she did not see American money until she found $20 gold pieces used as jewelry in Colombo ; there Bly found that as currency dollars were accepted at a 60 % discount . In 1878 , the Bland - Allison Act was enacted to provide for freer coinage of silver . This act required the government to purchase between $2 million and $4 million worth of silver bullion each month at market prices and to coin it into silver dollars . This was , in effect , a subsidy for politically influential silver producers . The discovery of large silver deposits in the Western United States in the late 19th century created a political controversy . Due to the large influx of silver , the value of silver in the nation 's coinage dropped precipitously . On one side were agrarian interests such as the United States Greenback Party that wanted to retain the bimetallic standard in order to inflate the dollar , which would allow farmers to more easily repay their debts . On the other side were Eastern banking and commercial interests , who advocated sound money and a switch to the gold standard . This issue split the Democratic Party in 1896 . It led to the famous `` cross of gold '' speech given by William Jennings Bryan , and may have inspired many of the themes in The Wizard of Oz . Despite the controversy , the status of silver was slowly diminished through a series of legislative changes from 1873 to 1900 , when a gold standard was formally adopted . The gold standard survived , with several modifications , until 1971 . Gold standard ( edit ) Main article : Gold standard A gold - standard 1928 one - dollar bill . It is identified as a `` United States Note '' rather than a Federal Reserve note and by the words `` Will Pay to the Bearer on Demand '' , which do not appear on today 's currency . This clause became obsolete in 1933 but remained on new notes for 30 years thereafter . Bimetallism persisted until March 14 , 1900 , with the passage of the Gold Standard Act , which provided that : ... the dollar consisting of twenty - five and eight - tenths grains ( 1.67 g ) of gold nine - tenths fine , as established by section thirty - five hundred and eleven of the Revised Statutes of the United States , shall be the standard unit of value , and all forms of money issued or coined by the United States shall be maintained at a parity of value with this standard ... Thus the United States moved to a gold standard , making both gold and silver the legal - tender coinage of the United States , and guaranteed the dollar as convertible to 1.5 g ( 23.22 grains ) of gold . The gold standard was suspended twice during World War I , once fully and then for foreign exchange . At the onset of the war , U.S. corporations had large debts payable to European entities , who began liquidating their debts in gold . With debts looming to Europe , the dollar to British pound exchange rate reached as high as $6.75 , far above the ( gold ) parity of $4.8665 . This caused large gold outflows until July 31 , 1914 , when the New York Stock Exchange closed and the gold standard was temporarily suspended . In order to defend the exchange value of the dollar , the US Treasury Department authorized state and nationally chartered banks to issue emergency currency under the Aldrich - Vreeland Act , and the newly created Federal Reserve organized a fund to assure debts to foreign creditors . These efforts were largely successful , and the Aldrich - Vreeland notes were retired starting in November and the gold standard was restored when the New York Stock Exchange re-opened in December 1914 . As the United States remained neutral in the war , it remained the only country to maintain its gold standard , doing so without restriction on import or export of gold from 1915 to 1917 . During the participation of the United States as a belligerent , President Wilson banned gold export , thereby suspending the gold standard for foreign exchange . After the war , European countries slowly returned to their gold standards , though in somewhat altered form . During the Great Depression , every major currency abandoned the gold standard . Among the earliest , the Bank of England abandoned the gold standard in 1931 as speculators demanded gold in exchange for currency , threatening the solvency of the British monetary system . This pattern repeated throughout Europe and North America . In the United States , the Federal Reserve was forced to raise interest rates in order to protect the gold standard for the US dollar , worsening already severe domestic economic pressures . After bank runs became more pronounced in early 1933 , people began to hoard gold coins as distrust for banks led to distrust for paper money , worsening deflation and depleting gold reserves . The gold Reserve Act ( edit ) In early 1933 , in order to fight severe deflation Congress and President Roosevelt implemented a series of Acts of Congress and Executive Orders which suspended the gold standard except for foreign exchange , revoked gold as universal legal tender for debts , and banned private ownership of significant amounts of gold coin . These acts included Executive Order 6073 , the Emergency Banking Act , Executive Order 6102 , Executive Order 6111 , the Agricultural Adjustment Act , 1933 Banking Act , House Joint Resolution 192 , and later the Gold Reserve Act . These actions were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in the `` Gold Clause Cases '' in 1935 . For foreign exchange purposes , the set $20.67 per ounce value of the dollar was lifted , allowing the dollar to float freely in foreign exchange markets with no set value in gold . This was terminated after one year . Roosevelt attempted first to restabilize falling prices with the Agricultural Adjustment Act ; however , this did not prove popular , so instead the next politically popular option was to devalue the dollar on foreign exchange markets . Under the Gold Reserve Act the value of gold was fixed at $35 per ounce , making the dollar more attractive for foreign buyers ( and making foreign currencies more expensive for those holding dollars ) . This change led to more conversion of gold into dollars , allowing the U.S. to effectively corner the world gold market . The suspension of the gold standard was considered temporary by many in markets and in the government at the time , but restoring the standard was considered a low priority to dealing with other issues . Under the post-World War II Bretton Woods system , all other currencies were valued in terms of U.S. dollars and were thus indirectly linked to the gold standard . The need for the U.S. government to maintain both a $35 per troy ounce ( 112.53 ¢ / g ) market price of gold and also the conversion to foreign currencies caused economic and trade pressures . By the early 1960s , compensation for these pressures started to become too complicated to manage . In March 1968 , the effort to control the private market price of gold was abandoned . A two - tier system began . In this system all central - bank transactions in gold were insulated from the free market price . Central banks would trade gold among themselves at $35 per troy ounce ( 112.53 ¢ / g ) but would not trade with the private market . The private market could trade at the equilibrium market price and there would be no official intervention . The price immediately jumped to $43 per troy ounce ( 138.25 ¢ / g ) . The price of gold touched briefly back at $35 ( 112.53 ¢ / g ) near the end of 1969 before beginning a steady price increase . This gold price increase turned steep through 1972 and hit a high that year of over $70 ( 2.25 $ / g ) . By that time floating exchange rates had also begun to emerge , which indicated the de facto dissolution of the Bretton Woods system . The two - tier system was abandoned in November 1973 . By then the price of gold had reached $100 per troy ounce ( 3.22 $ / g ) . In the early 1970s , inflation caused by rising prices for imported commodities , especially oil , and spending on the Vietnam War , which was not counteracted by cuts in other government expenditures , combined with a trade deficit to create a situation in which the dollar was worth less than the gold used to back it . In 1971 , President Richard Nixon unilaterally ordered the cancellation of the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold . This act was known as the Nixon Shock . U.S. dollar value vs. gold value ( edit ) The sudden jump in the price of gold after the demise of the Bretton Woods accords was a result of the significant prior debasement of the US dollar due to excessive inflation of the monetary supply via central bank ( Federal Reserve ) coordinated fractional reserve banking under the Bretton Woods partial gold standard . In the absence of an international mechanism tying the dollar to gold via fixed exchange rates , the dollar became a pure fiat currency and as such fell to its free market exchange price versus gold . Consequently , the price of gold rose from $35 per troy ounce ( 1.125 $ / g ) in 1969 to almost $500 ( 29 $ / g ) in 1980 . Shortly after the gold price started its ascent in the early 1970s , the price of other commodities such as oil also began to rise . While commodity prices became more volatile , the average exchange rate between oil and gold remained much the same in the 1990s as it had been in the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s . Fearing the emergence of a specie gold - based economy separate from central banking , and with the corresponding threat of the collapse of the U.S. dollar , the U.S. government approved several changes to the trading on the COMEX . These changes resulted in a steep decline in the traded value of precious metals from the early 1980s onward . In September 1987 under the Reagan administration the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury James Baker made a proposal through the International Monetary Fund to use a commodity basket ( which included gold ) . Silver standard ( edit ) Main article : Silver standard `` Five Silver Dollars '' of Series 1923 United States silver certificates were a type of representative money printed from 1878 to 1964 in the United States as part of its circulation of paper currency . They were produced in response to silver agitation by citizens who were angered by the Fourth Coinage Act , and were used alongside the gold - based dollar notes . The silver certificates were initially redeemable in the same face value of silver dollar coins , and later in raw silver bullion . Since the early 1920s , silver certificates were issued in $1 , $5 , and $10 denominations . In the 1928 series , only $1 silver certificates were produced . Fives and tens of this time were mainly Federal Reserve notes , which were backed by and redeemable in gold . In 1933 , Congress passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act which included a clause allowing for the pumping of silver into the market to replace the gold . A new 1933 series of $10 silver certificate was printed and released , but not many were released into circulation . In 1934 , a law was passed in Congress that changed the obligation on Silver Certificates so as to denote the current location of the silver . The last government regulation regarding the silver standard was in 1963 , when President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 11110 , delegating to the Treasury Secretary his authority to authorize the US Department of Treasury to issue silver certificates for any silver held by the U.S. Government in excess of that not already backing issued certificates . This was necessary because of Kennedy 's signing of Public Law 88 - 36 on the same day , one of the effects of which was a repeal of the Silver Purchase Act of 1934 - this act had authorized the Treasury Secretary to purchase silver bullion and issue silver certificates against it . Silver certificates continued to be issued for a short period of time in the $1 denomination , but were discontinued in late 1963 . Use as international Reserve currency ( edit ) History ( edit ) First small - sized $1 bill which was issued in 1928 as a silver certificate World War II devastated European and Asian economies while leaving the United States ' economy relatively unharmed . As European governments exhausted their gold reserves and borrowed to pay the United States for war material , the United States accumulated large gold reserves . This combination gave the United States significant political and economic power following the war . The Bretton Woods agreement codified this economic dominance of the dollar after the war . In 1944 , Allied nations sought to create an international monetary order that sustained the global economy and prevented the economic malaise that followed the First World War . The Bretton Woods agreement laid the foundations for an international monetary order that created rules and expectations for the international economic system . It created the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the predecessor of the World Bank , and an international monetary system based on fixed exchange rates . It valued the dollar at $35 per ounce of gold and the remaining signatories pegged their respective currency relative to the dollar , leading some economists to argue that Bretton Woods `` dethroned '' gold as the default asset . While Bretton Woods institutionalized the dollar 's importance following the war , Europe and Asia faced dollar shortages . The international community needed dollars to finance imports from the United States to rebuild what was lost in the war . In 1948 Congress passed the European Recovery Program - generally known as the Marshall Plan -- giving dollars to European countries to purchase imports needed to rebuild their economies . The plan helped European countries by providing them dollars to purchase the imports needed to produce exports , eventually allowing the countries to export enough of their own goods to obtain the dollars necessary to sustain their economies without reliance on any Marshall - like plan . At the same time , Joseph Dodge worked with Japanese officials and Congress to pass the Dodge Plan in 1949 , which worked similarly to the Marshall Plan , but for Japan rather than Europe . The Marshall and Dodge plans ' successes have brought new challenges to the U.S. dollar . In 1959 , dollars in circulation around the world exceeded U.S. gold reserves , which became vulnerable to the equivalent of a bank run . In 1960 , Yale economist Robert Triffin described the problem to Congress : either the dollar was not freely available and other countries could not afford to import American goods , or the dollar was freely available but confidence that the dollar could be converted to gold would wane . Eventually , the United States chose to devalue the dollar . During the early 1960s American officials largely prevented the conversion of dollars to gold with a series of `` gentlemanly '' agreements and other policies -- which included the London Gold Pool - but these actions were not sustainable ; the danger of a run on U.S. gold reserves was too high . With Nixon 's election in 1968 , American officials became increasingly concerned until Nixon finally issued Executive Order 11615 in August 1971 , ending the direct convertibility of dollars to gold . He said , `` We must protect the position of the American dollar as pillar of monetary stability around the world ... I am determined that the American dollar must never again be hostage in the hands of the international speculators . '' This became known as the Nixon Shock and marked the dollar 's transition from the gold standard to a fiat currency . Impact ( edit ) The United States enjoys some benefits because the dollar serves as the international reserve currency . The United States is less likely to face a balance of payments crisis . The position of the dollar as the international reserve currency also has a cost : the American government is more likely to forego fiscal expansionary policies in order to maintain confidence in the dollar . United States notes ( edit ) Main article : United States Note $5 United States Note of Series 1963 . $100 United States Note of Series 1966 . A United States Note , also known as a Legal Tender Note , was a type of paper money that was issued from 1862 to 1971 in the U.S. Having been current for over 100 years , they were issued for longer than any other form of U.S. paper money . They were known popularly as `` greenbacks '' in their day , a name inherited from the Demand Notes that they replaced in 1862 . While issuance of United States Notes ended in January 1971 , existing United States Notes are still valid currency in the United States today , though rarely seen in circulation . Both United States Notes and Federal Reserve Notes are parts of the national currency of the United States , and both have been legal tender since the gold recall of 1933 . Both have been used in circulation as money in the same way . However , the issuing authority for them came from different statutes . United States Notes were created as fiat currency , in that the government has never categorically guaranteed to redeem them for precious metal - even though at times , such as after the specie resumption of 1879 , federal officials were authorized to do so if requested . The difference between a United States Note and a Federal Reserve Note is that a United States Note represented a `` bill of credit '' and was inserted by the Treasury directly into circulation free of interest . Federal Reserve Notes are backed by debt purchased by the Federal Reserve , and thus generate seigniorage for the Federal Reserve System , which serves as a lending intermediary between the Treasury and the public . Fiat standard ( edit ) Today , like the currency of most nations , the dollar is fiat money , unbacked by any physical asset . A holder of a federal reserve note has no right to demand an asset such as gold or silver from the government in exchange for a note . Consequently , some proponents of the intrinsic theory of value believe that the near - zero marginal cost of production of the current fiat dollar detracts from its attractiveness as a medium of exchange and store of value because a fiat currency without a marginal cost of production is easier to debase via overproduction and the subsequent inflation of the money supply . In 1963 , the words `` PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND '' were removed from all newly issued Federal Reserve notes . Then , in 1968 , redemption of pre-1963 Federal Reserve notes for gold or silver officially ended . The Coinage Act of 1965 removed all silver from quarters and dimes , which were 90 % silver prior to the act . However , there was a provision in the act allowing some coins to contain a 40 % silver consistency , such as the Kennedy Half Dollar . Later , even this provision was removed , with the last circulating silver - content halves minted in 1969 . All previously silver coins minted for general circulation are now clad . During 1982 , the composition of the cent was changed from copper to zinc with a thin copper coating . The content of the nickel has not changed since 1946 . Silver and gold coins are produced by the U.S. government , but only as non-circulating commemorative pieces or in sets for collectors . All circulating notes , issued from 1861 to present , will be honored by the government at face value as legal tender . This means that the federal government will accept old notes as payments for debts owed to the federal government ( taxes and fees ) , or exchange old notes for new ones , but will not redeem notes for gold or silver , even if the note states that it may be thus redeemed . Some bills may have a premium to collectors . The only exception to this rule is the $10,000 gold certificate of Series 1900 , a number of which were inadvertently released to the public because of a fire in 1935 . A box of them was literally thrown out a window . This set is not considered to be `` in circulation '' and , in fact , is stolen property . However , the government canceled these banknotes and removed them from official records . Their value , relevant only to collectors , is approximately one thousand US dollars . According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , there is $1.2 trillion in total US currency in worldwide circulation as of July 2013 . Color and design ( edit ) U.S. Federal Reserve notes in the mid-1990s The federal government began issuing currency like the Spanish dollars during the American Civil War . As photographic technology of the day could not reproduce color , it was decided the back of the bills would be printed in a color other than black . Because the color green was seen as a symbol of stability , it was selected . These were known as `` greenbacks '' for their color and started a tradition of the United States ' printing the back of its money in green . The author of that invention was chemist Christopher Der - Seropian . In contrast to the currency notes of many other countries , Federal Reserve notes of varying denominations are the same colors : predominantly black ink with green highlights on the front , and predominantly green ink on the back . Federal Reserve notes were printed in the same colors for most of the 20th century , although older bills called `` silver certificates '' had blue highlights on the front , and `` United States notes '' had red highlights on the front . In 1928 , sizing of the bills was standardized ( involving a 25 % reduction in their current sizes , compared to the older , larger notes nicknamed `` horse blankets '' ) . Modern U.S. currency , regardless of denomination , is 2.61 inches ( 66.3 mm ) wide , 6.14 inches ( 156 mm ) long , and 0.0043 inches ( 0.109 mm ) thick . A single bill weighs about fifteen and a half grains ( one gram ) and costs approximately 4.2 cents for the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to produce . Microprinting and security threads were introduced in the 1991 currency series . Another series started in 1996 with the $100 note , adding the following changes : A larger portrait , moved off - center to create more space to incorporate a watermark . The watermark to the right of the portrait depicting the same historical figure as the portrait . The watermark can be seen only when held up to the light ( and had long been a standard feature of all other major currencies ) . A security thread that will glow pink when exposed to ultraviolet light in a dark environment . The thread is in a unique position on each denomination . Color - shifting ink that changes from green to black when viewed from different angles . This feature appears in the numeral on the lower right - hand corner of the bill front . Microprinting in the numeral in the note 's lower left - hand corner and on Benjamin Franklin 's coat . Concentric fine - line printing in the background of the portrait and on the back of the note . This type of printing is difficult to copy well . The value of the currency written in 14pt Arial font on the back for those with sight disabilities . Other features for machine authentication and processing of the currency . Annual releases of the 1996 series followed . The $50 note June 12 , 1997 , introduced a large dark numeral with a light background on the back of the note to make it easier for people to identify the denomination . The $20 note in 1998 introduced a new machine - readable capability to assist scanning devices . The security thread glows green under ultraviolet light , and `` USA TWENTY '' and a flag are printed on the thread , while the numeral `` 20 '' is printed within the star field of the flag . The microprinting is in the lower left ornamentation of the portrait and in the lower left corner of the note front . As of 1998 , the $20 note was the most frequently counterfeited note in the United States . The new design of the $5 and $10 notes were released in 2000 . May 13 , 2003 , The Treasury announced that it would introduce new colors into the $20 bill , the first U.S. currency since 1905 ( not counting the 1934 gold certificates ) to have colors other than green or black . The move was intended primarily to reduce counterfeiting , rather than to increase visual differentiation between denominations . The main colors of all denominations , including the new $20 and $50 , remain green and black ; the other colors are present only in subtle shades in secondary design elements . This contrasts with notes of the euro , Australian dollar , and most other currencies , where strong colours are used to distinguish each denomination from the other . The new $20 bills entered circulation October 9 , 2003 , the new $50 bills , September 28 , 2004 . The new $10 notes were introduced in 2006 and redesigned $5 bills began to circulate March 13 , 2008 . Each will have subtle elements of different colors , though will continue to be primarily green and black . The Treasury said it will update Federal Reserve notes every 7 to 10 years to keep up with counterfeiting technology . In addition , there have been rumors that future banknotes will use embedded RFID microchips as another anti-counterfeiting tool . The 2008 $5 bill contains significant new security updates . The obverse side of the bill includes patterned yellow printing that will cue digital image - processing software to prevent digital copying , watermarks , digital security thread , and extensive microprinting . The reverse side includes an oversized purple number 5 to provide easy differentiation from other denominations . On April 21 , 2010 , the U.S. Government announced a heavily redesigned $100 bill that featured bolder colors , color shifting ink , microlenses , and other features . It was scheduled to start circulating on February 10 , 2011 , but was delayed due to the discovery of sporadic creasing on the notes and `` mashing '' ( when there is too much ink on the paper , the artwork on the notes are not clearly seen ) . The redesigned $100 bill was released October 8 , 2013 . It costs 11.8 cents to produce each bill . `` The soundness of a nation 's currency is essential to the soundness of its economy . And to uphold our currency 's soundness , it must be recognized and honored as legal tender and counterfeiting must be effectively thwarted , '' Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said at a ceremony unveiling the $20 bill 's new design . Prior to its current design , the most recent redesign of the U.S. dollar bill was in 1996 . Current $20 bill front . Current $20 bill back . As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note , except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill . It also plans larger , higher - contrast numerals , more color differences , and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period . In 2016 , the Treasury announced a number of design changes to the $5 , $10 and $20 bills ; to be introduced in this next redesign . The redesigns include : The back of the $5 bill will be changed to showcase historical events at the pictured Lincoln Memorial by adding portraits of Marian Anderson ( due to her famous performance there after being barred from Constitution Hall due to her race ) , Martin Luther King Jr. 's ( due to his famous I Have A Dream speech ) , and Eleanor Roosevelt ( who arranged Anderson 's performance ) . The back of the $10 bill will be changed to show a 1913 march for women 's suffrage in the United States , plus portraits of Sojourner Truth , Lucretia Mott , Susan B. Anthony , Alice Paul , and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . On the $20 bill , Andrew Jackson will move to the back ( reduced in size , alongside the White House ) and Harriet Tubman will appear on the front . See also ( edit ) Numismatics portal Continental currency Coinage Act of 1792 Coinage Act of 1849 National Banking Act ( 1863 ) Coinage Act of 1864 Coinage Act of 1873 History of central banking in the United States Nixon shock ( 1971 ) International use of the US dollar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Independence , Colonial and Continental Currency : A New Nation 's Currency '' . San Francisco , California : Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wright , Robert E. ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154393 - 4 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Newman , Eric P. ( 1990 ) . The Early Paper Money of America . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . pp. 17 , 49 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 120 - X . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Wright , p. 62 . Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution , Article One , section 10 . Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution , Article I , section 8 . Jump up ^ Rozeff , Michael . Unknown ( PDF ) . p. 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray N. ( 20 July 2005 ) . The Mystery of Banking ( pdf ) . Ludwig von Mises Institute . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1933550282 . Jump up ^ Bly , Nellie ( 1890 ) . `` Chapters I , IX '' . Around the World in Seventy - Two Days . The Pictorial Weeklies Company . Jump up ^ `` Gold Standard Act of 1900 '' . The Statutes at large of the United States of America . Washington : Government Printing Office . 1901 . pp. 45 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Crabbe , Leland ( June 1989 ) . `` The International Gold Standard and U.S. monetary policy from World War I to the New Deal '' . Federal Reserve Bulletin . ^ Jump up to : Bernanke , Ben ( March 2 , 2004 ) . `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke : Money , Gold and the Great Depression '' . At the H. Parker Willis Lecture in Economic Policy , Washington and Lee University , Lexington , Virginia . Jump up ^ `` Gold Clause Cases '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Allan H. ( 2004 ) . `` A History of the Federal Reserve : 1913 - 1951 '' . University of Chicago Press : 442 -- 446 . ISBN 978 - 0226520001 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Investopedia.com . `` The Gold Standard Revisited '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` United States Paper Money Information '' . USPaperMoney.Info . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tassava , Christopher . `` The American Economy during World War II '' . Economic History Association . Jump up ^ Rockoff , Hugh ( 1998 ) . The economics of World War II . New York : Cambridge University press . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0521785037 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Meier , Gerald ( 1974 ) . Problems of a World Monetary Order . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 9780195030105 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Eichengreen , Barry ( 2011 ) . Exorbitant Privilege ; The Rise and Fall of the Dollar . New York : Oxford University press . pp. 44 -- 49 . ISBN 0199931097 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mayer , Martin ( February 1981 ) . The Fate of the Dollar . New York : Signet . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0451096128 . Jump up ^ Meier 1974 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Mayer 1980 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Meier 1974 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Meier 1974 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs : Legal Tender Status '' . U.S. Treasury . January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kotlikoff , Laurence ( 2006 ) . `` Is the United States Bankrupt ? '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Jump up ^ Clark , Frank . `` Friedberg 1225 - The Series 1900 $10000 '' . August 24 , 2012 . Accessed April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Currency Gets into Circulation '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , Moses ( March 1 , 1986 ) . The Life I 've Been Living . Fairbanks : University of Alaska Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912006 - 23 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Security data '' ( PDF ) . uscurrency.gov . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of U.S. Treasurer Mary Ellen Withrow -- Preview of the New $50 Bill '' . US Treasury . June 12 , 1997 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Cache Point '' . Snopes.com . May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Note of Caution '' . American City Business Journals . February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Government Unveils New Design for the $100 Note '' ( Press release ) . Bureau of Engraving and Printing. April 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Alejandro J. ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` Money Makeover : $100 Bill Gets Facelift to Fight Fakes '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ See Federal Reserve Note for details and references Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Harriet Tubman Ousts Andrew Jackson in Change for a $20 '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Joint Economic Committee Study , November 1998 ( hide ) Obsolete United States currency and coinage Topics United States coinage United States dollar History of the United States dollar Coins Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Large cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ; 1868 ) Two - cent piece ( 1836 ; 1864 -- 1873 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) Half dime ( 1792 -- 1873 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) Gold coins Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Double eagle ( 1850 -- 1933 ) Half - union ( 1877 , 1915 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 1880 ) Currency Discontinued denominations Fractional currency Large denominations of currency Discontinued currency types Early American currency Compound interest treasury note Demand Note Federal Reserve Bank Note Gold certificate Interest bearing note National Bank Note National gold bank note Refunding Certificate Silver certificate Treasury or Coin Note Treasury Note ( 19th century ) United States Note United States postal notes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_dollar&oldid=839213682 '' Categories : Currencies of the United States History of money Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 00 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did us money stop being backed by gold	[ "In 1971, President Richard Nixon unilaterally ordered the cancellation of the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold. This act was known as the Nixon Shock." ]	[ "1971" ]

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